Comparison of the effect of the Vertical Earthquake Components of K.

Maras
Earthquake which is magnitude 7.6 Mw with Elastical Design Spectrums which
depend on different ground Classification

Ersen Araslı1,*, Furkan Şahin2,

1
,Nişantaşı University, Civil Engineering Department, Maslak Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
2
, Nişantaşı University, Civil Engineering Department, Maslak Campus, Istanbul,
Turkey

Abstract

Among the loads of effect to the building which is aiming to desing and applicate, the most

difficult predictable force is dynamic loads. One dynamic load of we are talking about is

earthquake excitation. While we assing the excitation of earthquake componenets either we

use real earthquake data or generate artifical earthquake data using formulation which

provided by amprical methods. basis on all of those approaches we aim to attain two

horizantial earthquake components which are perpendicular each other and one vertical

earthquake component which is perpendicular to horizantial plain. Common format of

earthquake datas we integrate to analysisi of any structure analysis is time history accelertion

datas and response spektrum datas. In additinial desingers can use equalivent earthquake load

methods and elastical design spektral datas to define and assing earthquake loads to the

building which is aimed to analyze.

In this study we will attain vertical elastical desing spektrums of five different ground class;

ZA, ZB, ZC, ZD, ZE and they represented as EZ_ZA, EZ_ZB,EZ_ZC,EZ_ZD and EZ_ZE

respectively. The coordinates of the building choosed by considering the earthquake seismic

station possess the number of 4631 located in Elbistan, Turkey. The spektrum we attained

shall excite the building which have 3 span and 5 story and observe the shear force of I-end

and J-end of beams. Since the structure is symmetrical, the results of the i and j ends of the

B2, B3, B5, B19 beams are assumed to fully reflect the characteristics of the structure within

the scope of this study, and with this aspect the behavior of these beams under the influence of

vertical earthquakes has been examined. By considering the story that we obtained the highest
beam shear force of the beams which we mentioned before, the shear forces of those beams

compared to beams shear forces those we attained by K.Maras Earthquake vertical datas those

provided by 4631 numarated seismic station of AFAD. In conclusion we observe the highiest

shear force of beams’ I-ends and J-ends for all story considering all vertical elastical design

spectrums and we attain the highiest value of shear force at 5th story for all vertical elastic

design spectrums. When we compare the conclusion of Elbistan Earthquake datas and The

data belongs to vertical elastical design data by using parameters of ZC ground genre we

attain the highiest shear force at 5th story again. But difference of value of shear force at i-end

and j-end among the real earthquake and design spektrum data is regardless. But also the

shear force value we attained is the highiest than others that we use for analysis.

Keywords: vertical earthquake component, beams shear forces, finite element method, soil

class, earthquake code of Turkiye Republic, response spektrum.

*
Corresponding author: E-mail address: 20211525014@nisantasi.edu.tr (Ersen Araslı).

1. Introductıon

The loads which is used for design structures could be different depends on the conditions of

the location of structure. The condtitons is determined by the goverment of region which the

building will be constructed and they aee regulated in uncommentable format and publish. In

Turkiye, Climate, Environment and Urban Ministry undertake this responsibility and

published the instruction named Turkiye Building Earthquake Code (TBEC) at 18 March

2018. In this instruction, particularly gived the place the codes to obey while design a building

which is at near-fault zone.

In TEBC, it is implied to TS 498 and other national and international codes for predictible

loads as gravity load, live load, wind load, snow load, ice load rather than dynamic loads. But

for dynamic loads, the instruction define the borders of frame with bolder line.
In TBEC, evaluation and design of building under the effect of earthquake excitation handle

by two approach. One of them is evaluation of the building under excitation of earthquake

depend on strength and other is evaluation of the buildings under the exitation of earthquake

depends on displacement. Depends on TEBC; while design of buildng considering the

strength of the structure the methods named equivalent earthquake load, mod integrate and

time history must be used, while design of buiding considering the displacement of structure

the nonlineer methods named push over and time history methods must be used. Earthquake

components defined as two horizantal components perpendicular with each other and one

vertical component perpendicular with horizantal plane because of prediction the building

modeling handle as three dimension. The instruction gives the procedures clearly for those

components with explanatory tables and graphics.

In this study, vertical elastic design spectra will be obtained by considering the process steps

specified in TBEC. These obtained spectra will be applied to a building that will be modeled

in the Etabs program with 3 Spans in both direction and with 5 story. All the spans widths

are equal and 5m and also all the story heights are equal and 3m. As a result of the analysis,

the shear force values at the i and j ends of the beams of each floor will be examined. In the

next stage, the vertical earthquake data of the 7.6 Mw earthquake in the Elbistan district of

Kahramanmaraş province obtained from the earthquake station 4631 numerated will be

affected by the Etabs program again, and at the end of the analysis, the beam shear forces at

the i and j ends of the beams of each story attained by the vertical elastic design spectra which

was affected before will be compared to the beam shear forces obtained by real vertical

earthquake datas.

In the study, since the structure is symmetrical in both directions, it is predicted that the

examination of B2, B3, B5, B19 type beams will reflect the characteristics of the whole

structure. It is predicted that it will reflect the characteristics of the structure. However, when
considering the shear force values of the i and j ends of this type of beams, the Etabs global

axis order should be considere when the shear forces at the i and j ends of other beams are to

be examined. Here for each beam, the i end is the starting point of the beam in the positive

direction of the Etabs x and y global axis, and the j end is the end point of the beam in the

positive direction of the Etabs x and y global axis.

1.1. Literature Review

Since emphasize and apprehand the effect of the vertical component to a building which is

near fault area There are limitted studies we could see when we look up to literatüre records.

Bu despite all of those limitted studies, vertical component of earthquake is significant

dynamic component was emphasized. When we review the last decade year of the those

valueable studies;

2011 yılında yapılan çalışmada betonarme köprü ayaklarında Northridge Depremi ve Federal

Highway konsept köprüsü esas alınarak betonarme bir köprünün ayaklarının analitik

değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada düşey deprem bileşenin tüm köprü seviyelerinde ve

bileşenlerinin tepkisinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olmuştur. Bu sebepten dolayıdır ki düşey

deprem bileşenin tasarım ve değerlendirme analizlerine dahil edilmesi gerekliliği

vurgulanmıştır. (Kim, Holub, & Elnashai, 2011)

The effect of vertical ground motion on earthquake-induced derailment of railway vehicles

over simply-support bridges was investigated in 2016 and the researchers detemined that

vertical ground motion increase effect of derailment of railway vehicles over simply-support

bridges. (Jin, Pei, Li, Liu, & Qiang, 2016).

In another study, researchers was applied the horizantal components of strong ground motion

acceleration to the building modeled before and later they added vertical component of strong

ground motion acceleration to this building which they modelled before. Researchers
observed that vertical ground motion had insignificant effect the displacement and shear

forces response but, multicomponent effect of earthquake had a significant effect on the froces

of building columns. (Alizadeh, 2019). In another study in this aspect, according to

conclusion of Nonlineer time history analysis, vertical ground motion had a very slighly effect

in terms of inter-story drift ratio, overturnin moment and base shear was detected. However, it

is observed that the vertical ground motion had increased compressive and tension force by

%20 at near-field zone. If being observed only compressive forces increament, this increment

of value was observed as the colomn axial capacity around %105, %57, %67. (Keskin, 2020)

In 2020, when research the effect of vertical ground motion on steel-concrete plate composite

beam brdiges, it was observed that shear and bending moments of bridge columns and piles

was significanly more. Researchers has emphasized that vertical ground motion should

considere while steel-concrete composite beam bridges was designed. (Lİ & Yao, 2020)

When some researhers focus on behavior of skewed and curved bridges under effect of

vertical groun motion, they observed that when ratio of vertical component to horizontal

component of earthquake equal to 2/3, the displacement of bridge piers more than %21 and

also different bridge piers have different excitation frequency. (Tamaddon, Hosseini, &

Vasseghi, 2021)

To investigate multiple separation of bridge under near-fault vertical ground motion, some

researchers modeled a duble-span contiuous bridge. In this aspect they superposed horizantal

and vertical earthquake effects and calculated possible vertical separation on structral failure.

Calculations by using the transient wave characteristic function method and the indirect mode

superposition method showed that separation enlarged the deformation for high-pier type

bridge and even cause the pier failure. and They observed that the external conditions such as

the time difference of arrival of seismic wave and the stiffness of support would affect the
deformation of bridge spiers. In addition, they detected number of separation would also

effect the seismic response of the pier. (Chen, Xia, An, & Wen, 2021)

To observe seismic performance and collapse risk of a building undergo vertical ground

motion they modelled 3 high-rise RC frame-core wall structures and discussed bi-directional

behaviour of those structures. They carried out incremetal dynamic analysis under two

circumstances including horizantal and combined horizantal and vertical earthquake and they

attained sesimic fragility curve including those effect. The researchers detected that collapse

criteria of building which was under horizantal and vertical ground motion effect met lower

intensity measures and Risk of building collapse could increase depends on bi-directional

ground motion effect that be exposed. They added that the consideration of this effect leads to

a more accurate evaluation of buildings seismic performance. (Talsimi & Tehranizadeh, 2022)

2. Metodoloji

2.1. Soil Class and Other Parameters in TBDY

In order to obtain the vertical design spectra of different soil classes to be used in this study,

the methods specified in TBEC will be used. In order to determine the design spectral

acceleration coefficients in the earthquake code, it is necessary to have information about the

properties of the ground where the structure to be designed will be located. Soil classification

based on this requirement is given in Table 2-I. We shall attain the local ground effect

coefficient Fs for the short period region and F1 as the local ground effect coefficient for the

1.0 second region to obtain the design spectra of the structure for the building which soil

properties was determined by using Table 2-I.

Table 2-I. Local Ground Classification

Üst 30 metrede ortalama
Yerel
(N60)30
Zemin Zemin Cinsi (Vs)30 (Cu)30
[darbe/30
Sınıfı [m/s] [kPa]
cm]
ZA Sağlam sert kayalar >1500 - -
 Üst 30 metrede ortalama
Yerel
(N60)30
Zemin Zemin Cinsi (Vs)30 (Cu)30
[darbe/30
Sınıfı [m/s] [kPa]
cm]
760-
ZB Az ayrışmış, orta sağlam kayalar - -
1500
Çok sıkı kum, çakıl ve sert kil tabakaları veya 360-
ZC >50 >250
ayrışmış, çok çatlaklı zayıf kayalar 760
Orta sıkı-sıkı kum, çakıl veya çok katı kil 180-
ZD 15-50 70-250
tabakaları 360
Gevşek kum, çakıl veya yumuşak-katı kil
tabakaları veya PI>20 ve w>%40 koşullarını
ZE sağlayan toplamda 3 metreden daha kalın <180 <15 <70
yumuşak kil tabakası (Cu<25 kPa) içeren
profiller
Sahaya özel araştırma ve değerlendirme gerektiren zeminler:
1) Deprem etkisi araştırma ve değerlendirme gerektiren zeminler (sıvılaşabilir
zeminler, yüksek derecede hassas killer, göçebilir zayıf çimentolu zeminler
vb.)
ZF
2) Toplam kalınlığı 3 metreden fazla turba ve/veya organik içeriği yüksek
killer,
3) Toplam kalınlığı 3 metreden fazla olan yüksek plastisiteli (PI>50) killer,
4) Çok kalın (<35m) yumuşak veya orta katı killer

Table 2-II. Local ground effect coefficiency for short period region
Yerel Zemin Sınıfı Local ground effect coefficiency for short period region FS
SS ≤ 0.25 SS = 0.25 SS = 0.50 SS = 0.75 SS = 1.00 SS = 1.50
ZA 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
ZB 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
ZC 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
ZD 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
ZE 2.4 1.7 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8
ZF Sahaya özel zemin davranış analizi yapılacaktır.

Table 2-III. . Local ground effect coefficiency for 1 second period

Yerel Zemin Sınıfı Local ground effect coefficiency for 1 second period F1
S1 ≤ 0.10 S1 = 0.20 S1 = 0.30 S1 = 0.40 S1 = 0.50 S1 = 0.60
ZA 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
ZB 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
ZC 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4
ZD 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7
ZE 4.2 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.0
ZF Sahaya özel zemin davranış analizi yapılacaktır.
After the local effect coefficients are obtained, the map spectral acceleration coefficient Ss for

the short period and the map spectral acceleration coefficient S 1 for the 1.0 second can be

obtained from the tdth.afad.gov.tr website made available by AFAD. By using these obtained

data, the short period design spectral acceleration coefficient S DS and the design spectral

acceleration coefficient SD1 for 1.0 second will be obtained.

SDS=SS x FS 2.I

SD1=S1 x F1 2.II

In the analysis, the map spectral acceleration coefficients of 5 different soil classes and the

design spectral acceleration coefficients based on these coefficients were obtained as seen in

Table 2-IV by entering the 37.38676 latitude 37.13803 Iongitude coordinates of the

earthquake station numbered 4631.

Table 2-IV. Spectral acceleration coefficiencies obtained for different ground class
Zemin T TA TB TL
S1 SS F1 FS SD1 SDS TA TB
Sınıfı L D D D
0,28 1,0 0,22 0,85 0,05 0,26 0,01 0,08
ZA 0,8 0,8 6 3
5 7 8 6 3 6 8 9
0,28 1,0 0,22 0,96 0,04 0,23 0,01 0,07
ZB 0,8 0,9 6 3
5 7 8 3 7 7 6 9
0,28 1,0 0,42 1,28 0,06 0,33 0,02 0,11
ZC 1,5 1,2 6 3
5 7 8 4 7 3 2 1
0,28 1,0 1,07 0,57 1,14 0,10 0,50 0,03 0,16
ZD 2,03 6 3
5 7 2 9 7 1 4 4 8
0,28 1,0 2,87 1,04 0,81 1,11 0,14 0,73 0,04 0,24
ZE 6 3
5 7 5 4 9 7 7 3 9 4

2.2. Introducing the obtained parameters as spectrum in Etabs

The design spectral acceleration coefficients previously obtained separately for each soil class

were used to obtain vertical elastic response spectra in the function definition interface of the

Etabs program.
 Figure 2-1. Düşey elastik tasarım tepki spektrumlarının ve gerçek deprem verisinin Etabs
programına tanımlanması

2.3. Modelin Oluşturulması ve Yüklerin Tanımlanması

The columns of the building to be used in the analysis were chosen as type columns with

dimensions of 40x40 cm. The beams are determined as 25x50 cm type beams. The floor

thickness was determined as 12 cm. The ground floor column feet of the building were

defined as a fixed support in the Etabs program. And no earthquake curtain was used in the

building.
The loads to be effected on the structure are determined by considering the TS 498 standard.

The loads used as designing the building was given at Tablo 2-V

Figure 2-2. The visulation of the building that will use at analysis as in 3d and stick element

Table 2-V. The loads whose excited to the building

Sembol
Yük Türü ü Birimi Büyüklük
Program
Yapının Kendi Ağırlığı G kN Tanımlı
Hareketli Yük (Döşeme) Q kN 2
Hareketli Yük (Çatı arası) Q kN 1,5
Program
Rüzgâr Yükü W kN Tanımlı
Kar Yükü S kN
Duvar Yükü Wall kN/m 1,5
Kaplama Yükü Cover kN/m2 0,25

3. Conclusion

As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the highest shear force values at the i and j ends of

the B2, B3, B5, B19 type beams were obtained by applying the EZ_ZC vertical elastic

spectrum belonging to the ZC floor class at the 5th floor. The values of beam i and j ends

obtained at each floor for all vertical elastic design spectra are visualized in Chart 3-1. When
the values in Chart 3-1 are examined, under the influence of the same elastic design spectrum,

the beam with the highest shear force at the i and j ends in the intermediate floors is B5 type

beam, at the 5th floor, which is the highest level, the beam with the highest shear force at the i

and j ends is B19 type beam was found. In addition , it was observed that the shear force

values at the i and j ends of B2 and B5 beams were the same at each storey, and the shear

force values at the i and j ends of B3 and B19 beams were different from each other at each

storey. Although the shear force values at the beam i and j ends are different for different

vertical elastic design spectra, it was observed that the beam behavior in each floor is the

same, that means that the most stressed beams are the same under different vertical

earthquake impact . In this study, it can be emphasized that this case take in place due to the

design of the building and that the modeling of the building has an important contribution on

the effect of the vertical earthquake acceleration on the building elements. So that the designer

should be conscious of the importance of the designing the building with predicting this case.

Figure 3-3. Shear force diaphrams and plan view of 5th floor.
 Chart 3-1. i and j ends shear forces of B2, B3, B5, B19 tip beams for all the storey of
building

The vertical earthquake spectral data of the 7.6 Mw Elbistan-centered earthquake, which is

another subject of discussion of the study, were affected on the modeled and at the first step

its effects on the building were observed. As before in the vertical elastic design spectra,

under influence of this load the highest shear force also was obtained at the i and j ends of the

beam at the 5th floor. In addition the highest shear force was affaired attained at the B5 beam

at the intermediate floors, and at the B19 beam at the top floor. On the other hand, beam shear

forces at 5th floor whose was attained by the vertical earthquake data of the Elbistan

earthquake and the beam shear forces at 5th floor whose was attained by the vertical elastic

design spectra of different soil classes were compared on Chart 3-2 and Table 3-I, and it was
seen that the vertical earthquake component of the Elbistan earthquake led to occur the

highiest shear force at i and j ends of beams when compare to the vertical elastic design

spectras. And for shear force of beams, the values of the EZ_ZC vertical elastic design

spectrum belonging to the ZC soil class gives the closest result to values of the vertical

earthquake component of the Elbistan earthquake.

Comparation of vertical component of Elbistan earthquake effect to the beams to elastic

design spektras at 5th storey

Table 3-VI. Comparation of effect of the vertical component of Elbistan earthquake to the
beams at 5th storey with vertical elastic design spektras
İndis
Kiriş

B10

B11

B12

B13

B14

B15

B16

B17

B18

B19

B20

B21

B22

B23

B24
B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9
5,7
0,9
6,2
9,0
7,2
7,9
9,0
7,2
7,9
5,7
0,9
6,2
5,7
0,9
6,2
9,0
7,2
7,9
9,0
7,2
7,9
5,7
0,9
6,2
ZC

1
1
2
4
8
3
4
8
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
4
8
3
4
8
3
1
1
2
b
K.Maraş

5,91
0,94
6,44
9,36
7,51
8,21
9,36
7,51
8,21
5,91
0,94
6,44
5,91
0,94
6,44
9,36
7,51
8,21
9,36
7,51
8,21
5,91
0,94
6,44
a
Oran

1,03
1,04
1,03
1,03
1,03
1,04
1,03
1,03
1,04
1,03
1,04
1,03
1,03
1,04
1,03
1,03
1,03
1,04
1,03
1,03
1,04
1,03
1,04
1,03
a/b
 Chart 3-2. Comparation of vertical spectra effect at i and j ends of beams for 5th storey.

4. Discussion

In the study, the shear forces at i and j ends of particular beams was inspected as designed as

part of residential building which was respectively exposed to vertical elastic design spectras

and real vertical earthquake spectra by using finite element methods . And it was seen that

although the spectral data were different, the degree of force of beams did not change, only

the values at the beam i and j ends changed depending on the spectral data. Based on this

study, by examining the behavior of beams that may occur under the influence of vertical

earthquakes in structures with different spans, storey heights and geometries, so that, in terms

of behavior more predictable structures can be designed under the influence of vertical

earthquakes.

5. References
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Etkisi. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi,

İstanbul.

Chen, S., Xia, H., An, W., & Wen, Y. (2021, Ağustos 25). Theoretical Investigation on

Multiple Separation of Bridge under Near-Fault Vertical Ground Motion. Hindavi,

Mathematical Problems in Engineering, s. 1-15.

Jin, Z., Pei, S., Li, X., Liu, H., & Qiang, S. (2016, Ağustos). Effect of Vertical Ground Motion

on Earthquake-Induced Derailment of railway vehicle over simply-supported bridges. Journal

of Sound and Vibration, s. 277-294.

Keskin, E. (2020, Nisan). Effect of Vertical Ground Motion on the Performance of High-Rise

Building. Ankara, Türkiye: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi. Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.

Kim, S. J., Holub, C. J., & Elnashai, A. S. (2011, Şubat). Analytical Assessment of the Effect

of Vertical Earthquake Motion on RC Bridge Piers. Journal of Structural Engineering, s. 252-

260.

Lİ, R., & Yao, C. (2020). Effects of Vertical Earthquake Ground Motions on Seisminc

Response of Steel-Concrete Plate Cosmosite Beam Bridgese. 2020 International Conference

on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS), (s. 114-117).

Talsimi, A., & Tehranizadeh, M. (2022). The Effect of Vertical Near-Field Ground Motion on

the Collapse Risk of High-Rise Reinforced Concrete Frame-Core Wall Structures. Advances

in Structrual Engineering, s. 410-425.

Tamaddon, S., Hosseini, M., & Vasseghi, A. (2021, 02 01). Effect of Non-Uniform Vertical

Exitation on Vertical Pounding Phenomenon in Continuous-Deck Curved Box Girder RC

Bridges Subjected to Near-Source Earthquake. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, s. 5361-

5383.