THE CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC HAND DRIER

BY AYINLA, OLUWATOSIN KOLAWOLE (N/EE/11/2853) DURODOLA, ABDULAZEEZ ADISA (N/EE/11/2854)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, ILARO. OGUN STATE. NIGERIA

OCTOBER 2013

THE CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC HAND DRIER

BY

AYINLA, OLUWATOSIN KOLAWOLE (N/EE/11/2853) DURODOLA, ABDULAZEEZ ADISA (N/EE/11/2854)

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF ORDINARY NATIONAL DIPOLOMA IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, ILARO.

OCTOBER 2013

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project was carried out by AYINLA, OLUWATOSIN KOLAWOLE; DURODOLA, ABDULAZEEZ ADISA under the supervision of Mr. P.O Mbamaluikem in the department of electrical engineering.

---------------------------------------Supervisors Signature and Date

-----------------------------------------------------Head of Department Signature and Date

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DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We sincerely appreciate the Almighty God for His immeasurable mercies and love towards us. Father your strength and ability is what helped us in completing this project. In all we say thank you. I would like to use this medium to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor,Mr P.O Mbamaluikem for his guidance, advise and help given to us all through the development and progress of this project. Above all we say thank you immersely.

My appreciation also goes to my friends for their advice, supervision, and crucial contributions, which made this project to become successful. Thank you for lending hands us.

Finally, I would like to express my exceptional thanks to my beloved parents for their support and unending prayers. Really you have made me proud and to look better than others. Thank you very much.

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ABSTRACT The basic utility of a hand dryer is to dry hands using an electric source. Hand hygiene is a very important aspect in preventing spread of communicable diseases. A washroom is a place where the presence of disease-causing microorganisms is very high as compared to other places. And if a washroom is meant for public use, then one can imagine the concentration of microorganisms in there. Since many disease-causing germs spread through touch, hand dryers were devised so that people can dry their hands without actually touching the roll of paper towel available for common use in public restrooms. George Clemens invented the hand dryer. George Clemens a Chicago nature invented the dryer in 1948. Over the years, the hand dryer as had minimal up-grades but some hand dryers have been up-grade to no touch sensor. Clemens invention eliminated the nud to purchase towels for the customers to dry their hands. In todays society, the hand dryer as still efficient, however, some consider the hand dryer to be not as hygiene as paper towel. George Clemens invention uses a depressed button to operates, which produces more noise while it is pressed ON. The construction of the automatic hand drier was challenging and interesting. It can be seen that the described circuit (Automatic hand drier) will operate when a user places his hands in the direction zone and remains there for a short moment, but the drier will not operate for an overly long period of time, which would waste power. Neither would the drier operate in response to momentary or passing signals, but it will shut off if a user momentarily removes his hands from detection zone. v

TABLE OF CONTENT Title page..............................................................................................................i Certification..ii Dedication.iii Acknowledgement.iv Abstract..v Table of Contentsvi-viii List of Tables..ix List of Figures..x-xi CHAPTER ONE 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 INTRODUCTION1 Statement of the problem...2 Significance of the study3 Objective of the study 4

1.3.1 Scope of the study.. 5 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW. 6 vi

CHAPTER THREE 3.0 COMPONENT ANALYSIS...8

3.1.1 Transformer..9 3.1.2 Resistor10 3.1.3 Light dependent resistor..10 3.1.4 Integrated circuit.11 3.1.5 Capacitor.12-13 3.1.6 Light emitting diode13-14 3.1.7 Transistor.14-15 3.1.8 Diode...15-16 3.1.9 Relay16-17 3.1.9.1 Heating element17-18 3.2 Specification of materials..17-18

CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 4.1 CONSTRUCTION WORK OF THE PROJECT..19 Block diagram of the system...19 vii

4.2

Stage of operation19

4.2.1 Power supply..19-20 4.2.2 Sensor stage21 4.2.3 Timer stage 22 4.2.4 Switching stage...22-23 4.2.5 Motor and heating element stage.23-24 4.2.6 Circuit diagram of an Automatic Hand Drier..24 4.3 TESTING..25

4.3.1 Assembling. .25 4.3.2 Trouble shooting.25-26 4.3.3 General precaution..26 4.3.4 Maintenance of the system.26 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 5.1 5.2 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..27 Conclusion...27 Recommendation..27 Reference..28 viii

LIST OF TABLES 3.1.2.1 Table showing color code of resistors 9 3.2 3.4 Specification of materials. 18 Graph showing relationship of resistance with light 11

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LIST OF FIGURES Figures Fig: 3.1 Fig: 3.2 Fig: 3.3 Fig: 3.4 Fig :3.5 Fig:3.6 Fig:3.7 Fig:3.8 Fig:3.9 Fig:3.9.1 Fig:4.1 Fig:4.2 Fig:4.3 Fig 4.4 Page An ideal transformer..8 Symbol of a resistor...9 Symbol of a light dependent resistor ...10 Graphical symbol of a 555 timer....12 Symbol of a capacitor.13 Symbol of a light emitting diode.14 Symbol of a bipolar junction transistor14 Symbol of a diode.15 Symbol of a relay..16 Symbol of a heating element.17 Block diagram of the system.19 Block diagram of a power supply..19 Full wave rectification20 Circuit diagram of the sensory stage...21 x

Fig:4.5 Fig:4.6 Fig:4.7 Fig:4.8

Monostable configuration of 555 timer...22 Circuit diagram of the switching stage23 Coupled fan with heating element...23 Circuit diagram of an automatic hand drier.24

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