Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid, is when the thyroid gland doesn’t make
enough thyroid hormones to meet your body’s needs.

Causes:

1. Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder, The thyroid becomes inflamed and

can’t make enough thyroid hormones.
2. Thyroiditis An inflammation of your thyroid, that causes stored thyroid hormone to
leak out of your thyroid gland. This leakage increases your blood’s hormone levels,
leading to thyrotoxicosis.
3. Congenital hypothyroidism Some babies are born with a thyroid that is not fully
developed or does not work properly. If untreated, congenital hypothyroidism can
lead to intellectual disability and growth failure.
4. Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid When surgeons remove part of the
thyroid, the remaining part may produce normal amounts of thyroid hormone.
However, some people who have this surgery may develop hypothyroidism.
Removing the entire thyroid always results in hypothyroidism.
5. Radiation treatment of the thyroid Radioactive iodine, a common treatment for
hyperthyroidism, gradually destroys thyroid cells.
6. Medicines Some medicines can interfere with thyroid hormone production and lead to
hypothyroidism, including certain heart medicines, bipolar disorder, cancer
medicines, etc

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism, also called overactive thyroid, is when the thyroid gland makes more
thyroid hormones than your body needs.

Causes

1. Graves’ disease Graves’ disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is an

autoimmune disorder. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid and
causes it to make too much thyroid hormone.
2. Overactive thyroid nodules Overactive thyroid nodules, or lumps in your thyroid, are
common and usually not cancerous. However, one or more nodules may become
overactive and produce too much thyroid hormone.
3. Thyroiditis Thyroiditis is inflammation of your thyroid gland. Some types of
thyroiditis can cause thyroid hormone to leak out of your thyroid gland into your
bloodstream. As a result, you may develop symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
4. Too much iodine Thyroid uses iodine to make thyroid hormone. How much iodine
one consumes affects how much thyroid hormone their thyroid makes. In some
people, consuming large amounts of iodine may cause the thyroid to make too much
thyroid hormone.
 5. Too much thyroid hormone medicine Some people who take thyroid hormone
medicine for hypothyroidism may take too much.
6. Noncancerous tumor In some rare cases, a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland,
located at the base of the brain, can cause hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid nodule
A thyroid nodule is an unusual lump (growth) of cells on your thyroid gland. They’re common, almost
always noncancerous (benign) and usually don't cause symptoms.
Causes
1. Colloid nodules: These are one or more overgrowths of normal thyroid tissue. These growths
are not cancer (benign). They may grow large, but they don’t spread beyond your thyroid
gland. These are the most common type of thyroid nodules.
2. Thyroid cysts: These are growths that are filled with fluid or are partly solid and partly filled
with fluid. Cystic nodules pose a low risk for cancer (malignancy) and are either monitored or
biopsied if they’re larger than 2 centimeters.
3. Inflammatory nodules: These nodules develop as a result of long-term (chronic) swelling
(inflammation) of your thyroid gland. These growths may or may not cause pain.
4. Multinodular goiter: Sometimes an enlarged thyroid (goiter) is made up of many nodules
(which are usually benign).
5. Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: These nodules produce extra thyroid hormone, which may
lead to the development of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism requires treatment.
6. Thyroid cancer: Cancer is the biggest concern when thyroid nodules form. Fortunately,
thyroid cancer is very rare — it’s found in less than 6.5% of all thyroid nodules.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13121-thyroid-nodule