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All About Panchagavya for Human usage -A Review

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Vol.11 / Issue 64 / February / 2021 International Bimonthly ISSN: 0976 – 0997

REVIEW ARTICLE

All About Panchagavya for Human usage – A Review

S. Parkavi1, P. Ganesh2* and M. Kokila1

1Ph.d., Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University,

Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai

Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.

Received: 27 Nov 2020 Revised: 28 Dec 2020 Accepted: 18 Jan 2021

*Address for Correspondence

P. Ganesh
Assistant Professor,
Department of Microbiology,
Faculty of Science, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
Email: drpg1974@gmail.com

This is an Open Access Journal / article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited. All rights reserved.

ABSTRACT
Panchagavya is an ancient traditional medicine in India. In ancient India, people are most beloved in
treating various diseases by natural and traditional manner. By using natural or traditional medicine they
are living healthily. Panchagavya is the combined form of five cow products such as milk, urine, dung,
curd and ghee (clarified butter). Many researchers and scientists worked on Panchagavya as a single or
with multiple herbs or combined with herbal drugs. This review is about the human usage of
Panchagavya. The treatment by using Panchagavya is treated as ‘Panchagavya chikitsa’ or ‘Cowpathy’ in
India. Panchagavya therapy or Cowpathy utilizes five products as these possess medicinal properties
and are used as single or in combination with some other drugs of herbs, animal or mineral origin for the
treatment of several disorders and diseases. Panchagavya products are rich in nutrition, amino acids,
proteins, vitamins, minerals, and hormones. These products are known to cure several human diseases
and enhance immune power and also good for animals, which provides rich nutrition and helps to boost
the immune system. Nowadays, humans are frustrated by an antibiotic that is resistant to numerous
organisms. So, a natural product leads to no side effects and also cures diseases. However, scientific
validation is much more important for world acceptance on the natural products for human uses. This
review mainly based on the research findings of Panchagavya and the five products.

Keywords: Panchagavya, ghrita, antioxidants, antibacterial, anticancer.

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INTRODUCTION

Panchagavya elements such as Cow Urine, Cow Milk, Cow Dung, Cow Curd and Cow Ghee are mentioned in
traditional folk medicine in ancient India to treat different human diseases and are also used as good organic manure
for soil and also for the treatment of various plant diseases. Panchagavya is a Sanskrit word, meaning the five key
elements derived from the cow (milk, urine, dung, curd and ghee). These five items possess medicinal properties that
are used alone or combined with other herbs against many human and animal diseases. In India, the treatment using
Panchagavya is called "Panchagavya therapy" or "cowpathy." The formulation of Panchagavya is the ghrita form of
Ayurveda. In India, Cow is celebrating as a divine mother and also known as Kamadhenu and Go-matha or
Gaumata. The ancient times of India, traditional therapies based on Panchabhootas (Five elements of nature – Earth,
Water, Fire, Air and Space) and the health is affected by Tridoshas viz., Vadha (air), Pitha (fire) and Kapha (Phlegm).
Any disturbance in the harmony of the natural ratio of the five elements may cause the disease. Based on these
fundamental principles of life, different remedial systems were developed i.e., Vrikshayurveda for plants,
Mrigayurveda for animals and Ayurveda for human beings (Charaka - Samhita, 1981). In Vedas, uses of cow derived
products have been mentioned for treating tridoshas. Various Scientists and researchers have found them to be a rich
source of essential elements as well as minerals and hormones in the cow products.

Panchagavya therapy or Cowpathy utilizes five products as these possess medicinal properties and are used as
single or in combination with some other drugs of herbs, animal or mineral origin for treatment of several disorders
and diseases like flu, allergies, colds, cough, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, leucoderma, leucorrhoea, alopecia,
asthma, hyperlipidemia, renal disorders, dietary and gastrointestinal tract disorders, acidity, ulcer, wound healing,
heart disease, skin infections/diseases, tuberculosis, chickenpox, hepatitis, leprosy and other bacterial/viral infections,
aging, chemical intoxication, worm infestations, obesity, etc. Panchagavya has disinfectant and antiseptic properties.
Panchagavya is used as fermented product in agriculture along with vermicompost, biopesticides and biofertilizers.
Each Panchagavya element has distinct qualities and uses in health, agriculture and other fields. Scientists and
Physicians are facing problems in modern allopathic treatment due to the multiple drug resistance in
microorganisms, the presence of antibiotic residues in the food chain and/or associated allergies and autoimmune
disorders in humans and animals. Immunity is reducing drastically as a result of the environmental pollution, use of
agrochemicals in agriculture and the presence of pesticides, heavy metals, fungal toxins, etc., in the food chain.
Deficient functioning of macrophages leads to the inefficacy of antibiotic drugs, the development of resistance in
bacteria, recurrent infections, and or decreased immune status of an individual.

Panchagavya is an organic product derived from five products evolving from cow and it has been used in Indian
traditional medicine since time immemorial. But the Panchagavya process is fermented. “I have modified this
Panchagavya by adding a few more ingredients and the modified version has a lot of beneficial effects on a variety of
crops and livestock'', said Dr. K. Natarajan, President of the Rural Community Action Centre (RCAC), a non-
governmental organization, actively engaged in promoting the concepts of organic farming and biodiesel in the rural
areas of Tamil Nadu."The present form of Panchagavya is a single organic input, which can act as a growth promoter
and immunity booster. I am essentially preparing a product containing 4 kg gobar gas slurry, 1 kg fresh cow dung, 3
liters of cow urine, 2 liters of cow's milk, 2 liters of cow's curd, 1 kg cow's ghee, 3 liters of sugarcane juice, 12 ripe
bananas, 3 liters of tender coconut water, and 2 liters of toddy (if available). This will make about 20 liters of
Panchagavya. The concoction is stored in a wide-mouthed earthen pot or concrete tank in open. Sufficient shade
should be provided, and the contents should be stirred twice a day, both in the morning and in the evening. In seven
days, the modified Panchagavya will be ready, and it can be diluted before use on plants and animals," says Dr. K.
Natarajan. As per WHO (world health organization), the 20th-century wonder drugs ‘antibiotics’ will not remain
useful and become almost ineffective by the year 2020. In these circumstances, one has to think over the alternative
therapeutic approaches to control the infections (Dhama et al., 2012; Chauhan, 2005; Garg and Chauhan, 2003a).
Now-a-days peoples are frustrated by the heavy medicines of allopathy and are using Cowpathy and being

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benefited by the Panchagavya products. However, scientific validation of Panchagavya products is required for its
worldwide acceptance and popularity in the terms of agricultural, energy resources, nutrition and medicinal
properties to exploit the optimal Power of Panchagavya for the service of mankind, regardless of scientific
validation, people are using and getting benefits of it (Dhama et al., 2012). This review elaborates on the versatility of
the Panchagavya therapy/chikitsa (Cowpathy) for human’s health.

Panchagavya Properties

In ancient literature of Ayurveda for preparing Panchagavya by using various formulae, used as single or combined
with multiple herbal drugs. According to the ancient literature such as Chakara Samhita, Chaukambha Sanskrit
Pratistana, etc., revealed the various formulations of Panchagavya which is used alone or combined with multiple
herbal drugs. The different formulations of Panchagavya are as Swapla – Panchagavya ghrita, Panchagavya ghrita
(means ghee formulations) and Mahapanchagavya gritha (means the addition of 18 or 24 herbs with Panchagavya to
prepare mahapanchagavya ghrita). These different formulations are used to treat various human diseases such as
skin diseases, vitiligo, cough, cold, chronic illness, etc. The treatment for human diseases by using Panchagavya is
popularly known as Cowpathy or Panchagavya chikitsa or therapy. Panchagavya therapy has been proposed as an
alternative and useful prophylactic and therapeutic approach for livestock, poultry and human health (Dhama et al.,
2012; Mathivanan et al., 2008; Dhama et al., 2005a). Panchagavya constitutes five substances obtained from cow viz.
urine, milk, ghee, curd and dung. All these products possess medicinal properties and are used singly or combined
with other herbs for therapeutic purposes. Panchagavya elements possess high nutritional value such as cow milk,
curd and ghee, cow urine and dung can act as an alternate and cheaper source of energy, biogas, fuel and electricity
(Chauhan, 2004; Dhama et al., 2005; Alves, 2008; Dhama et al., 2013). Panchagavya formulated from native breeds of
cows which is beneficial for human uses. The five products in Panchagavya are cow urine, cow dung, cow milk, cow
curd and cow ghee. In the literature of Ayurveda, formulation of Panchagavya in the ratio of 2:1:6:12:2 (urine, dung,
curd, milk and ghee). Panchagavya products are rich in nitrogen, sulfur, phosphate, sodium, manganese, chloride,
magnesium and calcium salts, acids like carbolic, succinic and citric, vitamins such as A, B, C, D & E, minerals and
hormones. These products are known to cure several human ailments and enhance immunity by inducing immune
modulation through enhancement of both cellular and humoral immune responses, up - regulating the lymphocyte
proliferation activity, reducing apoptosis in lymphocytes. They act as anti-aging agents by preventing the free
radicals formation and efficiently repairing the damaged DNA (Dhama et al., 2012 & 2005a). The individual
properties of five elements of Panchagavya and combined Panchagavya with the herbal drug studies such as
antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer properties, immunological aspects, pharmacological aspects, etc. by various
researchers.

Immunological aspects
Gajbhiye et al., (2014) studied the Immunostimulant activity of a medical preparation of Panchagavya and studied by
using combined herbs such as pomegranate (Pumica granata), and fed to mice orally. The oral uptake of Panchagavya
with the pomegranate extract stimulating the immunity of mice was recorded in their study.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity

Edwin et al., (2008) studied the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of cow urine (CU) and cow urine distillate
(CUD). In this comparative study freshly collected cow urine showed better results than distillated cow urine.
Sathasivam et al., (2010) evaluated the activity of cow urine against Aspergillus flavus. In–vitro analyses of antifungal
activity of cow urine compared with two fungal species of Aspergillus. In their comparative analysis, maximum
growth suppression was observed in Aspergillus niger than Aspergillus flavus. Athavale et al., (2012) evaluated the
antioxidant activity of traditional ayurvedic preparation of Panchagavya and concluded that Panchagavya has high
antioxidant potential and indicated that, this forms the basis of treating cancer by using Panchagavya. Raad et
al., (2013) studied the antibacterial activity of cow urine against some pathogenic and non – pathogenic bacteria.

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They tested different cow urine samples against 14 pathogenic and non – pathogenic bacteria cultures. They
concluded that all the different samples of cow urine showed clear evidence of bioactive compounds and also the
presence of antibacterial activity. Waziri and Suleiman (2013) analyzed the antimicrobial activities of evaporated cow
dung extracts against some pathogens and also analysed some elements in evaporated cow dung extracts.

Kumar et al., (2013) studied the antioxidant activities of cow milk caseinates hydrolyzed with different proteases. The
analytical study revealed the highest antioxidant activities of a peptic hydrolysate of cow milk casein.
Jirankalgikar Nikhil et al., (2014) studied about In – Vitro antioxidant activity and High – Performance Thin Layer
Chromatography (HPTLC) profile of cow dung, and revealed the cow dung natural antioxidants by their studies.
Deepika et al., (2016) studied about the determination of the antimicrobial activity of Panchagavya against urinary
tract infections. They studied natural products such as Panchagavya (cow dung, milk, curd, ghee, and urine),
buttermilk and honey. Hoh and Dhanashree (2017) studied the effect of cow urine’s antifungal activity on Candida
species. They described that the distillated cow’s urine acted as alternative drug for antifungal diseases.

Karami et al., (2017) evaluated the antagonistic activities of cow milk against some pathogens. They isolated and
identified probiotic Lactobacillus bacteria from the dairy product. And found the isolated Lactobacillus species are
more potential against some pathogens. Dave et al., (2018) studied an In – Vitro comparative analysis of the
antimicrobial effect of cow urine and goat urine against certain dental caries causing pathogens. Both the urine
samples showed more effective medicinal potent against dental caries pathogens. Based on this comparative study,
goat urine was found more potent than cow urine. Rachana and Sreepada (2019) evaluated the cow urine antioxidant
activity and also studied anti-inflammatory activities by using raw and distilled cow urine. They concluded that raw
cow urine has more antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are compared to distillated cow urine. Joshi
et al., (2019) studied in-vitro activities of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of cow urine obtained from various
altitudinal and climate region of Nepal. They concluded that a cow urine sample from Nepal shows active
antibacterial effects and natural antioxidants.

Anticancer activity
Research works carried out by Go - Vigyan Anusandhan Kendra (Cow Science Research Center) at Nagpur revealed
the beneficial properties of cow urine in the treatment of cancers. Further extensive research on cow urine therapy
against fighting cancer carried out by Scientists of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), CSIR
Center at Lucknow, along with collaboration with Go - Vigyan Anusandhan Kendra, Nagpur and confirmed this
milestone achievement. Studies highlight the role of cow urine in curing cancers and that cow urine enhances the
efficacy and potency of anti-cancer drugs. They patented this work and granted U.S. Patent (No. 6896907) in the field
of treatment of cancers (Amar Ujala, July 19, 2005). Jain et al., (2010) discussed anticancer activities of cow urine
therapy on different cancer patients in Madsaur district. They concluded that cow urine therapy controls the cells in
cancer patients. Praveesh et al., (2011) analyzed the anti-cancer and also studied the anti-hypertensive effect of cow
milk. They fermented cow milk by two lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei. They
concluded that the peptides derived and isolated from cow milk are used as medicines. Rita and Kansal (2011),
studied comparative analyses of cow ghee verses soyabean oil against mammary carcinogenesis. Experimental study
conducted on 7, 12 – dimethylbenz (a) – anthracene induced mammary carcinogenesis and expression of
cyclooxygenase – 2 and peroxisome proliferators activated receptor in animal rats. They concluded that cow ghee can
protect us against mammary carcinogenesis.

Other studies
Achalia et al., (2003) studied hepatoprotective activities of panchagavya ghrita (PGG) against Carbontetrachloride
(CCl4) induced hepatoxicity in rats, PGG showed significant reduction in CCl4 induced hepatoxicity in rats by given
oral route. Charde et al., (2006) formulated cow ghee with honey equally as Madhu ghrita and studied anti-
inflammatory activity by screening carrageenan – induced rat paw odema method and also studied wound healing
potential of madhu ghrita and concluded that ghrita is effective in wound healing.
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Dhurvey et al., (2012) evaluated the cow ghee physico – chemical properties, which are before and after
hydrogenation. They analysed cow ghee and hydrogenated cow ghee and used for formulating medicine as well as
nutritional purpose and concluded ghee could be safe and can be routinely up taken in regular diet.

Nariya et al., (2012) analyzed the traditional ayurvedic preparation of Panchagavya using various physico – chemical
properties and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) methods. Establishment of data and profile
of Panchagavya is very useful for quality control and controlling batch to batch variations. Amit Kumar et al., (2013 &
2014) studied Novel and synergistic antinociceptive activity of different compositions of Panchagavya, which is
combined with Aloe barbedansis Mill by using tail immersion model method of mice. And also studied about
synergistic anthelmintic activity of Panchagavya and Aloe barbedansis Mill. Sachdev et al., (2012) studied the effect of
Gomutra ark on alloxan-induced diabetes rats and found that cow urine have high therapeutic index and significant
anti-diabetic effect due to its antioxidant activity. Patel et al., (2018) reported the first in vivo prophylactic (anti-
infective) potential of a Panchagavya mixture against certain pathogenic bacteria and concluded that Panchagavya
has immunomodulatory potential leading to protection against bacterial infections.

COVID – 19 treatments
COVID – 19 (Corona virus) is one of the recent pandemic diseases in world wide. In India, various treatment using
natural methods and ayurveda are ongoing to defense and protect the people from corona viruses. A recent research
based on Panchagavya to treat against corona virus is under progress. Tijare et al., (2020) evaluated and proved the
preliminary findings of Panchagavya medicine in COVID – 19 patients. The patients affected by corona virus are
treated with Panchagavya and Gomutra arka and concluded patients suffered from corona virus get recovery from
corona virus. They concluded that Panchagavya and Gomutra arka treatment is safe and effective therapy.

CONCLUSION

This review mainly focused on the various research findings on five products of cow and Panchagavya for human
use. Panchagavya is a safe for human use, as it is being used for ten decades in India. But the formulations of
Panchagavya with cow dung and cow urine is not satisfied by many peoples. Panchagavya or Cowpathy is a new
approach from ancient literature medicine, and surely a promising drug formulation in further years. Many
researchers studied about anti-epileptic, nootropic, not only for humans, studies on animal’s diseases and plant
diseases too on using Panchagavya. A research reveals the many potential properties of five products of cow,
formulated Panchagavya and combined form with various herbs. Further findings should be done in large
population studies, new drug development approach and the various possibilities to eradicate diseases.

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10 (6): e5449. Available from: https://www.ssjournals.com/index.php/ijpr/article/view/5449
44. Waziri, M., & Suleiman, J. S. (2013). Physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of evaporated extract
of cow dung against some pathogens. Journal of Scientific Research, 5(1), 135-141.

Table 1. The properties of Panchagavya for human health are

Quantity of
Panchagavya
Five elements of
Other names preparation for General Uses and Therapeutic uses
Panchagavya
human use
(app.)
 Used as Cow Urine therapy –
Gomutra ark (fresh cow urine or
Cow urine Gomutra/Gomootra 60 ml
steam distillated cow urine).
 Cow urine tablets (Gomutra pills).

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Parkavi et al.,

 It is effective medicine and good

antiseptic.
 Research reveals that cow urine
contains urea, nitrogen, sulphur,
phosphate, sodium, vitamins A, B, C,
D, and E, minerals, calcium salts,
irons, gold, hormones, etc.
 Cow urine therapy cures various
disease ailments as chronic like
cancer, AIDS, psoriasis and other
skin disorders.
 It helps in face wrinkles and anti-
aging.
 Used as small amount or cow dung
juice by filtered seven times with
muslin cloth.
 Effective for killing microorganisms,
antiseptic and good disinfectant.
 Fresh cow dung contains highest
amount of vitamin B12.
 Cow dung in cosmetics used to treat
5 g (very little
Gomaya/Gos’akr’t/Go various skin diseases like ringworm,
Cow dung amount – half
maeya itching, psoriasis. In shampoo it
thumb size app.)
helps to rid dandruff and dryness of
hair.
 By the combination with dung and
urine and also with other herbs to
treat various diseases.
 Using as cow dung tooth powder
removes cavity problems, bad breath,
pyorrhea, gum bleed, etc.
 Cow milk is important, easily
digestible and healthy food for
infants (next to breast milk) and all
ages of peoples.
 It contains low calories, cholesterol,
and numerous micro nutrients,
Cow milk Godugdha/Goksheera 400 ml protein, vitamins A, B complex
groups and C, and calcium.
 Treating numerous properties as
peptic ulcer, skin cancer, skin
diseases and other diseases.
 Cow milk contains numerous good
lactic acid bacteria.
 Cow curd used as probiotic it
produces lot of lactic acid producing
Cow curd Godadhi 180 ml bacteria.
 It produces antifungal metabolites
such as phenyl lactic acid,
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Parkavi et al.,

proteinaceous compounds, etc.

 Good for antifungal effects on hair as
dandruff, dry scalp, prevents hair
damaging.
 Used to treat various diseases as
gastrointestinal tract problems –
ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome,
colon cancer.
 Myth - it increases concentration of
brain.
 Ghrita means ghee, formulating
medicines as ghee. Used as various
Ghrita in Ayurveda.
 Traditionally believed to improve
memory, intelligence and resistance
to various infections.
 Researches reveals cow ghee has anti
Goghrit/Goghr’ta
Cow ghee 60 ml – aging, immunostimulant,
(Goghrita)
antifungal activity, purifies blood
and promotes wound healing
properties.
 It is used with various herbs to cures
certain skin diseases.
 It exhibits anti chollestric and it safe
for use.

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