A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

“INTERNET OF THINGS”
SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FORWARD THE BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION

(SESSION 2020-2024)

UNDERTAKEN AT - SUBMITTED BY:

INFOWIZ SOFTWARE SOLUTION AMIT CHAUDHARY

ROLL NO. 201361031009

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF - BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY

MR. AKSHAY SHARMA

 PREFACE

As a part of the Bachelor of Technology Curriculum and in order to gain practical Knowledge in
the field of Electronics & Communication , I required to make a report on Internet of Things.
The Basic Objective behind doing this project report is to get knowledge about the project .

In this project report I have included the information about the project.

Doing this Project report helped me to enhance my knowledge regarding the Project and the
working of Project . Through this report I come to know about importance of hard work and role
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to her guidance & constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project & also for her support in completing the project & also
thankful to Mr.Akshay Sharma, INFOWIZ A SOFTWARE SOLUTION for providing necessary
guidance, encouragement & mortal support during the course of the project preparation. My
thanks & appreciation also goes to my Computer Science Department, my colleague during
training in developing the project & people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
 Chapter-1
INTERNET OF THINGS(IOT)

INTRODUCTION :-

Internet of Things and Internet of Everything are two words that commonly refers to the
new trend to have small, cheap and always-connected devices used to send data to a
backend cloud based applications. This opens up a new set of possibilities and products
that companies are developing and selling in both industrial and consumer markets.
The tool chosen for the simulations is Cisco Packet Tracer, this tool has been used for
many years to train students on Cisco networking. Main strength of the tool is the
offering of a variety of network components that simulate a real network, devices would
then need to be interconnected and configured in order to create a network. In the last
version of the tool Cisco introduced IoT functionalities, and now it is possible to add to
the network smart devices, components, sensors, actuators and also devices that simulate
microcontrollers such as Arudino or Raspberry Pi. All the IoT devices can be run on
standard programs or can be customized by programming them with Java, Phyton or
Blockly. This makes Cisco Packet Tracer an ideal tool for building IoT practical
simulations and class exercises.
Physical layers and network components are present in the Cisco Packet Tracer since
many year, the real addition that make the tool capable to simulate IoT environments was
the introduction of IoT devices.

The main categories are: smart-devices, sensors, actuators and microcontrollers. In the
below figure there is an example of a list of home smart devices that can be added in the
IoT simulations.

Fig.No.:-1.1
Smart-devices are devices that are fully capable to be connected to a wired or wireless
network and where the behavior and interaction logic can be quickly set up by utilizing
pre-loaded Phyton programs. These sensors include smart lights, AC units, coffee maker,
alarm sirens, RFID readers and a long list of other sensors, such as carbon dioxide,
humidity, temperature, water level etc.
These devices usually are plug-and-play type of elements and they just need to be
connected to a local LAN. In some cases, if a wireless LAN was needed, a physical

1
network configuration required to be done mostly by swapping the LAN network
interface for a WLAN card.

Fig.no.:- 1.2

When accessing the list of the devices it was also possible to visualize their status but
also interact with the device remotely. As an example one can turn on the garden light or
check the remaining power of the IoT battery.

Furthermore, while connected to the IoT main home page, it was also possible to setup a
basic IoT logic for creating an interaction between the devices. As demonstrated in the
below Figure 13, the humidity sensor was connected to the home AC unit, starting AC in
case humidity would pass the fifty percent threshold. More detailed explanation of the
pre-set IoT logic in the four IoT simulations will be covered .

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 Fig. no.:- 1.3

Cisco Packet Tracer also offered the possibility to use other non-smart devices such as
actuators. These type of components required additional actions in order to be connected
and operated but, despite the extra complexity, offered a more realistic degree of
simulation and flexibility when setting up the exercises.
Non-smart components were usually not network-capable, unless configured otherwise,
and needed to be connected to a microcontroller board via some special IoT cabling. In
Cisco Packet Tracer the microcontroller simulated an Arduino or Raspberry Pi devices
that, based on a custom software, took the input from some device, mostly input sensors,
and produced output, mostly operating actuators.
Figure 17.4 illustrates, as an example, the behavior of a simple smart-lamp. The lamp can
be directly controller by pressing ALT on the keyboard and clicking on it. Lamp could
also be connected to a microcontroller and a customWrite command would need to be
used in the output pin to operate it. Lamp is also having three states: off, dim and on. So
the previous customWrite command should also carry a variable to specify the state.
Cisco Packet Tracer offered for each device a very helpful and complete specification
tab.

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Fig.no. :- 1.4

4
 Chapter-2

RASPBERRY PI MODEL B+

Fig.no.:-2.1

5
2.1 OVERVIEW:-

Fig. no.:-2.2
The raspberry pi model B+ is the latest product in the raspberry pi 3 range ,boasting a 64-
bit quad core processor running at 1.4GH ,dual-band 2.4GH and 5GHz wireless LAN,
Bluetooth 4.2/BLE , faster ethernet , and PoE capability via a separate PoE HAT.
The dual-band wireless LAN comes with modular compliances certification , allowing
the board to be designed into end products with significantly reduced wireless LAN
compliance testing , improving both cost and time to market .

2.2 SPECIFICATIONS:-

Processor:- Broadcom BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53

64-bit SoC @ 1.4GHz

Memory:- 1GB LPDDR2 SDRAM

Connectivity:- 2.4GHz and 5GHz IEEE

802.11.b/g.n/ac wireless
LAN , Bluetooth 4.2 , BLE
Gig-bit Ethernet over USB 2.0(maximum
Throughput 300 Mbps)
4x 3 USB 2.0 ports

6
Access:-Extended 40 pin GPIO header

Video & sound:-1 x full size HDMI

MIPI DSI display port
MIPI CSI camera port
4 pole stereo output and composite video port

Multimedia:-H.264 , MPEG-4 decode (1080p30);H.264

encode (1080p30); OpenGL Es 1.1, 2.0
graphics

SD Card support :- Micro SD format for loading operating

System and data storage

Input power:- 5V /2.5 A DC via micro USB connector

5V DC via GPIO header
Power over Ethernet (PoE)-enabled (requires
Separate)

16.3 PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS:-

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 Fig. no.:-2.3

8
Chapter-3
SETTING UP RASPBERRY
Setting up your Raspberry Pi
What you will need
Essential (for general use)
SD card
We recommend a minimum of 8GB class 4 or class 10 microSD card. To save time, you
can get a card that is pre-installed with NOOBS or Raspbian, although setting up your
own card is easy.
Display and connectivity cable
Any HDMI/DVI monitor or TV should work as a display for the Pi. For best results, use a
display with HDMI input; other types of connection for older devices are also available.
Keyboard and mouse
Any standard USB keyboard and mouse will work with your Raspberry Pi.
Wireless keyboards and mice will work if already paired.
For keyboard layout configuration options see raspi-config.
Power supply
The Pi is powered by a USB Micro power supply (like most standard mobile phone
chargers).
You need a good-quality power supply that can supply at least 2A at 5V for the Model 3B
and 3B+, or 700mA at 5V for the earlier, lower-powered Pi models. We recommend
using the official Raspberry Pi power supply, which is designed specifically for
Raspberry Pi.
Low-current (~700mA) power supplies will work for basic usage, but are likely to cause
the Pi to reboot if it draws too much power. They are not suitable for use with the Pi 3 or
4.
Optional
Ethernet (network) cable [Model B/B+/2B/3B/3B+/4B only]
An Ethernet cable is used to connect your Pi to a local network and the internet.
USB wireless dongle

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Only required if you need wireless connectivity and are using an older model without
built-in wireless functionality.
Audio lead
Audio can be played through speakers or headphones using a standard 3.5mm jack.
Without an HDMI cable, an audio lead is necessary to produce sound.
No separate audio lead is necessary if you're using an HDMI cable to connect to a
monitor with speakers, as audio can be played directly through the display; but it is
possible to connect one if you prefer to have the audio played through other speakers -
this requires configuration.

12
 Chapter-4 OS of RASPBERRY

Raspbian is the “official” operating system of the Raspberry Pi and because of that, it's
the one most people will want to start with. Raspbian is a version of Linux built
specifically for the Raspberry Pi. It comes packed with all the software you'll need for
every basic task with a computer
Raspbian is the recommended operating system for normal use on a Raspberry Pi.

Raspbian is a free operating system based on Debian, optimised for the Raspberry Pi
hardware. Raspbian comes with over 35,000 packages: precompiled software bundled in
a nice format for easy installation on your Raspberry Pi.

Raspbian is a community project under active development, with an emphasis on

improving the stability and performance of as many Debian packages as possible.

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Chapter-5
ABOUT IP ADDRESSING

5.1 IP ADDRESS:-

IP address is a 32-bit address. It is divided into four octets. Each octet has 8 bits. It has
two parts one is network address and second is host address. In local area network, we
can use private IP address, which is provided by IANA (Internet Assigning Numbering
Authority). When IP was first standardized, the specification required that each system
attached to an IP-based internet be assigned a unique, 32-bitninternet address value.
Systems that have interface to more than one network require a unique IP address for each
network interface. The first part of an internet address identifies the network on which the
host resides, while the second part identifies the particular host on the given network. IP
addresses are divided into five classes.

Class Range N/w bits Host bits Subnet mask

A 1 – 126 8 24 255.0.0.0

B 128 – 191 16 16 255.255.0.0

C 192 – 223 24 8 255.255.255.0

D 224 – 239 it is reserved for multicast.

E 240 – 255 it is reserved for research/scientific use.

IP Address Ranges

We can use first three classes. IANA provides private IP addresses from first three classes.

5.2PRIVATE CLASS IP RANGE:-

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Private IP addresses are another solution to the problem of the impending exhaustion of
public IP addresses. However, private networks that are not connected to the Internet may
use any host addresses, as long as each host within the private network is unique.

5.3IP ADDRESS RANGES:-

Early network design, when global end to end connectivity was envisioned for all internet
hosts, intended that IP addresses be uniquely assigned to a particular computer or device.

However, it was found that it was not always necessary as private networks developed
and addresses space needed to be conserved (IPv4 address exhaustion).

Computer not connected to the internet, such as factory machines that communicate only
with each other via TCP/IP, need not have globally – unique IP addresses.

Three ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks, one range for each class (A,B,C)
were reserved. These addresses are not routed on the Internet, and thus their use need not
be coordinated with an IP address registry.

Today, such private networks typically connect to the internet through Network

Address Translation (NAT).

IP ADDRESS CLASS IP ADDRESS RANGE

CLASS A 1-126
CLASS B 128-191
CLASS C 192-223
CLASS D 224-239
CLASS E 240-255

IP Address Range in Decimal

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Each containing 1 byte (8 bits). You can depict an IP address using one of three methods:
An IP v4 address consists of 32 bits of information. These bits are divided into four
sections, referred to as octets or bytes

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 Chapter-6
KEY POINTS

How to find your Raspberry Pi's IP address in order to connect to it

Access over Internet
Remote access to the Pi over the internet by configuring port forwarding or using a third-
party service
VNC
Remote access to the Pi's graphical interface, viewed in a window on another computer
SSH
Access the command line of the Pi from another computer
SFTP
Copy files between your Pi and another computer using SFTP (Secure File Transfer
Protocol)
SCP
Copy files between your Pi and another computer using SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)
SSHFS
Copy files between your Pi and another computer using SSHFS (Secure Shell Filesystem)
rsync
Synchronise folders between the Pi and another computer using rsync over SSH
FTP
Copy files between your Pi and another computer using FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Web Server
Set up a website or a web page to display some information about the Pi, using a web
browser on another machine, on the network or on the internet
Samba/CIFS
Sharing folders from or to Windows-based devices

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.
Contents
Filesystem
Home
Your user's home folder on the Pi, where you keep your files
Whole File system
The rest of the Linux file system
Backup
Backing up your files and your operating system image
Usage
Commands
Some basic and more advanced Linux commands
Text editors
A selection of text editors available on the Pi
Users
Setting up multiple Linux users on your Pi system
Root
The root user and the sudo prefix
Scripting
Combining commands to produce more complex actions
Cron / Crontab
Setting up scheduled tasks
.bashrc and .bash_aliases
Your shell configuration and aliases
systemd
Configuration of systemd services to start scripts at booting
rc.local

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Configuration of initialisation
Software
APT
Installing software with APT
Python
Installing software using a Python package manager such as pip
Ruby
Installing software with Ruby's package manager ruby gems
Kernel
Updating
Updating your Linux kernel on Raspberry Pi
Building
Building the Linux kernel on Raspberry Pi
Configuring
Configuring the Linux kernel on Raspberry Pi
Patching
Applying patches to the Linux kernel on Raspberry Pi
Headers
Getting the kernel headers

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 Chapter-7 INTERFACINGS

Circuit Diagram and Explanation:

In this Raspberry Pi Finger Print sensor interfacing project, we have used a 4 push
buttons: one for enrolling the new finger pring, one for deleting the already fed finger
prints and rest two for increment/decrement the position of already fed Finger prints.
A LED is used for indication that fingerprint sensor is ready to take finger for matching.
Here we have used a fingerprint module which works on UART. So here we have
interfaced this fingerprint module with Raspberry Pi using a USB to Serial converter.

So, first of all, we need to make the all the required connection as shown in Circuit
Diagram below. Connections are simple, we have just connected fingerprint module to
Raspberry Pi USB port by using USB to Serial converter. A 16x2 LCD is used for
displaying all messages. A 10k pot is also used with LCD for controlling the contrast of
the same. 16x2 LCD pins RS, EN, d4, d5, d6, and d7 are connected with GPIO Pin 18,
23, 24, 25, 8 and 7 of Raspberry Pi respectively. Four push buttons are connected to
GPIO Pin 5, 6, 13 and 19 of Raspberry Pi. LED is also connected at pin 26 of RPI.

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21
Chapter-8 PYTHON in RASPBERRY PI

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Python is a wonderful and powerful programming language that's easy to use (easy to
read and write) and, with Raspberry Pi, lets you connect your project to the real world.

Python syntax is very clean, with an emphasis on readability, and uses standard English
keywords.

Thonny

The easiest introduction to Python is through Thonny, a Python3 development

environment. Open Thonny from the Desktop or applications menu:

Thonny gives you a REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop), which is a prompt you can enter
Python commands into. Because it's a REPL, you even get the output of commands
printed to the screen without using print . In the Thonny application, this is called the
Shell window.

You can use variables if you need to but you can even use it like a calculator. For
example:

>>> 1 + 2
3
>>> name = "Sarah"
>>> "Hello " + name
'Hello Sarah'

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Thonny also has syntax highlighting built in and some support for autocompletion. You
can look back on the history of the commands you've entered in the REPL with Alt +
P (previous) and Alt + N (next).

Basic Python usage

Hello world in Python:

print("Hello world")

Simple as that!

Indentation

Some languages use curly braces { and } to wrap around lines of code which belong
together, and leave it to the writer to indent these lines to appear visually nested.
However, Python does not use curly braces but instead requires indentation for nesting.
For example a for loop in Python:

for i in range(10):
print("Hello")

The indentation is necessary here. A second line indented would be a part of the loop, and
a second line not indented would be outside of the loop. For example:

for i in range(2):
print("A")
print("B")

would print:

A
B
A
B

whereas the following:

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for i in range(2):
print("A")
print("B")

would print:

A
A
B

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Chapter-8

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