DESIGN OF FIR FILTER FOR BURST MODE

DEMODULATOR OF SATELLITE RECEIVER

BSEE
Design of FIR Filter for Burst mode Demodulator of Satellite Receiver

by

Farakh Ali
BEE173096

Syed Hassham Ali

BEE173071

A Project Report submitted to the

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2020

Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology,
Islamabad
December, 2020
 Copyright © 2021 by CUST Student

All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form requires the prior
written permission of Farakh Ali, Syed Hassham Ali or designated representative.

ii
The project is dedicated to ALLAH Almighty and my parents for giving me
the grace to successfully complete this project and the sense of reasoning
and strength to accomplish this project. I also wish to further dedicate it to
our respected project supervisor, friends and all those who helped us
during this entire project and with their support we completed our project
successfully.

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 DECLARATION
It is declared that this is an original piece of my own work, except where
otherwise acknowledged in text and references. This work has not been submitted in
any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution for tertiary
education and shall not be submitted by me in future for obtaining any degree from this
or any other University or Institution.

Farakh Ali
BEE1730796

Syed Hassham Ali

BEE173071

December, 2020

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 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

It is certified that the project titled “Design of FIR Filter for Burst mode Demodulator
of Satellite Receiver” carried out by Farakh Ali, Reg. No. BEE173096, Syed HAssham
Ali Reg. No. BEE173071 under the supervision of Engineer Nadir Mehmood, Capital
University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, is fully adequate, in scope and in
quality, as a final year project for the degree of BS Electrical Engineering.

Supervisor: --------------------------------------
Nadir Mehmood
Lab Engineer
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad

HoD: --------------------------------------
Dr. Noor Mohammad Khan
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to the supervisor and lab
engineers of electrical department who helped us a lot in the completion to this project.
The supervisor gave us the opportunity and guidance to complete this project. We got
enriched with information which will help us a lot in the future.

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 ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a satellite receiver filter design using FIR digital filtering
technique. We present various design methods like windowing, least squares and
equiripple for satellite burst demodulator application and compare their performance.
Various designs of FIR filter are compared from the view point of hardware complexity,
frequency response characteristics and implementation strategies. The filter is designed
for band pass of the frequency range of 100 MHz to 500 MHz suitable for the entire
bandwidth of satellite transponder. The burst mode detector requires narrow passband
to increase SNR for preamble portion. When acquisition phase is complete, the
bandpass is increased to full bandwidth of the signal.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ................................................................................. iv
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ........................................................ v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................. viii
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................. x
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................... xi
LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS..................................... xii
Chapter 1 ............................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1
1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Idea .................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Purpose of the Project .................................................................................. 2
1.4 Project Specifications................................................................................... 2
1.5 Applications of the Project........................................................................... 2
1.5.1 Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel .............................. 2
1.5.2 QPSK Burst Demodulator............................................................. 3
1.6 Project Plan .................................................................................................. 4
1.7 Report Organization ..................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................... 5
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 5
2.1 Background Theory ..................................................................................... 5
2.2 Related Technologies ................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Direct Broadcast Systems (DBS) FM satellite Demodulators ...... 6
2.3 Related Projects ........................................................................................... 6
2.3.1 Frequency Sampling Technique for FIR filter design .................. 6
2.4 Related Studies/Research ............................................................................. 7
2.5 Limitations ................................................................................................... 7
2.6 Problem Statement ....................................................................................... 7
2.7 Summary ...................................................................................................... 8
viii
Chapter 3 ............................................................................................... 9
PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ............................... 9
3.1 Proposed Design Methodology .................................................................... 9
3.1.1 Basic of FIR Filter ........................................................................ 9
3.1.2 Digital Filter coefficient determination method ......................... 10
3.2 DESIGN METHODS OF THE DIGITAL FIR FILTER ........................... 11
3.2.1 Windowing method for FIR filter design.................................... 11
3.2.2 Least mean squares error method ............................................... 12
3.2.3 Equiripple method for FIR filter design...................................... 13
3.3 Design of the Project Software/Algorithm ................................................ 13
3.4 Implementation Procedure ......................................................................... 14
3.5 Details of Software .................................................................................... 14
3.6 Details of Final Working Prototype ........................................................... 14
3.7 Summary .................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................ 16
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES............................................................ 16
4.1 Software’s and simulation Tool ................................................................. 16
4.2 Filter Design and Analysis Tool ................................................................ 16
4.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 5 ............................................................................................. 17
PROJECT RESULTS AND EVALUATION .................................... 17
5.1 Presentation of the findings ....................................................................... 17
5.1.2 Software Results ......................................................................... 17
5.2 Limitations of the working prototype ........................................................ 20
5.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 6 ............................................................................................. 21
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ........................................... 21
REFERENCES ................................................................................... 22

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: DVB-RCS Specifications ................................................................................ 3
Figure 2: Project Block Diagram .................................................................................. 9
Figure 3: Magnitude and Phase Response .................................................................. 18
Figure 4: Magnitude and Phase Response of Least Square FIR filter ........................ 19
Figure 5: Poles and Zeros of Response ....................................................................... 19

x
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Proposed Project Plan ................................................................................... 4

Table 2: Comparison with Different Orders ................................................................ 17
Table 3: Passband Ripple and Stopband Attenuation ................................................. 18
Table 4: Structure of Filters ........................................................................................ 18

xi
 LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

FIR Finite Impulse Response

FDA Filter Design and Analysis

DSP Digital Signal Processing

MATLAB Matrix Laboratory

DVB-RCS Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel

xii
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Digital filters are commonly expanded on large satellites to reduce noise or

disturbances. Broadly, filters can also be explained as a system which selects an
applicable signal. In the development computerized data age, the advanced digital
filters has pulled in individuals' profound consideration to an ever increasing extent,
has been widely connected correspondence, radar, picture, programmed control, voice,
aerospace, medical and so on. Contrasted with the simple analog filters, advanced
digital filters have higher accuracy, better solidness and unwavering quality.

1.1 Overview
Digital filters are commonly expanded on large satellites to reduce noise or
disturbances. digital filters can be classified into two parts namely an IIR (Infinite
Impulse Response) digital filter and FIR (Finite Impulse Response) digital filter [3].
Comparing to the Infinite Impulse Response, the Finite Impulse Response is efficient
to fulfill the needs of the amplitude and phase characteristics to avoid the drift and
noise. IIR filter has an advantage of programmability, but the operating frequency of
the system is bound by its feedback loops. FIR computerized digital filters have entirely
direct stage and adequacy recurrence trademark and high strength, and so on. In some
high-speed wideband communication system, e.g. high-speed broadband satellite
receiver, the transmission data rate is getting higher and higher, so the FIR filter
operation speed requirements are also increasing, typically, greater than 1 GHz.

1.2 Project Idea

This project briefly introduces the general facet of designing and implementation of
FIR filters for burst mode demodulator of a satellite receiver. The Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) is a highly efficient method for satellite access. The receiver
needs to have precise filtering mechanism for wideband signal. Designing of a FIR
digital filter using FDA tool in MATLAB for the design specifications selected for burst
mode applications is described in this paper. The signal that is received at the input of
the burst demodulator is in the digital form. This signal contains noise in the actual data.
1
So, digital filtering is done on this baseband signal. Its purpose is to maximize the signal
to noise ratio at the output at some instant.

1.3 Purpose of the Project

The main purpose of the project is to design and implement in MATLAB the burst
mode demodulator with different channels and different frequencies that can be used in
various type of application such a Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel,
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying burst mode demodulator and band width efficient
demodulation applications.

1.4 Project Specifications

The overall specifications for the receiver are as follows:

• Multi-frequency Multi-channel burst mode demodulator

• Applicable to star and mesh networks for satellite application

• DVB-RCS standard is used

• TDMA multiple access

• Maximum of 200 Simultaneous demodulation of bursts channels, bandwidth of

20MHz

• Symbol rates varies from 64 Ksps to 2 Msps

• Capable of Viterbi/Turbo Decoding

1.5 Applications of the Project

There are a lot of applications of Burst Mode Demodulator exist in the real life.
Some of them are discussed as follows:

1.5.1 Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel

A DVB-RCS network is a satellite-based communications system that provides

interconnection between users who are exchanging real time applications based on
several data types (e.g. text, voice, images, video etc.…). There are two transmission
paths, the Forward Channel from a centralized Hub location to the remote location and
a
2
Return Channel from the remote location to the central Hub. The DVB-RCS system
standard underwent final standardization by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute in 2000. The standard calls for a forward link based on a
DVB/MPEG-2 data format and a return link using Multi-Frequency – Time Division
Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) scheme, allowing a two-way exchange of data. The
DVB/MPEG-2 format carries up to 80 Mbps in the forward link and the MF-TDMA
scheme allows up to 8 Mbps per carrier in the return direction. The network consists of
a central earth station Hub station, one or more satellites in the forward direction, a
Satellite Interactive Terminal (SIT) at the remote location, and a satellite in the return
direction.

Figure 1: DVB-RCS Specifications

1.5.2 QPSK Burst Demodulator

The typical packet format used for burst communications and signaling in a time
division multiple access (TDMA) network employs a structure that includes an
acquisition preamble at the start of the packet, followed by a known unique word (UW)
pattern. The data portion of the packet then follows with additional framing bits inserted
periodically for long packets, with the packet finally ending in another known "end-of-
packet" sequence. The preamble portion typically incorporates an unmodulated carrier
sequence for faster carrier frequency and phase estimation at the receiver, followed by
a clock recovery sequence for the proper receiver clock frequency and phase alignment.
The unique word pattern is used for the phase ambiguity resolution and burst time
synchronization. Thus, after the preamble and UW segments have been received and
3
detected upon, the receiver is ready to demodulate the ensuing data segment with the
correct frequency, phase, and clock adjustments.

1.6 Project Plan

This project was divided into different phases and the whole project complete within
05-weeks. The first part includes the theoretical work and different filters
implementation in MATLAB. After that the second part start which include the
implementation of burst mode demodulator using different approaches in MATLAB.

Table 1.1 Proposed Project Plan

S# Tasks Duration Resource Person
1 Literature Review 01 Weeks Farakh Ali, Syed Hassham Ali
2 Basic Filters in MATLAB 01 Weeks Farakh Ali, Syed Hassham Ali
3 Implementation of Burst 01 Weeks Syed Hassham Ali
mode demodulator
4 Report writing 01 Weeks Farakh Ali
5 Demo and Presentation 01 week Farakh Ali, Syed Hassham Ali

1.7 Report Organization

The association of this report is as per the following. Section I describes the
introduction. The section II describes basic principles and theoretical formulation of
FIR filter design technology. The section III describes the design of FIR filter for given
specifications of satellite receiver using three different techniques viz. Kaiser
Windowing method, Least square method and Equiripple method. All these methods
are compared for frequency response characteristics, hardware complexity and
structures for implementation. The last section discusses about order, passband and
stopband attenuations and multipliers/adders required for filter structures followed by
conclusion.

4
Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In the field of signal processing, a filter is a device or process that, completely or

partially, suppresses unwanted components or features from a signal. This usually
means removing some frequencies to suppress interfering signals and to reduce
background noise. Although the task of filters is pretty simple, they are invaluable in
today's electronics, particularly in telecommunications. Digital filters are used for two
general purposes. separation of signals that have been combined, and restoration of
signals that have been distorted in some way. Analog (electronic) filters can be used for
these same tasks; however, digital filters can achieve far superior results. The most
popular digital filters are described and compared in the next seven chapters. This
introductory chapter describes the parameters you want to look for when learning about
each of these filters.

2.1 Background Theory

In digital signal processing, an FIR is a filter whose impulse response is of finite period,
as a result of it settles to zero in finite time. This is often in distinction to IIR filters,
which can have internal feedback and will still respond indefinitely. The impulse
response of an Nth order discrete time FIR filter takes precisely N+1 sample before it
then settles to zero. FIR filters are most popular kind of filters executed in software and
these filters can be continuous time, analog or digital and discrete time. Special types
of FIR filters are namely, Boxcar, Hilbert Transformer, Differentiator, Lth-Band and
Raised-Cosine. The term FIR abbreviation is “Finite Impulse Response” and it is one
of two main types of digital filters used in DSP applications. Filters are signal
conditioners and function of each filter is, it allows an AC components and blocks DC
components. The best example of the filter is a phone line, which acts as a filter.
Because, it limits frequencies to a rage significantly smaller than the range of human
beings can hear frequencies.

5
2.2 Related Technologies
A number of related technologies are available in the industry used in demodulation.
Some of them are discussed below.

2.2.1 Direct Broadcast Systems (DBS) FM satellite Demodulators

The various MAC/Packet schemes intended for DBS applications are described and the
international standards that apply to them considered, with particular emphasis on the
D2-MAC system. Noise in FM systems is discussed and a suitable threshold noise
model is chosen for use in DBS TV demodulator systems. The characteristics of the
various types of noise effects are considered in terms of their effect upon the TV picture.
The threshold performance of a conventional FM demodulator for differing types of
modulation is reviewed and it is shown how the threshold characteristic depends upon
the nature of the modulation. The literature review carried out represents a significant
component of the thesis and combines material from patent literature with more
conventional source materials from professional journals, conferences, textbooks, etc.
Some ten existing demodulator concepts that exhibit threshold extension characteristics
are examined, and where relevant their potential performance in D2-MAC format
systems is assessed. The demodulator characteristics that limit their performance in TV
systems are identified. It is concluded that designing a threshold extension demodulator,
with reliable operation, for all picture contents and for a wide range of input carrier-to-
noise ratios, is a formidable task using existing design techniques.

2.3 Related Projects

A number of projects related to ventilator are designed and available in the market.
Some of the latest project are discussed below.

2.3.1 Frequency Sampling Technique for FIR filter design

In this method, [Park87], [Rab75], [Proakis00] the desired frequency response is

provided as in the previous method. Now the given frequency response is sampled at a
set of equally spaced frequencies to obtain N samples. Thus , sampling the continuous
frequency response Hd(w) at N points essentially gives us the N-point DFT of

6
Hd(2pnk/N). Now using the above N-point filter response, the continuous frequency
response is calculated as an interpolation of the sampled frequency response. The
approximation error would then be exactly zero at the sampling frequencies and would
be finite in frequencies between them. The smoother the frequency response being
approximated; the smaller will be the error of interpolation between the sample points.
One way to reduce the error is to increase the number of frequency samples. The other
way to improve the quality of approximation is to make a number of frequency samples
specified as unconstrained variables.

2.4 Related Studies/Research

Comparison between Butterworth and Chebyshev Digital Filters. Digital filters are one
of the most fundamental and cardinal components in the area of digital signal
processing. They eliminate either partially or completely the noise or other undesirable
components present in the signal. In this paper we have designed and studied the IIR
filters using Butterworth and Chebyshev algorithms, and compared them with each
other for further analysis. The requisite parameters for designing IIR filters are pass
band frequency, sampling frequency, pass band ripples and stop band ripples. We have
used MATLAB Simulink and filter design and analysis (FDA) tool which gives
accurate pole zero plot to verify the stability of system (filter).

2.5 Limitations
All the project and related technologies mention above have some positive feature and
all of them have some limitation weather they are technical or financial.

• Limited to frequency range of 100MHz to 500MHz

• Requires narrow passband to increase SNR

2.6 Problem Statement

This main objective of this project is to implement a satellite receiver filter design using
FIR digital filtering technique. We present various design methods like windowing,
least squares and equiripple for satellite burst demodulator application and compare
their performance. Various designs of FIR filter are compared from the view point of

7
hardware complexity, frequency response characteristics and implementation
strategies.

2.7 Summary
Summarizing this section in which we have covered the background and literature
review of the components need for this project and their basic working in general. After
that we deliberated about the related projects and equipment that are linked to this
project and explain them briefly. At the end the limitation and problem statement of our
project is discussed and explained.

8
Chapter 3

PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Advanced digital filters can be accomplished by equipment circuits, as well as by PC

software programming. For simulation and real time implementation, MATLAB tool is
the most widely popular which also allows the conceptual design and modeling [5]. The
design and simulation analysis of digital filter is efficiently achieved by using powerful
computing capabilities of MATLAB. As one of the MATLAB signal processing boxes,
Filter Design and Analysis tool (FDA tool) has powerful features to design digital filters
[5]. Designing of digital filters can be achieved by calculation of the filter coefficients
on the basis of filter order, sampling frequency, passband frequency, stopband
frequency etc. As order of the filter increases, power consumption and the
computational complexity will be increased. MATLAB FDA tool gives simple and easy
calculation of digital filter coefficients.

3.1 Proposed Design Methodology

The block diagram for the whole project is shown below and each part will be
explained separately.

Figure 2: Project Block Diagram

3.1.1 Basic of FIR Filter

The most basic characteristic of FIR filter is that it has only zeros and no poles. Hence,
FIR filters are known as all-zero filters. It can also be known as feed-forward or non-
recursive or transversal filters. If x(n) is an input of M length FIR filter and y(n) is its
output, then it can be described by following difference equation:
9
Where, {bk} shows the filter coefficients set. we can also denote the output of the filter
by doing convolution of the unit sample response h(n) of the system and the input signal
x(n). Thus, we have,

Causality and finite-duration characteristics of the filter are dependent on the lower and
upper limits of the convolution sum. Here M represents the tap coefficients of the filter.
h(k) acts as the k level tap coefficients of the FIR filter. Clearly, equations are similar
in form and hence it concluded that bk= h(k), Where, k = 0,1,…..,M-1. Which is viewed
as a polynomial of degree M-1 in the variable z-1. The foundations of this polynomial
constitute the zeros of the filter. The digital filter can be described by its system
function:

3.1.2 Digital Filter coefficient determination method

The function of designing of an digital filter depends on the calculation of the filter
coefficients. The iterative method and the window method are the most popular
methods for determining filter coefficients. Constant equiripple characteristic in the
passband and the stopband can be designed by an iterative method [9]. Low complexity
and easy designing are noticeable advantages of window method over other traditional
methods. The way that express mathematical statements are regularly accessible for
figuring the window coefficients has made this strategy prevalent. Window method is
basically useful for the design of model filters like lowpass, high pass, bandpass, etc.
This makes its need in speech and image processing applications much simpler.

10
3.2 DESIGN METHODS OF THE DIGITAL FIR FILTER
Different design techniques for the FIR filters are the frequency sampling technique,
Windowing technique, Optimal filter design techniques like Equiripple , Least- square
error etc.

3.2.1 Windowing method for FIR filter design

The essential thought behind the window technique for filter configuration is that the
perfect recurrence reaction of the filter is equivalent to 1 for all passband frequencies
and equivalent to 0 for all stopband frequencies [10]. To generate a Finite Impulse
Response (FIR) digital filter, the time domain filter coefficients must be blocked in
number of multiplying by a window function of a finite width. In this method, consider
desired frequency response specification Hd(ω) and from that the corresponding unit
sample response hd(n) can be determined. Absolutely, hd(n) is related to Hd(ω) by the
Fourier transform relation:

Thus, the unit sample response hd(n) can be determined by evaluating the integral in
above equation (5). Different window functions that are generally used can be listed as
Triangular windows, Hann window, Hamming window, Kaiser window and Blackman
window and so on. In this paper, we shall discuss about only Kaiser window. The Kaiser
window permits separate control of width of the primary lobe and constriction of the
side lobe [11]. A simple approximation of the window using zero-th order modified
Bessel function of the first kind is as follows,

11
Here, I0 is the zero-th order modified Bessel function, usually α=M/2. α is stopband
attenuation in decibels. The ‘shape’ of filter can be modified by β. Kaiser analytically
found formula going from δ, ωs, ωp to M and β.

This makes it extremely easy to do filter design instantly. Actual filter response can be
obtained by multiplying an ideal impulse response hd(n) with window w[n] shown as:

M does not change ripple error; this is achieved by sidelobe amplitude.

3.2.2 Least mean squares error method

The least mean squares error method utilizes the use of a minimum mean square error
rule given by:

Where, H (ωi) is the amplitude response of the designed filter, D(ωi) is the desired
amplitude response, W(ωi) is the weighting function. The amplitude response for a
linear phase FIR filter is expressed as:

This is utilized to get a reliable transfer function.

12
3.2.3 Equiripple method for FIR filter design

As the name recommends, equiripple channel has measures the same in the passband
and stopband, which implies the signal distortion that happens at the edge of the
passband because of nearness of huge swell is stayed away from in equiripple design.
The equiripple strategy approaches filter outline as a streamlining issue in which the
coefficient qualities are acclimated to create a brilliant filter with swells that are of
equivalent height. A least square approach to minimize error is not entirely satisfactory.
So, superior ways to deal with minimize the greatest error at the band is as underneath:

This technique is excellent in the view of minimising the maximum magnitude of the
ripple in the all bands of the interest. Order of the filter is fixed,

It can be demonstrated that this prompts an equirippple filter, a filter which sufficiency
reaction sways uniformly between the resilience bound of every band.

3.3 Design of the Project Software/Algorithm

The burst mode demodulator is equipped for synchronous demodulation of N channels
in a 20 MHz band, where N relies on upon burst type and symbol rate and is hard
constrained to 200 channels. The overall bandpass filter bandwidth is kept as 400 MHz.
The other specifications of the bandpass filters are as follows:
• Filter order: 40
• Passband attenuation (αp): 1 dB
• Stopband attenuation (αs): 60 dB
• Passband frequency: 100 MHz
• Stopband frequency: 500 MHz
• Sampling rate: 1.2 GHz
• Density factor for the equiripple method: 20
• Weighting factor for the least square method: 1
13
 • β for the Kaiser window method: 0.5

3.4 Implementation Procedure

The burst mode demodulator for TDMA satellite access is shown in fig.1. The input to
the filter is from the ADC connected at the input of the receiver. We use MATLAB
FDA Tool to design different types of the digital FIR filters. FDA tool is a digital filter
design and analysis tool in a MATLAB signal processing toolbox. FDA apparatus can
plan every customary filter, including different configuration techniques for FIR and
IIR and it has straightforward and ordinary operation.

3.5 Details of Software

MATLAB is a programming platform designed specifically for engineers and scientists.
The heart of MATLAB is the MATLAB language, a matrix-based language allowing
the most natural expression of computational mathematics.
Using MATLAB, you can:

• Analyze data

• Develop algorithms

• Create models and applications

The language, apps, and built-in math functions enable you to quickly explore multiple
approaches to arrive at a solution. MATLAB lets you take your ideas from research to
production by deploying to enterprise applications and embedded devices, as well as
integrating with Simulink and Model-Based Design.

3.6 Details of Final Working Prototype

The main working of the project based on the different stages such as first the input
analogue data is converted into digital form and then passed to the burst memory and
after that the data passes through the FIR filter for time estimation and after that data
passed through the frame detector which detect the frame and after thst the data was
converted to the output form and process next.

14
3.7 Summary
This chapter will be discussed about the basic types and their working principle of filters
and it will also include the different type of technique in the design of burst mode
demodulator using FIR filter approach and how to implement all these types of burst
modes demodulator in MATLAB.

15
 Chapter 4

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

This chapter we will be discussing in detail all the tools used in your work. This includes
software and simulation tools or any other thing which aided in your project.

4.1 Software’s and simulation Tool

MATLAB is a programming language similar to other well-known languages such as
Java, C#, etc., which comes with its own IDE (that is Integrated Development
Environment) and set of libraries. MATLAB is an abbreviation of the term “Matrix
Laboratory” since it was initially referred to as the matrix programming language. It is
a fourth-generation programming language. The common uses of MATLAB are:
• Performing numerical linear algebra
• Numerical computation of Matrices
• Data analysis and visualization
• Plotting graphs for larger data sets
• Developing algorithms
• Creating interfaces for the user that is the GUI- Graphical User Interface and
other applications that is the API – Application Programming Interface.

4.2 Filter Design and Analysis Tool

The Filter Design and Analysis Tool (FDA) is a powerful user interface for designing
and analyzing filters quickly. FDA enables you to design digital FIR or IIR filters by
setting filter specifications, by importing filters from your MATLAB workspace, or by
adding, moving or deleting poles and zeros. FDA also provides tools for analyzing
filters, such as magnitude and phase response and pole-zero plots.

4.3 Summary
The use of software and simulation tools in the project are described as above and
using the build in FDA tool of MATLAB the whole project graphs and simulation is
implemented.

16
Chapter 5

PROJECT RESULTS AND EVALUATION

In this chapter, we discuss about the software results also discuss about project outputs,
achievement and loss that we cannot achieve in the project.

5.1 Presentation of the findings

There is some limitation in the software simulation of the burst mode filter and some
of the poles and zeros location of are not correct and error are coming which will be
hopefully removed during the meeting with the project supervisor.

5.1.2 Software Results

The FIR filters are implemented with selected order of 40 for comparison of passband
ripple and stopband attenuation as shown in table-3. They are also designed under the
constraint of minimum order for given specifications as shown in table-2. The designed
filter structures are also compared for hardware complexity in terms of no. of adders
and multipliers as shown in table-4. These results are reproduced in the following
tables. We can see that the equiripple design is the best in terms of stopband attenuation.
Under the constraints of the order, again equiripple design performs much better
compared to other two types. Kaiser window-based design proves to be the optimum
design in terms of hardware complexity viz. no. of multipliers.

Table 2: Comparison with Different Orders

Sr. No. Method Passband Stopband Min. Order
Ripple Attenuation(dB)

1 Kaiser Windowing 0 -59 88

2 Equiripple 1 -59 47

3 Least Square 0 -41 47

17
 Table 3: Passband Ripple and Stopband Attenuation
Sr. No. Method Passband Stopband Min. Order
Ripple Attenuation(dB)

1 Kaiser Windowing 1 -25 40

2 Equiripple 0 -42 40

3 Least Square 0 -36 40

Table 4: Structure of Filters

Sr. No. Method Number of Number of Filter Length
Multiplier Adders

1 Kaiser Windowing 35 34 41

2 Equiripple 414 0 41

3 Least Square 41 40 41

The software results of the filters are shown below:

Figure 3: Magnitude and Phase Response

18
Figure 4: Magnitude and Phase Response of Least Square FIR filter

Figure 5: Poles and Zeros of Response

19
5.2 Limitations of the working prototype
Although the whole system is implemented in the software form but it also has some
limitation and short comings. Some of the main limitation of the burst mode
demodulator are given as follow:

• Only demodulate 200 signals at a time

• Frequency range 100MHz to 500MHz

• Errors in the location of Poles and Zeros

5.3 Summary
All the software result of the project in MATLAB using FDA tool are shown in this
chapter and some technical parameters are also discussed in this chapter. The variation
of the filter design with respect to the order and attenuation of these filters.

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Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The FIR filters designed using various methods for burst mode satellite receiver are
compared for their impulse response, frequency response, ripple characteristics, order
of the filter and hardware complexity in terms of number of adders and multipliers.
Kaiser window-based design is optimum and can be further implemented onto FPGA
for final integration with adjacent communication system blocks.

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