VALVES AND APPLICATIONS

Compiled and illustrated by

Ir. Tan Yoke Lee,
MIEM, Mi-Fire E,
yokeleetan71@gmail.com
Materials are adapted from Wikipedia and youtube by Savree
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
What are valves?
They are devices used to regulate the flow of fluid or gas flowing through.
In what manners can they function?
• In open and close position, ie either allow or stop the flow process.
• In regulating mode, ie can control the amount of flow through by adjusting the pressure
differential across the valve. Valve can be in many positions from open 100% to close 100%.
• To allow flow only in certain direction, ie valve will not pass any flow in the reverse direction even
is the pressure direction changes.
• Can be motorised which means that it can be connected to an actuator which receives control
signals from outside.
• Pressure relief valve and safety valve
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
The common type of valves used in the construction industry are:-
• Gate/ Sluice valve (open and close position only)

• Globe valve (regulate the amount of flow across)

• Check valve (allows flow in one direction only)

• Butterfly valve

• Ball valve (open and close position)

• Float valve device

• Needle valve
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
PARTS OF VALVES
1.body
2.ports
3.seat
4.stem
5.disc
6.handle or handwheel
7.bonnet
8.packing
9.gland nut
10.fluid flow when valve is open
11.position of disc if valve were shut
12.position of handle or handwheel if valve were shut
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
1. Body
• Where the major part of the valve components are
housed.

• The body can be constructed from ductile iron, cast iron,

brass, stainless steel, bronze, gunmetal, steel, plastic.

• Selection of body material must match the type of fluid it
controls. For eg plastic is used for low pressure
application, alloy 20 used for sulphuric acid application,
hastealloy used for very high temperature application in
nuclear plant, monel for hydrofluoric acid application.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
2. Port
• All the inlets and outlets of the valves through which
fluid flow

• Most common valves have 2 ports, ie one inlet and

one outlet.

• Some valves have 3 ports such as a mixing valve in

shower where you have 2 inlets and 1 outlet.

• Valves are connected to piping and other equipment

at the port. Common connection are threaded,
flange joints, mechanical coupling, etc.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
3. Seat
• The seat is the interior surface of the body which contacts
the disc to form a leak-tight seal.

• In discs that move linearly or swing on a hinge or trunnion,

the disc comes into contact with the seat only when the
valve is shut.

• In disks that rotate, the seat is always in contact with the

disk, but the area of contact changes as the disc is turned.
The seat always remains stationary relative to the body.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
3. Seat
Seats are classified by whether they are cut directly into the body,
or if they are made of a different material:
•Hard seats are integral to the valve body. Nearly all hard seated
metal valves have a small amount of leakage.
•Soft seats are fitted to the valve body and made of softer
materials such as PTFE or various elastomers such
as NBR, EPDM, or FKM depending on the maximum operating
temperature.
A closed soft seated valve is much less liable to leak when shut
while hard seated valves are more durable. Gate, globe, and
check valves are usually hard seated while butterfly, ball, plug,
and diaphragm valves are usually soft seated.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
4. Stem
• The stem is the portion of the valve which transmits motion
from the handle or control device to the disc.

• Sometimes the stem passes through the bonnet. Packing

(8) together with gland nuts (9) is used to seal off between
the stem and the bonnet.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
5. Disc
• A disc is a movable obstruction inside the stationary body
that adjustably restricts flow through the valve. Although
traditionally disc-shaped, discs come in various shapes.
Depending on the type of valve, a disc can move linearly
inside a valve as in gate or globe valve, or rotate on the
stem (as in a butterfly valve, ball valve), or rotate on
a hinge or trunnion (as in a check valve).
• Linear motion means the disc is moving up and down.
• Rotary motion means that the disc rotates and normally a
quarterly turn is required to change from open to close, vice
versa. Rotary motion valve is fast acting valve.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
6. Handle or Wheel
• A handle is used to manually control a valve from outside
the valve body. Automatically controlled valves often do not
have handles.
• An actuator is a mechanism or device to automatically or
remotely control a valve from outside the body. Some
valves have neither handle nor actuator because they
automatically control themselves from inside; for
example, check valves and relief valves may have neither.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
7. Bonnet
• A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body. It is commonly
semi-permanently screwed into the valve body or bolted
onto it. During manufacture of the valve, the internal parts
are put into the body and then the bonnet is attached to
hold everything together inside. To access internal parts of a
valve, a user would take off the bonnet, usually for
maintenance.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
1. Gate valve
2. Globe valve
3. Ball valve
4. Float valve
5. Butterfly valve
6. Plug valve
7. Check valve
8. Pinch valve
9. Diagphram valve
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-

1. Gate valve

1. Can handle large flow with low pressure drop.

2. The valve disc moves in linear motion up and down.
3. It can only start and stop the flow.
4. Cheap to construct but more susceptible to vibration
in partially opened position, seat and disc wearing.
5. Never use gate valve for flow regulation.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
2. Globe valve

1. The valve disc moves in linear motion up and down.

2. It can start, stop and regulate the flow.
3. The flow direction can vary according as follows.
4. The pressure drop across the valve is much higher.
5. The valve is heavier in construction and more
expensive in cost.
6. The valve has less seat leakage problem.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
3. Ball valve

1. The ball disc moves in rotary motion.

2. It can start and stop the flow.
3. It is not designed for throttling action and the pressure
drop can be very low. Thus it should not be used to
regulate flow.
4. It is fast acting type.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
3. Ball valve

1. The ball disc moves in rotary motion.

2. It can start and stop the flow.
3. It is not designed for throttling action and the pressure
drop can be very low.
4. It is fast acting type.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
4. Float valve

1. The piston and disc moves in linear motion.

2. The float ball outside the valve controls the position of the
piston through its position.
3. Float valve is used to fill up the tank when water level is
low and will close automatically when the water level has
reached a certain high level.

Float ball

seat
piston
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
5. Butterfly valve

1. The disc rotates from open to close position in a quarter

90 deg turn.
2. It is fast acting valve and can handle high flow with low
pressure drop.)
3. It is light, cheap and occupies less space.
4. It can be used to regulate flow but is less precise than
globe valve.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
5. Butterfly valve

lug

wafer

There are 2 types of connections for butterfly valves, namely wafer and lug connection.
Lug connection is preferable for maintenance as pipe can be removed one side
without dismantling the valve. Lug type is more expensive.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
1. The disc is in the shape of
Common types of valves used in construction:- plug that rotates round an
axis. The methodology is
6. Plug valve
almost like ball valve.
2. It can start, stop BUT NOT
regulate the flow.
3. It has low pressure drop
and has high pressure
rating.
4. It is fast acting.
5. Can be used in multiport
applications.
6. Reduced likelihood of
corrosion or erosion as the
actual plug and body
2 ports plug valve 3 ports plug valve seating surface do not get
exposed to the line fluid.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
7. Check valve

1. Only to prevent flow reversal.

2. The disc will open when flow is in one direction and
when flow reverses, the disc will close.
3. Different type of check valves are available, most
common being the swing type and tilting disc type.
4. Tilting disc is preferred for addressing water surge
problem where there is high delivery head pressure.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
7. Check valve

Tilting disc check valve will have shorter

stroke and faster closing time. The
slanted position allows lower back
Swing check valve pressure to close the valve. Should be
used with surge divertor valve.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
8. Pinch valve

1. There are very few parts exposed to the flowing

medium and thus are chosen when conducting
corrosive fluid.
2. The valve disc moves in linear motion up and down.
3. It can start, stop and regulate the flow for 10-90% of
flow.
4. It has large seating area and can be used for
suspended solid.
5. It has low pressure drop.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
9. Diagphram valve

1. There are very few parts exposed to the

flowing medium and thus are chosen when
conducting corrosive fluid.
2. The valve disc moves in linear motion up and
down.
3. It can start, stop and regulate the flow.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
10. Needle valve
1. Used for fine adjustment only.
2. The valve needle moves in linear motion up and
down.
3. The amount of flow is proportional to the up and
down movement of the needle.
4. It is used for metering in dosing, etc.
 VALVES AND APPLICATIONS
Common types of valves used in construction:-
Variants of valves

Double block and bleed valve

1. 2 valve seatings for blocking the flow and one drain valve in
between to drain off any product. The valves can be ball valve
or plug valve type.
2. They are normally used to
• Prevent product contamination
• Remove equipment from service for cleaning or repair
• Transmission and storage
• Chemical injection and sampling.

They are quite often used in oil and gas industry and chemical
industry for safety reason and to avoid contamination to the
environment due to valve leakage.