International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering - (ICRIEECE)

Comparison of ANFIS and ANN Techniques in

Fault Classification and Location in Long
Transmission Lines
S. Panda D. P. Mishra S. N. Dash
Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar IIIT Bhubaneswar IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India Bhubaneswar, India Bhubaneswar, India
souhardya.panda@gmail.com debani@iiit-bh.ac.in b314045@iiit-bh.ac.in

Abstract—This paper presents application of ANFIS and
ANN in fault classification and location in a long
transmission line. Compared to other methods, Machine
Learning techniques based on artificial intelligence
perform the best in fault classification and finding its
location. Most frequently used ML techniques for this
purpose are ANFIS and ANN. Both the techniques were
able not only to identify fault type but also to find the fault
location in the transmission line very accurately using
source end current and voltage data. Common training
and testing data was used for ANFIS and ANN. This data
was obtained from simulation of faults in a long
transmission line model using MATLAB. Error analysis
and comparison of both the techniques is also presented in
this paper. A GUI was designed for comparison of both the
methods.
Keywords— ANFIS, ANN, Fault classification, Fault
Location, Long transmission line
I. INTRODUCTION
Last century has witnessed a widespread and rapid
growth in power grids all over the world. Every nook and
corner of the world is now connected to power grids. So,
lifestyle of people has changed. We cannot live even an hour
without electricity. Industrial and commercial sectors have
become highly reliant on reliable and uninterrupted power
supply. And the main cause that hinders the continuous power
supply is a fault. “Any condition that causes abnormal flow of
current in a power system is called a fault.” [1] Industrial and
commercial sectors incur huge losses due to loss in
productivity because of interruption in power supply.
Faults can be classified as open circuit (series) faults
and short circuit (shunt) faults. But faults seen in transmission
lines are generally short circuit faults. Short circuit faults can
be further classified into Symmetrical and Asymmetrical
Faults. Symmetrical faults are balanced faults in which all the
three phases are affected equally (LLL and LLLG).
Asymmetrical faults are of 3 types – LG, LLG and LL. [2]
Overhead transmission lines are integral part of a power
system. Due to their great length they are most prone to faults.
But for continuous power supply without interruptions these
faults have to be cleared as quickly and as accurately as
possible. For this, detection and finding the location of the
fault and type of fault, is very important and is the main
concern of the power engineers now-a-days. According to
electric light and power magazine, 30 to 40% of all business
downtime is caused by power quality issues which are due to
different faults. [3] For this purpose, various techniques such
as impedance based method, traveling wave method and
Machine Learning based methods are used. Recently, with the
evolution of computer hardware and advancements in AI
based techniques, machine learning techniques have become
very fast and accurate. So, they are very frequently used in
fault classification and location by power utilities. Among
these techniques ANN and ANFIS are most commonly used.
Both these techniques use post fault source end current and
voltage data and fault resistance to accurately classify the
faults and find their location. A lot of research have been done
for application of ANN and ANFIS in this area. Although both
the techniques are quite accurate and fast, it is quite necessary
to find which of these two performs better and is more
accurate so that it can be used universally. So, a comparison of
both the techniques and their error analysis is performed in
this paper.
II. DIFFERENT METHODS USED IN FAULT CLASSIFICATION AND
LOCATION
A lot of research have been done in the field of fault
classification and location and many methods have been
proposed by many authors. All these techniques can be
broadly classified into three categories.[5,6]
i. Impedance Based Methods
ii. Travelling Wave Based Methods
iii. Artificial Intelligence Based Methods
Impedance based methods are highly dependent on fault
resistance. In single-ended impedance based fault locator the
location of the fault is calculated from the impedance seen
from one end. Takagi and modified Takagi methods are
widely used [1]. But this method doesn’t perform well in case
of very high resistance [7].
Travelling wave based methods are based on the
correlation between the forward and backward waves

978-1-5386-5995-3/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

1112
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on May 10,2020 at 04:50:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering - (ICRIEECE)

travelling along the transmission line.[8] But for this method IV. USING THE TEMPLATE
help of GPS technology is also needed.
Artificial Intelligence based methods can be further “ANFIS is a simple data learning technique that adopts a
classified into; fuzzy inference system model to transform input into a
a. Artificial Neural Network based methods targeted output.”[11] ANFIS is a FIS implemented on the
b. Fuzzy logic based methods foundation of adaptive networks. Adaptive networks, as we
c. Expert system based methods know, is the superset of all the feed forward neural networks.
So, here we can integrate the pattern recognition of neural
Most widely used AI techniques are ANN and ANFIS. network to the robustness of fuzzy logic systems in ANFIS. A
Artificial Intelligence methods are faster and more accurate fuzzy inference system is able to model qualitative aspects of
than all the other techniques and with the invention of smart human knowledge and reasoning ability without going for
grid they have become very easy to use also. complex mathematical quantitative analyses [12]. In [12] it is
suggested that ANFIS for the first time, which can serve as a
III. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANNS) basis for construction of fuzzy if-then rules with appropriate
MFs to transform input to targeted output.
Each component of ANN has a reflection to the real
constituents of a brain cell (Neuron) and hence it is justified as
artificial neuron. Each neuron as a mathematics function takes
input from other neurons and does some mathematical
operations.[9] A neuron can be termed as a mathematical Knowledge Base
function (f(x)) and having two inputs as input1 & input2 and
strength of input1 to neuron be w1 and strength of input2 to Database Rulebase
neuron be w2 then output of the neuron is given below
f(x)
input1*w1+input2*w2 f(input1*w1+input2*w2) Fuzzification Defuzzyfication Output
Input Interface Interface
For a input of n inputs ( ) with weights
and the total input to the neuron can be I,
Decision Making
which is given by Unit
I
Fig 1. Block diagram of Fuzzy Inference System
For the final output the summation is passed on to a
non linear filter ɸ also called activation or transfer function.
Any fuzzy inference system consists of five functional
Different activation functions, which are generally used, are
blocks as shown in fig 1. Rulebase includes all the fuzzu if-
Heaviside function, signum function, sigmoidal function and
then rules. Database consists of the membership functions of
hyperbolic tangent. For proper functioning of the neural
the sets. Database and rulebase constitute Knowledge base.
network, it should be trained or learned with various
Decision making unit performs the inference operations.
examples. Backpropagation technique is the systematic
Fuzzification interface transforms the crisp inputs to fuzzy
learning algorithm for a multi-layer ANN. Rumelhart, Hinton
inputs and defuzzification interface transforms the fuzzy
and Wilham put forward backpropagation algorithm. The most
results to crisp outputs.[13]
popular ANN is multilayer feedforward with backpropagation
Input Inputmfs Rules Outputmfs Output
learning algorithm.[10]

The backpropagation algorithm as follows

1. Put random weights to all the linkages between input-
hidden and hidden-output linkages
2. Find the activation rate of hidden nodes
3. Use activation rate of hidden node and weght between
hidden and output node find activation rate of output
node
4. Calculate the error at output node and update weight of
the linkage between output and hidden node
5. Adjust the weight between input and hidden node
6. Continue the steps three and four until the convergence Fuzzification
if-then Normalization Defuzzification
criteria is achieved
fig 2. Structure of ANFIS
7. Use the final linkage to update the activation rate of
Each layer of ANFIS has specific functions for calculating
output node.
input and output parameter set as described below.

1113
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on May 10,2020 at 04:50:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering - (ICRIEECE)

Layer 1: This layer is used for fuzzification of input data. The Source 2: Frequency: 50Hz; Phase to phase voltage = 13.8e3;
crisp inputs are transformed into fuzzy inputs, into the degrees 3∅ short circuit level = 350e6
of match with linguistic values. Mathematical equation used in Transmission line 1 (450 km), Transmission line 2 (50km): R
this layer are, per unit length = [0.0275 0.275], L per unit length = [1.0026e-
3 3.45e-3]; C per unit length = [13e-9 8.5e-9]
Load: 250 MW, PF =1
Types of fault Value used in Expt
No fault 0
AG fault 1
BG fault 2
Where Xj (x) and Yj (y) are fuzzyfied values, and aj , bj and cj CG Fault 3
are the parameter sets which are calculated by Gaussian MFs. AB fault 4
Layer 2: Different fuzzy operators are used in this layer and it BC fault 5
mainly uses AND or product operator to fuzzify the inputs.
CA fault 6
The product of fuzzy operators is given by the following
mathematical expression. ABG fault 7
BCG fault 8
Layer 3 (Normalization): This layer normalizes the input. CAG fault 9
Every gained signal by the total of gained signal. The Symmetric Fault 10
mathematical equation for this is as follows, Table 1. Various types of faults and their numerical values
used.
Fault Classification and Location based on ANN:
Layer 4 (Defuzzification): In this stage, every gained signal Two different neural networks are used for classification
is divided to the total of gained signal by the following and location of fault. The configuration of each network is 8-
equation, 10-1-1. This means 8 input neurons , 10 neurons in hidden
layer and 1 neuron in output layer and 1 neuron in the output
Where pj, qj and rj are the MF parameters for the linear signal node. The designed network is as shown in fig.
Layer 5: This is the last process of ANFIS, which is known as
neuron addition. In this all the defuzzification signals, Gj are
added together,

Fig.4 NN for classification

PV stands for predicted value. [14-16]
The type of network designed is feedforward
V. METHODOLOGY
backpropagation type with Training function “TRAINLM”
In this work, we use a 400kv transmission line with 50Hz and Learning function “LEARNGDM”.
nominal frequency of length 450kms. It consists two sources Once the networks are trained, the output from the
at two ends providing energy to a single load, which is classification network would be type of fault when inputs to
situated at a distance of 450 kms from one source and 50km the network given are standard deviation of current and
from another source. Fig shows the one line diagram of the voltage value of all three phases. Similarly, when the network
system, which is used throughout the research work. For designed for location of fault trained, the output of the
modelling of the system distributed parameters are used. The network should be close to the fault location. To validate these
simulation was done using SimPowerSystems toolkit of networks’ regression plot and confusion matrix should be
MATLAB . plotted.
450km 50 km Linear regression plot co-relates the target of our
~ ~ network (Desired output of the network) to the actual output
Fault
of the trained network. Figure shows the regression plot of the
Source 1 Source 2 designed network. The value of correlation coefficient (r)
indicates how efficiently the NN’s targets can track the
variations in the outputs of the network. If the value of r is 0 or
Load nearly equals to 0, then no correlation between target and
Fig.3 Single diagram of system used output and if its value is nearly 1or equals to 1, then it’s a
Specifications: complete correlation.
Source 1: Frequency: 50Hz; Phase to phase voltage = 13.8e3;
3∅ short circuit level = 350e6

1114
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on May 10,2020 at 04:50:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering - (ICRIEECE)

Fig 7 regression plot for the location NN

From the figure it is clear that the value of correlation
coefficient for location network is 0.9999..

Fig 5 regression plot of classification NN

From the figure it is clear that the value of
correlation coefficient for classification network is 0.99996.
Another way of checking the performance of the
network is to draw it’s confusion matrix. Number of samples
in green boxes shows how many correct classification have
been done and samples in the red boxes indicates how many
classifications comes out to be wrong.

Fig 8. Confusion matrix plot for Location NN

Fig shows confusion matrix plot for the trained NN.
Fault Classification and Location based on ANFIS:
The proposed fault classification and location system
is based on measuring the three phase currents Ia, Ib and Ic
and voltages Va, Vb and Vc. The standard deviation of all
these waveforms along with fault resistance is used as input.

Fig 6 confusion matrix plot for classification NN

Fig 9. Method for fault classification and loaction using ANFIS.

Classification ANFIS:
This ANFIS is used to classify the faults based on
current and voltage data and fault resistance. The training and
testing data for classification ANFIS had 7 inputs which are
standard deviation of 3 phase currents and 3 phase voltages
and fault resistance and targeted output was the numerical

1115
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on May 10,2020 at 04:50:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering - (ICRIEECE)
value of the fault type as per table. Training and testing data
both consisted of 990 samples. Each sample was taken by
varying fault distance, resistance and type with code and
running the simulation 990 times. Results were best when
Generalized bell MF was used.
Details of ANFIS model:
• Name = prefinaltypefis
• Number of inputs = 7
• Number of Outputs = 1
• Type = sugeno
• Number of MFs = 2
• Generalized bell MF
• Number of epochs = 100
• RMSE = 0.01653
Fig 10. Output of classification ANFIS
Location ANFIS:
This ANFIS was designed for finding fault location by using
post fault voltage and current values and fault resistance.
Data Preparation, training and testing:
The training and testing data for classification ANFIS
had 8 inputs which are standard deviation of 3 phase currents
and 3 phase voltages, fault resistance and fault distance.
Targeted output was the distance of fault from the end at
which measurements are done. Training and testing data both
consisted of 7900 samples. Each sample was taken by varying
fault distance, resistance and type with code and running the
simulation 7900 times. High number of samples were taken to
Fig 12. Graphical User Interface for Error Analysis of ANFIS and ANN
1116
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on May 10,2020 at 04:50:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
achieve high accuracy. Results were best when Generalized
bell MF was used.
Details of ANFIS model:
• Name = prefinallocationfis
• Number of inputs = 8
• Number of Outputs = 1
• Type = sugeno
• Number of MFs = 2
• Generalized bell MF
• Number of epochs = 100
• RMSE = 0.7245
Fig 11. Output of location ANFIS
Comparison of ANFIS and ANN:
For authentic comparison of ANN and ANFIS, same data was
taken for training and testing of both ANFIS and ANN. The
experiment was done on same hardware and same
transmission line models. A Graphical User Interface (GUI)
was designed signal generation and comparison.
Graphical User Interface: This GUI is developed for testing
Fault classification and location system based on ANN and
ANFIS and compare their accuracy. We will first simulate the
fault in Simulink by providing fault location, fault resistance
and fault type, then we will calculate standard deviation of
waveform of current and voltage which will be given as input
to ANFIS and ANN. The fault distance output of both ANFIS
and ANN and %error is shown in GUI which can be used to
compare accuracy of both the results.
 International Conference on Recent Innovations in Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering - (ICRIEECE)

Error Analysis: References

To compare both the methods, mean error and
percentage error for both techniques were calculated for 900 [1] Ayyagari, S. Bhargava, "Artificial neural network based fault
location for transmission lines" (2011). University of Kentucky
common cases where fault resistance, distance and type of
Master's Theses. 657.
fault was varied. [2] D. Mishra and P. Ray, “Fault detection, location and classification of
a transmission line ,” Neural Computing and Applications, 2017, DOI
10.1007/s00521-017-3295-y
[3] P. Ray and D. Mishra, “Support Vector Machine Based Fault
Classification and Location of a Long Transmission Line”,
Results for different faults was as follows; Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 19
(2016) pp.1368–1380
Mean error Percentage Error [4] O. Taylan, B. Karagözoğlu, “ An adaptive neuro-fuzzy model for
prediction of student’s academic performance.” Computers &
Type ANFIS ANN ANFIS ANN
Industrial Engineering - Computing Eng., 57, 2009, pp. 732-741.
AG 0.41636 1.91106 0.09252 0.42468 [5] P. Ray, D. P. Mishra, K. Dey, P. Mishra , “Fault Detection and
Classification of a Transmission Line Using Discrete Wavelet
BG 0.61234 1.00528 0.13607 0.22339 Transform & Artificial Neural Network,” 16th international
conference on Information Technilogy, December, Bhubaneswar,
CG 0.47671 1.35149 0.10593 0.30033 India, 2017.
[6] J. Moshtagh and R. K. Aggarwal, "A New Approach to Ungrounded
AB 0.37404 1.02602 0.08312 0.22800 Fault Location in a Three-Phase Underground Distribution System
using Combined Neural Networks & Wavelet Analysis," 2006
BC 0.35158 0.71643 0.07813 0.15920
Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering,
CA 0.27525 1.00498 0.06116 0.22333 Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2006, pp. 376-381.
[7] L. Eriksson , M. M. Saha , G. D. Rockefeller , “An accurate fault
ABG 0.62658 1.21874 0.13924 0.27083 locator with compensation for apparent reactance in the fault
resistance resulting from remote-end feed”, IEEE Trans on PAS
BCG 0.51379 0.85967 0.11417 0.19103 104(2), 1985, pp. 424-436.
[8] P. Ray and D. P. Mishra, “Artificial Intelligence based Fault Location
CAG 0.33813 0.96114 0.07514 0.21358
in a Distribution System,” 13th International Conference on
3-phase Information Technology, Dec., Bhubaneswar, India pp. 18-23.
Fault 0.72444 1.04037 0.16098 0.23119 [9] E. B. M. Tayeb and O. A. A. A. Rhim, "Transmission line faults
Table 2. Mean Error & Percentage error of different types of faults. detection, classification and location using artificial neural network,"
The overall error analysis result is as follows; 2011 International Conference & Utility Exhibition on Power and
Energy Systems: Issues and Prospects for Asia , Pattaya City, 2011,
pp. 1-5.
[10] P. Ray and D. P. Mishra, “Signal Processing Technique based Fault
Location of a Distribution Line” , 2nd IEEE International Conference
on Recent Trends in Information Systems, July, Jadavpur University,
Kolkata , India pp. 440-445
[11] S. Barakat, M. B. Eteiba, W. I. Wahba, “Fault location in
VI. CONCLUSION underground cables using ANFIS nets and discrete wavelet
This thesis presented Fault classification and location in transform”, Journal of Electrical Systems and Information
Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 3, 2014, pp. 198-211,
long transmission lines by using machine learning [12] J. S. R. Jang, "ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference
techniques, ANN and ANFIS. In case of classification of system," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.
faults both the techniques were 99.9% accurate and were 23, no. 3, pp. 665-685, May/Jun 1993
able to detect the fault type correctly almost every time. [13] Javad Sadeh, Hamid Afradi, "A new and accurate fault location
There was no noticeable difference in calculation time of algorithm for combined transmission lines using Adaptive Network-
Based Fuzzy Inference System", Electric Power Systems Research, ,
fault distance by both techniques. Both the techniques were
vol. 79, 2009, pp. 1538–1545
very fast in producing the output. However, as seen in the [14] J. J. Mora, G. Carrillo and L. Perez, "Fault Location in Power
previous slide the mean percentage error for ANFIS was Distribution Systems using ANFIS Nets and Current Patterns," 2006
less than ANN but very slightly. Mean error of ANFIS was IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition:
470 meters and that of ANN was 1108 meters which is quite Latin America, Caracas, 2006, pp. 1-6
brilliant considering the full length of the transmission line [15] J. Zhang, Z.Y. He, S. Lin, Y.B. Zhang, Q.Q. Qian, "An ANFIS-based
fault classification approach in power distribution system",
was 450 kms. So, ANFIS performed better than ANN. But
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol.49,
Error in both the techniques are below 0.25% which is quite 2013,Pages 243-252,
acceptable and both are accurate enough to be applied in [16] P. Ray, D. Mishra and S. Mohapatra, “ Fault classification of a
real life scenario. However, the accuracy of the system transmission line using wavelet transform and fuzzy logic”, IEEE 1st
developed was limited by the hardware used. By application International Conf. on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and
of better hardware the accuracy of both the techniques can Energy Systems , Delhi Technological University, July, 2016. pp.
2343-23
be further increased.

1117
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on May 10,2020 at 04:50:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.