‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫)*(‬
‫ــ ادارة‬ ‫ـ إ‬
‫)**(‬
‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﻭﺵ‬

‫ﻜل ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺯﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻨﺸﺌﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺠﺎﺤﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺎ ﺘـﺼﺒﻭ ﺇﻝﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﻠﻕ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﻨﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒـﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻝﻜﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜل ﺒﻠـﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋـل ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﺘـﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻔﻠـﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺒﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﺀ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻗﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻠﺩ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻫﻠﺔ ﻤﻬﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﺅﺜﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻨـﺸﺄ‬

‫)*(‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺴﻠﻁﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ‪ ،18‬ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒﺭ‪ ،1984 ،‬ﺹ ‪.82-71‬‬
‫)**(‬
‫ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻓﺭﻴﺩ ﺭﺍﻏﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻜﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،1977 ،‬ﺹ ‪.131-130‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺒﻘﺼﺩ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻜل ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻝﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻝﺜـﺭﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﺠـﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻬـﺎ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﺸﻜل ﺃﻨـﻪ ﻴـﻨﻘﺹ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﻭﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻫﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺴـﺎﻝﻴﺏ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻝﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﺴـﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺒﻠﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠـﻭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻷﻫـﺩﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺩﻭﻝـﺔ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻓﺭﺼﺎ ﻝﻜﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﺯﻗﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫ﻝﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻬـﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﻝـﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻓـﺴﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺸﺭﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺩﻭﻻ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻔﻀل ﺃﺴـﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺭ ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝـﺸﻌﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻹﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﻠــﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤل ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺘﻌـﺎﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ ﻭﻗـﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺤـﺴﺏ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒـﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻘﺼﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜـل ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺸـﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠـﻴﻡ ﻭﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﻭﺘﺨﻁـﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺼﺎﻝﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻔﻲ ﺒـﺎﻝﻐﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺵ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻗﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﻠﻁ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﻤـﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻌﻔﺎﺀ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ‪ :‬ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻡ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺠﻬﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻝﻴﻭﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻨـﺎﺱ ﻭﻴـﺭﺒﻁ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﺼﺎﻝﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻜل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺩ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺩﺍﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺅﺴـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻬﺭﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺸـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﺭﻴﺩﺭﻴﻙ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل ﻭﻤـﻨﺤﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻔﻀل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ ﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠـﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﺭﻑ ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝـﺼﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺨﻠﻕ ﺠﻭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﺴﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺃﺼـﺒﺢ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﺸـﻰ ﻭﺭﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺴﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺁﻝﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺫ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺭﻭﺯ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﻬﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻁﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﻼل ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﻴﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﻤـﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪Michel Crazier, « Sentiments, Organisation et systèmes », Revue Française de sociologie,‬‬
‫‪pp . 141-154.‬‬

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‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﺘﺼﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﻗﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻫﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﺼـﺏ ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ ﺁﺨـﺭ‬

‫ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺁﻨﻔﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺠﻨﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯﻫﻡ ﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺘﻬﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻝﻜل ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺘﻰ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1916‬ﻓﺎﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌـﻴﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﻭﻴﺤﻠﻠﻭﺍ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤـﻥ ﺨﻠـﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺭﺯ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻵﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﻜﺱ ﻭﻴﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻫﻭﺍﺌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﻐﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﻁﻁ ﻭﺘﻭﺠـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻁ ﻨﻔﻭﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﺨـﺭﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﻝﺤﻬﺎ‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺭﻜﺯﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻝﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻷﻴﺩﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺎل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻔﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.14‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺇﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻜل ﺸـﻲﺀ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺨﻼﻕ ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﻭﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﻴـﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻝـﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻹﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ :‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺼل ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻝﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻔﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺡ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ‪ :‬ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻭﻭﻀـﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻀﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺴﻨﺩ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻫﻴﺭﺒﺭﺕ ﺴﺎﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻹﺘﺨـﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﻫـﻡ ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺫﻜﺎﺀﻫﻡ ﻭﻴﺠﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﺨـﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓـﻴﻬﻡ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻓـﻭﻥ ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻝﺤل ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻬﺩﻑ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺄﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺠـــﺎﺯ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺘﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺒﻘﻴﻤﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﺠﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤـﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻌﻭﻴـﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻸﻫـﺩﺍﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﺠﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜل ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﺫﻜﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺤﻤﻠـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻫﻡ ﺇﻝﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺒﻔﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻥ ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺫ‬
‫ﺨﻁﻁﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ‪ ،‬ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ‪،‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪S.Nair et M.Lowy, Goldman, Paris : Seghers, 1973, p. 27.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪Hodgkinson, Op-cit, p. 10.‬‬

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‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﻭﻓﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺼـﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝـﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺘـﺭﻑ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﻝﻴـــﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺘﻬﻡ‪ :‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﻭﺴﻊ‬
‫ﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤـﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻹﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﺒﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻫﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻤـﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻀﻭﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺨﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺜﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﺕ ﺒﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻴﺵ ﻭﻤﻬﺎﺩﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻁﻤﻌﻭﻥ ﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺼﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻔﻴﺩﻭﺍ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻤﺯﺍﻭﻝﺘﻬﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺭﻴﺱ ﺃﺭﺠﻴﺭﺍﺱ ‪ Chris Argyris‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻤﻭﻗﺔ ﻤﻴﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﺭﻜﺭ ﻓﻭﻝﺕ‬
‫‪ Mary Parker Follett‬ﻭﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤـﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﺃﺒـﺭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎﺴـﻠﻭﺍ ‪Abraham Maslow‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﻏﻼﺱ ﻤﺎﻙ ﻜﺭﻴﺠﻭﺭ ‪ ،Douglas Mc Gregor‬ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻠﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺯﻋﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻭﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﺭ ﺒﻤﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺒﻠﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻁﺎﻝﺒﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ ﻫـﻡ‬
‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺎل ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﺇﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻁﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺎﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺤﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺠﻤـﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺒـﺎﺡ ﺒﺄﻴـﺔ ﺼـﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻔﻔﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺒﺭﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﻴﺎﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺅﺴﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻭﺤﺭﻤﺎﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﺵ ﺇﻥ ﻫﻡ ﺃﻗﺩﻤﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻝﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻝﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻴﺤﺭﺼﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺭﻗﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺼﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺭﺼﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻌﺎﻝـﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﺍﺤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺼﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒـﺩل‬
‫ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻬـﺭ!!‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﺘﺨـﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘــﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻅـﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺤـﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺇﺸـﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻼﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻷﻫـﺩﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻘـﺼﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺨﺫﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻭﻝﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻭﻋﻲ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺒﻤﺭﺍﻤﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻝﻘﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﺴﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻝـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻁـﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺫﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺸﺎﻤل ﻝﻸﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺯﻡ ﻜل ﻁـﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻐﺎﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺎ)‪.(2‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪Ibid, pp 10-11.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬
‫» ‪Roger Talbarrt « Looking into the Future : Management in the Twentieth Century‬‬
‫‪Management Review, Vol. 70, N° 3 (March) 1981, p. 25.‬‬

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‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻭﺃﺼـﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴـﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﻘـﺩ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﺫﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺤﺜﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺘﻔـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺸﺎﻤل ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﻋـﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺘﺨﻭﻑ ﻜـل ﻁـﺭﻑ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤـل ﺍﻝﺠﻤـﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠـﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓـﻲ ﺼـﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﻔـﺎﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴـﺔ ﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻤـﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩل ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁـﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﻑ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‪ :‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻷﻫـﺩﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺤﺴـﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ ﺇﺜـﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎ ﻤـﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺤﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻡ ﻫـﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻁﺭﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﺒـﺩﻭﻥ ﺘـﺩﺨل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻵﺨـﺭ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻝﻌﺒﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺤﺼل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻝﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘـﺸﺠﻴﻊ‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.9-5‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ )‪ .(1‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘـﻀﻲ ﺍﻝـﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻝﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﺜﺒﺘـﻭﺍ ﺫﺍﺘﻬـﻡ ﻭﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻫﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻝﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻷﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻴﺩﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﻭﺤﻘـﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒـﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺫﻫﺎﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻋﺎﺸﻭﺍ ﻓﻴـﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻠﻑ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗـﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝـﺔ ﻭﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴـﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻫـﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻀﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪ .(2‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺭﺅﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺒﺭﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻬﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺸﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺤﻴﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴـﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨـﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒـﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.20‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪Marshall E, Dimock and Gladyys O. Dimock, Public Administration,‬‬ ‫‪New York: Holt‬‬
‫‪Rinehart, 1969, p. 5.‬‬

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‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺘﺠﻨﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺘـﻪ ﻭﺠﻌﻠـﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﺸـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝـﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝـﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺴـﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ‬

‫ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﺨل ﻭﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺠﻌـل ﺃﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺏ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ )‪ .(1‬ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻜﻜل‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒـﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻝﻤـﺎ‬

‫ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﺍ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺄﺤﺴﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺌـﺩ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺠﺎﻭﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺨﻁﻁﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻗﻭﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ)‪.(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤـﺱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﺼـل ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺠﻨﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻭﺤﺜﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨـﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ :‬ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺼل ﻤﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤـﺼﺎﻝﺢ‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪John Pfiffner and Robert Prethus, Public Administration, New York : The Ronald Press‬‬
‫‪Company, 1956, p. 8.‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪Ibid, p 8.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ؟ ﻓﻠﻜل ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺨﻁﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻁـﺭﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺩﺱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺇﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺴـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬

‫ﺨﺒﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻫـﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻀـﺤﺔ ﻝـﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺸﻲ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻝﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﻔﻀﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺭﻏﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﻕ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﻴـﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻓـﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـل‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒـﻊ ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺅﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﺭﺅﺴـﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴـﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺒﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻜل ﻓﺌﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﺴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺅﻭﺴﻴـﻥ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅـﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺒﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺄﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻨﺠﺤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺼﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﻭﺴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -/‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻨﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.1973 ،‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -/‬ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﺴﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼﻭل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻝﻁﻔﻲ ﻝﻶﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﺒﺔ‪.1979 ،‬‬

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‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﺔ ﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻁ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﻴﻘﻁﻑ ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻜل ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺨﻼﻓﺎ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨـﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻤـﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺤـل‬
‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺏ ﺤﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ‪ ،‬ﺒـل ﻴﻤﺘـﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﻠﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻭﺤﺭﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺄﻱ ﻋﻤل ﻻ ﻴﺭﻭﻕ ﻝﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻤـﻭﺍل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴـﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻝﺘﻤﻜﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﻡ ﻹﻋﺎﻨﺘﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﺄﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻘل ﺍﻝﺒﺸـﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻓﺭﻴﺩ ﺭﺍﻏﺏ – ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻴﺕ ‪ :‬ﻭﻜﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫‪.1977‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻔﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻤـﺼﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ‪.1967 ،‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ )ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ( ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻭﺤـﻭﺵ –‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‪1986 ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴـﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- Michel Crazier « Sentiments, organisation et systems ». Revue‬‬
‫‪française de sociologie, N° M et 12, Number Special, 1970, 71.‬‬
‫‪2- Nain et M. Lowy, Goldman, Paris : Seghens, 1973.‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪John Pfippner and Robert Prethus, Public Administration. New York :‬‬
‫‪The Ronald Press Company, 1965.‬‬

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