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ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ :ﺩ .ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﻭﺵ
ﻜل ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺯﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ
ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻨﺸﺌﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ .ﻭﻨﺠﺎﺤﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺎ ﺘـﺼﺒﻭ ﺇﻝﻴـﻪ
ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺨﻠﻕ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻤل ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﻨﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﺒـﺸﺭﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ.
ﻝﻜﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜل ﺒﻠـﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋـل ﺒـﻴﻥ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻲ.
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﺘـﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻔﻠـﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓـﺴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ
ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺘﻪ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤـﺔ
ﺍﻹﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻭﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺒﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﺀ
ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ).(1
ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ
ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻗﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻠﺩ .ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻫﻠﺔ ﻤﻬﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ،ﻴﺅﺜﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻨـﺸﺄ
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ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ،ﺴﻠﻁﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ،18ﺴﺒﺘﻤﺒﺭ ،1984 ،ﺹ .82-71
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ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ.
)(1
ﻓﺭﻴﺩ ﺭﺍﻏﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻭﻜﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ،1977 ،ﺹ .131-130
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ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﺒﻘﺼﺩ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻜل ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻝﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﻤﻔﺭﺩﻩ.
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻤﺜﻼ ،ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻝﺜـﺭﻭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﺠـﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻬـﺎ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﺸﻜل ﺃﻨـﻪ ﻴـﻨﻘﺹ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ،
ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﻭﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ
ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻫﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ ،ﺇﻻ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺴـﺎﻝﻴﺏ
ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ.
ﺜﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻫﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ .ﻓﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻤﻠﺯﻤﺔ
ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻝﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﺴـﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ.
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺒﻠﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠـﻭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻷﻫـﺩﺍﻑ
ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ .ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺩﻭﻝـﺔ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ
ﻴﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻓﺭﺼﺎ ﻝﻜﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﺯﻗﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ
ﻝﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻬـﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﻝـﻴﺱ
ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻓـﺴﺎﺡ
ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺸﺭﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺩﻭﻻ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻔﻀل ﺃﺴـﻠﻭﺏ
ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺭ ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝـﺸﻌﺏ
ﻭﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻹﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ.
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ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
.1ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ :ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ
ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤل ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺘﻌـﺎﻭﻥ
ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ ﻭﻗـﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ
ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ،ﺭﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـﺔ .ﻭﺤـﺴﺏ ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺒـﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ
ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻘﺼﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ .ﻓﻌﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜـل ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺸـﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠـﻴﻡ ﻭﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ
ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ .ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﻭﺘﺨﻁـﻴﻁ
ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺼﺎﻝﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻔﻲ ﺒـﺎﻝﻐﺭﺽ.
ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺵ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤل ،ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ .ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ
ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻗﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ .ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﻠﻁ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﻤـﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺌـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻌﻔﺎﺀ
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ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻬﺎ .ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ
ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ).(1
.2ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ :ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ
ﻋﻠﻡ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺠﻬﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ ﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل .ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﻜﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ .ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻝﻴﻭﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻨـﺎﺱ ﻭﻴـﺭﺒﻁ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﺼﺎﻝﺢ
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻜل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ
ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺩ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ .ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺩﺍﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ،ﺇﺫ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺅﺴـﺴﺔ
ﻝﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻬﺭﻴﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺸـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻌﻤل .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﺭﻴﺩﺭﻴﻙ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل ﻭﻤـﻨﺤﻬﻡ
ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ .ﻭﺒﻔﻀل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ،ﺤـﺴﺏ
ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺘﺎﻴﻠﻭﺭ ،ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺼﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ ﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠـﺏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺼﺭﻑ ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝـﺼﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺨﻠﻕ ﺠﻭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﺴﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ.
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺃﺼـﺒﺢ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﺸـﻰ ﻭﺭﻭﺡ
ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ .ﻓﺘﺴﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤل ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺁﻝﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻴـﺩ
ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺫ ،ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺭﻭﺯ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﻬﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل
ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻁﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﻼل ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻬﻡ ،ﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﻴﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﻤـﻭﺭ .ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ
)(1
Michel Crazier, « Sentiments, Organisation et systèmes », Revue Française de sociologie,
pp . 141-154.
316
ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﺘﺼﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﻗﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻫﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﺼـﺏ ﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ
ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ.
)(1
ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺭﻜﺯﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ .ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻝﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ،ﻭﻤـﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻷﻴﺩﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺎل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ.
ﺃﻨﻅﺭ :ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻔﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺹ .14
317
ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ .ﺜﻡ ﺇﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ،ﻫﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻜل ﺸـﻲﺀ
ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺨﻼﻕ ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ﻭﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺸﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﻴـﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻝـﺴﻠﻁﺔ
ﻭﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ).(1
)(1
S.Nair et M.Lowy, Goldman, Paris : Seghers, 1973, p. 27.
)(2
Hodgkinson, Op-cit, p. 10.
318
ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﻫﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﻭﻓﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺼـﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴـﺎ ،ﻭﻝـﻴﺱ
ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺘـﺭﻑ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺎ
ﻭﺩﻭﻝﻴـــﺎ.
.5ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺘﻬﻡ :ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﻭﺴﻊ
ﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤـﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻹﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﺒﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻴﻤﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴـﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ،ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻫﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ
ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻤـﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﺎل.
ﻭﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻀﻭﺤﺎ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺨﻠﻕ
ﺜﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ
ﻗﺒﻠﺕ ﺒﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻴﺵ ﻭﻤﻬﺎﺩﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ،ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ
ﻴﻁﻤﻌﻭﻥ ﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺼﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ،ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻔﻴﺩﻭﺍ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ
ﻤﺯﺍﻭﻝﺘﻬﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل.
ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺭﻴﺱ ﺃﺭﺠﻴﺭﺍﺱ Chris Argyrisﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻤﻭﻗﺔ ﻤﻴﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﺭﻜﺭ ﻓﻭﻝﺕ
Mary Parker Follettﻭﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤـﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﺃﺒـﺭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎﺴـﻠﻭﺍ Abraham Maslow
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﻏﻼﺱ ﻤﺎﻙ ﻜﺭﻴﺠﻭﺭ ،Douglas Mc Gregorﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻠﻁ
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺯﻋﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎل ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻭﺃ
ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﺭ ﺒﻤﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺒﻠﺩ .ﻓﺎﻝﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴـﻭﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻤﻁﺎﻝﺒﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ ﻫـﻡ
ﺭﺃﺱ ﻤﺎل ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﺇﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻥ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻁﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺎﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫـﺎ
319
ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﺤﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺠﻤـﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺒـﺎﺡ ﺒﺄﻴـﺔ ﺼـﻔﺔ
ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ).(1
ﺇﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻔﻔﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ،ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺒﺭﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺼﻴﺎﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ
ﺭﺅﺴﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻭﺤﺭﻤﺎﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﺵ ﺇﻥ ﻫﻡ ﺃﻗﺩﻤﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻝﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻴﻥ .ﻝﻜﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻴﺤﺭﺼﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺭﻗﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺼﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺭﺼﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻌﺎﻝـﺔ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﺍﺤﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺼﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒـﺩل
ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻬـﺭ!!
)(1
Ibid, pp 10-11.
)(2
» Roger Talbarrt « Looking into the Future : Management in the Twentieth Century
Management Review, Vol. 70, N° 3 (March) 1981, p. 25.
320
ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
.7ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﻑ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ :ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﺘﺯﻡ ﺒﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ
ﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻭﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ،ﻭﺒﻠﻭﻍ ﺍﻷﻫـﺩﺍﻑ
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ .ﻭﺤﺴـﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ ﺇﺜـﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎ ﻤـﺴﺅﻭﻝﻴﺔ
ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺤﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻡ ﻫـﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻁﺭﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﺒـﺩﻭﻥ ﺘـﺩﺨل ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻵﺨـﺭ).(1
ﻓﺎﻝﻌﺒﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺤﺼل
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ،ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻝﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴـﺔ ،ﻭﺘـﺸﺠﻴﻊ
)(1
ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻭﺤﻭﺵ ،ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺹ .9-5
321
ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻜﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ) .(1ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ
ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘـﻀﻲ ﺍﻝـﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻝﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﺜﺒﺘـﻭﺍ ﺫﺍﺘﻬـﻡ ﻭﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻫﻡ ،ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﻡ.
ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﻝﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻷﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠـﻑ
ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻴﺩﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﻭﺤﻘـﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ .ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒـﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ
ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺫﻫﺎﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻋﺎﺸﻭﺍ ﻓﻴـﻪ.
ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل :ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻠﻑ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗـﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝـﺔ ﻭﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ
ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴـﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻫـﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﻭﻀﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) .(2ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺭﺅﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺒﺭﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﻬﻡ ﻤـﻥ
ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺸﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻭﻫـﺎ
ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺤﻴﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ ﻝﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎل
ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴـﺔ.
ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨـﻲ :ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒـﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴـﺔ
ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ .ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺎ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ
)(1
ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ،ﺹ .20
)(2
Marshall E, Dimock and Gladyys O. Dimock, Public Administration, New York: Holt
Rinehart, 1969, p. 5.
322
ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺘﺠﻨﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻝﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺘـﻪ ﻭﺠﻌﻠـﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﺸـﻰ
ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝـﺔ.
ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤـﺱ :ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ
ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺩﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ .ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﺼـل ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ
ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺠﻨﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻭﺤﺜﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨـﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺼﻠﺤﺔ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ .ﻭﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﻫﻨﺎ :ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺼل ﻤﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤـﺼﺎﻝﺢ
)(1
John Pfiffner and Robert Prethus, Public Administration, New York : The Ronald Press
Company, 1956, p. 8.
)(2
Ibid, p 8.
323
ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ؟ ﻓﻠﻜل ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻯ ،ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺍﻝﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺨﻁﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻁـﺭﻑ.
)(1
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﻭﺴﻊ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ :
ﺃ -/ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻨﺒﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ :ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ
ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ.1973 ،
ﺏ -/ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﺴﺎﻑ ،ﺃﺼﻭل ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ :ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻝﻁﻔﻲ ﻝﻶﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﺒﺔ.1979 ،
324
ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ
325