iI

-t

Rainfall is one of Singapore's main sources of water

and is channelled via an extensive network of drains.
canals and rivers into reservoirs for storage. ln Singapore.
the average rate of water consumption is about 153 /
per person per day.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
. conveft between cm3 and m3,
. find the volume and surface area of cubes, cuboids,
prisms and cylinders,
. solve problems involving the volume and surface area
of composite solids.
*1*":

\vl{r
t'.
 1 4, 1l :flilr?i:ion
The volume of a solid or a fluid is measured using units such as millilitres (m/),
litres (/), cubic centimetres (cm3) and cubic metres (m3).

Class
Discussion
Measurements in Daily Lives
1. (i) ln everyday life, we often encounter units of measurement of volume.
The amount of water used in our homes is measured in m3. Search on the
lnternet to find out Singaporeans' average water consumption for
t
various dorirestic activities, e.g. washing the dishes and taking a shower,
and determine the activity which requires the greatest amount of water
on averaSe.
(ii) By checking your utilities bill, find out the amount of water used in your
home last month. Suggest some measures that can be taken to reduce the
average water consumption in your household.
2. (i) Mineral water is usually sold in 500 m/ bottles while soft drinks are often
sold in 330 m/ cans. what is the volume, in ml, of one teaspoon of liquid?
(ii) Many health practitioners recommend that we drink at least 8 glasses of
water daily. Approximately how many litres does this correspond to?

We have learnt how to convert from one unit of area to another in Chapter 13.
To convert from one unit of volume to another, we need to know that:
1m/= I cm3
1000/=1000000m/
I / = 1000 m/ = 1000 cm3
= I 000000 cm3
1000/=lm3 l 000 000
=-m(r00)'
l 000 000
- r 000 000 "'
=lm3

litra*+as {l
 "{
It
.-{

------i l

Worked I ,( { i:l\i,'rs1'r;1 1y1,:'.1, ,

Exampl. I
Express
(a) I m3 in cm3,
(b) 1 cm3 in m3,
(c) 5 m3
(i) in cm3,
(ii) in millilitres,
(d) 30000 cml
(i) in m3,
(ii) in litres.

Solution:

I
1m=100cm
(1m)3=(100cm)3
= 100 cm x 100 cm x 100 cm
(b) From (a),
I m3 = 1 000 000
i.e. 1 000 000 cm3 =
cm3
I m3
6
The volume of a cube of sides
I m is I m3, which is equal to
I 000 000
m3 = 1000000 cm3 .'. I cm3= m'
cm3.
loo*ooo lm

(:) 1 m3 = 1 000 000

5m3=5x1000000cm3
cm3 (d) (i)
= 0.000 001 m3
1 000 000 cm3

80 ooo cm3
=
=
1 m3

ffi.,
,t^7
l___t
= 5 000 000 cm3
(ii) lcm3=1m/
(ii) I cm3= 1m/
= 0.08 m3
too"Yv 100 cm

5 000 000 cm3 = 5 000 000 m/

80 000 cm3= 80 000 m/
.'. 5 m3 = 5 000 000 m/
_ 80000, ,*".1,*o*"',1
-
=80/
1000 '
t___t)
@
Express Eiercise 14A Questions l(a)-(b),
2(a)-(b)
(a) 10 m3
(D in cm3,
(ii) in millilitres,
(b) 165 000 cm3
(i) in m3,
(ii) in litres.

Volume and SurJace &rea sf Prisms and tlylinders Ghapter 14

 11 4,%Nets

Investigation
Cubes, Cuboids, Prisms and Cylinders
For Part land Part ll of this investigation, paper boxes in the shape of a cube and a
cuboid are required.
Part l: Draw a cube and a cuboid.
1. Place the paper boxes on a table.
2. Observe the boxes by looking at each box from different angles, e.g. from the left,
right, front, back, etc.
3. Draw each box by copying its shape. A drawing of a cube and of a cuboid is given
in Table 14.1 .
Part ll: Draw a net of a cube and of a cuboid.
1. Consider the box in the shape of a cube. Cut along the edges of the box such that
all the surfaces can be laid flat in one piece.
2. ln Table 14.1, draw the net of the solid that you have cut out.
3. Comparethenetyouhavedrawnwiththatofyourclassmates.Arethenetsidentical?
Can a solid have different nets?
Repeat Steps 1 to 3 for the box in the shape of a cuboid.

Name _j _ Figure Net

Cube

Cuboid

.1....._

Table 14.1

-
Part lll: Form a solid when the net is given.
1. Copy each of the following nets onto a sheet of paper and cut them out.
2. f ry to fold them into the corresponding solids.
3. ln Table 14.2, draw the solids formed from the nets.

Name Figure

Triangular Prism

Cylinder

l-abls l "l.?

Part lV: Draw a triangular prism and a cylinder.

1. Place the triangular prism and the cylinder from Part lll on a table.
2. Observe the solids by looking at each solid from different angles, e.g. from the left, right, front,
back, etc.
3. Draw each solid from a different angle as the one you have drawn in Table 14.2.

i.;l\il1ti{:rr,i
O
 Volume and Surface
Area of Cubes
1l 4?rg and Cuboids
':.! Recap (Volume of Cubes and Cuboids)
We have learnt that the volume of an object is the amount of space it occupies. The object that occur
more space is said to have a greater volume.
The formula for the volume of a cube and of a cuboid is given in Table 14.3. A net of each of ther
also provided.

Figurg , lol1me I Net I

I

Cube

bb
h

Cuboid lbh hh hh
b
I

Talrle 14"1t

A cuboid, with dimensions 9 cm by 7 cmby h cm,

has a volume of 378 cm3.
(i) Calculate the height, h, of the cuboid.
(ii) The cuboid is melted to form smaller cuboids
with dimensions 2 cm by 3 cm by 3 cm.
How many smaller cuboids can be obtained? 9cm

(i) Volume of the cuboid = 9 x 7 x h =378 cm3

378
''' t'=
""-gxJ- -6
(i i) Volume of each small cuboid =2 x 3 x 3 = l8 cm3
378 _ 1l
Number of small cuboids that can be obtained =
l8

X'Lastiler "l li
 L.

ffi
t. A cuboid, with dimensions / cm by 18 cm by Exercise 14A Questions 5-7

38 cm, has a volume of 35 568 cm3.

(i) Find the length, /, of the cuboid.
Gi) The cuboid is melted to form
cubes of length 2 cm. How many cubes
can be obtained?
2. An open rectangular tank, with dimensions 55 cm by 35 cm by 36 crn, is initially
half-filled with water. Find the depth of water in the tank after 77O0 cm3 of
water is added to it.

Worked O
Exampl. J Calculate the volume of wood used in making an open rectangular box 2 cm thick,
given that its internal dimensions are 54 cm by 46 cm by 18 cm.

Solution:
External volume = (54 + 2 +2) x (46 +2+ 2) x (18 + 2)
=58x50x20
= 58 000 cm3
lnternal volume = 54 x 46 x 18

=M7l2crfi
.'. Volume of wood used = 58 000 -M712
= 13 288 cm3

ffi
The internal dimensions of an open, concrete rectangular tank are 180 cm by 80 cm Exercise'l4AQuestions&9,15-16
by l2O cm. lf the concrete has a thickness of 30 cm, find the volume of concrete used.

Volume anrl SurJr, l *i'Pris*rg ttcrfJ *rridnd*r$; Ctrpt,f* q

_1 -
l:"i Surface Area of Cubes and Cuboids
Class
Discussion
SurfaceArea of Cubes and Cuboids
1.Refer to the nets of a cube and a cuboid in Table 14.3 and fill in the blanks below.
A cube has surfaces. Each surface is in the shape of a
The area of -each face is
.'. The total surface area of a cube is The word 'surface' is pronounced
as sur-fis, not sur-face.
A cuboid has surfaces. Each surface is in the shape of a
-
.'. The total surface area of a cuboid is
2. What is the relationship between the area of each face of the net and the
total surface area of the object?
3. Verify your answers for Questions 1 and 2 with your classmate.
-.

From the class discussion, we can conclude that:

The total surface area of an object is equal to the area of all the faces
of the net. ln particular, we have:
. Total surface area of a cube = 6P
**iT o"
. Total surface area of a cuboid = 2(lb + lh + bh)
tffa*"<r\t

5rulrrtiott:
(i) Volume of the cuboid =6x4x3
=72 cm3 , 13cm
-- --' -,. --1
(ii)Surface area of the cuboid =2(6 x 4 + 6 x 3 + 4 x3)
.4cm
= 108 cm2
6cm

Exercise 14A Questions 3,a -

1. A cuboid is 8 cm long, 5 cm wide and 10 cm high. Find 4(a)-(d), 1O-14, 17-18
(i) its volume, (ii) its total surface area.
An open rectangular tank of length 16 cm and breadth 9 cm contains water to
a height of 8 cm. Find
(i) the volume of water in the tank, giving your answer in litres,
(ii) the surface area of the tank that is in contact with the water'
3. A metal cube has a volume of 27 cm3.lt is to be painted on all its faces. Find the
total area of the faces that will be coated with paint.
A
 .{

--..-F

4. Complete the table for each cuboid.

Exercise
14A [ength Breadth Height Volume
Tod

"q
arG
(a) 24mm l8 mm 5mm
(b) 5cm 3cm 120 cm3
1. (a) Express each of the following in cm3. (c) 6cm 3.5 cm 52.5 cm3
(i) 4 m3 (ii) 0.5 m3
(d) 12m 6m 576m3
(b) Express each of the following in m3.
(i) 250 000 cm3 (ii) OZ 800 cm3 5. A cuboid, with dimensions 28 cm by b cm by l5 <

has a volume of 6720 cm3.

2. Express
(d 0.8a m3
(i) in cm3, (ii) in millilitres,
(b) 2560 cm3
(i) in m3, (ii) in litres. t-L--f," 28cm
3. For each of the following cuboids, find
(i) Find the breadth, b, of the cuboid.
(i) its volume, (ii) its total surface area.
(ii) The cuboid is melted to form smaller cubes
b) length 4 cm. How many cubes can be obtaine

l0 cn
7cm 6. A rectangular block of metal is 0.24 m lon
0.19 m wide and 0.15 m high. lf the metal block.
melted to form a cube, find the length of each sir
6cm
of the cube.

(d)
lf c. 7. An open rectangular tank that is 4 m long, 2 m wir
/-y'\" and 4.8 m high, is initially three-quarters fillr
/ ,r /' with water. Find the depth of water in the tank an
96 mm /,'/
/ ..' .'r0cm 4000 litres of water are added to it.
7--i t
0mm l.---i'
120 mm B. The internal dimensions of an open, woode
rectangular box are 3.2mby 2.2mby 1.5 m. lf tl
(e) ,-i+. (0 1.5 cm
wood has a thickness of 0.2 m, find the volume ,

.../ -,/ 20.7 cm wood used.

/
./ ,/,/)'" -./
_,.,...1.e
,/
,/^
/ ./14 cm (-_-- "
J

=_l/

i.z
t/
9. Find the volume of the hollow glass structure.

15. A trough, in the form of an open rectangular bor

is 1.85 m long, 45 cm wide and28 cm deep externalh .

lf the trough is made of wood 2.5 cmthick, find the

volume of wood used to make this trough, giving
45 cm your answer in m3.

l0 cm 16. The cross section of a drain is a rectangle 30 cm

wide. lf water 3.5 cm deep flows through the drain
at a rate oI22 cmls, how many litres of water will
10. An open rectangulartankof length0.2mand breadth
flow through in one minute?
0.15 m contains water to a height of 0.16 m. Find
(i) the volume of water in the tank, giving your
answer in litres, 17. A cuboid of length 12 cm and breadth 9 cm has
(ii) the surface area of the tank that is in contact a total surface area of 426 cmz.
with the water. (i) Find the height of the cuboid.
(ii) Hence, find its volume.
I 1. Afish tank measuring80cm by40cm contains water
to a height of 35 cm. Find
(i) the volume of water in the tank, giving your 18. Three rooms, each in the shape of a cuboid.
answer in litres, where PQRS is the floor, are as shown.
(ii) the surface area of the tank that is in contact Cuboid A: PQ = 26 m; QR = I m; height = 3 m
with the water, giving your answer in m2.
Cuboid B: PQ= QR = 5 m; height = 3 m
12. A metal cube has a volume of 64 cm3. lt is to be Cuboid C: PQ - 6 m; QR = 6 m; height = 1.8 m
painted on all its faces. Find the total area of the
faces that will be coated with paint. 3m
s R
lm
13. The total surface area of a cube is 433.5 cm2. Find P26mO
its volume. Room A

14. 2.85 million cubic metres of earth were required to 3m

fill the disused Sin Seng quarry at Rifle Range Road.
sR
(i) lf each truck could carry a maximum load of 5m
p 5m O
6.25 m3 of earth per trip, how many trips were
Room B
required to fill the entire quarry?
(ii) The cost of transporting each truckload of - l.8m
JR
earth was $55. How much did it cost to fill 6m
the quarry? p '6m O
(iii) Civen that the site of the quarry has a land area Room C

of approximately 3 hectares, find the cost to

fill 1 m'zof the land. (l hectare = 10 000 m2) (i) Find the floor area and the volume of each room.
(ii) Which room feels the most spacious? Does a larger
floor area or a greater volume necessarily make a

room feel more spacious? Explain your answer.

A
)\ rrace
li''.
1l 4 ffi3,,:J
he

n8 "$XlllTi
l:.i lntroduction to Prisms
consider a rectangular piece of cardboard in Fig. 14.1(a). A large number of
lm
identical rectangular pieces of cardboard are stacked up to form a cuboid as
rin shown in Fig. 14.1(b).
,ill

-Base
-Lateral
face

Cross section

;l - -.

(a) (b)
-Base
Fig. x 4.1
The top and bottom pieces of cardboard are the bases of the cuboid. The bases The figure shorvs a
d,
are parallel to each other and are identicalrectangles. Any horizontal cross section counterexample oi a p. .-
It does not have a unifo---
of the cuboid is parallel to them and is also a rectangle that is identical to them. section.
we say that a cuboid has a uniform cross section. The faces, other than
the bases, are the lateral faces of the cuboid. A cuboid is an example of a prism.
We can conclude that:
A prism has a uniform polygonal cross section.
Fig. 14.2 shows some examples of prisms with different bases. A base of each
prism is shaded. A prism is named after its polygonal base. Can you name
the last two prisms? Write your answers in the spaces provided in Fig. 14.2.

Some real-life e\.r3.lo €: - :

are as follons:

*i-. --

(a) Triangular Prism (b) Quadrilateral Prism (c) Pentagonal Prism rq

,-.- -- !r
,t---___

(d) Cube or Square Prism (e) Cuboid or Prism (D Prism

Fig. 1-t.2
-

f,li;rl.rrer -'i:'
': ! Right Prisms
For the triangular prism in Fig.1a.2@\, do you notice that all the lateral faces
are perpendicular to the ba-ses? Such a prism is called a right prism. Non-right
prisms are called oblique prisms. The pentagonal prism in Fig. 14.2(c) is an
example of an oblique prism. Can you identify another right prism and another
oblique prism from Fig.14.2?

1. (i) What is the shape of all the lateral faces of a right prism?
(ii) What is the shape of all the lateral faces of an oblique prism?
2. Draw a square prism that is not a cube.
3. Consider building structures and various items which you come across in
your daily Iives. How many of these are right prisms? Are you able to make
sketches of them? Can you think of any reason why they are shaped as prisms?

ln this section, we will study only right prisms. Therefore, the term 'prism' is used to
refer to a right prism.

oo
::.a&a. Volume of a Prism
Recall that the volume of a cuboid = length x breadth x height
= base area x height.
Now, we will learn how to find the volume of a prism.

Consider a cuboid with dimensions 4 m by 3 mby 2 m as shown in Fig.14.3.

Take the shaded area as the cross section of the cuboid. lrr
The area of the cross section of the cuboid is
Hence, the volume of the cuboid is x = 3m

lf we are to cut the cuboid vertically as shown in Fig. 14.4, we will obtain two 4m
equal triangular prisnts. - - Fig. 1a.3
4m
3m
2m
I

2m 3m

4m
Fig.'t4.4
Take the shaded area as the cross section of each triangular prism. The area of
the cross section of the triangular prism is
Area of cross section x height = x2m

Can you find a relationship between the volume of a prism and the area of
its cross section?
To conclude, we have:

Mf rr".f t p"rrn = ur"u of cross section

x distance between cross-sectional bases
= base area x height

Calculate the volume of the prism.

r.."..'..-
tnfl- 2m 6m
v..
2m

3ase area = area of parallelogram

=2x1
=2 m)
orume of the prism x height Do not conluse the rr.:..
' '"' height of a paral lelog-.r^'
base ancl the heiqht li -:
: ?i:.

'1. Find the volume o{ the prism.

Exercise 1-18 Que.: ,
'
2(a)-(cl).3

\/

/\
4m
l0m

). The volume of the prism is 151.2 cmr. Find the value of .r.

5.6 cm

12 cm

Li
l:.i Surface Area of a Prism
ln Section 14.3, we have learnt that the total surface area of a cuboid is 4 crn
I

equalto the area of all the faces of the net. We shall now extend this conceptto 5cm,.*- < -
,-': .
find the total surface area of a prism.
6 cm,.
Let us consider a pentagonal prism. 6cm
A net of the prism in Fig. 1 4.5 is shown in Fig. 'l 4.6. The red dotted lines indicate i'' 6 .-
the folds. I

4 ,
"--| "- Fig. 14.5
6cm i

A J cm.6 cm,.6-914* 6 gr4_5 9m B

4cm. | : i : I *r
""
$neigntofprism
'!'0"..';;i;;.f6",;J
\j
\./

Fig. 14.6
From Fig. 14.6,
Total surface area of prism = area of rectangle ABCD + 2 x area of pentagonal base
(t\
=ABxBC+2xl6x6+ix6x4l
\.- " 2"""')
= perimeter of base x height of prism + 2 x (36 + 12)
=(5+6+6+6+5)x4+2x48
=28x4+96
=lI2+96
= 208 cm2

To conclude, we have:
Total surface area of a prism = total area of the lateral faces + 2 x base area
= perimeter of the base x height + 2 x base area

lV'rrked / Calculate
_"----x
,.(- .,/
lixample O
i

./1,,t
(i) the volume, / /.'i

(ii) 2o cm'L:l i ,.,/. ito cm

the total surface area,
'.1 |

of the prism.
,,/l l

5olution: /,..-'-"'-'''-""'-;:2
/.:.- . --fL-'' 9cm
(i) Volume of the prism = base area x height 12 cm

= (+ rz x ro)x 9 (The base is a right-arrglecJ triangle.)

"
=96x9
= 864 cm3
(ii) Total surface area of the prism = perimeter of the base x height + 2 x base area
=(12+16+20)x9+2x96
=48x9+192
= 432 + 192
= 624 cm2

{rlrqnlu trt Ldrtim+ ".'.,i * "r"n,,t Lxr,, ni L,tt*ttzr t+t,'\4+ j .) t.- . ,-

 '1
- 5cm Exercise 4B Qr-restions J .:
.: lc u late
i' the volume,
6cm 4.5 cm
ir the total surface area,
'the prism.

3cm 4cm

- Exercise
14B

L Bv first identifying the base, find the volume of (d) l8 cm

eaclr of the lollowing prisms.

(a) 6 cn'r 12 crn

<_14 cm__)
75 cm
46 cm l2o cm
(e) l0 crr
59 cm
l3 cnr
(b)

5cm

7cm
.e 6 cnr 8cm

28 cnr
-16 Cm (f) 35 cm
l6 cm

l8 cm 3 .n.,-
*-18 .
"to
l2 cm

(c) lo cm

l6cm 5cm
6cm

3cm
9cm
2. The figure shows a prism standing on a horizontal,
rectanBUlar base BCDE' LABC is a vertical 4. For each of the foilowing prisms, find
cross section of the prism. (i) its volume,
(ii) its total surface area.
(a)
o
Ep
-5 crn\ /
4cm l5cm
(. 6cm
B
(b) e cn
zgn 6 cm
complete the table.
AB BC CD Areaof Volume of 7 crn
e cm
l1'BC prism 5cm
(a) 3cm 4cm 7cm
(b) 9 crn I I crn 63 cmr 5. A swimming pool is 50 m long and 25 m wide
lt is l'2 m deep at the shallow end and 2 m deel
(c) 15cm 300cm 72000cmr at the other end.
(d) 24.6 cn 7.8 cm 38 376 cmr
5o m
25m
3. The figure shows an empty hall. Without taking r.2m 2m
into consideration the thickness of the walls 50.01 m

and the roof, find the air space in the hall. Fincl
(i) the volume of water in the pool when r-

is full,
(ii) the area of the pool which is in contac
with the water.
38 rn
23 m-
80m
lt
<----->
il
2l m
 Volume and
rl ar-fgl
Surface Area of
4 ry linders

: i Cylinders
Consider a 5O-cent coin as shown in Fig. 14.7(a). A large number of 5O-cent
coins have been stacked up vertically to form a circular tower in Fig. 14.7(b).

(a) (b)
I lc' l+';
Every 5O-cent coin in the circular tower is paralleland irle'ntir';r/ to one
another. What is the shape of the cross section?
This object is known as a cylinder (see FiB. 14.8). A cylinder has a unitornt
circular cross section.

i "l.ft

"nally, the cylinder shown in Fig. 14.8 is known as a right circular cylinder.
:his section, we will study only right circular cylinders. Therefore, the term
inder' is used to refer to a right circular cylinder.

-i-,',,i" 2'-,,' Thinking

;{.+*'
I :'j Time
-:
-,,nsider
building structures and various items which you come across in your daily lives.
- r\\, many of these are cylinders? Are you able to make sketches of them?
-:n vou think of any reason why they are shaped as cylinders?

:
t!

|J r
t
t

i ,i.,ii'ti,rtN:',i
 l:.! Volume of a Cylinder
ln Section 14.4, we have learnt:
Vorume of a prism x height
: ;::::1"'j"j;:Til:"
Now, we will learn how to find the volume of a cylinder by comparing a
cylinder with a prism that has a regular polygonal base.

Investigation
Comparison between a Cylinder and a Prism
1. Fig. 14.9 shows (a) a regular pentagon, (b) a regular hexagon, (c) a regular 12-gon,
and (d) a regular 1 6-gon inside a circle respectively. The polygons must be regular.

OOOO (a) (b)

Fig. 1a.e
(c) (d)

lf the number of sides of a regular polygon is increased indefinitely, what will

the polygon become?

Fig. 14.10 shows a sequence of regular right prisms, i.e. right prisms with regular
polygonal bases.

m'm-m'B
(a) (b)
Fig. 1a.l0
(c) (d)

lf the number of sides of the regular polygonal base of a prism is increased

indefinitely, what will the prism become?

ln many ways, a cylinder is /ike a prism. However, a cylinder is not a prism

because the base of a prism must be a polygon but the base of a cylinder is a
circle. Although a regular polygon can become a circle if its number of sides is
increased indefinitely, a polygon must have a finite number of sides and so a circle
is not a polygon.

ir
 it

Since a cylinder is like a prism (see Fig. "14.10), by analogy, the formula for
the volume of a cylinder should be the same as the formula for the volume of
a prism. We have:

Vorume or a cyrinde, x height

\
={#;:L.j"jffii,:n
where r = base radius and h = height of the cylinder.
Area of a circle = rr2

Worked ,'l i\'llllt-,r,' {rl i} i \ liirr it'ri

Example I The diameter of the base of a cylinder is 14 cm and its

height is half of its base radius. Calculate the volume
of the cylinder.

Solution:
Base radius = 14 +2=7 cm

Height of the cylind er = L x 7 = 3.5 cm 3.5 cm

Volume of the cylinder = nfh

= r{7)2(3.5)
= 539 cm3 (to 3 s.f.)

1. The diameter of the base of a cylinder is 18 cm and its height is 2.5 times its base Exercise 14C Questions 3-5,7-9

radius. Find the volume of the cylinder.

2. The volume of a cylindrical can of pineapple juice is 1000 cm3 and the diameter
of its base is 12 cm. Find the height of the can of pineapple juice.

irl"itii,ttt itl',i,i. r,:- liti' \, r,i,1rrt,.,;i,l ililit

K:fffl8 A pipe of radius 2.8 cm discharges water at a

of 3 m/s. Calculate the volume of water discharged
per minute, giving your answer in litres.
rate

A glass is half filled with water.

Solution: Without measuring the volume of

the water, how do you determine
Since water is discharged through the pipe at a rate of 300 cm that the volume of the water is
exactly half the volume of the glass?
3 m/s, i.e. 300 cm/s, in 1 second, the volume of water 8cm
discharged is the volume of water that fills the pipe to
a length of 300 cm as shown.
ln 1 second, volume of water discharged discharged in I second

= volume of pipe of length 300 cm

= n(2.8X(300)
=2352ncm3
ln I minute, volume of water discharged =2352nx60
= 443 000 cm3 (to 3 s.f.)
=M3 I
Volunre and Sudace Area *f Frisms and *ylinders ClrrptrfA
"-.J
J
I t. A pipe of radius 0.6 cm discharges petrol at a rate of 2.45 mls. Find the volume Exercise 14C Questions 10-1 1

of petrol discharged in 3 minutes, giving your answer in litres.

2. A pipe of diameter 0.036 m discharges water at a rate of 1.6 m/s into a cylindrical
tank with a base radius of 3.4 m and a height of 1.4 m. Find the time required to
fill the tank, giving your answer correct to the nearest minute.

l:'! Surface Area of a Cylinder

ln Section 14.4, we have learnt that the total surface area of a prism is equal
to the area of all the faces of the net. We shall now extend this concept to find
the total surface area of a cylinder.

Fig. 14.1 1 (a) shows a closed cylinder which has a base radius of 7 cm and
a height of l5 cm. Recall from the investigation in Section 14.2 that its
corresponding net is as shown in Fig. 14.11(b).

Base i7cm,
r__'

\.--- .
i. , ,,1 i circumferencei l
-:-.--,
i-l
.'I
Curvedj |s.i. , il5 cm
surrace I ___l_.
| :./-qrF I

)--
Base
t7cm,
| '--f
\,j

(a) (b)
tig. 14.1 1

The net of the cvlinder consists of two and one

To find the total surface area of the cylinder, we need to know the area of
the two circles and that of the rectangle.
The area of the two circles is 2nf = 2 x ll,x72 =
How do we find the area of the rectangle? Notice that the lengh of the rectangle is

the same as the circumference of the circular base, i.e. the length of the rectangle
is2tv=2xnx,7=-.Hence,theareaoftherectan8leis-.
-.
'l
.'. The total surface area of the cylinder in Fig. 14.1 (a) is

-
 Thinking
Time
Now consider a closed cylinder with a base radius of r and a height of ft.
I

Can you find a general formula for its total surface area? Circumference =?-wi

To conclude, we have:
Total surface area of a closed cylinder = 2 x base area + curved surface area
=2rf +2wh

Class
Discussion
Total Surface Area of Other Types of Cylinders
We have just learnt how to find the total surface area of a closed cylinder.
Discuss with your classmates how you can obtain the total outer surface area of
(a) an open cylinder,
(b) a pipe of negligible thickness,
by drawing the net of each of the two cylinders.
Hint: An open cylinder is open on one end while a pipe has two open ends.

,\rirl,t{ r' '\rr',i lI ,; ( \ llrrtlf'r

Worked O i

Example t
A closed metal cylindrical container has a base radius of 5 cm and a height of 12 cm.
(i) Calculate the total surface area of the container.
The lid of the container is now removed. The exterior of the container, including the
base, is painted green.
(ii) Express the area of the container that is painted as a percentage of the total surface
area found in (i).

Solution:
(D Total surface area of the container = 2rf + 2nrh
=2n{5)2 +2fl5)(12)
= 50r + l20n
=170n
= 534 cnf (to 3 s.f.)
(ii) Area of the container that is painted =rf +2wh (An open cylinder
B has only one
base and a curved surface.)

= 456 cfr (to 3 s.f.)

Required percentage =
=yi:,ffi""'
m1\I}Vo
5
= 85fi7o

Volume and Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders Cbapter 14

1. A closed metal cylindrical can has a base radius of 3.5 cm and a height of 10 cm.
ffi
Exercise 14C Questions lta -
2(a)-(d), 6,12-1s
(i) Find the total surface area of the can.
The lid of the cah is now removed. The exterior of the container, including the
base, is painted purple.
(ii) Find the ratio of the area of the can that is painted, to the total surface area
found in (i).
2. The figure shows a section of a steel pipe of length
12cm. The internal and external radii of the pipe are
2.1 cm and 2.5 cm respectively.
12 cm (i) Show that the area of the cross section of the
pipe is l.84ncm2.
(ii) Find the internal curved surface area of the pipe.
(iii) Hence, find the total surface area of the pipe.

,.
-r
&-Exercise
14C

1. For each of the following closed cylinders, 2. Complete the table for each closed cylinder.
find (i) its volume, (ii) its total surface area.
Totd
(a) Diameter Radius Height Volume surhcr
alGl
12cm (a) 14 cm 704 cm3
(b) 20 cm 12320 cnf
(c) 4cm 528 cm3

(b) (d) 4m 1056 m3

3. The diameter of the base of a cylinder is 0.4 m anc

4m
its height is of its base radius. Find the volume
(c) f
s^,rl4f \ of the cylinder, giving your answer in litres.
v<--
h-_._/ 4. 150 litres.of water are poured into a cylindrica
drum of diameter 48 cm. Find the depth c'
water in the drum.

a Chanter 14
---
;. The figure shows a drinking trough in the shape
of a half-cylinder. Find its capacity in litres.
cm
84cm {
i:- -_--
'.-._/,-'
L ln a toy factory, 200 wooden closed cylinders
of diameter 35 mm and height 7 cm have to be
painted. What is the total surface area, in cm2,
that needs to be painted?
A tank in the shape of a cylinder of diameter 2.4 m
and height 6.4 m contains oil to the brim. Find the
number of complete cylindrical containers of
base radius 8.2 cm and height 28 cm which can be
filled by the oil in the tank.
8. The figure shows a metal pipe of length 35 cm.
The internal and external diameters of the pipe
are20 mm and 28 mm respectively. Find the volume
of metal used in making the pipe, giving your
answer in cubic centimetres.
A l9 cm. 2580 circular metal discs of diameter
28 mm\
\t*rn--
'lr
+ 35cm
9. A copper cylindrical rod of diameter 14 cm
and length 47 cmis melted and recast into a wire of
diameter 8 mm. Find the length of the wire, giving
your answer in metres.
r0. A pipe of diameter 2.4 cm discharges water at
a rate of 2.8 m/s. Find the volume of water
discharged in half an hour, giving your answer
in litres.
11. A pipe of diameter 64 mm discharges water
at a rate of 2.05 mm/s into an empty cylindrical tank
of diameter 7.6 cm and height 2.3 m. Find the
time required to fill the tank, giving your answer
correct to the nearest minute.
12. An open rectangular tank of length 18 cm and
breadth 16 cm contains water to a depth of
13 cm. The water is poured into a cylindrical
container of diameter l7 cm. Find
(i) the volume of water in the tank,
(ii) the height of water in the cylindrical
container,
(iii) the surface area of the cylindrical container
that is in contact with the water.
13. A closed steel cylindrical container has a diameter
of 186 mm and its height is of its base radius.
I
(i) Find the total surface area of the container,
giving your answer in square centimetres.
The lid of the container is now removed.
The exterior of the container, including the base,
is painted indigo.
(ii) Express the area of the container that is
painted as a fraction of the total surface area
found in (i).
14. An open rectangular tank of length 32 cm and
breadth 28 cm contains water to a depth of
23 mm and height 4 mm are dropped into
the tank. Find
(i) the new height of water in the tank,
(ii) the surface area of the tank that is in contact
with the water after the discs have been added.
15. A pipe of length 15 cm has an internal radius
of 3.8 cm. The thickness of the pipe is 0.8 cm.
Find the total surface area of the pipe.
16. On 5th June 201 1 , 124 mm of rainfall was recorded
over an area of 28 km2. lf the rainwater falling
onto the area was drained through two channels
each with a cross-sectional area of l8 m2 at a rate of
26.4 mls, find the time, to the nearest minute,
required for the channels to drain off the rain.
i;irtpt*r:,+ @
 Volume and
1l 4,,6 3tf,ffiJil["9"?fu,
ln this section, we shall learn how to solve problems involving the volume and surface
area of composite solids.

The figure shows a glass block made up of a rectangular

prism of dimensions 32 cm by l2 cm by 18 cm and half a
cylinder with a diameter of l2 cm.
Calculate
(i) the volume, l8 cm

(ii) the total surface area, 3l c::

of the glass block. 12 cm

(i)
Volume of the rectangular prism =32x 12 x l8
= 6912 cm3
Volume of the half-cylinder = ] nt6)r(32)

= ii6n"^'
.'. Volume of the glass block = 6912 + 5'76n
=8720 cm3 (to 3 s.f.)

Cross-sectional area of the glass block = l2 x l8 + ] n{6rt

= (216+ l8nj cm'
.'. Volume of the glass block = (216 + l8n) x 32
=8720 cm3 (to 3 s.f.)
Which method do you prefer and why?
(i i)

l8cm A

..' 32 cm

12 cm

Total surface area of the glass block

=2xarea of region A+2x area of region B + area of base Do not find the sum of the :
+ curved surface area surface area of the rectanq-
prism and that of the half-o l r -
- L-
=zrl nx l8+1nt6l')
2' ) * z x 32 xl8 + 32 x 12 + x 2x(6)(32) to obtain the total surface are-,
the glass block.
= 432 + 36n + I 152 + 384 + l92n
= 1968 +228n= 2680 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
CE shapter 14
 _ --ir
\

1. The figure shows a closed container of Exercise 14D Questions 1-B

a uniform cross section, which consists of a

rectangle ADCB and a quadrant DEC of a
circle with centre D. Civen that A.B = 14 cm,
AD = 9 cm and N = BH = CG = EF = 20 cm,
find A cm
(i) the volume,
(ii) the total surface area, A 9cmD
of the container.

2. The figure shows a solid rectangular prism of dimensions 12cmby 6 cm by 8 cm,

with a half-cylinder of diameter 6 cm horizontally carved out of it. Find
(i) the volume,
(ii) the total surface area,
of the solid.

6cm

Exercise
14D

l. A solid is made up of a cuboid with dimensions 2. A solid consists of a cylinder of a base radius of
7 cmby 3 cm by 2 cm, and another bigger cuboid 2.5 cm and a height of 8 cm, and a cuboid with
with dimensions 12 cm by 8 cm by 5 cm. dimensions 11 cm by 7 cm by 3 cm.

2.5 cm

12 cm

Find
(i) the volume, Find
(ii) the total surface area, (i) the volume,
of the solid. (ii) the total surface area,
of the solid.

trtu:lume anct Siir-v;ir:ir i+r*:u ,*l Fri*nrs nnd fiylinders Chapter 14

V
 A solid is made up of a cylinder of diameter The figure shows a solid cylinder of diamete'
10 cm and height 3 cm, and another bigger 24 cm and height 32 cm. A cylinder of diameter
cylinder of diameter 25 cm and height 2 cm. 10 cm and height 14 cm is removed from the
original cylinder.

cm

lr 132

Find 4__^"y)
(i) the volume, (i) Find the volume of the remaining solid.
(ii) the total surface area, The remaining solid is to be painted on all
of the solid. its surfaces.
(ii) Find the area that will be covered in paint.

4. The figure shows a glass block made up of

a rectangular prism with dimensions 56 cm by 7. prism
24 cm by 4O cm and one-quarter of a cylinder
with a base radius of 24 cm.

40 cm Civen that AB = DC = 40 cm, PQ = SR = 88 cm,

56 cm PS = QR = 25 cm, AP = BQ = 74 cm and the
height of the solid is 70 cm, find
Find (i) the volume,
(i) the volume, (ii) the total surface area,
(ii) the total surface area, of the solid.
of the glass block.

The figure shows a solid cuboid of dimensions

12 cm by 10 cm by 7 cm, with a half-cylinder
B. A C-shaped solid with an internal radius of
6 cm and a uniform thickness of 1.5 cm has
of diameter 4 cm horizontally carved out of it.
a height of 8 cm.
t 1.5 cm

$ 1.5 cm

Find
Find
(i) the volume, (i) the volume,
(ii) (ii) the total surface area,
the total surface area,

IA
of the solid.
of the solid.
 .i

--1

rl-r-

-r-l-

l. Conversion of Units
1m/= 1cm3
1/ = 1000 m/ = 1000 cm3
1000 /= I m3
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3

2. Volume and Total Surface Area of Solids

Name Figure Volume Total surface area

Cube F 6P

Cuboid lxbxh 2(lb+lh+bh)

Total area of the lateral faces +

Area of cross section x height 2 x base area
Prism
= base area x height = perimeter of the base x height
+2xbasearea

Closed Cylinder Ttfh Znf +2wh

Voluuir -r*il Sr;r'face Are;r ol Prisfirs a*d Sylinders ChaBter 14

 Rcvncw

1. Each of the following figures is made up of 5. The figure shows a sketch of the world's largest
two or more rectangular prisms. For each of gold bar that is 45.5 cm long. lt is a solid prisnr
the following prisms, find with uniform cross section of a trapezium.
(i) its volume,
(ii) its total surface area. a 20cm,
(a) 6 cm
l7 cm;
-zcm 3cm r'.
1-zz.s cm----) 45.5 cm
lcm
S
Jcnl 3cm (i) Find its volume.
(i i) The mass of the gold bar is 250 kg. Find the
(b) 6cm
^-J cm volume of a gold bar with a mass of 200 g
2cm leaving your answer in mm3.
2cm (iii) Suppose the manufacturer of the gold bar
3cm
decides to mould it into smaller identicai
2cm pieces of gold bar, each weighing 200 g anC
with dimensions as shown.
(c) lcm lcm
7 * 20 mm -----;
t cmy'
/] "^ i
lcm :15 mm
50 mm
4cm -rmm
Find the value of x.
(d) lcm 5cm
I cm ^+->
lcm A cylindrical barrel of diameter 70 cm anc
4cm height 80 cm is filled to the brim with water.
- lcm A hole at the bottom drains away 0.2 litres or
)cm water every minute. Find the time taken fo.
2. A rectangular brick measures 18 cm by 9 cm by the water level in the barrel to drop by 6 cm.
6 cm. Find the number of bricks required to
build a rectangular wall 4.5 m wide, l8 cm thick 7. A cylindrical pail of a base radius of 32 cnt
and 3.6 m high. contains water to a height of 25 cm.
(i) Find the volume of water in the pail.
3. A rectangular block of metal is 256 mm long, 2000 metal cubes of sides 2 cm are added to the
152 mm wide and 8l mm high. lf the metal pail one at a time.
block is melted to form a cube, find the length (ii) Find the new height of water in the pail.
of each side of the cube.

4. Find the total surface area of a cube that has

a volume of 343 cm3.

frh&e{"Df .{ I
 I

8. A metal pipe has a length of 8.9 cm. 10. The figure shows a solid cuboid with dimensions
The internal and external diameters of the 24 cm by 15 cm by 16 cm. A cylinder with
pipe are 4.2 cm and 5 cm respectively. a base radius of 4 cm and a height of 7 cm is
(i) Find the volume of metal used in making removed from the cuboid.
the pipe.
(ii) lf the metal costs $8 per kg and the density of
the metal is2700kglm3, find the cost of the pipe.

9. A solid consists of a cylinder of diameter

12 cm and height 14 cm, and a cuboid with
l6 cm
dimensions 22cm by 18 cm by 8 cm.
12cm

,oflr7_
,/ t)//
15 cm

,/ ) (i) Find the volume of the remaining solid.

L--- ---/ .,' The remaining solid is to be painted on all
s" "'^'t
"_l _ __ L/| .,/tt " its surfaces.
22cm (ii) Find the area that will be covered in paint.
Find
(i) the volume,
(ii) the total surface area,
of the solid.

Challenee
Youndeilf
A cuboid that is 70 cm long, 50 cm wide and 30 cm high has square holes of length
l0 cm in the centre of each of the faces of the cuboid. The holes cut through the
length of each face of the solid. Find
(i) the volume,
(ii) the surface area,
of the solid.

50 cm

Vl!{ttpr',,.','.;: :.,:-i,:,. i.i.- -: .rr. .111t! +'qt4x.'11r4,11,

Chaptgf 14