PARTS OF SPEECH

Different kind of words are divided based on their work in a sentence, are called parts of
speech are given below in the table.

Examples
No. Name Definition
( Highlighted words)

1 NOUN Name of person, place, thing The rose smells sweet.

2 ADJECTIVE Add something to the meaning of noun He is a brave boy.

3 Pronoun Used instead of noun He is ill..

4 Verb Express action or state The girl wrote a letter.

Add something to the meaning of

5 Adverb The flower is very beautiful.
Verb, adjective, or another adverb

To relate Noun or Pronoun with

6 Preposition The girl is fond of music.
Something else

7 Conjunction Used to join words or sentence Two and two make four.

8 Interjection Word which expresses sudden feelings Alas ! She is dead.

 FUNCTIONS OF VERB
1. Verbs communicate action
Used to communicate either
 Action ( ‘read’ or ‘study’ )
 Occurrences ( ‘become’ or ‘happen’ )
 State of being ( ‘be’ or ‘feel’ )

2. Verbs make clauses

Verbs are almost used in all clauses and sentences.
Both independent and dependent clauses require predicate.
With subject, subject and object, or subject and complement.
e.g.
 “That student failed.” ( S + V )
 “That student failed his exam.” ( S + V + O )
 “That student is not clever.” ( S + V + C )
3. Verbs provide tense and aspect
Used to modify tense (time).
PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE
Used to modify aspect (duration of time).
SIMPLE, CONTINUOUS, PERFECT
e.g.
 He studies english alone. ( PRESENT TENSE )
 He studies english alone. ( SIMPLE ASPECT )
 He is studying english alone. ( CONTINUOUS ASPECT )
 He has studied english alone. ( PERFECT ASPECT )
4. Verbs demonstrates modality
Modality is a linguistic feature that communicates a speaker’s attitudes
about the world around them.
Modality can be:
 Attitudinal
( ability, deduction, disapproval, necessity, obligation, possibility )
e.g.
I can pass the test. ( Ability )
 Communicative
( Advising, inviting, offering, permitting, requesting, suggesting )
e.g.
You ought to study harder. ( Advising )
5. Verbs show agreement
Verbs change due other words in a sentence, usually a subject.
Whether subject is First, Second or third person.
 Whether subject is singular or plural.
e.g.
 ( I am … ) singular <- first person -> plural ( We are … )
 ( You are … ) singular <- second person -> plural ( You are … )
 ( He/She is… ) singular <- third person -> plural ( They are … )

CONDITIONAL VERBS
Verbs that are used in conditional sentences.
 Conditional verbs are formed when a sentence contains
If (dependent) CLAUSE + resulting (conditional) CLAUSE
e.g.
The leaves will fall, if the wind blows.
In the above sentence, WILL FALL depends upon BLOWS.
 Conditional clause contains Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Can, Will, Would, Shall,
Should, Could).
 Conditional verbs can be in past, present and future depending upon condition.
e.g.
She would have succeeded, if she had tried harder. (PAST TENSE)
The television turns on, if you press the button. (PRESENT TENSE)
If our team wins the world series, it will be amazing. (FUTURE TENSE)
 Types of conditionals
ZERO conditional
IF clause + Conditional clause ( Both in Simple Present Tense )
FIRST conditional
IF clause ( Simple Present Tense ) +
Conditional clause ( Future Tense / Will )
SECOND conditional
IF clause ( Simple Present Tense ) +
Conditional clause ( Future Tense / Would )
THIRD conditional
IF clause ( Past Perfect Tense ) +
Conditional clause ( Past Tense / Would have )
 e.g. in the following sentence
If clouds form on the horizon, it will likely rain.
Conditional verbs are WILL, RAIN, FORM.