Venturi Meter

by
Muhammad Adil Raja
BME143027

A Project Report submitted to the

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology,
Islamabad
June, 2019.

1
 Copyright  2019 by CUST Student

All the rights and the reproduction of the “Venturi Meter” as a whole or in part in any
form requires the prior written permission of Muhammad Adil Raja.
 It is declared and assured that all the work done on the product is purely
handmade, except the work acknowledged and referred in the text in the reference
heading. The work done on the product of “Venturi Meter” is neither submitted by any
institute or educational campus of professional engineering degree and diploma degree
overall in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan nor will be submitted by anyone in future
degree projects or in any other institution.

Muhammad Adil Raja

BME143027
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

It is certified that the assigned project namely “Venturi Meter” was modelled
mathematically, analyzed and tested by Muhammad Adil Raja (BME143027) under the
supervision of Dr. Liaquat Ali Khan, Capital University of Science & Technology,
Islamabad, are fully adequate and competitive in the scope and in the quality, as a lab
project proceeds for the degree of BS Mechanical Engineering.

Supervisor: *******************************************
Muhammad Waleed Farooq
Lab Engineer
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad.

HOD: *******************************************
Dr. Noor Muhammad Khan.
Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The effort, courage, support and help of respected project supervisor Muhammad
Waleed Farooq for time to time assistance. He delivered his best knowledge in order to
benefit the writer from his teaching and experience during project modelling and
fabrication.

A special thanks to all the lab members as well as Capital University of Science
and Technology, Islamabad for giving the author opportunity to showcase his talent and
abilities to the world in upcoming future by a path of this project.
 ABSTRACT

The project is about the manufacturing of Venturi Meter. The purpose of venture
meter is to check the flowrate of fluid in an object, such as water pumps, flowlines and
other mechanical objects. In this project, an Arduino program was written using Arduino
IDE software. The parts consists of water pipe, YF501-Hall effect water flowrate sensor
along with Arduino (for checking and displaying the flowrate in liters per hour).
 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................5
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................6
LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................9
LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................10
Chapter 1............................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................11
1.1 Overview.............................................................................................................11
1.2 Statement of the Problem....................................................................................11
1.3 Applications of Project........................................................................................11
1.4 Project Plan.........................................................................................................11
Chapter 2............................................................................................................................12
LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................12
2.1 Related Technologies..........................................................................................12
2.1.1 Orifice Meter................................................................................................12
2.2 Related Research.................................................................................................12
2.3 Summary.............................................................................................................13
Chapter 3............................................................................................................................14
3.1 Hardware used with Technical Specifications....................................................14
3.2 Software Tool used.............................................................................................15
3.2.1 ARDUINO IDE®.............................................................................................15
3.3 Summary.............................................................................................................15
Chapter 4............................................................................................................................16
PROJECT RESULTS........................................................................................................16
4.1 Presentation of Findings......................................................................................16
4.1.1 Hardware Results.........................................................................................16
4.1.2 Software Results..........................................................................................16
4.2 Summary.............................................................................................................16
Chapter 5............................................................................................................................17
CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................................17
References..........................................................................................................................18
APPENDICES...................................................................................................................19
Appendix-A, Program of Arduino IDE.........................................................................19
 LIST OF TABLES

1.4.1 Project Plan 12

 LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

BS Bachelors of Sciences
HOD Head of Department
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
There are many different meters used to measure fluid flow: the turbine-type flow
meter, the rotameter, the orifice meter, and the venturi meter are only a few. Each meter
works by its ability to alter a certain physical property of the flowing fluid and then
allows this alteration to be measured. The measured alteration is then related to the flow.

1.1 Overview
A venturi meter is a measuring or also considered as a meter device that is usually
used to measure the flow of a fluid in the pipe. A venturi meter may also be used to
increase the velocity of any type fluid in a pipe at any particular point. It basically works
on the principle of Bernoulli's Theorem. The pressure in a fluid moving through a small
cross section drops suddenly leading to an increase in velocity of the flow. The fluid of
the characteristics of high pressure and low velocity gets converted to the low pressure
and high velocity at a particular point and again reaches to high pressure and low
velocity.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

To check the flowrate of water in the venturi meter in liters per hour. Arduino
should be used in order to display the flowrate in liters per hour.

1.3 Applications of Project

The venture meter has following applications;
a) Plumbing
b) Checking of Chemical’s flow in pipelines
c) Carburetors
d) Industrial Boilers

1.4 Project Plan

The project was manufactured in single phase that is the fabrication of the model.
Table 1.4.1 Project Plan

Proceeding Task Time Utilized in Starting Time Ending Time

weeks
Fabrication 1 04-06-2019 12-06-2019
 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, it is discussed that the research and practical work done related to
the project. It is also demonstrated that how author was helped in by means of these
published journals and books.

2.1 Related Technologies

Out of many among the related technologies few were demonstrated in the
upcoming headings below;

a) Orifice Meter
b) Rotameter

2.1.1 Orifice Meter

The orifice meter consists of a throttling device (an orifice plate) inserted in the
flow. This orifice plate creates a measurable pressure difference between its upstream and
downstream sides. This pressure is then related to the flow rate. Like the Venturi meter,
the pressure difference varies directly with the flow rate.

2.1.2 Rotameter

A rotameter consists of a gradually tapered glass tube mounted vertically in a

frame with the large end up. Fluid enters the tube from the bottom. A sit enters, it causes
the float to rise to a position of equilibrium. The position of equilibrium is at the point
where the weight of the float is balanced by the weight of the fluid it displaces (the
buoyant force exerted on the float by the fluid) and the pressure due to velocity (dynamic
pressure). [1]

2.2 Related Research

Fluid flow occurring in a venturi tube was numerically simulated with the Fluent
software, and several factors to affect the mass flux and an asymmetric flow were
analyzed, including the contraction ratio, ratio of the throat section length to diameter, the
diffusion angle and the inlet and outlet pressure difference. Results show that the
minimum pressure
point occurs at the intersection between the contraction and throat sections in the venturi
tube. [2]

2.3 Summary
In this chapter, the writer did literature review regarding the project and the
similar projects related to wall climbing robot. He found many papers regarding our
project and thus we summarized their ideas in the report.
 Chapter 3

PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Hardware used with Technical Specifications

The hardware tools used were YF-501 Hall effect water sensor that was connected
with the pipes at side and the water was supplied by one side and exits at the other end of
the pipe. During water flow, the sensor installed at center when gets in contact with
flowing water it senses and reports the flowrate in liters per hour.
3.2 Software Tool used
3.2.1 ARDUINO IDE®
Use of this software was done in order to carry out programming for displaying of
results of venture meter. All program written in the software used C++ language and the
relays were installed for better control and response of the system.

3.3 Summary
ARDUINO IDE® was used to control switching on and off of all the three
motors with the help of Arduino. All program written in the software used C++ language
and the relays were installed for better control and response of the system.
 Chapter 4
PROJECT RESULTS
4.1 Presentation of Findings
The findings after completion of the projects were as follows;

4.1.1 Hardware Results

The YF501 hall water effect sensor was sensing the flowrate of water once the
water gets pass from the blades of the sensor.

4.1.2 Software Results

The project simulation was done in software. The Arduino when connected with
laptop was displaying the results on monitor screen in liter per hour for the flowrate of
water.

4.2 Summary
In this chapter, the results of the project carried out with the hardware fabrication and
programming on Arduino IDE software were discussed.
 Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that the program written was displaying the result on Arduino
IDE screen and helped in knowing the output of water flowrate in liters per hour as set by
the programmer.
 References

[1 "Venturi Meter," Wednesday June 2001. [Online]. Available:

] https://aybu.edu.tr/muhendislik/makina/contents/files/VENTURIMETER%20EXPER
IMENT(1).pdf. [Accessed 12 6 2019].

[2 J.X.Zhang, "Analysis on the effect of venturi tube structural parameters on fluid

] flow," vol. 1, no. 1, p. 12, 2017.
APPENDICES
Appendix-A, Program of Arduino IDE
volatile int NbTopsFan; //measuring the rising edges of the signal

int Calc;

int hallsensor = 2; //The pin location of the sensor

void rpm () //This is the function that the interupt calls

NbTopsFan++; //This function measures the rising and falling edge of the hall effect
sensors signal

// The setup() method runs once, when the sketch starts

void setup() //

pinMode(hallsensor, INPUT); //initializes digital pin 2 as an input

Serial.begin(9600); //This is the setup function where the serial port is initialised,

attachInterrupt(0, rpm, RISING); //and the interrupt is attached

}
// the loop() method runs over and over again,

// as long as the Arduino has power

void loop ()

NbTopsFan = 0; //Set NbTops to 0 ready for calculations

sei(); //Enables interrupts

delay (1000); //Wait 1 second

cli(); //Disable interrupts

Calc = (NbTopsFan * 60 / 7.5); //(Pulse frequency x 60) / 7.5Q, = flow rate in L/hour

Serial.print (Calc, DEC); //Prints the number calculated above

Serial.print (" L/hour\r\n"); //Prints "L/hour" and returns a new line