EXPERIMENT NO.

01

Aim: To find EMF of the Galvanic Cell.

Apparatus: Beaker, Voltmeter, Salt Bridge, metal electrodes and their electrolyte solutions
Theory: When a metal is in contact with its own ion solution it develops apotential with respect
to the electrolyte. The potential difference developed at the anode electrolyte interface is
called oxidation potential and the potential difference developed at the cathode electrode
interface is called reduction potential. The potential difference between the anode and
cathode is called the EME of the cell. The potential difference measured at standard
conditions (1 atm pressure, 298K & Concentration 1M) is called standard electrode
potential.
A series in which metals are arranged in the decreasing order of reduction
potential is
called an electrochemical series.
We can construct many number of galvanic cells by taking combinations of different half
cells. Each half cell consists of a metallic road dipped in to an electrolyte. The metal with
higher reduction potential act as cathode and the other will act as anode.
Standard EMF of the cell:

E-Ecothode -EDanode
cell

Procedure: 1. Set the temperature.

2. Select the cathode from the list.
3. Select the anode from the list.
4. Select concentration of the electrolyte.
5. Record the voltage of the cell.

Cell Representation
).......... aq (1M)
Observations:

Sr. No. Temperature Cathode Concentration Anode Concentration EMF of Cell

1 25°C Cu 1 M Zn 1M
2 25°C Ag 1M Zn 1M
3 25°C Cu 1M Mg 1M
4 25°C Ag 1 M Cd 1M
5 25°C Cu 1M Ni 1M

Result: The EMF of the cell

 EXPERIMENT NO. 02

Aim: To Estimate the Saponification value of oils.

Apparatus: Conical Flask, beaker, Reflux condenser, Water bath, Glass pipette (25m), Burette
Chemicals: Oils, Ethanolic KOH [O.5N), Fat solvent, HCI[0.5N), Phenolphthalein indicator.
Theory: Oils are triglycerides of higher fatty acids. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with
hydrocarbon chains of 4 to 36 carbons, they can be saturated or unsaturated.
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids each in ester linkage with a single
glycerol.

H,C-O-C -R
H,C -OH
HC-O- CR
HC -OH 3R C -OH

H,C OH H,C-o C-R

Glycerol Fats Triacylglycerol

Saponification is the hydrolysis of oils under basic conditions to form glycerol and the salt
of the corresponding fatty acid. Saponification literally means "Soap Making".

H.C-0 C-R H,C -OH

HC-0 C-R
KOH
HC -OH 3R-C-oK
H,C-OH
H,C-0 C-R

Triacylglycerol Glycerol Soap

The saponfication number is the number of miligrams of potassium hydroxide required
to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete hydrolysis of 1g of fat
Procedure: 1) Weigh 1gm of Oil in a beaker and dissolve it in about 3ml of the solvent.
2) Add 25ml of 0.5N alcoholic KOH and mix well, attach this to a reflux condenser.
3)Set up another reflux condenser as the blank with all other reagents present
except the oil.
4) Place both the flasks in a boilingwater bath for 30 minutes.
6) Cool the flasks to room temperature.
7) Now add phenolphthalein indicator to both the flasks and titrate with 0.5N HCI
8) Note down the endpointof blank and test
9) Calculate the saponification value using the formula
Observations: 1. Blank Titration Reading: - ml

2. Back Titration Reading: ml

Calculation:
(Blank -Back) x Normality of acid x Eg. W. of KOH
Saponification Value =
Weight of Oil

Result: Saponification Number of Oil is

 EXPERIMENT 03

AIM :To determine Acid Number of given lubricating oil.

APPARATUS: Burette,pipette, Beaker,Conical flask etc.
CHEMICALS: 0.1 NKOH solution, ethylalcohol, phenolphthalein.
THEORY : Number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize free acid present in 1gm of oil sample is
called Acid Number of Lubricating il. Freshly prepared natural oil contains negligible
amount of free acid, but due to high temperature &exposure to air, amount of free acid
increases due to hydrolysis &oxidation of oil. Acid present in oil, impart sharp odor &cause
corrosion when used as lubricant. Acid no is determined by simple acid base titration. The
acid number of a lubricating oil should not be more than 0.1.
PROCEDURE:

i) Take about 1-2 grams of given oil sample into 250 ml conical flask.
i) Add about 10-15 ml of ethyl alcohol and 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator
iii) Titrate the solution against 0.1N KOH from burette till colour changes to light pink.
iv) Take two more reading to get constant burette reading.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Solution in burette: 0.1 N KOH solution
2.Solution in conical flask: Oilsample + 10-15 mlof alcohol.
3. Indicator: Phenolphthalein
4. End point: Colorless to pink

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Readings Burette readings in ml Final Reading
Initial 0.0

Final ml

Difference

CALCULATIONS:

Acid No, = C.B.R. x Normality of KOH x Eq. weight of KOH

Weight of oil sample taken for analysis

RESULT:
Acid Number of given lubricating oil is
mgs of KOH /gm of oil.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 04
Aim To determine percentage of moisture from a given coal sample.
Apparatus: Crucible, desiccators, coal sample etc.
Theory Determination of moisture content is one of the methods of analysis of coal
Coming under proximate analysis. Presence of moisture in coal is undesirable as it
lowers the calorific value, increases cost. Hence, moisture content of the coal
should be as low as possible.
Procedure:
1) Take an accurately weighed coal sample (about 2gm) in a crucible.
2) Keep the crucible in an oven without lid.
3) Heat the crucible at 110°C for half an hour.
4)After half an hour take out the crucible & keep it in desiccators for cooling.
5) Take the weight of crucible and find loss in weight.

Observations:
1) Weight of empty crucible (a) =
2) Weight of crucible with coal sample (b) =
3) Weight of coal sample taken for analysis (b-a) =
4) Weight of crucible with coal sample after heating (c) =
5) Weight of coal sample after heating (c-a) =

CLCULATIONS
Percentage of moisture content Loss in weight X100
Wt. of coal sample

= (b-a) -(C-a)
(b-a)

Result- The percentage of moisture content present in the given coal sample is = %
 EXPERIMENT 05

AIM :To determine the flash point of given lubricating oil using Abe>'s closed cup flash point
apparatus.
APPARATUS: Abel's closed cup flash point apparatus, thermometer etc.
THEORY: Flash point of oil is defined as the minimum temperature at which the oil gives
enough vapors that can ignite momentarily when small external flame is brought
near to it. Abe's closed cup flash point apparatus is mainly used for the oils
having flash point below 50°C

DIAGRAM:
Slrrer
Thetrmcelet
Shulter
Funnel Lubrcant

Flame device

Ar gap

Waler batth

Gap Shuttor
devica
Heater

Abels flash point apparatus

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the water in the water bath.

2. Fillthe oil cup with given oil sample up tothe mark.

3. Place the lid on the oil cup.
4. Insert the thermometer in the oil cup & oil bath and close the shutter.
5. Start the heating in such way that the temperature of oil increases by 3 to
5°C /Min.
6. After every one degree Celsius (1°C) rise in temperature introduce the
flame to the surface of oil by opening shutter.
7. Note temperature as flash point at which deficient flash appears inside the
Cup.

RESULT: Flash point of given lubricant oil is