Project Report On

Fire Alarm
A project report is submitted to the Department of Physics in the partial fulfillment of the
. requirement of the degree of

Bachelor of Subject in Physics

(2017-2021)
Submitted By
Sher Ali. PHY-B-17 -49
Waleed Riaz PHY-B-17- 47
Sultan Mehmood PHY-B-17-48

SUPERVISED BY:
CONTROLLER EXAMINER, PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
NADEEM AHMAD QAISRANI

Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan , Pakistan

 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project entitled “Automatic Hand Sanitizer System’’ is done by the
following students under my direct supervision. This project work has been carried out by them
in the laboratories of the Department of Physics under the Faculty of Physics, Ghazi University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Physics. The
presentation of the work was held on 2021.

Signature Signature

Waheed Riaz Sher Ali

Roll No: PHY- B- 17- 47 Roll No: PHY- B- 17- 49

Signature

Sultan Mehmood
Roll No: PHY- B- 17- 48

Signature of Supervisor

Nadeem Ahmad Qaisrani

Controller examiner Dept. Physics
Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan
AL Quran;
“I swear, the age the human being is in loss except those who took faith and did good
deeds. They advised for right and advised for patience”
(Al- Asar).
“All the praise for Allah Who is master of all worlds, who is the kindest and most
merciful, who is the Lord of Day of Judgment.
We only worship You and only want help from You, show us the straight path, The
path of those, who bless able not of those who were (cursed ant who went not astray).”
(Surah Fatihah).

Al Hadith;
“The search of knowledge is blessing just like worship and hardships during
this duty were just like Etihad”
Hazrat Muhammad(PBUH)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First, we would like to thank and express our gratefulness to the Almighty Creator for
giving us the strength and energy to complete this project successfully. We would like to thank
our project director Nadeem Ahmad Qaisrani , Department of Physics of the University of Ghazi
Dera Ghazi Khan. For his invaluable advice, his endless patience, his important suggestions, and
his energetic management, and above all his learned advice, from the beginning to the end of the
work.

We wish to express our most cordial gratitude to all our professors here at the Physics
Department, ghazi Dera Ghazi Khan University. The discussions with many of them enriched
our understanding and understanding of this project work. We would like to thank Professor
Muhammad Nadeem , Dean of Physics at Ghazi University for his valuable suggestions. We also
owe it to Professor Nadeem Ahmad Qaisrani , head of the physics department, Ghazi University
for his cooperation. Finally, I would like to thank all my teachers, students, and staff of the
department of physics at ghazi university and all my family members and friends whose names
are not mentioned here. We would like to express our heartiest gratitude to the honorable head,
department of physics, for his kind help to finish our project and to other faculty members of the
department of physics, ghazi university.

Thanks to all.
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1.................................................................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................7
1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Objectives..........................................................................................................................................8
1.3 Scopes................................................................................................................................................8
1.6 Project/Thesis Outline...........................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2.................................................................................................................................................9
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT.............................................................................................................9
2.1 The Idea..................................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Historical Background of Fire Alarm System.....................................................................................9
EMERGENCY VOICE ALARM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM......................................................10
CHAPTER 3...............................................................................................................................................11
1. Bread boardboar… ……………………………………………………………… …………………..11
2. 9V Battery..… ………………………………………………………………………… ……………...12
3. Jumper Wire… ……………………………………………………………………………………….13
4. Transistor BC547 … ...………………………………………………………………………… ….14
5. Transistor A1015………… …………………………………………………………………………...17
6. Led … ………………………………...……………………………………………………………..…18
7. Resistance 100K ohm. … ………………………………………………………………………… ..19
8. Resistance 10K ohm………………………………………………………………………..……..… ..20
9. Resistance 220 ohm… …………………………………………………………………….………….20
10. Buzzer… ……………………………………… ……………………………………………………..21
11. 5V
Motor………………………………………………………………………………………………....…..22
12. 6V Relay…………………… …………………………………………………………………….…23
13. IR Receiver Led………………………………………………………………………………………23
Connection and Working ……………………………………………………………………...24
Chapter No.4 …
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………25
Result and Discussion. ………………………………………………………….……………………….
…………………….…25
4.1 Result.....................................................................................................................................................24
4.2 OBSERVATIONS................................................................................................................................24
EMERGENCY VOICE ALARM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM......................................................24
CHAPTER 05.............................................................................................................................................25
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................................25
PRECAUTIONS........................................................................................................................................25
References...................................................................................................................................................26

Tables of figures
Figure 1BATTERY.......................................................................................................................................15
Figure 2 JUMPER WIRE.............................................................................................................................16
Figure 3 CABLES.........................................................................................................................................17
Figure 4 Transistor BC547.....................................................................................................................18
Figure 5 BC547 Transistor Pin Configuration......................................................................................18
Figure 6 TRANSISTOR PINOUT..........................................................................................................21
Figure 7 light-emitting diode (LED).......................................................................................................22
Figure 8 RESISTOR................................................................................................................................23
Figure 9 relay...........................................................................................................................................28
 Abstract
Fire Alarm Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and activates the Siren
Sound or Buzzer. Fire Alarm Circuits are very important devices to detect fire in the right time
and prevent any damage to people or property. Fire Alarm Circuits and Smoke Sensors are a part
of the security systems which help in detecting or preventing damage. Installing Fire Alarm
Systems and Smoke Sensors in commercial buildings like offices, movie theatres, shopping
malls and other public places is compulsory.

There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm Circuit in the form of stand-alone
devices, but we have designed five very simple Fire Alarm Circuits using common components
like Thermistor, LM358, Germanium Diode, LM341 and NE555.

This is a very simple alarm circuit using Thermistor, LM358 Operational - Amplifier and
a Buzzer. The primary purpose of fire alarm system is to provide an early warning of fire so that
people can be. evacuated & immediate action can be taken to stop or eliminate of the fire effects
soon as possible. Alarm can be. triggered by using detectors or by manual call point(Remotely).
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
A fire Alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people
through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies
are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat
detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call
points or pull stations. Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or
horns. They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation
message which warns people inside the building not to use the elevators.

Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium
and high, depending on the country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in
Europe sound like a siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm electronic devices are known
as horns in the United State sand Canada, and can be either continuous or set to different codes.
Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels. Manually actuated devices;
also known as fire alarm boxes, manual pull stations, or simply pull stations, break glass stations,
and (in Europe) call points.

Devices for manual fire alarm activation are installed to be readily located (near the exits),
identified, and operated. They are usually actuated by means of physical interaction, such as
pulling a lever or breaking glass. Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended
to respond to any number of detectable physical changes associated with fire: convicted thermal
energy; heat detector, products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector,
combustion gases; fire gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents; water-flow detector.
The newest innovation scan use cameras and computer algorithms to analyses the visible effects
of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods.
1.2 Problem Statement
Since electronic components when used to form a circuit require a certain amount of
troubleshooting to run the circuit as we expect. We had to resolve certain problems with our
project.

1.2 Objectives
A fire alarm system is intended to enable a fire to be detected at a sufficiently early stage so that
people who are at risk can be made safe either by escaping from the fire, or by the fire being
extinguished (also to prevent extensive property damage). Neither of these measures can be used
until people are made aware of fire. The designer must consider the size, complexity and use of
the building, and the degree of detection and warning desired. The basic objectives of effective
fire detection (protection) measures is to protect human lives, material assets and the
environment from dangers and the effects of fire. Specifically this means: 1. Preventing danger
to life and health (Personnel protection ) 2.

1.3 Scopes
Fire detection and alarm systems are designed to detect fires and fire conditions, and to initiate
audible and/or visual signals that warn building occupants and supervi-sory personnel of fire and
other unsafe conditions. Cin-tas Fire Protection uses the National Fire Protection As-sociation
(NFPA) Standard 72 – National Fire Alarm Code® as the guideline for establishing its Scope of
Ser-vice for installing, inspecting, and maintaining fire de-de- and alarm systems.Methodology

1.6 Project/Thesis Outline

This Project/thesis is organized as follows:

Chapter1 is entitled “Introduction”. It introduces problem statement, objectives and

The methodology used in this project.

Chapter 2 is “Overview of The Project”.

Chapter 3 is entitled “Hardware and components”.

Chapter 4 Circuit diagram

Chapter 5 is entitled “Results.”

Chapter 6 Conclusions, Limitations of the work

CHAPTER 2

OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

2.1 The Idea

Having a fire alarm security system is an excellent idea to keep you and your property safe. The
system gives an early warning of the threat and allows enough time to evacuate the premises and
call the authorities before the fire gets out of control. Fire alarms are a vital part of any home or
business and there are even laws stating that every business, small or large, must have a fire
alarm system. Fire is one of the deadliest risks that all homeowners and businesses face. In the
unfortunate event of a fire, you risk losing most of your property, if not all. A lack of safety
measures may result in material and financial losses, as well as the loss of life.

2.2 Historical Background of Fire Alarm System

Before humanity harnessed the power of electricity, societies were left to combat fires as they
broke out. In response to the constant fires plaguing ancient Rome, Caesar Augustus created the
Corps of Vigiles in 6 AD, an organization of men tasked with patrolling the streets with buckets
filled with water. He modeled this group after a fire brigade of a similar nature in Alexandria,
Egypt. This approach focused on fighting fires as they broke out because there was no other
method of fire detection or prevention. Fires could only be detected once the building was
largely consumed and they could only be fought as they declined—essentially, after all the
damage was done.

The “fight ‘em as we see ‘em” approach was the modus operandi for thousands of years. The
reaction times were incredibly slow, a problem only compounded by the overcrowding of urban
areas and the shift from stone to wooden structures. By the time bucket brigades arrived, entire
city blocks were engulfed in flame. This problem carried over into the New World, where the
police force in 17th century New York City hired men to walk the streets looking for fires while
carrying buckets on ladders.
In the 1800s, as cities continued to crowd, authorities began utilizing bell towers as city-wide fire
alerts. Their central locations were perfect for maximizing the effectiveness of the alarm and
helped mobilize firefighting units faster than ever before. Philadelphia rebuilt its Independence
Hall bell steeple with this specific function in mind and even developed unique ringing patterns
to alert responders to which general part of the city the fire was burning in. Even with this
development, response times remained abysmal due to the inability to communicate more
specific locations, which kept firefighting tactics restricted to the declination phase of a blaze—
too late, then, to save property and lives.

Ionized smoke detectors (using trace amounts of radioactive particles to detect smoke) were
developed for use in 1951 but were too large and costly for even most commercial properties. It
wasn’t until 1955 that compact, functional heat detectors began use in homes. Cost-effective,
battery-powered smoke detectors were developed in 1965 by Duane Pearsall and Stanley
Peterson, and by 1975 the devices were being mass-produced for consumer use. Battery-powered
carbon monoxide detectors were developed en masse in the early 1990s, and the first
combination smoke/carbon monoxide detectors hit the market in 1996.

For the first time in history, both businesses and homes were able to both locally alert occupants
to a fire and send the signal to a monitored control panel. This period of time saw an emphasis
on the development of central stations who could actually pinpoint specific locations and alarm
signals and relay that to appropriate dispatchers and fire departments. Firefighting tactics shifted
dramatically from fighting declining fires to trying to douse flames in the development phase—
before the fires could transform into the block-burning fires of yesteryear. Because of this
dramatic shift, fire fatalities have steadily dropped over the course of the past fifty years.

The beginning of the 21st century saw the development and wider acceptance of mass notification
systems—specifically, voice evacuation fire alarm systems. Instead of the same light flashes and
sirens going off for every unique fire event, a voice evacuation system could alert occupants to
the location of a fire, the proper evacuation procedure, and the fact that the alarm was not a drill.
By customizing the evacuation procedure during an alarm event, the ability to vacate buildings
became even more efficient, further limiting the loss of life associated with fires.

EMERGENCY VOICE ALARM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems (EVAC) to
provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages. Voice alarm systems are typically used in
high-rise buildings, arenas and other large "defend-in-place" occupancies such as hospitals and
detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult to achieve.

Voice-based systems provide response personnel with the ability to conduct orderly evacuation
and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances.

IN high rise buildings, different evacuation messages may be played on each floor, depending
on the location of the fire. The floor the fire is on along with ones above it may be told to
evacuate while floors much lower may simply be asked to stand by.
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 Hardware components

1.Bread board
2. 9v battery
3. Jumper wire
4. Transistor BC547
5. Transistor A1015
6. LED
7. Resistance 100 K.ohm
8. Resistance 10K.ohm
9. Resistance 220 ohm
10. Buzzer
11. 5V motor
12. 6v Relay
13. IR Receiver Led

1.Bread board

A thin plastic board used to hold electronic components (transistors, resistors, chips, etc.) that are
wired together. Used to develop prototypes of electronic circuits, breadboards can be reused for
future jobs. They can be used to create one-of-a-kind systems but rarely become commercial
products.

The breadboard contains spring clip contacts typically arranged in matrices with certain blocks
of clips already wired together. The components and jump wires (assorted wire lengths with pins
at both ends) are plugged into the clips to create the circuit patterns. The boards also typically
include metal strips along the side that are used for common power rails and signal buses.

2. 9v battery

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for the
early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. This type is commonly used in smoke detectors, gas
detectors, clocks, walkie-talkies, electric guitars and effects units.

The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-
metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not
been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content. Designations for this format
include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size,
regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation originally reserved solely
for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-block.

Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells enclosed in a
wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used in their
place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made with
six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent drying. Primary
lithium types are made with three cells in series

9-volt batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales in the United States in 2007,
and 2% of primary battery sales and 2% of secondary battery (rechargeable) sales in Switzerland
in 2008.

Figure 1BATTERY

3. Jumper wire

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, jumper cable, DuPont wire or cable) is
an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes
without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of
a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components,
without soldering.

Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a
breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.
 Figure 2 JUMPER WIRE

Types

There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type of electrical connector at
both ends, while others have different connectors. Some common connectors are:

 Solid tips – are used to connect on/with a breadboard or female header connector.
The arrangement of the elements and ease of insertion on a breadboard allows
increasing the mounting density of both components and jump wires without fear of
short-circuits. The jump wires vary in size and colour to distinguish the different
working signals.
 Crocodile clips – are used, among other applications, to temporarily bridge sensors,
buttons and other elements of prototypes with components or equipment that have
arbitrary connectors, wires, screw terminals, etc.
 Banana connectors – are commonly used on test equipment for DC and low-
frequency AC signals.
 Registered jack (Run) – are commonly used in telephone (RJ11) and computer
networking (RJ45).
 RCA connectors – are often used for audio, low-resolution composite video signals,
or other low-frequency applications requiring a shielded cable.
 RF connectors – are used to carry radio frequency signals between circuits, test
equipment, and antennas.
  RF jumper cables - Jumper cables are a smaller and more bendable corrugated cable
which is used to connect antennas and other components to network cabling. Jumpers
are also used in base stations to connect antennas to radio units. Usually, the most
bendable jumper cable diameter is 1/2".

Figure 3 CABLES

4. Transistor BC547
The BC547 transistor is an NPN transistor. A transistor is nothing but the transfer of resistance
which is used for amplifying the current. A small current of the base terminal of this transistor
will control the large current of emitter and base terminals. The main function of this transistor is
to amplify as well as switching purposes. The maximum gain current of this transistor is 800A.

The similar transistors are like BC548 & BC549. This transistor works in a fixed DC voltage in
the preferred region of its characteristics which is called the biasing. Further, the series of this
transistor can be divided into three groups based on the current gain like BC547A, BC547B &
BC547C.
 Figure 4 Transistor BC547
BC547 Transistor Pin Configuration

The BC547 transistor includes three pins which include the following.

Figure 5 BC547 Transistor Pin Configuration

 Pin1 (Collector): This pin is denoted with symbol ‘C’ and the flow of current will be
through the collector terminal.
 Pin2 (Base): This pin controls the transistor biasing.
 Pin3 (Emitter): The current supplies out through emitter terminal
A Transistor works as an amplifier while functions in the active region to amplify voltage,
current, and power at various configurations. The amplifier circuit uses three configurations
which include the following.

 Common emitter (CE) amplifier

 Common collector (CC) amplifier
 Common base (CB) amplifier
From the above three configurations, CE is the most widely used configuration.

Working States of Transistor

The working states of BC547 transistor includes the following.

 Forward Bias.
 Reverse Bias.
In a forward bias mode, the two terminals like emitter & collector are connected to allow the
flow of current through it. Whereas in a reverse bias mode, it doesn’t allow the flow of current
through it because it works as an open switch.

Applications

Applications of BC547 transistor include the following.

 This BC547 transistor is used general-purpose, widely used and it is used as an

alternative as well as a substitute to different kinds of transistors. Thus, it can use in
different electronic circuits
 The utmost transition frequency of BC547 is 300MHz so that it will perform well
within RF circuits.
 Amplification of current
 Audio Amplifiers
 Switching Loads < 100mA
 Transistor Darlington Pairs
 Drivers like an LED driver, Relay Driver, etc.
  Amplifiers like Audio, signal, etc..
 Darlington pair
 Quick switching
 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
These transistors are used to build various electrical and electronic circuits which include the
following.

 Alarm circuits
 LED flasher circuit
 Water level indicator
 Sensor-based circuits
 Audio Preamp circuits
 RF Circuits
 Touch-sensitive switch circuit
 Heat sensor circuit
 Moisture sensitive alarm
 Latch circuit
 Streetlight circuit
 Relay driver based on one channel.
 Indication of volume level
Thus, this is all about BC547 transistor and it is an NPN BJT. A transistor is usually used for
amplifying current. A small amount of current at the base terminal of the transistor will control
the high current at collector and emitter terminals of the transistor. These transistors are specially
used for switching as well as amplification purposes. The highest gain of current is 800A. Here is
a question for you, what are the advantages of BC547?
5. Transistor A1015
A1015 is a low-cost good quality PNP transistor that is mainly designed to use as an audio
amplifier or in audio amplification stages. The max collector to emitter voltage of the transistor
is 50V therefore it can easily be used in circuits operating under 50V. For good performance it is
recommended to use the transistor in circuits operating under 40V DC. The max collector
dissipation of the transistor is 400mW and max DC current gain is 400 which makes this
transistor a better device for small audio amplification. Moreover, it can also be used as a switch,
and it can handle 150mA of load.
Where We Can Use it & how to Use
As mentioned above A1015 mainly manufactured for audio amplification purposes so it can be
used as a small audio amplifier at the output of most audio devices like doorbells, mp3 players,
radios etc to drive an speaker. Other than that, it can also be used in the stages of audio amplifier
circuits. When using as a switch it can drive relays, LEDs, high power transistors, ICs, and other
components in electronic circuits.

Applications
Audio Preamplifiers Circuits

Audio Amplifier Circuits

Audio amplification Stages

Switching Loads under 150mA

Figure 6 TRANSISTOR PINOUT

6. LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the
form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-
emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those used
with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity
and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available in visible, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared
wavelengths, with high light output.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and
in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced high-output white light LEDs
suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while
their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, fairy lights, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow
lights, and medical devices.

Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither spectrally coherent nor even
highly monochromatic. However, its spectrum is sufficiently narrow that it appears to the human
eye as a pure (saturated) color. Also unlike most lasers, its radiation is not spatially coherent, so
it cannot approach the very high brightnesses characteristic of lasers.

Figure 7 light-emitting diode (LED)

7. Resistance 100K. Ohm
Actual value of 100k Ohm resistor is calculated as:
1st band= Brown= 1 (1st digit) 2nd band= Black= 0 (2nd digit) 3rd band= Yellow=
4(multiplier)= 10000. 4th band= Gold= ±5% (tolerance)
Actual value of 100k Ohm resistor is calculated as:

1st band= Brown= 1 (1st digit)

2nd band= Black= 0 (2nd digit)
3rd band= Yellow= 4(multiplier)= 10000
4th band= Gold= ±5% (tolerance)
Therefore, 10×1000000±5% ==> 1000000Ω ==> 100KΩ
And tolerance considered as ==> 5% of 100K ==>5000Ω
Final assumed value of 100KΩ resistor is between 95 kΩ to 105 kΩ

Figure 8 RESISTOR

8. Resistance 10K.ohm
Commonly used in breadboards and perf boards, these 10K resistors make excellent pull-ups,
pull-downs, and current limiters
To determine the value of a given resistor look for the gold or silver tolerance band and rotate the
resistor as in the photo on the left. (Tolerance band on the right-hand end of the colors -- refer to
the tolerance chart below for exact values).
Look at the first color band and determine its color. This maybe difficult on small or oddly
colored resistors. Now look at the chart and match the "first and second color band" color to the
"digit it represents". Write down this number.
Now look at the second color band and match that color to the same chart. Write this number
next to the first digit.
The third (and final) color band is the number you will multiply the result by. Match this third
color band with the chart -- this time looking at the row of multiplier numbers. This is the
number you will multiply the other two digits by. Write it next to the other two digits, with a
multiplication sign before it.
Example: 1 (brown) 0 (black) x 100 (red) = 1,000 ohms
To pull it all together now, simply multiply the first two numbers (first number in the tens
column, and the second number in the ones column) by the Multiplier.

9. Resistance 220 ohm

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage
levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust
signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.

Features of 220 Ohm 1/4-Watt Resistor

 Resistance: 220Ω
  Tolerance: 5%.
 Power rating: 1/4Watt.

Applications of 220 Ohm 1/4-Watt Resistor

 Voltage limiter.
 Current Limiter.
 DIY projects requiring impedance matching.

10. Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device,[1] which may be mechanical, electromechanical,
or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
Types
Electromechanical

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the
metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing
the contacts to buzz (the contacts buzz at line frequency if powered by alternating current) Often
these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer"
comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.
Mechanical

A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require drivers. Other
examples of them are doorbells.

Piezoelectric

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio

signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate
that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.
Modern applications

While technological advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and undesirable [citation
needed]
, there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be used. Present day
applications include:

 Novelty uses.
 Judging panels
 Educational purposes
 Annunciator panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game show lock-out device
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances
 Sporting events such as basketball games
 Electrical alarms
 Joy buzzer (mechanical buzzer used for pranks)
11. 5V motor
DESCRIPTION

DC motors are rotary electrical machines that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
(Rotation).

SPECIFICATION

 Speed: 2000RPM

 Voltage: 5V

APPLICATIONS

 Automatic products

 Motorized toys

 Hair Dryer

 Handmade vacuum cleaner.

12. 6v Relay
The 6v relay is an electromechanical switching device which controls the AC devices through
the DC power. Features of Relay 6V: Max Current: 5A AC/DC (max). Max Voltage: 250V
AC/30V DC. Nominal Voltage: 6V. Coil resistance: 270? Coil Current: 44.4Ma.
 Figure 9 relay
13. IR Receiver Led

An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a solid-state light-emitting (SSL) device that
produces light in the infrared band or range of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. IR LEDs
allow for cost-effective and efficient production of infrared light, which is electromagnetic
radiation in the 700 nm to 1mm range.

The various IR LEDs may produce infrared light of differing wavelengths, just like different
LEDs produce light of different colors. IR LEDs are also useful in many types of electronics,
such as remote controls for televisions and numerous other electronics. They are even in use in
cameras; these infrared cameras use IR LEDs like a spotlight while remaining invisible to the
naked eye.

The demand for IR LEDs is due to their versatility. For example, IR LEDs, in conjunction with
several different types of sensors, are commonly in use in machine-to-machine environments and
Emitting Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
 Connection and Working

1.Fix the transistor BC547 , transistor A1015 and buzzer on breadboard side by side .

2. Ground the emitter of transistor BC547 .

3. Connect the anode of IR led to the base terminal of transistor BC547 and cathode to the
supply ( Vcc )

4. Connect the one terminal of resistance 10K to collector of transistor BC547 and other terminal
to transistor A1015 base , Also one terminal of resistance 100K to base of A1015 and other
terminal to supply ( Vcc ) .

5. Ground the collector of transistor A1015 .

6. Connect the emitter of transistor A1015 to -ve terminal of buzzer .

7. Connect the positive terminal of buzzer to supply ( Vcc ) .

8. Connect one terminal of 220 ohm resistance to negative terminal of buzzer and other terminal
of resistance to cathode of 5mm led and and connect the anode of 5mm led to ground.

9. Connect one terminal of resistance 10K to collector of BC 547 and other terminal of this
resistance to first terminal of another 10K ohm resistance and connect the other terminal to the
base terminal of another transistor A1015

10. Ground the collector of transistor A1015 . While connect its emitter terminal to Coil 2 of 6v
relay.

11. Short the Common terminal of Relay with Coil 1 of relay and apply Vcc at this common
terminal .

12. Connect the NC terminal of relay to positive terminal of motor . While connect the other
terminal of motor to ground .

After completing the above procedure, making sure the connections should be clean and tight,
then apply the supply source, the system will become active and ready to operate, and become
sensitive to the heat, when it senses the heat from any heat source by using its infrared led, the
current starts passing through the buzzer, it starts ringing, soon the pump starts working using the
relay.

Circuit Diagram
 Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result
The loud and audible alert that comes from a fire alarm system can wake up people who may
otherwise pass out and burn to death as a result of inhaling carbon monoxide while asleep. Most
people actually get burned to death due to passing out, following carbon monoxide inhalation.
The system gives audible and or visible warning of a fire in the Building. It is indicating a fire
incident that requires emergency actions such as fire-fighting, emergency services and
evacuation from a building. Once the system identifies the fire with the help of various detectors
installed across Building.

4.2 OBSERVATIONS
We have seen that initially there was no buzzer sound as none of the fire was detected. When we
bring a match stick near the fire switch with a time lag of 5-10 seconds the buzzer starts giving
sound as the fire is detected and the circuits completed by the action of bimetallic strip. When we
remove the burning match stick away from switch, the buzzer continues to give the sound for
some time due to action of capacitor and time is required by switch to return to room
temperature.

EMERGENCY VOICE ALARM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems (EVAC) to
provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages. Voice alarm systems are typically used in
high-rise buildings, arenas and other large "defend-in-place" occupancies such as hospitals and
detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult to achieve.

Voice-based systems provide response personnel with the ability to conduct orderly evacuation
and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances.
 IN high rise buildings, different evacuation messages may be played on each floor, depending
on the location of the fire. The floor the fire is on along with ones above it may be told to
evacuate while floors much lower may simply be asked to stand by.

CHAPTER 05

CONCLUSIONS
A fire alarm is a device that detects the presence of fire and atmospheric changes relating to
smoke. In some cases, a firm alarm is a part of a complete security system, in addition to a
burglary protection system. The fire alarm operates to alert people to evacuate a location in
which a fire or smoke accumulation is present. When functioning properly, a fire alarm will
sound to notify people of an immediate fire emergency. Fire alarms can be found in homes,
schools, churches and businesses, and function as the catalyst to saving lives. For most fire
alarms, when sounded, a beep, bell or horn noise is made. This distinct sound exists to allow the
notification to be heard. The fire alarm constructed by this project work is reliable at low cost.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Components of the circuit should be handled carefully.

2. Care should be taken while soldering as it may burn the skin.

3. Connecting wires should be insulated to prevent disturbance.

4. Connections should be tight as it may break easily.

5. Soldering must be done carefully as it may burn the PCB board.

References
https://www.electronicshub.org/simple-fire-alarm-circuit/

https://www.elprocus.com/fire-alarm-circuit-using-thermistor/

https://www.circuitstoday.com/fire-alarm-circuit

https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/fire-alarm-project

https://www.electroschematics.com/fire-alarm-circuit/