DILLA

UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT
OF
ARCHITECTURE
AND COTM

BY DIANA HAILE AND ABREHAM JEMBER

LITRATURE REVIEW ON COMMUNITY CENTER

LITRATURE REVIEW

Contents
1.
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 2
2. HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND................................................................................................................... 2
3. ORGANIZATION AND OWNERSHIP
.............................................................................................. 2
4. KEY STAGES IN COMMUNITY CONSULTATION
ARE. ............................................................. 3
5. COMMUNITY CONSULTATION AND BRIEFING Local
issues .................................................................. 3
6. SCOPE OF THE
PROJECT ........................................................................................................................ 4
7. JUSTIFICATION OF THE
PROBLEM......................................................................................................... 4
8. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT IN DILLA CITY IN DIFFERENT
ASPECTS ................. 5
8.1 Social
aspect........................................................................................................................................ 5
8.2 Economical aspect
.............................................................................................................................. 6
8.3 Cultural aspect
.................................................................................................................................... 6
9. GENERAL ISSUE CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING THE PROJECT
....................................... 6
10. MAINLY REQUIRED ROOMS IN COMMUNITY
CENTER.................................................................... 10
10.1
RESTAURANT................................................................................................................................... 11
10.2 MULTIPURPOSE
HALL............................................................................................................... 13
10.3
LIBRARY ....................................................................................................................................... 13
10.4
PARKING.......................................................................................................................................... 14

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10.5 SPORT
FACILITIES......................................................................................................................19
10.6 ADMINSTRATION
............................................................................................................................ 27
10.7 CHILD CARE
..................................................................................................................................... 31
10.8 SHOPPING MALLS
...................................................................................................................... 31
10.9 EXHIBITION
HALL......................................................................................................................33
10.10 ART
GALLERY........................................................................................................................... 34
10.11AMUSEMENT
PARK................................................................................................................... 34
10.12 RECREATIONAL
AREA .................................................................................................................... 37
10.13 FACILITIES FOR DISABLED
PEOPLES .............................................................................................. 38
11. CIRCULATION
............................................................................................................................. 39
12.
LANDSCAPE ................................................................................................................................. 40
13. EMERGENCY
STAIRWAY.......................................................................................................... 51

COMMUNITY CENTER

1. INTRODUCTION
 Community centers or community halls are public locations where members
of a community tend to gather for group activities, social support, public
information, and other purposes. Or in other word a place where people from a
particular neighborhood can meet for social events, education classes, or
recreational activities.
 It is a focal point for all age groups in a locality which promotes social
relationships and mutual support.
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2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 History of Community Center Community Centers in Singapore. After the
Second World War, the British brought the concept of community centers to its
oversea colonies such as Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore.
 When the British returned to Singapore after the war, they wanted to foster the
community development in order to dampen the anti-colonial sentiments. Idea
of community centers was mooted in the late 1940s. Task was given to the
Department of Social Welfare. The department started building community
centers in the early1950s.

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3. Organization and ownership

 Around the world (sometime within few countries) there appear to be four
common ways in which the operation of the kind of community centers are
owned and organize
 Community owned
 Government owned
 Sponsored
 Commercial
 Community owned: The center is directly owned and run by the local
community through an organization separate from the official (local)
governmental institutions of the area
 Government owned: The center is a public (local) government facility, though
it is mostly used for non-government community activities
 Sponsored: A rich citizen or commercial corporation owns the center and
donates its use to the community for reasons of charity or public relations.
 Commercial: The community center is a purely commercial entity which aims
to profit from renting its facilities to various community groups on terms
suitable for such use

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

 To provide a place where members of all communities could gather together
 To boost up unity and create a sense of brother hood
 To provide a place for all community celebration at various occasion and
tradition
 To provide for public meeting of citizens on various issues
 A place for politicians or other official leaders to meet and ask the citizens for
their opinion, support or votes
 To create social awareness among the people
 To provide a place that community members can rent Chipley when a private
family function or party is too big for their own home
 A place which could help in eliminating the miss understanding being create
inside the mind of people
 To provide fundamental rights for the city dwellers to convert the need for
equal access to basic right for the community in to spatial solutions

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JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM LOCAL PROBLEMS

1. absence of youth & children centers (substance abuse)
2. crime and youth
3. unemployment
4. Can’t refresh their mind because absence of community center,
5. They don’t have a place like community center to stay some time as they want
6. Lack of common characteristics of activity between the communities.
7. Informal social monitoring and control between the communities, lack of
awareness about the social groups.
8. Unavailability of information and community facilities

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The importance of the project in dilla city in different

aspects
 Social aspect
 Economical aspect
 Cultural aspect

Social aspect
 As the place for public meetings of the citizens on various issues.
 As the place where politicians or other official leaders come to meet the
 Citizens and ask for their opinions, support or votes.
 As a place where community members meet each other socially.
 As a place for feeding homeless.
 Political meetings.
 Free teaching spaces.
 As a place for reading.
 As a place for doing some sport activities.

Economical aspect
 As a place that community member and sometimes others can rent cheaply
when a private family function or party is too big for their own home. For
instance, the non-religious parts of weddings, funerals etc.
 As a place where local non-government activities are organized.

Cultural aspect
 As the place for all-community celebrations at various occasions and traditions.
 As a place that passes on and retells local history.
 As a place of relief in instances of community tragedies. Organization and
ownership

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General issue considered when designing the project

Design considerations
Location
 The location of the community center is the first design consideration in the
process some of the things we have to consider on location are,
 ideally, the center should be as close to the heart of the community as possible,
near other facilities (shops, school, library), and accessible by public transport.
 A flat site is preferable because the construction costs are lower than with
sloping plots and it allows for easier access.
 It should have adequate space for parking cars and bicycles, and may need
additional external space for facilities such as play areas, gardens, and sports
provision.
 The profile of the local residents is an important consideration.

Accessibility
 Safely and easily accessible – by foot, bicycle, car, taxi, and public transport
 It should be well planned with the entire necessary infrastructure.
 It should be well light and ventilated with as much use of natural light and
ventilation as possible. Entrance should be well-lit and ventilated
 The doorway leading to the entrance should also have a ramp facilitating
easy access for disabled

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Natural and artificial lighting

 Sunlight enhances color and shape, and helps to make a room bright and
cheerful. Wherever possible, spaces to be occupied by students, visitors or
staff should have natural daylight with an outside view.

 Artificial lighting, as well as providing levels of illumination to suit

particular activities, can make an important contribution to interior design.
Designers should develop a lighting scheme.

Image
 The center must be welcoming to all ages, and have a positive impact in the
community.
 Although security is a major consideration, it must not be at the expense of
making the building unwelcoming, and well-lit entrance areas can provide an
appropriate atmosphere

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Circulation
 Central circulation space doubling up as a
café informal meeting area is a typical
solution.
 Circulation space must be easily monitored
and have robust and hard-wearing surface
finishes.
 Vertical circulation in multi-story buildings
must be visible from a central control point
or management office to avoid potential
misuse of lifts etc.

KEY DESIGN GOALS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR

COMMUNITY CENTERS
CREATE A HOME LIKE ENVIRONMENT
 While meeting the durability requirements for a public facility, the finishes,
furnishings,
 fixtures, and equipment in Youth Centers should be comfortable and have a
homelike quality:
 Provide ample natural light Provide a sense of welcome and arrival at
the entrance, lobby, and control desk.
 Use residential-style doors and windows
 Use indirect lighting as main ambient lighting, and avoid institutional,
unnatural finishes, textures, and colors.

MAINTAIN A SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

 Design the facility to accommodate equipment and operational strategies

to both protect the community and maintain a healthy environment.

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MAINLY REQUIRED ROOMS IN

COMMUNITY CENTER.
By their nature community buildings must serve a variety of
functions among which are:
 Restaurant
 Multipurpose hall
 Library
 Parking
 Sport field
 Administration
 Child care (crèche, day nursery, pre-school playgroup)
 Dances
 Parties and receptions
 Exhibitions
 Shopping mall
 Amusement area
RESTAURANT SPACE REQUIRMENT
 The space requirement based on the limitation of investment funds & available
space.
 Calculate the area requirements in terms of
 Volume& type of service
 Amount& size of equipment to be used
 Number of workers required
 Space for needed supplies
 Suitable traffic

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Special decoration effect & furnishing are required to reflect

dinning theme.
PLANNING FACTOR
 The exterior appearance should communicate clearly, with signs, lighting &
menu displays.
 From the outside people should be able to view the interior seating, style &
feature.
 The interior should create a good impression & a suitable atmosphere. This
should be related to
 Seating
 furnishing
 Decoration lighting
 Noise level & toilet facilities.
Space requirement
 The client size, the type & quality of service should be considered. The space
required differs for adults & children.
 Width& length of the room, table& chair size & seating arrangement affect the
capacity of dining room.
 Tables’ w/h have common width & height should be fated together. This will
give flexibility insetting
 Arrangement

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KITCHEN
 A space within dwelling or establishment where food is prepared & cooked.
 Should be well located internally with respect to the store, dining room& utility
room.

STORAGE
 A room or space in a building in w/h objects,
implements, goods, etc.
 When we design store, we should consider the volume
& types of items store.
 Space separates for vegetables' /fruit, dry goods, chilled
& frozen food.

MULTIPURPOSE HALL
 All seats apart from boxes must have fixed self- operating folding seats with the
above minimum dimension

Length of rows
 A maximum of 16 seats per aisle, 25 seats per aisle is permissible is one
side exit door of 1m width is provide per 3-4 rows.

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Volume of room
 The volume should be no less than these figure so as to avoid air change which
are too pronounced(drought)
 This also includes main halfback, changing room, stages and store, gallery.
10 points should be considered in the designing or planning process.
1. Users
2. Storage
3. Location
4. Flooring
5. Lighting
6. Showers
7. Heating ventilation and air conditioning
LIBRARY
There are broad types of public library space:
 Collection space
 User seating space
 Staff workspace (/space-types/office)
 Meeting space (/space-types/conference
classroom)
 Special use space
 Non-assignable space (including mechanical space)

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PARKING
Car parking
There is continues to be an increase in vehicle numbers, but we should
carefully analyze what type transportation widely used in our community.
Depend on its service the location may vary or consider the primary
access and secondary access
Primary access is mostly used by went in main entry access such, staffs,
costumers
Secondary access is required for goods and service vehicles with adequate
provision for turning, loading and unloading.

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PARKING TYPES
1. Off-site perpendicular parking

2.on-site perpendicular

Vehicle dimensions

Motorcycles

Description Dimension
Parking space width 1.5 meters
Parking space length 2.5 meters

Bus

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Perpendicular
 Especially effective in low turnover rate or long-term parking areas, the
perpendicular, or 90 degrees

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SPORT FACILITIES
 Sport center is well design sport area which is used to run sport activities. This
consists both outdoor and indoor activities
BASKETBOLL FACILITIES
 In basketball, the basketball court is the playing surface, consisting of a
rectangular floor, with baskets at each end.
 Indoor basketball courts are almost always made of polished wood, usually
maple, with 10 feet (3.05 m)-high rims on each basket.
 Outdoor surfaces are generally made from standard paving materials such as
concrete or asphalt.

Dimensions
 Basketball courts come in many different sizes.
 In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the court is 28.7 by 15.2 m.
 Under International Basketball Federation (FIBA) rules, [1] the court is slightly
smaller, measuring 28 by 15 meters

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TENNIS FACILITIES
 Outdoor court should as near as possible, be oriented in the north- south
direction.
 It is recommended that no more than two courts should be immediately
next to one other.
 Artificial lighting should be at least 10m height and along the side of the
court.

 So east-West orientation is not preferred because sun movement is East to West

due South and sun will obstruct the player’s eyes.
 So north-South orientation is the best suited one for almost all the games.

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SWIMMING POOLS
 Pool capacities may be determined by dividing the water surface area by 2.
Thus a 25 x 13 m pool can accommodate to reasonable comfort standards 325 ÷
2 = 162 bathers. Changing cubicles, lockers and car parking
 The camera should be placed one at the behind or above the result board or in
the spectator’s gallery, one along the Pod-deck on tracking and one under water
for diving.

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SPORTS HALLS
 The planning basics for multipurpose games halls should take into
account the competition regulations of the individual sports
organizations to give the best possible integration of all individuality
peso facticity.
 The necessary size of the site depends on the area required for the
desired sporting activities and administration rooms. As a rule of thumb,
it can be estimated as follows: requiredsportsareax2+necessary distance
to site boundary + necessary parking area for vehicles

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Spectator Areas
Spectator areas should be accessible by hard-surfaced ramps and safe stairways
Ramps
ADMINSTRATION

The admin consists of;

1. Lobby
2. Waiting area
3. Reception
4. Manager office
5. Finance office
6. Documentation room
7. Clubs office

1, LOBBY
It is the space immediately inside the entrance doors. The lobby provides the
user with their first experience of the interior of the building. The transition
from outside to inside the lobby should not be too abrupt.
 The lobby area should have absorbent and dirt-retaining flooring,
over a sufficiently large area, to minimize damp and dirt being taken
into the building.
 The size and shape of the lobby should be well designed for the
community
 Allow the smooth flow of users into and out of the building;
 Allow for the fact that users may congregate there;

2, WAITING AREA

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It a building or most of the time a part of a building where people sit or

stand until the event which they are waiting to happen or begin.
TYPES OF WAITING AREA
Commonly there are two types of waiting area. These are private & public
waiting area. But in some
countries they also include special waiting rooms.
A. Private waiting area: - It’s a type of waiting area in which the
waiting area is provided for only individuals /for only one person/.
E.g., waiting areas in Manager’s office, in doctor’s office etc.…
B. Public waiting area: - It’s a type of waiting area in which the
waiting area is provided for a group of peoples. E.g., waiting areas in
railway stations, bus stations, airports etc.…
C. Special waiting area: - These types of waiting areas are specifically
provided for the people who can pay for the space provided to get
special comfort & service more than the public & private waiting
areas.

RECEPTION AREA
 The reception area should be comfortably warm, well-lit and free from un
welcome Smells.
 It may be very busy at times but should be sufficiently spacious never to
be Crowded or excessively noisy.
MANAGER OFFICE
 The General Manager is the one who is responsible for the overall
administrative works in the youth center.
 The Managers office has to be placed where the users can access it easily but it
should be isolated from the noisy area.

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FINANCE OFFICE
The finance office is majorly concerned with the monetary movement issues.
Since it is the place of monetary movement area; the space has to be much
more secure than other places in order to reduce treats. It should not have
direct contact with the outside environment.

DOCUMENTATION ROOM
This room is responsible in filing and storing documents of the youth center. Just
like the finance office; this room has also some kind of confidential information’s.
So, it has to be planned in secured place
CLUBS OFFICE
This space contains many different types of clubs like HIV/AIDS club,
CHARITY club, and GENDER club etc.
Each club office should have their own Head office,
secretary & waiting area.
MEETING ROOM
It’s a room in which that the staff members &
some stake holders held their meetings.
Since it’s a meeting room; the building has to use
acoustic materials in order to prevent sound
release from the hall/room.

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SHOPPING MALLS
A Shopping center is a complex of retail stores and related facilities planned
as a unified group to give maximum shopping convenience to the customers
and maximum exposure to the merchandise.

PRINCIPLES OF RETAIL SHOPES

The first requirement understands of the current merchandizing theories that
affect the design problems.
The followings are principles of retails shop
 Attracting customers
- Design good entrance
- Attractive and functional Interior displays
 Continence
 Organizing store space
 Display surface
 Show windows

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EXHIBITION HALL
 The Exhibition Spaces are intended as a combination of indoor and open-
air exhibition space in order to create a strong relation between covered
and green open spaces through thematic content.
 creating a bridge between the content of the Event and the nature of
exhibition spaces.
An exhibition hall can be
 Open-air exhibition space
 Covered exhibition space

Open-air exhibition space

 The landscape design shall be developed in keeping with the Theme and with
the Participant’s approach to it. Like architecture, the landscape shall also help
to tell intriguing stories about the pleasures of the table, delightful scents or
strange and curious stories related to food cultivation and processing.
Open spaces
 A minimum of 30% of each lot must be dedicated to open areas and greenery.
Excluding lot setbacks, the Open-air Exhibition Space represents around 50%
of each lot, where it is possible to build: Structures used for plants ensuring
soil permeability (e.g., trellises, pergolas, garden structures, planters).
Covered exhibition space
 Covered Exhibition Spaces are buildings or enclosed structures containing
exhibition areas or other spaces, including all overhanging upper floors or
balconies.
Height of buildings
 The height of the Covered part of Exhibition Space (or Building Height) must
be less than 12 meters.
 The height limit for any additional architectural elements (such as skylights,
roof elements, vertical connections to the roof, sunscreens, signals, etc.) is 17
meters.

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ART GALLERY
 A museum or gallery display is composed of permanent and temporary
exhibits in varying proportions.
 Temporary exhibitions can amplify and extend permanent exhibitions,
and provide an opportunity to display material normally kept in storage.
Certain basic guidelines apply to the wide field of designing for exhibits:
Walls: Uninterrupted surfaces are needed for displaying artifacts. Fabric-
covered or plasterboard-clad hardboard are easily repaired and can be fixed
directly to walls. These porous materials help to control relative humidity by
absorbing and releasing moisture.
Floors, poor finishes: Quiet, comfortable, attractive, hard-wearing, light-
reflective and capable of taking heavy loads. Usually wood, stone or carpet
are most suitable.

AMUSEMENT PARK
 Amusement Park is a group of entertainment attraction, rides and other
events in a location for the enjoyment of large number of people
 Where machines that provide winnings of goods or money are allowed in
gaming halls, they must be separated from the machines which are
designed for amusement only.
 It is permissible, however, for adjacent gaming and amusement arcades
to share the same toilet facilities.

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GAME ZONE
Amusement arcade (machine game)
Circulation
The horizontal circulation should be considered in these zones, because there are
many machines around these places, so is should be easily circulatory
Light and ventilation
The light and ventilation should be considered, because of many machines the
room may get so hot it should be well ventilated
Interior design
The interior design should be aesthetically good to attract the guest and the
design should be considered the age sex and etc.…
There are three primary sets of requirements which the sport arena designer
should clearly define and then keep in roper focus during the design/planning
process. They are: -
1. General planning requirements
 Project uses
 Seating capacity
 Influence
2. Guest requirement
 Toilet rooms
 Public/ private clubs
 Service
3. Operation and dressing rooms
 Administration offices
 Ticketing facilities
 Storage
 Locker and dressing rooms

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RECREATIONAL AREA
Action is performed solely for the
 Purpose of enjoyment
 Amusement of individuals
 Activities for fun
 Mentally or physically engaging activities
Type of recreational activities
 Two types of recreational activities
1. Active recreation
2. Passive recreation
Active recreation
 Are about engaging in sports or outdoor game
 Activity that requires significant infrastructure for the purpose of active sports
or organized event.
 Involves intensive management, maintenance and therefor higher costs.
 Involves outdoor activities like sport fields, playground and play area, golf
courses swimming pool, skating rinks
Passive recreation
 Involves outdoor activities like walking on the river side, nature observation,
hiking, canoeing or kayaking
 They require a minimum facility
 They have minimal environmental impact on the recreational site.

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Circulation
Classification of Circulation in recreational Facilities
 Circulations generally be classified into two main groups, namely:
vehicular and pedestrian circulations
Vehicular Circulation
 Vehicular circulation spaces are spaces provided mainly for vehicular
traffics, maneuvering and Parking (Roadways, junctions, parking and
turning spaces).
 These involve all automobiles such as cars, buses, bicycles,
motorcycles, and other vehicles that ply roads within and around the
shopping facility.
Pedestrian Circulation
 Pedestrian circulation spaces include footpaths, walkways and other spaces
(Ramp, staircases, lift, escalator and corridor) which are exclusively used by
pedestrian with little or no vehicle interference.

LANDSCAPE
 The design of external spaces outside and between buildings, whether
urban or rural, public or private, covers a wide variety of elements and
requires considerable knowledge of the location, materials and
construction

WALKWAYS
 Full physical ability is a temporary condition. Most people become less
than fully mobile at some time, perhaps carrying shopping or parcels;
pregnancy; a sprained ankle; a dizzy spell; a broken high heeled shoe;
or just the normal course of ageing.

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Widths of pedestrian routes

 These vary with the purpose of the route, the intensity of use and with the
situation.
 As a general rule of thumb, provide 600mm width for each pedestrian walking
abreast: which suggests 2m minimum for public walkways

STEPS Tread/riser

Landings
 Long flights of steps are frightening and exhausting. Landings should be
provided after twelve to fourteen steps to provide a pause or a change of
direction.
 The height between stairway landings is an important factor for psychological
reasons as well as for human endurance.
 The maximum should be 1.5m for visual coherence and invitation between
adjacent levels. Lower heights are preferred

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RAMPS Pedestrian ramps

 These are used to allow wheeled vehicles such as trolleys, wheelchairs
and buggies to change levels. The important criteria are the angle of
slope, the type of surfacing and the drainage of surface water.
 Ramps are essential for those who use wheelchairs. The angle of slope
may vary depending upon the location.
 Ramps should have a landing at least every 9.0m of length
Slopes
 Outdoor ramps should generally be no steeper than 5 per cent; when
enclosed and protected the maximum gradient is 8.5 per cent.
 Dropped kerbs are an exception, 12 per cent being acceptable if the
running distance less than 1 m.
HANDRAILS
 Handrails should be provided to all stairways and ramps, and may also be installed
along paths to assist less mobile people.
 They are important for safety, for support and for guidance of those with visual
difficulties.

SEATING
Benches and other forms of outdoor seating
 These are important. Reasons to sit vary widely, and many people find it
essential to find a readily available place to rest.
 The placing should be carefully considered. Avoid situations attractive to
vagrants and alcoholics.
 Benches should be designed for comfort. Illustrates preferred Height and the
seating angle for outdoor benches

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Wall seating
 Walls designed for sitting on are typically 400–450mm
wide, and between 350 and 550mm in height, 400mm
being most common, for the elderly, a greater height is
preferred
Litter bins
 Open-top varieties are the easiest but allow snow and
rain to collect.
 Semi open tops prevent entry of snow and rain and
are relatively easy to operate.
 Hinged-door varieties prevent entry of snow and
rain, but many people find them difficult to use.
BARRIERS
The purposes of barriers are
 Privacy
 Safety
 Security
 Boundary definition
 Circulation control
 Environmental modification – climate, noise, etc.
 Appearance.
Chain barriers
These, especially when lower than 790mm in
height, are hazardous to pedestrians, cyclists,
and motorcyclists since they are difficult to
see, they are also difficult to detect by visually
impaired cane users unless they are lower than
670 mm.

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Outdoor Amphitheaters
Outdoor theaters with semi-circular, fan-shaped, or elongated auditorium facing a
grass, masonry or wooden stage. The historic amphitheaters took its name from the
Greek amphi referring to the seating around or on both sides of a performance
space

Circulation in landscape
 Circulation and spatial management are import for efficiency, connectivity and
defines how we use and move within the landscape.
 Design with flow and circulation creates a more balanced and versatile
landscape.
 Creating spaces with specific functions and purpose will result in a greater a
more balanced use of the space.
 Radial
 Clustered
 Grid Etc.
Landscape components
 Circulation system
 Furnishing
 Parking
 Plant material
 Lighting
EMERGENCY STAIRWAY
 In many types of buildings, interior exit stairways must be enclosed with walls
having a fire-resistance rating, to prevent spread of smoke and flames.
 It has to have enough light, natural and also artificial light.

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REFERENCE
 Wikipedia
 Metric hand book (page 109-117)
 Architects hand book
 Time saver
 Senior literature review (Abel seid’s)

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Thank you

36 BY DIANA HAILE AND ABREHAM JEMBER