Figure 2.

Reason’s Accident Causation Model Theory

In 1990, James Reason, a British psychologist developed a model for accident causation, which is

also known as the “swiss cheese model”. This theory is often used in multiple fields or industries, as it

is very useful when it comes to ensuring the safety of the people involved and their craft. Reason’s

theory uses a swiss cheese as the model which means that the area is vulnerable to accidents as it is

filled with holes. Thus, multiple layers of defenses lessens the probability of an error or risk. The

more that the management implements more defenses, the probability of an accident to occur.

The accident causation model and theory is well related to this study, as it tackles the important

roles of the management; as well as the impact of having an efficient system. This study aims to

identify the factors that cause needle prick injuries, hence using this framework and relating it to

hospital guidelines and compliance this theory will serve as a foundation in completing objectives of

this study. As this theory focuses on establishing safety precautions that effectively decreases the

chances of an error, it is relevant as to how hospital management and guidelines compliance will

lessen the cases of needle prick accidents and injuries.

2.4 Hypothesis
 In line with the objective of the study, researchers aim to determine if there is a significant

relationship between nurses and the impact of needle-prick injuries.

The null hypothesis would be:

Hol1: There is no significant relationship between the Length of Clinical Experience and Area of

assignment of nurses to the impact of needle-prick injuries after the incidence.

The alternative hypothesis would be:

Hol1: There is a significant relationship between the Length of Clinical Experience and Area of

assignment of nurses to the impact of needle-prick injuries after the incidence.

The null hypothesis would be:

Hol1: There is no significant relationship between the physical well-being and Psychological Well-

being of nurses to the impact of needle-prick injuries after the incidence.

The alternative hypothesis would be:

Hol1: There is a significant relationship between the physical well-being and psychological well-

being of nurses to the impact of needle-prick injuries after the incidence.

The null hypothesis would be:

Hol1: The policies and procedures, education and training, and resources that may influence

guidelines have no significant relationship on preventing needle-prick injuries.

The alternative hypothesis would be:

Hol1: The policies and procedures, education and training, and resources that may influence

guidelines have a significant relationship on preventing needle-prick injuries.

The null hypothesis would be:

Hol1: The nurses’ compliance to guidelines have no significant relationship between the prevention of

needle-prick injuries.

The alternative hypothesis would be:

Hol1: The nurses’ compliance to guidelines have a significant relationship between the prevention of

needle-prick injuries.

SOP:

4. What factors contributed to needle-pricked injuries among nurses (negligence, accidents, etc.)?

Assessment in Safe Injection

Practices & Impact of Needle-
Prick Injuries
 The demographic profile of the
nurses in terms of age, gender,
length of clinical experience, area of
assignment and if they ever been
pricked by a needle while
performing their duty.

Factors influence adherence to
guidelines for preventing needle-
prick injuries
H2 (+)
 Policies and Procedures
 Education and Training
 Resource
 Resource
The factors contributed to
needle-pricked injuries among
nurses in terms of
 Job factors
 Tool and technology factors
 Environmental factors
H1 (+)
Impact of Needle-prick injuries
H4 (+) after the incidence
 Physical well-being
 Psychological well-being
Significant differences between
the nurses who experience
H3 (+) H5 (+) needle-prick injuries and the
nurses who don't experience
needle-prick injuries will be
determined.

Factors influence adherence to guidelines for preventing needle-prick injuries

 Policies and Procedures

 Education and Training
 Resource

The factors contributed to needle-pricked injuries among nurses in terms of

 Job factors
 Tool and technology factors
 Environmental factors

Assessment in Safe
Injection Practices &
Impact of Needle-Prick
Injuries
1. How may the demographic profile of the nurses be described in terms of:
1.2 Age;
1.3 Gender;
 1.4 Length of Clinical Experience; and
1.5 Area of Assignment

3. What is the degree to which factors influence adherence to guidelines for preventing needle-prick
injuries?
3.1 Policies and Procedures
3.2 Education and Training
3.3 Resource

6. How effective is nurses’ compliance to guidelines for preventing needle-prick injuries?

Hol4: The nurses’ compliance to guidelines have a significant relationship between the
prevention of needle-prick injuries.

In probability sampling, a sample or a subset of the population is chosen at random. This guarantees
that each person in the population has a chance to be chosen. Each hospital has hundreds of nurses in
their institution. The researchers finalize their respondents by choosing the nurses who are available at
the time they will be doing the survey. They then conduct the survey and collect the data. The
participants in this study totaled 90 respondents, providing a representative sample for accurate
research findings. The criteria for choosing the respondents will be the nurses among the selected
private hospitals in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga.
 In probability sampling, a sample or a subset of the population is chosen at random. This
guarantees that each person in the population has a chance to be chosen. Simple random sampling, a
method for choosing a smaller sample size from a wider population so that the broader population can
be researched and generalized from the smaller sample, completely eliminates any hints of bias. The
basic sampling technique where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a large group
(a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has
an equal chance of being included in the sample. Every possible sample of a given size has the same
chance of selection. (Definition taken from Valerie J. Easton and John H. McColl’s Statistics Glossary
v1.1). The participants in this study totaled __ respondents, providing a representative sample for
accurate research findings. The criteria for choosing the respondents will be the nurses among the
Selected private hospitals in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga.
Research Simulacrum
 Figure 2: IPO method
Input
Demographic Profile
 Age
 Gender
 Years of work practice
 Area of Assignment
 Have you ever been
pricked by a needle while
performing your duty?
 Reported Needle-prick
Injuries
Factors influence
adherence to guidelines for
preventing needle-prick
injuries
Process (Method) Output
 Utilization of Survey Assessment in Safe
Injection Practices &
 Determine all the
Impact of Needle-Prick
data gathered
Injuries among Nurses in
 Statistical analysis Selected Private Hospitals
in the City of San
Fernando, Pampanga will
be determined.

 Policies and Procedures

 Education and Training
 Resource
Factors contributed to
needle-pricked injuries
among nurses in terms of
 Job factors
 Tool and Technology
factors
 Environmental factors
Impact of needle-prick
injuries after the incidence

 Physical Well-being

 Psychological Well-
being
Significant difference
between the nurses who
experienced needle-prick
injuries and the nurses who
did not experience needle-
prick injuries.
The main goal of the researchers of this study is to determine the Assessment in Safe

Injection Practices & Impact of Needle-Prick Injuries among Nurses in Selected Private

Hospitals in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga encountered in their field of work. The

table has three columns.

The input provides gathering data including the demographic profile of the respondents

which represents if they are male or female, their area of assignment, and years of practice,

whether have they ever been pricked by a needle, reported NPI, and also their age. The input

also consists four indicators to Assess the Safe Injection Practices and Determine the impact

of Needle-Prick Injuries such as Factors influence adherence to guidelines for preventing NPI

(policies and procedures, education and training, and resources), Factors contributed to NPI

(Job factors, Tool and Technology factors, and Environmental factors), Impact of NPI after

incidence (Physical well-being and Psychological well-being), and the significance difference

between nurses who experienced needle-prick injuries and the nurses who did not experience

needle-prick injuries to learn that may affect the results of the study that will be done.

The second column which is the process or way on how to gather data and information

that can be done through conducting survey and utilization of statistical analysis.

Then, the third column which is the output shows the result after gathering data and

information needed. The researchers should assess the Safe Injection Practices and determine

the Impact of Needle-Prick Injuries among Nurses in the Selected Private Hospitals in the

City of San Fernando, Pampanga.

 Assessment in Safe Injection
Practices & Impact of Needle-
Prick Injuries among Nurses in
Selected Private Hospitals in
the City of San Fernando,
Assessment in Safe Injection Pampanga will be determined.
Practices & Impact of Needle-Prick
Injuries among Nurses in Selected
Private Hospitals in the City of San
Fernando, Pampanga through the
use of survey questionnaires.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Utilization of Survey
 Determine all the data
gathered
 Statistical analysis