COURSE PROJECT

FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS

TOPIC:-
STUDY OF VALVES AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM FOR INDUSTRIAL USE.

SUBMITTED BY:-
SOHEL SAYYED-49
ADITI SHAMBHARKAR-52
SANIKA TALATHI-60
TANMAYEE SALVE-61
BRAHMA VIBHUTE-64
 I. ABSTRACT:
In this project we are going to study different major types of valves and their sub-types on the
basis of their applications, types of motion. Along with material used for construction and their
specifications and using this data we are developing a program for selection of suitable valves
based on conditions specified.

II. INTRODUCTION:

Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system or process.
They are essential components of a piping system that conveys liquids, gases, vapors, slurries
etc..
Different types of valves are available:

- GATE VALVE
- GLOBE VALVE
- PLUG VALVE
- BALL VALVE
- BUTTERFLY VALVE
- CHECK VALVE
- STRAINERS VALVE

Each of these types has a number of models, each with different features and functional
capabilities. Some valves are self-operated while others manually or with an actuator or
pneumatic or hydraulic is operated.
III. TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY:

Cracking pressure —
Refers to the minimum pressure differential needed between the inlet and outlet of the valve at
which the first indication of flow occurs (steady stream of bubbles). Cracking pressure is also
known as unseating head (pressure) or opening pressure.[2]
Reseal pressure —
Refers to the pressure differential between the inlet and outlet of the valve during the closing
process of the check valve, at which there is no visible leak rate. Reseal pressure is also known
as sealing pressure,[3] seating head[4] (pressure) or closing pressure.[5]
Back pressure —
A pressure higher at the outlet of a fitting than that at the inlet or a point upstream

IV. THEORY :
GATE VALVE:
A gate valve can be defined as a type of valve that used a gate or wedge type disk and the disk
moves perpendicular to flow to start or stop the fluid flow in piping.
A gate valve is the most common type of valve that used in any process plant. It is a
linear motion valve used to start or stop fluid flow. In service, these valves are either in fully
open or fully closed position. When the gate valve is fully open, the disk of a gate valve is
completely removed from the flow. Therefore virtually no resistance to flow. Due to this very
little pressure drops when fluid passes through a gate valve.
Gate valves should not be used for regulation or throttling of flow because accurate
control is not possible. The high velocity of the flow in the partially open valve may cause
erosion of the disc and seating surfaces and also creates vibration and noise.

TYPES OF GATE VALVE:

There are three ways to classify the gate valve.

1) Types of Disk
a) Solid taper wedge
b) Flexible wedge
c) Split wedge or Parallel disk Valve
 2) Types of Body Bonnet Joint
a) Screwed Bonnet
b) Bolted-Bonnet
c) Welded-Bonnet
d) Pressure-Seal Bonnet
3) Types of Stem movement
a)Rising Stem or OS & Y Type (Outside Stem and Screw Type)
b) Non-rising Stem type

GLOBE VALVE:
A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate the fluid flow. The globe
valve disk can be removed entirely from the flow path, or it can completely close the flow path.
The characteristic ability of seat ring and disk movement provides the globe valve good
throttling ability required for regulating flow. Leakage from the globe valve seat is less as
compared to the gate valve, mainly due to right angle contact between the disc and seat ring,
which allows tighter seal.

Types of Globe Valve:

Depending on the type of body there are three types of globe valves.

1) Z type

The simplest design and most common type is a Z-body. The Z-shaped partition
inside the globular bodycontains the seat. The valve seat is easily accessible
through the bonnet which is attached to a large opening at the top of the valve
 body. This design simplifies manufacturing, installation, and repair. This type of
valve is used where pressure drop is not a concern and throttling is required
2) Y type

The Y-type design is a solution for the high-pressure drop problem in Z-type
valves. In this type, seat and stem are angled at approximately 45° to the pipe
axis. Y-body valves are used in high pressure.

3) ANGLE type:

Angle globe valve turns the flow direction by 90 degrees without using an elbow
and one extra pipe weld. This type of globe valve can be used in the fluctuating
flow condition also, as they are capable of handling the slugging effect.

PLUG VALVE:
Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically tapered "plugs" which can be rotated inside
the valve body to control flow through the valve.
Types of PLUG Valve:
Lubricated Plug Valve:
A lubricant is injected in between the plug face and body seat to reduce friction and seal ports.
The lubricants are selected based on the process fluid used. The sealant is injected through a
pressure fitting into the body cavity and distributed across all seating surfaces via grooves in the
plug.
Non - Lubricated plug valve:
Non-Lubricant valves are used where less maintenance is required. The friction between the plug
cone and body is reduced by sleeves. However, non-lubricated plug valves are limited by
temperature and chemical compatibility of the non-metallic materials.
Soft-Sealed, Fire-safe Plug Valve:
Fire safety plug valves use a narrow-band primary sealing ring made of a flexible, elastic
material (such as Teflon) in the ring between the plug and the body cavity to prevent leakage.

BALL VALVE:
A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to
control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it
is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle.[1] The handle lies flat in alignment with the flow
when open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making for easy visual confirmation of the
valve's status.[2] The shut position 1/4 turn could be in either CW or CCW direction. (S =
SHUT, O = OPEN)Ball valve

Types of Ball Valve

Full port
A full port or more commonly known full bore ball valve has an over-sized ball so that the hole
in the ball is the same size as the pipeline resulting in lower friction loss. Flow is unrestricted but
the valve is larger and more expensive so this is only used where free flow is required, for
example in pipelines that require pigging.
V port

v
A V port ball valve has either a 'v' shaped ball or a 'v' shaped seat. This allows for linear and
even equal percentage flow characteristics. When the valve is in the closed position and opening
is commenced the small end of the 'v' is opened first allowing stable flow control during this
stage. This type of design requires a generally more robust construction due to higher velocities
of the fluids, which might damage a standard valve
Multiport

Three- and four-way have an L- or T-shaped hole through the middle. The different
combinations of flow are shown in the figure. It is easy to see that a T valve can connect any pair
of ports, or all three, together, but the 45 degree position which might disconnect all three leaves
no margin for error. The L valve can connect the center port to either side port, or disconnect all
three, but it cannot connect the side ports together.
CHECK VALVE:
Also known as clack valve, non-return valve, reflux valve, retention valve or one-way valve.
Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to
enter and the other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check valves used in a wide
variety of applications. Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person
or any external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. The bodies
(external shells) of most check valves are made of plastic or metal.

Types Of Check Valve:

1. Ball Check Valve:
Is a check valve in which the closing member, the movable part to block the flow, is a
ball. In some ball check valves, the ball is spring-loaded to help keep it shut. 

2. Diaphragm check valve:

It uses a flexing rubber diaphragm positioned to create a normally-closed valve. Pressure
on the upstream side must be greater than the pressure on the downstream side by a
certain amount, known as the pressure differential, for the check valve to open allowing
flow. Once positive pressure stops, the diaphragm automatically flexes back to its
original closed position.

3. Swing check valve or tilting disc check valve :

Is a check valve in which the disc, the movable part to block the flow, swings on
a hinge or trunnion, either onto the seat to block reverse flow or off the seat to allow
forward flow. The seat opening cross-section may be perpendicular to the centerline
between the two ports or at an angle. A common issue caused by swing check valves is
known as water hammer. 
 4. Poppet Valve :
A poppet valve is a valve typically used to control the timing and quantity of gas or
vapor flow into an engine.It consists of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug,
usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. 

5.  Flapper valve in a flush-toilet mechanism :

Tank pressure holding it closed is overcome by manual lift of the flapper. It then remains
open until the tank drains and the flapper falls due to gravity.

STRAINER VALVE :
Strainer can be defined as a pipe fitting through which liquid is passed for purification, filtering
or separation from solid matter; anything used to strain a liquid; any device functioning as a
sieve or filter used to prevent solid bodies from mixing in a liquid stream or flowline. Strainers
arrest pipeline debris such as scale, rust, jointing compound and weld metal in pipelines,
protecting equipment and processes from their harmful effects, thus reducing downtime and
maintenance.

Types of Strainer Valve :

 1. Y- Type :

Y-type strainers usually have a lower dirt holding capacity than basket type strainers

2. T- Type/
Basket:

T type or Basket type or Pot type strainer is characterized by a vertically orientated chamber,
typically larger than that of a Y-type strainer.

3. Temporary
Strainer :

Temporary strainers are designed for protection of equipment and instrumentation during start-
up periods. The strainer is usually installed between a set of flanges for an initial period after a
new plant has been installed. 

BUTTERFLY VALVE:
A butterfly valve is a valve that isolates or regulates the flow of a fluid. The closing mechanism
is a disk  that rotates.

Types of Butterfly Valve:

Rubber-Lined Valves
  Less expensive valves for non-demanding, non-abrasive, lower temperature applications
 Normally for 150-300# (PN10-25) flanges

 Plastic-Lined Valves

 For use with harsh chemicals, ultrapure applications, sanitary, or abrasive applications
 Normally for 150# (PN10/16) flanges
 The GAR-SEAL® valve is a Plastic-Lined valve

Metal Valves

 For high-pressure or high-temperature applications, or those requiring fire resistance

 Can be used in 150-2500# (PN10-160) flanges
 Can be Single Offset, Double Offset, or Triple Offset
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char a[25]="isolation",b[25]="regulation",c[25];
printf("enter your string\n");
gets(c);
if(strcmp(a,c)==0)
{
printf("Gate Valve\n Ball Valve\n Plug Valve");
}
else
{
printf("Globe Valve\n Needle valve\n Butterfly valve");
}
getch();

}
PROGRAM OUTPUT :
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: