Analytical chemistry

Lecture (1)

• Definition of the analytical chemistry

• Methods for expressing the concentration of solutions
• Density and the specific gravity

Dr.Aseel Salah - ph.D. Analytical chemistry 1

 Reference
• Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by
Skoog and West

‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬
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 Analytical chemistry:-
• Analytical chemistry is often described as the area of chemistry
‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋص و ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺎدة‬
responsible for characterizing the composition of matter, both
qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively (how much is present).
‫ﺗﺷﺧص‬
• Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying and determining
the relative amounts of the components in a sample of matter.

• Chemical analysis is divided into two types:

 Qualitative analysis reveals the identity of the elements and
compounds in a sample.
 Quantitative analysis indicates the amounts of each substance in a
sample.
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 • Quantitative methods are classified according to the nature of final
measurements to:
1. Gravimetric methods determine the mass of the analyte.

2. Volumetric methods determine the volume of solution containing

sufficient reagent to react completely with the analyte is measured.

3. Electroanalytical methods involve the measurements of such

electrical properties as voltage, current, resistance and quantity of
electrical charge.

4. Spectroscopic methods are based on measurement of the interaction

between electromagnetic radiation and analyte atoms or molecules
or on the production of such radiation by analyte.
‫اﺷﻌﺔ ﻛﮭروﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ 4
Dr.Aseel Salah - ph.D. Analytical chemistry
 Notes: nmol= number of moles , V=volume (L) , M.mass =molar mass (g mol-1),
mol=103 mmol, Liter (L) = 103 milliliter (mL).

Base quantity Base unit name

mass g gram
volume L liter
Amount of substance mol mole
density Kgm-3 Kilograms per cubic meter
concentration Mol.L-1 Mole per liter
Molecular weight g mol-1 Gram per mol

 mole (mol): is Avogadro's number (6.02×1023 ) of particles (atoms, molecules, ions )

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 =
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
 Molecular mass (M.mass) is the sum of the atomic mass of all the atoms in the
molecular formula of the compound.
M.wtxy = (nx × A.massx) + (ny × A.massy)
A.mass =Atomic mass, n= number of atoms.
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Dr.Aseel Salah - ph.D. Analytical chemistry
 Methods for expressing the concentration of solutions‫طرق التعبير عن التركيز‬
The concentration of solutes in solution is expressed in several ways. The
most important ways are:

1. Molarity and Molar solution: Symbol (M)

Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity
has the dimensions of mol L-1.

n(mol) = Wt
M Wt

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 Example:-
Describe the preparation of 500 mL of 0.1M NaOH solution.
(A.mass of Na=23, H=1, O=16)

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 Example:-

Calculate the number of moles and molarity of methanol in an

aqueous solution that contains 2.4 g of CH3OH in 2 L of
solution.(A.mass of C=12, H=1, O=16).

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 Example :-

Exactly 4.57 g of BaCl2.2H2O (244 g mol-1) are dissolved in

sufficient water to give 250 mL of solution. Calculate the molar
concentration of BaCl2.2H2O

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 2. Normality: Symbol (N)
Normality (N) is the number of equivalents of solute per liter of
solution or the number of milliequivalents in one milliliter.
Normality has the dimensions of eq L-1.

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 Equivalent mass (eq.mass):
• The equivalent mass for a substance is always based on its behavior in a specific
chemical reaction.
Note:
• The equivalents (n) are based on a reaction unit, which is that part of a chemical
species involved in a reaction.
 In an acid-base reaction, the reaction unit is the number of H+ ions
donated by an acid or accepted by a base.
• For Acid : valance number = hydrogen atom liberated.
𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚 𝑎𝑠𝑠
H 2 SO 4 ⇌ 2 H + + SO 4 2 - , V.No . = 2, eq. mass =
2
𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑠
H 3 PO 4 ⇌ 3 H + + PO 4 3 - , V.No . = 3, e q. ma s s =
3

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Dr.Aseel Salah - ph.D. Analytical chemistry
 • For Base: valance number = hydrogen atom reacted
𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑠
Ba(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇌ Ba2+ + 2H2O, V.No . = 2, eq. mass =
2
𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚 𝑎𝑠𝑠
Fe O 3 + 6 H + ⇌ 2Fe 3 + + 3 H 2 0 , V.No . = 6 , eq. mass =
6
𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑠
NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4OH, V.No . = 1 , eq. mass =
1
• For Salts: valance number = hydrogen atom reacted with the salts.
𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑟 𝑚 𝑎𝑠𝑠
Na2CO3 + HCl ⇌ NaHCO3 + NaCl, V.No . = 1, eq. mass =
1
𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑠
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ⇌ H2CO3 + 2NaCl, V.No . = 2, eq. mass =
2

 In a precipitation reaction, for example, the reaction unit is the charge of the
action or anion involved in the reaction.
Example

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  For a complexation reaction, the reaction unit is the number of
electron pairs that can be accepted by the metal or donated by the
ligand.
Example

 In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reaction unit is the number

of electrons released by the reducing agent or accepted by the
oxidizing agent.
Example

For Redox: valance number = the consumed or produced number of electrons.

𝑚 𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑠
KMnO4 + 8H + 5e ⇌ Mn + 4H2O + K , V.No . = 5, e q. ma s s =
+ - 2+ +
5
(+1+x-8=0) ⇒ x= +7, ∴+7 +y = +2 ⇒ y= -5 (e-).
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 Example :-
Calculate the number of equivalents in 2.84 g of KMnO4
(M.wt=158.04 g mol-1) with respect to the half reaction:
MnO4- +8H++5e-→Mn2++4H2O

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 Example:-
Calculate the equivalent weight and the normality for a solution of
6 M H3PO4 given the following reaction:
H3PO4(aq)+2NH3↔HPO4-(aq)+2NH4+(aq)

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 3-Percent Concentration
• Chemists express concentrations in terms of percent (part per hundred).
Percent composition of a solution can be expressed in several ways.
Three common methods are:
a) Weight percent (%w/w): Grams of solute per 100 g of solution

For example, hydrochloric acid is sold as a 37% solution which means

that reagent contains 37 g of HCl per 100 g of solution.

b) Volume percent (%v/v): Milliliters of solute per 100 mL of solution.

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 Example, a 10 % aqueous solution of methanol means diluting 10 mL
of pure methanol with enough water to give 100 mL.

c) Weight-to-volume (%w/v): Grams of solute per 100 mL of solution.

For example, 5% aqueous sodium chloride refers to a solution prepared by

dissolving 5 g of NaCl in sufficient water to give 100 mL of solution.

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 Example:-
How would you prepare:
a) 500 mL of 16.0 % (w/v) aqueous ethanol?
b) 500 mL of 16.0 % (v/v) aqueous ethanol?
c) 500 g of 16.0 % (w/w ) aqueous ethanol?

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 4-Parts per million(ppm) and Parts per billion(ppb)
Parts per million (ppm): Milligrams of solute per liter of solution.

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 Example:-
Calculate the molar concentration of K4Fe(CN)6 in a solution that
contain 75 ppm of K4Fe(CN)6 (M.wt=368 g mol-1).

what are the molar concentration of K+ ion in the solution?

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 Density and the specific gravity
• Density (D) is the mass of a substance per unit volume.

• Specific gravity (sp.gr) is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the

mass of an equal volume of water.

Molarity and Normality of commercial concentrated acids and bases:

‫مهم‬

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 Example:-
Calculate the molarity of H2SO4 (98 g mol-1) in a solution that has a
specific gravity of 1.198 and is 27% H2SO4 (%w/w), and describe the
preparation of 250 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 solution from concentrated
solution of H2SO4.

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