Extended Summary 本文は pp.

705–713

Fault Detection and Classification in Transmission Lines Using ANFIS

Adel A. Elbaset Non-member (Faculty of Engineering, Minia University)
Takashi Hiyama Member (Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University)

Keywords: ANFIS technique, fault detection, classification, digital protection, transmission line

This paper presents an application of ANFIS approach for auto-
mated fault disturbance detection and classification in transmission
lines using measured data from one terminal of the transmission
line. The ANFIS design and implementation are aimed at high-
speed processing which can provide selection real-time detection
and classification of faults. The ANFIS has been proposed not only
to detect all shunt faults but also to identify the type of faults for
digital distance protection system. The proposed technique is able
to accurately identify the phase(s) involved in all ten types of shunt
faults that may occur in a transmission line. The ANFIS’s were
trained and tested using various sets of field data. The field data are
obtained from the simulation of faults at various points of a trans-
mission line using a computer program based on Matlab. Various
fault scenarios (fault types, fault locations and fault impedance) are
considered in this paper. The inputs to ANFIS’s are phase current
and voltage measurement available at the relay location based on
Root-Mean-Square values. The outputs of ANFIS’s are 1 or 0 for
detection of faults and type of fault. Through simulated process,
the results indicate that the speed and selectivity of the approach are
quite robust and provides adequate performance for a transmission
and distribution monitoring, control and protection applications. To
evaluate the performance of the proposed ANFIS protective scheme,
Let us consider a faulted transmission line extending between two
sources as shown in Fig. 1. The proposed system consists of three
procedures as in Fig. 1, Data acquisition and two ANFIS’s. The first
ANFIS used for fault detector (FD). The ANFIS for fault detector
output is indexed with either a value of 1 (the presence of a fault) or
0 (the non-faulty situation). The second ANFIS is used to identify
the type of fault located in the first protection zone of the transmis-
sion line covering 100% of the line length from the sending end data
only and classify the fault (i.e., a-g, b-g, c-g, ab, bc, ca, ab-g, bc-g,
ca-g).

Fig. 1. Faulted transmission line. PT: Potential Transformer, CT: Current Transformer, CB: Circuit-Breaker, FD:
Fault Detector, FC: Fault Classification

–6–
 Paper

Fault Detection and Classification in Transmission Lines Using ANFIS

Adel A. Elbaset∗ Non-member
Takashi Hiyama∗∗ Member

This paper presents an application of ANFIS approach for automated fault disturbance detection and classification
in transmission lines using measured data from one terminal of the transmission line. The ANFIS design and imple-
mentation are aimed at high-speed processing which can provide selection real-time detection and classification of
faults. The ANFIS has been proposed not only to detect all shunt faults but also to identify the type of faults for digital
distance protection system. The proposed technique is able to accurately identify the phase(s) involved in all ten types
of shunt faults that may occur in a transmission line. The ANFIS’s were trained and tested using various sets of field
data. The field data are obtained from the simulation of faults at various points of a transmission line using a computer
program based on Matlab. Various fault scenarios (fault types, fault locations and fault impedance) are considered in
this paper. The inputs to ANFIS’s are phase current and voltage measurement available at the relay location based on
Root-Mean-Square values. The outputs of ANFIS’s are 1 or 0 for detection of faults and type of fault. Through simu-
lated process, the results indicate that the speed and selectivity of the approach are quite robust and provides adequate
performance for a transmission and distribution monitoring, control and protection applications.

Keywords: ANFIS technique, fault detection, classification, digital protection, transmission line

ground or double line to ground). Wang et al. (13) Proposed an

1. Introduction
An overhead transmission line is one of the main com-
ponents in electric power system. The transmission line is
exposed to different types of faults such as phase-to-earth
fault, two-phase-to-earth fault, phase-to-phase fault, three-
phase fault. The fault detection and classification for the
transmission line is an important issue since identifying an
accurate fault detection can facilitate repairing the damage
and restoring the transmission line rapidly. The time needed
to detect the fault will affect the quality of the power de-
livery (1) . Therefore, an accurate fault detection on the line
is an important requirement for a permanent fault. On the
other hand, the fault classification is an important aspect of
transmission line protection. Many successful applications
of neural network have been reported in power system ar-
eas, such as, load forecasting, unit commitment, security as-
sessment and fault analysis (2) . Recent applications in pro-
tection have covered fault diagnosis for electric power sys-
tems (3) , transformer protection (4) and generator protection (5) .
Various successful approaches have been published describ-
ing applications of Artificial Neural Network, ANNs to fault
detection and location in transmission lines (1) (6)–(10) . On the
other hand, fault classification has been a topic of interest
for several years. Some of the important fault classifica-
tion techniques are: (i) neural network based techniques and
(ii) fuzzy and fuzzy-neural network based techniques. These
techniques are effective over wide variations in the operat-
ing conditions and hence are widely accepted for fault clas-
sification (11) . Ferrero et al. (12) proposed a fuzzy logic based
approach for identifying the type of fault (whether line to
∗
Minia University, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt, 61517
∗∗ Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
2-39-1, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555
improved method based on fuzzy-neural network approach
to determine whether the fault is of line to ground, line-to-
line or double line to ground type. As a further improvement,
Dash et al. (14) proposed a fuzzy-neural network based-on dis-
tance relaying scheme. Das et al. (15) proposed a fuzzy-logic
for fault classification. Both of these approaches can identify
all ten types of short circuit faults. Hines and Jang (16) (17) in-
troduced the Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference Sys-
tem, ANFIS. This system makes use of a hybrid learning
rule to optimize the fuzzy system parameters of first-order
Sugeno system. It is composed of five layers. Each layer is
the component of fuzzy inference system and performs dif-
ferent actions. Using back propagation method of training
a neural network, fuzzy premise and consequent parameters
are tuned properly. S.M. Yeo et al. (18) presented an algo-
rithm for fault detection and classification of low impedance
faults and high impedance faults using ANFIS. This algo-
rithm can detect and classify fault type in a transmission line
based on RMS value of phase currents and zero sequence cur-
rent. This paper presents a single-end fault detector for on-
line applications using ANFIS. Faults on transmission lines
need to be detected and classified accurately and cleared as
fast as possible. This paper brings up a novel application of
ANFIS to fault detection and classification scheme for high
speed relaying even in the presence of high fault impedance
in the fault path. To validate the proposed approach, exten-
sive simulation studies have been carried out using computer
program based on MATLAB for different types of fault con-
sidering wide variations in fault location, fault inception an-
gle, FIA, and fault impedance. This computer program has
been designed especially to generate fault data. The gener-
ated fault data can be used for trained and tested the pro-
posed technique. The proposed algorithm use the “fuzzy


c 2009 The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. 705
logic toolbox” (19) .
2. ANFIS Algorithm
The ANFIS is a fuzzy Sugeno model of integration where
the final fuzzy inference system is optimized via the ANNs
training. The ANFIS makes use of a hybrid learning rule to
optimize the fuzzy system parameters of first-order Sugeno
system, which can be graphically represented by Fig. 1. It
maps inputs through input membership functions and associ-
ated parameters, and then through output membership func-
tions to outputs.
The initial membership functions and rules for the fuzzy
inference system can be designed by employing human ex-
pertise about the target system to be modeled. Lou and
Loparo (20) refine the fuzzy if–then rules and membership
functions to describe the input/output behavior of a complex
system. Jang (21) showed that even if human expertise is not
available it is possible to intuitively set up reasonable mem-
bership functions and then employ the ANNs training pro-
cess to generate a set of fuzzy if–then rules that approximate
a desired data set. In order to improve the training efficiency
and eliminate the possible trapping due to local minima, a
hybrid learning algorithm is employed to tune the parameters
of the membership functions. It is a combination of the gradi-
ent descent approach and least-squares estimate. During the
forward pass, the node outputs advance until the output mem-
bership function layer, where the consequent parameters are
identified by the least squares estimate. The backward pass
uses the back propagation gradient descent method to update
the premise parameters, based on the error signals that prop-
agate backward. More detailed description about ANFIS can
be referred to Refs. (21) (22).
For a first-order Sugeno fuzzy model, a typical rule set with
two fuzzy if-then rules can be expressed as (18) :
Rule 1
If x1 is A1 and x2 is B1 , then y1 = p1 x1 + q1 x2 + r1 ,
Rule 2
If x1 is A2 and x2 is B2 , then y2 = p2 x1 + q2 x2 + r2 ,
Where
[A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 ] are called the premise parameters.
[pi , qi , ri ] are called the consequent parameters, i = 1, 2.
The consequent parameters (p, q, and r) of the nth rule con-
tribute through a first order polynomial of the form:
yn = pn x1 + qn x2 + rn (18)
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (1)
Where xn are the inputs, yn are the outputs within the fuzzy
region specified by the fuzzy rule, pn , qn , and rn are the de-
sign parameters that are determined during the learning pro-
cess.
2.1 ANFIS Hybrid Training Rule (16) (17) ANFIS con-
structs a fuzzy inference system (FIS) whose membership
function parameters are tuned (adjusted) using either a back
propagation algorithm alone, or in combination with a least
squares type of method. ANFIS is much more complex than
the fuzzy inference systems, and is not available for all of the
fuzzy inference system options. Specifically, ANFIS only
supports Sugeno-type systems, and these must have the fol-
lowing properties:
1. Be first or zeroth order Sugeno-type systems.
2. Have a single output, obtained using weighted average
706
Fig. 1. ANFIS architecture for a two-input, two-rule
first-order Sugeno model with [Jang 1995a]
defuzzification. All output membership functions
must be the same type and either be linear or constant.
3. Have no rule sharing. Different rules cannot share the
same output membership function, namely the num-
ber of output membership functions must be equal to
the number of rules.
4. Have unity weight for each rule (19) .
The ANFIS architecture consists of five layers with the out-
put of the nodes in each respective layer represented by Oli ,
where i is the ith node of layer l. The following is a layer by
layer description of a two input two rule first-order Sugeno
system.
Layer 1. Generate the membership grades:
Each node in this layer is an adaptive node. The outputs
of this layer are the fuzzy membership grade of the inputs,
which are given by
O1i = μAi (x) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (2)
Where O1i is membership function of μAi (x) and A is the lin-
guistic label associated with this node. In this layer parameter
of each MF are adjusted.
Layer 2. Generate the firing strengths.
The nodes are fixed nodes denoted as π, indicating that
they perform as a simple multiplier. Each node in this layer
calculates the firing strengths of each rule via multiplying the
incoming signals and sends the product out. The outputs of
this layer can be represented as
m
O2i = wi = μAi (x) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (3)
j=1
Layer 3. Normalize the firing strengths.
The nodes are also fixed nodes. They are labeled with N,
indicating that they play a normalization role to the firing
strengths from the previous layer. The ith node of this layer
calculates the ratio of the ith rule’s firing strength to the sum
of all rules’ firing strengths:
wi
O3i = w̄i = · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (4)
w1 + w2
Layer 4. Calculate rule outputs based on the consequent
parameters.
Each node in this layer is adaptive node and in this layer
parameters of output are adjusted. This output usually is a
linear function of input. The output of each node in this layer
is simply the product of the normalized firing strength and
a first-order polynomial. Thus, the outputs of this layer are
IEEJ Trans. IA, Vol.129, No.7, 2009
 Fault Detection and Classification Using ANFIS

given by

O4i = yi = w̄i fi = w̄i (pi x1 + qi x2 + ri ) i = 1, 2, 3, 4

· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (5)

Layer 5. Sum all the inputs from layer 4. 

There is only single fixed node labeled with . This node
performs the summation of all incoming signals. Hence, the
overall output of the model is given by
 
O51 = yi = w̄i fi = (w̄1 x1 )p1 + (w̄1 x2 )q1 Fig. 2. Faulted transmission line. PT: Potential Trans-
former, CT: Current Transformer, CB: Circuit-Breaker,
i i
FD: Fault Detector, FC: Fault Classification
+ w̄1 r1 + (w̄2 x2 )p2 + (w̄2 x2 )q2 + w̄2 r2 · · · · · · (6)

It is in this last layer that the consequent parameters can be

solved for using a least square algorithm. Let us rearrange
this last equation into a more usable form:
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ p1 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢⎢ q1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ Fig. 3. Process for generating input patterns and output
  ⎢⎢⎢⎢ r1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ of the ANFIS
y = w1 x1 w1 x2 w1 w2 x2 w2 x2 w2 ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥⎥ = XW
⎢⎢⎢ p2 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ q ⎥⎥⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
r2 analysis, fault classification and detection. An efficient fault
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (7) detection, classification and location scheme based on AN-
FIS technique is suitable for protection of transmission line.
When input-output training patterns exist, the weight vec- Fault detector module of a transmission line protective
tor (W), which consists of the consequent parameters, can be scheme can be used to start other relaying modules. Fault
solved for using a regression technique. detectors provide an additional level of security in a relaying
application as well. In order to build up an ANFIS the input
3. Fault Detection and Classification Algorithm
parameters of each fault type should be determined precisely.
3.1 Power System under Study To evaluate the per- In Fig. 2, the input data are measured based-on RMS values
formance of the proposed ANFIS protective scheme, Let us for current in phase a, phase b and measured RMS values for
consider a faulted transmission line extending between two voltage for phase a and phase b. ANFIS employ the theory
sources as shown in Fig. 2. The faulted transmission line of fuzzy sets and fuzzy if-then rules to derive outputs. The
is represented by distributed parameters. A highly accurate outputs extracted form ANFIS used not only in discriminat-
transmission line simulation technique was utilized to gener- ing between transmission line healthy and/or faulty states but
ate voltage and current at the relay location (Sending end S) also used in classifying fault type. The ANFIS’s were trained
for different fault types, fault conditions and different power and tested in this paper to provide fault detection and classi-
system data. The parameters of the power system model of fication for the transmission line. The process of generating
Fig. 2 are as follows outputs of the ANFIS’s are depicted in Fig. 3.
• Line length = 200 km, The first ANFIS used for fault detector (FD). The ANFIS
• Source voltages: for fault detector output is indexed with either a value of 1
◦ Source S: V1 = 400 kV; source R: V2 = 400 kV, (the presence of a fault) or 0 (the non-faulty situation). The
where δ is the load angle; second ANFIS is used to identify the type of fault located
• Source impedance (both sources): in the first protection zone of the transmission line covering
◦ Positive sequence impedance = 1.31 + j15.0; 100% of the line length from the sending end data only and
◦ Zero sequence impedance = 2.33 + j26.6; classify the fault (i.e., a-g, b-g, c-g, ab, bc, ca, ab-g, bc-g,
• Frequency = 50 Hz; ca-g). To classify the fault, the following methodology has
• Transmission line impedance: been adopted. Initially, in order to represent the fault type
◦ Positive sequence impedance = 8.25 + j94.5; correctly, a binary coding system has been developed.
◦ Zero sequence impedance = 82.5 + j308; In this coding system, a 4 bit number is used to represent
◦ Positive sequence capacitance = 13 nF/km; the type of fault. Thus, for a line-to-ground (a-g) fault, the
◦ Zero sequence capacitance = 8.5 nF/km. 4 bit number would be 0-0-0-1. Similarly, for a line-to-line
The significant parameters above are randomly selected (bc) fault, the corresponding 4 bit number would be 0-1-1-
based on in real operations (11) . 0. Similarly, this 4 bit number also represents the other types
3.2 Fault Detection and Classification Methodology of fault. The complete binary coding system and equivalent
Using ANFIS Fuzzy logic techniques have superseded decimal numbers for representing all possible types of faults
conventional technologies in many scientific applications and is given in Table 1.
engineering systems. Fuzzy techniques are applicable in var- The output of the second ANFIS fell within the following
ious areas such as control, pattern recognition, quantitative Range:-

電学論 D，129 巻 7 号，2009 年 707

 Table 1. Fault code table
1. Less than 0.2 then it would be classed as ‘0’ i.e., a
healthy phase indication.
2. Greater than 0.8 and less than 1.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 1. According to Table 1, this number
would be 0-0-0-1 i.e., a faulted phase a indication i.e.
a-g fault.
3. Greater than 1.8 and less than 2.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 2. According to Table 1, this number
would be 0-0-1-0 i.e., a faulted phase b indication i.e.
b-g fault.
4. Greater than 2.8 and less than 3.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 3. According to Table 1, this number
would be 0-0-1-1 i.e., a faulted phase c indication i.e.
c-g fault.
5. Greater than 3.8 and less than 4.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 4. According to Table 1, this number
would be 0-1-0-0 i.e., a faulted phase-phase ab indica-
tion i.e. ab fault.
6. Greater than 4.8 and less than 5.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 5. According to Table 1, this number
would be 0-1-0-1 i.e., a faulted phase-to-phase indica-
tion i.e. bc fault.
7. Greater than 5.8 and less than 6.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 6. According to Table 1, this number
would be 0-1-1-0 i.e., a faulted phase-to-phase indica-
tion i.e. ca fault.
8. Greater than 6.8 and less than 7.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 7. According to Table 1, this number
would be 1-1-1-1 i.e., a DLG fault indication i.e. ab-g
fault.
9. Greater than 7.8 and less than 8.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 8. According to Table 1, this number
would be 1-0-0-0 i.e., a double line to ground, DLG
fault indication i.e. bc-g fault.
10. Greater than 8.8 and less than 9.2 then it was classed as
decimal number 9. According to Table 1, this number
would be 1-0-0-1 i.e., a DLG indication i.e. ca-g fault.
11. Greater than 9.8 and less than 10.2 then it was classed
as decimal number 10. According to Table 1, this
number would be 1-0-1-0 i.e., a three-phase fault in-
dication i.e. abc fault.
As shown from Fig. 2, the fault detection and classification
708
Fig. 4. Fuzzy inference systems for fault detection and
classification
algorithm is developed using ANFIS based on the character-
istics of faults. The proposed algorithm comprises of three
basic steps.
1- Acquire phase RMS currents,
2- Acquire phase RMS voltages,
3- Detect fault,
4- Classify fault type,
Typically an ANFIS scheme performs its action in several
steps including.
• Fuzzification (comparing the input values with member-
ship functions to obtain membership values of each linguistic
term for computing the truth values of the premise of each
rule in the rule base).
• Fuzzy reasoning (firing the rules and generating their
fuzzy or crisp consequents),
• Defuzzification (aggregating rule consequents to pro-
duce a crisp output) (23) (24) . The single fuzzy sets are converted
back to crisp values. The fuzzy processor block represents
the heart of the whole fuzzy-logic process. It evaluates the
overall truth grade of a set of rules that describe the sys-
tem in a “fuzzy” way. The investigations described here have
been done for a Sugeno-type FIS structure as shown in Fig. 4,
where the output of each rule (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ) is a linear com-
bination of input variables (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) plus a constant
term, the inner nodes (R1 , R2 , . . . . . . . . ., RN ) represent the
rules and the final output of ANFIS is the weighted average
of each rule’s output:
w1 y1 + w2 y2 + · · · · · · · · · + wn yn
Output = · · · · · · · · (8)
w1 + w2 + · · · · · · · · · · · · + wn
yk = ak x1 + bk x2 + ck x3 + dk x4 + fk · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (9)
wk = μ1k (x1 )μ2k (x2 )μ3k (x3 )μ4k (x4 ) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·(10)
Where; μik (xi ) ∈ {μiLow , μiMedium , μiHigh } membership func-
tions for linguistic terms Low, Medium, High associated with
the i-th input signal, wi -weighting factor for the i-th rule con-
sequent (24) . The membership function maps each input ele-
ment of x1 , x2 , x3 and x4 to a membership value between 0
and 1. The membership functions μik (xi ) and yik represents
the fuzzy sets which describe the antecedent’s consequents.
There are many membership function types. The selection
of the membership functions and their boundaries should ex-
press the performance of the fuzzy logic algorithm.
IEEJ Trans. IA, Vol.129, No.7, 2009
 Fault Detection and Classification Using ANFIS

4. Application of ANFIS and Results

The design process of the ANFIS fault detector and classi-
fier go through the following steps:
1. Generation a suitable training data.
In order to use the ANFIS technique for fault detection and
classification the input parameters limit should be determined
precisely. The input parameters are obtained from recording
devices sparsely located at sending end in a power system
network. Examples of recording devices may include digi-
tal fault recorders (DFR), digital relays, or other intelligent
electronic devices (IED).The output indicate where the fault
occurred and classified. Due to limited available amount of
practical fault data, it is necessary to generate training/testing
data using simulation. To generate data for the typical trans-
mission system, a computer program have been designed to
generate training data for different faults. The flow chart of
this computer program is shown in Fig. 5.
The computer program simulate fault for different fault
conditions. i.e. a-g, b-g, c-g, ab, bc, ca, ab-g, bc-g, ca-g, and
abc fault). The condition parameters that have been taken
into account for each fault type are:
( 1 ) Variation of fault impedance, [0 : 200] (Ω).
( 2 ) Variation of fault angle, [0 : 90] (degree).
( 3 ) Variation fault locator [1 : 200] km.
However, as it is not feasible to include in the paper all of the
numerical training/testing data due to space limitations, some
of the training/testing data are shown in Figs. 6–8.
2. Selection of a suitable ANFIS structure for a given ap-
plication.
Various ANFIS are designed to accurately detect and clas-
sify all types of faults on transmission lines.
3. Training the ANFIS.
In this step the suitable data which are collected in step (1)
are presented as input data to ANFIS’s. Various network con-
figurations were trained in order to establish an appropriate
network with satisfactory performances. The ANFIS’s are
trained to detect presence of fault, classify fault and finally
where the fault position is.
4. Evaluation of the trained ANFIS using test patterns until
its performance is satisfactory.
When Network is trained, ANFIS’s should be given an ac-
ceptable output for unseen data. When output of test pat-
tern and network’s error reached an acceptable range then,
fuzzy system is adjusted in the best situation which means
the membership functions and fuzzy rules are well adjusted. Fig. 5. Flowchart of the proposed computer program
All of these steps above are done off-line and when the
structure and parameters of ANFIS are adjusted, it can be
used as an on-line fault detector and classifier. taken for training for each fault type are:
4.1 ANFIS for Fault Detector To validate the pro- ( 1 ) Variation of fault impedance, [0 : 20 : 200] (Ω).
posed fault detection approach, it is necessary to pre-process ( 2 ) Variation of fault angle, [0 : 30 : 90] (degree).
training/testing data. In this respect, as mentioned before, the ( 3 ) Variation fault locator [1 : 5 : 200] km.
required training and testing data was generated using com- The condition parameters that have been taken for testing
puter program for each case under study. Approximately, for each fault type are:
9896 training/testing set examples were prepared to evalu- ( 1 ) Variation of fault impedance, [0 : 30 : 200] (Ω).
ate the performance of the technique. Roughly, (7040) 71% ( 2 ) Variation of fault angle, [0 : 40 : 90] (degree).
of these cases were used for training of the ANFIS, and the ( 3 ) Variation fault locator [1 : 6 : 200] km.
other (2856) 29% were used for the subsequent testing. The The desired output of ANFIS is ideally “1” or “0”. The out-
algorithm was trained/tested for a wide variety of simulated put using ANFIS is shown in Fig. 9. It is evident from the re-
fault conditions. The condition parameters that have been sults obtained in the analysis that there are a small fluctuation

電学論 D，129 巻 7 号，2009 年 709

 Fig. 6. Relation between fault current, FIA and
impedance fault for single line to ground (SLG), line
length = 5 km
Fig. 7. Relation between fault current, impedance fault
and line length for double line (DL), FIA = 10◦
Fig. 8. Relation between fault current, FIA and
impedance fault for DLG, impedance fault = 30 Ω
in the ANFIS output around “1” and “0”. The difference be-
tween exact solution and fuzzy inference system predicted
is very small as shown in Fig. 10. This is why we can only
see one curve as shown in Fig. 9. In practice this fluctuation
can’t be avoided. So, in this paper if the output of ANFIS
fell within the range form “0” to “0.1” it would be classified
as “0” and if it fell within the range from “0.8” to “1.2” it
has been classified as “1”. The membership functions μiA (xi )
with its grade of membership in fuzzy sets associates for fault
detection are shown in Fig. 11.
Once the fault detection has been obtained by simulation,
it is very easy to make design for protection of transmission
710
Fig. 9. Results of testing ANFIS for fault detector
Fig. 10. Relation between RMS error and number of
test cases
Fig. 11. Membership function of inputs variable for
fault detection
line.
The parameters of ANFIS have adjusted via training (sim-
ilar as for neural network schemes). The structure of an AN-
FIS with four inputs and one output is shown in Fig. 12.
The ANFIS has the following design parameters:
• Type-Sugeno,
• Gaussian and Generalized bell-shaped membership
functions,
• Two linguistic terms for each input membership func-
tion,
• 16 linear terms for output membership functions,
• 16 rules (resulting from number of inputs and member-
ship function terms),
• Fuzzy operators: product (and), maximum (or), product
(implication), maximum (aggregation), average weight
IEEJ Trans. IA, Vol.129, No.7, 2009

(defuzzification).
There are 16 rules, which are sufficient to assign a detector
using ANFIS. Some of these rules are as follows:
1. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf1)
and (Vb is in4mf1) then (Output is out1mf1) (1)
2. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf1)
and (Vb is in4mf2) then (Output is out1mf2) (1)
3. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf2)
and (Vb is in4mf1) then (Output is out1mf3) (1)
4. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf2)
and (Vb is in4mf2) then (Output is out1mf4) (1)
5. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf2) and (Va is in3mf1)
and (Vb is in4mf1) then (Output is out1mf5) (1)
15. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf2)
and (Vb is in4mf2) then (Output is out1mf15) (1)
16. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf2) and (Va is in3mf1)
and (Vb is in4mf1) then (Output is out1mf16) (1)
4.2 ANFIS for Fault Classifier
ness of the developed algorithm, the fault simulation stud-
ies have been carried out under wide variation of fault
impedance, fault inception angle, FIA and fault distance. The
condition parameters that have been taken for training for
each fault type are:
( 1 ) Variation of fault impedance, [0 : 30 : 60 : 90 :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 200] (Ω).
( 2 ) Variation of fault angle, [0 : 15 : 30 : 45 : 60 :
90] (degree).
( 3 ) Variation fault locator [0 : 15 : 30 : 45 :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 200] km.
Fig. 12. Structure of ANFIS for fault detection
Table 2. ANFIS Output Corresponding to Zf = 30 Ω, FIA = 30◦
電学論 D，129 巻 7 号，2009 年
Fault Detection and Classification Using ANFIS
Therefore, there are 7 values for fault impedance, 7 values
for fault angle and 14 values for fault distance.
Thus, a total combination of 14 ∗ 7 ∗ 7 = 686 has been
chosen for fault simulation studies. For each of these com-
binations, all ten types of short-circuit faults can be applied
at any point on the transmission line. Hence, in aggregate,
different fault simulation studies are possible. The perfor-
mance of the proposed scheme has been trained for all of
these 10 ∗ 686 = 6860 training cases.
On the other hand, The performance of the proposed
scheme has been checked for different cases. The total com-
bination of test cases is 10 ∗ 200 = 2000 test cases. However,
as it is not feasible to include in the paper all of the numeri-
cal results corresponding to these 2000 test cases due to space
limitations, the output values (which indicate the fault type)
obtained from the ANFIS results for a few representative test
cases are shown in Fig. 13 and Table 2. It is evident from the
results obtained in the analysis that there are a small floata-
tion in the ANFIS output. The difference between exact so-
lution as indicated in Table 2 and ANFIS predicted is very
To test the robust- small as shown in Fig. 14. This is why we can only see one
curve as shown in Fig. 13. Now, from Fig. 13 and Table 2,
if the crisp output of the ANFIS lies between 0.8 and 1.2,
an “a-g” type of fault would be indicated and the “bc” type
of fault would be indicated if the crisp output of the ANFIS
lies between 4.8 and 5.2. The other types of fault would also
be indicated by the ANFIS in a similar fashion, depending
on the crisp output values. Hence, from the results given in
Fig. 13 and Table 2 it is observed that the proposed fault clas-
sification technique is capable of determining the fault type
accurately in all cases with accuracy of the proposed method
is 100 %. The membership functions μiA (xi ) with its grade
Fig. 13. Results of testing ANFIS for fault classification
711

Fig. 14. Relation between RMS error and number of
test cases for fault classification
Fig. 15. Membership function of input variables for
fault classification
of membership in fuzzy sets associates for fault classifier are
shown in Fig. 15.
The parameters of ANFIS have adjusted via training. The
ANFIS has the following design parameters:
• Type-Sugeno,
• Gaussian and Generalized bell-shaped membership
functions,
• Two and three linguistic terms for each input member-
ship function,
• 36 linear terms for output membership functions,
• 36 rules (resulting from number of inputs and member-
ship function terms),
• Fuzzy operators: product (and), maximum (or), product
(implication), maximum (aggregation), average weight
(defuzzification).
There are 36 rules which are sufficient to assign a detector
using ANFIS. Some of these rules are as follows:
1. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf1)
and (Vb is in4mf1) then (Output is out1mf1) (1)
2. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf1)
and (Vb is in4mf2) then (Output is out1mf2) (1)
3. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf2)
and (Vb is in4mf1) then (Output is out1mf3) (1)
4. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf2)
and (Vb is in4mf2) then (Output is out1mf4) (1)
5. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf2) and (Va is in3mf1)
and (Vb is in4mf1) then (Output is out1mf5) (1)
712
35. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf1) and (Va is in3mf2)
and (Vb is in4mf2) then (Output is out1mf35) (1)
36. If (Ia is in1mf1) and (Ib is in2mf2) and (Va is in3mf1)
and (Vb is in4mf1) then (Output is out1mf36) (1)
5. Conclusion
This paper presented an application based on ANFIS for
fault detection and classification for a transmission line pro-
tective scheme. The proposed system consists of three proce-
dures as in Fig. 1, Data acquisition and two ANFIS’s. In this
work, the measured of RMS currents and voltages are utilized
for detecting and classifying the faults occurs on transmission
line.
From results obtained above, the following are the salient
conclusions that can be drown from this paper:
1. A new computer program to simulate transmission line
and calculated voltages and currents for each type of
fault which used in training/testing ANFIS has been
proposed.
2. ANFIS technique involves more computation, but it
provides better accuracy for detection and classifica-
tion all shunt faults.
3. Various tests in different fault condition of transmis-
sion line illustrate that this method is an accurate and
has error less than 0.20%. The obtained results show
that the proposed method gives good estimations.
4. The proposed ANFIS’s can be implemented for all
types of shunt fault including high impedance and low
impedance fault.
5. The ANFIS has the following design parameters for
the configuration for detecting fault are:
• Type-Sugeno,
• Gaussian and Generalized bell-shaped member-
ship functions,
• Two linguistic terms for each input membership
function,
• 16 linear terms for output membership functions,
• 16 rules (resulting from number of inputs and
membership function terms),
6. The ANFIS, which used for fault classification has the
following design parameters:
• Type-Sugeno,
• Gaussian and Generalized bell-shaped member-
ship functions,
• Two and three linguistic terms for each input
membership function,
• 36 linear terms for output membership functions,
• 36 rules (resulting from number of inputs and
membership function terms),
7. Simulations by ANFIS shown that the actual values
generated by proposed method fit the desired values.
8. The proposed methodology for output based on AN-
FIS can be used for protective scheme of transmission
line.
(Manuscript received Aug. 7, 2008,
revised Jan. 23, 2009)
IEEJ Trans. IA, Vol.129, No.7, 2009

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Adel A. Elbaset (Non-member) was born in Nag Hamadi, Qena-
Egypt, on October 24, 1971. He received the B.S.,
M.Sc., and Ph.D. from Faculty of Engineering, De-
partment of Electrical Engineering, Minia University,
Egypt, in 1995, 2000 and 2006, respectively. He is
a staff member in Faculty of engineering, Minia Uni-
versity, Egypt. Dr. A. Elbaset is currently a postdoc-
toral fellowship at Kumamoto University, Japan. His
research interests are in the area of power electronics,
power system protection and control, power quality
and harmonics, neural network, fuzzy systems and renewable energy.
Takashi Hiyama (Member) was born on March 14, 1947. He re-
ceived his B.E., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees all in Elec-
trical Engineering from Kyoto University, in 1969,
1971, and 1980, respectively. Since 1989, he has
been a professor at Department of the Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Kumamoto University. His
Current interests include the application of intelligent
system to power system operation, management, and
control. He is a senior member of IEEE, a member of
Japan Solar Energy Society, and Member of SICE.
713