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There are five types of BLAST that are differentiated based on the type of sequence (DNA or protein) of the query 4. ~Infer Global alignment.
and database sequences. They are: BLASTN, BLASTP, BLASTX, TBLASTN and TBLASTX. Global alignment is a method of comparing two sequences, which aligns the entire length of the sequences by
2. Estimate the characteristics and the applications of BLAST. maximizing the overall similarity. This method is used when comparing sequences that are of the same length.
Several key features of BLAST make it a widely used tool in bioinformatics. Global alignment is based on Needleman-Wunsch alignment. In global alignment Sequence to be aligned
- BLAST is fast and efficient, making it possible to handle large databases of sequences. assume to be genetically similar over there entire length. Alignment is carried out from beginning to end of both
- It is a flexible and versatile tool as it can be used to search for similarities in both nucleotide and sequences to find the best possible alignment across the entire length between the sequences. The two
protein sequences. sequences are treated as potentially equivalent.
- It is highly sensitive which allows the identification of even small similarities between sequences.
- It aims to identify regions of local similarity between the query sequence and the database sequence, rather
5. ~Describe the primary purpose of the NCBI database in the field of bioinformatics.
than attempting to align the entire sequences.
The NCBI database, or the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database, serves as a central repository
- It has a user-friendly interface that makes it easy to input query sequences and interpret the results.
for a wide range of biological and genetic information. Its primary purpose is to provide researchers, scientists,
Applications of BLAST are:
and the public with access to data related to genetics, genomics, and other biological sciences. It hosts DNA and
- BLAST can be used to identify unknown sequences by comparing them with known sequences in a database
protein sequences, genomic data, literature references, and tools for sequence analysis. Researchers use NCBI
which helps in predicting the functions of proteins or genes.
to study genetic variations, conduct comparative genomics, and access valuable information for various biological
- BLAST can also be used in phylogenetic analysis which is important for understanding
the evolutionary relationships between different species. research purposes.
- BLAST can also be used to identify functionally conserved domains within proteins which is important
for predicting the functions of proteins.
6. ~Infer Local alignment and describe its application.
In local alignment, instead of attempting to align the entire length of the sequences, only the regions with the
3. ~Articulate the different types of phylogenetic tree. highest density of matches are aligned. This is useful for identifying short, conserved regions in protein or
- Rooted tree. Make the inference about the most common ancestor of the leaves or branches of the tree. nucleotide sequences. Local alignment programs are based on the Smith-Waterman algorithm. Local alignment
- Un-rooted tree. Make an illustration about the leaves or branches and do not make any assumption does not assume that two sequences in question have similarity over the entirement; rather it only finds local
regarding the most common ancestor. regions with the highest level of similarities between the two sequences and aligns these sequences without
- Bifurcating tree: Phylogenetic trees that only have two branches or leaves are referred to as regard for the alignment of the rest of the sequence regions. There are three primary methods for producing
bifurcating trees. Additionally, it can be divided into rooted and unrooted bifurcating trees. local alignments, dot Matrix method. dynamic programming and word or k tuple method.
- Multifurcating tree: Multiple branches can be found on a single node in a multifurcating tree, as the name Goal: See whether a substring in one sequence aligns well with a substring in the other.
suggests. Both a rooted multifurcating tree and an unrooted multifurcating tree are categories for it once more. Application:
1. Searching for local similarities in large sequence (example newly sequenced genome).
2. Searching conserved domains or motifs.