HISTORICAL EVENT

9/11 Historical Event

History.com Staff (2011).9/11: Timeline of Events. Retrieved January 28, 2015,

fromHistory.com http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-timeline

On 11, September 2001 the US faced a terrorist attack that was carried out by “Osama

Bin Laden”. Four airplanes were hijacked in-flight and flown to the world trade center in New

York, the Pentagon, and one intended towards Washington D.C but crashed in Pennsylvania. In

this attacks nearly 3,000 people, were killed on the ground. It also caused the huge damage, and

most importantly destroyed the American’ hearts as it was a heartbreaking incident.

Melvyn, P., Leffler. (2011). September 11 in Retrospect: George W. Bush’s Grand

Strategy, Reconsidered. RetrievedJanuary28, 2015from Foreign Affairs

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/762320/September-11-attacks

In this article author discuss the effect of 9/11 incident on foreign policy of U.S and

historical perspective of this incident. After 9/11, we can begin to gain influence on US foreign

policy in the day terrorist attacks. 9/11 did change the focus of the president administration and

the foreign policy. But the government’s new approach a covering so much praise and so much

criticism, than contemporaries believed that change.

Enders, W., & Sandler, T.(2005). After 9/11 is it all different now?. Journal of Conflict

Resolution, 49(2), 259-277.

In this article author used the time series methods to investigate whether international

terrorism change after 9/11 and the consequent US-led, the "war on terror. When the 9/11 is
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preconceived break day, authors found that the hostage-taking incident logistical complexity

proportion has dropped all events and logistical simple, but deadly the explosion also increased

the proportion of fatal. Results of this study also suggest that the “war on terror” has some good

effects like “the absence of an increase in incidents and fewer hostage incidents” and also some

bad like” a greater reliance on deadly bombings”.

Nanto, D., K. (2004). 9/11 Terrorism: Global Economic Costs. Congressional Information

Service, Library of Congress.

The author examine the effect of 9/11 attack on global economies. Strategy behind the

Al-Qaeda 9/11 attacks was destruction of Western economic and impose some cost in terms of

direct and secondary of the United States and other countries. Direct costs are physical damage,

life and declining profitability, slowing world economic growth, capital losses of the stock

market. Indirect costs include higher insurance and freight charges, time, and resources

transferred from increased productivity and to protect the insured property, the loss of public

confidence as well as reduced demand for travel and tourism.

Bergen, P. (2006). What were the causes of 9/11? PROSPECT- LONDON-PROSPECT

PUBLISHING LIMITED, 126- 48.

However, in order to better understand the impact of the attack on the global front, it is

crucial to bear in mind the historical and contemporary reasons. Author has mention in his article

different causes of 9/11 attack. According to him Explanation of attacks can be divided into two

categories, one is “Plausible, but flawed” and other is “more credible”. In this article author

discussed the both categories in detail.

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O'Brien, J (2011). Historical Reflections: The Contested Meaning of 9/11. Retrieved from:

http://rhr.dukejournals.org/content/2011/111/5.abstract

Historical assessments of events need to be interpreted at different angles. Certain aspects

believe that it is part of Nostradamus’ prophecy. However, how to evaluate the former US

President George · W · Bush explained that it was an important factor, when looking the period

after 9/11.Bush explained the goal of the event to the US position, mainly because of the

“Freedoms and high ideals, and the attacks constituted a declaration of war, to which the United

States could respond in kind against targets of its choice.”

Khouri, R.G. (2006). Understand 9/11 in its full historical context. Retrieved from THE

DAILY STAhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/Sep/09/Understand-

911-in-its-full-historical-context.ashx#ixzz2PJy0RKvw.

There are larger Middle East, mainly from the total change in the time of democracy,

most countries are moving in this direction, now been replaced by a dictatorship. After the end

of the Cold War, which has frozen relations ideology in the Middle East, has been broken. And

there is the view that the United States, Britain and Israel policy in the Arab world dominated by

the majority of countries led to a pre-emptive system may change.

Christopher W. Hughes (2014). Reflections on Globalization, Security and 9/11.

http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/hughes/researchandpublications/

articles/globalisation_and_9.11_wrap.doc.

Author argues that after 9/11 globalization offers some conceptual ideas; that help in

understanding of contemporary security program. Different descriptions of globalization, alone

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or in combination can reveal the motivation and facilitation, as well as to respond to the existing

form of al-Qaeda and terrorism activities.9/11 is the growing globalization demonstration of

military strategy and strength, but at the same times its continuing restrictions. Actually 9/11

demonstrated the ability of the state, to meet their interests to guide globalization domestic

factors.

Goderis, B., & Versteeg, M. (2012). Human rights violations after 9/11 and the role

of constitutional constraints. The Journal of Legal Studies, 41(1), 131-164.

In this article author empirically examines the effect of the after 9/11 incident terror threat on

human rights. The authors indicate that after 9/11 there is increase in human rights violations

in the U.S and its allies. This increase is significantly smaller in countries with independent

judicial review but did not depend on the presence of veto players in the legislative branch.

Amadeo, K. (January 4, 2015).How the 9/11 Attacks Still Affect the Economy Today.

Retrieved January28, 2015, from About News.

http://useconomy.about.com/od/Financial-Crisis/f/911-Attacks-Economic-

Impact.htm

The 9/11 attacks had both instant and long-term impacts on economy, some of which

continue to this day. “The attacks caused the Dow to drop more than 600 points, the 2001

recession to deepen, and led to one of the biggest government spending programs in U.S.

history the War on Terror”. High spending on WAR on Terror is a biggest economic

impact of the 9/11 attacks, because higher defense spending cause of debt crisis in

United States.