A Review on Multi-Port Bidirectional Isolated and

Non-Isolated DC-DC Converters for Renewable

Applications
2022 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) | 978-1-6654-5566-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/PEDES56012.2022.10080049

Ravi Kumar Kanaparthi Jay Prakash Singh Makarand Sudhakar Ballal

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept.of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering
VNIT, Nagpur, India VNIT, Nagpur, India VNIT, Nagpur, India
Email: dt21eee011@students.vnit.ac.in Email: jayprakashsingh@eee.vnit.ac.in Email: msballal@eee.vnit.ac.in

Abstract—To provide a sustainable energy infrastructure, the
need for renewable energy development is necessary and we
need to develop a multi-port bidirectional DC-DC converter
topologies to control the power flow among the modules such
as photo voltaic (PV), batteries, energy storage systems (ESS),
load, and grid. This paper discusses the various bidirectional
isolated and non-isolated DC-DC converter topologies, that are
helpful to regulate the power flow in both directions and the
high frequency of an isolated transformer between the source
and the load. Which leads to many advantages such as safety,
flexibility to establish new modules, electromagnetic isolation,
high gain, and the ability to transfer large amount of power
density. An isolated high-frequency bidirectional dual active
bridge power converter is presented to control the power flow in
multi-port DC distribution network. Major findings and remarks
on the bidirectional isolated and non-isolated DC-DC converters
are presented and also the comparison of bidirectional DC-DC
converters is presented .
Index Terms—Bidirectional isolated and non-isolated DC-
DC converters, bi directional power flow management, high-
frequency isolation transformer (HFT), multi-port bidirectional
dual active bridge converter to control the power flow between
various modules such as photo voltaic (PV), energy storage
systems (ESS), batteries, grid, and DC loads.
side. To overcome this drawback, we can go for isolated DC-
DC converters. The advantages of isolated DC-DC converters
[3] are potential isolation, safety, electromagnetic isolation,
isolation between the input side and the output side [4], and
flexibility to establish new modules. The buck converter [5]
can be used for low-power applications(up to 15-150 Watts)
for battery charging purposes such as smartphones, laptops,
tablets, portable battery packs, and flashlights. The majority
of these devices use 3.7V batteries and the computer’s main
supply voltage is 12V is stepped down to lower voltages
needed by USB, DRAM, and CPU which are typically 5V,
3.3V, and 1.8V. The boost converter can be utilized for medium
and high-power applications (up to 1200 Watts), including
photovoltaic (PV) applications (MPPT), such as solar energy,
and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) (Karimi 2022a). The buck-
boost converter can be used in applications(up to 300 Watts)
such as gadgets like smartphones, iPods, laptops, and personal
computers. The cuk converter can be used in applications(up
to 500 Watts) like electric vehicles (EV) [6].
The remaining document is aligned as follows. The many

I. I NTRODUCTION
LOBAL environmental changes due to climate change
G and depletion of conventional fossil fuels reserves are
driving society’s quest for a sustainable energy infrastructure
[1]. The scope of non-conventional renewable energy develop-
ment is becoming more significant, yet its output has variable
and intermittent nature. Hence energy storage systems (ESS)
are used to compensate for the source variations [2]. Managing
the power flow among the several modules such as photo
voltaic (PV), wind, energy storage systems (ESS), battery,
and the grid is a big challenging problem. In this regard, the
implementation of DC-DC power converters are play a major Fig. 1: Classification of DC-DC converter topologies.
role.
In fact, the input side and output side of conventional non- topologies for DC-DC converters are described in Section II.
isolated DC-DC converters like a buck, boost, and buck-boost The proposed multi-port DC distribution network is presented
converters are connected to the same potential (no isolation). in section III. The voltage fed bidirectional dual-active bridge
The drawback of non-isolated DC-DC converters is if any converter is described in section IV. Finally, section V con-
problem occurs on the output side it will impact the input cludes the manuscript.

978-1-6654-5566-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on January 02,2024 at 11:43:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 II. DC-DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
A. Non-isolated DC-DC converters:
Figure 1 depicts the classification of bidirectional DC-DC
converter topologies. Based on the switching topology, DC-
DC converters are primarily divided into two groups: isolated
and non-isolated. Due to the lack of an isolation transformer,
non-isolated converters are simple in design, lightweight, less Fig. 3: Bidirectional cuk/SEPIC/ZETA converter.
cost, and have less size. The main problem of these converters
is the common potential in between input and output, if any
problem occurs on the output side it impacts the input side passive components increases which increases the complexity
and is not safe in the case of high-power applications. of the system.
(1). Bidirectional Buck-Boost converter: Figure 2 depicts the (4). Switched capacitor converter: Figure 5 shows the bidi-
bidirectional buck-boost converter [7]. These converters have
polarity reversal and the output voltage is less or greater than
the input voltage. It operates in either buck mode or boost
mode to transfer the power in both directions. When V1 >V2
, the power transfer from the source to the battery during the
charging mode (Buck mode), and V1 <V2 , the power transfer
from the battery to the source during the discharging mode
(Boost mode). If D < 0.5, it operates in buck mode, and
D > 0.5, it gives the boost mode of operation.
(2). Bidirectional Cuk/SEPIC/ZETA converters: The bidi- Fig. 4: Bidirectional interleaved converter.

rectional switched capacitor converter [10]. The switched

capacitor converters are mainly used for high-voltage gain
applications. This converter can be referred to as an inductors-
less converter due to the absence of inductors and it is simple
in structure, and low cost due to its lighter weight. The main
drawback of this converter is high voltage stress across the
switching device and capacitors.
(5). Cascaded converters: The bidirectional cascaded con-

Fig. 2: Bidirectional buck-boost converter.

rectional cuk converter [8] is shown in Fig.3. It is the best

option for interfacing the supercapacitor and battery circuits
due to the input side inductor (L1 ) and output side inductor
(L2 ), which reduces the input and output current ripples. In the
forward mode of power flow, Q1 acts as a controlled switch,
and Q2 is turned off but the body diode of Q2 acts as the
main diode. Similarly, in the backward mode of power flow,
Q2 acts as a controlled switch and Q1 is turned off but the
diode of Q1 acts as the main diode. The output voltage of the
cuk converter has opposite polarity but the sepic/zeta converter
has no opposite polarity like cuk converter. This converter
functions as a sepic converter while it is operating in the
forward direction, and as a zeta converter when it is operating
in the reverse direction.
(3). Interleaved converter: The bidirectional interleaved DC-
DC power converter [9] is shown in Fig. 4. By splitting
the current into several paths, current ripples and conduction
losses can be reduced as well as inductor and capacitor size
also be reduced thereby increasing the power density. When
the number of phases of the interleaved DC-DC converter in-
creases, the output voltage ripple decreases but the number of
Fig. 5: Bidirectional switched capacitor converter.
verter [11] is depicted in Fig. 6. These converters are mostly
employed to obtain high voltage gain and for voltage-boosting
reasons. High switching stress, lower efficiency, additional
components, and control complexity are drawbacks of these
converters.
(6). Coupled inductors converter: To produce a high voltage
gain, coupled inductors [12] are typically utilized, and the
tapped series capacitor is proposed to achieve soft switching.
It forms a resonant tank and it reduces the switching stress
and switching losses.
(7). Switched inductor converter: Switched inductors have
voltage-boosting capability and are suitable for medium power
applications due to less current ripples. The main disadvan-

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on January 02,2024 at 11:43:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig. 6: Bidirectional cascaded converter.
tages are more number of components and the complexity of
control.
B. Isolated DC-DC converters:
To overcome the drawbacks of non-isolated DC-DC con-
verters, we have concentrated and focused on isolated DC-DC
converters for low, medium, and high-power applications.
(1). Flyback converter: Figure 7 represents the bidirectional
flyback converter [13], [14]. It is an isolated buck-boost con-
verter that is used for low-power applications. When the switch
(S1 ) is turned on, the energy is stored in the primary side
inductor of the isolated transformer but no energy is delivered
to the load and the load is supplied by the freewheeling output
capacitor. When the switch (S1 ) is turned off, the stored energy
in the primary side inductor is delivered to the load. The
output voltage is controlled by two parameters one is the duty
ratio and the other is the turns ratio. Where D is the duty
ratio and n is the turns ratio. The main drawbacks of flyback
converter are high voltage stress across the switching device
and the transformer core must be made large. The output side
is composed of an active switch for bidirectional operation.
Fig. 7: Bidirectional Flyback converter.
(2). Half Bridge converter: The bidirectional half-bridge con-
verter is depicted in Fig. 8. The half-bridge converter [15]
can be used for medium power applications (up to 500 watts).
High power density and soft switching are features of dual
half-bridge bidirectional converters, which are better suited for
use in electric vehicle applications.
(3). Full Bridge converter: The full bridge converter [16]
can be used for high-power applications up to 2000 watts or
2kW. The output voltage of the full bridge converter can be
expressed by equation (1)
N2
Vo = D ∗ 2Vs ( ) (1)
N1
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on January 02,2024 at 11:43:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fig. 8: Bidirectional half bridge converter.
III. MULTI-PORT BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC
CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
The classic DC distribution network is shown in Fig. 9(a). In
this network, DC-DC converters are connected to low-voltage
and medium-voltage bus as well as DC units like solar, wind,
energy storage systems, batteries, and dc loads. In this DC
TABLE I: Major findings and remarks on bidirectional isolated
and non-isolated DC-DC converters from the literature.
Major
S.No Remarks
findins noted
High duty Conduction losses are increases
1
ratio due to high rms current passing through the
switch.
2
Parasitic High voltage spikes across the switching
inductance device by choosing the higher turns ratio.
Hard Simultaneously existing both voltage and
3
switching current during the transition period it leads
to high switching losses.
Switching Switching losses due to high voltage stress
4
losses and current stress it leads to maintaining the
larger heat sink.
High
5 switching Switching losses are increased but the
frequency converter size can be reduced
6 Circulating current Negative current is passing through the
leakage inductance of DAB
Soft switching techniques such as ZVS-
7 Proposed zero voltage switching, ZCS-zero current
switching are the best option to minimize the
switching losses.
distribution network [17], each DC unit is connected with a
separate DC-DC converter as a result of this size is increased,
and cost also increases. To compensate for this shortcoming
the multi-port DC solid-state transformer (MDCSST) is the
best option instead of connecting number of converters with
each DC unit [18] and is represented in Fig. 9(b). All DC mod-
ules are connected with the single multi-port DC solid-state
transformer. The advantages of the solid-state transformer are
the number of converters is reduced, the volume and weight of
the system is decreased, saving cost, and power management
among the modules is achieved, providing galvanic isolation
between each DC unit. Due to their fluctuating output, energy
storage systems (ESS) are an important backup for the power
supply, particularly for renewable energy systems. Dual-active-
bridge (DAB) [19] converter has become a best option for the
 (a) (b)
Fig. 9: Multi-port DC distribution network (a) Traditional DC distribution network. (b) Modified multi-port DC distribution
network.

energy storage systems. Figure 10 represents the bidirectional and current are presented in Fig.11. The bidirectional power
DAB converter that can be used in high-power applications
like photo voltaic (PV) such as solar and wind and microgrids.
The advantages of DAB are wide voltage transfer ratio, bi-
directional power flow, ZVS-zero voltage switching, isolation
between source and load, vehicle-to- grid capability (V2G).
IV. VOLTAGE FED BIDIRECTIONAL ISOLATED DC-DC
CONVERTER : (DAB)

Fig. 11: Model voltage and current waveforms of dual active

Fig. 10: Bidirectional dual active bridge converter. bridge converter.

Dual active bridge converter [20], [21] consists of two
bridges one is a DC/AC converter (Inverter) and the other
one is AC/DC converter (Rectifier). Two bridges are isolated
by an electromagnetic isolating transformer with a 1:n turns
ratio. Two square waveforms with a 50 percent duty cycle
are produced by two complete bridges. Bidirectional power
flow can be achieved by controlling the phase shift angle
between two bridges (Single phase shift-SPS). The converter
can get high efficiency when the input and output voltages are
matched. The DAB has various modes of operations [22]. The
various modes of operation of dual active bridge converter is
described in Table III and its model wave forms of voltage
flow can be expressed by the equation (2) [23]
V1 V2
P = sin ϕ (2)
X
Where V1 is the voltage appears across the primary side
winding, V2 is the voltage appears across the secondary side
winding, X is the leakage inductance in primary side winding,
ϕ is the Phase shift angle between V1 and V2 . The power
flow is controlled by controlling phase shift angle ϕ and duty
ratio (D). When ϕ < 0, the power flow from source to load
and ϕ > 0,the power flow from load to source. The impact
of high duty ratio, parasitic inductance, high switching losses

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on January 02,2024 at 11:43:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 TABLE II: A summary on topologies of bidirectional DC-DC converters.
Components
Power (in
Topology Features Demerits Efficiency Power density and Applications
Watts)
complexity
Galvonic isolation UPS and low 10 W or
High voltage stress
Flyback and good dynamic Low Low Less power less, up to
(2Vs)
performance applications 150 W
Snubber circuits are
Low and
required to minimize
Smaller transformer medium power
Forward the high voltage Moderare Moderare Less 100-500 W
core applications. Off-
spikes. Extra cost of
line supplies
the filter inductor
Current ripples in
input side and high
Smaller transformer Medium and
voltage stress across
Push Pull core but it is excited High High More high power 500-1000 W
switching devices
in both directions applications
and potential core
saturation problems
Medium power
Less no of semi High voltage stress is applications like
Half bridge Moderate Moderate Less 500 W
conductor devices limited to Vs Fuel cells and
batteries
Suitable for high
power
Suitable for
High voltage stress is applications like
Full bridge integrating Moderate High More 2000 W
limited to Vs electric vehicles
applications
and hybrid
electric vehicles
Multi port
Suitable for multi systems like
High input current
input multi output PV,Wind, above 2000
DAB ripples and Moderate High More
integrating batteries and W
circulating currents
applications energy storage
systems
These converters can
have output voltages
greater than or lees
Smart
than the input , but Produces negetive 10 W or less
Buck- Boost Low Low Less phones,ipads and
there is a polarity output up to 300 W
laptops
reversal.Simple in
structure and fewer
components
The input side
Polarity reversal in Charging
inductor acts as filter up to 500
Cuk between input and Low Moderare More batteries, Electric
to prevent large Watts
output voltages vehicles
harmonics
Sepic converters can
have output voltages
greater than or lees
than the input with
no polarity reversal. Charging up to 500
Sepic/Zeta High voltage stress Low Moderare More
Positive output batteries Watts
voltage and reduced
current ripples by
using auxiliary
branch
High voltage gain
More no of Electric vehicles above 500
Cascaded and lower current Moderate High More
components and smart grids Watts
stress
Charge pumps
and less current
Continues current above 500
Switched capacitor Low size and weight High High More ,more voltage
needs parallel strings Watts
applications
(high gain)
Useful for the
reducing the size of Voltage boosting
Voltage spikes due to
Interleaved the filter components High Low More applications to 50-200 W
leakage inductance
and low current meet the demand
ripples
High voltage
High voltage spikes
boosting capability High gain
Coupled due to leakage High Low Less 10-200 W
and low current applications
inductance
ripples
High voltage Need more no of High gain
Switched inductor Moderate Low More 50-150 W
boosting capability passive components applications

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on January 02,2024 at 11:43:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 TABLE III: Modes of operation of dual active bridge converter.
Mode of Duty ratio
S. NO Time duration Switching status
operation (D)
1 Mode:1 0 - t2 0.5
Q1 and Q4 - ON
2 Mode:2 t2 - t3 Q1 and Q4 - ON 0.5
Q5 and Q8 -ON
3 Mode:3 t3 - t4 Q2 and Q3 - ON 0.5
Q5 and Q8 -ON
4 Mode:4 t4 – t5 Q2 and Q3 - ON 0.5
Q6 and Q7 -ON
are noted in the Table I and summary of bidirectional DC-DC
converters are presented in Table II.
V. C ONCLUSION
This paper presented the topologies of bidirectional isolated
and non-isolated DC-DC converters based on the switching
topology and described the multi-port DC distribution net-
work. Major findings and remarks on the bidirectional isolated
and non-isolated DC-DC converters are presented in Table
I and also presented the comparison of various bidirectional
DC-DC converters in Table II . Elaborated the various modes
of operation of dual active bridge converter in Table III.
Finally, this manuscript is helpful to select the appropriate
bidirectional DC-DC converter to develop the sustainable
energy infrastructure.
R EFERENCES
[1] B. Mangu, S. Akshatha, D. Suryanarayana, and B. G. Fernandes, “Grid-
Connected PV-Wind-Battery-Based Multi-Input Transformer-Coupled
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Household Applications,” IEEE
Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 4,
no. 3, pp. 1086–1095, 2016.
[2] S. Power and P. Mars, “Renewable Integration in Hybrid AC / DC
Systems Using a Multi-Port Autonomous Reconfigurable,” vol. 36, no. 1,
pp. 603–612, 2021.
[3] I. Alhurayyis, A. Elkhateb, and D. J. Morrow, “Isolated and non-isolated
dc-to-dc converters for medium voltage dc networks: A review,” IEEE
Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2020.
[4] B. Chen, P. Wang, Y. F. Wang, S. H. Zhang, L. Yang, and R. L. Ji, “A
Bidirectional CDT-LC Resonant DC-DC Converter with a Wide Voltage
Range,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 67, no. 3, pp.
2009–2020, 2020.
[5] K.-I. Hwu and Y. Yau, “Two types of ky buck–boost converters,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2970–2980,
2009.
[6] R. Faraji, L. Ding, M. Esteki, N. Mazloum, and S. A. Khajehoddin,
“Soft-Switched Single Inductor Single Stage Multiport Bidirectional
Power Converter for Hybrid Energy Systems,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 11 298–11 315, 2021.
[7] A. Rodrı́guez-Lorente, A. Barrado, C. Calderón, C. Fernández, and
A. Lázaro, “Non-inverting and non-isolated magnetically coupled buck–
boost bidirectional dc–dc converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 11 942–11 954, 2020.
[8] L. Martinez-Salamero, J. Calvente, R. Giral, A. Poveda, and E. Fossas,
“Analysis of a bidirectional coupled-inductor cuk converter operating in
sliding mode,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Funda-
mental Theory and Applications, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 355–363, 1998.
[9] Y. Yang, J. Ma, C. N.-M. Ho, and Y. Zou, “A new coupled-inductor
structure for interleaving bidirectional dc-dc converters,” IEEE journal
of emerging and selected topics in power electronics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.
841–849, 2015.
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI. Downloaded on January 02,2024 at 11:43:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Voltage across the
Primary voltage Secondary voltage
Leakage inductor
(VP1) (VS1)
(VL)
VP 1 =VS =Vbat =V1 VS1 = - nVS = -V2 VL =V1 + V2
VP 1 =VS =Vbat =V1 VS1 = nVS = V2 VL = V1 - V2
VP 1 =VS =Vbat = -V1 VS1 = nVS = V2 VL = -(V1 + V2 )
VP 1 =VS =Vbat = -V1 VS1 = - nVS = -V2 VL = V2 - V1
[10] H. S. Chung, W. Chow, S. Hui, and S. T. Lee, “Development of
a switched-capacitor dc-dc converter with bidirectional power flow,”
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and
Applications, vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 1383–1389, 2000.
[11] R. Hu, J. Zeng, Z. Yu, Z. Yan, and J. Liu, “Secondary side cascaded
winding-coupled bidirectional converter with wide zvs range and high
conversion gain,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in
Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1444–1454, 2019.
[12] L. Jiang, C. C. Mi, S. Li, M. Zhang, X. Zhang, and C. Yin, “A novel soft-
switching bidirectional dc–dc converter with coupled inductors,” IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2730–2740,
2013.
[13] I. Alzuguren, A. Garcia-Bediaga, A. Avila, M. Vasic, and A. Rujas,
“Ultra-Versatile Power Converter based on a Multi-Winding Flyback
Transformer for EV Application,” 2021 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propul-
sion Conference, VPPC 2021 - ProceedingS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 168–179,
2021.
[14] T. Bhattacharya, L. Umanand, V. S. Giri, and K. Mathew, “Multiphase
Bidirectional Flyback Converter Topology for Hybrid Electric Vehicles,”
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 78–84,
2009.
[15] M. Kumar, S. Pramanick, and B. K. Panigrahi, “Reduction in Circulating
Current With Improved Secondary Side Modulation in Isolated Current-
Fed Half Bridge AC-DC Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 5625–5636, 2022.
[16] T.-F. Wu, Y.-C. Chen, J.-G. Yang, and C.-L. Kuo, “Isolated bidirectional
full-bridge dc–dc converter with a flyback snubber,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1915–1922, 2010.
[17] Y. Zhuang, F. Liu, Y. Huang, S. Wang, S. Pan, X. Zha, and X. Diao,
“A multiport dc solid-state transformer for mvdc integration interface of
multiple distributed energy sources and dc loads in distribution network,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 2283–2296,
2021.
[18] C. Liu, Y. Jiang, Z. Pei, M. Shen, G. Cai, X. Song, D. Zhu, J. Wang,
H. Li, D. Guo et al., “Novel single-stage bidirectional isolated dc–ac
converter based on inversely coupled inductor,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 5594–5605, 2021.
[19] R. Haneda and H. Akagi, “Power-loss characterization and reduction
of the 750-v 100-kw 16-khz dual-active-bridge converter with buck and
boost mode,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 58, no. 1,
pp. 541–553, 2021.
[20] L. Tarisciotti, L. Chen, S. Shao, T. Dragičević, P. Wheeler, and
P. Zanchetta, “Finite control set model predictive control for dual active
bridge converter,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 58,
no. 2, pp. 2155–2165, 2021.
[21] B. Zhao, Q. Song, W. Liu, and Y. Sun, “Overview of dual-active-bridge
isolated bidirectional dc–dc converter for high-frequency-link power-
conversion system,” IEEE Transactions on power electronics, vol. 29,
no. 8, pp. 4091–4106, 2013.
[22] R. Naayagi, A. J. Forsyth, and R. Shuttleworth, “High-power bidirec-
tional dc–dc converter for aerospace applications,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4366–4379, 2012.
[23] S. Dey and A. Mallik, “Multivariable-modulation-based conduction loss
minimization in a triple-active-bridge converter,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 6599–6612, 2022.