JEE Main Exam 2024 Syllabus

Ionic Equilibrium
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes,
various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis)
and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization)
and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect,
hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly
soluble salts and solubility products, and buffer solutions.
IONIC EQULIBRIUM (2019-23)
(𝟏) 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 & 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑 %
(𝟐) 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐇 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 & 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 7.72%
(𝟑) 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐇 𝐨𝐟 𝐖𝐞𝐚𝐤 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐬 & 𝐖𝐞𝐚𝐤 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝟖. 𝟓𝟑%
𝟒 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐇 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐭 𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬 𝟔. 𝟑𝟗%
𝟓 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐇 𝐢𝐧 𝐖𝐞𝐚𝐤 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐌𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝟑. 𝟐𝟎%
𝟔 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐇 𝐌𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗%
4.13%
7.72%
2.19%
3.20%
6.39% 8.53%

Subtopic wise weightage in

JEE MAIN Exam
 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒔 & 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟒. 𝟏𝟑%)

EXAMPLE [2010]
Three reactions involving H2PO4– are given below ;
(a) H3PO4 + H2O → H3O+ + H2PO4–
(b) H2PO4– + H2O → HPO42– + H3O+
(c) H2PO4– + OH– → H3PO4 + O2–
In which of the above does H2PO4– act as an acid ?
(1) (a) only (2) (b) only (3) (a) and (b) (4) (c) only

Solution

Ans. (2)
 [JEE MAINS 2014]
EXAMPLE
The conjugate base of hydrazoic acid is
(1) N3- (2) N3– (3) N2– (4) HN3–

Solution

Ans. (2)
 [JEE MAINS 2021]
EXAMPLE
Which of the following compound cannot act as a Lewis base ?
(1) SF4 (2) PCl5 (3) ClF3 (4) NF3

Solution

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2020]
Given below are two statements one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is
labelled as Reason R:
Assertion A : The amphoteric nature of water is explained by using Lewis
acid/base concept.
Reason R : Water acts as an acid with NH3 and as a base with H2S.
In the light of the above statements choose the correct answer from the
options given below :
(1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(2) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(3) A is true but R is false.
(4) A is false but R is true.

Solution

Ans. (4)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2020]

For the following Assertion and Reason, the correct option is :

Assertion : The pH of water increases with increase in temperature.
Reason : The dissociation of water into H+ and OH– is an exothermic reaction.
(1) Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct
explanation for the assertion.
(2) Both assertion and reason are false.
(3) Assertion is not true, but reason is true.
(4) Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct
explanation for the assertion.

Solution

Ans. (2)
 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝑯 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒔 & 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟕. 𝟕𝟐%)

EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2013]

How many litres of water must be added to 1 litre of an aqueous solution of

HCl with a pH of 1 to create an aqueous solution with pH of 2 ?
(1) 0.1 L (2) 0.9 L (3) 2.0 L (4) 9.0 L

Solution

Ans. (4)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]
An analyst wants to convert, 1L HCl of pH = 1 to a solution of HCl of pH 2.
The volume of water needed to do this dilution is ______ mL
Solution

Ans. (9000)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]

The pH of a solution obtained by mixing 50 mL of 1 M HCl and 30 mL of 1 M

NaOH is x × 10–4.
The value of x is __________. (Nearest integer)
[log 2.5 = 0.3979]
Solution

Ans. (6021)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]
pH value of 0.001 M NaOH solution is______.

Solution

Ans. (11)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]

200 mL of 0.01 M HCl is mixed with 400 mL of 0.01M H2SO4.

The pH of the mixture is ____.
(1) 1.14 (2) 1.78 (3) 2.34 (4) 3.02

Solution

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

Millimoles of calcium hydroxide required to produce 100 mL of the aqueous

solution of pH 12 is x × 10–1.
The value of x is _______ (Nearest integer).

Solution

Ans. (5)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

600 mL of 0.01M HCl is mixed with 400 mL of 0.01 M H2SO4.

The pH of the mixture is______ × 10–2. (Nearest integer)
[Given log 2 = 0.30, log 3 = 0.48, log 5 = 0.69, log 7 = 0.84, log 11 = 1.04]

Solution

Ans. (186)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

When the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] changes by a factor of 1000,

The value of pH of the solution ___.
(1) increases by 1000 units (2) decreases by 3 units
(3) decreases by 2 units (4) increases by 2 units

Solution
 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝑯 𝒐𝒇 𝑾𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒔 & 𝑾𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝟖. 𝟓𝟑%)

EXAMPLE [2011]

An acid HA ionises as
HA H+ + A–
The pH of 1.0 M solution is 5. Its dissociation constant would be :-
(1) 1 × 10–10 (2) 5 (3) 5 × 10–8 (4) 1 × 10–5

Solution

Ans. (1)
 EXAMPLE [2012]
The pH of a 0.1 molar solution of the acid HQ is 3.
The value of the ionization constant, Ka of this acid is ;
(1) 1 × 10–7 (2) 3 × 10–7 (3) 1 × 10–3 (4) 1 × 10–5

Solution

Ans. (4)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]

Ka for butyric acid (C3H7COOH) is 2 × 10–5.

The pH of 0.2 M solution of butyric acid is ___ × 10–1. (Nearest integer)
[Given log 2 = 0.30]

Solution

Ans. (27)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]

Consider the following statements

(a) The pH of a mixture containing 400 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 and 400 mL of 0.1 M
NaOH will be approximately 1.3.
(b) Ionic product of water is temperature dependent.
(c) A monobasic acid with Ka = 10–5 has a pH = 5. The degree of dissociation
of this acid is 50%.
(d) The Le Chatelier's principle is not applicable to common-ion effect.
the correct statement are :
(1) (a), (b) and (d) (2) (a), (b) and (c)
(3) (a) and (b) (4) (b) and (c)

Solution

Ans. (2)
 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝑯 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒕 𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔 (𝟔. 𝟑𝟗%)

EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2017]

pKa of a weak acid (HA) and pKb of a weak base (BOH) are 3.2 and 3.4,
respectively. The pH of their salt (AB) solution is
(1) 7.2 (2) 6.9 (3) 7.0 (4) 1.0

Solution

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2019]

The pH of a 0.02M NH4Cl solution will be

(Given ; Kb(NH4OH)=10–5 & log2=0.301)
(1) 4.65 (2) 5.35 (3) 4.35 (4) 2.65

Solution

Ans. (2)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

If the pKa of lactic acid is 5, then the pH of 0.005 M calcium lactate solution
H
|
at 25° C is ______ × 10–1 (Nearest integer) ; Lactic acid CH3 − C − COOH
|
OH

Solution

Ans. (85)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]

The OH– concentration in a mixture of 5.0 mL of 0.0504 M NH4Cl and 2 mL of

0.0210 M NH3 solution is x × 10–6 M.
The value of x is _______. (Nearest integer)
(Given Kw = 1 × 10–14 and Kb = 1.8 × 10–5)

Solution

Ans. (3)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2022]
20 mL of 0.1 M NH4OH is mixed with 40 mL of 0.05 M HCl.
The pH of the mixture is nearest to :
(Given : Kb(NH4OH) = 1 × 10–5, log 2 = 0.30, log 3 = 0.48, log 5 = 0.69,
log 7 = 0.84, log 11 =1.04)
(1) 3.2 (2) 4.2 (3) 5.2 (4) 6.2

Solution

Ans. (3)
 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝑯 𝒊𝒏 𝑾𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝑴𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟎%)

EXAMPLE
An aqueous solution contains 0.10 M H2S and 0.20 M HCl. If the equilibrium
constants for the formation of HS– from H2S is 1.0 × 10–7 and that of S2– from
HS– ions is 1.2×10–13 then the concentration of S2– ions in aqueous solution is :
(1) 3 × 10–20 (2) 6 × 10–21 (3) 5 × 10–19 (4) 5 × 10–8

Solution
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2018]
An aqueous solution contains 0.10 M H2S and 0.20 M HCl. If the equilibrium
constants for the formation of HS– from H2S is 1.0 × 10–7 and that of S2– from

Solution
HS– ions is 1.2×10–13 then the concentration of S2– ions in aqueous solution is :

Ans. (1)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2021]

0.01 moles of a weak acid HA(Ka = 2.0 × 10–6) is dissolved in 1.0 L of 0.1 M HCl
solution. The degree of dissociation of HA is ________ × 10–5
(Round off to the Nearest Integer).
[Neglect volume change on adding HA. Assume degree of dissociation <<1]

Solution

Ans. (2)
 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝑯 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 (𝟐. 𝟏𝟗%) [JEE MAINS 2021]

EXAMPLE
Sulphurous acid (H2SO3) has Ka1 = 1.7 × 10–2 and Ka2 = 6.4 × 10–8.
The pH of 0.588 M H2SO3 is _______. (Nearest Integer)

Solution

Ans. (1)
 EXAMPLE [JEE MAINS 2023]

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

(A) The pH of 1 × 10–8 M HCl solution is 8.
(B) The conjugate base H2PO4– is HPO42–.
(C) Kw increases with increase in temperature.
(D) When a solution of weak monoprotic acid is titrated against a strong base
1
at half neutralisation point, pH = 2 pK a
Choose the correct answer from the option given below.
(1) (B), (C), (D) (2) (A), (D) (3) (A), (B), (C) (4) (B), (C)

Solution

Ans. (4)