AERODYNAMIC

Teaching Assistant
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Tutorials

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 Incompressible Flow over Airfoils
Tutorials

1 AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS 6 THE CAMBERED AIRFOIL

2 THE VORTEX SHEET 7 THE AERODYNAMIC CENTER

3 THE KUTTA CONDITION 4 VISCOUS FLOW: AIRFOIL DRAG

4 KELVIN’S CIRCULATION THEOREM

5 THIN AIRFOIL THEORY

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 AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS
Tutorials

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 THE VORTEX SHEET
Tutorials

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 THE VORTEX SHEET
Tutorials

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 THE VORTEX SHEET
Tutorials

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 THE VORTEX SHEET
Tutorials

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 THE KUTTA CONDITION
Tutorials

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 THE KUTTA CONDITION
Tutorials

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 THE KUTTA CONDITION
Tutorials

We can summarize the statement of the Kutta condition as follows:

1) For a given airfoil at a given angle of attack, the value 𝝘 of around the airfoil is
such that the flow leaves the trailing edge smoothly.

2) If the trailing-edge angle is finite, then the trailing edge is a stagnation point.

3) If the trailing edge is cusped, then the velocities leaving the top and bottom
surfaces at the trailing edge are finite and equal in magnitude and direction.

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 KELVIN’S CIRCULATION THEOREM
Tutorials

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 KELVIN’S CIRCULATION THEOREM
Tutorials

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 THIN AIRFOIL THEORY
Tutorials

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 THIN AIRFOIL THEORY
Tutorials

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 THIN AIRFOIL THEORY
Tutorials

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 THIN AIRFOIL THEORY
Tutorials

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 THIN AIRFOIL THEORY
Tutorials

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 THIN AIRFOIL THEORY
Tutorials

gives the following important theoretical results for a

symmetric airfoil:
1. cl = 2πα.
2. Lift slope = 2π.
3. The center of pressure and the aerodynamic center are both
located at the quarter-chord point.

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 THE CAMBERED AIRFOIL
Tutorials

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 THE AERODYNAMIC CENTER
Tutorials
THE AERODYNAMIC CENTER
it is that point on a body about which the aerodynamically
generated moment is independent of angle of attack

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 THE AERODYNAMIC CENTER
Tutorials

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 VISCOUS FLOW: AIRFOIL DRAG
Tutorials

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 ‫‪VISCOUS FLOW: AIRFOIL DRAG‬‬
‫‪Tutorials‬‬

‫?‪What is D’Alembert’s Paradox ? why is it a paradox‬‬

‫پارادوکس آلمبرت بیان میکند که با تقریب یک جریان به صورت غیر چرخشی‬

‫‪ ،‬مقدار نیروی درگ آیرو دینامیکی درهر شکل غیربرآزا غوطه ور در جریان آزاد‬
‫یکنواخت صفر خواهد بود‪.‬‬
‫برای این پارادوکس است‪ ،‬چون ما می دانیم در حالت واقعی و تجربی در میدان‬
‫جریان ‪ ،‬درگ آیرودینامیکی هیچوقت صفر نخواهد بود‪.‬‬

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 VISCOUS FLOW: AIRFOIL DRAG
Tutorials

For laminar flow :

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 VISCOUS FLOW: AIRFOIL DRAG
Tutorials

For turbulent flow :

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EXAMPLE
Example
Consider the data for the NACA 2412 airfoil given in Figure. Calculate the lift
and moment about the quarter chord (per unit span) for this airfoil when the
angle of attack is 4◦ and the freestream is at standard sea level conditions with a
velocity of 50 ft/s. The chord of the airfoil is 2 ft.

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Example

Solution :
At sea level condition: 𝜌 = 0.002377 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3

1 2 1 2
𝑞∞ = 𝜌𝑣 = 0.002377 50 = 2.97 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
2 ∞ 2
𝜋
𝐶𝑙 = 2𝜋 𝛼 − 𝛼𝐿=0 = 2𝜋 4 − (−2.1) = 0.6691
180
For moment coefficient we have equation but we don’t have A1 and A0 :

𝐶𝑚,𝑐 = −0.04
4

𝐿′ = 𝑞𝑠𝐶𝑙 = 2.97 × 2 × 0.6691 = 3.97 𝑙𝑏 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

𝑀𝑐′ = 𝑞. 𝑠. 𝑐. 𝐶𝑚,𝑐 = 2.97 × 2 × 1 × 2 × −0.04

4 4
= −0.4752 𝑓𝑡/𝑙𝑏 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

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Example

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Example

Solution :

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Example

Solution :

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Example

Solution :

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Example
Consider the Closed circle vortex filament as. Consider also a straight line
through the center of the circle, perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Let A be
the distance along this line, measured from the plane of the loop. Obtain an
expression for the velocity at distance A on the line, as induced by the vortex
filament.

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Example

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Example
The Piper Cherokee (a light, single-engine general aviation aircraft) has a wing
area of 170 𝑓𝑡 2 and a wing span of 32 ft. Its maximum gross weight is 2450 lb.
The wing uses an NACA 65-415 airfoil, which has a lift slope of 0.1033
ⅆ𝑒𝑔 −1 and α(L=0) = −3◦. Assume τ = 0.12. If the airplane is cruising at 120
mi/h at standard sea level at its maximum gross weight and is in straight-and-level
flight, calculate the geometric angle of attack of the wing.

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Example

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Example

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Example

A tornado may be modeled as the circulating flow shown in Figure, with 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣𝜃 = 0

and 𝑣𝜃 (r) such that
𝜔𝑟, 𝑟≤𝑅
𝑣𝜃 𝑟 = 𝜔𝑅2
, 𝑟>𝑅
𝑟
Determine whether this flow pattern is irrotational in either the inner or outer region.
Using the r-momentum equation , determine the pressure distribution p(r) in the
tornado, assuming 𝑃 = 𝑃∞ as 𝑟 → ∞. Find the location and magnitude of the lowest
pressure.

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Example

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Example

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