Integración de funciones racionales:

1.- Numerador tiene menor grado que el denominador

2.- Numerador tenga igual o mayor grado que el denominador
3.- Denominador se tenga que completar cuadrados perfectos

Problemas:

5 x−2
1.- Calcular la integral ∫ x2 −2 x dx
2
x −2 x= x ( x−2)

5 x−2 A B A (x −2)+Bx
= + =
x −2 x x x−2
2
x ( x−2)

5 x −2= A( x−2)+Bx

x=0→ 5⋅0−2= A (0−2)+B⋅0→−2=−2 A → A=1

x=2→5⋅2−2=1(2−2)+2 B→8=2 B→ B=4

∫ x52x−2
−2 x
1
dx=∫ dx +∫
x
4
x−2
1
dx=∫ dx+ 4 ∫
x
1
x−2
dx=ln|x|+ 4 ln|x −2|+C

5x−2
∫ x 2−2 x dx=ln|x|+ln|(x−2)4|+C=ln|x (x−2)4|+C

2 x 3−7 x2 +9 x−5
2.- Calcular la integral ∫ 4 3 dx
x −x
4 3 3
x − x = x ( x −1)

3 2 2 3
2 x −7 x +9 x −5 A B C D Ax ( x −1)+Bx ( x −1)+C( x −1)+Dx
3
= + 2 + 3+ =
x ( x −1) x x x x −1 x 3 ( x −1)

3 2 2 3
2 x −7 x +9 x −5= Ax ( x −1)+Bx ( x −1)+C ( x −1)+Dx

x=1→2−7+9−5=D→ D=−1

x =0→−5=−C →C=5

x=−1→−2−7−9−5=−2 A+2B−10+1

−23=−2 A+2B−9→−2 A +2B=−14

−A +B=−7 (1)

x=2→16−28+18−5=4 A +2 B+5−8→1=4 A+2B−3

2 A+B=2 (2)
A=3 y B=−4

2 x3−7 x 2 +9 x−5 3 −4 5 −1 1 1 1 1
∫ 4
x −x
3 dx=∫ dx+∫ 2 dx+∫ 3 dx+∫
x x x x−1
dx=3∫ dx−4∫ 2 dx+5∫ 3 dx−∫
x x x x−1
dx

2 x3−7 x 2 +9 x−5 −1 −1
∫ 4
x −x
3 dx=3ln|x|−4
x
+5 2 −ln|x−1|+C
2x

∫
2 x3−7 x 2 +9 x−5
4
x −x
3 dx=ln
x3
x−1| |
4 5
+ − 2 +C
x 2x

2 x 2 +1
3.- Calcular la integral ∫ 2 dx
( x−3)

2 x2 +0 x +1 x2 −6 x +9
−2 x 2 +12 x -18 2
0 12x -17

2
2 x +1 12 x −17
2
=2+
( x −3) ( x −3)2

12 x −17 A B A( x −3)+B
= + =
( x −3)
2
x −3 ( x −3)2
( x −3)
2

12 x −7=A ( x −3)+B

A=12 y B=19
2
+1
∫ (2xx−3) 2
dx =2∫ dx +12 ∫
1
x −3
dx +19 ∫
1
( x −3)
2
dx

2 x2 +1 −1 19
∫ (x−3)2 dx=2x +12 ln|x−3|+19 x−3 +C=2 x+12ln|x−3|+− x−3 +C

x 3 +2 x 2−5 x−6
4.- Calcular la integral ∫ dx
x +4

x³ + 2x² - 5x - 6 x + 4
-x³ - 4x² x² -2x +3
0 - 2x²
+ 2x² + 8x
0 + 3x
- 3x - 12
0 - 18
 x3 +2 x 2−5 x−6 1
∫ x+4
dx=∫ x 2 dx−2 ∫ x dx+3 ∫ dx−18 ∫
x+ 4
dx

x 3 +2 x 2−5 x−6 x3 x2
∫ x+4
dx = −2 +3 x −18 ln|x +4|+C
3 2

x 3 +2 x 2−5 x−6 1
∫ x+4
dx = x 3− x 2 +3 x −18 ln|x +4|+C
3

x3 −3 x 2−6 x +8
5.- Calcular la integral ∫ 2
x −2 x−15
dx

x³ - 3x² - 6x + 8 x² - 2x - 15
-x³ + 2x² + 15x x - 1
0 - x² + 9x
+ x² - 2x - 15
0 + 7x - 7

x 3−3 x2 −6 x+8 7x−7

(
∫ x2−2x−15 dx=∫ x−1+ x2 −2 x−15 dx )
7 x−7 A B A ( x +3)+B( x−5)
= + =
( x−5)( x +3) x −5 x +3 ( x−5)( x+3)

7 x−7=A ( x+3)+B( x−5)

7 7
A= y B=
2 2

x 3−3 x2 −6 x+8 7 1 7 1
∫ x2−2x−15 dx=∫ x dx−∫ dx+ 2 ∫ x−5 dx+ 2 ∫ x +3 dx

x 3−3 x2 −6 x+8 x2 7 7
∫ 2
x −2x−15
dx=
2
−x+ ln|x−5|+ ln|x +3|+C
2 2

x 3−3 x2 −6 x+8 1 7
∫ 2
x −2x−15
dx= x2−x+ ln|x2 −2 x−15|+C
2 2

dx
6.- Calcular la integral ∫ x 2 +6 x−7
2
ax +b x +c

( )
2
b
2a
 ( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 b b 2 b b
ax +b x +c+ − = ax +b x + − +c
2a 2a 2a 2a

2 2 2
x +6 x−7+ 9−9=( x +6 x +9)−16=( x +3) −16=( x+3+ 4)(x +3−4 )=( x +7 )( x−1)

dx 1
∫ x 2 +6 x−7 =∫ (x+7)( x−1) dx

El estudiante resolverá el problema posteriormente.

2 x +1
7.- Calcular la integral ∫ x 2 +8 x −2 dx

p=x 2 +8 x−2→p '=2 x+8

2 x+1 (2 x +8)−7 2 x +8 1
∫ x2 +8 x−2 dx=∫ 2
x +8 x−2
dx=∫ 2
x +8 x−2
dx−7 ∫ 2
x +8 x−2
dx

2 x+8
∫ x2 +8 x−2 dx=ln|x2 +8 x−2|
7 7 7
∫ x2 +8 x−2 dx=∫ (x2 +8 x+16)−2−16 dx=∫ (x+4)2−18 dx

7
∫ (x+4)2−18 dx
7 7
u=x+4→du=dx →∫ 2
dx=∫ 2 dx
(x +4) −18 u −18

u −18=(u+ √ 18)(u− √ 18)

2

7 A B A(u−√ 18)+B (u+ √ 18)

= + =
(u+ √ 18)(u− √ 18) u+ √ 18 u− √ 18 (u+ √ 18)(u− √ 18)

7= A(u− √ 18)+B(u+ √ 18)

7
u=− √ 18→7=−2 √ 18 A→ A=−
2 √ 18

7
u=√ 18→7=2 √ 18 B →B=
2 √ 18

7 7 1 7 1
∫ u 2−18 dx=− 2 √ 18 ∫ u+ √ 18 dx + 2 √ 18 ∫ u−√ 18 dx

∫ u 2−18 dx=− 2 √ 18 ln|u+ √ 18|+ 2 √ 18 ln|u−√ 18|= 2 √ 18 ln u+ √√18 = 2 √ 18 ln

7 7 7 7
|u− 18| 7
|x+4−
x +4+ √ 18 |
√ 18
 2 √ 18 x +4+ √ 18 |
∫ x 22+8x +1 ln|
2 7 x +4− √ 18
dx =ln|x +8 x −2|− +C
x −2