EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES

Example 1:
If 𝐴 = 10𝑎𝑥 − 4𝑎𝑦 + 6𝑎𝑧 and 𝐵 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 ,
find (a) the component of A along 𝑎𝑦 ,
(b) the magnitude of 3𝐴 − 𝐵,
(c) a unit vector along 𝐴 + 2𝐵.

Example 2:
Points 𝑃 and 𝑄 are located at (0, 2, 4) and (−3, 1, 5)
Calculate
a) The position of vector 𝑟𝑝
b) The distance vector from 𝑃 and 𝑄
c) The distance between 𝑃 and 𝑄
d) A vector parallel to 𝑃𝑄 with magnitude of 10

Example 3:
Given vectors:
𝐴 = 3𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 and 𝐵 = 2𝑎𝑦 − 5𝑎𝑧 , find the angle between A and B

Example 4:
Three field quantities are given by:
𝑃 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧
𝑄 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧
𝑅 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧
Determine:
a. (𝑃 + 𝑄) × (𝑃 − 𝑄)
b. 𝑄. 𝑅 × 𝑃
c. 𝑃. 𝑄 × 𝑅
 d. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑄𝑅
e. 𝑃 × (𝑄 × 𝑅)
f. A unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑄 and 𝑅
The component of 𝑃 along 𝑄

Example 5:
Show that points 𝑃1 (5, 2, 4); 𝑃2 (1, 1, 2); and 𝑃3 (−3, 0, 8) all lie on a straight line.
Determine the shortest distance between the line and point 𝑃4 (3, −1, 0)

Exercises:
1. Given vectors 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎𝑧 and 𝐵 = 5𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 6𝑎𝑧 , determine
(a) |𝐴| + |𝐵|
(b) 5𝐴 − 𝐵
(c) The component of 𝐴 along 𝑎𝑦
(d) A unit vector parallel to 3𝐴 + 𝐵
Answer: (a) 7, (b) (0, 22, 21), (c) 0, (d) ±(0.9117, 0.2279, 0.3419).

1. Given points 𝑃(1, −3,5), 𝑄(2,4,6) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅(0,3,8) find

a. The position vectors of 𝑃 and 𝑅
b. The distance vector 𝑟𝑄𝑅
c. The distance between 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅
Answer: (a) 𝑎𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦 + 5𝑎𝑧 , 3𝑎𝑥 + 8𝑎𝑧 ; (b) −2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧 ; (c) 3
2. If 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎2 and 𝐵 = 5𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 6𝑎𝑍 , find 𝜃𝐴𝐵
Answer: 120.6°
3. Let 𝐸 = 3𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧 and 𝐹 = 4𝑎𝑥 − 10𝑎𝑦 + 5𝑎𝑧
a. Find the component of 𝐸 along 𝐹
b. Determine a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝐸 and 𝐹
Answer: a. (-0.2837, 0.7092, -0.3546); b. +/- (0.9398, 0.2734, -0.205)
4. If 𝑃1 is (1, 2, −3) and 𝑃2 is (−4,0,5), find
 a. The distance 𝑃1 𝑃2
b. The vector equation of the line 𝑃1 𝑃2
c. The shortest distance between the line 𝑃1 𝑃2 and the point 𝑃3 (7, −1,2)
Answer: a. 9.644; b. (1 - 5λ)𝑎𝑥 + 2(1- λ)𝑎𝑦 + (8λ – 3) 𝑎𝑧

Exercises.
1. Under the Problems section on page 25 of Elements of
Electromagnetics by N.O. Sadiku (2018), Solve the following problems:
a. Problem 1.2
b. Problem 1.3
c. Problem 1.6
d. Problem 1.8
e. Problem 1.10