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 EDITORIAL
China desires to be the new superpower, China is
PEER REVIEWED / REFEREED RESEARCH JOURNAL
challenging established norms of the world order,
WORLD FOCUS RESEARCH UNIT China is challenging United States, are often
RNI No. - 34710/80
(P) ISSN 2230-8458, (O) EISSN 2581-5083 repeated and cliche headlines in the TV debates and
U.S. Library of Congress No. 80910345
43 year of Publication
newspaper editorials. But the new move which China
Volume 44 Number 520 April 2023 unleashed in the ongoing geopolitical turmoil in the
G . Kishore Babu Editor
Bhabani Dikshit Managing Editor
world, is trying to be a international mediator
Stuti S. Mandala Associate Editor between conflict ridden countries. As Chief of Army
World Focus: Members of the Editorial Board Staff General Manoj Pande has said China wants to
Prof. D. Gopal, Professor (Retd.) Department of Political Science,
IGNOU, Maidan Garhi New Delhi: 110068, replace the United States as a global net security
Email: dgopal@ignou.ac.in provider and cited Beijing’s involvement in brokering
Prof. Tridib Chakraborti, Professor (Retd.), Department of
International Relations Jadavpur University Kolkata, recent peace talks between arch-rivals Saudi Arabia
Email: tridibc2001@yahoo.com and Iran and putting forth a peace plan to end the
Prof. Sushma Yadava, Member, UGC and former Vice Chancellor,
B P S Women's University, Email: sushma_iipa@yahoo.co.in , 13-month-long Russia-Ukraine war. General Pande
prof.sushmayadava@gmail.com said Chinese attempts to carry out transgressions
Prof. Sanjay Bhardwaj, Professor, South Asian Studies Division,
S.I.S., J.N.U. New Delhi-110067, Email: bhardwaj.jnu@gmail.com across the LAC in violations of past agreements/
Prof. Mohammed Badrul Alam, Professor, Department of Political protocols remain a matter of concern for India, but
Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University
Okhla, New Delhi-110025, Email: mbalam786@gmail.com
the Army’s preparedness remains of a high order,
Prof. Shri Parkash Singh, Professor, Department of Political comments coming in the backdrop of the border
Science Delhi University, Delhi: 110007,
Email: spsinghdu@gmail.com
standoff in eastern Ladakh since May 2020. General
Prof. Satish Kumar, Department of Political Science, IGNOU, New Pande further said that after becoming an economic
Delhi-110092, Email: satishksingh@hotmail.com
Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta, Head of the Department, Department of
powerhouse, China is looking to enhance its global
Politics and International Relations, Dean, School of Humanities and role.”Brokering peace talks between Saudi Arabia
Social Sciences Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand,
Email: akgalok@gmail.com
and Iran, and putting forth the Chinese 12-point
Professor Anil Kumar Mohapatra, Professor of Political Science, peace plan for ending the Russia-Ukraine conflict,
Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha are reflective of a Chinese urgency to replace the
Email:anilmohapatra68@gmail.com
US as a global net security provider,” he said. Talking
WORLD FOCUS takes up every month one international issue and
gives an analysis of its various aspects by persons well known for their
about China’s rapid economic rise, General Pande
specialisation in the subject. The issues covered are topical or near noted that the Communist giant’s growth in the
topical, but of an abiding interest. The analysis is simple enough to
interest even an initiate to world affairs, but without sacrificing depth.
economic domain has been unprecedented. “Within
The aim is to present an Indocentric view on a particular issue currently a few decades of initiating widespread reforms, it
facing the world.
Opinions expressed in the articles are personal views of the author and transitioned from a largely agrarian economy into a
in no way reflect the opinion of World Focus. The author is solely world leader in manufacturing and services sectors.
responsible for the contents in his/ her article and the World Focus takes
no responsibility in this regard.The Contents of this magazine cannot Due to its industrial prowess, it also earned a name
be reproduced in any form with out prior permission from World Focus.
Any legal issues pertaining to World Focus will be settled in NCT
for itself as the ‘world’s factory’. Following this
region of Delhi only. Unsolicited articles will not be returned or success, many developing countries and their leaders
acknowledged. World Focus reserves the right to edit articles for brevity
and clarity before publication.
have looked to emulate China,” he said.
Edited, Owned, Published and Printed by
Nonetheless, it is the new role of the Chinese which
G. Kishore Babu from B-49 (Ground Floor), Joshi Colony, I.P. Extension, Delhi- is most highlighted in the recent months and this
110092 at SRB Printo Pack, A-8/1, Jhilmil Industrial Area, Delhi-110095
Total number of Pages 100 including Covers issue of our journal specifically puts the light on
Copy Right : World Focus Chinese expanding their foray in Middle East and
Our Address:
World Focus Publishing House OPC Pvt. Ltd. their ambitions to become a global international
B-49, (Ground Floor) Joshi Colony, peace broker.
I P Extension, Delhi - 110092, India
Tel. : 011-22246905, Mobile No. 8130754555 New Delhi G. Kishore Babu
Email: cnfworldfocus@gmail.com
Website: www.worldfocus.in
April 2023 Editor

April 2023 3
 U.S.-Sino Relations
Content
U.S.-China-Taiwan – A Triangle of Tension
Dr. Manas Chakrabarty 5
US-China Strategic Rivalry: The Key Drivers and Perceptions
Prof. Arunoday Bajpai 12
US-Sino Tech War: The Dynamics of the On-Going Conflict
Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta and Honey Raj 19
The Missile Walls in the Pacific: Who Can Break Through?
Dr. Sitakanta Mishra 27
US and China Conflict Over Taiwan
Dr. Biswa Ranjan Mohanty and Prof. Suraj Kumar Mishra 34
US-China Equations:
Contest for Supremacy in the Indo-Pacific Region
Dr. Shaveta Sharma 40
USA-Sino Relations in the Indo-Pacific:
Emergent Issues from a Regional Perspective
Dr. Aditya Kant Ghising 47
China’s expanding outreach in Middle East and USA’s Stakes
Abhishek Yadav 52
New Cold War Diplomacy between China and the US
Avneet Kumar Nim 57
Dynamics of Chip War Rivalry between the USA and China
Dr. Saurabh Sharma and Akash Kumar 62
Red Dragon Flies to Space: A New Challenge for Uncle Sam
Thorough Analysis of Dragon Emerging Private Space Sector
Om Ranjan 67
Huawei -US Technology Theft War
Ragul P 73
China’s Growing Influence in Africa:
Implications for United States
Sharmistha Hazra 80
The US-China Rivalry in the Middle East: A Critical Analysis
Abu Zafar 86
Book Review
G.D. Bakshi, The Sarasvati Civilization: A Paradigm Shift in Ancient Indian History
(Gurugram: Garuda Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., 2019). Rs.399/- Pages: ix+268.
Review by Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta 94

4 World Focus
 China’s Growing Influence in Africa:
Implications for United States
Sharmistha Hazra
This paper attempts to understand how Peoples present international policies. Therefore, it is
Republic of China’s rise in the Sub-Saharan pertinent to know how Beijing and United
Africa will have major implications for United States both has worked for the betterment of
States of America. Once United States openly Africa, or they have just created Africa has a
supported China’s engagement with the African zone of proxy war. Hence this paper argues that
countries but it has changed its position to China is in a better
counter the rise of position than United
Beijing. In the last Comparing both China and United States States in Africa and
couple of years China involvement in Africa one thing is clear that
Washington should
has created a much China is in better position than US in Africa.
take much more
stronger position in the Over last twenty years Beijing has worked pragmatic policies to
in the difficult environment of Africa and
African states through
has created a better understanding with the counter the rise of
people to people fellow developing states. China has been Beijing. In doing so,
contact and trade and able to suppress the US position in first the paper
investment. After the Africa.The recently held Africa Leaders’ discusses the
introduction of the Belt summit by US was an initiative to catch up importance of Africa,
and Road initiative China. May be lately but US has realized then the rise of China
China has hugely the significance of Africa in the changing and lastly implications
invested in the various geopolitical landscape Indo-Pacific. As an for United States.
infrastructure economic player China has hugely invested
development project. in the infrastructure of Africa and has Introduction
While most of the worked as main aid doner.
The present
African states have international politics is
openly accepted China’s activities there are mostly governed by the debate of Sino-US
accusations that China is not working for the conflict. For the last couple of years Peoples
development of Africa and is mostly looking to Republic of China’s(PRC) rise in the global
be a strong power in the region. In this scenario politics has generated much attention. At the
it is pertinent to know why United States wants same time the decline of United States as the
to counter China and what initiatives it has solo superpower has created serious discussion.
taken to connect Africa. The Sub-Saharan China has grown with a huge economy and also
Africa is growing as a significant area in the

Sharmistha Hazra
Research Scholar
School of Liberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
80 World Focus
taken part in serious international affairs like
trade, climate change etc. China, a power on
the making and United States, the power on
decline has serious conflict of interest on issues
like ideology, Trade, Climate, Maritime
governance etc. While US has declared China is
against the liberal international order, China is
committed to create a multilateral international
order. While US has created the ‘China
threat’perception for Beijing, the Chinese has
loudened that Washington wants to create its
hegemony. In doing so both the superpower has
reoriented their foreign policies, to such an
extent that not a single region of the world has
been left out by them where they are not
confronting each other.
Though the world has not witnessed a
new cold war but conflict and competition are a
part of their relation. According to scholars like
Graham Allison they cannot escape the
Thucydides Trap and war in inevitable1. On the
other hand, noted Chinese scholar Wang
Huiyao has said war could be overcome and
they can go for a peaceful competition2. Most
of the states has not openly supported any of
these super powers but they have maintained a
good relation to fulfil their economic and
strategic needs. Hence, this paper has taken
Africa as the region where both the parties are
desperately involved to influence their
presence. Africa is the region where the future
of the global politics will be unfolded and most
of the global issues will have an African
component to it3. At a time when China is
heavily engaged in various construction project
across Sub-Sharan Africa, US has alarmed
about the rising debt of many African states to
China. In this context the paper will examine
how China’s growing influence will have serious
implications on United States policies towards
Africa, how the Sino-United state conflict will
impact the development of the African states,
how its politics will evolve in the Indo-Pacific
theatre.
The paper offers three major arguments.
First, United States for a longer time has
neglected Africa from its geopolitical interest.
Next, China is not a new player in the region
and despite several criticism the African
countries are heading towards China. Third, as
a part of United States Indo-Pacific strategy,
Washington is trying revamp its Africa policy to
counter China in Africa and in the Indo-Pacific
geopolitical theatre.
The reminder of the article organized as
follows. First, it explains why Africa is growing
to be a new arena for great power rivalry.
Second it describes China’s engagement in the
African states. Next it examines United States
policies for Africa and in the last section it
looks for the implications United States have
with the growth of China as a major player in
the region.
Growing Geopolitical significance of Africa
The position of Africa in the international
politics has been a marginalizedone4. It has
never been the center for global political
attention. While international politics is about
“the states that makes the most difference”5or
the great powers. These great powers have
worked as external power to take part in the
power politics of Africa. The scramble of
Africa started from 1885 by the European
states and as colonizer they exploited the
natural resources and the civilians of Africa.
Situations have not changed even after the
independence drive since the Cold War period.
Even after the third wave of democratization6.
Africa is paralyzed with the issues of poverty,
HIV/AIDS, poor infrastructure development,
chronic disease like Ebola, COVID 19,
environmental degradation etc.
In this scenario the external power has
created Africa as a part of new great power
politics. European Union (EU), United States,
China and rising power like India are part of the
new scramble of Africa. Africa is rich in
mineral resources like uranium, cobalt, gold,
copper and timber. Moreover one-third of the
oil can be found in various states of Africa like
Sudan. Most of the external players are
April 2023 81
“focused on extracting natural resources rather
than developing local economics”. Once The
Economist termed Africa as a hopeless
continent but now the same magazine has said
it is a hopeful one. After the financial crisis of
2008 there were reports that economies are
moving towards the smaller economics of the
global south which are equally important.
Africa at present has one of the fastest growing
economies. According to the World Bank report
the per capita income of Africa was $1,626 for
the year 2021. Most of the external states have
interested in exploiting the rich resources of
Africa without taking the development of
Africa into consideration. Now Africa has
turned into “a vital arena of strategic and
geopolitical competition7”. Despite this most of
the African countries tries to make a cordial
relation with the great powers just for the
development of the state.
Rise of China in Africa
China is not new player in Africa, as the
engagement has historical connection. What is
new in the relationship is that over the years
Africa has gained a significant area in China’s
foreign policy. In the modern day the
relationship started with the Third World
Solidarity, when China was engaging with most
of the newly independent Third World
countries. China’s economic reform of 1978 to
be the hub of manufacturing and production.
Around the same time Beijing realized for social
and political stability at the domestic level its
need other resources, minerals and energy from
abroad 8. Hence, China started to move outside
and asa part ofGoing Global strategy it got
active in Africa. China’s need resources are
being secured in Africa.
China has used history as part of its
policy to connect with Africa. During a visit to
Tanzania President Hu’s remark is important in
this context. He said “Every time I come, it’s
like coming home’’9. Beijing declared the year
2006 as the year for Africa and on the same
year Forum on China Africa Cooperation
82 World Focus
(FOCAC) was established topromote
diplomatic, trade, security and investment
relations between China and African countries.
The development initiative started from
1970’s onwards. China extracts oil, mineral and
raw materials in exchange they manufacture
goods.The TAZARA railway link is an early
example of Chinese infrastructure
development. At Kenya it has created the
Zhujiang economic zone to promote the
Chinese development model 10In most of
theAfrican countries China has invested in port
construction, hydropower projects, rail a road
construction, agricultural and logging firms etc.
In terms of development assistance or
providing aid China doesn’t provide any
condition as they respect the sovereignty of the
recipient country11. In case of European Union
or United States they apply lots of condition
when they provide aid, like talk about the
human rights violations etc. China never gets
involved in the domestic politics of any
recipient. The Dragons have been able to link
business and aid in an innovative way12.Most of
the African states has supported China’s One
China Policy and have maintained distance with
Taipai.
Energy is one of the major areas where
China is engaged for years.Despite the civil war
the Chinese have done business in areas like
Sudan and South Sudan. Energy Security is at
the core of Beijing’s foreign policy formulation.
China is presented in the natural gas sector of
Tanzania, Ethiopia natural gas and Kenya’s
crude oil. China’s presence in the oil sector of
South Sudan and Sudan is an interesting case of
how China has been able to survive there
despite the violent civil war13. Chinese
companies have taken the risk of stay of
staying in the conflict prone area as China
believes in long term gain despite any short-
term loss. As a result, China is dominating the
oil sector in South Sudan.
The Belt and Road Initiative is a part of
the Chinese Dream which is to rejuvenate the
country. The BRI is a to connect China with the
rest of the world. After the launch of Belt and
Road Initiative in 2013 China has focused on
land and maritime connectivity14. Therefore, it
has heavily participated on road, rail and port
construction activities throughout the world
and wants to fulfill its Chinese Dream15.At the
same time there are criticism of promoting anti-
democratic agenda in Africa against China16. It
has been argued that China wants to control the
African terrorizes and so it is promoting its neo-
colonial agenda. China’s relation with the East
African countries resembles the relation of
European Colonial powers with many Asian,
African and Latin American countries. China’s
financial investment, trade, and aid make
possible to extract raw materials from the
developing countries which actually portrays
China’s behaviour as an old colonizer 17Most of
the East African countries has huge debt to
China.China is Africa’s largest trading partner.
The trade has surged drastically from US$1
billionin 1980 to US$282 billion in 2022.
Despite the trade war with US, China was able
to increase its export to Africa under the Belt
and Read initiative.
Implications for United States
Africa is an integral part of United States
national security. Washington along with its
partners from Europe, Indo-Pacific and Middle
East regards Africa as a part of their overall
growth and prosperity. While most of the
partners are working alongside US to create a
prosperous Africa, Peoples Republic of China
consider this place as a part of its commercial
and geopolitical interest. By growing its
engagement, Beijing wants to challenge the rule
based global order and to weaken US’s relations
with the governments and the people18. United
States believes that, ‘Africa is a major
geopolitical force. It’s one that has shaped our
past, it’s shaping our present and it will shape
our future”19. In the recently published,US
Strategy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa, United
States has directly declared to counter PRC’s
harmful activities. Therefore, it will promote for
an open society where all the partners can work
together. It will work to increase more
engagement at the trade and investment level
and will take policies to improve the conditions
of the citizens. While Chinese activities has
increased in the Sub-Saharan Africa, for a long
time US has kept Africa as a less important area
in its foreign policy. During the Bush
administration it did start to upgrade the
economy of Africa but very soon it’s focus
shifted to ‘war on terror’20.In the meantime,
China’s investment in trade and development
started along with its military engagement in
Africa. China has successfully taken part in the
peace keeping program of United Nations. In
2017 China open its first overseas military base
in Djibouti and there isnews it can also open its
Atlantic base in Equatorial Guinea.21 Moreover,
China’s increasing trade along the Indian Ocean
region has compelled US and its allies to
contain China.
United States has taken several
initiatives to counter China in the African
continent. Over the years US’s strategy for
China has evolved in a different way. Back in
2005 during the Bush administration US was
much more supportive of China’s engagement
in Africa. But this stance changed in the
Obama administration as China started working
much more aggressively and Washington was
mush more critical of the neo-colonial China22.
United States Africa Command or the
AFRICOM is the major initiative taken by US
to counter the rise of China in Africa. Founded
in 2007 this military command apart from
maintaining peace and security also take part in
health, promotion of democracy and growth of
economy. Through the AFRICOM, US wants to
prevent the rise of terrorist groups and on the
other side through cooperation with local
government it would be able to contain China’s
engagement at diplomatic, economic, political
and cultural level23.
The Eastern part of has seen huge
maritime security challenges through illegal
piracy and Chins’ huge investment in ports of
April 2023 83
Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambiqe24. As the
geopolitical rivalry is rising in this area United
States and its allies like India, Australia and
Japan has taken it very seriously. They have
included Africa in the larger Indo-Pacific
architecture to counter the unprecedented rise
of China in the Indian and the Pacific Ocean
region. Though none of the African states are
part of the Indo-Pacific arrangement,
geographically it stretches from the Eastern
Coast of Africa to South China Sea. Hence,
rightfully it could be said Africa is a part of
larger Indo-Pacific architecture. United States
with other Asian powers, Japan, India and
Australia has started the Indo-Pacific
arrangement25. Japan and India have
collaborated to include Africa in the Asia-
Africa Growth Corridor which is a competitive
connectivity strategy of BRI. India has
announced for a free and open Indo-Pacific
along with the African nation in the recently
held India-Africa Defence conclave in 202226.
Furthermore, United States has also started the
AUKUS arrangement along with United
Kingdom and Australia as a part of their Indo-
Pacific strategy to contain China’s rise27.
Through this agreement Australia with have
nuclear powered submarine with the help from
US and UK.
The Biden-Harris administration
recently organized the second U.S- Africa
Leaders Summit in December(13th -15th) 2022,
the last being held in 2014. It was a significant
step to connect the African countries. While
China has organized eight FOCAC till date US
has held only two summits. It is difficult for
Biden administration to directly counter PRC as
most of the African states are having a
pragmatic relation with Beijing. Therefore, in
this summit US has not directly talked about
China. Instead, US tried to promote democracy,
people to people connect with the African
states. So, it’s looking for much more
engagement with the African countries rather
than directly countering PRC. Through US new
Contain China Strategy Washington will Invest,
84 World Focus
Aling and Compete with China. Washington
will ally with its partners throughout the world
and will compete with China28.
Conclusion
Comparing both China and United States
involvement in Africa one thing is clear that
China is in better position than US in Africa.
Over last twenty years Beijing has worked in
the difficult environment of Africa and has
created a better understanding with the fellow
developing states. China has been able to
suppress the US position in Africa.The recently
held Africa Leaders’ summit by US was an
initiative to catch up China. May be lately but
US has realized the significance of Africa in the
changing geopolitical landscape Indo-Pacific.
As an economic player China has hugely
invested in the infrastructure of Africa and has
worked as main aid doner. China has created
job for the poor Africa’s and has revamp the
economy. African states are looking Chinese
aid. African leaders want to maintain good
relation with both China and US. In this
scenario rather than directly countering China,
US’s policy to create much more pragmatic
engagement is definitely a good step towards
US-Africa relations. President Biden should
visit the African states and can organize with
them leaders’ summit yearly, can work in trade
and investment and more diplomatic
engagementto get more engage with Africa.
Washington should take much more realistic
policies to boost the engagement with Africa
than only will be counter the Dragon’s rise.
Footnotes
1
Allison, Graham. T.,2017 Destined for War: Can
America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Scribe
Publication, United Kingdom, London
2
China,USnot fated to fall in Thucydides’ trap
, China Daily, available at https://
g l o b a l . c h i n a d a i l y. c o m . c n / a / 2 0 2 1 0 4 / 2 6 /
WS6085f370a31024ad0baba3c4.html
3
Judd Devermont, “Transcript: Africa expert Judd
Devermonttalks with Michael Morell on ‘Intelligence
Matters’,”CBS News, February 26, 2020, available at
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-africa-
expert-judd-devermont-talks-with-michael-morell-on-
intelligence-matters/
4
Hagen,Rune Jansen, 2002"Marginalisation in the
Context of Globalisation: Why Is Africa so Poor,
Volume 28, Pages 147-1 79
5
Waltz, Kenneth 1979 The Theory of International Politics,
Adisson-Wesley Publishing Company, Philippines.
6
Huntington,Samuel P. 1993, The Third Wave
Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University
of Oklahoma Press Norman
7
M. Klare and D. Volman, ‘America, China & the
Scramble for Africa’s Oil’, Review of African Political
Economy 108 (2006): 297.
8
Eisenman, Joshua, and Joshua Kurlantzick. 2006.
“China’s Africa Strategy.” Current History
105 (691): 219–24.
9
Chinese president Africa tour gives fresh impetus to
traditional friendship, 2009-02-18, available at http://
ph.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/200902/
t20090218_1156351.htm
10
Sun, Yun. 2018. “Foresight Africa Viewpoint
– China’s Engagement in Africa: What Can We Learn
in 2018 from the $60 Billion Commitment?”
Brookings (blog). January 30, 2018.
11
China’s Eight Principles for Economic Aid and
Technical Assistance to Other Countries, January 1964,
available at http://www.china.
org.cn/government/whitepaper/2011-04/21/
content_22411843.htm
12
Brautigam, Deborah. 2009. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real
Story of China in Africa. OUP Oxford
13
Austin Bodetti, How China Came to Dominate South
Sudan’s Oil, February 11, 2019 The Diplomat https:/
/thediplomat.com/2019/02/how-china-came-to-
dominate-south-sudans-oil/
14
Panneerselvam, Prakash. 2017.‘Maritime Component
of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC):
India–China Competition in the Arabian Sea’. Maritime
Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation
of India 13 CAO DESHENG, Xi: Chinese dream is
the people’s dream, China Daily, 2021-11-10
15
Chai, Winberg, and May-lee Chai. 2013. “The
Meaning of Xi Jinping’s Chinese Dream.” American
Journal of Chinese Studies 20 (2): 95
–97.
16
Alden, Chris. 2007. China in Africa. Zed Books.
17
Balasubramanyam, VN 2015, ‘China and India
’s Economic Relations with African Countries- Neo-
Colonialism Eastern Style?’, Journal of Chinese
Economic and Business Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 17-
31.
18
U.S.-Strategy-Toward-Sub-Saharan-Africa, White
House August 2022, available at, https://
www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/
08/U.S.-Strategy-Toward-Sub-Saharan-Africa-
FINAL.pdf
19
Secretary Antony J. Blinken at the U.S.-Africa Leaders
Summit Foreign Ministers Dinner, December 14, 2022
20
Dan Steinbock ,US tariff wars penalize Chinese
development and African futures,China Daily, 2019-
09-02
21
Michaël Tanchum, China’s new military base in Africa:
What it means for Europe and America, European
Council on Foreign Relations, 14 December 2021
22
Conteh-Morgan, Earl. 2018. “The United States and
China: Strategic Rivalry in Africa.” Insight Turkey 20
(1): 39–52.
23
National Security Strategy of the United States of
America
24
Hamish Sneyd on 08 April 2022 , BRINGING
AFRICA INTO THE INDO-PACIFIC, Perth US-
Asia Centre
25
Indo-Pacific Strategy of United States, February 2022
available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-
Strategy.pdf
26
India-Africa Defence Dialogue held on the sidelines
of DefExpo 2022 in Gandhinagar, Gujarat; paves way
for strengthening of India-Africa defence relations
a v a i l a b l e h t t p s : / / p i b. g o v. i n /
PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=
1868820
27
FACT SHEET: Implementation of the Australia –
United Kingdom – United States Partnership
(AUKUS), available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/
briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/04/05/fact-
sheet-implementation-of-the-australia-united-kingdom-
united-states-partnership-aukus/
28
The Administration’s Approach to the People
’s Republic of China, SPEECH ANTONY J.
BLINKEN, SECRETARY OF STATE THE
GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
WASHINGTON, D.C. MAY 26, 2022
April 2023 85
R.No.-DL(E)-20/5264/2023-25-Posting Date 19-20 Every Month
RNI No. -34710/80

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