Mathematics Unit-5 - Engg.

STUDY PACKAGE
MATHEMATICS
(CLASS-XII)
MATHEMATICS
(UNIT-V)
Contents
S. NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.
6. Application of Derivatives 6.1 – 6.77

Chapter Assignment 6.30 – 6.38
Previous Year Questions,
Competitive Examinations Questions 6.39 – 6.66
Chapter Test 6.67 – 6.70
Answers and Hints 6.71 – 6.77
7. Indefinite Integral 7.1 – 7.62

8. Definite Integral 8.1 – 8.72

Chapter Test 8.63– 8.66
Answers and Hints 8.67– 8.72
9. Areas 9.1 – 9.43

2023
6
APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
6.1. DERIVATIVE AS A RATE MEASURE
The meaning of differential coefficient can be interpreted as rate of change of the dependent
dy
variable with respect to the independent variable, for example is the rate of change of y with
dx
dv ds
respect to x. Similarly and etc. represent the rate of change of volume and surface area
dt dt
w.r.t. time.
Sample Problem-1:
1 3
Displacement ‘s’ of a particle at time ‘t’ is expressed as s = t  6t , find the acceleration at the
2
time when the velocity vanishes (i.e., velocity tends to zero).
1
Solution: s = t 3  6t
2
ds  3t 2 
Thus velocity, v    6
dt  2 
db d 2 s
and acceleration, a    3t
dt dt 2
3t 2
Velocity vanishes when 60
2
 t2 = 4 t=2
Thus acceleration when velocity vanishes is a = 3t = 6 units.
Sample Problem-2:
On the curve x3 = 12y, find the interval of values of x for which the abscissa changes at a faster rate
than the ordinate?
Solution: Given x3 = 12y, differentiating with respect to y
dx
3x2  12
dy
dx 12
 
dy 3 x2
The interval in which the abscissa changes at a faster rate than the ordinate, we must have
dx 12
  or 1
dy 3x2
4 4  x2
or  1  0
x2 x2
 x  (–2, 2) – {0}
Thus x (–2, 2) – {0} is the required interval in which abscissa changes at a faster rate than
the ordinate.
Amity Institute for Competitive Examinations: Ph.: 011-41888030, 41888031, 41888032

-6.1 -
AICE (IIT-JEE) Applications of Derivatives
OBJECTIVE QUESTION-6.1:
1. A point is moving along the curve y3 = 27 x. The interval of values of x in which the ordinate
changes faster than abscissa is
 8 8   8 8   8 10   10 10 
(a) x   ,  – {0} (b) x   ,  (c) x   ,  (d) x   , 
 27 27   27 27   27 27   27 27 
2. An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm per second. How fast is the volume of
the cube increasing when the edge is 10 cm long ?
(a) 800cm3/sec (b) 900cm3/sec (c) 100cm3/sec (d) 700cm3/sec
3. A particle moves along the curve 6y = x3 + 2. The points on the curve at which the y-coordinate is
changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinate.
(a) (4, 10) or (–4, –31/2) (b) (3, 11) or (–3, –31/3)
(c) (4, 11) or (–4, –31/3) (d) (5, 11) or (–5, –31/3)
4. At what point of the ellipse 16x2 + 9y2 = 400, does the ordinate decrease at the same rate at which
the abscissa increases ?
(a) (2, 16/3) or (–2, –16/3) (b) (1, 16/3) or (–1, –16/3)
(c) (5, 16/3) or (–5, –16/3) (d) (3, 16/3) or (–3, –16/3)
5. The top of a ladder 13m long is resting against a vertical wall when a ladder begins to slide. When
the foot of the ladder is 5m from the wall, it is sliding at the rate of 2m/s. How fast then is the top
sliding downwards ?
5 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 2 3 3
6. An inverted cone has a depth of 10 cm and a base of radius 5 cm. Water is poured into it at the rate
of 1.5 cm3/min. The rate at which level of water in the cone is rising, when the depth of water is 4
cm.
3 1 1 2
(a) cm/sec (b) cm/sec (c) cm/sec (d) cm/sec
8 2 3 3
7. Water is dripping out from a conical funnel, at the uniform rate of 2 cm3/sec through a tiny hole at
the vertex at the bottom. When the slant height of the water is 4 cm, The rate of decrease of the
slant height of the water given that the vertical angle of the funnel is 120°
1 1 1 1
(a) m/ sec (b) m/ sec (c) m/ sec (d) m/ sec
2 3 4 5
8. Sand is being poured at the rate of 0.3 m3/sec into a conical pile. If the height of the conical pile is
thrice the radius of the base, The rate of change of height when the pile is 5 cm high.
81 27 81 81
(a) m/ sec (b) m/ sec (c) m/ sec (d) m/ sec
250 250 25 50

-6.2 -
Applications of Derivatives AICE (IIT-JEE)
9. A man 2 mt high walks at a uniform speed of 6 km/hour away from a lamp-post 6 mt high. The rate
at which the length of his shadow increases.
(a) 3 km/sec (b) 2 km/sec (c) 4 km/sec (d) 5 km/sec
10. The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm per
second. How fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base.
(a) 3 b cm2/sec (b) 3 b cm2/sec (c) 2 b cm2/sec (d) b cm2/sec
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTION-6.1:

dy dy 9
1. (a): 3 y 2  27   1
dx dx y 2
dv dx
2. (b): v = x2   3x2
dt dt
dy x 2
3. (c):  8
dx 2
dy dx
4. (d): Given 
dt dt
5. (a): x2 + y2 = 132
xdx ydy
  0
dt dt y 13
dy x dx

dt 2
13  x 2 dt x
r 5 1 5
6. (a):  
h 10 2
h
r= r
2 10 cm
1
v = r 2 h h
3
1 3
v= h
12
1 2
7. (b): V = r h
3
1 2
8. (b): V = r h
3
x y 6
9. (a):  3
y 2
6
x + y = 3y 2
x =2 y x y

-6.3 -
x  x  b 2x  b
10. (b): s =  x
2 2 x
= s ( s  x )( s  x )( s  b )
b
6.2. ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CURVES

Let y = f(x) and y = g(x) be two given intersecting curves. Angle of intersection of these curves is
defined as the acute angle between the tangents that can be drawn to the given curves at the point
of intersection.
Let (x1, y1) be the point of intersection.
 y1 = f (x1) = g(x1)
 df 
Slope of the tangent drawn to the curve y = f(x) at (x1, y1) i.e., m1 =  
 dx ( x1 , y1 )
 dg 
Similarly slope of the tangent drawn to the curve y = g(x) at (x1, y1) i.e., m2 =  
 dx ( x1 , y1 )
m1  m2
If  be the angle (acute) of intersection, then tan   .
1  m1m2

If  = 0, then m1 = m2. Thus the given curves will touch each other at (x1, y1). If   , then
2
m1 m2 = –1. Thus the given curves will meet at right angles at (x1, y1) (or curves cut each other
orthogonally at (x1, y1)).
Sample Problem-3:
Find the acute angle between the curves y = |x2 – 1| and y = |x2 – 3| at their points of intersection.
Solution: The points of intersection are ( 2,1) 2

y =|x -1| 2
y =|x -3|
Since the curves are symmetrical about y-axis,
the angle of intersection at ( 2,1)
= the angle of intersection at ( 2,1) . (– 3 , 0 ) (-1, 0) (1, 0)
( 3 , 0)
At ( 2 , 1), m1 =2x = 2 2 , m2 = –2x = –2 2 .

4 2 4 2 4 2
 tan       tan 1
1 8 7 7
6.3. EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL

Cartesian Equations: The angle  which the tangent at any point (x, y) on the curve y = f(x)
makes with x-axis, is given by
dy
tan    f ( x) .
dx
Thus, the equation of the tangent at the point (x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is
Y – y = f (x) (X – x)
Where (X, Y) is an arbitrary point on the tangent.

-6.4 -
The equation of the normal at (x, y) to the curve y = f (x) is

Y – y = –[1/f (x)] (X – x)  (X – x) + f (x) (Y – y) = 0, f (x)  0.
Sample Problem-4:
Find the equation of normal to the curve x + y = xy, where it cuts the x-axis.
Solution: Given curve is x + y = xy
at x-axis y = 0,
x + 0 = x°  x=1
Now to differentiate x + y = xy, take log on both sides
 ln(x + y) = y ln x
1  dy  1 dy
 1    y  (ln x)
x  y  dx  x dx
Putting x = 1, y = 0, we get
 dy 
1    0
 dx 
 dy 
    1
 dx  (1, 0)
slope of normal = 1
Equation of normal is,
y0
1  y = x – 1.
x 1
Sample Problem-5:
For the curve xy = c2, prove that the portion of the tangent intercepted between the coordinate axes
is bisected at the point of contact.
Solution: Let the point at which tangent is drawn be () on the curve xy = c2.
 dy  
  
dx
 (  ,  ) 
Thus, the equation of tangent is,


y     ( x )

 y = – x + 
 x  + y  = 2
x y
  1
2 2
It is clear that the tangent line cuts x and y-axis at A(2, 0) and B(0, 2) and the point () bisects
AB.

-6.5 -
Sample Problem-6:
If the tangent at the point P (at2, at3) on the curve ay2 = x3 intersects the curve again at
the point Q, find the point Q.
Solution: ay2 = x3  2 ay dy/dx = 3x2

2 2 4 2 3
Slope of tangent at P is (3x 2ay)P  3a t 2a t  3t 2
at13  at 3 t12  tt1  t 2
Let Q be (at12, at13). Slope of line PQ =  which must be the slope of
at12  at 2 t1  t
tangent at P. Hence,
t12  tt1  t 2 3t
= 
t1  t 2
 2t12 – tt1 – t2 = 0
 (t1–t)(2t1+t) = 0
t
 t1 = 
2
 at 2 at 3 
Thus Q has coordinates  ,  
 4 8 
Sample Problem-7:
1 1 1 1
Show that the curves ax2 + by2 = 1 and cx2 + dy2 = 1 cut orthogonally if –  –
a b c d
Solution: Let the two curves cut each other at the point (x1, y1); then,
ax12 + by12 = 1 ...(i)
& cx12 + dy12 = 1 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get

(a – c) x12 + (b – d) y12 = 0 ...(iii)
Slope of the tangent to the curve ax2 + by2 = 1 at (x1, y1) is given by
 dy  ax
 dx  =– 1
1(x , y )
1
by1
Slope of the tangent to the curve cx2 + dy2 = 1 at (x1, y1) is given by
 dy  cx
 dx  =– 1
(x , y )
1 1
dy1
 ax   cx 
If the two curves cut orthogonally, we must have  – 1   – 1  = –1
 by1   dy1 
  acx12 + bdy12 = 0 ...(iv)

-6.6 -
From (iii) and (iv), we have

a–c b–d 1 1 1 1
  –  –
ac bd a b c d
1. The angle of intersection of the curves y = 4 – x2 and y = x2 is
4 2 2 8 2 3 2
(a) tan 1 (b) tan 1 (c) tan 1 (d) tan 1
7 7 7 7
x2 y 2
2. The angle of intersection of the curves   1 and x2 + y2 = ab, where b > a > 0 is
a 2 b2
ba ab ba ba
(a) tan 1 (b) tan 1 (c) tan 1 (d) tan 1
ab ba ab ab 3
3. The angle of intersection of the curves y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4by, where a > 0 and b > 0, at origin is
(a) /2 (b) /3 (c) /4 (d) /12
4. The angle of intersection of curves y = 2 sin2 x and y = cos 2 x at /3 is.

(a) /6 (b) /3 (c) /2 (d) /4
x2 y 2
5. If the curves   1 and y3 = 16x intersect at right angle, then a2 =
a 2 b2
(a) 4/3 (b) 1/4 (c) 5/4 (d) 5/2
6. If the curve y = ax2 + bx + c is to pass through the point (1, 2) and is to be tangent to the line y = x
at the origin.Then, the value of a + b + c is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
x2 y 2
7. If the straight line, x cos  + y sin  = p will be a tangent to the curve   1 , then p2 = .
a 2 b2
(a) a2 sin2  + b2 cos2 (b) a2 sin  + b2 cos 
(c) a2 cos2  + b2 sin2 (d) a2 cos  + b2 sin
x y
8. If the line   c touches the curve y = b e–x/a at the point where it crosses the y-axis.Then, the
a b
value of c is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
9. The equation of the normal to the curve x3 + y3 = 8xy at the point other than origin where it meets
the curve y2 = 4x is.
(a) y = 2x (b) y = 3x (c) y = x (d) y = 4x
10. The equation of the normal to the curve y = (1 + x)y + sin–1 (sin2 x) at x = 0 is.
(a) x + y–1 = 0 (b) x + y + 1 = 0 (c) x + y – 2 = 0 (d) x + y –2 = 0

-6.7 -

 dy   dy 
1. (a): 4 – x2 = x2  x = 2.    2 x &    2 x
 dx 1  dx 2
2 22 2
tan  =
1 8
x 2 ab  x 2 2 1 1  a a 2b
2. (b):   1  x  2    1   x =
a2 b2 a b2  b ab
 x2 
3. (a):    4ax  x3 = 64 ab or x = 0
 4b 
 dy   
4. (b):    4sin x cos x = 4sin cos  3
 dx 1 3 3
 dy  2
   2sin 2 x  2sin  3
dx
 2 3
 dy   dy 
5. (a):      1
 dx 1  dx 2
6. (a): (0, 0) lies on y = ax2 + bx + c, then c = 0

(1, 2) lies on y = ax2 + bx, then a + b = 2
2
 p  2 2 2 2
7. (b): Using the condition c2 = a2m2 + b2 gives    a cot   b sin 
 sin  
 p2 = a2cos2  + b2sin2
8. (a): Put x = 0 in y = be–x/a, gives y = b

dy b  x / a dy b
Now  e  
dx a dx a
b
Tangent is y – b = (x – 0)
a
y2
9. (c): Put x = in x3 + y3 = 8xy.
4
dy dy 2sin x cos x
10. (a): For x = 0, y = 1,  (1  x ) ( y log(1  x )) 
dx dx 1  sin 4 x
= 1 at x = 0, y = 1.
6.4. LENGTHS OF THE TANGENT, NORMAL, SUB-TANGENT AND SUB-NORMAL AT

ANY POINT OF A CURVE
Let the tangent and the normal at any point (x, y) of the curve y = f(x) meet the x-axis at T and G
respectively. Draw the ordinate PM.

-6.8 -
Then the lengths TM, MG are called the sub-tangent and sub-normal respectively.
The lengths PT, PG are sometimes referred to as the lengths of the tangent and the normal
respectively.
Clearly MPG = 
dy
Also tan  
dx
y = f(x)
From the figure, we have Y
P
(i) Length of Tangent
= TP = MP |cosec | = | y | (1  cot 2 ) y
2
  dx  
= | y | 1     M G
  dy   T X
dx
(ii) Length of Sub-tangent = TM = MP | cot  |  | y |
dy
(iii) Length of Normal = GP = MP |sec | = | y | (1  tan 2 )
  dy  2 
 | y | 1    
  dx  
dy
(iv) Length of Sub-normal = MG = MP| tan  |  | y |
dx
Sample Problem-8:
Find the equation of family of curves for which the length of normal is equal to the radius vector.
Solution: Let P(x, y) be the point on the curve.
OP = radius vector = x2  y 2 Y Tangent
P(x, y)
PN = length of normal
1 y
Now, tan    mal
 dy  Nor
  
 dx 
N O X
y
 PN 
sin 
It is given OP = PN
2
 dy 
 x2  y 2  y 1   
 dx 
2 2 2
  dy    dy   dy  x
 x 2  y 2  y 2 1      x2 = y2      = ±
  dx    dx   dx  y
 ydy = ± x dx
integrating both sides, y2 = ± x2 + c is the required family of curves.

-6.9 -
1. For, the curve y = c ex/a, the subtangent is
(a) Constant (b) depends on x (c) depends on y (d) none of these
2. The length of normal at t, to the curve x = a sin3t, y = a cos3t is.
(a) |y cos t| (b) |y cosec t| (c) |y cot t| (d) |y tan t|
3. For, the curve y = c , the subtangent is
(a) Constant (b) 0 (c) not defined (d) none of these
4. For, the curve y = c, the subnormal is
5. For, the curve y = c, the length of normal is
6. For, the curve y = c, the length of tangent is

7. For the curve y n  a n 1 x the subnormal at any point is constant. The value of n must be:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2
8. If the normal to the curve x = a (cos  +  sin ), y = a (sin  –  cos ) is at distance p from the
origin, then p=
(a) 1 (b) 2|a| (c) |a| (d) none of these
9. The subtangent, ordinate and subnormal to the parabola y2  4ax at a point other than origin are in
(a) A.P. (b) H.P. (c) G.P. (d) none of these

2 2
a a a  y
10. The portion of the tangent to the curve x = a2  y2  log between the point of
2 a  a2  y2
contact and the x-axis is of length.
(a) a (b) 2a (c) 3a (d) 4a

dy c x / a y
1. (a):  e 
dx a a
dx a
Subtangent = y  y  a
dy y

-6.10-
dx dy
2. (b):  3a sin 2 t cos t ,  3a cos 2 t sin t
dt dt
dy
then  cot t
dx
2
 dy 
Length of normal = y 1    = |y cosec t|
 dx 
dy ydx
3. (c):  0, subtangent =
dx dy
dy ydy
4. (b):  0, subnormal =
dx dx
2
dy  dy 
5. (b):  0 , length of normal = y 1   
dx  dx 
2
dy  dx 
6. (c):  0 , length of tangent = y 1   
dx  dy 
n 1
dy
n 1 dy  a  1
7. (d): ny  a n1   
dx dx  y  n
ydy na n 1
Subnormal =  n 2 then n = 2
dx y
dx
8. (b): = a(– sin  + sin  +  cos ) = a cos 
d
dy
= a (cos  – cos  +  sin ) = a sin 
d
dy
then = tan 
dx
dy dy 2 a
9. (c): 2 y  4a  
dx dx y
dx
10. (a): Put y = a sin , then find
d
6.5. ROLLE’S THEOREM (RT)

It is one of the most fundamental theorem of differential calculus and has far reaching
consequences.
It states that if y = f(x) be a given function and satisfies,
 f(x) is continuous in [a, b]
 f(x) is differentiable in (a, b)
 f(a) = f(b)

-6.11-
Then f (x) = 0 at least once for some x  (a, b).
6.5.1. Geometrical Interpretation

Y
If the graph of y = f (x) has the ordinates at two point
C
A, B equal, and if the graph be continuous
throughout the interval from A to B and if the curve B
A
has a tangent at every point on it from A to B except
possibly at the two extreme points A and B, then X
O x=a x=c x=b
there exists a point between A and B where the
tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
Sample Problem-9:
Let f(x) = x2 – 3x + 4. Verify Rolle’s theorem in [1, 2].
Solution: f(1) = f(2) = 2

Now, f (x) = 0  2x – 3 = 0
3
 x  (1, 2).
2
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.
Sample Problem-10:
Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – b)(x – c), a < b < c, show that f (x) = 0 has two roots one belonging to
(a, b) and other belonging to (b, c).
Solution : Here, f(x) being a polynomial is continuous and differentiable for all real values of x. We also
have f(a) = f(b) = f(c). If we apply Rolle’s theorem to f(x) in [a, b] and [b, c] we would observe
that f (x)= 0 would have at least one root in (a, b) and at least one root in (b, c). But f (x) is a
polynomial of degree two, hence f (x)= 0 can not have more than two roots. It implies that
exactly one root of f (x)= 0 would lie in (a, b) and exactly one root of f (x) = 0 would lie in (b,
c).
Remarks:
Let y = f(x) be a polynomial function of degree n. If f(x) = 0 has real roots only, then f (x)= 0, f (x)
= 0, ... , f n–1(x) = 0 would have only real roots. It is so because if f(x) = 0 has all real roots, then
between two consecutive roots of f(x) = 0, exactly one roots of f (x) = 0 would lie.
Sample Problem-11:
a0 a a
Prove that if a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers such that  1  ...  n 1  an  0
n 1 n 2
then there exists at least one real number x between 0 and 1 such that
a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2 xn–2 + ... + an = 0,
Solution : Consider a function f defined as

-6.12-
a0 n 1 a1 n a
f(x) = x  x  ...  n 1 x 2  an x, x [0,1]
n 1 n 2
f being a polynomial satisfies the following conditions.
(i) f is continuous in [0, 1]
(ii) f is derivable in (0, 1)
(iii) Since f(0) = 0 and f(1) = 0 by hypothesis,
f(0) = f(1)
Hence there is some x (0, 1) such that f (x) = 0
a a a
 0 (n  1) x n  1 nx n 1  ...  n 1 .2 x  an  0
n 1 n 2
n n–1
 a0x + a1x + ..... + an –1 x + an = 0
6.6. LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM (LMVT)

If a function f is
(i) continuous in a closed interval [a, b] and
(ii) derivable in the open interval (a, b), then there exists at least one value c  (a, b) such that
f (b)  f (a )
 f  (c ) .
ba
6.6.1. Geometrical Interpretation:
f (b)  f (a )
Let P be a point [c, f (c)] on the curve y = f(x) such that  f  (c )
ba
f (b)  f (a )
The slope of the chord AB is and that of the tangent at P(c, f(c)) is f (c). These being
ba
equal, it follows that there exists a point P on the curve, the tangent which is parallel to the chord
AB.
Y Y P2
P P1
B
B
A A P3
X
O L M X O L M
Sample Problem-12:
If f(x) and g(x) be differentiable functions in (a, b), continuous at a and b and g(x)  0 in [a, b],
g (a ) f (b)  f ( a ) g (b) (b  a ) g (a ) g (b )
then prove that  for atleast one c  (a, b).
g (c) f (c)  f (c) g (c)  g (c ) 2
Solution: We have to prove (after rearranging the terms)
f (b ) f ( a )

g (b ) g ( a ) g (c ) f (c )  f (c ) g (c )

(b  a ) ( g (c )) 2
f ( x)
Let F(x) =
g ( x)

-6.13-
As f(x) and g(x) are differentiable function in (a, b), F(x) will also be differentiable in (a, b).
Further F is continuous at a and b. So according to LMVT, there exist one c  (a, b) such that
F ( b)  F ( a )
F (c)  , which proves the required result.
ba
Sample Problem-13:
If the function f : [0, 4]  R is differentiable, then show that, (f (4))2 – (f(0))2 = 8 f (a) f (b) for
some a, b  (0, 4)
Solution: Since, f is differentiable  f is continuous also.
Thus by Lagrange’s mean value theorem, a (0,4) such that
f (4)  f (0) f (4)  f (0)
f (a )   ... (1)
40 4
Also, by Intermediate value theorem there exists b  (0, 4) such that
f (4)  f (0)
f(b) = ... (2)
2
( f (4))2  ( f (0))2
f  (a) f (b) 
8
 (f(4))2 – (f(0))2 = 8f  (a) f (b) for some a, b (0, 4).
Sample Problem-14:
If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b) then prove that there exists atleast one
f (c) f (b)  f (a)
c  (a, b) such that  .
3c 2 b3  a3
Solution: We have to prove
(b3 – a3) f (c) – (f(b) – f(a)) (3c2) = 0
Let us assume a function
F(x) = (b3 – a3) f(x) – (f(b) – f(a)) x3
which will be continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b) as f(x) and x3 both are continuous.
Also F(a) = b3f(a) – a3 f(b) = F(b)
So, according to Rolle’s theorem, there exists atleast one c  (a, b) such that, F(c) = 0, which
proves the required result.
Sample Problem-15:
Find a point on f (x) = (x – 3)2, where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining (3, 0) and (4, 1).
Solution: f (x) = (x – 3)2; f (x) = 2(x – 3)

f (x) is continuous in [3, 4] and f (x) exists in (3, 4), as they are polynomials.
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, there exists c  ]3, 4[ such that
f (4)  f (3)
= f (c)
43

-6.14-
1 0
= 2(c – 3)
43
7
c=
2
7 1
Hence the required point is  , 
2 4
1. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, then, the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one real root in
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) (–1, 2) (d) (–1, 0)
2. The equation 4x3 – 9x2 + 6x – 3 = 0 has a real root lying between

(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) (–1, 2) (d) (–1, 0)
3. The number of real root of x4 + 3x + 1 = 0 between x = – 2 and x = – 1,is.

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
sin b  sin a
4. If there exists c, a < c < b , then =
cos b  cos a
(a) –cot c (b) –tan c (c) sec c (d) cosec c
5. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f(1) = –2 and f  (x) 2 for all x  [1, 6]. Then the least value of
f(6) is
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
1  1
6. Let f(x) = x sin for x  0 and f(0) = 0. Then, in the interval 0,   , the number of values of x,
x  
where f  vanishes is.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
7. Let f(x) = (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 5) (x – 6) then that f (x) = 0 has exactly number of real roots in (3, 6),
is.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
8. Let  () be two real roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then, between  and  the real
number must lies is.
b b b b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2a 2a a a
9. If an interval (a, b) contains k roots of a real polynomial p(x) and p(x) has at least n real roots in
(a, b), then n =.
(a) k (b) k – 1 (c) k + 1 (d) k + 2

-6.15-
10. Suppose that the function f and g are continuous in a neighbourhood N of a point c and are
differentiable in the deleted neighbourhood. N – {c} of c . Assume further that f(c) = 0 = g(c) but
f ( x) f ( x)
that g does not vanish in N – {c} and Lim  L .Then, value of lim is.
x  c g ( x ) x c g ( x)
(a) L (b) 2L (c) 3L (d) 4L

ax3 bx 2
1. (a): Let f (x) =   cx , f (0) = f (1) = 0
3 2
2. (b): Let f (x) = x4 – 3x3 + 3x2 – 3x, f (1) = f (2) = –2
3. (b): Let f (x) = x4 + 3x + 1, f (–2) = 16 – 6 + 1 = 11, f (1) = 5.
f (x) = 4x3 + 3
sin b  sin a
4. (a): Let f (x) = sin x, then cos c =
ba
and g (x) = cos x, then –sin c = cos b – cos a
f (6)  f (1)
5. (d):  f '( x)  2  f (6) – f (1)  10
5
1
6. (d): f (0) = f    0

7. (c): f (3) = f (4) = f (5) = f (6) = 0

b
8. (a): 2ax + b = 0  x = 
2a
9. (b): p(x) = 0 has k –1 real roots.
f ( x) f '( x )
10. (a): lim  lim =L
x c g ( x) x  c g '( x)
6.7. MONOTONICITY
Let y = f(x) be a given function with D as it’s domain.
Let D1  D, then
6.7.1. Increasing Function
f(x) is said to be increasing in D1 if for every x1, x2  D1,
x1 > x2  f (x1) > f (x2)
It means that there is a certain increase in the value of f(x)
with an increase in the value of x (Refer to the adjacent figure).

-6.16-
6.7.2. Non-Decreasing Function

f(x) is said to be non-decreasing in D1 if for every x1, x2  D1,
x1 > x2  f(x1)  f(x2). It means that the value of f(x)
would never decrease with an increase in the value of x
(Refer to the adjacent figure).
6.7.3. Decreasing Function
f(x) is said to be decreasing in D1
if for every x1, x2  D1, x1 > x2  f(x1) < f(x2)
it means that there is a certain decrease
in the value of f(x) with an increase in the value of x
(Refer to the adjacent figure).
6.7.4. Non-increasing Function

f(x) is said to be non-increasing in D1
if for every x1. x2 D1, x1 > x2  f(x1)  f(x2).
It means that the value of f(x) would
never increase with an increase in the value of x
(Refer to the adjacent figure)
6.7.5. Basic Theorems

Let y = f(x) be a given function, continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b). Then
 f(x) is increasing in (a, b) if f ( x)  0  x  (a, b) .
 f(x) is non-decreasing in (a, b) if f ( x)  0  x  (a, b) .
 f(x) is decreasing in (a, b) if f ( x)  0  x  (a, b) .
 f(x) is non-increasing in (a, b) if f ( x)  0  x  (a, b) .
Remarks :
(i) If f ( x)  0  x  (a, b) and points which make f (x) equal to zero (in between (a, b))
don’t form an interval, then f(x) would be increasing in (a, b).
(ii) If f ( x)  0  x  (a, b) and points which make f (x) equal to zero (in between (a, b))
don’t form an interval, f(x) would be decreasing in (a, b).
(iii) If f(0) = 0 and f ( x)  0  x  R, then f ( x )  0  x ( , 0) and f ( x)  0  x  (0,  ) .
(iv) If f(0) = 0 and f ( x)  0  x R then f ( x)  0  x  ( ,0) and f ( x )  0x  (0, ).
(v) A function is said to be monotonic if it’s either increasing or decreasing.
(vi) The points for which f ( x) is equal to zero or doesn’t exist are called critical points. Here it
should also be noted that critical points are the interior points of the domain of the function.
(vii) The stationary points are the points of the domain where f ( x) = 0.

-6.17-
(viii) If f (x)= 0 or dose not exist at points where f (x)exists and if f (x) changes sign when
passing through x = x0 and f (x)doesn’t change its sign then x0 is called a point of inflection.
If f (x)< 0, x  (a, b) then the curve y = f(x) is convex in (a, b)
If f (x) > 0, x  (a, b) then the curve y = f(x) is concave in (a, b)
At the point of inflection, the curve changes its concavity.
Sample Problem-16:
(i) Find the critical points and the intervals of increase and decrease for
f(x) = 3x4 – 8x3 – 6x2 + 24x + 7.
(ii) Find the intervals of monotonicity of the following functions:
(a) f(x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22x2 – 24x + 7
(b) f(x) = x ln x
Solution: (i) f(x) = 3x4 – 8x3 – 6x2 + 24x + 7 sign scheme for f (x):
3 2
 f (x) = 12x – 24x – 12x + 24 = 0
 12(x3 – 2x2 – x + 2) = 0
12(x – 1) (x – 2) (x + 1) = 0
Critical points are –1, 1 and 2.
The wavy curve of the derivative is given in the figure.
Hence function increases in the interval [–1, 1]  [2, ) and
decreases in the interval (–, –1]  [1, 2].
(ii) (a) we have: f(x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22x2 – 24x + 7, x  R
 f (x) = 4x3 – 24x2 + 44 x – 24 = 4 (x –1) (x –2) (x –3)
From the sign scheme for f (x), we can see that f(x)
decreases in (–, 1]
increases in [1, 2]
decreases in [2, 3]
and increases in [3, ).
(b) we have f(x) = x ln x, x > 0
 f (x) = ln x + 1 < 0 x  e 1
 f(x) decreases in (0, e–1]
increases in [e–1, ).
Sample Problem-17:
Prove the following inequalities :
x2  
(a) ln(1 + x) > x – x (0,  ) (b) sin x < x < tan x x  0, 
2  2
Solution: (a) Consider the function
x2
f(x) = ln (1 + x) – x + , x (0, )
2

-6.18-
1 x2
Then f ( x)  1 x   0 x  (0, )
1 x 1 x
 f(x) increases in (0, ) f(x) > f(0+) = 0
x2
i.e., ln(1 + x) > x –
2
which is the desired result.
(b) Consider the function
 
f(x) = tan x – x, x  0, 
 2
 
f (x) = sec 2 x  1  0 x  0, 
 2
Thus f(x) increases in  f(x)  f(0) = 0
i.e., tan x  x
Now, consider the function
 
g(x) = x – sin x, x   0, 
 2
 x  
Then g(x) = 1 – cos x = 2 sin2    0 x   0, 
2
   2
 
g(x) increases in  0,   g(x) > g(0) = 0
 2
i.e., sin x < x
Sample Problem-18:
Find intervals in which f (x) = 2 x2 – log |x| : x  0, is increasing /decreasing.
 2 x 2 – log (– x) if x0
Solution: f (x) =  2
 2x  log x if x0
 4 x – 1 / x if x0
 f(x) = 
 4x –1 / x if x0
 f(x) = 4x – 1/x = (4x2 – 1)/x = (2x – 1) (2x + 1)/x ; x  0
 1  1
f(x) < 0in  ,     0,  
 2  2
 1  1  1  1 
  f decreases in  ,     0,  and increases in  , 0   , 
 2  2  2  2 
Sample Problem-19:
x3 
Prove that x   sin x  x ; 0  x  .
6 2
Solution: Let f (x) = sin x – x ; f(x) = cos x – 1  0

 f (x) is a decreasing function.

-6.19-
  f (x) < f (0) = 0 in (0, /2]
 sin x < x. ...(i)

x3 x2
Let g(x) = x – – sin x ; g(x) = 1 – – cos x  (x) (say)
6 2
(x) = –x + sin x < 0 (by (i))
 (x) is a decreasing function.

g(x) = (x) < (0)  0 < x 
2
  g(x) is a decreasing function and g(x) < g(0) = 0
Hence x – x3/6 < sin x. ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii); x – x3/6 < sin x < x.
Sample Problem-20:
Find the subintervals of [0, 2] in which f (x) = x – 2 sin x is an increasing function.
Solution: f (x) = 1 – 2 cos x

1
 f (x) > 0 if cos x <
2
 
i.e., if x   , 2   
3 3
1. The intervals in which the function f(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 – 12x2 – 7 is increasing is
(a) [–2, 0] (b) [1, 2] (c) (–1, 2) (d) (–1, 0)
2. The values ‘a’ for which the function f(x) = (a + 2)x3 – 3a x2 + 9a x – 1 decreases for all real values
of x is
(a)   ,   (b)  , 3 (c)  ,3 (d)  , 0 
3. The function f(x) = tan–1(sin x + cos x) is decreasing function on the interval.
     
(a)  0,  (b)  ,  (c) (0, ) (d)  , 
 2 4 2 4 2
4. The function f(x) = 2sin x + tan x - 3 x is increasing in the interval .
      
(a)  ,  (b)  ,   (c) (0, ) (d)  , 
 2 2 2  4 2
[a sin x  b cos x]
5. The relation between the constants a, b, c and d so that the function, f ( x)  is
[c sin x  d cos x]
always increasing is.
(a) ad < bc (b) ad > bc (c) ab > cd (d) ab < cd

-6.20-
 x2 
6. The interval of decreasing of g(x), where g(x) = 2 f    f (6  x 2 ) for all x  R. It is given that
 2 
f (x) > 0 for all x  R.
(a)  , 2   0, 2 (b)  , 2  0,1 (c)  , 1   0,1 (d)  , 1   0, 2
x3
dt
7. If f ( x)   ln t , x  0, 1 then
x2
(a) f(x) is an increasing function (b) f(x) has a minima at x = 1

(c) f(x) is a decreasing function (d) f(x) has a maxima at x = 1
8. If S is the set, such that f(x) = 8x2 – ln |x| increases in S, then S contains
 1   4  1
(a)   ,0  (b)  ,   (c)  0,  (d) none of these
 4   4  4
9.  
Let f(x) = 2x – tan–1x-ln x  1  x2 ; x  R . Then
(a) f(x) is increasing in (–, ) (b) f(x) is non-decreasing in (–, )

(c) f(x) is decreasing in (–, ) (d) f(x) is non-increasing in (–, )
10. The number of critical points of f(x) = max {sin x, cos x} for x (0, 2) is
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) none of these
1. (a): f (x)  0
2. (b): f (x)  0
cos x  sin x
3. (d): f (x) =
1  (cos x  sin x) 2
4. (a): f (x) = 2 cos x + sec2x –3.
5. (b): f (x) > 0

 x2  2
6. (a): g(x) < 0  xf '    xf '(6  x )
 2 
x2 x2
  6  x 2 for x > 0 and  6  x 2 for x < 0
2 2
3x 2 2x x
7. (a): f (x) =   ( x  1)
3ln x 2ln x ln x
8. (a): f (x) = 16 x – 1/x

1 1
9. (a): f (x) = 2 – 2

1 x 1  x2

-6.21-
10. (c):
6.8. MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF A FUNCTION

6.8.1. Concept of Local Maxima and Local Minima
Let y = f(x) be a function defined at x = a and also in the vicinity of the point x = a. Then, f(x) is
said to have a local maximum at x = a, if the value of the function at
x = a is greater than the value of the function at the neighboring points of x = a. Mathematically,
f(a) > f(a – h) and f(a) > f(a + h) where h > 0 (very small quantity).
a–h a a + h a–h a a + h
Local maxima Local minima
Similarly, f(x) is said to have a local minimum at x = a, if the value of the function at x = a is less
than the value of the function at the neighboring points of x = a.
Mathematically, f(a) < f(a – h) and f(a) < f(a + h) where h > 0.
A local maximum or a local minimum is also called a local extremum.
6.8.2. Tests for Local Maxima/Minima

6.8.2.1. Test for Local Maximum/Minimum at x = a if f(x) is Differentiable at x = a.
If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and if it is a critical point of the function (i.e., f (a) = 0) then we
have the following three tests to decide whether f(x) has a local maximum or local minimum or
neither at x = a.
6.8.2.2. First Derivative Test :
If f (a)= 0 and f (x) changes it’s sign while passing through the point x = a, then
(i) f(x) would have a local maximum at x = a if f (a – 0)> 0 and f (a + 0) < 0. It means that
f (x) should change it’s sign from positive to negative.
(ii) f(x) would have a local minimum at x = a if f (a – 0) < 0 and f (a + 0) > 0. It means that
f (x) should change it’s sign from negative to positive.
(iii) If f(x) doesn’t change it’s sign while passing through x = a, then f(x) would have neither a
maximum nor a minimum at x = a.

-6.22-
6.8.2.3. Second Derivative Test:

This test is basically the mathematical representation of the first derivative test. It simply says that,
(i) If f (a) = 0 and f (a) < 0, then f(x) would have a local maximum at x = a.
(ii) If f (a)= 0 and f (a) > 0, then f(x) would have a local minimum at x = a.
(iii) If f (a)= 0 and f (a) = 0, then this test fails and the existence of a local maximum/minimum
at x = a is decided on the basis of the nth derivative test.
6.8.2.4. nth Derivative Test
It is nothing but the general version of the second derivative test, It says that if, f (a) = f (a)
= f (a) = ... f n(a) = 0 and f n+1
(a)  0 (all derivatives of the function up to order n vanishes and
th
(n + 1) order derivative does not vanish at x = a), then f(x) would have a local maximum or local
minimum at x = a if n is odd natural number and that x = a would be a point of local maxima if
n+1 n+1
f (a) < 0 and would be a point of local minima if f (a) > 0. However if n is even, then f has
neither a maxima nor a minima at x = a.
It is clear that the last two tests are basically the mathematical representation of the first derivative
test. But that shouldn’t diminish the importance of these tests. Because at that times it becomes
very difficult to decide whether f (x) changes it’s sign or not while passing through point x = a,
and the remaining tests may come handy in these kind of situations.
Sample Problem-21:
1
Let f(x) = x + , x  0 . Discuss the maximum and minimum values of f(x).
x
+ – +
1 x 2  1 ( x  1)( x  1)
Solution: Here, f (x) = 1 – 2  f ( x)  2  –1 1
x x x2
sign scheme for f (x):

Using number line rule, we have maximum at x = –1 and minimum at x = 1
 at x = –1 we have local maximum  fmax(x) = – 2
and at x = 1 we have local minimum  fmin(x) = 2
6.8.2.5. Test for Local Maximum/Minimum at x = a if f(x) is not differentiable at x = a

Case 1 : When f(x) is continuous at x = a and f (a – h) and f (a + h) exist and are non-zero, then
f(x) has a local maximum or minimum at x = a if f (a – h) and f (a + h) are of opposite signs.
If f (a – h) > 0 and f (a + h) < 0 then x = a will be a point of local maximum.
If f (a – h) < 0 and f (a + h) > 0 then x = a will be a point of local minimum.
Case 2: When f(x) is continuous and f (a – h) and f (a + h) exist but one of them is zero, we
should infer the information about the existence of local maxima/minima from the basic definition
of local maxima/minima.

-6.23-
Case 3: If f(x) is not continuous at x = a and f (a – h) and/or f (a + h) are not finite, then compare
the values of f(x) at the neighboring points of x = a.
Remark: It is advisable to draw the graph of the function in the vicinity of the point x = a because
the graph would given us the clear picture about the existence of local maxima/minima at x = a.
Sample Problem-22:
 x 3  x 2  10 x, x  0
Let f(x) =  . Investigate x = 0 for local maxima/ minima.
 3sin x, x 0
Solution: Clearly f(x) is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0 as f(0) = f(0 – 0) = f (0 + 0) = 0

f (h )  f (0)
f   (0)  lim
h 0 h
h3  h2  10h  0
 lim = 10
h 0 h
f ( h)  f (0) 3sinh
But f  (0)  lim  lim  3
h 0 h h 0 h
Since f  (0)  0 and f  (0)  0, x  0 is the point of local maximum.
Sample Problem-23:
Find the points of local maxima and local minima for the function f (x) = (x – 1)3 (x + 1)2. Also find
corresponding values of f (x).
Solution: f (x) = 3(x – 1)2(x + 1)2 + 2(x – 1)3(x + 1)

= (x – 1)2(x + 1){3x + 3 + 2x – 2}
= (x – 1)2(x + 1)(5x + 1)
1
f (x) = 0  x = 1, –1, 
5
By the signs of f (x), we conclude;
f has local maximum at x = – 1 and f (–1) = 0
1  1 3456
f has local minimum at x =  and f     
5  5 3125
Sample Problem-24:
Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x + sin 2x in [0, ].
Solution: f (x) = 1 + 2 cos 2x ;

1
f (x) = 0  cos 2x = –
2

-6.24-
2 4   2
 2x = , or x = ,
3 3 3 3
Now for absolute max/min, we compare values of
  3     3
f (0) = 0, f   = + , f  = – , f () = 
3 3 2  3  3 2
 Absolute max. f (x) = f ()  

Absolute min. f (x) = f (0)  0.
Sample Problem-25:
Show that the semi-vertical angle of a right circular cone of maximum volume and of given slant
height is tan–1 2 .
O
Solution: Let slant height OA be l and semi-verical angle of the cone
be . 
l
From figure,
r = radius of the base

A B
= l sin  C
h = height of the cone = OC = lcos  

1 2
V = volume = r h
3
1 1
= (l sin )2 (l cos ) = l3 sin2 cos 
3 3
dV 1
 = l3 (2 sin  cos2  – sin3 )
d 3
1
=  l3 sin (2 cos2  – sin2 ).
3
d 2V 1 3
= l {cos (2 cos2  – sin2 ) + sin (–4 cos  sin  – 2 sin  cos )}
d  3
1 3
= l {2 cos3  – 7 sin2 cos }
3
1
=  l3 cos3  (2 – 7 tan2 )
3
=0  sin  = 0 or tan2  = 2

  = 0, tan–1 2 ( 0 <  < )
2
d 2V
We reject “ = 0”. Further, < 0 for  = tan–1 2
d 

-6.25-
Hence volume is maximum when  = tan–1 2 .
Sample Problem-26:
If f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 1,

 max. ( f (t )) , 0  t  x : 0  x  2
g(x) =  2 . Test continuity of g(x) in [0, 3].
 x  3x  7 : 2 x3
Solution: f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 +1

f (x) = 6x2 – 6x = 6x(x – 1)
f (x) = 0 if x = 0, 1
f(x) > 0 if x > 1 or x < 0
f(x) < 0 if 0 < x < 1
 x = 0 is point of local maxima and f (0) = 1

3
f (x) = 1  2x3 – 3x2 = 0  x = 0,
2
 3
 f (0)  1 if 0 x
2

 3
 g(x) =  f ( x) if x2
 2 2
 x  3 x  7 if 2 x3


g can be easily verified to be discontinuous at x = 2 alone.
6.9. CONCEPT OF GLOBAL MAXIMUM/MINIMUM

Let y = f(x) be a given function with domain D. Let [a, b] D. Global maximum/minimum of f(x)
in [a, b] is basically the greatest/least value of f(x) in [a, b].
Global maximum and minimum in [a, b] would always occur at critical points of f(x) within [a, b]
or at the end points of the interval, if f is continuous in [a, b].
6.9.1 Global Maximum/Minimum in [a, b]

In order to find the global maximum and minimum of a continuous function f(x) in [a, b], find out
all the critical points of f(x) in (a, b). Let c1, c2, ... , cn be the different critical points. Find the value
of the function at these critical points. Let f(c1), f(c2), .... , f(cn) be the values of the function at
critical points.
Say, M1 = max {f(a), f(c1), f(c2), .... , f(cn), f(b)}
and M2 = min {f(a), f(c), f(c2), ..., f(cn), f(b)}
Then M1 is the greatest value of f(x) in [a, b] and M2 is the least value of f(x) in [a, b].
6.9.2. Global Maximum/Minimum in (a, b)

-6.26-
Method for obtaining the greatest and least values of f(x) in (a, b) is almost same as the method
used for obtaining the greatest and least values in [a, b] however with a caution.
Let y = f(x) be a continuous function and c1, c2 ... c3 be the different critical points of the function in
(a, b).
Let M1 = max. {f(c1), f(c2), f(c3) .... f(cn)}
and M2 = min {f(c1), f(c2), f(c3) ... f(cn)}
Now if lim f(x) > M1 or < M2, f(x) would not have global maximum (or global minimum) in
x a 0
( or x b  0)
(a, b).
This means that if the limiting values at the end points are greater than M1 or less than M2, then f(x)
would not have global maximum/minimum in (a, b). On the other hand if M1 > lim f(x) and
xa 0
(and x b  0)
M2 < lim f(x), then M1 and M2 would respectively be the global maximum and global
xa  0
( and x b  0)
minimum of f(x) in (a, b).
Sample Problem-27:
Let f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 6. Discuss the global maximum and minimum of f(x) in [0, 2] and
in (1, 3).
Solution: f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 6
 f (x) = 6x2 – 18x + 12 = 6 (x2 – 3x + 2) = 6 (x – 1) (x– 2)
First of all let us discuss [0, 2].
Clearly the critical point of f(x) in [0, 2] is x = 1.
f(0) = 6, f(1) = 11, f(2) = 10
Thus x = 0 is the point of global minimum of f(x) in [0, 2] and x = 1 is the point of global
maximum.
Now let us consider (1, 3)
Clearly, x = 2 is the only critical point in (1, 3),
f(2) = 10 lim f ( x ) ,= 11 and lim f ( x ) = 15
x 1 0 x  3 0
Thus x = 2 is the point of global minimum in (1, 3) and the global maximum in (1, 3) does not
exist.
x
1. The local maximum value of the function y = , 1  x  4 is.
( x  1) ( x  4)
(a) –1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

-6.27-
ax  b
2. If y = has a turning value at (2, -1) then the value of a + b is
( x  1)( x  4)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
5
3. The value of ‘a’, for which all the extrema for the function f(x) = a 2 x3  2ax 2  9 x  b are
3
positive and the function has a maximum at the point x = –5/9, is.
81
(a) (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
25
4. If the function f(x) = sin x (1 + cos x) is maximum in the interval [0, ] at x = .
   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 6 4
5. The absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of the function, f(x) = 3x4 – 8x3 +
12x2 – 48x + 25 in the interval [0, 3] are.
(a) 25, –30 (b) 20, –39 (c) 25, –39 (d) 20, –40
6. The maximum value of f (x) = cos (3x) + cos (5x) is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 4
7. If  is the root (having least absolute value) of the equation x2 – bx – 1 = 0 (b  R+) then
(a)  < – 1 (b) –1 <  < 0 (c) 0 <  < 1 (d) > 1
N
8. Let N be any four digit number say x1 x2 x3 x4. Then maximum value of is equal to
x1  x2  x3  x4
1111
(a) 1000 (b) (c) 800 (d) none of these
4
| x  1|  a , x  1
9. Let f(x) =  . If f(x) has a local minima at x = 1, then
 2 x  3, x 1
(a) a = 5 (b) a < 5 (c) a > 5 (d) none of these
10. If f(x) = a0 + a1 x2 + a2x4 + ... + anx2n be a polynomial where a0 < a1 < a2 < ...< an and all are positive
then f(x) has
(a) neither a maximum nor a minimum (b) only one maximum
(c) only one minimum (d) none of these
HINTS/SOLUTION OBJECTIVE QUESTION-6.6:

x dy ( x 2  5 x  4)  x(2 x  5)
1. (a): y = 2
, 
x  5 x  4 dx ( x 2  5 x  4) 2
2a  b
2. (b): Given –1 =  2a + b = 2 and y´(2) = 0
(2  1)(2  4)

-6.28-
 5
3. (a): f      0
 9
4. (a): f (x) = cos x(1 + cos x) – sin x . sin x = 0
5. (c): f (x) = 12 x3 – 24x2 + 24x – 48 = 0
6. (c): f (0) = 1 + 1 = 2
7. (b): 2x – b = 0
b
x=
2
8. (a): x1 + x2 + x3 + x4  4(N)1/4
9. (a): f (1)  lim f ( x)  5  a
x 1
10. (c): f (x) = 2a1x + 4a2x3 + ... + 2nanx2n –1 = 0

 x = 0 and f (0) > 0

-6.29-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
| x  1|
1. If f ( x)  , its critical points are
x2
(a) 1, 2 (b) 0, 1 (c) 0, 2 (d) none of these
2. The number of tangents to the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3, which are equally inclined to the axes of
coordinates is

3. If f ´(x) > 0, xR, f ´(1) = 0 and g(x) = f (tan2x – tan x + 4), 0 < x < , then g(x) is increasing in
2
     
(a)  0,  (b)  0,  (c)  0,  (d) none of these
 3  6  4
4. The absolute minimum value of f (x) = cos x + 10x + 3x2 + x3 when x[–2, 3], is
(a) –12 (b) –15 (c) –18 (d) none of these
5. If I = [–1, 4] and f : I  R, where f (x) = x3 – 3x, then range of f (x) is

(a) [–2, 52] (b) [2, 52] (c) [–2, 64] (d) none of these
6. If f (x) = 3 – 2 (x + 1)1/3, then f (x) has
(a) a local maximum point (b) a local minimum point

(c) no local maximum/minimum point (d) none of these
7. Number of real roots of f (x) = ex–1 + x – 2 = 0, is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
| x  1|  , x  1
8. If f ( x)   has a local minimum at x = 1, then  
2 x  3 , x 1
9. The distance between the origin and normal to the curve y = e2x + x2 at the point A where x = 0, is
equal to
1 2
(a) (b) (c) 5 (d) none of these
5 5
10. Equation of one of the tangents to curve y = cos (x + y), x [–, ], which are parallel to line
x + 2y + 1 = 0, is
 
(a) 2 y  x  (b) 2 y  x  (c) 2y + x = 1 (d) none of these
2 4

-6.30-
11. If f (x) = x3 + 4x2 + x + 1 is a monotonically decreasing function of x in the largest possible interval
(–2, –2/3), then
(a)  = 4 (b)  = 2 (c)  = –1 (d)  has no real value
12. If f (x) and g(x) are two increasing function such that (g o f )(x) is defined, then
(a) (g of) (x) is an increasing function (b) (f og) is a decreasing function
(c) (f o g)(x) is neither increasing nor decreasing (d) none of these
13. Normal to the curve x = 3t2 + 1, y = t2 – t + 1 is parallel to x-axis at

(a) t = 10 (b) t = 0 (c) t = 3 (d) t = –3
14. The curves x3 – 3x2y + 2 = 0 and 3xy2 – y3 – 2 = 0 meet each other at an angle of
(a) 45º (b) 90º (c) 60º (d) 0º
15. Let P(x) = a1x + a2x3 + a3x5 + ....... + anx2n–1 be a polynomial in a real variable x with
0 < a1, a2, ....., an, then the function P(x) has
(a) no extremum (b) one minimum

(c) one maximum (d) More than one extrema
a0 a a a
16. If  1  2  .....  n –1 + an = 0. Then the function
n 1 n n –1 2
f (x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–1 + ..... + an has in (0, 1)
(a) at least one zero (b) at most one zero

(c) only 3 zeros (d) only 2 zeros.
x dx
17. The slope of the tangent to the curve y =  3
at the point where x = 1 is
0 1 x
1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
2 4
18. The interval of increase of f (x) = xex (1 – x) is

 1   1
(a) (0, 1) (b) (–, 0)  (1, ) (c)   ,1  (d)  ,   (1,  )
 2   2
2
2x
19. The maximum value of (1/ x) is
(a) e (b) e1/e (c) 1 (d) ee
 3 | x  k | xk

20. If f(x) =  2 sin( x  k ) has maximum at x = k, then
 a  2  x  k xk
(a) a R (b) |a| < 2 (c) |a| > 2 (d) 1 < |a| > 2

-6.31-
21. If a = cos1 x , b = cos–1(x) and c = (cos–1x)2 and a > b > c, then x lies in the interval.
(a) (cos–1, 1) (b) (0, cos–1) (c) –1, 1) (d) (–1, cos cos–1)
22. The maximum value of cos [cos (sinx)] is

(a) cos (cos1) (b) cos 1 (c) 1 (d) 0
x
23. The number of critical points of the function f (x) =  et (t  1)(t  2)(t  3)dt is
0
24. The curve x + y = exy has a vertical tangent at point (). Then is equal to
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –2
25. If f (x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 and g (x) = – x2 – 2cx + b2 are such that min f (x) > max g (x) then
(a) 0 < c < b/2 (b) |c| < |b| < 2 (c) |c| > |b| > 2 (d) |b| < |c| < 2
b
26. If ax +  c x > 0 and a, b, c are positive constants then
x
c2 c2 a2 b2
(a) ab  (b) ab  (c) bc  (d) ac 
4 4 4 4
xn yn x y
27. The curve n
 n = 2 touches the line  = 2 at the point
a b a b
1 1
(a) (b, a) (b) (a, b) (c) (1, 1) (d)  , 
b a
28. The tangent to the curve x y a at any point on it cuts the axes –X and –Y at P and Q
respectively then OP + OQ is
(a) 2 a (b) a (c) a/2 (d) none of these
29. In a ABC, B = 90° and a + b = 4. The area of the triangle is the maximum when C is
(a) /4 (b) /6 (c) /3 (d) none of these
30. If 3(a + 2c) = 4(b + 3d), then the equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 will have
(a) no real solution (b) at least one real root in (– 1, 0)
(c) at least on real root in (0, 1) (d) none of these
31. In the interval [0, 1], the function x25(1 – x)75 takes its maximum value at the point
(a) 0 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3
2
x  x 1
32. For real x, maximum value of is
x2  x  1
(a) 1/2 (b) 2 (c) 1/3 (d) 3

-6.32-
x
1
33. What is the maximum value of   ?
x
(a) (e)1/e (b) (1/e)e (c) e–e (d) none of these
34. Let f (x) = cos x sin 2x. Then
8 3
(a) min {f (x) ; (– x )} > – (b) min {f (x) ; (– x )} > –
9 7
1 2
(c) min {f (x) ; (– x )} > – (d) min {f (x) ; (– x )} > –
9 9
35. For what value of a, f (x) = –x3 + 4ax2 + 2x – 5 is decreasing  x  R
(a) (1, 2) (b) (3, 4) (c) R (d) no value of a
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

36. If f (x) = 2 log (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1, then f (x) is
(a) increasing in (2, 3) (b) decreasing in (3, )
(c) increasing in (–, 2) (d) none of these
37. If f (x) = x (log x)2, then extreme values of f (x) are

(a) local maximum = 4e–2 (b) local minimum = 0
(c) no local maximum/local minimum (d) none of these
38. Let f (x) > 0 and g(x) < 0 for all x R. Then
(a) f {g(x)} > f {g(x + 1)} (b) f {g(x)} > f {g(x – 1)}
(c) g{f (x)} > g{f (x + 1)} (d) g{f (x)} > g{f (x – 1)}
x2  1
39. Let f ( x)  , 1  x  4. [.] denotes the greatest integer function. Then
[ x]
(a) f (x) is monotonically decreasing in [1, 3.9] (b) f (x) is monotonically increasing in [1, 3.9]
17
(c) the greatest value of f (x) is (d) the least value of f (x) is 2.
3
40. Let g(x) = f (x) + f (1 – x) and f(x) < 0, 0  x  1. Then

1  1 
(a) g(x) increases on  , 1 (b) g(x) decreases on  , 1
 2  2 
 1  1
(c) g(x) decreases on 0,  (d) g(x) increases on 0, 
 2  2
x 1 0  x 1

41. f(x) =  3 x 1 is increasing in
x – 3 x  1

(a) [0, 1] (b) [1, ) (c) (1, ) (d) [0, )

-6.33-
42. Let f(x) = (x – 1)p. (x – 2)q where p > 1, q > 1. Each critical point of f (x) is a point of extremum
when
(a) p = 3, q = 4 (b) p = 4, q = 2 (c) p = 2, q = 3 (d) p = 2, q = 4.
43. Let f(x) = a5x5 + a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x, where ai s are real find f(x) = 0 has a positive root 0. Then
(a) f (x) = 0 has a root 1 such that 0 < 1 < 0 (b) f (x) = 0 has at least one real root
(c) f (x) = 0 has at least one real root (d) none of these
44. Let the parabolas y = x(c – x) and y = x2 + ax + b touch each other at the point (1, 0), then
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a + b = 2 (c) b – c = 1 (d) a + c = –2
45. The angle between the tangents at any point P and the line joining P to the origin 0, where P is a
y
point on the curve ln (x2 + y2) = c tan–1 , c is a constant, is
x
(a) independent of x (b) independent of y
(c) independent of x but dependent on y (d) independent of y but dependent on x
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
Comprehension-1
Recall the definition of Rolle’s Theorem.

Let f (x) be a function defined on [a, b] such that f (x) is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b) and also f (a) = f (b). Then f (x) will have at least one root in (a, b)
46. Let (x) = f (x) + Ax, where f (x) is a polynomial, the value of A so that (x) satisfies Rolle’s
theorem on [a, b] is
f (b)  f (a ) f (a )  f (b) f (b)  f (a ) f (b )  2 f (a )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ba ba ba ba
47. For the function f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + ax + b, f (1) = f (3) = 0 the value of a so that f (x) has a root at
1
x=2+ is
3
48. In which of the following functions Rolle’s theorem is not applicable

(a) f (x) = x(x – 4)2 for [0, 4]
(b) f (x) = e1–x2 for [–1, 1]
1
(c) f (x) = sin + x2 + 1 for [–1, 1]
|x|
 x 2  ab 
(d) f (x) = log   on [a, b] where 0<a<b
 x ( a  b) 

-6.34-
11 5/ 6 8 1/3 3 1/ 2
49. The function f (x) = x  x  x  2 will have a root in the interval
6 3 2
(a) [2, 4] (b) [3, 4] (c) [1, 4] (d) none of these
Comprehension-2
If f (x) is a polynomial of degree n and has the root  repeated r times e.g., f (x) = (x – )r g (x), then
f ´ () = f ´´() = 0. ....... so on (i.e. all derivatives till r –1th derivative are zero). Also between any
two roots of f (x) = 0 lies at least one root of f ´ (x) = 0.
Answer the following questions for f (x) = (x – )3 (x – )3 ().
50. Which of the following must be true?

(a) all the roots of f ´´ (x) = 0 are real and distinct
(b) all the roots of f ´´(x) = 0 are real and nothing can be said if these are distinct or equal
(c) f ´´ (x) = 0 has only two real roots
(d) f ´´ (x) = 0 has only three real roots
51. The equation f ´ (x) = f ´´ (x) has

(a) all real roots (b) only two real roots
(c) at least two real roots (d) nothing can be said in general
52. The equation f ´´ (x) = f ´´´ (x) has

(a) all real roots (b) one real root
(c) two real roots (d) nothing can be said
53. Which of the following must be true?

(a) f (x) has only one local maxima and one local minima
(b) f (x) has two points of inflection
(c) f ´ (x) has two local maximum and two local minimum
(d) nothing can be said
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

e x  e | x|  1
54. A. Range of the function f (x) = (p)  0, 2 
e x  e| x|  
B. The function f (x) = 2log (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1 increases on the interval (q) (2, 3)

 1 
C. f (x) = xex (1 – x) increases in (r)   2 , 1
 
 4  x2 
D. f (x) = sin log   . Domain of f (x) is (s) (–2, 1)
 1 x 
 

-6.35-
55. A. The sides of a triangle vary slightly in such a way that its circum-radius (p) 1
da db dc
remains constant, if    1 = |m|, then the alues of m is
cos A cos B cos C
B. The length of sub-tangent to the curve x2y2 = 16 at the point (–2, 2) is |k|, (q) –1
then the value of k is
C. The curve y = 2e2x intersects the y-axis at an angle cot–1 |(8n – 4)/3, (r) 2
then the value of n is

D. The area of a triangle formed by normal at the point (1, 0) on the (s) –2
curve x = esin y with axes is |2t + 1|/6 sq. units, then the value of t is
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
56. If  be the angle of intersection of x2 + y2 – 6x – 6y – 10 = 0 and y = 2x – 5, then tan  is.
57. Total number of values of ‘x’ where f (x) = cos x + cos 2x attains its maximum value is/are
58. If xy = 10, then minimum value of 12 x2 + 13y2 is equal to 10m 10m  1. Find m.
59. f (x) = ex. cos x, x  [0, 2]. The slope of tangent of the function is minimum for x = , then sin  is.
60. Let f (x) = maximum {sin x, cos x} x  R . If the minimum value of f (x) is , then tan (sin–1()) is.
61. If the tangent at any point (4m2, 8m3) of x3 – y2 = 0 is a normal to the curve x3 – y2 = 0, then the
value of 3m2 is
62. If P is the point on the curve 3x2 – 4y2 = 72 which is nearest to the line 3x + 2y + 1 = 0, then its
distance from the point (0, 3) is
63. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f(1) = –2 and f ´(x)  2 for all x  [1, 6], then the minimum value
of f(6) is
64. For a twice-differentiable function f(x), g(x) is defined as g(x) = (f ´(x))2 + f ´´(x)f(x) on [a, e]. If for
a < b < c < d < e, f(a) = 0, f(b) = 2, f(c) = –1, f(d) = 2 and f(e) = 0, then the minimum number of
zero of g(x) is
65. The triangle formed by the tangent to the curve f(x) = x2 + bx – b at the point (1, 1) and the
coordinate axes lies in the first quadrant. If its area is 2, then the value of |b| is
ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS
66. Tangent at a point P1 (other than (0, 0) on the curve y = x3 meets the curve again at P2. The tangent
at P2 meets the curve again at P3 and so on. Show that the abscissae of P1, P2, ..., Pn form a G.P.
Also find the ratio.

-6.36-
67. A metal block of volume V is to be cast into a half cylinder bounded by a rectangular base and two
semicircular ends. Show that the half-cylinder so made will have the least total surface area if the
ratio of the height of the cylinder to the diameter of the semicircular ends is 1 : ( + 2).
68. What are the dimension of the rectangular plot of the greatest area which can be laid out within a
triangle of base 36ft & altitude 12ft ? Assume that one side of the rectangular lies on the base of the
triangle.
69. A polynomial of degree 3 such that f (1) = –10 f (–1) = 6. It has local min. at x = 1, and f (x) has a
local minima at x = –1. Find the distance between points of max. and min.
70. A point P is given on the circumference of a circle with radius r. Chords QR are drawn parallel to
the tangent at P. Determine the maximum possible area of triangle PQR.
71. The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5 touches the x-axis at P(–2, 0) and cuts the y-axis at a point
Q where its gradient is 3. Find a, b, c.
72. f (x), a polynomial of degree 4, vanishes at x = –1 and has local maximum/minimum at x = 1, x = 2

2 1348
and x = 3. If  f (x ) dx  , find f (x).
–2 15
73. A closed rectangular box with a square base is to be made so as to contain 1000 cubic feet. The cost
of the materials per sq. foot for the bottom is 15 paisa, for the top 25 paisa, and for the sides
20 paisa. The labour charges for making the box are Rs. 3. Find the dimensions of the box when the
cost is minimum.
74. If the sides and angles of a plane triangle vary in such a way that its circumradius remains constant,
da db dc
prove that    0 , where da, db, dc are small increments in the sides a, b, c
cos A cos B cos C
respectively.
75. If p(x) = 51x101 – 2323x100 – 45x + 1035, using Rolle’s Theorem, prove that atleast one root lies
between (451/100, 46).
76. A curve C has the property that if the tangent drawn at any point P on C meets the co-ordinate axes
at A and B, the P is the mid-point of AB. The curve passes through the point (1, 1). Determine the
equation of the curve.
3x· ( x  1)  
77. Prove that sin x  2 x  x   0,  . (Justify the inequality, if any used).
  2

-6.37-
 3 b 3 – b2  b – 1
– x  2 , 0x1
78. Let f (x) =  b  3b  2 . Find all possible values of b such that f (x) has the
 2 x – 3, 1x 3

smallest value at x = 1.
79. Find the greatest and the least values of the function f (x) defined as below :
 min imum of {3t 4 – 8t 3 – 6t 2  24 ; 1  t  x } 1x2


f (x) =   1 2 
 maximum of 3t  4 sin t  2 ; 2  t  x  2x4
  
+
80. (i) Show that 2x tan–1 x  loge (1 + x2) for all x  R .
2
(ii) Find the maximum and the minimum values of f (x) = 1 + 2 sin x + 3 cos2 x, 0  x  .
3

-6.38-
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS
1. A function y = f (x) has a second order derivative f (x) = 6(x – 1). If its graph passes through the
point (2, 1) and at that point the tangent to the graph is y = 3x – 5, then the function is [AIEEE-2004]
(a) (x – 1)2 (b) (x + 1)2 (c) (x + 1)3 (d) (x – 1)3
2. The normal to the curve x = a(1 + cos ), y = a sin  at  always passes through the fixed
point [AIEEE-2004]
(a) (a, 0) (b) (a, a) (c) (0, 0) (d) (0, a)
3. The normal to the curve x = a (cos + sin), y = a (sin + cos) at any point ‘’ is such that
[AIEEE-2005]

(a) it passes through  a ,  a  (b) it is at a constant distance from the origin
 2 

(c) it passes through the origin (d) it makes angle   with the x-axis
2
4. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f(a) = –2 and f (x)  2 for x  [1, 6], then [AIEEE-2005]
(a) f(6) < 5 (b) f(6) = 5 (c) f(6)  8 (d) f(6) < 8
5. If the equation anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + ... + a1x = 0, a1  0, n  2, has a positive root x = , then the
equation nanxn–1 + (n – 1)an–1xn–2 + ... + a1 = 0 has a positive root, which is [AIEEE-2005]
(a) greater than or equal to  (b) equal to 

(c) greater than  (d) smaller than 
6. If the function f (x) = 2x3 – 9 ax2 + 12 a2x + 1, where a > 0, attains its maximum & minimum at p
and q respectively such that p2 = q, then ‘a’ equals [AIEEE-2003]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 3
x 2
7. The function f ( x)   has a local minimum at [AIEEE-2006]
2 x
(a) x = 1 (b) x = 2 (c) x = –2 (d) x = 0
3x 2  9 x  17
8. If x is real, the maximum value of is [AIEEE-2006]
3x2  9 x  7
17 1
(a) (b) (c) 41 (d) 1
7 4
9. A value of C for which the conclusion of Mean Value Theorem holds for the function f (x) = loge x
on the interval [1, 3] is [AIEEE 2007]
(a) log3 e (b) loge 3 (c) 2 log3 e (d) (1/2)loge 3

-6.39-
10. The function f (x) = tan–1(sin x + cos x) is an increasing function in [AIEEE 2007]
         
(a)  0,  (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d)  , 
 2  2 2 4 2  2 4
11. Suppose the cubic x3 – px + q has three distinct real roots where p > 0 and q > 0. Then which one of
the following holds? [AIEEE 2008]
p p
(a) The cubic has minima at  and maxima at
3 3
p p
(b) The cubic has minima at both and –
3 3
p p
(c) The cubic has maxima at both and –
3 3
p p
(d) The cubic has minima at and maxima at –
3 3
12. Given P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d such that x = 0 is the only real root of P´(x) = 0. If
P(–1) < P(1), then in the interval [–1, 1] : [AIEEE 2009]
(a) P(–1) is not minimum but P(1) is the maximum of P
(b) P(–1) is the minimum but P(1) is not the maximum of P
(c) neither P(–1) is the minimum nor P(1) is the maximum of P
(d) P(–1) is the minimum and P(1) is the maximum of P
 k  2 x, if x  1
13. Let f : R  R be defined by f ( x)  
 2 x  3, if x  1
If f has a local minimum at x = –1, then a possible value of k is [AIEEE 2010]
1
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 
2
4
14. The equation of the tangent to the curve y  x  , that the parallel to the x-axis, is [AIEEE 2010]
x2
(a) y = 3 (b) y = 0 (c) y = 1 (d) y = 2
x
5
15. For x   0,  , define f ( x)   t sin t dt . Then f has [AIEEE 2011]
 2  0
(a) local maximum at  and 2

(b) local minimum at  and 2
(c) local minimum at  and local maximum at 2
(d) local maximum at  and local minimum at 2
16. The shortest distance between line y – x = 1 and curve x = y2 is : [AIEEE 2011]
3 3 2 8 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 3 2 3

-6.40-
17. A spherical balloon is filled with 4500  cubic meters of helium gas. If a leak in the balloon causes
the gas to escape at the rate of 72  cubic meters per minute, then the rate (in meters per minute) at
which the radius of the balloon decreases 49 minutes after the leakage began is [AIEEE 2012]
(a) 9/7 (b) 7/9 (c) 2/9 (d) 9/2
18. Let a, b  R be such that the function f given by f(x) = ln |x| + bx2 + ax, x  0 has extreme values at x
= –1 and x = 2.
Statement 1 : f has local maximum at x = –1 and x = 2.
1 1
Statement 2 : a  and b  . [AIEEE 2012]
2 4
(a) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true
(b) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true; Statement 2 is a correct explanation for Statement 1
(c) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true; Statement 2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement 1
(d) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false
19. A line is drawn through the point (1, 2) to meet the coordinate axes at P and Q such that it forms a
triangle OPQ, where O is the origin. If the area of the triangle OPQ is least, then the slope of the
line PQ is [AIEEE 2012]
(a) –1/4 (b) –4 (c) –2 (d) –1/2
x
20. The intercepts on x-axis made by tangents to the curve, y   | t | dt, x  R , which are parallel to the
0
line y = 2x, are equal to [JEE-Mains 2013]

(a) ± 3 (b) ± 4 (c) ± 1 (d) ± 2
21. If f and g are differentiable functions in [0, 1] satisfying f (0) = 2 = g (1), g(0) = 0 and f (1) = 6, then
for some c]0, 1[: [JEE-Mains 2014]
(a) 2f  (c) = g (c) (b) 2f  (c) = 3g (c) (c) f  (c) = g (c) (d) f  (c) = 2g (c)
22. If x = –1 and x = 2 are extreme points of f (x) =  log |x| + x2 + x then [JEE-Mains 2014]
1 1 1 1
(a)  = – 6,  = (b)  = – 6,  = – (c)  = 2,  = – (d)  = 2,  =
2 2 2 2
23. The normal to the curve, x2 + 2xy –3 y2 = 0 at (1, 1) : [JEE-Mains 2015]

(a) does not meet the curve again.
(b) meets the curve again in the second quadrant.
(c) meets the curve again in the third quadrant.
(d) meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant.

-6.41-
24. A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are bent respectively to form a square of side = x
units and a circle of radius = r units. If the sum of the areas of the square and the circle so formed is
minimum, then : [JEE-Mains 2016]
(a) 2x = r (b) 2x = ( + 4)r (c) (4 – )x = r (d) x = 2r
25. Twenty meters of wire is available for fencing off a flower-bed in the form of a circular sector.
Then the maximum area (in sq. m) of the flower-bed, is [JEE-Mains 2017]
(a) 30 (b) 12.5 (c) 10 (d) 25
26. The normal to the curve y(x – 2)(x – 3) = x + 6 at the point where the curve intersects the
y-axis passes through the point [JEE-Mains 2017]
 1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1
(a)  2,3  (b)   2 , 2  (c)  2,2 (d)  2 , 3 
       
27. If the curves y2 = 6x, 9x2 + by2 = 16 intersect each other at right angles, then the value of b is:
[JEE-Mains 2018]
9 7
(a) (b) 6 (c) (d) 4
2 2
1 1 f (x)
28. Let f(x) = x2 + 2
and g(x) = x – , x  R – {–1, 0, 1}. If h(x) = , then the local minimum
x x g(x )
value of h(x) is: [JEE-Mains 2018]
(a) 2 2 (b) 3 (c) –3 (d) 2 2
29. Tangent and normal are drawn at P(16, 16) on the parabola y2 = 16x, which intersect the axis of the
parabola at A and B, respectively. If C is the centre of the circle through the points P, A and B and
CPB = , then a value of tan  is [JEE-Mains 2018]
4 1
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 3
3 2
30. The tangent to the curve y = x2 – 5x + 5, parallel to the line 2y = 4x + 1, also passes through the
point. [JEE-Mains 2019]
1 7 7 1  1  1 
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c)   ,7  (d)  , 7 
4 2 2 4  8  8 
31. The maximum area (in sq. units) of a rectangle having its base on the x-axis and its other two
vertices on the parabola, y = 12 – x2 such that the rectangle lies inside the parabola, is
[JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 20 2 (b) 18 3 (c) 32 (d) 36
2 dy
32. For x > 1, if (2x)2y = 4e2x – 2y, then  1  log e 2 x  is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2019]
dx
x log e 2 x  log e 2
(a) loge2x (b)
x
x log e 2 x  log e 2
(c) x loge 2x (d)
x

-6.42-
33. Let x, y be positive real numbers and m, n positive integers. The maximum value of the expression
xm yn
is : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(1  x 2 m )(1  y 2 n )
1 1 mn
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
2 4 6 mn
34. The maximum volume (in cu. m) of the right circular cone having slant height 3 m is:
[JEE-Mains 2019]
4
(a) 6  (b) 3 3 (c)  (d) 2 3
3
35. The tangent to the curve, y = xex2 passing through the point (1, e) also passes through the point :
[JEE-Mains 2019]
4  5 
(a)  , 2e  (b) (2, 3e) (c)  , 2e  (d) (3, 6e)
3  3 
36. Let f : (–1,1)R be a function defined by f(x) = max{-|x|,– 1  x2 }. If K be the set of all points at
which f is not differentiable, then K has exactly : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) Three elements (b) One element (c) Five elements (d) Two elements
37. A helicopter is flying along the curve given by y – x3/2 = 7, (x  0). A soldier positioned at the point
1 
 ,7  wants to shoot down the helicopter when it is nearest to him. Then this nearest distance is :
2 
[JEE-Mains 2019]
1 1 7 1 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 6 3 6
38. The maximum value of the function f(x) = 3x3 – 18x2 + 27x – 40 on the set
S= {x  R : x2 + 30  11 x} is : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 122 (b) –222 (c) –122 (d) 222
x dx
39. Let f (x) =  , x  R , where a, b and d are non-zero real constants. Then :-
2 2
a x b  ( d  x )2
2
(a) f is a decreasing function of x

(b) f is neither increasing nor decreasing function of x
(c) f  is not a continuous function of x
(d) f is an increasing function of x [JEE-Mains 2019]
40. If the function f given by f(x) = x3 –3(a – 2)x2 + 3ax + 7, for some aR is increasing in
f ( x )  14
(0, 1] and decreasing in [1, 5), then a root of the equation,  0( x  1) is :
( x  1)2
[JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) –7

-6.43-
41. Let f be a differentiable function such that f(1) = 2 and f (x) = f(x) for all xR. If h(x) = f(f(x)), then
h(1) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 4e (b) 4e2 (c) 2e (d) 2e2
42. Let the function, f : [–7, 0]  R be continuous on [–7, 0] and differentiable on (–7, 0). If
f(–7) = –3 and f ‘ (x)  2, for all x (–7, 0), then for all such functions f, f(–1) + f (0) lies in the
interval : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) [–6, 20] (b) (–, 20] (c) (–, 11] (d) [–3, 11]
43. The value of c in the Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 8x +
11, when x  [0, 1] is : [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 72 4 5 4 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
44. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 5 such that x = ±1 are its critical points. If
 f ( x) 
lim  2  3   4 , then which one of the following is not true? [JEE-Mains 2020]
x0
 x 
(a) f is an odd function
(b) x = 1 is a point of minima and x = –1 is a point of maxima of f.
(c) x = 1 is a point of maxima and x = –1 is a point of minimum of f.
(d) f(1) – 4f(–1) = 4

 x2   
45. If c is a point at which Rolle’s theorem holds for the function, f ( x)  log e   in
 7x 
theinterval [3, 4], where   R, then f (c) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
7 12 24 12
  
46. Let f (x) = x cos–1(–sin|x|), x    ,  then which of the following is true?
 2 2
 
(a) f  is decreasing in   , 0  and increasing in  0, 
 2   2
(b) f is not differentiable at x = 0

(c) f '(0)  
2
  
(d) f  is increasing in   , 0  and decreasing in  0,  [JEE-Mains 2020]
 2   2
3
47. Let the normal at a point P on the curve y2 – 3x2 + y + 10 = 0 intersect the y-axis at  0,  . If
 2
m is the slope of the tangent at P to the curve, then |m| is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]

-6.44-
48. The length of the perpendicular from the origin, on the normal to the curve, x2 + 2xy – 3y2
= 0 at the point (2, 2) is
(a) 4 2 (b) 2 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
49. Let S be the set of all functions ƒ : [0,1]  R, which are continuous on [0, 1] and
differentiable on (0, 1). Then for every ƒ in S, there exists a c  (0, 1), depending on ƒ, such
that
(a) |ƒ(c) – ƒ(1)| < (1 – c)|ƒ’(c)| (b) |ƒ(c) – ƒ(1)| < |ƒ’(c)|
f (1)  f (c )
(c) ƒ(c) + ƒ(1)| < (1 + c)|ƒ’(c)| (d)  f '(c) [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 c
50. Let ƒ(x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that ƒ(–1) = 10, ƒ(1) = –6, ƒ(x) has a critical point
at x = –1 and ƒ’(x) has a critical point at x = 1. Then ƒ(x) has a local minima at x = _______.
[JEE-Mains 2020]
51. A spherical iron ball of 10 cm radius is coated with a layer of ice of uniform thickness the
melts at a rate of 50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm, then the rate (in cm/min.)
at which of the thickness of ice decreases, is : [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 5 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 6 18 54
52. Let ƒ be any function continuous on [a, b] and twice differentiable on (a, b). If for all x  (a,
f (c )  f ( a )
b), ƒ’(x) > 0 and ƒ’’(x) < 0, then for any c  (a, b), is greater than :
f ( b )  f (c )
[JEE-Mains 2020]
ba bc ca

(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
ba ca bc
3
53. If the tangent to the curve y = x + sin y at a point (a, b) is parallel to the line joining  0,  and
 2
 1 
 , 2  , then [JEE-Mains 2020]
 2 

(a) b = a (b) b a (c) |b – a| = 1 (d) |a + b| = 1
2
54. Let P(h, k) be a point on the curve y = x2 + 7x + 2, nearest to the line, y = 3x –3. Then the equation
of the normal to the curve at P is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) x + 3y – 62 = 0 (b) x – 3y – 11 = 0 (c) x – 3y + 22 = 0 (d) x + 3y + 26 = 0

-6.45-
55. If p(x) be a polynomial of degree three that has a local maximum value 8 at x = 1 and a local
minimum value 4 at x = 2; then p(0) is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 12 (b) –24 (c) 6 (d) –12

1
56. Let f : (–1, )  R be defined by f(0) = 1 and f (x) = log e (1  x ), x  0. Then the function f
x
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) decreases in (–1, ) (b) decreases in (–1, 0) and increases in (0, )
(c) increases in (–1, ) (d) increases in (–1, 0) and increases in (0, )
57. The equation of the normal to the curve y = (1 + x)2y + cos2(sin–1x) at x = 0 is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) y = 4x + 2 (b) x + 4y = 8 (c) y + 4x = 2 (d) 2y + x = 4
58. The function, f(x) = (3x – 7)x2/3, x  R, is increasing for all x lying in [JEE-Mains 2020]
3 14 14
(a) (  ,0)   ,   (b) (  , 0)   ,   (c)    ,  (d)  14 
   ,   (0,  )
7   15   15   15 
59. If the surface area of a cube is increasing at a rate of 3.6 cm2/sec, retaining its shape, then the rate of
change of its volume (in cm3/sec.), when the length of a side of the cube is 10 cm, is
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) 9
60. Suppose f (x) is a polynomial of degree for, having critical point at –1, 0, 1. If T = {x R|f(x) =
f(0)}, then the sum of squares of all the elements of T is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4
61. If the tangent of the curve, y = ex at a point (c, ec) and the normal to the parabola, y2 = 4x at the
point (1, 2) intersect at the same point on the x-axis, then the value of c is [JEE-Mains 2020]
62. Let f be a twice differentiable function on (1, 6). If f (2) = 8, f (2) = 5, f (x)  1 and f (x)  4, for all
x  (1, 6), then: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) f(5) + f (5)  28 (b) f(5) + f (5)  26 (c) f (5)+ f (5)  28 (d) f (5)  10
63. The area (in sq. units) of the largest rectangle ABCD whose vertices A and B lie on the x-axis and
vertices and D lie on the parabola, y = x2 –1 below the x-axis, is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 4 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

-6.46-
64. If x = 1 is a critical point of the function f (x) = (3x2 + ax–2 –a)ex, then: [JEE-Mains 2020]
2
(a) x = 1 is a local minima and x   is a local maxima of f
3
2
(b) x = 1 is a local maxima and x   is a local minima of f
3
2
(c) x = 1 and x   are local minima of f
3
2
(d) x = 1 and x   are local maxima of f
3
4 y
65. Which of the following points lies on the tangent to the curve x e  2 y  1  3 at the point
(1, 0)? [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) (2, 2) (b) (–2, 6) (c) (–2, 4) (d) (2, 6)
66. The position of a moving car at time t is given by f (t) = at2 + bt + c, t > 0, where a, b and c are real
numbers greater than 1. Then the average speed of the car over the time interval [t1, t2] is attained at
the point: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) a(t2 – t1 ) + b (b) (t1 + t2)/2 (c) 2a(t1 + t2) + b (d) (t2 – t1)/2
67. Let AD and BC be two vertical poles at A and B respectively on a horizontal ground. If AD = 8 m,
BC = 11 m and AB = 10 m; then the distance (in meters) of a point M on AB from the point A such
that MD2 MC2 is minimum is. [JEE-Mains 2020]

 
68. The set of all real values of  for which the function f (x) = (1 – cos2x). ( + sin x), x    ,  ,
 2 2
has exactly one maxima and exactly one minima, is [JEE-Mains 2020]
 1 1  1 1  3 3  3 3
(a)   ,   {0} (b)   ,  (c)  ,  (d)   ,   {0}
 2 2  2 2  2 2  2 2
69. For all twice differentiable functions f : R  R, with f(0) = f (1) = f (0) = 0 [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) f (x) = 0, for some x  (0, 1) (b) f (0) = 0
(c) f (x)  0 at every point x  (0, 1) (d) f (x) = 0 at every point x  (0, 1)
70. If the tangent to the curve, y = f(x) = x logex, (x > 0) at a point (c, f(c)) is parallel to the line –
segment joining the points (1, 0) and (e, e), then c is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
 1   1 
1  
 1 e 
 
 e1 
e1
(a) (b) e (c) e (d)
e1 e

-6.47-
71. If the tangent to the curve y = x3 at the point P(t, t3) meets the curve again at Q, then the
ordinate of the point which divides PQ internally in the ratio 1 : 2 is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) –2t3 (b) 0 (c) –t3 (d) 2t3

4x 3  3x2
72. The function f (x )   2 sin x  (2x  1)cos x : [JEE-Mains 2021]
6
1 1
(a) increase in  ,   (b) increase in   , 
2   2
1 1
(c) decrease in  ,   (d) decrease in   , 
 2   2 
 55x , if x  5
 3 2
73. Let f : R  R be defined as, f ( x )   2 x  2 x  120 x , if  5  x  4 Let A = {x  R : f is
2 x 3  3x 2  36x  336, if x  4
 .
increasing}. Then A is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) (–, –5)  (4, ) (b) (–5, )

(c) (–, –5)  (–4, ) (d) (–5, –4)  (4, )
74. For which of the following curves, the line x  3y  2 3 is the tangent at the point
3 3 1
 , ? [JEE-Mains 2021]

 2 2
1
(a) x2 + y2 = 7 (b) y 2  x (c) 2x2 – 18y2 = 9 (d) x2 + 9y2 = 9
6 3
75. If the curve y = ax2 + bx + c, x  R, passes through the point (1, 2) and the tangent line to
this curve at origin is y = x, then the possible values of a, b, c are : [JEE-Mains 2021]
1 1
(a) a  , b  , c  1 (b) a = l, b = 0, c = 1 (c) a = l, b = l, c = 0 (d) a = –1, b =l, c = l
2 2
x
76. If the normal to the curve y( x )   (2t 2  15t  10)dt at a point (a, b) is parallel to the line x +
0
3y = –5, a > 1, then the value of |a + 6b| is equal to ________ . [JEE-Mains 2021]
77. Let f be a real valued function, defined on R – {–1, 1} and given by

x1 2
f ( x )  3log e  . Then in which of the following intervals, function f(x) is
x 1 x1
increasing? [JEE-Mains 2021]
1  
(a) (  ,  1)    ,    {1}  (b) (–, ) – {–1, 1}
2  
 1  1
(c)  1,  (d)   ,   { 1}
 2  2

-6.48-
78. Let f : S  S where S = (0, ) be a twice differentiable function such that f(x + 1) = xf(x). If
g : S  R be defined as g(x) = logef(x), then the value of |g"(5) . g"(1)| is equal to :
[JEE-Mains 2021]
205 197 187
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
144 144 144
79. Which of the following statements is incorrect for the function g() for   R such that

3
sin  x
g(  )    
dx [JEE-Mains 2021]
 cos x  sin x
6
(a) g() is a strictly increasing function (b) g() has an inflection point at  =–1/2
(c) g() is a strictly decreasing function (d) g() is an even function

2x
  12  b
80. If f ( x)  sin  cos 1  2x   and its first derivative with respect to x is  log e 2 when
 12  a
x = 1, where a and b are integers, then the minimum value of |a2 – b2| is _______ .
[JEE-Mains 2021]
81. The minimum distance between any two points P1 and P2 while considering point P1 on
one circle and point P2 on the other circle for the given circles' equations
x2 + y2 –10x – 10y + 41 = 0
x2 + y2 – 24x – 10y + 160 = 0 is ______ . [JEE-Mains 2021]

  1 
 2  sin   |x|, x  0
82. Consider the function f : R  R defined by f ( x )    x  . Then f is :
 0, x0

[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) monotonic on (–, 0)  (0, ) (b) not monotonic on (–, 0) and (0, )
(c) monotonic on (0, ) only (d) monotonic on (–, 0) only
83. Let f : [– 1, 1]  R be defined as f(x) = ax2 + bx + c for all x  [–1, 1], where a, b, c  R such
1
that f(–1) = 2, f '(–1) = 1 and for x  (–1, 1) the maximum value of f"(x) is . If f(x)  a, x 
2
[–1, 1], then the least value of a is equal to ______. [JEE-Mains 2021]

-6.49-
84. Let P(x) be a real polynomial of degree 3 which vanishes at x = –3. Let P(x) have local
1
minima at x = 1, local maxima at x = –1 and  P ( x )dx  18 , then the sum of all the
1
coefficients of the polynomial P(x) is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]

2 2
x y
85. Let  be the acute angle between the tangents to the ellipse   1 and the circle x2 +
9 1
y2 = 3 at their point of intersection in the first quadrant. Then tan  is equal to :
[JEE-Mains 2021]
5 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
2 3 3 3
86. The function ƒ(x) = x3 – 6x2 + ax + b is such that ƒ(2) = ƒ(4) = 0. Consider two statements.
(S1) there exists x1, x2 (2, 4), x1 < x2, such that ƒ'(x1) = –1 and ƒ'(x2) = 0. (S2 ) there exists x3,
x4  (2, 4), x3 < x4, such that f is decreasing in (2, x4), increasing in (x4, 4) and 2ƒ'
(x3 ) = 2 f '(x3 )  3 f (x4 ) . Then [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) both (S1) and (S2) are true (b) (S1) is false and (S2) is true
(c) both (S1) and (S2) are false (d) (S1) is true and (S2) is false
87. Let f(x) be a cubic polynomial with f(1) = –10, f(–1) = 6, and has a local minima at x = 1, and
f '(x) has a local minima at x = –1. Then f(3) is equal to _____. [JEE-Mains 2021]
88. Let f be any continuous function on [0, 2] and twice differentiable on (0, 2). If f(0) = 0, f(1) =
1 and f(2) = 2, then [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) f "(x) = 0 for all x  (0, 2) (b) f "(x) = 0 for some x  (0, 2)
(c) f '(x) = 0 for some x  [0, 2] (d) f "(x) > 0 for all x  (0, 2)
2 2
x y
89. An angle of intersection of the curves, 2
 2  1 and x2 + y2 = ab, a > b, is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
a b
ab  ab   ab
(a) tan 1   (b) tan 1   (3) tan 1   (d) tan 1 (2 ab )
 ab   2 ab   ab 
90. If 'R' is the least value of 'a' such that the function f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 is increasing on [1, 2]
and 'S' is the greatest value of 'a' such that the function f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 is decreasing on [1,
2], then the value of |R–S| is _________. [JEE-Mains 2021]

-6.50-
91. The number of real roots of the equation e4x + 2e3x – ex – 6 = 0 is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 0

 1  sin x  1  sin x    dy 5
92. If y( x )  cot 1   , x   ,   , then at x  is [JEE-Mains 2021]
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2  dx 6
1 1
(a)  (b) –1 (c) (d) 0
2 2
93. A box open from top is made from a rectangular sheet of dimension a × b by cutting
squares each of side x from each of the four corners and folding up the flaps. If the volume
of the box is maximum, then x is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
a  b  a 2  b 2  ab a  b  a2  b2  ab
(a) (b)
12 6
a  b  a 2  b 2  ab a  b  a 2  b 2  ab
(c) (d)
6 6
94. Let M and m respectively be the maximum and minimum values of the function f(x)=tan–1
 
(sin x + cos x) in  0,  . Then the value of tan(M – m) is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2021]
 2
(a) 2 3 (b) 2  3 (c) 32 2 (d) 3  2 2
95. A wire of length 20 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into a regular hexagon. Then the length of the side (in meters) of the
hexagon, so that the combined area of the square and the hexagon is minimum, is:
[JEE-Mains 2021]
5 10 5 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 23 3 3 3 32 3
96. The number of distinct real roots of the equation 3x4 + 4x3 – 12x2 + 4 = 0 is _________.
[JEE-Mains 2021]
97. Let a and b respectively be the points of local maximum and local minimum of the
function f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x. If A is the total area of the region bounded by y = f(x), the x-
axis and the lines x = a and x = b, then 4A is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2021]

-6.51-
x2
2
98. The local maximum value of the function f ( x )    , x  0, is [JEE-Mains 2021]
x
e
1 2
e  4 4
(a) (2 e ) (b)   (c) ( e) e (4) 1
 e
d2 y
99. If y = y(x) is an implicit function of x such that log e (x + y) = 4xy, then at x = 0 is equal
dx 2
to _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
100. A wire of length 36 m is cut into two pieces, one of the pieces is bent to form a square and
the other is bent to form a circle. If the sum of the areas of the two figures is minimum, and
4 
the circumference of the circle is k (meter), then   1  k is equal to ___. [JEE-Mains 2021]
 
101. If a rectangle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side length 2 2 as shown in the
figure, then the square of the largest area of such a rectangle is_______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
102. The number of real roots of the equation e6x – e4x – 2e3x – 12e2x + ex + 1 = 0 is :
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 1

  
103. Let f(x) = 3sin4 x + 10sin3 x + 6sin2 x – 3; x   , . Then, f is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
 6 2 
    
(a) increasing in   ,  (b) decreasing in  0, 
 6 2  2
     
(c) increasing in   ,0  (d) decreasing in   ,0
 6   6 
 4 3 2
  x  2 x  3x , x0
104. Let f :R  R be defined as f ( x )   3 . Then f is increasing
 3xe x , x0
function in the interval [JEE-Mains 2021]

 1   3
(a)  ,2 (b) (0,2) (c)  1,  (d) (–3, –1)
 2   2

-6.52-
max{ t 3  6t 2  9t  3} , 0x3
105. Let a function g : [0, 4]  R be defined as g( x )   0  t  x ,
 4x , 3x4
then the number of points in the interval (0, 4) where g(x) is NOT differentiable, is _______.
[JEE-Mains 2021]
106. The sum of all the local minimum values of the twice differentiable function f : R  R
3 f ''(2)
defined by f ( x )  x 3  3x 2  x  f ''(1) is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
2
(a) –22 (b) 5 (c) –27 (d) 0

 1 , if i  j

107. Let A = [aij ] be a 3 × 3 matrix, where aij   x , if|i  j| 1 .
2 x  1 , otherwise

Let a function f : R  R be defined as f (x) = det(A). Then the sum of maximum and
minimum values of f on R is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2021]

20 88 20 88
(a)  (b) (c) (d) 
27 27 27 27
108. Let f and g be twice differentiable even functions on (–2, 2) such that
1 1  3
f    0, f    0, f (1)  1 and g    0 g(1) = 2. Then, the minimum number of solutions
4 2  4
of f(x) g"(x) + f '(x)g'(x) = 0 in (–2, 2) is equal to__. [JEE-Mains 2022]
109. From the base of a pole of height 20 meter, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is
60°. The pole subtends an angle 30° at the top of the tower. Then the height of the tower is:
[JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 15 3 (b) 20 3 (c) 20  10 3 (d) 30

n n
110. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = f (x)  (x  3) 1 (x  5) 2 , n1, n2  N. The, which
of the following is NOT true? [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) For n1 = 3, n2 = 4, there exists   (3,5) where f attains local maxima.
(b) For n1 = 4, n2 = 3, there exists   (3,5) where f attains local minima.
(c) For n1 = 3, n2 = 5, there exists   (3,5) where f attains local maxima.
(d) For n1 = 4, n2 = 6, there exists   (3,5) where f attains local maxima.

-6.53-
111. A wire of length 22 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into an equilateral triangle. Then, the length of the side of the
equilateral triangle, so that the combined area of the square and the equilateral triangle is
minimum, is : [JEE-Mains 2022]

22 66 22 66
(a) (b) (c) (d)
94 3 94 3 49 3 49 3
112. Let l be a line which is normal to the curve y = 2x2 + x + 2 at a point P on the curve. If the
point Q(6, 4) lies on the line l and O is origin, then the area of the triangle OPQ is equal to
_____. [JEE-Mains 2022]
113. Let AB and PQ be two vertical poles, 160 m apart from each other. Let C be the middle

point of B and Q, which are feet of these two poles. Let and  be the angles of elevation
8
from C to P and A, respectively. If the height of pole PQ is twice the height of pole AB,
then tan2  is equal to [JEE-Mains 2022]

32 2 3 2 32 2 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 4
114. The number of real solutions of x7 + 5x3 + 3x + 1 = 0 is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 5
115. The lengths of the sides of a triangle are 10 + x2, 10 + x2 and 20 – 2x2. If for x = k, the area of
the triangle is maximum, then 3k2 is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
116. Consider a cuboid of sides 2x, 4x and 5x and a closed hemisphere of radius r. If the sum of
their surface areas is a constant k, then the ratio x : r, for which the sum of their volumes is
maximum, is : [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 19 : 45 (c) 3 : 8 (d) 19 : 15
117. The sum of the absolute minimum and the absolute maximum values of the function f(x) =
|3x – x2 + 2| – x in the interval [ –1, 2] is : [JEE-Mains 2022]
17  3 17  5 9 17
(a) (b) (c) 5 (d)
2 2 2

-6.54-
x y
118. Let S be the set of all the natural numbers, for which the line   2 is a tangent to the
a b
n n
x y
curve       2 at the point (a, b), ab  0. Then: [JEE-Mains 2022]
a b
(a) S =  (b) n(S) = 1 (c) S = {2k : k  N} (d) S = N
119. Let f (x)= |(x – 1)(x2 – 2x – 3) + x – 3, xR. If m and M are respectively the number of
points of local minimum and local maximum of f in the interval (0, 4), then m + M is equal
to ____ [JEE-Mains 2022]
120. If the angle made by the tangent at the point (x0,y0) on the curve x = 12(t + sin t cos t), y =
 
12(1 + sin t)2, 0  t  , with the positive x-axis is , then y0 is equal to [JEE-Mains 2022]
2 3
(a) 6(3  2 2) (b) 6(7  4 3) (c) 27 (d) 48
121. Water is being filled at the rate of 1 cm3/sec in a right circular conical vessel (vertex
downwards) of height 35 cm and diameter 14 cm. When the height of the water level is 10
cm, the rate (in cm2/sec ) at which the wet conical surface area of the vessel increases is
[JEE-Mains 2022]
21 26 26
(a) 5 (b) (c) (d)
5 5 10
122. Let g : (0, )  R be a differentiable function such that

 x(cos x  sin x ) g( x )( e x  1  xe x )  xg( x )
 x
 x 2  dx  x  c,
 e  1 ( e  1)  e 1
for all x > 0, where c is an arbitrary constant. Then. [JEE-Mains 2022]

 
(a) g is decreasing in  0,  (b) g' is increasing in  0, 
 4  4
   
(c) g + g' is increasing in  0,  (d) g – g' is increasing in  0, 
 2  2
123. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be two functions defined by f (x) = loge(x2 + 1) – e–x + 1 and
1  2 e2 x
g(x )  . Then, for which of the following range of , the inequality
ex
  (  1)2     5 
f  g    f  g      holds? [JEE-Mains 2022]
  3    3 
(a) (2, 3) (b) (–2, –1) (c) (1, 2) (d) (–1, 1)

-6.55-
2
 2)3  4
124. Let f (x )  3( x , x  R. Then which of the following statements are true ?
P : x = 0 is a point of local minima of f
Q:x= 2 is a point of inflection of f
R : f is increasing for x > 2 [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) Only P and Q (b) Only P and R (c) Only Q and R (d) All, P, Q and R
125. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point A due north of it is a and from a
 3 
point B at a distance of 9 units due west of A is cos 1   . If the distance of the point B
 13 
from the tower is 15 units, then cot a is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]

6 9 4 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 3 3
126. The sum of the maximum and minimum values of the function f(x) = |5x – 7| + [x2 + 2x] is
5 
the interval  , 2  , where [t] is the greatest integer  t is _____________ [JEE-Mains 2022]
4 
3
 12 x 2  180 x  31 )
127. If the absolute maximum value of the function f(x)=  ( x 2  2 x  7)e ( 4 x in the
interval [–3, 0] is f(), then : [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a)  = 0 (b)  = –3 (c)  (–1, 0) (d)   (–3, –1)
128. The curve y(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5 touches the x-axis at the point P(–2, 0) and cuts the y-
axis at the point Q, where y' is equal to 3. Then the local maximum value of y(x) is :
[JEE-Mains 2022]
27 29 37 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 2
2 e 2 x  6e  x  9
129. The slope of the tangent to a curve C : y =y(x) at any point [x, y) on it is . If C
2  9 e2 x
 1    1 
passes through the points  0,   and   , e 2   then e is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
 2 2 2  2 
3 2 3 3 2  1  2 1 2 1
(a) (b)   (c)   (d)
3 2 2  3  2  2  2  1  2 1
130. If y(x) = xx , x > 0, then y’’(2) – 2y’(2) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2023]
(a) 8 loge2 – 2 (b) 4 loge2 + 2 (c) 4 (loge2)2 – 2 (d) 4 (loge2)2 + 2

-6.56-
131. The sum of the abosolute maximum and minimum values of the function f(x) = |x2 – 5x +
6| – 3x + 2 in the interval [–1, 3] is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2023]
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 24
132. If f(x) = x2 + g(1)x + g(2) and g(x) = f(1)x2 + xf (x) + f (x), then the value of f(4) – g(4) is
equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2023]
133. Let f (x) = 2x + tan–1x and g(x) = log e ( 1  x 2  x ), x  [0, 3]. Then [JEE-Mains 2023]
(a) There exists x[0, 3] such that f (x)<g(x)
(b) max f(x) > max g(x)
(c) There exist 0 < x1 < x2 < 3 such that f (x) < g(x), x (x1, x2)
(d) min f (x) = 1 + max g(x)

1 x 
134. If ( x )   (4 2 sin t  3 '(t ))dt , x  0, then  '   is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2023]
x /4 4
8 4 8 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 6  6  6 
135. The absolute minimum value, of the function f(x) = |x2 – x + 1| + [x2 –x + 1]. where [t]
denotes the greatest integer function, in the interval [–1, 2], is : [JEE-Mains 2023]
3 3 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 4
    3/2   
136. Let y  f ( x)  sin 3   cos   4x3  5x2  1    Then, at x = 1 [JEE-Mains 2023]
 3 3 3   
(a) 2 y ' 32 y  0 (b) 2y + 32y = 0 (c) 2 y ' 32 y  0 (d) y = 32y = 0
137. A wire of length 20 m is to be cut into two pieces. A piece of length l1 is bent to make a
square of area A1 and the other piece of length l2 is made into a circle of area A2. If 2A1 +
3A2 is minimum then (l1) : l2 is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2023]
(a) 6 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 1 : 6 (d) 4 : 1

3 2 3
x bx x
138. If the function f ( x)   2bx  and g( x)   ax  bx 2 , a  2b have a common
3 2 3
extreme point, then a + 2b + 7 is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
(a) 4 (b) 3/2 (c) 3 (d) 6

-6.57-
139. The number of points on the curve y = 54x5 – 135x4 – 70x3 + 180x2 +210x at which the
normal lines are parallel to x + 90y + 2 = 0 is : [JEE-Mains 2023]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 0

xa
140. If the equation of the normal to the curve y  at the point (1, –3) is x – 4y = 13,
( x  b)( x  2)
then the value of a + b is equal to _____. [JEE-Mains 2023]
141. Let the function f(x)=2x3 + (2p–7)x2+3(2p–9)x–6 have a maxima for some value of x < 0 and
a minima for some value of x > 0. Then, the set of all values of p is [JEE-Mains 2023]
9   9  9  9 9
(a)  ,  (b)  0,  (c)   ,  (d)   , 
2   2  2  2 2
142. Let x = 2 be a local minima of the function f(x) = 2x4 – 18x2 + 8x + 12, x  (–4, 4). If M is
local maximum value of the function f in (–4, 4), then M = [JEE-Mains 2023]
33 31 33 31
(a) 12 6  (b) 12 6  (c) 18 6  (d) 18 6 
2 2 2 2
143. If f(x) = x3 – x2f (1) + xf (2) – f (3), x  R, then [JEE-Mains 2023]
(a) 3f(1) + f(2) = f(3) (b) f(3) – f(2) = f(1)
(c) 2f(0) – f(1) + f(3) = f(2) (d) f(1) + f(2) + f(3) = f(0)
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
1. If f ( c )  0  x  ( a , b ) and c is a point such that a < c < b, and (c, f(x)) is the point lying on the
curve for which F(c) is maximum, then f ( c ) is equal to [IIT 2006]
f (b)  f (a ) f (b )  f ( a ) 2 f (b )  f (a )
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 0
ba ba ba
2. Let f () = sin (sin  + sin 3), then f () [IIT Sc. 2000]
(a)  0 only when  0 (b)  0 for all 
(c)  0 for all real  (d)  0 only when   0
3. If f(x) = xex (1– x), then f(x) is [IIT Sc. 2001]

1
(a) increasing on   , 1 (b) decreasing on R
 2 
1
(c) increasing on R (d) decreasing on   , 1
 2 
4. On the interval [0,1] the function x25 (1 – x)75 takes its maximum value at the point [IIT Sc. 95]
(a) 0 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3

-6.58-
5. The number of values of x where the function f(x) = cos x + cos ( 2 x) attains its maximum is
[IIT Sc. 1998]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
x2  1
6. If f(x) = , for every real number x, then the minimum value of f [IIT Sc. 98]
x2  1
(a) does not exist because f is unbounded (b) is not attained even through f is bounded
(c) is equal to 1 (d) is equal to –1
| x | for 0 | x |  2
7. Let f(x) =  . Then at x = 0, f has [IIT Sc. 2000]
 1 for x  0
(a) a local maximum (b) no local maximum (c) a local minimum (d) no extremum
8. Let f(x) = (1 + b 2) x2 + 2bx + 1 and let m(b) the minimum values of f(x). As b varies, the range of m
(b) is [IIT Sc. 2001]
 1 1 
(a) [0, 1] (b)  0, 2  (c)  2 , 1 (d) ]0, 1]
   
x
9. The function f(x) =  1 t (et –1) (t – 1) (t – 2)3 (t – 3)5 dt has a local minimum at x = [IIT Sc. 99]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
10. On the ellipse 4 x2 + 9y2 = 1, the points at which the tangents are parallel to the line 8x = 9y are
2 1  2 1  2 1 2 1
(a)  ,  (b)   ,  (c)   ,   (d)  ,  
5 5  5 5  5 5 5 5
3
11. If the normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (3, 4) makes an angle with the positive x-axis,
4
then f(3) = [IIT Sc. 2000]
(a) –1 (b) – 3/4 (c) 4/3 (d) 1
12. The point (s) on the curve y3 + 3x2 = 12y where the tangent is vertical, is (are) [IIT Sc. 2002]
 4   11   4 
(a)   ,  2 (b)   ,1  (c) (0, 0) (d)  , 2
 3   3   3 
13. Let h(x) = f(x) – (f(x))2 + (f(x))3 for every real number x. Then [IIT Sc. 1998]
(a) h is increasing whenever f is increasing (b) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing
(c) h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing (d) nothing can be said in general
14. The function f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x increases if [IIT Sc. 1999]
   3 5 5 3
(a) 0 < x < (b) x (c) x (d) x
8 4 8 8 8 8 4
15. The length of a longest interval in which the function 3 sin x – 4 sin3x is increasing, is [IIT Sc. 2002]
  3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
3 2 2

-6.59-
x x
16. If f(x) = and g(x) = , where 0 < x  1, then in this interval [IIT Sc. 1997]
sin x tan x
(a) Both f(x) and g(x) are increasing functions. (b) Both f(x) and g(x) are decreasing functions
(c) f(x) is an increasing function (d) g(x) is an increasing function
17. For all x  (0, 1) [IIT Sc. 2000]
(a) ex < 1 + x (b) loge (1 + x) < x (c) sin x > x (d) loge x > x
18. Let f(x)= ex (x – 1) (x – 2)dx. Then f decreases in the interval [IIT Sc. 2000]
(a) (– , –2) (b) (– 2, –1) (c) (1, 2) (d) (2, + )

19. P1  (tan )tan  , P2  (cot ) tan  , P3  (cot )cot  , P4  (tan )cot  ,  (0,  / 4). Write increasing
order P1, P2, P3, P4 [IIT 2006]
(a) P1 > P2 > P3 > P4 (b) P3 > P2 > P1 > P4
(c) P4 > P3 > P1 > P2 (d) P2 > P3 > P1 > P4
e x 0  x 1
 x 1
x
20. y  2  e 1  x  2 and g(x) =  f (t ) dt , x[1,3] , then g(x)= has [IIT 2006]
x  e 2 x 3
0
(a) no any local minima (b) no any local maxima
(c) max at 1 and min at ln 2 + 1 (d) max at x = 1 + ln 2 and min at x = e
21. f (x) is cubic polynomial which has local maximum at x = –1. If f (2) = 18, f (1) = –1 and f (x) has
local minima at x = 0, then [IIT 2006]
(a) the distance between point of maxima and minima is 2 5
(b) f (x) is increasing for x  1, 2 5 
(c) f (x) has local minima at x = 1
(d) the value of f (0) = 5
22. If f (x) is twice differentiable function such that f(a) = 0, f(b) = 2, f(c) = –1, f(d) = 2, f(e) = 0, where
2
a < b < c < d < e, then the minimum number of zeroes of g(x) =  f ( x)   f ( x) f ( x) in the
interval [a, e] is .... [IIT 2006]
23. The tangent to the curve y = ex drawn at the point (c, ec) intersects the line joining the points
(c – 1, ec–1) and (c + 1, ec+1) [IIT 2007 (P-I)]
(a) on the left of x = c (b) on the right of x = c
(c) at no point (d) at all points

-6.60-
Paragraph for Question Nos. 24 to 26
If a continuous function f defined on the real line R, assumes positive and negative values in R then
the equation f (x) = 0 has a root in R. For example, if it is known that a continuous function f on R is
positive at some point and its minimum value is negative then the equation f (x) = 0 has a root in R.
Consider f (x) = kex – x for all real x where k is a real constant. [IIT 2007 (P-II)]
24. The line y = x meets y = kex for k  0 [IIT 2007 (P-II)]
(a) no point (b) one point
(c) two points (d) more than two point
25. The positive value of k for which kex – x = 0 has only one root is [IIT 2007 (P-II)]
(a) 1/e (b) 1 (c) e (d) loge 2
26. For k > 0, the set of all values of k for which kex – x = 0 has two distinct roots is [IIT 2007 (P-II)]
 1 1  1 
(a)  0,  (b)  , 1 (c)  ,  (d) (0, 1)
 e e  e 
27. The total number of local maxima and local minima of the function [IIT 2008]
(2  x)3 , 3  x  1
f (x) =  2 /3 is
 x , 1  x  2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

ex
f (t )
28. Let g (x) =  dt . Which of the following is true? [IIT 2008]
0 1 t2
(a) g(x) is positive on (–, 0) and negative on (0, )
(b) g(x) is negative on (–, 0) and positive on (0, )
(c) g(x) changes sign on both (–, 0) and (0, )
(d) g(x) does not change sign on (–, )

  
29. Let the function g : (–, )    ,  be given by g(u) = 2 tan–1(eu) – . Then, g is [IIT 2008]
 2 2  2
(a) even and is strictly increasing in (0, )
(b) odd and is strictly decreasing in (–, –)
(c) odd and is strictly increasing in (–, )
(d) neither even nor odd, but is strictly increasing in (–, )

-6.61-
30. In the following [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. [IIT 2007 (P-I)]
Column-I Column-II
A x|x | (p) continuous in (–1, 1)

B | x| (q) differentiable in (–1, 1)
C x + [x] (r) strictly increasing in (–1, 1)
D |x – 1| + |x + 1| (s) not differentiable at least at one point in (–1, 1).
31. Let f, g and h be real-valued functions defined on the interval [0, 1] by

x2  x2 x2  x2 2 x2  x2
f ( x)  e  e , g( x)  xe  e and h( x)  x e  e . If a, b and c denote, respectively, the
absolute maximum of f, g and h on [0, 1], then [IIT 2010]
(a) a = b and c  b (b) a = c and a  b (c) a  b and c  b (d) a = b = c
32. Let f be a real -valued differentiable function on R (the set of all real numbers) such that f(1) = 1. If
the y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube of the
abscissa of P, then the value of f(–3) is equal to [IIT 2010]
 2  t  1 x

33. Let f(x) = (1 – x)2 sin2x + x2 for all x  IR and let g(x) =    ln t  f (t ) dt for all x  (1, ).
1  t 1 
Which of the following is true ? [IIT 2012]
(a) g is increasing on (1, )
(b) g is decreasing on (1, )
(c) g is increasing on (1, 2) and decreasing on (2, )
(d) g is decreasing on (1, 2) and increasing on (2, )

x 2
34. If f ( x)   et (t  2)(t  3) dt for all x  (0, ) , then [IIT 2012]
0
(a) f has a local maximum at x = 2
(b) f is decreasing on (2, 3)

(c) there exists some c  (0, ) such that f´´(c) = 0
(d) f has a local minimum at x = 3
35. Let p(x) be a real polynomial of least degree which has a local maximum at x = 1 and a local
minimum at x = 3. If p(1) = 6 and p(3) = 2, then p´(0) is [IIT 2012]
36. The number of points in (,  ) , for which x2 – x sin x – cos x = 0, is [JEE-Adv. 2013]
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 0

-6.62-
37. A rectangular sheet of fixed perimeter with sides having their lengths in the ratio 8 : 15 is converted
into an open rectangular box by folding after removing squares of equal area from all four corners.
If the total area of removed squares in 100, the resulting box has maximum volume. Then the
lengths of the sides of the rectangular sheet are [JEE-Adv. 2013]
(a) 24 (b) 32 (c) 45 (d) 60
38. The function f(x) = 2|x| + |x + 2| – ||x + 2| – 2|x|| has a local minimum or a local maximum at x =
2 2
(a) –2 (b) (c) 2 (d) [JEE-Adv. 2013]
3 3
Paragraph for Question 39 to 40
Let f : [0, 1]  R (the set of all real numbers) be a function. Suppose the function f is twice
differentiable, f(0) = f(1) = 0 and satisfies f ´´(x) – 2f ´(x) + f(x) > ex, x  [0, 1]. [JEE-Adv. 2013]
39. Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1 ?

1 1 1
(a) 0  f ( x)   (b)   f ( x)  (c)   f ( x)  1 (d)   f ( x )  0
2 2 4
1
40. If the function e–x f(x) assumes its minimum in the interval [0, 1] at x  , which of the following is
4
true?
1 3 1
(a) f ´( x)  f ( x),  x  (b) f ´( x )  f ( x),0  x 
4 4 4
1 3
(c) f ´( x )  f ( x),0  x  (d) f ´( x )  f ( x),  x  1
4 4
41. The slope of the tangent to the curve (y – x5)2 = x(1 + x2)2 at the point (1, 3) is [JEE-Advanced 2014]
42. For even pair of continuous functions f, g :[0, 1]  R such that
max {f (x) : x  [0, 1]} = max {g(x): x  [0, 1]}, the correct statement(s) is(are):
(a) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(b) (f(c))2 + f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(c) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
(d) (f(c))2 = (g(c))2 for some c  [0, 1] [JEE-Advanced 2014]
43. Let a  R and let f : R  R be given by f (x) = x5 – 5x + a. Then [JEE-Advanced 2014]
(a) f (x) has three real roots if a > 4 (b) f (x) has only one real roots if a < 4
(c) f (x) has three real roots if a < –4 (d) f (x) has three real roots if –4 < a < 4

-6.63-
44. A cylindrical container is to be made from certain solid material with the following constraints: it
has a fixed inner volume of V mm3, has a 2 mm thick solid wall and is open at the top. The bottom
of the container is a solid circular disc of thickness 2 mm and is of radius equal to the outer radius
of the container. If the volume of the material used to make the container is minimum when the
V
inner radius of the container is 10 mm, then the value of is [JEE-Advanced 2015]
250 
1
45. The least value of    for which 4 x 2  x  1 , for all x > 0, is [JEE-Advanced 2016]
8
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
64 32 27 28
46. Let f :   (0,  ) and g :    be twice differentiable functions such that f´´ and g´´ are
continuous functions on  . Suppose f ´(2)  0, g (2)  0 and f ´´(2)  0 and g´(2)  0 . If

f ( x) g ( x )
lim  1 , then [JEE-Advanced 2016]
x  2 f ´( x ) g ´( x )
(a) f has a local minimum at x = 2 (b) f has a local maximum at x = 2
(c) f´´(2) > f(2) (d) f(x) – f´´(x) = 0 for at least one x  
47. If f :    is a twice differentiable function such that f ´´(x )  0 for all x   , and
1 1
f    , f (1)  1, then [JEE-Advanced 2017]
2 2
1 1
(a) f ´(1)  1 (b) f ´(1)  0 (c)  f ´(1)  1 (d) 0  f ´(1) 
2 2
Answer Q. 48, Q.49and Q.50 by appropriately matching the information given in the
three columns of the following table. [JEE-Advanced 2017]
Let f (x) = x + loge x - x loge x, x  (0,).

Column 1 contains information about zeros of f (x), f (x) and f (x).
Column 2 contains information about the limiting behavior of f(x), f (x) and f (x) at infinity.
Column 3 contains information about increasing/decreasing nature of f (x) and f ( x)
Column1 Column 2 Column 3
(I) f(x) = 0 for some x  (1, e2) (i) lim f (x )  0 (P) f is increasing in (0, 1)
x 
(II) f (x) = 0 for some x  (1, e) (ii) lim f (x)   (Q) f is decreasing in (e, e2 )
x 
(III) f (x) = 0 for some x  (0, 1) (iii) lim f '( x )   (R) f  is increasing in (0, 1)
x 
(IV) f  (x) = 0 for some x  (1, e) (iv) lim f ''(x )  0 (S) f  is decreasing in (e, e2)
x 

-6.64-
48. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination?

(a) (IV) (iv) (S) (b) (II) (ii) (Q) (c) (I) (i) (P) (d) (III) (iii) (R)
49. Which of the following options is the only INCORRECT combination?
(a) (II) (iii) (P) (b) (II) (iv) (Q) (c) (I) (iii) (P) (d) (III) (i) (R)
50. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination?
(a) (II) (iii) (S) (b) (I) (ii) (R) (c) (III) (iv) (P) (d) (IV) (i) (S)
51. Let  denote a curve y = y(x) which is in the first quadrant and let the point (1, 0) lie on it. Let the
tangent to  at a point P intersect the y-axis at YP. If PYP has length l for each point P on , then
which of the following option is/are correct? [JEE-Advanced 2019]
 1 1x 2 
(a) y  log e    1  x2 (b) xy ' 1  x 2  0
 x 
 
 1  1  x2 
(c) y   log e    1  x2 (d) xy ' 1  x 2  0
 x 
 
sin x
52. Let f ( x )  , x  0 . Let x1 < x2 < x3 < ... < xn < .... be all the points of local maximum of f and
x2
y1 < y2 < y3 < .... < yn < .... be all the points of local minimum of f. Then which of the following
options is/are correct? [JEE-Advanced 2019]
(a) x1 < y1 (b) |xn – yn| > 1 for every n
 1
(c) x n   2 n , 2 n   for every n (d) xn +1 – xn > 2 for every n.
 2

53. Consider all rectangles lying in the region  ( x, y )  R  R : 0  x  and 0  y  2 sin(2 x ) 
 2 
and having one side on the -axis. The area of the rectangle which has the maximum perimeter
among all such rectangles, is [JEE-Advanced 2020]
3   3
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
2 2 3 2
   
54. Let :[0,2]⟶ be the function defined by f ( x )  (3  sin(2x))sin  x    sin  3x   . If
 4   4
, ∈[0,2] are such that { ∈[0,2]∶ ( )≥0}=[ ,], then the value of − is. [JEE-Advanced 2020]
55. For a polynomial ( ) with real coefficients, let denote the number of distinct real roots of ( ).
Suppose is the set of polynomials with real coefficients defined by
={( 2−1)2( 0+ 1 + 2 2+ 3 3)∶ 0, 1, 2, 3∈ }.
For a polynomial , let ′and ′′ denote its first and second order derivatives, respectively. Then the
minimum possible value of ( ′+ ′′), where  , is _____ [JEE-Advanced 2020]

-6.65-
56. Let b be a nonzero real number. Suppose f : R  R is a differentiable function such that (0) = 1. If
f (x)
the derivative f  of f satisfies the equation f '( x )  2 for all x  R, then which of the following
b  x2
statements is/are TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2020]
(a) If b> 0, then f is an increasing function (b) If b < 0, then f is a decreasing function
(c) (x) (–x) = 1 for all x  R (d) (x) – f (–x) = 0 for all x  R
57. Let the function : (0, )  R be defined by () = (sin  + cos )2 + (sin  – cos )4. Suppose the
function f has a local minimum at  precisely when   {1,……, r}, where 0<  1 < ….. < r <
1. Then the value of 1 + ….. + r is. [JEE-Advanced 2020]
2
x  3x  6
58. Let f : R  R be defined by f ( x)  [JEE-Advanced 2021]
x 2  2x  4
Then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE ?
(a) ƒ is decreasing in the interval (–2,–1)
(b) ƒ is increasing in the interval (1,2)
(c) ƒ is onto
 3 
(d) Range of ƒ is   , 2 
 2 
Question Stem for Questions Nos. 59 and 60
Question Stem [JEE-Advanced 2021]
Let f1 : (0, )  R and f2 : (0, )  R be defined by
x 21
f 1 ( x )    (t  j ) j dt , x  0 and f2(x) = 98(x –1)50 – 600 (x –1)49 + 2450, x > 0,
0 j 1
n
where, for any positive integer n and real numbers a1, a2, …., an,  i 1
ai denotes the product of a1,
a2, …., an. Let mi and ni , respectively, denote the number of points of local minima and the number
of points of local maxima of function fi , i = 1, 2, in the interval (0, )
59. The value of 2m1 + 3n1 + m1 n1 is _____.
60. The value of 6m2 + 4n2 + 8m2n2 is _____.
 
61. Let    sin 2 k  .
k 1 6
Let g : [0, 1]  R be the function defined by g(x) = 2x + 2(1–x)
Then, which of the following statements is/are TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2022]
(a) The minimum value of g(x) is 27/6
(b) The maximum value of g(x) is 1 + 21/3
(c) The function g(x) attains its maximum at more than one point
(d) The function g(x) attains its minimum at more than one point

-6.66-
CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4 choices
(A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
2 2
x
1. Point 'A' lies on the curve y  e and has the coordinate (x, e x ) where x > 0. Point B has the
coordinates (x, 0). If 'O' is the origin then the maximum area of the triangle AOB is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2e 4e e 8e
2. The angle at which the curve y = kekx intersects the y-axis is :

(a) tan1 k2 (b) cot1 (k2) (c) sec1  1 k 4
(d) none
x
3. The angle between the tangent lines to the graph of the function f (x) =  (2t  5) dt
2
at the points
where the graph cuts the x-axis is

   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 2
4. The equation sin x + x cos x = 0 has at least one root in

    3   
(a)  , 0 (b) (0, ) (c)  ,  (d)  0, 
 2   2   2
5. The minimum value of is


tan x  6 :
tan x
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 3
SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.
6. The function f (x) = x1/3(x – 1)

(a) has 2 inflection points.
(b) is strictly increasing for x > 1/4 and strictly decreasing for x < 1/4.
(c) is concave down in (– 1/2, 0).
(d) Area enclosed by the curve lying in the fourth quadrant is 9/28.
x y K
7. If  = 1 is a tangent to the curve x = Kt, y = , K > 0 then :
a b t
(a) a > 0, b > 0 (b) a > 0, b < 0 (c) a < 0, b > 0 (d) a < 0, b < 0

-6.67-
x
8. The function f(x) =  1  t 4 dt is such that :
0
(a) it is defined on the interval [ 1, 1] (b) it is an increasing function

(c) it is an odd function (d) the point (0, 0) is the point of inflection
x3 5 x 2
9. The co-ordinates of the point(s) on the graph of the function, f(x) =  + 7x – 4 where the
3 2
tangent drawn cut off intercepts from the co-ordinate axes which are equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign, is
(a) (2, 8/3) (b) (3, 7/2) (c) (1, 5/6) (d) none of these
a x sgn x a x
a  sgn x
10. If f(x) = ; g(x) = a  for a > 0, a  1 and x  R, where { } & [ ] denote the
fractional part and integral part functions respectively, then which of the following statements can
hold good for the function h(x), where (ln a) h(x) = (ln f(x) + ln g(x)).
(a) ‘h’ is even and increasing (b) ‘h’ is odd and decreasing
(c) ‘h’ is even and decreasing (d) ‘h’ is odd and increasing.
SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.

 x ln 1  (1 x) 
x
 1 if 0  x  1
Let f (x) =  1   (x > 0) and g (x) = 
 x 0
 if x  0
11. lim g ( x)
x  0
(a) is equal to 0 (b) is equal to 1 (c) is equal to e (d) is non existent
12. The function f

(a) has a maxima but no minima (b) has a minima but no maxima
(c) has both a maxima and minima (d) is monotonic
1n
 1 2 3  n 
13. Lim f  ·f  ·f   .........f   equals
n  n n
       n  n 
(a) 2e (b) 2e (c) 2 e (d) e
SECTION- IV: MATRIX MATCH TYPE

This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.

-6.68-
14. Match the following columns (I) and (II).
Column-I Column-II
2 1 4 2
x x 2
A. The value of the definite integral  ( x 2  1)2
dx equals (p) 0
2 1
1
B. If f (x) = x ln x , then, the number of value of x, for which f (x) = 0 is (q) 1

C. The cosine of the angle of intersection of curves f (x) = 2x ln x (r) 2
and g (x) = x2x – 1, is
D. If H is the number of horizontal tangents and V is the number of vertical (s) 3
tangents to the curve y3 – 3xy + 2 = 0, then the value of (H + V-2) equals
SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.
15. Let C be the curve y = x3 (where x takes all real values). The tangent at A meets the curve again at
B. If the gradient at B is K times the gradient at A then K is equal to
4 1
16. The least value of 'a' for which the equation,  = a has atleast one solution on the
sin x 1  sin x
interval (0, /2) is
 Min  f (t ) : 0  t  x ; 0  x  1 1 3
17. If f(x) = 4x3  x2  2x + 1 and g(x) =  and g   + g  
3 x ; 1 x  2 4
  4
5
+ g   has 2k, the value value of k equal to :
 4
tan [ x]
2/3  , x 0
1   x
18. Given: f (x) = 4    x  g (x) = 
2   1 , x 0
h (x) = {x} k (x) = 5 log 2 ( x  3)
then in [0, 1], Lagranges Mean Value Theorem is NOT applicable to nubmer of function/s is/are
where [x] and {x} denotes the greatest integer and fraction part function.
19. If the function f (x) = x4 + bx2 + 8x + 1 has a horizontal tangent and a point of inflection for the
same value of x then the value of –b is equal to
20. The lower corner of a leaf in a book is folded over so as to just reach the inner edge of the page. The
fraction of width folded over if the area of the folded part is minimum is 3k, then k is:

-6.69-
21. A closed vessel tapers to a point both at its top E and its bottom F and is fixed with EF vertical
when the depth of the liquid in it is x cm, the volume of the liquid in it is, x2 (15  x) cu. cm. The
length EF is 2k, then k is:
22. Coffee is draining from a conical filter, height and diameter both 15 cms into a cylinderical coffee
pot diameter 15 cm. The rate at which coffee drains from the filter into the pot is 100 cu cm /min.
The rate in cms/min at which the level in the pot is rising at the instant when the coffee in the pot is
9k
10 cm, is , then k is
4

-6.70-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c)
26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (d)
36. (a,b) 37. (a,b) 38. (a,c) 39. (c,d) 40. (b,d)
41. (a,c) 42. (b,d) 43. (a,b,c) 44. (a,c,d) 45. (a,b)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(s)
55. A-(p),(q); B-(r),(s); C-(r),(q); D-(p),(s)
56. (1) 57. (1) 58. (4) 59. (0) 60. (1)
61. (2) 62. (6) 63. (8) 64. (6) 65. (3)
66. The width of lane should be (b2/3 – a2/3)3/2.
3 3 2
68. 6 ft. × 18 ft. 69. 4 65 70. r
4
1 3
71. a– , b– , c3 72. f (x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22x2 – 24x – 55.
2 4
3 3
73. Box should be a cube of edge 10 feet 74. A= ab
4
76. xy = 1 78. B  (–2, –1)  [1, )
79. Greatest = 14. Least not determinate.

80. Maximum = 4 at x = 0 minimum = 3 at x = .
2
Chapter Assignment Hints

1. (a): |x –1| = 0 and f (x) = 0
dy
2. (d): Given  1
dx
3. (d): g(x) > 0  f (tan2x – tan x + 4) (2tan x –1) sec2x > 0
 tan x > 1/2
4. (b): f (x) > 0, so minimum value is f (–2)

-6.71-
5. (a): f (x) = 0  x = 1
2 1
6. (c): f (x) = . 0
3 ( x  1) 2 /3
7. (a):
y = ex–1
y = 2– x
8. (a):   lim f ( x )  5

x 1
dy dy
9. (b):  2e2 x  2 x  2
dx dx x 0
dy  dy  dy 1
10. (a):   sin( x  y )  1   , given 
dx  dx  dx 2
 2
11. (a): f (–2) < 0 and f '     0
 3
dy
12. (a):  g '( f ( x)) f '( x)
dx
dx
13. (b): 0
dy
dy
14. (d): Find for both equations.
dx
15. (a): f (x) > 0
16. (a): Let g (x) = f(x) dx
given g (0) = g(1) = 0
dy 1
17. (a):  1
dx 1  x 3
18. (c): f ´(x) = e(x – x2)(1 + x –2x2) > 0

2 x2
dy  1  d  2  1 
19. (b):    2 x log   
dx  x  dx   x 
20. (c): f (k) > lim f ( x)
x k
 3 > a2 – 1  |a| < 2.

21. (a): cos–1x > (cos–1x)2  cos–1x(1 – cos–1x) > 0.
22. (a): f ´(x) = sin (cos(sin x)) sin (sin x) cos x  0 in x  [0, k]
so, maximum value is f (/2)
23. (a): f ´(x) = ex(x –1) (x –2) (x – 3) = 0

-6.72-
dy
24. (b): For vertical tangent 0
dx
25. (c): Min (f (x)) = f (–b)
max (g(x)) = g(–c)
b
26. (a): Let f (x) = ax + , so, 2 ab  c
x
n n 1
dy b  x
27. (b):     
dx a  y
1 1 dy dy y
28. (b):  0 
2 x 2 y dx dx x
1 1
29. (c):   ac  a b 2  a 2
2 2
A
c b
B a C
30. (b): Given 3a – 4b + 4c – 12d = 0

ax 4 bx 3 cx 2
Let g (x) =  f ( x) dx 
4

3

2
 dx
g (0) = g(–1) = 0
1
31. (b): f (x) = 0  x =
4
x2  x  1 x2  x  1
32. (d): Let y  , then find y 
x2  x  1 x2  x  1
x
1 dy 1
33. (a): Let y     log y = –x log x  0  x
x dx e
2
34. (a): Find f  (x) = 0  cos2 x 
3
35. (d): f (x) = –3x2 + 8ax + 2 < 0  D < 0
2 2(1  ( x 2  4 x  4)) 2( x 2  4 x  3)
36. (a,b) : f ´(x) =  2x  4  
x2 x2 x2
37. (a,b) : f ´(x) = (log x)2 + 2 log x
1
= log x (log x + 2) = 0  x = 1,
e2
38. (a,c) : x < x + 1  g (x) > g(x + 1)  f (g (x)) > f (g(x + 1))

-6.73-
 x2  1 1 x  2
 2
( x  1) / 2 2  x  3
39. (c,d): f ( x)  
2
 ( x  1) / 3 3  x  4
 17 / 4 x4

40. (b,d): g´(x) > 0  f ´(x) > f ´(1 – x)  x < 1 – x.
41. (a,c):
0 1
42. (b,d): f ´(x) = (x –1)p –1(x –2)q –1 (p(x –2) + q (x –1))

43. (a,b,c): f ´(x) = 5a5x4 + 4a4x3 + 3a3x2 + 2a2x + a1
f ´´(x) = 2a5x3 + 12a4x2 + 6a3x + 2a2
44. (a,c,d):
 dy 
1  dy  c  x dx  y 
45. (a,b): 2 2 
2x  2 y   2  2 
x y  dx   y  x 
1    
x
f (b )  f ( a )
46. (b): f  = f (x) + A = 0   A0
ba
47. (c): f (1) = f (3)  2a = 22  a = 11
48. (c): |x| is not differentiable at x = 0
49. (c):
50. (a): f (x) = 0 is 4 degree polynomial.
51. (a): f (x) = f (x) is also a 4 degree polynomial.
52. (a): f (x) = f (x) is a 3 degree polynomial.
53. (b):
54. A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(s)

-6.74-
 e x  e x
 , x0 2
A. f '( x)   2e x B. f '( x)   2x  4
 0, x2
 x0
2
C. f '( x)  e( xx ) (1  x  2x2 ) D. 4 – x2 > 0  –2 < x < 2 and 1 – x > 0  x < 1
55. A-(p),(q); B-(r),(s); C-(r),(q); D-(p),(s)

2
a b c  dx 
A.   k B. Length of subtangent = |y| 1  
sin A sin B sin C  dy 
dy dx dx
B.  4e 2 x D.  cos yesin y  1
dx dy dy (1,0)
56. (1): x2 + (2x – 5)2 – 6x – 6(2x – 5) – 10 = 0
 5x2 – 38x + 45 = 0
57. (1): Put x = 0

2
 10 
58. (4): Let z = 12x2 + 13  
 x 
59. (0): f ´(x) = ex(cos x – sin x)
f ´´(x) = ex (cos x – sin x – sin x – cos x)
= –2sin x ex.
60. (1):
dy 3 x 2 3(4 m 2 ) 2
61. (2): For x3 – y2 = 0     9m
dx 2 y 2(8m 3 )
x2 y2
62. (6): Given hyperbola,  1
24 18
3
Equation of tangent for slope =  is
2
2
3  3
y =  x  24    18
2  2
f (6)  f (1)
63. (8):  f '( x)  2
6 1

-6.75-
d
64. (6): g ( x)  ( f ( x) f '( x))
dx
dy
65. (3): Given  2x  b  b  2
dx
Previous Year Questions
AIEEE/JEE-MAINS
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (d)
26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (a)
36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (b)
46. (a) 47. (4.00) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (d)
56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (d) 60. (d)
61. (4) 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (a) 65. (b)
66. (b) 67. (5.00) 68. (d) 69. (a) 70. (c)
71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (d) 75. (c)
76. (406) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (d) 80. (481)
81. (1) 82. (b) 83. (5) 84. (8) 85. (b)
86. (a) 87. (22) 88. (b) 89. (c) 90. (2)
91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (d) 95. (d)
96. (4) 97. (114) 99. (c) 99. (40) 100. (36)
101. (3) 102. (a) 103. (d) 104. (c) 105. (1)
106. (c) 107. (d) 108. (4) 109. (d) 110. (c)
111. (b) 112. (13) 113. (c) 114. (b) 115. (c)
116. (b) 117. (a) 118. (d) 119. (3) 120. (c)
121. (c) 122. (d) 123. (a) 124. (d) 125. (a)
126. (15) 127. (b) 128. (a) 129. (b) 130. (c)
131. (a) 132. (14) 133. (b) 134. (c) 135. (a)
136. (b) 137. (a) 138. (d) 139. (c) 140. (4)
141. (c) 142. (a) 143. (c)

-6.76-
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b, d) 10. (b, d)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a, c) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (c, d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (b,c) 22. 6 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a)
26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c)
30. A-(p),(q),(r); B-(p),(s); C-(r),(s); D-(p),(q)
31. (d) 32. 9 33. (d) 34. (a,b,c,d) 35. (9)
36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a,b) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (8) 42. (a,d) 43. (b,d) 44. (4) 45. (c)
46. (a,d) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (a,b) 52. (b,c,d) 53. (c) 54. (1.00) 55. (5.00)
56. (a,c) 57. (0.50) 58. (a,b) 59. (57.00) 60. (6.00)
61. (a,b,c)
Chapter Test
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (a,b,c,d) 7. (a,d) 8. (a,b,c,d) 9. (a,b) 10. (b,d)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)
15. (4) 16. (9) 17. (5) 18. (3) 19. (6)
20. (2) 21. (5) 22. (4)

-6.77-
7
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
7.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION AS REVERSE OF DIFFERENTIATION
If f and F are functions of x such that F(x) = f(x), then F(x) = f(x)  (F (x) + C) = f (x) 
f (x) dx = F (x) + C and the function F(x) is called as primitive of f (x) w.r.t. “x”.
Here “C” is constant of integration; f (x) is called the integrand and F(x) + C is called its indefinite
integral with respect to x.
d
so if (f(x)) = g (x)
dx
then g(x) dx = f (x) + c

d
e.g., (sin x) = cos x cos x dx = sin x + c
dx
d  x n 1  x n 1
  = x n   x n dx  c
dx  n  1  n 1
7.1.1. STANDARD RESULTS
n 1 ( ax  b )n  1 x n 1
   (ax  b ) dx  c    x n dx   c , n  1
a n1 n 1
1 x x
   x dx  ln | x | c , where x  0   e dx  e  c 
x ax
   a dx   c ; a  1, a  0   sin x dx   cos x  c 
ln a
2
   cos x dx  sin x  c     sec x dx  tan x  c 
2
   cosec x dx   cot x  c     sec x tan xdx  sec x  c 
1
   cosec x cot x dx  –cosec x  c    dx = sin–1 x + c
1  x2
1 1
 1 x 2
dx = tan–1 x + c  |x| dx = sec–1 x + c
2
x 1
7.1.2. PROPERTIES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
   [ f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)] dx   f1 ( x) dx   f 2 ( x)dx
   kf ( x) dx  k  f ( x)dx , k is a constant.

-7.1 -
AICE (IIT-JEE) Indefinite Integrals
Sample Problem-1:
Evaluate:  
3sin x  cos x dx .
Solution:   3sin x  cos x  dx

= 3  sin x dx   cos dx
=  3 cos x  sin x  c
  
= 2 cos x.cos  sin x.sin   c
 6 6
 
= 2cos  x    c
 6
 
If in illustration 1, we write 3 sin x  cos x as 2cos  x   , then what will be integral?
 3
Sample Problem-2:
2
Evaluate:  sec (3x  5)dx
2
Solution: We know that  sec x dx  tan x  c
1
so  sec 2 (3x  5)dx  tan(3x  5)  c
3
1. Which one of the following is TRUE.

dx dx
(a) x .
x  x ln | x |  C (b) x . x  x ln | x |  Cx
1 1
(c)
cos x 
. cos x dx  tan x  C (d)
cos x 
. cos x dx  x  C
2. Let g (x) be an antiderivative for f (x). Then ln (1 + (g(x))2) is an antiderivative for

2 f ( x ) g ( x) 2 f ( x) g ( x) 2 f ( x)
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 2
(d) none
1   f ( x)  1   g ( x)  1   f ( x) 
3. A differentiable function satisfies 3f 2(x) f '(x) = 2x. Given f (2) = 1 then the value of f (3) is
3 3
(a) 24 (b) 6 (c) 6 (d) 2
4. Which of the following statements could be true if, f  (x) = x1/3.

9 7/3 9 7/3
I. f (x) = x +9 II. f  (x) = x 2
28 28
3 3 4/3
III. f (x) = x4/3 + 6 IV. f (x)= x 4
4 4
(a) I only (b) III only (c) II & IV only (d) I & III only

-7.2 -
Indefinite Integrals AICE (IIT-JEE)
( x  2)
5.  ( x  1)2 dx is equal to
1 1
(a) ln |x + 1| – C (b) ln |x + 1| – C
( x  1) ( x  1) 2
1
(c) ln |x + 1| + C (d) none of these
( x  1)
2 x1  5x 1
6.  10 x
dx is equal to
x x
1 1
2   
1
   2 C
5 log 2 x 1 log 5 x 1
(a) (b)  C
1 5 1 log 2 log 5
log   log  
5
   2
x 2
1 1

1 5  1 2
(c)    C (d) none of these
2 1 5 1
log   log  
5 2
(1  x)3
7.  x
dx is equal to
6 1 6 2
(a) 2 x  2 x 2  x5/2  x 7/2  C (b) 2 x  2 x3/2  x5/2  x7/2  C
5 7 5 7
6 1
(c) 2 x  2 x x  x5/2  x 7/2  C (d) none of these
5 7
8. sec2x cosec2x dx equals

(a) tan x + cot x + C (b) cot x – tan x + C (c) tan x – cot x + C (d) none of these
3 cos3x
9.  sin xdx  A cos x 
12
 C , then A is
(a) 3/4 (b) –3/4 (c) 1/4 (d) none of these
cos 2 x  cos 2
10.  cos x  cos 
dx is
(a) (sin x + cos ) + C (b) 2(sin x + x cos ) + C

(c) (sin x + x cos ) + C (d) none of these

dx
1. (b): x .
x 
 x (ln | x |  C ) = x ln | x | + Cx
2. (b): Given f(x)dx = g(x)  g(x) = f (x)

d 2 g ( x) g '( x) 2 f ( x) g ( x)
now
dx

ln(1  g 2 ( x) = 2
1  g ( x)
=
1  g 2 ( x)

-7.3 -
3. (b): Integrating both sides we gets f 3(x) = x2 + C ; f (2) = 1  C = – 3

f 3(x) = x2 – 3  f 3(3) = 6  f (3) = 3
6
4. (d): f (x) = x1/3  f (x) = 3/4 x4/3 + C1 .....(1)

3 3 7/3 9 7/3
f (x) =  x  C1x  C2 = x  C1x  C2  I if C1 = 0
4 7 28
x2 x 1 1
5. (a): 2
 2

( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
x x
2 x1  5 x 1 1 1 1
6. (a):  2    
10 x 5 5 2 
x n 1
7. (b): use  x n dx  C
n 1
8. (c): sec2x. cosec2x = sec2x + cosec2x
3sin x  sin 3x
9. (b): sin3x =
4
cos 2 x  cos 2 (2cos 2 x  1)  (2 cos 2   1)

10. (b):  cos x  cos 
dx  
(cos x  cos  )
dx = 2(cos x + cos )dx
7.2. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

It is not always possible to find the integral of a complicated function only by observation, so we
need some methods of integration and integration by substitution is one of them. This methods has
3 parts:
(i) Direct substitution (ii) Standard substitution (iii) Indirect substitution
7.2.1. Direct substitution

If  f ( x)dx  g ( x)  c , then in I =  f (h( x ))h( x)dx ,
We put h(x) = t
 h( x)dx  dt
So I =  f (t )dt  g (t )  c  g (h( x))  c
Sample Problem-3:
Evaluate:  cot x dx .
cos x dx
Solution: I =  cot x dx =  sin x
Put sin x = t
 cos x dx = dt

-7.4 -
dt
So I =  = ln | t | c
t
= ln | sin x |  c
Sample Problem-4:
dx
Evaluate: 2 x ( x  1)
.
Solution: Put x = t2  dx = 2t dt
dx 2t dt
So I =  =  2t (t 2
2 x ( x  1)  1)
dt
= 1 t 2
= tan–1 t + c
= tan 1  x c
7.2.2. Standard Substitution
In some standard integrand or a part of it, we have standard substitution. List of standard
substitution is as follows :
Integrand Substitution
2 2 2 2
x +a or x a x = a tan 
2 2
x2 – a2 or x a x = a sec 
2 2
2
a –x 2
or a x x = a sin  or x = a cos 
a x and ax x = a cos 2
n
x  x2  a2  expression inside the bracket = t
2x 2x a2  x2
, 2 , 2 x = a tan 
a  x a  x a  x2
22 2
2x2 – 1 x = cos 
1 xa
1 1
(n  N, n  1) t
1
n
1
n
xb
( x  a) ( x  b)
xa
or ( x  a )( b  x ) x = a cos2  + b sin2 
bx
xa
or ( x  a )( x  b ) x = a sec2  – b tan2 
xb
Sample Problem-5:
dx
Evaluate:  ( x  3) 15/16
( x  4)17/16
.
dx
Solution: I =  ( x  3) 15/16
( x  4)17/16

-7.5 -
dx
=  x3 15/16
  ( x  4) 2
 x4
x3  ( x  4)  ( x  3) 
Put t   dx  dt
x4  ( x  4) 2 
dx dt
 
( x  4) 2 7
1 dt 1
So I =  15/16
  t 15/16 dt
7 t 7
16 1/16
= t c
7
1/16
16  x  3 
= c
7  x  4 
Sample Problem-6:
dx
Evaluate:  5/3
.
x  2
x 4 
dx
Solution: I =  5/3
x  x2  4 
Put x  x 2  4  t
 x  2 2
 1   dx  dt  x  x  4  t  x  4  t  x
2
 x 4
2 2
t2  4  t2  4  t 4  16  8t 2  16t 2  t2  4 
 x  x2 – 4 =   4= =  
2t  2t  4t 2  2t 
 t2  4  1 1
so I =   2  5/3
dt   t 5/3 dt  2  t 11/3 dt
 2t  t 2
2/3 8/3
1 t t 3
= 2  c  t 8/3 [1  t 2 ]  c
2 2 / 3 8 / 3 4

Where t  x  x 2  4 
7.2.3. Indirect Substitution
If integrand f(x) can be rewritten as product of two functions. f(x) = f1(x) f2(x), where f2(x) is a
function of integral of f1(x), then put integral of f1(x) = t.
Sample Problem-7:
x
Evaluate:  dx .
4  x3
x x dx
Solution: I =  dx  
4  x3 4  x3

-7.6 -
2 3/2
Here integral of x x and 4 – x3 = 4 – (x3/2)2
3
2
Put x3/2 = t  x dx  dt
3
2 dt
So I 
3  4  t2
2 1  x3/2 
= sin  c
3  2 
Sample Problem-8:
Evaluate:  (cos x  sin x) (3  4sin 2 x)dx .

Solution: I =  (cos x  sin x) (3  4sin 2 x )dx
Here integration of cos x – sin x = sin x + cos x
and 3 + 4 sin 2x = 3 + 4((sin x + cos x)2 – 1)
Put sin x + cos x = 1
= (cos x – sin x)dx = dt
So I =  (3  4(t 2  1)dt
t 2
= [4t  3]  c
3
 sin x  cos x  2
=   [4(sin x  cos x )  3]
 3 
 sin x  cos x 
=  (1  4sin 2 x)  c
 3 
2
x
1. Consider f(x) = ; g(t) = f(t)dt.. If g(1) = 0 then g(x) equals
1  x3
1 1  1  x3  1  1  x3  1  1  x3 
(a) ln(1  x3 ) (b) ln   (c) ln   (d) ln  
3 3  2  2  3  3  3 
ln (6 x 2 )
2. Evaluate the integral :  x
dx
1 1 1 1
(a) [ln(6 x 2 )]3 + C (b) [ln(6 x 2 )]2 + C (c) [ln(6 x 2 )] + C (d) [ln(6 x 2 )]4 + C
8 4 2 16
2
1)
3. Primitive of f (x) = x ·2ln ( x w.r.t. x is

-7.7 -
2 2
1)
2ln( x ( x 2  1)2ln( x 1)
(a) +C (b) +C
2( x 2  1) ln 2  1
( x 2  1)ln 21 ( x 2  1)ln 2
(c) +C (d) +C
2(ln 2  1) 2(ln 2  1)
1  x 
4. Let f (x) = ln  x  then its primitive w.r.t. x is
x e 
1 x 1 1 2 ex
(a) e – ln x + C (b) ln x – ex + C (c) ln x – x + C (d) +C
2 2 2 2x
2
5.  sec  (sec  tan )2 d 
(sec  tan )
(a) [2  tan  (sec  tan )]  C
2
(b) [2  4 tan  (sec  tan )]  C
3
(c) [2  tan  (sec  tan )]  C
3
3(sec  tan )
(d) [2  tan  (sec  tan )]  C
2
x  x 
6. If  1  sin
2
dx = A sin    , then value of A is:
4 4
1
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 (c) (d) 4 2
2
( x 2  1) dx
7.  4 2 x2  1  1 
= ln | f (x) | + C then f (x) is
( x  3 x  1) tan  
 x 
 1  1  1
(a) ln  x   (b) tan–1  x   (c) cot–1  x   (d) ln  tan 1  x  1  
 x  x  x   x 
sin  ln (2  2 x) 
8. The value of the integral  x 1
dx is
 2   2   2 
(a) – cos ln (2x + 2) + C (b) ln  sin  + C (c) cos   +C (d) sin  + C
 x 1  x 1   x 1 
1
9.  x log x dx =
(a) log |logx| + A (b) (log x)2 + A (c) (log x)–1 + A (d) none of these

-7.8 -
ln | x |
10. x 1  ln | x |
dx equals :
2 2
(a) 1  ln x (lnx 2) + c (b) 1  ln x (lnx  + 2) + c
3 3
1
(c) 1  ln x (lnx 2) + c (d) 2 1  ln x (3 lnx 2) + c
3

dt
1. (b): Put 1 + x3 = t  x2dx =
3
2. (b): Put ln(6x2) = t
ln ( x 2 1) dt
3. (c): I =  x2 dx let x2 + 1 = t ; x dx =
2
1 ln t 1 ln 2 1 t ln 2 1 1 ( x 2  1)ln 2 1
Hence I =
2
2 dt  2
t dt  · 
2 ln 2  1
+C= ·
2 ln 2  1
+C
1 x 1
4. (c): 
ln dx  (ln x  ln e x ) dx

x ex x
ln x  x  1 1  1
= 
x
dx   ln x dx 
 x x
x dx 
 (put ln x = u ; dx  du )
x
1
= u dx  1dx  (ln x)2 – x + C
 
2
5. (c): put sec  + tan  = t
x  x x  x 
6. (d): 1  sin
  cos  sin   2 cos   
2  4 4 4 4
x 
Now put   t
4 4
1  1 
1 1  2  dx
x2  x 
7. (b):  2 1  1  1
dx =   1
2  1  1
dx
 x  2  3  tan  x     x    1 tan  x  
 x   x  x   x
 
1
8. (a): ln 2(1 + x) = t ; dx =dt
1 x
9. (a): Substitute log x = t.
10. (a): Substitute 1 + ln |x| = t
7.3. INTEGRATION BY PARTS

If integrand can be expressed as product of two functions, then we use the following formula.
 f1 ( x) f2 ( x)dx  f1 ( x) f2 ( x)   f1( x) f 2 ( x)dx)dx , where f1(x) and f2(x) are known as first and
second function respectively.

-7.9 -
Remarks :
(i) We do not put constant of integration in 1st integral, we put this only once in the end.
(ii) Order of f1(x) and f2(x) is normally decided by the rule ILATE, where I  Inverse,
L  Logarithms, A  Algebraic, T  Trigonometric and E  Exponential.
Sample Problem-9:
2
Evaluate: x sin x dx .
2
Solution:  x sin x dx
2
= x  sin x dx   (2 x  sin x dx)dx
2
=  x cos x  2[ x  cos x dx   (1 cos x dx) dx
= – x2 cos x + 2x sin x – 2 cos x + c
Sample Problem-10:
1
 2x  2 
Evaluate:  sin   dx .
2
 4 x  8 x  13 
 2x  2 
Solution: I =  sin 1   dx
2
 4 x  8 x  13 
 2x  2   2x  2 
Here sin 1   = sin 1  
2
 4 x  8 x  13   (2 x  2) 2  9 
 
Put 2x + 2 = 3 tan 
3 2
dx = sec  d 
2
2x  2 3tan 
Also = = sin 
(2 x  2)  9 2 3sec 
3
 sec2  d 
2
So I =
3 3
=  sec 2    (1 sec 2  d )d   [ tan   ln(cos )]  c
2   2
3  2 x  3 1  2 x  2   3 
=  tan    ln    c
2  3  3  2
 4 x  8 x  13  
7.3.1. Special use of Integration by PARTS
(i)  f ( x )dx   ( f ( x)).1dx
Now integrate taking f(x) as 1st function and 1 as 2nd function.
f ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
(ii)  n
dx   . dx
g ( x) g ( x ) g ( x1 ) n
f ( x) g ( x)
Now integrate taking as 1st function and as 2nd function.
g ( x) g ( x1 ) n

-7.10-
(iii) If integrand is of the form ex f(x), then rewrite f(x) as sum of two functions in which one is
derivative of other.
x
e f ( x)dx   e x ( g ( x)  g ( x)) dx = ex g(x) + c
Sample Problem-11:
Evaluate:  ln x dx .
1
Solution: I =  ln x dx =  (ln x .1) dx = ln x. x –  x .x dx
= x ln x – x + c = x(ln x –1) + c
Sample Problem-12:
x2
Evaluate:  ( x sin x  cos x)2 .
x2  x cos x 
Solution: I =  ( x sin x  cos x)2 =  x.sec x  ( x sin x  cos x) 2  dx

 x sec x
=  tan x  c
x sin x  cos x
Sample Problem-13:
2
 x 1  x
Evaluate:   x 2  1  e dx .
2
 x 1  x2  2 x  1
Solution: I =  2  =
 x 1 ( x 2  1) 2
1  2 x 
=  2 
( x  1)  ( x  1)2 
2
1 2 x
Here derivative of 2 is 2
x 1 ( x  1) 2
2 x
x  x 1  e
So  e  x 2  1  dx = ( x 2  1)  c
7.4. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
f ( x)
When integrand is a rational function i.e. of the form , where f(x) and g(x) are the
g ( x)
polynomials functions of x, we use the method of partial fraction.
1 1 1
For example we can rewrite and  .
(3x  1) (3x  2) 3(3x  1) 3(3x  2)
If degree of f(x) is less then degree of g(x) and g(x) = ( x  a1 )1 ..........( x 2  b1 x  c1 )1 ......... , then we
f ( x) A1 A2 A1
can put =   ........  ........
g ( x) ( x  a1 ) ( x  a1 ) 2
( x  a1 )1
B1 x  C1 B x  C2 B  C1
  2 2  ........  2 1 .........
2
( x  b1 x  c1 ) ( x  b1 x  c1 ) 2
( x  b1 x  c1 )1

-7.11-
Here A1, A2,........., A1 ............, B1, B2............. B 1 ..........C1, C2...... C 1 ..............are the real
constants and these can be calculated by reducing both sides of the above equation as identity in
polynomial form and then by comparing the coefficients of like powers. The constants can also be
obtained by putting some suitable numerical values of x in both sides of the identity.
If degree of f(x) is more than or equal to degree of g(x), then divide f(x) by g(x) so that the
remainder has degree less than of g(x).
Sample Problem-14:
dx
Evaluate:  ( x  1) ( x  2)( x  3) .
1 A B C
Solution: Put =  
( x  1) ( x  2)( x  3) ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3)
 1 = A (x – 2) (x – 3) + B (x – 1) (x – 3) + C (x – 1) (x – 2)
1
Put x = 1, we get, A =
2
x = 2, we get, B = – 1
1
x = 3, we get, C =
2
1 dx dx 1 dx  x2  4 x  3 
So integral =     = ln  c
2 x 1 x  2 2 x 3  | x 2| 
 
Sample Problem-15:
dx
Evaluate:  ( x  2) ( x 2
 1)
.
1 A Bx  C
Solution: Let 2
=  2
( x  2) ( x  1) x  2 ( x  1)
 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
1
Put x = – 2, we get A =
5
Now compare the coefficients of x2 and constant term we get 0 = A + B and 1 = A + 2C
1 2
 B ,C
5 5
1 dx 1 x 2 dx
So I =    2 dx   2
5 x  2 5 x 1 5 x 1
1 1 2
= ln | x  2 |  ln( x 2  1)  tan 1 x  C
5 10 5

-7.12-
Sample Problem-16:
x 4 dx
Evaluate:  ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
.
Solution: Here degree of numerator is more than the degree of denominator so first we have to divide it
to reduce it to proper fraction.
x4 2x2  1
2
= ( x  1) 
( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
2 x2  1 A B C
Put =  
( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
 2x2 – 1 = A(x + 1)2 + B(x – 1) (x + 1) + C(x – 1)

1
Put x = 1, we get A =
2
1
Put x = – 1, we get C = –
2
Comparing the coefficient of x2, we get
3
2=A+B  B=
2
1 dx 3 dx 1 dx
So I =  ( x  1) dx      
2 ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
x2 1 3 1
=  x  n | x  1|  n | x  1|  C
2 2 2 2( x  2)
OBJECTIVE QUESTION-7.3 & 7.4:
1. etan x (sec x – sin x)dx is equal to
(a) etan x cos x + C (b) etan x sin x + C (c) –etan x cos x + C (d) etan x sec x + C
x
2.  xe cos xdx  f ( x)  c, then f (x) equal to
ex ex
(a) – {(1  x)sin x  x cos x}  c (b) {(1  x)sin x  x cos x}  c
2 2
ex
(c) {(1  x)sin x  x cos x}  c (d) none of these
2
xe x
3. If  dx  f ( x) 1  e x  2 log g ( x)  C , , then
x
1 e
1 ex 1
(a) f(x) = x – 1 (b) g(x) =
1  ex  1
1  ex  1
(c) g(x) = (d) none of these
1  ex  1

-7.13-
4. sin 2x . log cos x dx is equal to

1 
(a) cos2 x   logcos x   k (b) cos2x . log cos x + k
 2 
 1 
(c) cos2 x   log cos x   k (d) none of these
2 
5. x log (1 + x2)dx = (x). log (1 + x2) + (x) + C, then

1  x2 1  x2 1  x2
(a) ( x)  (b)  ( x)  (c) ( x)   (d) none of these
2 2 2
 2x 
6. sin–1   dx is equal to
 1  x2 
(a) x tan–1x – ln |sec (tan–1x)| + C (b) x tan–1x + ln |sec (tan–1x)| + C
(c) x tan–1x – ln |cos(tan–1x)| + C (d) none of these
tan 1 x
7. e (1  x  x 2 ) d(cot–1x) is equal to
1 1 1 1
(a)  e tan x
C (b) e tan x
C (c)  xe tan x
C (d) xe tan x
C
x  2 tan x   
8. e   cot 2  x   dx is equal to
 1  tan x  4 
   
(a) ex tan   x   C (b) ex tan  x    C
 4   4
 3 
(c) ex tan   x   C (d) none of these
 4 
 1 2
9.  x log 1  x  dx  f ( x)log( x  1)  g ( x) x  Ax  C , then
1 2
(a) f (x) = x (b) g(x) = log x (c) A = 1 (d) none of these
2
10. If Im, n = cosmx sin nx dx, then 7 I4, 3 – 4I3, 2 is equal to

(a) constant (b) –cos2x + C (c) –cos4x cos 3x+ C (d) cos 7x–cos 4x + C
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTION-7.3 & 7.4:
1. c):
2. a): Integrate by parts, by taking x as Ist function and ex cos x as IInd function.
3. b): Put 1 + ex = t  x = ln (t – 1) and integrate by parts.
4. c): Integrate by parts by taking log cos x as Ist function and sin 2x as IInd function.
5. a): Put 1 + x2 = t and integrate log t by parts.
6. d): Put x = tan  dx = sec2x d.

-7.14-
tan 1 x  1  1  x 
7. c): I = e (1  x  x 2 )  2
dx   e tan x 1 
  dx
1 x   1  x2 
x  2 tan x 2   x   2  
8. b): I = e 
 1  tan x  tan  x  4   dx  e  tan  x  4   sec  x  4   dx
       
9. d): Integrate by parts.
10. c): Integrate by Parts.
7.5. ALGEBRAIC INTEGRALS

Using the technique of standard substitution and integration by parts, we can derive the following
formula :
dx 1 x dx 1 xa
 a 2 2
 tan 1  c  x 2 2
 ln c
x a a a 2a x  a
dx x dx
   sin 1  c    ln  x  x 2  a 2   c
2
a x 2 a 2
x a 2  
dx
   ln  x  x 2  a 2   c
2
x a 2  
x 2 a2 x
  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sin 1  c
2 2 a
x 2 a2
  x 2  a 2 dx 
2 2

x  a 2  ln x  x 2  a 2 
2
x 2 a
  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a2  ln  x  x2 a 
2
2 2
7.5.1. Integral of the form

dx dx 2
 ax2  bx  c ,  ax2  bx  c ,  ax  bx  c dx
2
 b  4ac  b 2 b
Here in each case write ax2 + bx + c = a  x    put x   t and use the standard
 2a  4a 2a
formulae.
Sample Problem-17:
dx
Evaluate:  2
 x  4x  6
.
Solution: – x2 + 4x + 6 = – (x2 – 4x + 4) + 10 = 10 – (x – 2)2

dx
I=  Put x – 2 = t  dx = dt
10  ( x  2) 2
dt t
I=  = sin 1 c
2
10  t 10
 x  2
= sin 1  c
 10 

-7.15-
Sample Problem-18:
Evaluate:  3x 2  6 x  10 dx .
Solution: 3 x2 – 6x + 10 = 3(x – 1)2 + 7

Put x – 1 = t
 dx = dt
7
I = 3 t2  dt
3
t 7 7 7
= 3  t 2   ln t  t 2    c
 2 3 6 3 
where t = x – 1
7.5.2. Integrals of the Form

( ax  b) dx ( ax  b)dx
 cx2  ex  f ,  cx2  ex  f ,  (ax  b) cx 2  ex  f dx
d
Here write ax + b = A (cx2 + ex + f ) + B= A(2cx + e) + B
dx
Find A and B by comparing, the coefficients of x and constant term.
Sample Problem-19:
(3 x  5)dx
Evaluate:  .
x2  4 x  3
Solution: Write 3x + 5 = A(2x + 4) + B

3
A= , B=–1
2
3 2x  4 dx
So I =  
2 2
x  4x  3 2
x  4x  3
In 1st integral put x2 + 4x + 3 = t
 (2x + 4)dx = dt
3 dt dx
I=  
2 t  ( x  2)2  1
= 3 x 2  4 x  3  ln ( x  2)  x 2  4 x  3  c

( ax 2  bx  c )dx ( ax 2  bx  c )dx 2 2
 (ex 2  fx  g )
,  (ex2  fx  g ) ,  (ax  bx  c) (ex  fx  g ) dx
Here put ax2 + bx + c = A(ex2 + fx + g) + B(2ex + f) + c find the values of A, B and C by comparing
the coefficients of x2, x and constant term.

-7.16-
Sample Problem-20:
( x 2  4 x  7)
Evaluate:  x2  x  1
.
Solution: Let x2 + 4x + 7 = A(x2 + x + 1) + B(2x + 1) + C

Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term, we get
A = 1, A + 2B = 4, A + B + C = 7
3 9
 A = 1, B = ,C=
2 2
3 (2 x  1)dx 9 dx
So I =  x 2  x  1 dx    
2 x  x 1 2
2 2
x  x 1
2 2
 1  3
Now x2 + x + 1 =  x     
 2   2 
 1
 x 2  2 3  1 2 
I =   x  x  1  ln  x   x  x  1 
 2  8  2 
 
9  1 
3 x 2  x  1  ln  x   x 2  x  1   c
2  2 

dx 1
 (ax  b) . Here ax  b  .
2
ex  fx  g t
Sample Problem-21:
dx
Evaluate:  ( x  2) .
x2  4x  8
1 dt
Solution: Put x  2   dx  2
t t
Now x2 + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)2 + 4
 dt dt
So I =  = 
t
1
4 1  4t 2
t2
1 dt 1 1
=  =  ln t  t 2   c
2 1 2 4
t2 
4
1 1 1 1
=  ln   c
2 x2 ( x  2) 2 4

-7.17-

( ax  b )dx
 (cx  d ) . Here put (ax + b) = A(cx + d) + B, find the values of A and B by
ex 2  fx  g
comparing the coefficients of x and constant term.
Sample Problem-22:
(4 x  7)dx
Evaluate:  ( x  2) .
x2  4x  8
Solution: Let 4x + 7 = A(x + 2) + B

 A = 4, B = – 1
dx dx
So I = 4  
2
x  4x  8 ( x  2) x 2  4 x  8
1 1 1 1

= 4 ln x  2  x 2  4 x  8  ln
2 x2
 
( x  2) 2
 c
4

(ax 2  bx  c)dx
 (ex  f ) . Here put ax2 + bx + c = A(ex + f) (2gx + h) + B(ex + f) + C, find the
2
gx  hx  i
values of A, B and C by comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term.
Sample Problem-23:
2 x 2  7 x  11
Evaluate:  ( x  2) x2  4 x  8
.
Solution: Put 2x2 + 7x + 11 = A(x + 2) (2x + 4) + B(x + 2) + C

Compare the coefficient of x2, x and constant term, we get
A = 1, 7 = 8 A + B, C + 2B + 8A = 11  B = – 1, C = 5
2x  4 dx dx
So I =   5 
2 2
x  4x  8 x  4x  8 ( x  2) x 2  4 x  8
5 1 1 1
= 2 x 2  4 x  8  ln ( x  2)  x 2  4 x  8  ln  2
 c
2 ( x  2) ( x  2) 4

x dx
 , here put cx2 + e = t2.
2 2
( ax  b ) (cx  e)
Sample Problem-24:
x dx
Evaluate:  (2 x .
2
 3) x 2  1

-7.18-
Solution: Put x2 – 1 = t2
 x dx = t dt
t dt dt 1 dt
So I =  2  2  
(2t  5)t 2t  5 2 5
t2 
2
1  2 2 
= tan 1  x  1   c
10  5 

dx 1
 (ax . Here 1st put x = and then the expression inside the square root as y2.
2
 b ) (cx 2  e) t
Sample Problem-25:
dx
Evaluate:  (x .
2
 5) 2 x 2  3
1
Solution: Put x =
t
dt
 dx = 
t2
 dt t dt
So I =  1  2
=  (1  5t 2
) 2  3t 2
t2  2  5 2  3
t  t
Put 2 – 3t2 = y2
y dy
 – t dt =
3
1 y dy 1 y  13 / 5
So I =   2
3  13  5 y 
 ln
5 y  13 / 5
C
 y
 3 
7.5.9. Integrals of the Type

m
x ( a  bx n ) p dx ( p  0) . Here we have the following cases.
Case I : If p is a natural number, then expand (a + bxn)p by binomial theorem and integrate.
Case II : If p is a negative integer and m and n are rational number, put x = tk, when k is the LCM
of denominators of m and n.
m 1
Case III : If is an integer and p is rational number, put (a + bxn) = tk, when k is the
n
denominator of p.
m 1 a  bx n k
Case IV : If +p is an integer, put  t , where k is the denominator of p.
n xn

-7.19-
Sample Problem-26:
1
2 2
  
Evaluate: x 3
 1  x 3  .
 
Solution: Here p = – 1, is a negative integer and m and n are rational numbers.
Put x = t3
 dx = 3t2 dt
3 dt
So I = t 2 (1  t 2 )1 3t 2 dt 
 1 t 2
= 3tan 1 ( x1/3 )  c
Sample Problem-27:
1/4
1 1
 
Evaluate:  x3  1  x 3 
 
dx .
1 1 1
Solution: Here m =  , n = , p =
3 3 4
m 1
 2 , which is an integer
n
So (1 + x1/3) = t4
dx
  4t 3 dt
3 x 2/3
4 5/4
I = 12 (t 4  1)t 4 dt = 
 15

1  x1/3  [4  9 x1/3 ]  c
Sample Problem-28:
11
Evaluate: x (1  x4 )1/ 2 dx .
1
Solution: Here m = – 11, m = 4, p = 
2
m 1 10 1
 p     3 , which is an integer.
n 4 2
1  x4 2
So put t
x4
1 4
 1 4  t2  5 dx  2t dt
x x
dx 1 2 1
So I =  1/ 2
  (t  1) 2 . .2t dt 
 1  4 t
x13  1  4 
 x 
1 t5 t3 t
=  (t 4  2t 2  1) dt =
   c
2 10 3 2
1
Where t = 1  4 .
x

-7.20-
p  2 q 1
px  qx q1
1. The evaluation of  x2 p 2q  2 x p q  1 dx is
xp xq xq xp
(a)  C (b) C (c)  C (d) C
x p q  1 x p q  1 x p q  1 x p q  1
1
2 x2  3x  3
2. The value of  dx is :
0
( x  1) ( x 2  2 x  2)
 
(a) + 2 ln 2  tan1 2 (b)  + ln4 + cot1 2
4 4
(c) 2 ln2  cot1 3 (d) all of these
1  x7
3.  x(1  x 7 )
dx equals :
2 2
(a) ln x + ln (1 + x7) + C (b) ln x  ln (1  x7) + C
7 7
2 2
(c) ln x  ln (1 + x7) + C (d) ln x + ln (1  x7) + C
7 7
ln | x |
4. x 1  ln | x |
dx equals :
2 2
(a) 1  ln | x | (lnx 2) + C (b) 1  ln | x | (lnx+ 2) + C
3 3
1
(c) 1  ln | x | (lnx 2) +C (d) 2 1  ln | x | (3 lnx 2) + C
3
3x 4  1
5. Primitive of w.r.t. x is :
( x 4  x  1)2
x x x 1 x 1
(a) 4
+C (b)  4
+ C (c) 4
+C (d)  4
+C
x  x 1 x  x 1 x  x 1 x  x 1
x4  1 B
6. If  dx = A ln x + + C, where C is the constant of integration then :
2
1  x2

x x2  1 
(a) A = 1 ; B =  1 (b) A =  1; B = 1 (c) A = 1; B = 1 (d) A =  1; B =  1
(2 x  1)
7.  ( x2  4 x  1)3/2 dx
x3 x
(a) C (b) C
2
( x  4 x  1) 1/2
( x  4 x  1)1/2
2
x2 1
(c) C (d) C
2
( x  4 x  1) 1/2
( x  4 x  1)1/2
2

-7.21-
x2  2
8.  x4  4 dx is equal to
1 x2  2 1
(a) tan 1 C (b) tan 1 ( x2  2)  C
2 2x 2
1 2x 1 x2  2
(c) tan 1 2 C (d) tan 1 C
2 x 2 2 2x
dx
9. If x 22
( x 7  6)
= A{ln (p)6 + 9p2 – 2p3 – 18p} + c, then
1  x7  6  1  x7  6 
(a) A  , p  7  (b) A  , p  7 
9072  x  54432  x 
1
1  x7  1  x7  6 
(c) A  , p  7  (d) A  , p 7 
54432  x 6 9072  x 
( x  x 2/3  x1/6 )
10. I  x(1  x1/3 )
dx is equal to
3 2/3 3 2/3
(a)
2
x  6 tan 1 x1/6  c   (b)
2
x  6tan 1 ( x1/6 )  c
3
(c)  x 2/3  tan 1 ( x1/6 )  c (d) none of these
2

p  2 q 1
px  qx q 1 px p 1  qx  q 1
1. (c):  dx   dx
( x p  q  1)2 ( x p  x  q )2
taking xq as x2q common from Denominator and take it in Nr ]
2. (d): Numerator = 2 (x2 + 2 x + 2)  (x + 1)
dx x6
3. (c): I =  x 1  x7    1  x7 dx
4. (a): Start : ln | x | = t 
1 t dt
  dx = dt  
x 1 t
3 x4  1 3 x 2  x 2
5. (b): =
1 2 2

x 2 x3  1  x  x 3
 1  x 1 
6. (c): add and subtract x2 in the numerator

-7.22-
2x  1 2x  1 2 x 2  x 3
7. (b):  ( x2  4 x  1)3/2 dx =  3/2
dx =  3/2
dx
 4 1   4 1 
x 3 1   2  1   2 
 x x   x x 
1 4
now put 2
 1  t 2
x x
 2 
2 1  2 
x 2  x  dx
8. (d): x 4
4
dx =   2
2
x  4
 x
2
Now put x – =t
x
dx
9. (b): I    6 
x29 1  7 
 x 
 6  42 7  6 
Let 1  7   p  8 dx  dp and x   1  p 
 x  x  
1 (1  p)3 1 1  p3  3 p  3 p 2
I
42 (6)3 p dp 
(42)(216) p  dp
1
 [lnp6 + 9p2 – 2p3 – 18p] + c
54432
10. (a): Substituting x = p6, dx = 6p5 dp, we have
6 p5 ( p 6  p 4  p) 6( p5  p3  1)  6 
I  6 2
dp  2  dp  6 p3 dp   2 
 dp 
p (1  p ) ( p  1)  p 1
6 p4 3
=  6 tan 1 p  x 2/3  6 tan 1 ( x1/6 )  c
4 2
7.6. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS :

7.6.1. Integrals of the Form :
 f (sin x, cos x) 
  g (sin x,cos x) dx   R(sin x, cos x)dx , where f and g both are polynomials in sin x and cos x.
x
2 tan
x 2 and
Here we can convert them in algebraic by putting tan  t after writing sin x =
2 2 x
1  tan
2
x
1  tan 2
cos x = 2.
2 x
1  tan
2
Some time instead of putting the above substitution we go for below procedure.
(i) If R(– sin x, cos x) = – R(sin x, cos x), put cos x = t

-7.23-
(ii) If R(sin x, – cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) put tan x = t

(iii) If R(–sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) put tan x = t
Sample Problem-29:
dx
Evaluate:  sin x(2 cos 2
.
x  1)
1
Solution: Here R(sin x, cos x) =
sin x (2 cos 2 x  1)
1
R(–sin x, cos x) = = – R(sin x, cos x)
 sin x (2 cos 2 x  1)
So we put cos x = t  – sin x dx = dt
sin dx dt
I= =  (t
(1  cos 2 x ) (2 cos 2 x  1) 2
 1) (2t 2  1)
dt dt
= t 2
1
2 2
2t  1 
1 cos x  1 1 2 cos x  1
= ln  ln C
2 cos x  1 2 2 cos x  1
Sample Problem-30:
cos x dx
Evaluate:  sin 2
.
x (sin x  cos x )
cos x dx
Solution: Here R(sin x, cos x) = 2
sin x (sin x  cos x )
R(– sin x, – cos x) = R(sin x, cos x)
So put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt

cos x sec 2 x dx dt
I=  sec2 x sin 2 x(sin x  cos x)
= t 2
(1  t )
1 A B C
Let 2
  2 
t (1  t ) t t (1  t )
or 1 = At(1 + t) + B(1 + t) + ct2
Put t = 0, we get B = 1, put t = –1, we get C = 1
compare the coefficients of t2, we get 0 = A + C A = – 1

dt dt dt
So I =   t   t   1 t
2
1  tan x
= ln  cot x  c
tan x

-7.24-

 p sin x  q cos x  r 
  a sin x  b cos x  c  dx ,
here put p sin x + q cos x + r = A(a sin x + b cos x + c) + B(a cos x – b sin x) + C values of A, B
and C can be obtained by comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term by this
technique. The given integral becomes sum of 3 integrals in which 1st two are very easy in 3rd we
x
can put tan  t .
2
Sample Problem-31:
(5sin x  6)dx
Evaluate:  sin x  2cos x  3 .
Solution: Let 5 sin x + 6 = A(sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + B(cos x – 2 sin x) + C
Equating the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term, we get
A  2 B = 5

2 A+ B = 0   A = 1, B = –2, C = 3
3A+ C = 6 
(cos x  2sin x )dx dx

I=  dx  2 sin x  2cos x  3  3 sin x  cos x  3 x  2ln | sin x  2cos x  3 | 3 1
x x
Put tan  t  sec2 dx  2dt
2 2
 x
2dt  1  tan 
2 dt  t  1  2 C
So 1  2  =  = tan 1  1
  C = tan  
t  2t  5 (t  1) 2  4  2   2 
 

p pq2
 sin x cosq x dx , Where p and q are rational number such that is a negative integer,
2
then put tan x = t or cot x = t.
Sample Problem-32:
7/5
Evaluate:  sin x cos3/5 x dx .
7 3
Solution: Here p =  , q = 
5 5
pq2
 2
2
7/5 cos 3/5 x
I=  sin x cos 3/5 x dx =  dx
sin 3/5 x sin 2 x

-7.25-
= (cot x)3/5 cosec2 x dx


Put cot x = t  cosec2 x = – dt
5
So I =  t 3/5 dt =  (cot x)2/5  c
 2
7.7. SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION IN INTEGRATION

Sometimes the integrand is a function of x as well as on (n N), then we use this method.
Sample Problem-33:
If In = tann x dx, then prove that (n – 1) (In + In–2) = tann–1 x.
Solution: Here In =  tan

n
x dx  tan n 2 x tan 2 x dx

= tann–2 x (sec2 x – 1) dx
=  tann–2 x sec2 xdx – tann–2 x dx
= tann–2 x sec2 x dx – In–2
tan n 1 x
I n  I n 2 
n 1
Hence (n – 1) (In + In–2) = tann–1x.
Sample Problem-34:
dx 1  x dx 
Prove that  (1  x ) 2 n

2(n  1)  (1  x 2 )n1
 (2n  3)
(1  x 2 )n 1 
, n  N . Hence, compute the
1
value of  (1  x 2 2
dx .
)
dx 1 n
Solution: If In =  (1  x 2 n
= .x –  (1  x 2 n 1
.2 x.x dx
) (1  x 2 ) n )
x x2  1  1 x
=
(1  x ) 2 n
 2n  (1  x 2 )n1 dx =
(1  x 2 ) n
 2n [In – In+1]
x
= 2n In+1 = (2n – 1) In +
(1  x 2 ) n
replace n  n – 1
x
2(n – 1) In = (2n – 3) In–1 +
(1  x 2 ) n1
1  x dx 
In =  2(n  1)  (1  x ) 2 n 1
 (2n  3)  2 n 1 
,n N
(1  x ) 

-7.26-
Now, put n = 2
dx 1 x 
 (1  x 2 2
   tan 1 x   c
) 2 1  x 2 
cos3 x  cos5 x
1.  sin 2 x  sin 4 x
dx
(a) sin x  6 tan1 (sin x) + c (b) sin x  2 sin1 x + c
(c) sin x  2 (sin x)1  6 tan1 (sin x) + c (d) sin x  2 (sin x)1 + 5 tan1 (sin x) + c
dx x
2.  5  4cos x =  tan1  m tan  + C then :
 2
(a)  = 2/3 (b) m = 3 (c)  = 1/3 (d) m = 2/3
3. If In = (ln x)n dx, then In + nIn –1

(ln x ) n
(a) (b) x (ln x)n –1 (c) x (ln x)n (d) none of these
x
2 sin x
4.  (3  sin 2 x) dx is equal to
1 2  sin x  cos x 1  sin x  cos x 

(a) ln  tan 1  c
2 2  sin x  cos x 2  2 
1 2  sin x  cos x 1  sin x  cos x 
(b) ln  tan 1  c
2 2  sin x  cos x 2  2 
1 2  sin x  cos x 1  sin x  cos x 
(c) ln  tan 1  c
4 2  sin x  cos x 2  2 
(d) none of these
cos 4 x  1
5.  cot x  tan x dx is equal to
1 1 1 1
(a) ln | sec 2 x |  cos2 2 x  c (b) ln | sec 2 x |  cos 2 2 x  c
2 4 2 4
1 1 1 1
(c) ln | cos 2 x |  cos 2 2 x  c (d) ln | cos 2 x |  cos 2 2 x  c
2 4 2 4
3sin x  2cos x
6. If  3cos x  2sin x dx  ax  b ln |2 sin x + 3 cos x| + C, then
12 15 7 6 12 15 7 6
(a) a   ,b  (b) a   ,b  (c) a  ,b   (d) a   ,b  
13 39 13 13 13 39 13 13

-7.27-
dx
7. If I =  sec x  cosec x ', then I equals
1 1 
(a)  cos x  sin x  log(cosec x  cos x)   C
2 2 
1 1 
(b) sin x  cos x  log | cosec x  cot x |   C
2  2 
1  1 
(c)  sin x  cos x  log | cosec x  cot x |   C
2 2 
1 1
(d) [sin x  cos x]  log | cosec( x   / 4)  cot( x   / 4) |  C
2 2
sin 2 x
8. If I =  (3  4 cos x) 3
dx , then I equals
3 cos x  8 3  8 cos x
(a) C (b) C
(3  4 cos x ) 2 16(3  4 cos x ) 2
3  cos x 3  8cos x
(c) C (d) C
(3  4cos x ) 2 16(3  4 cos x ) 2
3  2 cos x
9.  (2  3cos x) 2
dx is equal to
 sin x   2 cos x   2 cos x   2 sin x 

(a)  C (b)  C (c)    C (d)  3sin x  2   C
 3cos x  2   3sin x  2   3cos x  2   

(1 t 2 ) (2  t 2 ) ( y  1) ( y  2)  2(1  2 y)  2
1. (c): sin x = t ; I =  t 2 (1 t 2 )
dt =  y (1  y )
dy = 1 + 

 y ( y 1)
 dy ; y = t

  1 1   2 6 
=  1  6  3 y  y 1  dy =  1  t 2  1 t 2  dt
dx dx sec2 ( x / 2)
2. (a):  5  4cos x
 
9cos 2 ( x / 2)  sin 2 ( x / 2)
 
9  tan 2 ( x / 2)
dx
Now put tan x/2 = t

x(n)(ln x) n 1
3. (c): In = x (ln x)n –  dx = x (ln x)n – n In –1
x
sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x
4. (c): I =    dx
3  sin 2 x 3  sin 2 x
I1 I2
Now put t1 = sin x – cos x in I1 and t2 = sin x + cos x in I2.
cos 4 x  1 (cos 2 2 x  1)sin 2 x
5. (c):  cot x  tan x
dx  
cos 2 x
dx
Now put cos2 x = t  dt = –2 sin2x dx

-7.28-
6. (c): Diff. both sides, we get

3sin x  2cos x b(2cos x  3sin x)
a
3cos x  2sin x (2sin x  3cos x)
Now compare like terms on both side.

sin x cos x 1  (sin x  cos x) 2  1 
7. (d):   
sin x  cos x 2  sin x  cos x 
8. (b): Put 3 + 4 cos x = t
9. (a): Multiplying Nr and Dr by cosec2x
MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Sample Problem-35:
4e x  6e  x
Evaluate  9e x  4e x dx.
Solution: Method : To evaluate

P(x)
I=  dx ,
Q(x)
If P(x) = AQ(x) +BQ(x) ...(i)
where A and B are constants, then

AQ ( x )  BQ ( x )
I=  dx
Q ( x)
Q ( x )
= A  dx  B  dx
Q( x)
= Ax + B log |Q(x)| + C
From (i), by comparing coefficients of same type of terms, one gets constants A and B.
In the present problem

(4e x  6e x )
I=  9ex  4e x dx
Denominator Q(x) = 9ex – 4e–x
Numerator P(x) = 4ex + 6e–x
As Q(x) = 9ex + 4e–x, we take
4ex + 6e–x = A(9ex – 4e–x) + B(9ex + 4e–x)
By comparing the coefficients of ex and e–x, we get

-7.29-
4 = 9A + 9B
6 = –4A + 4B
19 35
 A =  , B
36 36
A(9e x  4e  x )  B(9e x  4e x )

 I =  dx
9e x  4e x
9e x  4e  x
= A  dx  B  dx
9e x  4e  x
= Ax + B log |9ex – 4e–x| + C
19 35
=  x log | 9e x  4e  x |  C
36 36
Sample Problem-36:
1  x2 dx
Evaluate  1  x2 : x>0
1  3x 2  x 4
1  x2 dx
Solution: I =  1  x2
1  3x 2  x 4
(1  x 2 )dx
= 
x  1x  x  x 1
x2
 3  x2
( x1  1) dx
2
= 
 1
x  x  ( x  1x ) 2  5
 1 
Put x – 1/x = t ;  1  2  dx  dt
 x 
dt
I = 
t t2  5
Put t2 + 5 = z2 : z > 0 ; 2t dt = 2z dz
dz
I =  2
z 5
1 z 5
=  ln C .
2 5 z 5
 2 1 
 x  2  3  5
1  x 
= ln C
2 5  2 1 
 x  2  3  5
 x 

-7.30-
Sample Problem-37:
2
Evaluate  cosec x.ln(cos x  cos2x )dx : sin x > 0
  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  
Solution: I =  cosec2 x. ln sin x  cot x    dx
  sin x 
 
=  cosec2 x.ln [sin x. (cot x  cot 2 x  1)] dx
=  cosec2 x.ln sin x dx   cosec2 x.ln[cot x  cot 2 x  1 ] dx
= I1 + I2
2
I1 =  cosec x.ln sin x dx (integrate by parts)
= (– cot x). ln sin x –  (–cot x).cot x dx
= –cot x. ln sin x +  (cosec 2 x  1) dx
= –cot x.ln sin x – cot x – x
I2 =  cosec 2 x.ln[cot x  cot 2 x  1 ] dx
Put cot x = t ; – cosec2 x dx = dt

I2 =   ln[t  t 2  1 ] dt (integrate by parts)
t
1 t 2 1
= t.ln (t  t 2  1)   t. dt
t  t 2 1
t
= t .ln (t  t 2  1)   dt
2
t 1
= t.ln (t  t 2  1)  t 2  1  C
=  cot x . ln (cot x  cot 2 x  1)  cot 2 x  1  C
Sample Problem-38:
sin x
Evaluate : I =  sin 3 x  cos3 x dx .
Solution: If the integrand contains odd powers in sinx and cos x, put tan x = t to evaluate I.
1 sin x
I =  dx
cos 3 x (1  tan 3 x )
tan x.sec2 x
=  1  tan 3 x dx (put tan x = t)
t
=  dt
1  t3
1 dt 1 t 1
=     2 dt (by partial fractions)
3 1 t 3 t  t 1

-7.31-
1 1 (2t  1)  3
=  log | t  1|   2 dt
3 6 t  t 1
1 1 1 dt
=  log | t  1|  log | t 2  t  1|   1 2 3
3 6 2 (t  2 )  4
1 1 1 2 t  1 
=  log | t  1|  log | t 2  t  1|  tan 1  3 2   C
3 6 2 3  2 
1 1 1  2 tan x  1 
=  log |1  tan x |  log |1  tan x  tan 2 x |  tan 1  C
3 6 3  3 
Sample Problem-39:
If Im,n =  cos m x.cos nx dx , show that (m + n)Im,n = cosm x sin nx + m Im–1, n–1
Solution: Integrating by parts,

sin nx m
Im,n = cosm x   cosm 1 x sin x sin nx dx ...(i)
n n
But cos (n – 1)x = cos (nx – x)
= cos nx cos x + sin nx sin x
sin x sin nx = cos(n – 1)x – cosnx cosx ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii):
1 m
Im,n = cosm x. sin nx   cosm 1 x [cos( n  1) x  cos nx cos x] dx
n n
1 m m
Im,n = cosm x sin nx + Im–1,n–1 – Im,n
n n n
1 m
Im,n = cosm x sin nx + Im–1, n–1.
mn mn
Sample Problem-40:
Evaluate : I =  ( x  1  x 2 ) n dx .
Solution: Let x + 1  x2 = t ; then,

 x  t
1   dx = dt or dx  dt
 1  x2  1  x2
dt
 dx = 1  x2
t
As 1  x2  x = t
1 1 1  x2  x
 = 
t 1  x2  x 1
1 t2 1
 2 1  x2 = t + =
t t

-7.32-
t 2  1 dt
Thus I =  tn.
2t t
1 n 2 2
=
2
 t (t  1) dt
1
=  (t n  t n 2 ) dt
2
1  t n1 t n 1 
=   C
2  n 1 n 1
where t = x + 1  x 2 .
Sample Problem-41:
2 sin 3 ( x 2 ) dx
Evaluate: I =  : cos x > 0
(cos ( x 2 )) cos3 x  3 cos 2 x  cos x
(2 sin ( x 2 ) cos ( x 2)) (2 sin 2 ( x 2)) dx

Solution: I = 
(2 cos 2 ( x 2 )) cos 3 x  3 cos 2 x  cos x
(1  cos x)sin x dx
 I =  [put cos x = t]
(1  cos x) cos3 x  3cos2 x  cos x
(t  1)dt
= 
(1  t ) t 3  3t 2  t
(t 2  1)dt
= 
(t  1)2 t t  3  1t
t 2 (1  t1 )dt
2
=  2
t (t  2t  1) t  1t  3
(1  t1 ) dt
2
= 
(t   2) (t  1t )  3
1
t
 1
Put t  1  3 = z2 : z > 0 ; then 1  2  dt = 2zdz
t  t 
2 zdz
I =  2
( z  1).z
dz z 1
= 2  log C
z2 1 z 1
cos x  sec x  3  1
 I = log C.
cos x  sec x  3  1
Sample Problem-42:
e x (2  x 2 )dx
Evaluate  .
(1  x) 1  x 2

-7.33-
(1  x 2 )  1
Solution: I =  ex dx
(1  x ) 1  x 2
 1  x 1 
=  ex    dx
2
 1  x (1  x ) 1  x 2 
d  1 x  1 x
But   =  (1  x ) 3
dx  1  x 2  1 x 2
(1  x 2 ) 2
1 (1  x) x
= 
2
1 x (1  x)(1  x) 1  x 2
1 x
= 
2
1 x (1  x) 1  x 2
1 x  x 1
= 
2
(1  x) 1  x (1  x) 1  x 2
Hence, integrand is of type ex ( f (x) + f (x))
1 x
 I = ex C .
1  x2
Sample Problem-43:
(sin x  cos x)dx

Evaluate : I =  .
(sin x  cos x) sin x cos x  sin 2 x cos2 x
Solution: Let sin x + cos x = t ; then, (cos x – sin x )dx = dt

Also, t2 = (sin x + cos x)2 = 1 + 2 sin x cos x
t2 1
  sin x cos x =
2
dt
I =  2 2
t t 21 (1  t 21 )
dt
= 
( t 1)( t 2 1)
2
t 4
t 3 dt
= 2  [Put t4 – 1 = z2 : z > 0]
t4 t4 1
1 2 z dz
= 2 
4 ( z 2  1) z
dz
= 
1 z2
= –tan–1 z + C
=  tan 1 t 4  1  C
=  tan 1 (1  sin 2 x) 2  1  C
=  tan 1 sin 2 2 x  2sin 2 x  C .

-7.34-
Sample Problem-44:
dx
Evaluate : I =  .
1  x2  x  2
dx
Solution: I = 
1  ( x  12 )2  47
1 7   7
Put x + = tan  :     ; then dx = sec 2  d 
2 2 2 2 2
7 sec 2  d 
I =  2
1  7 sec 
2
7 d
=  7
2 cos (cos   2 )
 1 1 
=   cos   cos   7  d
 2 
d 7
= log | sec   tan  |   ; a
a  cos  2
I = log |sec  + tan | – I1 ...(i)
d
where I1 =  a  cos 
 1 t2
Put tan = t ; cos  =
2 1 t2
2dt 1
I1 =  2 2
1  t a  11tt 2
dt
= 2
a (1  t )  1  t 2
2
2 dt
= 
a 1 a 1
a 1 t2
2 a  1 1  a  1 
= tan  t   C
a 1 a  1  a 1 
2  a 1 
= tan 1  tan   C ...(ii)
a2  1  a 1 2
From (i) and (ii), we get I.
Sample Problem-45:
2  3 cos 
Evaluate: I =  d.
sin   2 cos   3

-7.35-
Solution: Write Numerator = l (denominator) + m (derivative of denominator) + n

2 + 3 cos = l (sin  + 2 cos  + 3) + m (cos  – 2 sin ) + n
Comparing constant term and the coefficients of cos  and sin ,
3l + n =2 2l+m=3 l – 2m = 0
 l = 6/5 m = 3/5 and n = –8/5

6 3 cos  – 2 sin  8 d
 I =  d   d – 
5 5 sin   2 cos   3 5 sin   2 cos   3
6 3 8
=   ln | sin   2 cos   3 | – I 3
5 5 5
d
where I3 = 
sin   2 cos   3
d
=         
2 sin   cos    4 cos 2   – 4 sin 2    3 sin 2    3 cos 2  
2 2 2 2 2 2
sec 2 (  / 2) d  
=  2  
: put tan   = t 
2
 tan  2 tan  7
2 2
dt dt dt
 = 2  2 = 2  2
= 2
t  2t  7 (t  1)  8 (2 2)  (t  1) 2
2
1 (2 2  1)  tan( / 2)
= log e
2 2 (2 2  1)  tan( / 2)

-7.36-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
1
 sin 2 x
1. If the derivative of f (x) w.r.t. x is 2 , then f (x) is a periodic function with period
f ( x)
(a)  (b) 2 (c) /2 (d) none of these
x4 x3 1
2. If  1  x 2 dx  A 3  Bx  tan x  C , then A, B are
(a) 1, –1 (b) –1, 1 (c) 1, 1 (d) none of these

2
3.  (tan x  cot x) dx =
(a) tan x + cot x + A (b) tan x – cot x + A (c) tan x – 2 cot x + A (d) none of these
6x  7 K
4. If  2 2
dx = 2
 A , then K =
(3 x  7 x  5) 3x  7 x  5
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
1   x
5. If  cos x  sin x dx  a log tan  8  2   A , then a =
 
1 1
(a) (b)  (c)  2 (d) none of these
2 2
2x  2x  1 
6. e  2  dx =
 4x 
e2 x e2 x e2 x
(a) +A (b) A (c) A (d) none of these
4x 2x x
x tan 1 x tan 1 x x
7.  (1  x2 )3/ 2 dx = a   A , then a =
2
1 x 1  x2
(a ) 1 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) none of these

2 sin 2 x  cos x
8. If  dx = a log | sin x  1|  b log | sin x  3 |  A , then a and b are
4  cos 2 x  4 sin x
3 11 3 11 3 11
(a)  , (b) , (c) , (d) none of these
2 2 2 2 2 2
9. Let A   eax cos bx dx and B   e ax sin bx dx , then the value of (A2 + B2) (a2 + b2) is
(a) e2x (b) e2ax (c) e a x

(d) none of these

-7.37-
x
10.  x4  x2  1 dx =
1  2 x2  1  1  2 x2  1 
(a) tan 1   C (b) tan 1   C
3  3  3  3 
1  2x2  1  1  2 x2 
(c) cot 1   C (d) tan 1   C
3  3  3  3 
dx
11. The value of the integral  is
( x  1) (2  x )
x 3x
(a) sin–1 (2x – 3) + C (b) sin–1 (c) sin–1 (d) none of these
2 2
7x x
7 7 x
12.  7 .7 .7 dx
7x 7x
77
x
3 77 77
(a) 7 (log 7)  C (b) C (c) (d) none of these
(log 7)3 (log 7)
dx
13.  
(1  x ) 1  x 22
1  1  x2  1  1  x2 
(a)  tan 1  c (b) tan 1  c
2  2x  2  2x 
   
3  1 x2 
(c) tan 1  c (d) none of these
2  2x 
 
sin x  cos x
14.  dx =
1  sin 2 x
(a) log |sin x + cos x| + c (b) –x + c for all x

 x  c , if sin x  cos x  0
(c)  (d) x + c for all x.
 – x  c, if sin x  cos x  0
x
15.  xe cos xdx  f ( x)  c, then f (x) equal to
ex ex
(a) – {(1  x) sin x  x cos x}  c (b) {(1  x) sin x  x cos x}  c
2 2
ex
(c) {(1  x)sin x  x cos x}  c (d) none of these
2
cos 2 x
16.  cos x dx is equal to
(a) 2 sin x + log (sec x – tan x) + c (b) 2 sin x – log (sec x – tan x) + c
(c) 2 sin x + log (sec x + tan x) + c (d) 2 sin x – log (sec x + tan x) + c
2 x2  3  x 1 –1 x , then (a, b) is

17.  ( x2  1) ( x2  4) dx = a log   + b tan
2
 x 1
 1 1 1 1
(a)  ,  (b)  ,  (c) (–1, 1) (d) (1, –1)
 2 2 2 2

-7.38-
x
e
18.  dx 
x
x e x x x
(a) e (b) (c) 2. e (d) x.e
2
19. What is the value of the integral

dx
I= 
(1  e ) (1  e  x )
x
1 ex 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
1  ex 1  ex 1  ex
5x x
5 5 x
20.  5 .5 .5 dx is equal to
x 5x
55 55
x
3 55
(a) C (b) 5 (log 5)  C (c) C (d) none of these
(log5)3 (log 5)3
sin x  cos x
21. The value of the  dx is
3  sin 2 x
1  2  sin x  cos x  1  2  sin x 
(a) ln  c (b) ln  c
4  2  sin x  cos x  2  2  sin x 
1  1  sin x 
(c) ln  c (d) none of these
4  1  sin x 
dx
22. The value of  is
x  x 1
 x 1 
(a) 
log x  x  1  sin 1   c
x 
(b) 
log x  x  1  c 

2  2 x 1  1
(c) 
ln x  x  1   3
tan 1 
3
  c (d) none of these
 
1
23. The value of  dx is
[( x  1) ( x  2)5 ]1/ 4
3
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
4  x 1  4  x 1  4  x 1  4  x 1 
(a)   C (b)   C (c)   C (d)   C
3 x  2 3 x  2 3 x 2  3 x  2
x 2  cos 2 x
24.  1  x2
cosec 2 x dx is equal to :
(a) cot x  cot  1 x + c (b) c  cot x + cot  1 x

cosec x 1 x
(c)  tan  1 x  + c (d)  eln tan  cot x + c
sec x
where 'c' is constant of integration .

-7.39-
ln (tan x )
25.  dx equal :
sin x cos x
1 2 1 2
(a) ln (cot x) + c (b) ln (sec x) + c
2 2
1 2 1 2
(c) ln (sin x sec x) + c (d) ln (cos x cosec x) + c
2 2
dx  x
26. If = K tan 1  M tan  + C , then
5  4cos x  2 
(a) K = 1 (b) K = 2/3 (c) M = 1/3 (d) M = 2/3
x
xe
27. If  dx = f (x) 1  e x  2 log g (x) + C , then
x
1 e
1  ex  1
(a) f (x) = x  1 (b) g (x) =
1  ex  1
1  ex  1
(c) g (x) = (d) f (x) = 2 (x 2)
1  ex  1
2 2
28. If  xe 5 x sin 4x2 dx = Ke 5 x (A sin 4x2 + B cos 4x2 ) + C. The
1 1
(a) K =  (b) K = (c) A = 5 (d) none of these
82 82
x x
29. If the antiderivative of sin-1 is x sin-1  x + fog (x) + C then
x 1 x 1
(a) f (x) = sin-1 x (b) g (x) = x  1 (c) f (x) = tan-1x (d) g(x) = x
15
x  1  x2  dx 
30.  1  x2
15 15
(a)
 x  1  x2  c (b)
 x  1  x2  c
15 16
15
1

(c) 15 x  1  x 2  c (d) 15
c
15  x2  1  x 
log e ( x  1  x 2 )
31.  dx  fog ( x)  c
1  x2
(a) f (x) is even function (b) g(x) is odd function
(c) f (x) is neither even nor odd (d) g(x) is constant
x2  1
32.  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) dx  A ln( x  1)  B ln( x  2)  C ln( x  3)  k
(a) A = 1 (b) B2 = 25 (c) BC = –25 (d) ABC = –25
x x
4e  6e
33.  9e dx  Ax  B loge (9e2 x  4)  c
x
 4e  x
3 3 35 A 35
(a) A  (b) A   (c) B  (d) 
2 2 36 B 54

-7.40-
Comprehension-1
y = f (x) is a polynomial function passing through point (0, 1) and which increases in the intervals
(1, 2) and (3, ) and decreases in the intervals (–, 1) and (2, 3)
34. If f (1) = –8, then the value of f (2) is

(a) – 3 (b) –6 (c) –20 (d) –7
35. If f (1) = –8, then the range of f (x) is

(a) [3, ) (b) [–8, ) (c) [–7, ) (d) (–, 6]
36. If f (x) = 0 has four real roots, then the range of values of leading co-efficient of polynomial is
(a) [4/9, 1/2] (b) [4/9, 1] (c) [1/3, 1/2] (d) none of these
Comprehension-2
Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f (0) = 1, f (1) = 2, x = 0 is a critical point but f (x)
does not have local extremum at x = 0.
37. f (x) will be

(a) x3 + x2 + 1 (b) x3 + 1 (c) x3 – x + 1 (d) x3
f ( x)
38.  dx =
x2  7
x2  7 2 x2  7 2
(a) ( x  14)  ln | x  x 2  7 | C (b) ( x  14)  ln( x  x 2  7)  C
3 3
(c) both (a) & (b) (d) none of these
39. If origin is shifted at (0, 1), then w.r.t. new system, function will be
(a) even (b) odd
(c) symmetric about origin (d) no symmetry
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
40. A. The value of  3x  2 dx is (p) 2 log (1 + x )+C
1
B. The value of  dx is (q) sin – 1 x + 1  x2 + C
x  x 1
1 x 2 3/ 2 2
C. The value of  dx is (r) – x + (x +1) 3/2 + C
1 x 3 3
1 2
D. The value of  dx is (s) (3x +2) 3/ 2 + C
x x 9

-7.41-
41.  f (x) dx if
1 x5
A. f (x) = (p) +C
( x 2  1) x 2  2 5(1  x 4 )5/2
1  x 1 
B. f (x) = 2
(q) sin–1  + C
( x  2) x  6 x  7  ( x  2) 2 
x 4  x8
C. f (x) = (r) – 2 1  x + cos–1 x x 1 x + C
(1  x 4 )7/ 2
1 x
D. f (x) = (s) – tan–1 1  2 / x 2 + C
1 x

b
( x  x3 )1/3  1 
42. If  4
dx  a  2  1  c, then the value of 1/|ab| is
x x 
 cos x 
43. Let f (x) =    log x sin x  dx and f (1) = 0, then the value of f (/2) is
 x 
2 x
44. If f (x) =  dx and f (0) = 0, then the value of [f (4)] is ...... (where [.] represents the
( x  1  x )2
greatest integer function.
cos 2 x  sin 2 x cos x
45. If  (2cos x  sin x)2 dx  2cos x  sin x  ax  b ln |2 cos x – sin x| + c, then |a + 2b| is
sin x 1 1
46. dx  x  log |sin x – cos x| + C, then m is
sin x  cos x m 2
7/5 
47. If  sin x cos 3/5 x dx   (cot x) 2/5  C , then  is
2
 tan x  cot x 
48. If ( tan x  cot x )dx = A tan 1    C , then the value of A/B is
 B 
tan 2 x 2
49. If  (sin 4 x)e dx = a cosbx e tan x  k
B
cos 4 x dx 1  1  tan 5 x 
50. If  3      k , then the value of A + 5B.
sin x[sin 5 x  cos5 x]3/5 A  tan 5 x 
Evaluate the following integrals :
dx cos 2 x
51.  52.  dx : cos x > 0
sin x  sec x sin x
x 2  1 (log( x 2  1)  2log x ) sin x

53.  dx 54.  dx
x4 sin x  cos x

-7.42-
 1 2a  x 
55. 1
 x sin   dx 56.  sec 4 x cosec2 x dx
2 a 
d 2 dx
57.  :a>b>0 58. 
( a  b cos )2 (1  x 3 )
1
3
dx tan 1 x
59. 
sin 3 x sin( x   )
60.  x4
dx
dx cos 8x  cos 7 x
61.  62.  dx
(1  x ) x  x 2 1  2 cos 5x
2
x3  1 1x 3
63.  dx 64.  dx
x( x  1)3 1x
dx dx
65. 
x x –x1 2
66.  (x 2
 a 2 )3
 2 2 x 
dx ( x – sin x )3/2  6 x sin 2 
67.  68.  .  3x  dx
 x – sin x
3
sin 11 x . cos x x 
 
f (x )
69. Evaluate  dx , where f(x) is polynomial of the second degree in x such that
x3 – 1
f(0) = f(1) = 3f(2) = –3.
70. If In,m =  x n –1 . (1 – x )m dx , then prove that
m x n (1 – x )m
In,m = I n  1, m – 1  .
n n
sin 1 x dx
71.  dx 72. 
1 x x4  x6
1
 x 1  x
73.  cos  2 dx 74.  4  1  dx
 x  2x  5  3
x log x dx
75.  dx 76. 
( x 2  1)3/ 2 1 x  3 1 x
sec 2 x
77.  sec 2 x. tan x dx 78.  dx (n > 1)
(sec x  tan x) n
dx x 3  3x  2
79.  sin4 x  cos4 x 80.  dx
( x 2  1)2 ( x  1)

-7.43-

sin x
1. If  dx = Ax + B log sin(x – ) + C, then value of (A, B) is [AIEEE-2004]
sin( x   )
(a) (sin , cos ) (b) (–cos , sin ) (c) (–sin , cos ) (d) (cos , sin )
1
2.  cos x  sin x dx is equal to [AIEEE-2004]
1  x  1  x 3 
(a) log tan     C (b) log tan    C
2 2 8 2 2 8 
1  x 3  1 x
(c) log tan     C (d) log cot    C
2 2 8  2 2
2
 (log x  1) 
3.  1  (log x)2  dx is equal to [AIEEE-2005]
xe x x log x x
(a) C (b) C (c) C (d) C
1  x2 (log x ) 2  1 (log x ) 2  1 x2  1
4. The value of integral  2x  x 2 dx is [AIEEE-2002]
( x  1) 2 x  x 2 sin 1 ( x  1) x 2x  x2
(a)  c (b)  sin 1 ( x  1)  c
2 2 2
2x  x2
(c)  sin 1 ( x  1)  c (d) none of these
2
1
5.  dx equals [AIEEE 2007]
cos x  3 sin x
x  x 
(a) log tan     C (b) log tan     C
 2 12   2 12 
1 x   1 x  
(c) log tan     C (d) log tan     C
2  2 12  2  2 12 
5tan x
6. If the integral  tan x  2 dx  x  a ln | sin x  2cos x | k , then a is equal to [AIEEE 2012]
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) 2

5
7. If  f ( x) dx   ( x) , then  x f ( x3 ) dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2013]
1 3 1 3
(a)
3
   
x  x 3   x 2  x3 dx  C (b)
3
   
x  x 3   x3 x3 dx   C

1 3 1 3
(c)
3
   
x  x 3   x 2  x3 dx   C

(d)
3
   
x  x3  3 x3 x3 dx  C

-7.44-
1
 1  x
8. The integral  1  x   e x dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2014]
 x
1 1 1 1
x x x x
x x x x
(a) ( x  1)e c (b) xe c (c) ( x  1)e c (d) x e c
dx
9. The integral x 2
equals: [JEE-Mains 2015]
( x  1) 3/ 4
4
1/4 1/4
 x4  1   x4  1 
(a)  4  c (b) (x4 + 1)1/4 + c (c) –(x4 + 1)1/4 + c (d)  4  c
 x   x 
2 x12  5 x 9
10. The integral  3
dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2016]
x 5
 x 3  1
 x10  x5
(a) 2
C (b) 2
C
2  x 5  x 3  1 x 5
 x 3  1
x10 x5
(c) 2
C (d) 2
C
2  x 5  x 3  1 2  x 5  x 3  1
where C is an arbitrary constant.
11. Let I n   tan n xdx,(n  1). If I4 + I6 = a tan5x + bx5 + C, where C is a constant of integration, then
the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2017]

 1   1  1  1 
(a)   ,0 (b)   ,1  (c)  , 0 (d)  ,  1
 5   5  5  5 
sin 2 x cos2 x
12. The integral  (sin 5 x  cos3 x sin 2 x  sin 3 x cos2 x  cos5 x)2 dx is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2018]
1 1 1 1
(a) C (b) C (c) C (d) C
1  cot 3 x 3(1  tan 3 x ) 3(1  tan 3 x ) 1  cot 3 x
(where C is a constant of integration)
3x13  2 x11
13. The integral  (2 x 4  3x 2  1)4 dx is equal to: (where C is a constant of integration)
[JEE-Mains 2019]
4 12
x x
(a) C (b) C
(2 x  3x 2  1)3
4
6(2x  3x 2  1)3
4
x4 x 12
(c) C (d) C
6(2x 4  3x 2  1)3 (2 x 4  3x 2  1)3
14. The integral cos(loge x)dx is equal to : (where C is a constant of integration) [JEE-Mains 2019]
x x
(a) [sin(loge x) – cos(loge x)] + C (b) [cos(loge x) + sin(loge x)] + C
2 2
(c) x[cos(loge x) + sin(loge x)] + C (d) x[cos(loge x) – sin(loge x)] + C

-7.45-
x1
15. If  dx  f ( x ) 2 x  1  C , where C is a constant of integration, then f (x) is equal to:
2x  1
[JEE-Mains 2019]
1 1 2 2
(a) ( x  4) (b) ( x  1) (c) (x  2) (d) (x  4)
3 3 3 3
2sin( x 2  1)  sin 2( x 2  1)
16. For x2  n + 1, n  N (the set of natural numbers), the integral x dx is
2sin( x 2  1)  sin 2( x 2  1)
equal to: (where c is a constant of integration) [JEE-Mains 2019]

1 1
(a) log e sec 2 ( x 2  1)  c (b) loge sec( x 2  1)  c
2 2
1  x2  1   x2  1 
(c) log e sec 2   c (d) log e sec   c
2  2   2 
(sin n   sin )1/ n cos 

17. Let n  2 be a natural number and 0 <  < /2. Then  d  is equal to:
sin n 1 
[JEE-Mains 2019]
n 1 n 1
n  1  n n  1  n
(a) 1   C (b) 1   C
n  1  sin n 1  
2
n  1  sin n 1  
2
n 1 n 1
n  1  n n  1  n
(c) 1   C (d) 1   C
n 2  1  sin n 1   n 2  1  sin n 1  
5 4 x3 1 4 x2
18. If x e dx  e f ( x)  C, where C is a constant of integration, then f (x) is equal to:
48
[JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) –4x3 –1 (b) 4x3 + 1 (c) –2x3 –1 (d) ––2x3 +1
1  x2
19. If  dx  A( x)( 1  x 2 ) m  C , for a suitable chosen integer m and a function A(x), where C is
x4
a constant of integration then (A(x))m equals : [JEE-Mains 2019]

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3x3 27x 9 9x 4 27x 6
5 x8  7 x 6
20. If f (x) =  dx,( x  0) and f (0) = 0, then the value of f (1) is : [JEE-Mains 2019]
( x 2  1  2 x 7 )2
1 1 1 1
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
2 2 4 4

-7.46-
cos xdx 

21. If  sin 3 6 2/3
 f ( x )(1  sin 6 x )1/  c where c is a constant of integration, then  f  
x(1  sin x ) 3
is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]

9 9
(a) –2 (b)  (c) 2 (d)
8 8
dx
22. The integral  ( x  4) 8/7
is equal to : (where C is a constant of integration)
( x  3)6/7
[JEE-Mains 2020]
1/7 1/7
x3 x3
(a) x4 C (b)   C
  x4
3/7 13/7
1 x3 1  x3
(c) C (d)   C
2  x  4  13  x  4 
d
23. If  cos 2
=  tan  + 2 loge |f ()| + C, where C is a constant of integration, then
(tan 2   sec 2 )
the ordered pair ( , f ()________ is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) (–1, 1 + tan ) (b) (–1, 1 – tan ) (c) (1, 1 – tan ) (d) (1, 1 + tan )
1
 x  1
24. If  sin  dx  A( a) tan ( x )  B( x )  C , where C is a constant of integration, then
 1  x 
the ordered pair (A(x), B(x)) can be [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) (x  1, x ) (b) ( x  1,  x ) (c) ( x  1,  x ) (d) (x  1, x )

2
 x 
25. The integral    dx is equal to (where C is a constant of integration):
 x sin x  cos x 
[JEE-Mains 2020]
x tan x x sec x
(a) sec x  C (b) tan x  C
x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x
x tan x x sec x
(c) sec x  C (d) tan x  C
x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x
x
26. Let f ( x )   dx(x  0). Then f (3) –f(1) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
(1  x )2
 1 3  1 3  1 3  1 3
(a)   (b)    (c)   (d)   
6 2 4 12 2 4 12 2 4 6 2 4
x
2x  e x ) x
 e x )
27. If  (e  2 e x  e  x  1)e( e dx  g( x )e ( e  c , where c is a constant of integration, then
g (0) is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 2 (b) e2 (c) e (d) 1

-7.47-
cos  B()
28. If  5  7 sin   2 cos 2
d  A log e |B()|C , where C is a constant of integration, then
 A
can be [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 sin   1 2sin   1 5(sin   3) 5(2 sin   1)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5(sin   3) sin   3 2 sin   1 sin   3
cos x  sin x  sin x  cos x 

29. If  dx  a sin 1    c , where c is a constant of integration, then the
8  sin 2 x  b 
ordered pair (a, b) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) (–1, 3) (b) (3, 1) (c) (1, 3) (d) (1, –3)
 x2  1 
( x 2  1)  tan 1   2
30. For real numbers , ,  and , if   x  dx   log  tan 1  x  1  
2 e
   
x 1
( x 4  3 x 2  1)tan 1    x 

 x 
 ( x 2  1)  2
1  x  1 
 tan 1     tan    C where C is an arbitrary constant, then the value of
 x   x 
10( +  + ) is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
(2 x  1)cos (2 x  1)2  5
31. The integral  dx is equal to (where c is a constant of integration)
4 x 2  4x  6
[JEE-Mains 2021]
1 1
(a) sin (2x  1)2  5  c (b) cos (2 x  1)2  5  c
2 2
1 1
(c) cos (2 x  1)2  5  c (d) sin (2 x  1)2  5  c
2 2
5x 8  7 x 6 1
32. If f ( x)   dx ,( x  0) , f(0) = 0 and f (1)  , then the value of K is
( x 2  1  2 x 7 )2 K
[JEE-Mains 2021]
sin x  2 tan x  1 
33. If  3 3
dx  loge|1 + tan x| +  loge|1–tan x + tan2x| +  tan 1  C ,
sin x  cos x  3 
when C is constant of integration, then the value of l8( +  + 2 ) is _______.
[JEE-Mains 2021]
1
34. The integral  dx is equal to : (where C is a constant of integration)
4 ( x  1)2 ( x  2) 5
[JEE-Mains 2021]
1/4 5/4 1/4 5/4
3x2 3x2 4 x1 4 x1
(a)   C (b)   C (c)   C (d)   C
4 x1 4 x1 3x2 3x2
2 ex  3e x 1
35. If  x x
dx  (ux + v loge (4ex + 7e–x)) + C, where C is a constant of integration,
4e  7 e 14
then u + v is equal to __________. [JEE-Mains 2021]

-7.48-
dx  2x  1   2x  1 
36. If  (x 2 2
 a tan 1    b 2   C , x > 0 where C is the constant of
 x  1)  3  x x1
integration, then the value of 9( 3a  b ) is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2021]

( x 2  1)e x x d3 f
37.  dx  f ( x ) e  C , where C is a constant, then at x = 1 is equal to :
( x  1)3 dx 3
[JEE-Mains 2022]
3 3 3 3
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
4 4 2 2
24 2 (2  x 2 )dx
38. The integral  is equal to ___. [JEE-Mains 2022]
 0 (2  x 2 ) 4  x 4
1 1x  1
39. If  dx  g ( x )  c , g(1)  0, then g   is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
x 1 x 2
 3 1   3 1 
(a) log e    (b) log e   
 3 1 3  3 1 3
 3 1  1  3 1 
(c) log e    (d) log e   
 3 1 3 2  3 1 6
 1 
40. If  sec 2x  1dx   log e cos 2 x    cos 2 x  1  cos x  + constant, then  –  is equal to
  
_____. [JEE-Mains 2023]

2x 1
41. Let f ( x )   2 2
dx . If f (3)  (log e 5  log e 6), then f(4) is equal to
( x  1)( x  3) 2
[JEE-Mains 2023]
1
(a) (log e 17  log e 19) (b) loge 17 – loge 18
2
1
(c) (log e 19  log e 17) (d) loge 19 – loge 20
2
JEE-ADVANCED QUESTIONS
2
x 1
1.  dx [IIT 2006]
3
x 2x4  2x2  1
2x4  2x2  1 2x4  2x2  1
(a) c (b) c
x x2
2x4  2x2  1 2x4  2x2  1
(c) c (d) c
x3 2x2

-7.49-
x
2. Let f (x) = n 1/ n
for n  2 and g(x) = ( f  f  f )( x) . Then  x n 2 g ( x) dx equals
(1  x ) f occurs n times
1 1
1 1 1 1
(a) (1  nx n ) n  K (b) (1  nx n ) n  K
n( n  1) n 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
(c) (1  nx n ) n  K (d) (1  nx n ) n  K [IIT 2007 (P-II)]
n( n  1) n 1
ex e x
3. Let I=  e4 x  e2 x  1 dx , J =  e4 x  e2 x  1 dx
Then, for an arbitrary constant C, the value of J – I equals [IIT 2008]

1  e4 x  e2 x  1  1  e2 x  e x  1 
(a) log  4 x   C (b) log  C
2  e  e2 x  1  2  e2 x  ex  1 
1  e2 x  e x  1  1  e4 x  e2 x  1 
(c) log  2 x x   C (d) log  C
2  e  e 1  2  e4 x  e2 x  1 
sec 2 x
4. The integral  (sec x  tan x)9/2 dx equals (for some arbitrary constant K) [IIT 2012]
1 1 1 
(a)  11/ 2 
 (sec x  tan x) 2   K
(sec x  tan x ) 11 7 
1 1 1 
(b) 11/2 
 (sec x  tan x) 2   K
(sec x  tan x ) 11 7 
1 1 1 
(c)  11/ 2 
 (sec x  tan x) 2   K
(sec x  tan x) 11 7 
1 1 1 
(d) 11/2 
 (sec x  tan x) 2   K
(sec x  tan x ) 11 7 

-7.50-
CHAPTER TEST
1/2
 dx  2  dy  2 
1. Let x = f ´´(t) cos t + f ´(t) sin t and y = –f ´´(f) sin t + f ´(t) cos t. Then        dt
 dt   dt  
equals
(a) f ´(t) + f ´´ (t) + c (b) f ´´(t) + f ´´´ (t) + c (c) f (t) + f ´´ (t) + c (d) f ´(t) – f ´´ (t) + c
dx
2. If   a cot x  b tan 3 x  c, then
3 5
sin x cos x
(a) a = –1, b = 1/3 (b) a = –3, b = 2/3 (c) a = –2, b = 4/3 (d) none of these
 ln a a x /2 ln bb
x

3.  x  5 x /2 3 x  2 x 4 x dx (where a, b  R+) is equal to
 3a b 2a b 
 
1 a 2xb3x 1 1 1
(a) 2 3
a 2 x b 3 x ln k (b) 2 3 2 x 3x
ln 2 x 3 x  k
6 ln a b e 6ln a b a b ea b
1 1 1 1
(c) 2 3 2 x 3x
ln(a 2 x b3 x )  k (d)  2 3 2 x 3x
ln(a 2 x b3 x )  k
6ln a b a b 6ln a b a b
1
4. If  f ( x)sin x cos xdx  2(b 2
ln f ( x )  c, then f (x) is equal to
 a2 )
1 1
(a) (b)
a sin x  b 2 cos 2 x
2 2
a sin x  b 2 cos2 x
2 2
1 1
(c) (d)
a sin x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
( x 2  1)
5.  ex dx is equal to
( x  1)2
 x 1  x  x 1
(a)  e  c (b) e x  c (c) ex (x + 1) (x –1) + c (d) none of these
 x 1  x 1 
(A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.
6. If sin d(sec x) = f (x) – g(x) + c, then
(a) f (x) = sec x (b) f (x) = tan x (c) g (x) = 2 x (d) g (x) = x

-7.51-
7. If  cosec x  1dx  k fog ( x)  c, where k is a real constant, then
(a) k = –2, f (x) = cot–1 x, g (x) = cosec x  1 (b) k = –2, f (x) = tan–1 x, g (x) = cosec x  1
cot x cot x
(c) k = 2, f (x) = tan–1 x, g (x) = (d) k = 2, f (x) = cot–1 x, g (x) =
cosec x  1 cosec x  1
sin x  sin 3 x
8. If I =  cos 2 x
dx  P cos x  Q log | f ( x) |  R, then
1 3 1 1 2 cos x  1
(a) P  , Q   (b) P  , Q   , f ( x) 
2 4 2 4 2 2 cos x  1
1 3 2 cos x  1 1 3 2 cos x  1
(c) P  , Q   , f ( x)  (d) P   , Q   , f ( x) 
2 4 2 2 cos x  1 2 4 2 2 cos x  1
cos 4 x  1
9. If  cot x  tan x dx  Af ( x)  B, then
1 1
(a) A   (b) B 
8 2

(c) f (x) has fundamental period (d) f (x) is an odd function.
2
dx
10. x 2
 ax  1
 f ( g ( x))  c, then
(a) f (x) is inverse trigonometric function for |a| > 2

(b) f (x) is logarithmic function for |a| < 2
(c) g(x) is quadratic function for |a| > 2
(d) g (x) is rational function for |a| < 2

ONE is correct.
2
F(x) =  esin x (cos x  cos2 x)sin xdx
11. F(x) is given by

1 sin x 2 2
(a) e (3  sin 2 x)  k (b) esin x
(3 cos2x + 2 sin2x) + k
2
2
(c) esin x
(2 cos2x + 3 sin2x) + k (d) none of these
12. y = F(x) is symmetric about

(a) x-axis (b) y-axis (c) origin (d) no symmetry
13. Period of function y = F(x) is

(a)  (b) 2 (c) /2 (d) not periodic

-7.52-

14. Observe the following lists :

List-I List-II
dx  x
A.  = (p) ln 1  tan    C
x ( x  9) 2
x  x
B. e (1  cot x  cot 2 x)dx = (q) ln 1  cot    C
2
sin 3 x  cos 3 x
C.  dx = (r) sec x – cosec x + C
cos 2 x sin 2 x
dx 2 1 x
D.  1  cos x  sin x  (s)
3
tan
3
+C
(t) –ex .cot x + C

ORS.
x4  1 a
15. If  6
dx  tan 1 f ( x )  tan  1 g ( x )  C , then value of |a – b| is....
x 1 b
e x 1
16. If  ( x2  5x  4) 2 xdx  AF ( x  1)  BF ( x  4)  C then value of A + e B is...... 3
dx   1 
17. If f ( x)   (1  2
x )( x  x )
, if f (0) = 0, then the  f   equals. .........., when [.] denotes
  2 
G.I.F.
dx 1 1
18. If  3 sin11 x cos x   A tan x
1/ A
 B tan x 1/ B  C then    equals, where [.] denotes G.I.F.
 A B
 t 5 2t 3   1 
19. If  x 11 (1  x 4 )1/ 2 dx      t   C where t2 =  1  4  , then |4| equals.......
 5 3   x 
1 1  x3  1
20. If x dx  a log  b , then (3a) is equal to .......
1  x3 1  x3  1
21. If x log (1 + x2) dx = (x) log (1 + x2) + (x) + C, then (1) is equal to.......
x tan 1 x 
22. If  dx  1  x 2 f ( x)  A log( x  1  x 2 )  C , then f   is equal to ....
1  x2 4

-7.53-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b,c,d) 25. (a,c,d)
26. (b,c) 27. (b,d) 28. (a,c) 29. (c,d) 30. (a,d)
31. (a,b) 32. (a,b,c,d) 33. (b,c,d) 34. (d) 35. (b)
36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (b)
40. A-(s); B-(r); C-(q); D-(p) 41. A-(s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(r) 42. (2)
43. (0) 44. (1) 45. (1) 46. (2) 47. (5)
48. (1) 49. (2) 50. (4)
1 sin x  cos x  3
51. I  tan 1 (sin x  cos x )  log C
2 3 sin x  cos x  3
1 cos x  cos 2 x
52. 2 log  
2 cos x  cos 2 x  log
2 cos x  cos 2 x
C
3
1 1  2  1  2 1 1
53.   1  2   log  1  2   C 54. x  log|sin x  cos x|C
3 x    x  3 2 2
x2  1 2 a  x  a2  1 x x x2 
55. sin 1     sin  1 2 C
2 2 a  2  2a 2 a 4a 

1
56. tan 3 x  2 tan x  cot x  C
3
1 1 1
57.   (aI2 – bI3) + C where
b sin  a  b cos  b
1 b b sin 
I2=   tan 1
( a2  b 2 )sin  ( a 2  b 2 )3/2 a2  b2
1  a a tan  
I3 =  cot   2 tan 1 
a  b2
2
 a b 2
a2  b2 
1
1 ( z  1)2 2  2z  1   1  3
58. ln 2  tan 1    C ; where z =  3  1  .
3 z z1 3  3   x 

-7.54-
2 sin ( x   ) tan 1 x 1 x2  1 1
59.  C 60.  3
 log  2 c
sin  sin x 3x 6 x2 6x
2( x  1) 1 1
61. C 62. sin 3x  sin 2 x  C
1 x 3 2
1 1
63.  2
  2log|( x  1)| log|x|C
( x  1) ( x  1)
1
3 23 1 1 2 1 2x 3  1
64. x  log 1  x 3  log|x 3  x 3  1| 3 tan 1 C
2 2 3
3 3 1
15. 2 log|x  x 2 – x  1|– log|2 x – 1  2 x 2 – x  1|–  c
2 2 (2 x – 1)  2 x 2 – x  1
x 3  x 1  x 
16. I   2 2  3 tan 1     c
4a ( x  a 2 ) 2 4a 2
2 2
 2a ( x  a
2
2a  a 
–3 [4 tan 2 x  1] 3/2 3/2

67. c 68. 2x (x – sin x) +c
8 tan 2 x tan 2/3 x
x2  x  1 2 2x  1
69. log  tan –1 c
|x – 1| 3 3
1 1
71. 2( x  1  x .sin 1 x )  c 72.  3
  tan 1 x  c
3x x
 x 1
73. (x + 1) cot–1  2
  log ( x  2 x  5)  c
 2 
4
74. 4
(4 3  3  x )3/ 2 ( 3x  9  8)  c
5. 27
log x
75. sec 1 x  c 76. 2 1  x  3 3 1  x  6 6 1  x  6log( 6 1  x  1)  c
2
x 1
1 1  tan x
77. log  tan 1 tan x  c
2 1  tan x
1 1  1 1 1 
78.    c
2 (sec x  tan x) n 1  n  1 n  1 (sec x  tan x) 2 
1
79. 
2
tan 1  
2 cot 2 x  c
1 1 3 x
80. log (x2 + 1) – log (x + 1) + tan–1 x + 2 +C
4 2 2 x 1

1. (a): Period of sin 2x is .

-7.55-
( x4  1)  1 2 1
2. (a):  x2  1 dx   ( x  1)dx   x2  1 dx
3. (b): Put tan x = t
4. (a): Put 3x2 – 7x + 5 = t

1 1 1
5. (b):  cos x  sin x dx   dx
2 sin    x 
 
4 
1  
=  cosec  4  x  dx
2
6. (a): Put 2x = t
t 1 1  t 1 t 1
e   2  dt =
t t 
 e . t dt   e . t 2
dt
7. (c): Put tan–1x = t and 1 + tan2t = sec2t

2sin 2 x  cos x cos x (4  sin x  1)
8. (a):  4  cos 2
dx =  dx
x  4sin x (sin x  3)(sin x  1)
Now, put sin x = t and use integration by partial fraction.
9. (b): Use formula of eax cos bx dx and eaxsin bx dx.

x x
10. (b): x 4
dx  
 x2  1 2
 2 1  3
2
x  2  2 
   
1 1 1 t
Now put x2 +  t and use formula a 2 2
dt  tan 1  
2 t a a
dx dx
11. (a):  dx  
2 2
( x  1)(2  x) 1  3
   x  
2  2
x
77 x
12. (b): 7 .7 7 .7 x dx
Let 7x = m
7x log 7 dx = dm
1 m 1
 7 7 .7 m dm  7 t dt (where 7m = t)
(log 7) (log 7) 2 
7x
1 t 77
= .7  c = c
(log 7) 3 (log 7)3
dx
13. (a):  (1  x 2
) 1  x2
1
Put x = 1/t ; dx =  dt
t2

-7.56-
sin x  cos x sin x  cos x

14. (c):  dx   dx
1  sin 2 x | sin x  cos x |
15. (a): x ex cos x dx = f (x) + c

Use integration by parts on x and ex cos x.
cos 2 x
16. (d): = 2cos x – sec x
cos x
2x 2  3 A B
17. (a): 2 2
 2  2
( x  1)( x  4) x  1 x  4
Put x2 = 1 and –4 after taking LCM of both sides.
18. (c): Let x t
19. (a): Let ex = t
20. (c): Let 5x = t
sin x  cos x sin x  cos x
21. (a): 
3  sin 2 x 4  (sin x  cos x )2
22. (c):  (x  x  1)dx
x 1 4
23. (a): Let t
x2
x 2  cos 2 x 2  x 2  1 sin 2 x  2
24. (b,c,d):  1  x2 .cosec x dx =   x2  1  x2  1.cosec x dx
 2 1 
=   cosec x  dx
x2  1 
= – cot x – tan –1 x + c
= – cot x – cot –1 x + c
1
=  e ln tan x
 cot x  c
25. (a,c,d): Put ln (tan x) = t

1
dx  dt
sin x cos x
dx dx sec2 x / 2
26. (b,c):  5  4cos x   1  8cos 2
x/2

9  tan 2 x / 2
dx
Now, put tan x/2 = t

27. (b,d): Put 1 + e x = t  e x dx = dt
xe x ln(t  1)
 1  e x dx   t dt
Now use integration by parts.
5 x 2
28. (a,c):  xe sin 4 x 2 dx
Let x2 = t  2x dx = dt
1 5t
e sin 4t dt
2

-7.57-
x
29. (c,d):  sin 1 dx
x 1
substitute x = tan2.
( x  1  x 2 )15
30. (a,d):  dx
1  x2
substitute x  1  x 2  t
 x  1  x2 
   dx  dt
 1  x 2 

log e ( x  1  x 2 )
31. (a,b):  dx
1  x2
Substitute loge ( x  1  x 2 ) = t
1
 dx  dt
1  x2
32. (a,b,c,d): Use integration by partial fraction.
4e x  6e  x
33. (b,c,d):  x dx
9e  4e  x
d
Let 4ex + 6e–x = A(9ex – 4e–x ) + B (9e x  4e  x )
dx
34. (d): f ´(x) = A(x–1) (x –2) (x –3)

 x 4 6 x3 11x 2 
f (x) = A     6x  c
4 3 2 
f (0) = 1 gives C = 1
f (1) = – 8 gives A = 4
so f (2) = – 7
35. (b): f ´(x) = 4(x–1) (x –2) (x –3)
so f (x) has minima at x = 1 and x = 3

f (1) = f (3) = – 8
Range of f (x) is [– 8, )
so f (2) = – 7
 x 4 6 x3 11x 2 
36. (a): f (x) = A     6x  1
4 3 2 
 f (1)  0
  f (2)  0
 f (3)  0

-7.58-
1 3
2
37. (b): f (x) = Ax

A x2
f (x) = B
2
f (0) = 0  B = 0
A x2
f (x) =
2
A x3
f (x) = C
6
f (0) = 1  C = 1
f (1) = 2  A = 6
f (x) = x3 + 1
x3  1 x2 1
38. (a):  dx   dx   dx
2 2 2
x 7 x 7 x 7
x3
I1 =  dx Let x2 + 7 = t2  2xdx = 2t dt  xdx = tdt
x2  7
1
I2 = 
x2  7

dx  ln x  x 2  7 
39. (b): f (x) = x3 + 1 (or) y = x3 + 1
If origin is shifted to (0, 1)
replace x by x, y by y + 1
y + 1 = x3 + 1
y  x3
f (x) = x3
40. A-(s); B-(r); C-(q); D-(p):
A.  3 x  2 dx ; Put 3x + 2 = t
1 2
 tdt  (3x  2)3/ 2  c
3 9
1 ( x  1)2  ( x )2
B.  x  x 1 dx =  ( x  x  1) dx
=  ( x  1  x )dx
2 2
= ( x  1)3/2  x3/ 2  c
3 3
1 x
C.  dx
1 x
substitute x = cos 2.

-7.59-
1 1
D. x dx   dx
x x (1  x )
1
Now substitute 1 + x = t  dx  2dt
x
41. A-(s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(r):
1
A. Substitute x =
t
1
B. Substitute x + 2 =
t
 1 
4
x x 8  3  x
 x  dx
C.  dx  
(1  x 4 )7/2  1 2
7/2
 2  x 
x 
 1 
Now put  2  x 2   t
x 
1/3
 1 
3 1/3  2
 1
(x  x ) x
42. (2):  dx     dx
x4 x3
1
Now substitute  2  1  t
x 
 cos x  cos x
43. (0):    log x sin x  dx =  dx   sin x log x dx
x  x
I1 I2
Solve I2 by parts.
2 x
44. (1): f (x) =  (x  1 x )2
dx
Put x = t2
dx = 2t dt
(2  t )2t 4t  2t 2
=  2 dt =  2
dt
(t  1  t ) 2 4 1 1
t 1  2  
 t t
2 1
 3 2
t t 
= 2  2
dt
 1 1
1  2  
 t t
1 1 2 1
Now put 1  2  = u  –  3  2  dt = du
t t t t 
cos x (cos x  2 sin x )
45. (1):  dx
(2 cos x  sin x ) 2
Use integration by parts.

sin x
46. (2):  dx
sin x  cos x

-7.60-
d
Put sin x = A (sin x – cos x) + B (sin x – cos x)
dx
7/5
47. (5):  sin x cos 3/5 x dx
put x = t  sec2 xdx = dt

 tan x  cot x 
48. (1):  
tan x  cot x dx = A tan–1 
 B
C

1 sin x  cos x 1 sin x  cos x
=
2
 sin 2 x dx = 2  1  (sin x  cos x)2 dx
Put sin x – cos x = t
1
= sin–1 (sin x – cos x) + C
2
1  tan x  cot x 
= tan–1  +C
2  2 
tan 2 x
49. (2):  (sin 4x)e dx 
cos 4 x dx 1  1  tan 5 x 
50. (4):  sin 3 5 5
x[sin x  cos x]3/5
 
A  tan5 x 
k
cos 4 xdx
= dx
sin x.cos 3 x[tan 5 x  1]3/5
3
cos x dx
= 3 dx
sin x (1  tan 5 x )3/5
cot 4 x cosec2 x
=  cot 3 x(1  tan 5 x)3/5 dx
cot 4 x cosec 2 x
=  (cot 3 x  1)3/5 dx
Now put cot5x + 1 = t

AIEEE/JEE-Mains
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24 (b) 25. (d)
26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (6)
31. (a) 32. (4) 33. (3) 34. (c) 35. (7)
36. (15) 37. (b) 38. (3) 39. (a) 40. (1)
41. (a)

-7.61-
IIT-JEE/JEE-Advanced
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c)
Chapter Test
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a)
6. (b,d) 7. (b,d) 8. (a,c) 9. (a,c) 10. (a,b,d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. A-(s); B-(t); C-(r); D-(q)
15. (1) 16. (2) 17. (0) 18. (3) 19. (2)
20. (1) 21. (1) 22. (1)

-7.62-
8
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
8.0. DEFINITION
Definite integral, which is used in various field of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry.
b
Symbolically f ( x)dx is the integration of f(x) w.r.t. x with x = a as lower limit and x = b as

a
upper limit.
8.1. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b
Let f(x) be a function defined on a closed interval [a, b]. Then  f ( x )dx represents the algebraic
a
sum of the areas of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), x–axis and the lines x = a, x = b. Here
algebraic sum means that area which is above the x–axis will be added in this sum with + sign and
area which is below the x-axis will be added in this sum with – sign. So value of the definite
integrals be positive, zero or negative.
Sample Problem-1:
4
Evaluate :  (2 x  3)dx .
1
 3 3 
Solution: y = 2x – 3 is a straight line, which lie below the x-axis in  1,  and above in  , 4
 2 2 

-8.1 -
AICE (IIT-JEE) Definite Integrals
1 5 25
Now area of ABC =   5 =
2 2 4
1 5 25
Area of CDE =   5 =
2 2 4
4
25 25
So  (2 x  3)dx =   0
4 4
1
Sample Problem-2:
0
Evaluate :  4  x 2 dx .
2
Solution: y = 4  x2 , x  [–2, 0]
Represents a quarter circle in 2nd quadrant,
which is above the x-axis radius of circle is 2.
0
1
so  4  x 2 dx = (2) 2  =  square unit
4 
2
8.2. BASIC RESULT

If F(x) is one of the antiderivatives of a function f(x) continuous on [a, b], then
b
b
 f ( x )dx  F ( x) |a = F(b) – F(a) is called the definite integral of f (x) w.r.t. x between the limits x
a
= a and x = b. This formula is due to Newton and Leibnitz .
Sample Problem-3:
/ 2  /2 
 cos xdx  sin x |  sin  sin 0  1  0  1
0 0 2
Sample Problem-4:
/ 2 / 2
  
 sin xdx   cos x |    cos  cos 0   (0  1)  1
0 0  2 
Sample Problem-5:
2 2
 sin xdx   cos x |    cos 2  cos 0   (1  1)  0

0 0
Sample Problem-6:
1
dx
Evaluate :  .
0 2  x2
dx x
Solution:  = sin 1 +c
2x 2 2
1 1
dx x  1 
So  = sin 1 |  sin 1  1
  sin (0)
2 2 0  2 
0 2x
 
= 0
4 4

-8.2 -
Definite Integrals AICE (IIT-JEE)


x 1
1. The value of the definite integral,  (e  e3 x ) 1 dx is
1
  1  1 
(a) (b) (c) 2 
 tan 1  (d)
4e 2 4e e  2 e  2e 2
 1 1
2. If f (x) = min  | x |,1 | x |,  , x  R then the value of
 4 1
f ( x ) dx is
(a) 1/8 (b) 1/6 (c) 3/8 (d) none of these

4
d  esin x  3 sin x 3
3. Let F ( x)    , x > 0. If  xe dx  F ( k )  F (1) , then value of k is
dx  x  1
(a) 4 (b) 16 (c) 64 (d) 24

1 e  x dx
4. If  1 e
0 x
 log e (1  e)  k , then value of k is
1 1 1 
(a)  log 2 (b)  log 2 (c)    log 2  (d) none of these
e e e 
x dt 
5. The solution for x of the equation  2
t t 1 2

2
is, where x > 0
3
(a)  (b) (c) 2 2 (d) none of these
2
1/2 e x (2  x 2 )dx
6. 1
(1  x) 1  x 2
is equal to
e 3e e
(a) ( 3  1) (b) (c) 3e (d)
2 2 3

x log x
7. The value of the integral  (1  x 2 2
dx is
0
)
(a) 0 (b) log 7 (c) 5 log 13 (d) none of these
log5 ex e x  1
8. The value of the integral  dx is
0 ex  3
(a) 3 + 2 (b) 4 –  (c) 2 +  (d) none of these

100
9. Let f (x) = min ({x} , {– x}) x  R, where {n} denotes the fractional part of x, then 100
f ( x) dx
is equal to

-8.3 -
1 | x |, | x | 1 5
10. If f (x) = 
 0, | x | 1
and g (x) = f (x –1) + f (x + 1), then value of 
3
g ( x ) dx is

 
dx e x dx
1. (a):  x 3 x
=  2x 2
(multiply Nr and Dr by ex)
1
( e ·e  e ·e ) 1
e ( e  e )
put ex = t  ex dx = dt
 
1 dt 1 t 1   
I=  = 2 tan 1 = 2   =
e e
2
t e 2
e ee e  2 4  4e 2
1
2. (c):  1
f ( x) dx  2 (area of trapezium OABC)
3. (c): Put x3 = t  3x2 dx = dt
when x = 1, t = 1; when x = 4, t = 64
4 64 64
3 sin x3 esin t d
  e dx   dt =  dt F (t )dt  F (64)  F (1)
1
x 1
t 1
dt
4. (c): Put ex = t  exdx = dt  dx =
t
x dt 
5. (d):   [sec 1 t ]x 2 
2 2
t t 1 2
1/ 2 e x (2  x 2 ) 1/ 2  1 x 1 
6. (c):  dx =  ex    dx
1
(1  x ) 1  x 2 1
 1  x (1  x) 1  x 2 
1
7. (a): Put x = ; when x = 0, t =  and when x = , t = 0
t
8. (b): Put ex –1 = t2
when x = 0, t = 0
x = log 5, t = 2

-8.4 -
100
9. (a): 100
f ( x) dx , f (x) dx = area of 200 triangles
y
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
1 1
shown as solid dark lines in the diagram = 200 (1)    50
2 2
10. (b): Use graph of f(x), f (x–1), f (x + 1).
8.3. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b g(b)
8.3.1.  f(g(x))g(x)dx =  f(t)dt
a g(a)
Sample Problem-7:
9
dx
Evaluate :  x 1  x  dx .
4
9
dx
Solution: I =  x 1  x  dx
4
Put 1  x  t
dx
 = dt
2 x
dx
 = 2dt
x
Now when x = 4, t = 1  4 = 3
when x = 9, t = 1  9 = 4
4
2dt 4  16 
So I =  = 2 | ln | t ||3 = 2(ln 4 – ln 3) = ln  
3
t  9
b b b
8.3.2.  f(x)dx ±  g(x)dx =  (f(x) ± g(x))dx .
a a a
Sample Problem-8:
3
 2x2 
Evaluate :  4  .
 x  3 x 2  1  dx
2 
3 3 3
 2x2  ( x 2  1) ( x 2  1)dx
Solution: I =  4  =  x4  3x2  1 dx +  x4  3x 2  1
 x  3 x 2  1  dx
2  2 2
3 2 3 2
(1  (1 / x )) dx (1  (1 / x ))dx
=  ( x  (1 / x ))2  5 +  ( x  (1 / x))2  1
2 2

-8.5 -
1 1
In 1st put x  = t, in 2nd put x  = y
x x
8/3 10/3
dt dy
I=  t2  5   2
3/2 5/2
y 1
1  1  8  1  3   1  10  1  5 
=  tan    tan    tan    tan  
5 3 5  2 5   3 2
1 7 5 1  5 
= tan 1    tan  
5  54   56 
b b b
8.3.3.  
f(x)dx = f(t)dt = f(y)dy 
a a a
i.e. variable of integration in definite integral is a dummy variable.
Sample Problem-9:
1
1  2 x, x0
Evaluate  f ( x)dx , where f(x) = 1  2 x, .
1
x0
1 0 1 0 1
Solution:  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  f ( x ) dx =
  (1  2 x) dx   (1  2 x ) dx
1 1 0 1 0
2 0 2 1
= [x  x ] 1  [x  x ] = 4 0
b a
8.3.4.  f(x)dx = - f(x)dx 
a b
Sample Problem-10:
3
dx
Evaluate x .
2 4 x2  1
3
dx
Solution: I = x
2 4x2  1
1 dt
Put x =  dx =  2
t t
1/3 1/3
 dt dt
So I =  =  
1/2 t 2 
1 4 1/2 4  t2
  2 1
t t
1/ 2  3  17  1  

= ln t  4  t 2 | 1/3
= ln  
 2 37  1  
  

b c1 c2 b
8.3.5.  f(x)dx =  
f(x)dx + f(x)dx + ......... +  f(x)dx where f(x) may be piece wise continuous
a a c1 cn
function or its’s value be changeable over interval x  [ a, b ] .

-8.6 -
Sample Problem-11:
3
2
Evaluate |x  1| dx .
2
3 1 1 3
Solution:  | x 2  1| dx =  | x 2  1| dx   | x 2  1| dx  | x 2  1| dx

2 2 1 1
(Here modulus function will change at the points, when x2 – 1 = 0 i.e. at x = ± 1)

1 1 3
So I =  ( x 2  1) dx   (1  x 2 ) dx  ( x 2  1) dx

2 1 1
3
x 1 x 3 x3 1 3
= x | x |   x|
3 2 3 1 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 28
=    6 =
3 3 3 3 3 3
b b
8.3.6.  f(x)dx =  f(a + b - x)dx .
a a
Sample Problem-12:
7
x dx
Evaluate  .
2
x  9x
7
x dx
Solution:  ......(i)
2
x  9x
7
9 x
I=  dx
2
9  x  9  (9  x)
7
9 x
I=  dx .......(ii)
2
9 x  x
adding (i) and (ii), we get

7 7
 x 9 x  7
2I =    dx =  dx = x| = 5
2
x  9x x  9  x  2
2
5
So I =
2
a a
8.3.7.  f(x)dx =  (f(x) + f(-x)dx .
-a 0
Sample Problem-13:
3
dx
Evaluate  (1  e ) (1  x 2 )
x
.
 3

-8.7 -
3
dx
Solution: I =  (1  e ) (1  x 2 )
x
 3
1
Here f(x) =
(1  e ) (1  x 2 )
x
1 ex
 f(–x) = =
(1  e  x ) (1  ( x) 2 ) (1  e x ) (1  x 2 )
3 3
dx 
so I =  1  x2 = tan 1 x | =
0
0 3
 a
8.3.8. 
a 2
f(x)dx =  0 f(x)dx if f(x) is an even function (f(-x) = f(x))
-a
 0 if f(x) is an odd function (f(-x) = - f(x))
Sample Problem-14:
a
ax
Evaluate  dx
a
a x
a a a a
ax ax dx x dx
Solution: I   dx  dx = a    
a
ax 2
a a  x
2 2
a a  x
2
a a2  x2
a
dx x
= a.2   0 ( is an odd function)
0
2
a x 2
a  x2
2
a
 x  
= 2a sin 1   2a[sin–1(1) –sin–1(0)] = 2a   0  = a
 a 0 2 
2a a  a a
2
8.3.9. f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(2a - x)dx = 
   0 f(x)dx if f(2a - x) = f(x)
0 0 0  0 if f(2a - x) = - f(x)
Sample Problem-15:

x dx
Evaluate  1  cos2 x .
0

x dx
Solution: I =  1  cos 2 x
0
 
(   x ) dx (   x ) dx
I=  1  cos2 (  x) =  1  cos2 x
0 0
Addition both, we get

 
 dx  dx
2I =  1  cos2 x  I = 
0
2 0 1  cos 2 x

 /2  /2 
 dx dx
=
2
  1  cos2 x  1  cos 2 (  x) 

 0 0 

-8.8 -
/ 2
sec 2 x dx
=   put tan x = t
0
2  tan 2 x

dt   t  2
I =   t2  2 = tan 1  | =
0
2  20 2 2
Sample Problem-16:

dx
Evaluate  1  2sin 2
0
x

dx
Solution:  1  2sin 2
0
x
/ 2
dx  2a a

=2   f ( x) dx  2 f ( x )dx, if f  2a  x   f ( x ) 
 
1  2sin 2 x  
0 0 0 
/ 2 / 2
sec2 xdx sec 2 xdx
=2  =2  1  3tan
0
sex x  2 tan 2 x
2
0
2
x
(Note that in the beginning we can not divide Nr . and Dr. by cos2x, as cos x = 0 at x = /2)

dt
=2  1  3t 2
, (tan x = t)
0
1  1  2  
=2 tan t 3  =  
3 0 3 2 3
b 1
8.3.10. f(x)dx = (b - a) f((b - a)x + a) dx
 
a 0
Sample Problem-17:
4 2/3
( x  4) 2 2
Prove that e dx = 3 e9( x 2/3) dx .

5 1/3
2/3
2
Solution: Let I = 3  e9( x 2/3) dx
1/3
2
1  2 1  1 2
  2 1   9    x   
= 3     e   3 3  3 3  dx 
 3 3   0
2
1  x 1 1
9  
3 3 ( x 1) 2
= 
0
e dx = e
0
dx
4 1
2
( x 1) 2
Also  e ( x  4) dx = e dx
5 0
Alternative : x + 4 = 3t – 2

-8.9 -
1. Which one of the following functions is not continuous on (0,)?
x
1
(a) f(x)= cot x (b) g(x) =  t sin t dt
0
 3  
 1 0x
4  x sin x, 0x
2
(c) h (x) =  (d) l (x) = 
2sin 2 x 3  x     sin( x  ),   x  
 9 4  2 2
/ 2  /4
2. If I = 0
ln (sin x) dx then 
 / 4
ln (sin x  cos x) dx =
I I I
(a) (b) (c) (d) I
2 4 2

t sin t dt 
3. If f (x) = 0 1  tan 2 x sin 2 t
for 0 < x <
2
(a) f (0+) = – 
2
 
(b) f   
4 8
 
(c) f is continuous and differentiable in  0, 
 2
 
(d) f is continuous but not differentiable in  0, 
 2

4. The value of the integral  (cos px  sin qx)2 dx where p, q are integers, is equal to :

(a)  (b) 0 (c)  (d) 2

3
5. The value of the definite integral  2 x  5(4 x  5)  2 x  5(4 x  5)  dx =

2
 
7 33 5 4 7 7 2 5
(a) (b) 4 2 (c) 4 3 + (d)
3 2 3 3 2
1 dt  2  3 t 2 sin 2t 
6. If x satisfies the equation  2 x – 
 dt  x – 2 = 0 (0 <  < ), then the

 t  2t cos   1   t2 1 
0   3 
value x is
 2sin   sin 
(a) ± (b) ± (c) ± (d) ± 2
2sin   sin  
bc
7.  f ( x  c) dx =
a c
b b b 2c b
(a)  f ( x ) dx (b)  f ( x  c ) dx (c)  f ( x) dx (d)  f ( x  2 c) dx
a a a 2c a

-8.10-
 / 2n
dx
8. 
0
1  tan n nx
=
 n 
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
4n 4 2n
a
9. 
a
f ( x) dx =
a a
(a)   f ( x) 
0
f (  x)  dx (b)   f ( x) 
0
f (  x ) dx
a
(c) 2  f ( x) dx (d) Zero
0
1
3
2
1 
10.   2 | x  3|  |1  x |  4  dx equals:
1
2
3 9 1 3
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
2 8 4 2
Where {*} denotes the fractional part function.

x
1
1. (d): g (x) = t sin dt 
0
t
g (x) = x sin(1/x) which is diff  cont. in (0, )

 
 x sin x, 0x
2
l (x) = 

 sin( x  ), 
 x 
 2 2
obvious discontinuity at x = /2
/ 4 /4
2. (a): I1 =  ln (sin x + cos x) dx =  ln (cos x  sin x) dx (using property 8.3.6)
 / 4 /4
/4 /4 / 2
  2 I1 =  ln cos 2x dx = 2  ln (cos 2x) =  ln (cos t) dt where 2x = t
/4 0 0
/ 2
 ln (sin t) dt = I  I1 = I/2
0

t sin t
3. (c): f (x) =  dt
0 1  tan 2 x sin 2 t
using property 7.3.6 and add.

 / 2
 sin t sin t
f (x) =  dt =   dt
2 0
2
1  tan x sin t 2
0 1  tan x (1  cos 2 t )
2

-8.11-
/ 2 1
sin t dy
=   dt =  
2 2 2
0 sec x  tan x cos t 0 sec x  tan 2 x . y 2
2
1 1
 dy   1 y   x
=  = sin   sin 1 (sin x ) 
tan x 0 cos ec 2 x  y 2 tan x  cos ecx 0 tan x tan x

2
4. (d): I =  (cos px  sin qx) dx


2
I=  (cos px  sin qx) dx (using property 7.3.6)


2
2I = 2  (cos px  sin 2 qx) dx

 
I=  (2 cos 2 px  2sin 2 qx ) dx =  (1  cos 2 px)  (1  cos 2qx) dx
0 0
= 2
5. (d): Put 4x  5 = 5t2  4dx = 10t dt or better will be 5(4x – 5) = t2
7 7
5 3/ 2 5
5  5 5  5
I=   (1  t 2 )  5t  (1  t 2 )  5t  t dt =    | t 1|  | (t 1)| t dt
2 3
2 2  2 3
5 5
 7 
3/ 2  1 5 
5
=  
2


  (1  t )  (1  t )  t dt  
1
 (t 1)  (t 1)  t dt 

3
 5 
 7 
3/2 1 5
5  
=  2  t dt   t 2 dt 
2  3 1 
 5 
3
t 2 sin 2t
6. (d):  dt = 0 as the integrand is an odd function.
3
t2 1
1 1
dt 1 t  cos  
also  2
= tan 1 =
0
t  2t cos   1 sin  sin  0 2sin 
Thus the given equation reduces to

 sin 
x2 –2=0 x=± 2
2sin  
7. (a): Put x + c = t
 2  2
1 dt 1 (cos t ) n
8. (b): nx = t; I =  n
=  dt
n 0
1  (tan t ) n 0
(sin t ) n  (cos t ) n

-8.12-
a a
9. (a): I =  f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx
a a
a a
 2I =   f ( x )  f (  x )  dx = 2   f ( x )  f ( x)  dx ( as integral is even)
a 0
1
3
2
1 
10. (c):   2 | x  3 |  |1  x |  4  dx
1
2
7
1 3 2
1  1  1 
  2  3  x  1  x  4  dx +   2  3  x  x  1  4 dx +   2  x  3  x  1  4  dx
1 1 3
2
7 7 7
1 2 1 2 1 2

= { x} dx  {x  4} dx =
1

3
 (1  x) dx  {x} dx =  (1  x) dx   ( x  3) dx
1 3 1 3
2 2 2
8.4. PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

a+np p
8.4.1. If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  
f(x)dx = n f(x)dx, n  I .
a 0
Sample Problem-18:
n v
Prove that  | sin x | dx  (2n  1)  cos v , where n  N and 0  v < .
0
n v v n v
Solution: I =  | sin x | dx = | sin x | dx 
  | sin x | dx  I1  I 2
0 0 v
v v
I1 =  | sin x | dx  sin dx  (as 0  v <  and sin x  0, when n  [0, ])
0 0
v
=  cos x | = – cos v + 1 = 1 – cos v
0
n v  

I2 =  | (sin x) | dx = n | (sin x) | dx = n sin dx = n   cos x 0 = 2n
 
v 0 0
So I = 1 – cos v + 2n = (2n + 1) – cos v

np p
8.4.2. If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  f(x)dx = (n - m) f(x)dx, n, m  I .

mp 0
Sample Problem-19:
10
Evaluate  {2 x}dx , where {.} denotes the fractional part of x.
3/2
Solution: f(x) = {2x}is a periodic function with period 1/2

-8.13-
10 20(1/2)
Let I =  {2 x}dx =  {2 x}dx
3/2 3(1/2)
1/2
= 23 2x dx  (as {2x} = 2x – [2x] and when x  [0, 1/2), [2x] = 0)
0
1/2 23
= 23 x 2 | =
0 4
b+np b
8.4.3. If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then  f(x)dx =  f(x)dx, nI .
a+np a
Sample Problem-20:

10 
3
Evaluate 

(sin x  cos x) dx .
10 
6
Solution: f(x) = sin x + cos x is periodic with period 2


10 
3  /3  /3
Let I =  
(sin x  cos x) dx = 
 /6
(sin x  cos x) dx = (sin x  cos x ) |
 /6
10 
6
 3 1  1 3
=     =  3 1 
 2 2 2 2 
Sample Problem-21:
1
3 x4
Find  x .e dx .
1
4 4 4
Solution: Let f(x) = x3 e x , then f(–x) = (–x)3. e(  x )   x3e x = –f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function.

1 1
4
3
  f ( x) dx = 0 ; or x e x dx  0
1 1
20 
1. If I =  | sin x | [sin x]dx (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function), then the value of I is
20 
(a) – 40 (b) 40 (c) 20 (d) –20

x   
2. The value of  0
[cos t ]dt , x   (4 n  1) ,(4n  3)  and n  N is equal to
 2 2
   
(a) (2n  1)  2 x (b) (2n  1)  x (c) (2n  1)  x (d) (2n  1)  x
2 2 2 2

-8.14-
3
3. The value of the definite integral  0
| sin x | dx is
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8

1 3
4. The value of the definite integral 1
| sin x | dx is
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 12

1 3T
5. If f is odd and periodic function with period T then value of definite integral  f ( x) dx is
1 3T

16  /3

6. If  | sin x | dx  , then the value of  is
0
2

n
7. Value of D.I.
 [ x]dx
0
(where [x] and {x} are integral and fractional parts of x and n  N) is
n
 {x}dx
0
n 1
(a) n + 1 (b) n –1 (c) (d) none of these
n 1
n (  /4)
8. The value of D.I.  | sin x  cos x | dx is
 /4
(a) 2n (b) 2n (c) 2 2n (d) none of these
9. Let f be a real, valued function satisfying f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6). Then graph of

x 8
x
f (t )dt is
(a) a line parallel to x-axis (b) a line parallel to y-axis
(c) a line parallel to y = x (d) none of these
10. A periodic function with period 1 is integrals over any finite interval. Also for two real numbers a,
an b m
b and for two unequal non-zero positive integers m and n,  a
f ( x) dx  
b
f ( x)dx . Then the
n
value of  m
f ( x)dx is
(a) m – n (b) m + n (c) 0 (d) none of these

-8.15-

20  20 
1. (a):  | sin x | [sin x]dx =  | sin x | ([sin x]  [ sin x])dx
20  0

= –20 sin xdx = – 40
 0
2 2 n /2 x
2. (c): I = n [cos t ]dt 
  [cos t ]dt   [cos t ]dt
0 2 n 2 n (  / 2)
3. (b): Period of |sin x| is .

13  3 
4. (a): 1
| sin x | dx   0 
| sin x | dx  3 | sin x | dx  6
0
5. (c): Put y = x – 3 T
1 3T  1

1 3T
f ( x) dx   f ( y  3T )dy   f ( y )dy  0
1 1
16  /3 5 5  (  /3)
6. (b):  
| sin x | dx  | sin x | dx   | sin x | dx
0 0 5
7. (b): Period of {x} is 1.
8. (c): |sin x + cos x| = 2 | sin (x + /4)|
and |sin (x + /4)| is periodic with period .
9. (b): f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) ...(i)
Replacing x by x + 2
f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) = f (x + 4) + f (x +8) ....(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get f (x) = f (x + 8)
so, period of f (x) is 8

x 8 8
 x
f ( x )dx  0
f ( x) dx
which is clearly a constant function.

-8.16-
10. (c): Given f (1 +x) = f (x)

an 1
so  f ( x )dx  n  f ( x) dx ( f (x) is periodic)
a 0
bm 1
and b
f ( x)dx  m 
0
f ( x) dx
1 1
so (n – m)  f ( x) dx  0   f ( x )dx  0 ( n – m  0)
0 0
m n m 1
 n
f ( x) dx   0
f (m  x) dx  ( n  m) 0
f ( x)dx  0
8.5. DIFFERENTIATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL (LEIBNITZ RULE)

f 2 (x)
8.5.1. If F(x) =  g(t)dt then F(x) = g(f2 (x))f2 (x) - g(f1 (x))f1 (x)
f1 (x)
Sample Problem-22:
If a, b are variable real numbers such that a + b = 4, a < 2 and f ( x)  0  x  R , then prove that
a b

 f ( x )dx  f ( x) dx  will increase as (b – a) increases.
 
 
0 0 
Solution: Let (b – a) = t
b+a=4
4t 4t
 b ,a
2 2
4 t 4 t
2 2
Let g(t) = 
0
f ( x) dx  
0
f ( x )dx
 4  t  1   4  t  1 
So, g(t) = f      f   
 2  2   2  2 
1  4t   4  t 
= f   f 
2   2   2 
Now a < 2 and a + b = 4

a<b
4t  4t 
 f  f   ( as f ´(x) > 0  f (x) is increasing)
 2   2 
 g(t) > 0
 g(t) will increases as t increases
a b
  f ( x)dx   f ( x )dx will increases as (b – a) increases
0 0

-8.17-
Sample Problem-23:
4
Find the value of  | sin x | dx
0
4  
Solution: We know that |sin x| is a periodic function of . Hence | sin x | dx  4 | sin x | dx  4 sin xdx
  
0 0 0

= 4   cos x 0  8
b b
dI
8.5.2. If I(t) =  f(x, t)dx , then = f (x, t)dx , where f (x, t) denotes the derivative of f w.r.t. ‘t’

a
dt a
keeping x constant.
Sample Problem-24:
1
 xt  1 
Evaluate :   .
 ln x  dx (t  0)
0 
1 1
 xt  1  dI  xt ln x 
Solution: Let I(t) =    dx    
 dx
 ln x  dt ln x
0   0  
1
xt 1 1 1 dt
=  xt dx = | =  dI 
0
t 1 0 t 1 t 1
dt

 dI   t 1
 I = ln |t + 1| + c
but at t = 0, I(t) = 0
So c = 0
Hence I = ln |t + 1|
1. A continuous and differentiable function ' f ' satisfies the condition ,

x
 f (t) d t = f 2 (x)  1 for all real ' x ' and f ( x )  0 . Then :

0
(a) ' f ' is monotonic increasing  x  R
(b) ' f ' is monotonic decreasing  x  R
(c) ' f ' is non monotonic
(d) the graph of y = f (x) is a parabola.

-8.18-
 /2
ln (1  x sin 2 )
2. If f (x) =  d  , x  0 then :
0
sin 2 

(a) f (t) =   t 1 1  (b) f  (t) =
t 1
(c) f (x) cannot be determined (d) none of these.

x
sin t
3. Let f (x) =  dt (x > 0) then f (x) has :
0
t
(a) Maxima if x = n  where n = 1, 3, 5,..... (b) Minima if x = n  where n = 2, 4, 6,......

(c) Maxima if x = n  where n = 2, 4, 6,...... (d) The function is monotonic
x2
sin x ·sin  
4. If f  x    2
.d  then the value of f '   , is
2 /16
1  cos  2
(a)  (b) –  (c) 2 (d) 0

x3
S  ( x)
5. Let S (x) =  ln t d t (x > 0) and H (x) =
x
. Then H(x) is :
x2
(a) continuous but not derivable in its domain

(b) derivable and continuous in its domain
(c) neither derivable nor continuous in its domain
(d) derivable but not continuous in its domain.
x
t dt
6. If f (x) = eg(x) and g(x) =  1t 4
then f  (2) has the value equal to :
2
(a) 2/17 (b) 0

(c) 1 (d) cannot be determined
n
n
7. lim
n 
 2 2 2
k 1 n  k x
, x > 0 is equal to
tan 1 ( x ) tan 1 ( x )
(a) x tan–1(x) (b) tan–1(x) (c) (d)
x x2
2x x
dt 1
8. Let l = lim  and m = lim ln t dt then the correct statement is

x 
x
t x  x ln x 1
(a) l m = l (b) l m = m (c) l = m (d) l > m

x2
9. If x · sin x =  f (t ) dt where f is continuous functions then the value of f (4) is
0

(a) (b) 1
2
1
(c) (d) can not be determined
2

-8.19-
x
x
10. lim  f (t )dt is equal to :
x  x1 x  x
1 x1
f  x1 
(a) (b) x1 f (x1) (c) f (x1) (d) does not exist
x1

1
1. (a): Differentiating f (x) = 2 f (x). f  (x)  f  (x) = (f (x))  0)
2
Hence f (x) = (x/2) + c. Put x = 0 ; f (0) = c ; but f 2 (0) = 1
  f (0) = ± 1
Hence f (x) = (x/2) ± 1

 /2  /2
dI sin 2  dI d
2. (a):   2 2
d =   1  x sin 2
dx 0
sin (1  x sin ) dx 0

Multiply Nr. and Dr. by sec2 and proceed

sin x x cos x  sin x
3. (a,b): f  (x) = ; f  (x) =
x x2
Now f  (2 m ) we have f  (x) > 0 & f  ((2 m  1) ) we have f  (x) < 0

x2  x2 
sin   sin x   sin   cos x
4. (a): f ( x )  sin x
2 1  
cos 2

.d  ; f ' (x) = sin x 1  cos 2 x

·2 x  0 
 
 2 1 cos 2

d 

 /16
  16 

f '   
2
5. (b): S  (x) = l n x3. 3 x2  l n x2. 2 x = 9 x2 l n x  4 x l n x

S  ( x)
= x ln x (9 x  4). Hence = l n x (9 x  4).
x
S  ( x)
Now it is obvious that is continuous and derivable in its domain.
x
x
6. (a): f  (x) = eg (x) . g  (x) ; g  (x) =
1  x4
2 2
hence f  (2) = eg (2). g  (2) = e0. =
17 17
7. (c): Use limits sum property.
x
 ln t
1 ln x ln x
8. (a): l = lim (ln 2x – ln x) = ln 2 ; m = = lim = lim =1
x x ln x x  1 x  1  ln x
x·  ln x
x
Hence l × m = ln 2 · 1 = ln 2 = l

-8.20-
9. (a): differentiate w.r.t. x, 2x f (x2) = sin x + x cos x

 
put x = 2, 4· f (4) = 0 + 2  f (4) = ; when x = – 2, (–4) · f (4) = – 2, f (4) =
2 2
x
 f (t ) dt
x1 f ( x). x 2
10. (b): lim = lim (using Lopital's rule) = x1 f (x1)
x  x1  x  x1  x x1 x1
 
 x 
8.6. APPROXIMATION IN DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b b b
8.6.1. If f1 (x)  f(x)  f 2 (x)  x  [a, b] , then  f1 (x)dx   f(x)dx   f2 (x)dx .
a a a
Sample Problem-25:
1
dx 
Prove that   .
2 3 4 2
0 4 x  x
Solution: 0  x  1
 0x3  x2  1  – x2  – x2  0
 4 –x2 – x2  4 – x2 – x3  4 – x2
1 1 1
  
4  x2 4  x 2  x3 4  2 x2
1 1 1
dx dx dx
     
0 4  x2 0 4  x 2  x3 0 4  2x2
1
 dx 
   
6 0 4  x 2  x3 4 2
8.6.2. If absolute maximum and minimum value of f(x), when x [a, b] is M and m respectively,
b
then m(b - a)  f(x)dx  M(b - a) .

a
Sample Problem-26:

 dx 
Prove that 3
  x3  10 x  9sin x  5  5 .
  10  5 0
Solution: Let f(x) = x3 + 10 x + 9 sin x + 5
f ( x ) = 3x2 + 10 + 9 cos x > 0  x  R
 f(x) is entirely increasing

1
 is decreasing in (0, )
f ( x)

-8.21-
1 1
 Absolute maximum of f(x) in [0, ] is and absolute minimum is 3
5   10  5

 dx 
so 3
  x3  10 x  9sin x  5  5
  10  5 0
8.7. Evaluation of limit of a sum

Let f (x) be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b], then
n 1 b
Lt h  f (a  rh ) =  f ( x)dx
h0 r 0
n  a
nh  b  a
For the case when a = 0 and b = 1, this formula gives

1 n 1  r  1
Lt  f   =  f ( x)dx
n  n r 0
n 0
Sample Problem-27:
 1 1 1 
Evaluate I = Lt    .........  .
n  n  1 n2 nn

1 1 1 1 
Solution: I = Lt    .........  
n  n 1  1 2
1  nn 
 n 1 n
1 n 1
= Lt 
n   n r 1 1  r
n
1
1
=  dx
0 1 x
= log |1 + x|01
= log 2
Sample Problem-28:
 1 1 1 1 
Evaluate lim     ..... .

n  
 4n  1 4n   4 4n  9 3n  
 1 1 1 1 
Solution: L = lim     ..... 

n  
 4n  1 4n   4 4n  9 3n  
n
1
= lim 
n 
r 1 4n  r 2
2
n
(1  0) 1
= lim
n 
 n 2
r 1  1 0 
4  0  r 
  n 
Which is of the form

n
ba   b  a 
lim
n 
 n
f a  r
  n 

r 1

-8.22-
1
Here b = 1, a = 0 and f(x) =
4  x2
1
dx x1 
So L =  = sin 1 | =
4  x2 20 6
0
Sample Problem-29:
 n2 n2 1 
Evaluate lim  3
 3
 .........  .
n   ( n  1)
 ( n  2) 64n 
 n2 n2 1 
Solution: L = lim  3
 3
 .........  
n   ( n  1)
 ( n  2) 64n 
3n
n2
= lim
n 
 (n  r )3
r 1
Put 3n = m, we get
m
m2 / 9
L = lim
n 
m 
3
r 1
 3 r
 
3
 
m
3 1 
= Lim
n  m
  3 r 


r 1
 1  m  
 
3 3
dx 1 15
=  (1  x)3 = 2
| =
0
2(1  x) 0 32
Sample Problem-30:
 1 1 1 
Show that Lim    ...   = ln6
n 
 n 1 n  2 6n 
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
Solution: lim    ...   = lim    ...  
n  n 1 n  2 6n  n  n 1 n  2 n  5n 
 
5n 5n  1 
 1  1
 lim
n 

r 1 
n  r
 = nlim
  n
 
r 1  1 

r
 n
 Lower limit of r = 1
1
 Lower limit of integration = lim  0
n  n
 Upper limit of r = 5n.
5n
 Upper limit of integration = lim 5
n  n

-8.23-
5
1 5
from (1) 1 x
0
dx  ln (1  x) 0
= ln6 – ln1 = ln6

2  2  2
2 2
 x2
1. Let I1 =  e  x sin( x)dx ; I2 =  e  x dx ; I3 = e (1  x) dx and consider the statements
0 0 0
I I1 < I2 II I2 < I3 III I1 = I3
Which of the following is(are) true?
(a) I only (b) II only
(c) Neither I nor II nor III (d) Both I and II
  2      4
2. lim  sec    sec2  2·   .....  sec 2 ( n  1)   has the value equal to
n  6n   6n   6n  6n 3 
3 2
(a) (b) 3 (c) 2 (d)
3 3
1
1 
3. lim  (1  x)  dx 
 is equal to
 0  
0 
4 4
(a) 2 ln 2 (b) (c) ln (d) 4
e e
1  n n n n 
4. lim 1     .......   has the value equal to
n n
 n 1 n2 n3 n  3 ( n  1) 
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 2  1 (c) 2 (d) 4

19
sin x
5. The absolute value of  1 x
10
8
is less than :
(a) 10 10 (b) 10 11 (c) 10 7 (d) 10 9

2 n
1  t 
6. lim
n  n  1 
0

1 
n  1
 dt is equal to

(a) 0 (b) e2 (c) e2 – 1 (d) does not exist

xh
1 dt
7. Let f (x) = lim
h 0 h  t
x 1 t2
, then lim x · f ( x) is
x 
1
(a) equal to 0 (b) equal to (c) equal to 1 (d) non existent
2

-8.24-
   2 (n 1)  
8. lim 1  cos  cos  .....  cos  equal to
n 2n  2n 2n 2n 
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) none of these

k 1
1
9. lim  (1  sin 2 x) x dx
k 0 k 0
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) e2 (d) non existent

r 4 n
n
10. The value of lim  2
is equal to
n 
r 1 
r 3 r 4 n 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
35 14 10 5
1. (d): since 0 < sin x < 1 and 1 + x > 1 in (0, /2)

hence I3 > I2 > I1
 r
2. (a): Tr = sec 2
6n 6n
n 1 1
 r  x x 1 3
S=  Tr   sec 2 = sec2 dx = tan
 = =
6n r 1 6n 6 0 6 6 0 3 3
1 1
1   (1  x) 1 1  1
 21  1 
3. (b): lim  (1  x)  dx 
 = lim   = lim   (1 form)
 0    0   1 
0   0
0
  1 
1  21 11   21  2    2(2 1)  4
lim   lim   lim   1 ln  
0   1 0 
  ( 1)  0   e 4
=e 
e e   = e2 ln 2 – 1 = e =
e
3n  3 3
1 n 1 n 1
4. (c): Tr =  S=  =  dx
n nr n r 0 nr 0
1 x
19 19 19 19 19
sin x sin x dx dx  x 7 
5. (c): 
10
1  x8
  1 x
10
8
dx  
10
<
1  x8 10 x8
=   
  7 10
1 1
= [19 7  10 7] = [10 7  19 7] < 10 7 ]
7 7
2 n n 1 n 1 2
1  t   t    2 
 2
6. (c): lim  1   dt = lim   1    = lim  1   1= e – 1
n  n  1 
0
n  1  n  
 n  1   0
n   n  1 
 t  
1  n  1  is a linear function 
  
7. (d): f (x) = 1  x2  x ; lim x

x
 1 x  x 2
–

-8.25-
 r
8. (a): Tr = cos
2n 2n
1
 1 n 1  r  x
S= ·
2 n r 0
cos · =
2 n
20
cos
2
dx = 1 
k 1
 (1  sin 2 x ) x dx
0
9. (c): l = lim
k 0 k
differentiating
1 1
lim (sin 2 k )
Using L'opital rule l = lim (1  sin 2k ) k = e k 0 k = e2
k 0
1
10. (c): Tr = 2
r  r 
·n  3  4
n  n 
4n 4
1 1 dx
S=
n
 
2
=  x (3 x  4)2
1 r r 0
3 4 ·
 n  n
3 1
put 3 x  4 = t  dx  dt
2 x
10 4
2 dt 2 1  2 1 1  2 6 1
=
3 
4
t 2
=       = · 
3 t
  10 3  4 10  3 40 10
MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Sample Problem-31:
Evaluate :
a
dx a
ax
(i)  2
(ii)  dx.
0 ax  x a a x
a
dx
Solution: (i)  2 2
0 a  a
 x 
4  2
a a
 x  ( a / 2)   1 2 x  a 
=  sin 1  =  sin 
 (a / 2) 0  a 0

= [sin–1 1 – sin–1 (–1)] = 2 sin–1 (1) = 2   = 
2

-8.26-
(ii) Put x = a cos  :  [0, ]; then, dx = –a sin d. Hence,
0
a
ax 1  cos 
 a x dx =  1  cos  (a sin ) d 
a 

2 sin 2 ( / 2)  
= a 2
. 2 sin cos d 
 2 cos  / 2) 2 2


= a  2 sin 2 d
 2

= a  (1  cos ) d 


= a    sin  0 = a() = a
Sample Problem-32:
/ 2 / 2 1
sin x 1 
Evaluate : (i)  sin x  cos x dx (ii)  log sin x dx (iii)  log   1 dx
   x 
/ 2
sin x
Solution: (i) I =  dx
0 sin x  cos x
 
/ 2
sin   x 
=  2  dx
    
sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 
/ 2
cos x
  =  dx .
 cos x  sin x
/ 2 /2
sin x  cos x 
 2I =  dx =  dx =
 sin x  cos x  2

   I =
2
/ 2
(ii) I =  log sin x dx

/ 2
 
=  log sin   x  dx
 2 
/ 2
=  log cos x dx

/ 2
 2I =  (log sin x  log cos x) dx

/ 2
=  log (sin x cos x) dx

/ 2 / 2 / 2
 sin 2 x 
=  log   dx =  log sin 2x dx –  log 2 dx
  2   
/ 2

= – log 2 +  log sin 2x dx (Put 2x = t)
2 
 1
= – log 2 +  log sin t dt
2 2
/ 2
 1
= – log 2 + (2)  log sin t dt . [As sin (– t) = sin t]
2 2 

-8.27-

 2I =– log 2 + I
2

or I = – log 2
2
/ 2 / 2 / 2

Note:  log sin 2x dx =  log (sin x) dx =  log (cos x) dx = – log 2.
0   2
(iii) (Put x = cos2 t : cos t > 0 ; then, dx = –2 cos t sin t dt)
1
1 
I =  log   1 dx
  x 
0
= –  log (sec 2 t  1). 2 cos t sin t dt
/ 2
/ 2
=  log (tan 2 t ) . sin 2t dt
0
/ 2
= 2  sin 2 t . log (tan t ) dt
0
/2
= 2  log(cot t ).sin 2t dt
0
/2
 2I = 2  log(tan t.cot t )  sin 2t dt = 0
0
Sample Problem-33:
 1
Evaluate : (i) I =  | cos x | dx (ii) I =  | 2 x  1| dx
0 2
4
 4x  3 , 1 x  2
(iii) I =  f ( x) dx , where f ( x)  
1  3x  5 , 2  x  4
 
Solution: (i) I =2  | cos x | dx ( | cos( – x) | = | cos x |)
0
 
= 2  cos x dx  2 (sin x) 0  = 2(1) = 2.
0
1
(ii) I =  | 2 x  1| dx (put 2x + 1 = z)
2
13
=  | z | dz
2 3
3
=  | z | dz
0
9
= .
2
2 4 2 4
(iii) I =  f ( x) dx +  f ( x) dx =  (4 x  3) dx +  (3 x  5) dx
1 2 1 2
2 4
 3x 
= (2 x 2  3 x ) 12    5 x  = 9 + 28 = 37.
 2 2
Sample Problem-34:
3 b
Evaluate: (i) I =  ( x 2  x ) dx (ii) I =  sin x dx as limit of a sum
1 a

-8.28-
Solution: (i) f (x) = x2 + x, a = 1, b = 3, nh = 3 – 1 = 2.

n
I = lim h  f ( a  rh)
n r 1
n
= lim h  ((a  rh ) 2  ( a  rh ))
n r 1
 n 
= lim h   r 2 h 2  rh(2a  1)  ( a 2  a ) 
n 
 r 1 
 n(n  1)(2n  1) n (n  1) 
= lim  h3 .  (2 a  1) h 2  n (a 2  a ) h 
n 
 6 2 
 2(2  h)(4  h ) 2(2  h) 
= lim   (2a  1)  2(a 2  a ) 
h 0
 6 2 
8
= 64
3
38
=
3
b
(ii) I =  sin x dx
a
 n 
= lim h   sin( a  rh) 
h 0
 r  1 
h
 n h 
= lim 2   2sin sin(a  rh) 
h0 h  r 1 2 
sin
2
h
 n  h  h 
= lim 2   cos  a  hr    cos  a  hr   
h0 h  r 1  2  2 
sin
2
h
  h  h 
= lim 2  cos  a    cos  a  nh   
h0 h 2 2 
sin   
2
= cos a – cos b
Sample Problem-35:
x2
t 2  5t  4
If F(x) =  4  e 2t dt , find critical points of F(x).
0
Solution: By Leibnitz Rule,

( x 2 )2  5x 2  4
F(x) = . (2 x)
2
4  e2 x
F(x) = 0
 (x4 – 5x2 + 4)x = 0
 (x2 – 4)(x2 – 1 )x = 0
 x = 0, ±1, ±2
These are the critical points of F(x).

-8.29-
Sample Problem-36:

x log x
Show that I =  dx  0 .
0 (1  x 2 ) 2
 1 
x log x x log x x log x
Solution:  (1  x 2 )2 dx =  (1  x 2 ) 2 dx   (1  x 2 ) 2 dx
0 0 1
Put x = 1/y in the second integral


x log x 0
y 4 log y
  (1  x 2 ) 2 dx =  y 3 (1  y 2 )2 dy
1 1
1
y log y
=  dy
0 (1  y 2 )2
1 1
x log x y log y
Thus I =  2 2
dx   2 2
dy
0 (1  x ) 0 (1  y )
= 0.
Sample Problem-37:
1
2
Show that 1   e x dx  e.
0
2 2
Solution: e x is an increasing function in [0, 1]. Further, e0  e x  e1  x  [0, 1]
1 1 1 1
2 2
  1 dx   ex dx  x
 e dx or 1   e dx  e.
0 0 0 0
Sample Problem-38:
3
Evaluate I =  (| x  2| 2 [ x]) dx , where [x] is the greatest integer function.
1
3
Solution: I1 =  | x  2 | dx ; Put x – 2 = y
1
1
=  | y | dy
3
1 1
=   y dy  2  y dy
3 0
1
= – [ y 2 ]13  [ y 2 ]10
2
=4+1=5
3
I2 =  [ x] dx
1
0 1 2 3
=   dx   0 dx   dx   2 dx
1 0 1 2
=–1+0+1+2=2
 I = I1 + 2 I2
=9
Sample Problem-39:
6
1
 ( x  1) dx equal to
3

-8.30-
6
1 6
Solution: I =  dx   log( x  1) 3
3 ( x  1)
6
1 6
=  dt   log(t  1) 3
3 (t  1)
Sample Problem-40:
3
4

Evaluate: I =  1  sin  d  .

4
3
4

Solution: I =  d
 1  sin 
4
3
4

=  d
 1  sin 
4
3
4
d 
2I =  ; Put  = y
 1  sin  2
4

4
dy
= 

 1  cos y
4

4
dy
= 2 
0 1  cos y

4 y
I =  sec 2 dy
20 2
 /4
 y
=   tan 
 2 0

=  tan
8
= ( 2  1)
Sample Problem-41:
1
3
x4 1  2 x 
If I= 1 1  x 4 cos  1  x 2  dx , find its value.
  
3
1
3
x4 1  2x 
Solution: I = 1 1  x 4 cos  1  x 2  dx

 
3
1
3
x4 1  2 x 
= 1 1  x 4 cos  1  x 2  dx
  
3
1
3
x4  1 2x 
= 1 1  x 4    cos 1  x 2  dx
  
3

-8.31-
1
3
x4
2I =  1 1  x 4 dx

3
1
3
x4
= 2  dx
0 1  x4
1
3
 1 
I = ( 1)   1   dx
0  1  x4 
1
  3 1 1
=    2
 2
dx
3 2 0 1 x 1 x
1
    3 1 1
=   .    dx
3 2 6 4 0 1  x 1  x
1
 2   |1  x |  3
=     log 
3 12 4  |1  x | 0
2    3 1
=   log  
12 3 4  3 1 
Sample Problem-42:
x
 T T
Let f (x) be an odd function in the interval   ,  with period T. Prove that F(x) =  f (t ) dt is
 2 2 a
periodic function with period T.

x T
Solution: F(x + T ) =  f (t ) dt
a
x x T
=  f (t ) dt +  f (t ) dt
a x
= F(x) + I(x)
x T
where I(x) =  f (t ) dt
x
T
2
=  f (t ) dt = 0 (since f is an odd function)
T

2

-8.32-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
a
x4
1.  dx =
0 a2  x2
3 a 4  a4  a4
16 16 8
1
1  2x 
2.  sin  1  x2  dx =
0  
  
(a) + log 2 (b) + log 2 (c) – log 2 (d) none of these
2 4 2
 /2
1
3. The value of the definite integral,  [(sin (cos x )  cos1 (sin x))]dx is equal to where [.] denotes the
0
greatest integer function.

3  6 3  4 3  1 3  8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
 /2 a sin x  b cos x
4.  dx 
0 sin x  cos x
  
(a) (b) ( a  b ) (c) ( a  b) (d) ( a  b )
4 2 4
/3
5. The value of [
0
3 tan x ]dx (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function).
5 5  2    2 
(a) (b)  tan 1   (c)  tan 1   (d) none of these
6 6  3 2  3

cos 2 x
6. The value of  x
dx is
 1  a
(a)  (b) a (c) /2 (d) 2

x
 f (t ) dt
0
7. If f(x) is a continuous function and f (0) = 0, then lim is equal to
x0 x
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) –1
x
cos t
8. The points of extremum of the function (x) =  dt ( x  0, 0  a   / 2) are
a t

(a) x = K , K  0,1, 2, ... (b) x = 2K, K = 0, 1, 2, ....
2

(c) x = (2 K  1) , K  0,1, 2, ... (d) x = (K + 1), K = 0, 1, 2, ....
2

-8.33-
2 2
dx 1
9. If I1 =  and I2 =  dx , then
1 1 x 2
1 x
(a) I1 < I2 (b) I1 > I2 (c) I1 = I2 (d) I1 > 2I2


ecos x
10.  ecos x  e cos x dx is equal to
0
(a)  (b) 2 (c) /4 (d) /2

x2
0 sin t dt
11. lim is equal to
x0 x3
(a) 1/3 (b) 1 (c) 2/3 (d) none of these
a
12. The value of a which satisfies  sin xdx  sin 2a is
/ 2
(a) /2 (b) 3 /4 (c) 7 /4 (d) 11 /4

/ 4
13. The value of  (tan n x  tan n  2 x) d ( x  [ x]) , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is
0
1 1 2
n 1 n 1 n 1
an 1
n
x dx
14. The value of 1 is
ax  x
n
a an  2 na  2
2 2n 2n
21
15.  [ x]3 dx , where [x] is greatest integer function, is equal to
0
2
20  21 20  21  41  20  21 
(a) (b) (c)   (d) none of these
2 6  2 

1
16. A function f(x) which satisfies the relation f ( x)  e x   e x f (t )dt , then

0
(a) f(0) < 0 (b) f(x) is a decreasing function

1
(c) f(x) is an increasing function (d)  f ( x)dx  0

5
x t
e
17. Let f :[1,  )  R and f ( x)  x  dt  e x , then
1 t
(a) f(x) is an increasing function (b) lim f ( x)  

x 
(c) f (x) has a maxima at x = e (d) f(x) is a decreasing function

-8.34-
1
2 x 2  3x  3
18. The value of  ( x  1)( x 2
dx is
0  2 x  2)
  1
(a)  2log 2  tan 1 2 (b)  2log 2  tan 1
4 4 3

(c) 2 log 2  cot 1 3 (d)   log 4  cot 1 2
4
/ 2 / 2 2
sin(2n  1) x  sin nx 
19. If An   dx; Bn  0  sin x  dx for , n N, then
0 sin x
(a) An 1  An (b) Bn 1  Bn (c) An 1  An  Bn 1 (d) Bn 1  Bn  An 1

dx
20. The value of 1 x
0
4
is

( x 2  1) dx 
(a) same as that of 0 1  x 4 (b)
2 2
 2
x dx 
(c) same as that of 1 x
0
4
(d)
2
 /4
n
21. If I n   tan x dx(n  1 and is an integer), then
0
1 1
(a) I n  I n 2  (b) I n  I n 2 
n 1 n 1
1 1
(c) I 2  I 4 , I 4  I 6 ,.... are in HP (d)  In 
2(n  1) 2( n  1)
x
22. If f ( x)   | t  1| dt , where 0  x  2 , then

0
(a) range of f(x) is [0, 1] (b) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1
(c) f(x) = cos–1 x has two real roots (d) f (1/2) = 1/2
b
f ( x)
23. If  f ( x)  f (a  b  x) dx  10 , then
a
(a) b = 22, a = 2 (b) b = 15, a = – 5 (c) b = 10, a = – 10 (d) b = 10, a = – 2

1
2
x
24. The value of  e x dx is
0
(a) < 1 (b) > 1 (c)  e 1/4 (d)  e1/ 4

x
25. If f ( x)   9cos(sin t )  cos(cos t )) dt , then f ( x  ) is

0
 
(a) f ( x)  f ( ) (b) f ( x )  2 f ( ) (c) f ( x )  f   (d) f ( x)  2 f  
2 2

-8.35-
Comprehension-1
x
Let f (x) and (x) are two continuous functions on R satisfying (x) =  f (t )dt, a  0
a
and another
2k
continuous function g (x) satisfying g (x + ) + g (x) = 0 x  R,   0 and  g (t )dt is independent
b
of b.
26. If f (x) is an odd function, then

(a) (x) is also an odd function
(b)  (x) is an even function
(c) (x) is neither as even nor an odd function
a
(d) for (x) to be an even function, it must satisfy  f ( x)dx  0
0
27. If f (x) is an even function, then

(a) (x) is also an even function
(b)  (x) is an odd function
(c) If f (a –x) = – f (x), then (x) is an even function
(d) If f (a –x) = – f (x), then (x) is an odd function
28. Least positive value of c if c, k, b are in A.P. is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  (d) 2
Comprehension-2
b
Suppose in the definite integral a f ( x) dx , the upper limit b is , then to obtain the value of
b b t
a f ( x) dx , we may say that  a f ( x) dx  lim  f ( x) dx where t > a. If the limit exists finitely, then
t  a

the value of the limit is defined as the value of the symbol  a f ( x) dx , otherwise the integral is
supposed to be non existent.
We can have another case of Improper integrals. It may happen that f (x)  as x  a or
b
x  b. In this case, the principal value of the definite integral a f ( x) dx is defined as
b b
a f ( x) dx  lim  f ( x) dx (f (b) is finite).
h 0 a  h
If this limit exists finitely, the value of the limit is defined as the value of the integral.
b h
Similarly if f (x)  as x  b, then its value is lim a f ( x) dx
h 0
This should be noted that f (x) should not have any other discontinuity in [a, b] otherwise this will
lead to erroneous conclusions.

-8.36-
1
29. The value of 0 x log x dx must be
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) – (d) none of these
2 4 4

2
x
30.  xe dx must be equal to
0
1 1
(a) (b) – (c) 1 (d) 0
2 2
x2
 sin t dt
0
31. The value of lim must be
x0 x3
1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 3
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

32. Match the following definite integrals with their values
/ 2
A.  log sin x dx (p) – log 2
0
/2
2
B.  log sin 2x dx (q)  log 2
0 2


C.  log(1  cos x) dx (r)  log 2
0 2

D.  x log sin x dx
0
 
33. A. If f (x) = min {2 sin x, 1– cos x, 1} then 0 f ( x)dx is equal to (p)
4
2 5
B.   2 | x cos x | dx (q)
6
1 3
 n n n n  8
C. lim  2  2   ...  2  (r)
n  n n  1 n2  4 2 n  2n  1  
 x| x| , x  1
 8
D. Let f (x) = [ x  1]  [1  x], 1  x  1 (s) 
 x | x | 3
 , x 1
where [·] denotes the greatest integer function, then value of

2
  2 f ( x)dx is equal to

a  /3
1  dx 
34  dx  , then m is. 35.   , then m is
0 x a x 2 2 m  /6
1  cot x 4 m
x2
2
 cos t dt
 /2
sin 2 x
0
36. lim is 37.  dx is
x 0 x sin x 3
 /2 1  cos x

-8.37-
 /4
 /2 cos x
38.  x 2 sin 1 x dx is 39.  dx 
 /4
 / 2 1 ex
1  /2 dx [ x ]1 3
40.   41. If  f (t ) dt  [ x] , then  f ( x ) dx 
  / 2 (1  sin x)sec 2 x [ x] 2
1   [ x  1] 
42.  [ x[1  sin x]  1]dx  43.   e5 x  2  dx 
1 0
 

1.5
2
44. Evaluate I =  [x ]dx
1
1
x (1  x ) 4
4
45. Evaluate  dx .
0
1  x4
x
46. If F(x) =  (3 sin t  4 cos t ) dt , then find the least value of F(x) on the interval  5 , 4   .
5
4
 4 3 

4
47. If In =  tan n  d , nN, then find n(In–1 + In+1) and I7.
0

2  cos 3x 3   a 2
48. If “a” is a positive integer, solve for “a” :   a 2   cos x   a sin x  20 cos x  dx  .
0   4 4   3
49. If f(x) = sgn x, find its mean value on [–2, 0).

2
2
50. Evaluate  max{log(1  x ),1}dx
0
n2 n( n  1)(4n  1)
51. Show that I =  [ x ] dx  , where [x] is the greatest integer function.
0 6
n
52. Show that I =  |sin x|dx  2n  1  cos  , n  N , 0    .
0
0
2 t
53. Find all possible values of negative real number of a such that  (9  2(9t )) dt  0.
a
54. Let f and g be functions satisfying the following conditions :
(a) f (0) = 1 (b) f¢(x) = g(x), g¢(x) = f(x)
(c) g(0) = 0 (d) g(x)  0  x  R
Find f(1).
55. Show that

 /3 dx 
(a)  log (1  cos x ) dx   log (1 / 2) ; (b)   .
0 /6 1  (cot x ) 12
 dx  
56. Prove that  2
 2
or 2 ; a > 0, according as a < 1 or a > 1.
0 1 – 2 a cos x  a 1–a a –1

-8.38-

 x dx x
 In tdt dy
0
57. (i) Evaluate lim (ii) If y = x 1 , find at x = e.
 0  sin  dx
x
58. Find the intervals of increase of f(x) defined by f(x) =  (t 2  2 t ) (t 2 – 1) dt.
1
n
59.  | sin x | dx
0

 xd x
0
60. lim
 0  sin 
 /2
sin 2 nx 1 1 1
61. Prove that 
0
sin x
dx  1    ... 
3 5 2n  1
/ 2 dx
62. 0 1  tan 3 x
/ 2 sin 2 x
63.  /2 1  cos3 x
dx
2
64. If f (x) = |2x –1| + |x –1| then evaluate  f ( x ) dx
2
1 sin t 4 sin(t / 2)
65. Given  1  t dt  , find in  dt terms of .
0 4  2 4  2  t
x
66. Evaluate  [sin x]dx
0
where 2n < x < (2n + 1) 

-8.39-

3
1. The value of  |1  x 2 | dx is [AIEEE-2004]
2
28 1 7 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
/ 2
(sin x  cos x) 2
2. The value of I =  dx is [AIEEE-2004]
0 1  sin 2 x
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
 / 2
3. If  xf (sin x ) dx = A,  f (sin x)dx then A is [AIEEE-2004]
0 0

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) (d) 
4
ex f (a) f (a)
I
2
4. If f (x) = , I1 =  xg{x (1  x)} dx and I2 =  g{ x(1  x)}dx , then the value of I
1  ex f (a) f (a) 1
is [AIEEE-2004]
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) –3

1 1 2 2
2 3 2 3
5. If I1   2 x dx, I 2   2 x dx, I 3   2 x dx, and I 4   2 x dx , then [AIEEE-2005]
0 0 1 1
(a) I3 = I4 (b) I3 > I4 (c) I2 > I1 (d) I1 > I2


cos 2 x
6. The value of  x dx, a  0, is
 1  a
[AIEEE-2005]
(a) /a (b) 2 (c) a (d) /2
7. Let f (x) be a function satisfying f (x) = f (x) with f (0) = 1 and g (x) be a function that satisfies
1
f (x) + g(x) = x2. Then the value of integral  0 f ( x) g ( x) dx is [AIEEE-2003]
e  e2 3 e2 3 e  e2 5 e  e2 5
(a)  (b) e  (c)  (d) 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
t
8. If f (y) = ey, g(y) = y; y > 0 and F(t) =  0 f (t  y) g ( y)dy, then [AIEEE-2003]
(a) F(t) = et – (1 + t) (b) F(t) = t et (c) F(t) = te–t (d) F(t) = 1 – et(1+ t)
b
9. If f (a + b – x) = f (x), then a xf ( x) dx is equal to [AIEEE-2003]
ab b ab b
(a)  f ( x ) dx (b)  f ( x) dx
2 a 2 a
ab b ab b
(c)  f (a  b  x) dx (d)  f (b  x) dx
2 a 2 a

-8.40-
1
10. The value of the integral I = 0 x (1  x)n dx is [AIEEE-2003]
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c)  (d)
n2 n 1 n  2 n 1 n  2 n 1
x2 2
 0 sec t dt
11. The value of Lt is [AIEEE-2003]
n 0 x sin x
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 3
d e sin x 43 3
12. Let f (x) = , x > 0. If 1 esin x dx = F(k) – F (1) then one of the possible value of k is
dx x x
(a) 16 (b) 63 (c) 64 (d) 15 [AIEEE-2003]
/ 4
n
13. If In =  0 tan  d  , then xLt

n(I n  I n  2 ) equals [AIEEE-2002]
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) 
2
2 2
14.  0 [ x ] dx is equal to [AIEEE-2003]
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 1 (c) 2 2 (d) 2 2
6
x
15. The value of the integral, 
3 9 x  x
dx is [AIEEE-2006]
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 3/2 (d) 2
 /2
16.  [( x  )3  cos2 ( x  3)] dx is equal to [AIEEE-2006]

3  / 2
(a) ( / 4)  1 (b)  4 / 32 (c) (  4 / 32)   / 2 (d) /2
17.  x f (sin x) dx is equal to

0
[AIEEE-2006]
/ 2   / 2

(a)   f (cos x) dx (b)  f (cos x ) dx (c)  f (sin x) dx (d)  f (sin x ) dx
0 0 0 2 0
18. The value of  [ x] f ( x) dx , a > 1, where [x] denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x, is
1
[AIEEE-2006]
(a) a f([a]) – {f(1) + f(2) + ... + f(a)} (b) a f(a) – {f(1) + f(2) + ... + f([a])}
(c) [a] f(a) – {f(1) + f(2) + ... + f([a])} (d) [a] f([a]) – {f(1) + f(2) + ... + f(a)}
x
1 log t
19. Let F(x) = f (x) + f   , where f (x) =  dt . Then F(e) equals [AIEEE 2007]
x 1 1 t
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 0

-8.41-
1 1
sin x cos x
20. Let I =  dx and J =  dx . Then which one of the following is true? [AIEEE 2008]
0 x 0 x
2 2 2 2
(a) I < and J < 2 (b) I < and J > 2 (c) I > and J < 2 (d) I > and J > 2
3 3 3 3

21.  cot x dx, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is equal to :
0
[AIEEE 2009]
 
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c)  (d)
2 2
22. Let p(x) be a function defined on R such that p´(x) = p´(1 – x), for all x  [0,1], p (0)  1 and
1
p(1) = 41. Then  p( x) dx

0
equals [AIEEE 2010]
(a) 42 (b) 41 (c) 21 (d) 41

1
8log(1  x)
23. The value of  dx is [AIEEE 2011]
0 1  x2
 
(a)  log 2 (b) log 2 (c) log 2 (d) log 2
8 2
x
24. If g(x) =  cos 4t dt , then g(x + ) equals [AIEEE 2012]
0
g ( x)
(a) (b) g(x) + g() (c) g(x) – g() (d) g(x) . g()
g ()
 /3
dx 
25. Statement - I : The value of the integral  1 is equal to [JEE-Mains 2013]
 /6
tan x 6
b b
Statement - II :  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) d x
a a
(a) Statement - I is true; Statement - II is false

(b) Statement - I is false; Statement - II is true
(c) Statement - I and II is true; Statement - II is a correct explanation for Statement - I
(d) Statement - I and II is true; Statement - II is not a correct explanation for Statement - I

x x
26. The integral  1  4sin 2  4sin dx is equals [JEE-Mains 2014]
0 2 2
2 
(a)  – 4 (b) 44 3 (c) 4 34 (d) 4 34
3 3
4
log x 2
27. The integral  dx is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2015]
2
log x 2  log(36  12 x  x 2 )
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 6

-8.42-
3
4
dx
28. The integral  1  cos x

4
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) 4


2
sin 2 x
29. The value of  1  2 x dx is; [JEE-Mains 2018]

2
  
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4
4 8 2
30. Let f and g be continuous functions on [0, a] such that f(x) = f(a – x) and g(x) + g(a –x) = 4, then
a
 f ( x )g(x )dx
0
a a a a
(a) 4  f ( x )dx (b) 2  f ( x )dx (c) 3 f ( x )dx (d)  f (x )dx

0 0 0 0
 /4
dx
31. The integral  equals [JEE-Mains 2019]
 /6
sin 2 x(tan 5 x  cot 5 x )
1  1  1   1  1  1  
(a)  tan   (b)   tan  
10  4  9 3  5 4  3 3 
 1  1 
(c) (d) tan 1  
10 20 9 3 
e
 x  2 x  e  x 
32. The integral 1  e    x   log e xdx is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2019]
 
1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1
(a) e 2 (b)   2 (c)    2 (d) e 2
2 e 2 e 2e 2 e 2e 2 2e
 n n n 1 
33. lim  2  2  2  ...   is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2019]
n  n  12 n 2 2
n 3 2
5n 

 
(a) (b) tan–1(2) (c) tan–1(3) (d)
4 2

3
34. The value of  | cos x |
0
dx is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 0 (b) 4/3 (c) 2/3 (d) –4/3
35. Let f be a differentiable function from R to R such that |f(x) – f (y)|  2|x – y|3/2, for all x, y  R. If
1
2
f(0) = 1 then f0
( x)dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 1

-8.43-
 /3
tan  1
36. If  d  1 ,(k  0), then the value of k is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
0 2k sec  3
(a) 2 (b) 1/2 (c) 4 (d) 1

b
37. Let I =  ( x 4  2 x 2 ) dx. If I is minimum then the ordered pair (a, b) is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
a
(a) ( 2, 0) (b) ( 2, 2) (c) (0, 2) (d) ( 2,  2)

/2
dx
38. The value of 
/2
[ x ]  [sin x]  4
, where [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t, is:
[JEE-Mains 2019]
1 3 1 3
(a) (7   5) (b) (4   3) (c) (7   5) (d) (4  3)
12 10 12 20
x 1
39. If  f (t )dt  x2   t 2 f (t )dt , then f  (1/2) is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
0 x
6 24 18 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 5
2
sin 2 x
40. The value of the integral 2  x  1 dx (where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than 20Cr or equal
    2
to x) is : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 4 (b) 4 – sin4 (c) sin 4 (d) 0

41. If f (a + b + 1 – x) = f(x), for all x, where a and b are fixed positive real numbers, then
1 b
x( f ( x)  f (x  1)dx is equal to
a  b a
[JEE-Mains 2020]
b 1 b 1 b 1 b1
(a)  f ( x ) dx (b)  f ( x  1) dx (c)  f ( x  1) dx (d)  f ( x) dx

a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1
42. If 1 and 2 be respectively the smallest and the largest values of  in (0, 2) – {} which satisfy the
2
5
equation, 2 cot 2    4  0, then  cos
2
3d is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
sin  1
2  1  
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
3 3 6 9 3
2
43. The value of  for which 4  e |x|dx  5, is: [JEE-Mains 2020]

1
3 4
(a) log e   (b) log e   (c) loge2 (d) log e 2
2 3
2
dx
44. If I   , then: [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 2 x  9x 2  12 x  4
3
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
(a) I  (b)  I2  (c) I  (d) I 
9 8 16 9 6 2 8 4

-8.44-
2
x sin 8 x
45. The value of  sin 8
dx is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
0 x  cos 8 x
2 2
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 
1
46. If for all real triplets (a, b,c), f (x) = a + bx + cx2; then  f (x)dx is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
0
1  1    1 
(a)  f (1)  3 f    (b) 2  3 f (1)  2 f  
2  2    2 
1  1  1  1 
(c)  f (0)  f (1)  4 f   (d)  f (0)  f   
6  2  3  2 
47. Let a function f : [0, 5]  R be continuous, f (1) = 3 and F be defined as: [JEE-Mains 2020]
x t
F( x)   t 2 g(t )dt , where g( x )   f (u)du
1 1
Then for the function F, the point x = 1 is :

(a) a point of local minima. (b) not a critical point.
(c) a point of inflection. (d) a point of local maxima.

2
48. The integral ||x  1|x|dx is equal to___________. [JEE-Mains 2020]

0

49. ||x||dx

2
(a) 2 (b) (c) 22 (d) 2 2
2
1/2
x2 k
50. If the value of the integral  dx is , then k is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
0 (1  x 2 )3/2 6
(a) 2 3 (b) 3 2  (c) 3 2  (d) 2 3
3
51. Let f (x) = |x –2| and g (x) = f (f(x)), x  [0, 4]. Then  ( g( x )  f ( x))dx is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
0
3 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 0 (d)
2 2
x
52. Let f (x) =  (1  x ) 2
dx( x  0). Then f (3) – f (1) is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
 1 3  1 3  1 3  1 3
(a)   (b)    (c)   (d)   
6 2 4 12 2 4 12 2 4 6 2 4
/3
3
53. The integral  tan x.sin 2 3x(2 sec2 x.sin 2 3x  3tan x.sin 6 x )dx is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
/6
7 1 1 9
(a) (b)  (c)  (d)
18 9 18 2

-8.45-
54. Let {x} and [x] denote the fractional part of x and the greatest integer x respectively of a real
n n
number x. If  { x} dx. [ x ]dx and 10(n2 – n), (nN, n > 1) are three consecutive terms of a G.P., then
0 0
n is equal to__________. [JEE-Mains 2020]

 /2
1
55. The value of  dx is [JEE-Mains 2020]
 /2
1  esin x
3  
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2
2
 ( x 1) 
  t cos(t 2 )dt 
 
56. lim  0 [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 1 ( x  1)sin( x  1) 
 
 
 
(a) is equal to 1 (b) is equal to ½ (c) is equal to –1/2 (d) does not exist
1 1
57. If I 1 =  (1  x 50 )100 dx and I 2 =  (1  x50 )101 dx such that I2 = I1, then  equals to:[JEE-Mains 2020]
0 0
5051 5050 5049 5050

(a) (b) (c) (d)
5050 5049 5050 5051
2
x x
58. The integral  e .x (2  log
1
e x )dx equal: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) e(4e + 1) (b) e(2e –1) (c) 4e2 –1 (d) e(4e –1)
2
x
 (sin
0
t )dt
59. lim is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
x0 x3
2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d)
3 2 15
a a
60. If  (|x||x  2|)dx  22,( a  2) and [x] denotes the greatest integer  x, then  ( x  [ x])dx
a a
is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]

3
61. The value of the integral  [ x 2  2 x  2]dx , where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than
1
or equal to x, is : [JEE-Mains 2021]

(a)  2  3  1 (b)  2  3  1 (c) –5 (d) –4
62. Let f(x) be a differentiable function defined on [0, 2] such that f '(x) = f '(2 – x) for all
2
x  (0, 2), f(0) = 1 and f(2) = e2. Then the value of  f (x )dx is: [JEE-Mains 2021]
0
(a) 1 – e2 (b) 1 + e2 (c) 2(1 – e2) (d) 2(1 + e2)

63. Let f : R  R be a continuous function such that f(x) + f(x + 1) = 2, for all x  R. If
8 3
I 1   f ( x )dx and I 2   f (x)dx , then the value of I1 + 2I2 is equal to _____ [JEE-Mains 2021]
0 1

-8.46-
10
[ x ]e[ x ]
64. Consider the integral I  0 e x1 dx
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then the value of I is equal
to: [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 9(e – 1) (b) 45(e + 1) (c) 45(e – 1) (d) 9(e + 1)
1
65. Let P(x) = x2 + bx + c be a quadratic polynomial with real coefficients such that  P( x )dx  1
0
and P(x) leaves remainder 5 when it is divided by (x – 2). Then the value of 9(b + c) is equal
to: [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 7 (d) 11

2
2
66. If [.] represents the greatest integer function, then the value of  [[x ]  cos x ]dx is
0
________ . [JEE-Mains 2021]

67. Let f : R  R be defined as f(x) = e–x sin x. If F : [0, 1]  R is a differentiable function such
x 1
that F( x )   f (t )dt , then the value of  ( F '( x )  f ( x ))e x dx lies in the interval [JEE-Mains 2021]
0 0
 327 329   330 331   331 334   335 336 

(a)  360 , 360  (b)  360 , 360  (c)  360 , 360  (d)  , 
       360 360 
10
[sin 2 x ]
68. If the integral  dx  e 1   e 1/2   , where , ,  are integers and [x] denotes the
0
e x [ x ]
greatest integer less than or equal to x, then the value of  +  +  is equal to :
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 0 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 10
e
69. Let I n   x 19 (log|x|)n dx , where n  N. If (20)I10 = I9 + I8, for natural numbers  and ,
1
then  –  equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]

70. Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions satisfying f(x2) + g(4 – x) = 4x3 and g(4 – x) + g(x) = 0, then
4
2
the value of  f ( x) dx is [JEE-Mains 2021]
4
x 1
71. Let g( x)   f (t )dt , where f is continuous function in [0, 3] such that  f (t )  1 for all t
0 3
1
 [0, 1] and 0  f (t )  for all t  (1, 3]. The largest possible interval in which g(3) lies is :
2
[JEE-Mains 2021]
 1  3  1 
(a)  1,  2  (b)   2 ,  1 (c)  3 , 2 (d) [1, 3]
     
 /2
72. The function f(x), that satisfies the condition f ( x )  x   sin x.cos yf ( y )dy , is :
0
[JEE-Mains 2021]
2 
(a) x  (   2)sin x (b) x + ( + 2) sin x (c) x  sin x (d) x + ( – 2) sin x
3 2

-8.47-
2
 x 
73. If [x] is the greatest integer  x, then  2   sin  ( x  [ x ])[ x ] is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
0
2 
(a) 2( – 1) (b) 4( – 1) (c) 4( + 1) (d) 2( + 1)
x
74. If x( x )   (3t 2  2  '(t ))dt , x > –2, and (0) = 4, then  (2) is _________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
5
1
75. Let [t] denote the greatest integer  t. Then the value of 8.  ([2x ]|x|)dx is _________.
1/2
[JEE-Mains 2021]
76. Let f be a non–negative function in [0, 1] and twice differentiable in (0, 1). If
x x x
2 1
0 1  ( f '( t )) dt  0 f ( t )dt 0  x  1 and f(0) = 0, then lim f (t )dt :
x0 x 2 
[JEE-Mains 2021]
0
1
(a) equals 0 (b) equals 1 (c) does not exist (d) equals
2
1
xdx
77. The value of the integral  is: [JEE-Mains 2021]
0
(1  x )(1  3x )(3  x )
 3  3  3  3
(a)  1   (b)  1   (c)  1   (d)  1  
8 2  4 6  8 6  4 2 
16
log e x 2
78. 6 log e x2  log e (x 2  44x  484) dx is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 10

2 2 2 n 4
 1  2   n  2
79. If U n   1  2   1  2  ....  1  2  , then lim( U n ) n is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
 n  n   n  n 
2
e 4 16 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 e e2 e2

2
 1  sin 2 x 
80. The value   1  sin x  dx is [JEE-Mains 2021]

2
 5 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 4 2
5
x  [x]
81. If the value of the integral  x [ x ] dx  e1  , where ,   R, 5 + 6 = 0, and [x]
0 e
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x; then the value of ( + )2 is equal to :
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 100 (b) 25 (c) 16 (d) 36
1 2 n 1
n2
82. The value of lim
n  n

r 0 n  4r 2
2
is: [JEE-Mains 2021]
1 1 1
(a) tan 1 (2) (b) tan 1 (4) (c) tan–1 (4) (d) tan 1 (4)
2 2 4

-8.48-
1
1/2
2   x  1 2  x  1 2 
83. The value of        2  dx is: [JEE-Mains 2021]

1  x  1   x  1  
2
(a) loge 4 (b) loge 16 (c) 2loge 16 (d) 4loge (3+2 2 )


4
dx
84. The value of the definite integral  (1  e

x cos x
)(sin 4 x  cos 4 x )
is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2021]

4
   
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
2 2 2 4 2
 2  1
85. If  (sin 3 x )e  sin x dx     te r dt then  +  is equal to _____. [JEE-Mains 2021]
0 e 0
1
86. The value of the integral  log  x 
1

x 2  1 dx is: [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 1

5  /24
dx
87. The value of the definite integral  is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
3
 /24 1  tan 2 x
   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 12 18
100 x
sin 2 x 3
88. If  dx  ,   R where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
0
 x  x 
   1  42
   
e
then the value of  is: [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 200 (1 – e–1) (b) 100 (1 – e) (c) 50 (e – 1) (d) 150 (e–1 –1)
 /2  
89. Let g(t )    /2
4 

cos  t  f ( x)  dx , where f (x )  log e x  x 2  1 , x R. Then which 
one of the following is correct? [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) g (1) = g(0) (b) 2 g(1)  g(0) (c) g(1)  2 g(0) (4) g(1)+g(0)=0
90. If f : R  R is given by f(x) = x + 1, then the value of

1 5  10   5( n  1)  
lim  f (0)  f    f    ...  f    , is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
n n
 n  n  n 
3 5 1 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
91. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then the value of the integral
 /2
 [[x ]  sin x ]dx is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
 /2
(a) – (b)  (c) 0 (d) 1

-8.49-
a
92. Let a be a positive real number such that  e x[ x ]dx  10e – 9 integer less than or equal to
0
x. Then a is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 10 – loge(1 + e) (b) 10 + loge2 (c) 10 + loge3 (d) 10 + loge(1 + e)

1
93. The value of the integral  log 
1
e 
1  x  1  x dx is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
1  3 
(a) log e 2   (b) 2 log e 2 1
2 4 2 4
  1
(c) log e 2   1 (d) 2 log e 2  
2 2 2
1
94. Let f be a real valued continuous function on [0,1] and f (x )  x   ( x  t ) f (t )dt. Then which
0
of the following points (x, y) lies on the curve y = f (x)? [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) (2, 4) (b) (1, 2) (c) (4, 17) (d) (6, 8)

2
2
1 y2  2 y2 
95. If  ( 2x  2 x  x )dx    1  1  y 2   dy    2   dy  I [JEE-Mains 2022]
0 0 2  1 2 
1 1  y2 
(a)
0
 2
 1  1  y dy (b)
0
 2
2
   1  y  1  dy

1 1  y2 
(c)
0
 2

 1  1  y dy (d)
0
 2
2
   1  y  1  dy

5   x
96. 0 cos    x      dx . Where [t] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to t, is equal to :
  2
[JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) −3 (b) −2 (c) 2 (d) 0
  
97. Let f : R  R be a differentiable function such that f    2 , f    0 , f '    1 and
4 2 2
 /4
 
g( x )   ( f '(t )sec t  tan t sec t f (t ))dt for x   ,  . Then lim g( x ) is equal to

x 4 2  
x  
2
[JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) –3
98. Let f : R  R be continuous function satisfying f(x) + f(x + k) = n, for all x  R where k > 0
4 nk 3k
and n is a positive integer. If I 1   f ( x )dx and I 2   f ( x)dx , then [JEE-Mains 2022]
0 k
(a) I1 + 2I2 = 4nk (b) I1 + 2I2 = 2nk (c) I1 + nI2 = 4n2k (d) I1 + nI2 = 6n2k
99. Let [t] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then, the value of the integral
1
2
 [ 8 x  6 x  1]dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2022]
0
5 17  13 17  16
(a) –1 (b)  (c) (d)
4 8 8

-8.50-
100. If m and n respectively are the number of local maximum and local minimum points of the
x t 2  5t  4 2
function f ( x )   dt , then the ordered pair (m, n) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2022]

0 2  et
(a) (3, 2) (b) (2, 3) (c) (2, 2) (d) (3, 4)

 t 1  1 
101. Let f be a differentiable function in  0,  . If  t 2 f (t )dt  sin 3 x  cos x then f '  is
2 cos x   3  3
equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
9 9 9
(a) 69 2 (b) 6  (c) 6 2 (d) 6
2 2 2
1 1
102. The integral  [ 1/ x ]
dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function is equal to
0 7
[JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 6 6
(b) 1  6 log e   (c) 7 6
(d) 1  7 log e  
1  6 log e   log e  
7 7 6 7
2 |x 3  x|
103. The value of the integral  x|x|
dx is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
2 ( e  1)
(a) 5e2 (b) 3e–2 (c) 4 (d) 6

48   3x2  sin x
104. The value of the integral 4 
 x3  2
dx is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2022]
 0 2  1  cos x
0
105. Let f(x) = max{|x + 1|, |x + 2|, ..., |x + 5|}. Then  f (x)dx is equal to _____________.
6
[JEE-Mains 2022]
2
 /2
cos nx
106. If bn   dx , n  N , then [JEE-Mains 2022]
0 sin x
(a) b3 – b2, b4 – b3, b5 – b4 are in an A.P. with common difference –2
1 1 1
(b) , , are in an A.P. with common difference 2
b 3  b2 b 4  b3 b 5  b 4
(c) b3 – b2, b4 – b3, b5 – b4 are in a G.P.

1 1 1
(d) , , are in an A.P. with common difference –2
b 3  b2 b 4  b3 b 5  b 4
 e cos x sin x
107. The value of  2 cos x
dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2022]
0 (1  cos x )( e  e cos x )
2 2  
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4 2
log 10 t
108. If f (  )   dt ,   0, then f(e3) + f(e–3) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
1 1t
9 9 9
(a) 9 (b) (c) (d)
2 log e (10) 2 log e (10)

-8.51-
 /2
1
109. The integral  dx is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2022]
0 3  2 sin x  cos x
 1  1
(a) tan–1(2) (b) tan 1 (2)  (c) tan 1 (2)  (d)
4 2 8 2
110. Let f be a twice differentiable function on R. If f(0)=4 and

x 2
f ( x )   ( x  t ) f '(t )dt  ( e 2 x  e 2 x )cos 2 x  x , then (2a + 1)5 a2 is equal to _________
0 a
[JEE-Mains 2022]
n
 x x2 x 3 xn 1 
111. Let an    1     ...   dx for n  N. Then the sum of all the elements of the
1  2 2 3 n 
set {n N: an (2, 30)} is ______ [JEE-Mains 2022]
112. Let [t] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then the value of the integral
101 [cos( 2 x )]
3 ([sin(x)]  e )dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2022]
52(1  e ) 52 52(2  e ) 104

(a) (b) (c) (d)
e e e e
113. For any real number x, let [x] denote the largest integer less than equal to x. Let f be a real
 x  [ x ], if ( x )is odd
valued function defined on the interval [–10, 10] by f ( x )   . Then
1  [ x ]  x , if ( x )is even
2 10
the value of  f ( x )cos xdx is : [JEE-Mains 2022]
10 10
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
cos x 2 3
 5 (1  cos x cos 3 x  cos x  cos x cos 3x )dx k 
114. If   , then k is equal to _____ [JEE-Mains 2023]
0 1  5 cos x 16
 
4
x
115. The value of the integral  4 dx is [JEE-Mains 2023]
 2  cos 2 x

4
2
 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 12 3 3 3 6 3
1 1
116. If  ( x 21  x14  x7 )(2x14  3x7  6)1/7 dx  (11)m/n where l, m, n N, m and n are coprime then l +
0 l
m + n is equal to ____. [JEE-Mains 2023]
 1 1 1 1 
117. lim     ...   is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
n 
1n 2n 3n 2n 
3 2
(a) 0 (b) loge2 (c) log e   (d) log e  
2 3

x 16  20 2
118. Let  > 0. If  dx  , then  is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
0 x  x 15
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 2 2

-8.52-
 /2
2(3  sin x )
119. The value of  dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
 /3 sin x(1  cos x )
7
(a)  3  log e 3 (b) 2  3 3  log e 3
2
10 10
(c)  3  log e 3 (d)  3  log e 3
3 3
x2 x 3 xn
120. Let   (0, 1) and  = loge(1 – ). Let Pn ( x )  x    ...  , x  (0,1). Then the integral
2 3 n

t 50
 is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
0 1t
(a)  – P50() (b) –( + P50()) (c) P50 () –  (d)  + P50()
2 2 2
3   1  2  1 
121. lim 4   2     2    ...   3    is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
n
n   n   n   n 
(a) 12 (b) (c) 0 (d) 19

48 x t 3
122. lim  dt is equal ……. [JEE-Mains 2023]
x 0
x4 0 t6  1
3( e  1)2 2 2 [ x ][ x ]
3
123. If [t denotes the greatest integer  1, then the value of x e dx is
e 1
[JEE-Mains 2023]
(a) e9 – e (b) e8 – e (c) e7 – 1 (d) e8 – 1

tan 1 x
2
124. The value of the integral  dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
1/2 x
1  
(a)  loge 2 (b) log e 2 (c) log e 2 (d) log e 2
2 4 2
2 t4  1
 
125. The value of the integral   6  dt is
1 t  1 
[JEE-Mains 2023]
1 1  1 
(a) tan 1  tan 1 8  (b) tan 1 2  tan 1 8 
2 3 3 3 3
1  1 1 
(c) tan 1 2  tan 1 8  (d) tan 1  tan 1 8 
3 3 2 3 3
126. Let [x] denote the greatest integer  x. Consider the function f(x) = max {x2, 1 + [x]}. Then
2
the value of the integral  f ( x )dx is [JEE-Mains 2023]
0
5 4 2 8 4 2 15 2 45 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
a b
127. Let f ( x)  x  2 sin x  2 cos x , x  R be a function which satisfies
 4  4
 /2
f ( x )  x   sin( x  y ) f ( y )dy . Then (a + b) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
0
(a) –( + 2) (b) –2( + 2) (c) –( –2) (d) –( –2)

-8.53-
3
m  n2 
128. If  |log e x|dx  log e   , where m and n are coprime natural numbers, then m2 + n2 – 5
1/3 n  e 
2
129. The minimum value of the function f ( x )   e|x  t|dt is [JEE-Mains 2023]
0
(a) 2(e –1) (b) 2e –1 (c) 2 (d) e(e –1)

3 3
4 48
130.  dx is equal to [JEE-Mains 2023]
3 2 9  4x 2
4
  
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
3 2 6
3
131. Then value of 12 |x 2  3x  2|dx is……. [JEE-Mains 2023]
0
8 /2 (cos x )2023

132. The value of  dx is _______. [JEE-Mains 2023]
 0 (sin x )2023  (cos x )2023
1
1 x
1. The value of the integral  dx is [IIT Sc. 2004]
0 1 x
 
(a) +1 (b) –1 (c) –1 (d) 1
2 2
x
2. If g(x) =  cos4 t dt , then g(x + ) equals [IIT Sc. 1997]
0
g ( x)
(a) g(x) + g() (b) g(x) – g() (c) g(x) g() (d)
g ()
3. Let f be a positive function. Let

k k
I1 =  x f [ x (1  x)] dx and I2 =  f [ x(1  x)] dx ,
1 k 1 k
I
where 2k – 1 > 0. Then 1 is [IIT Sc. 1997]
I2
1
(a) 2 (b) k (c) (d) 1
2
3 / 4
1
4.  1  cos x dx is equal to [IIT Sc. 1999]
/ 4
1 1
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) (d) –
2 2
x
5. Let f (x) =  2  t 2 dt . Then real roots of the equation x2 – f (x) = 0 are [IIT Sc. 1997]
1
1 1
(a) ±1 (b) ± (c) ± (d) 0 and 1
2 2

-8.54-
x 1
6. If  f (t ) dt  x   t f (t ) dt , then the value of f (1) is [IIT Sc. 1998]
0 x
1 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) –
2 2
x
7. Let f : (0, )  R and F(x) =  f (t ) dt . If F(x2) = x2(1 + x), then f (4) equals [IIT Sc. 2001]
0
5
(a) (b) 7 (c) 4 (d) 2
4
x
1 1
8. Let g(x) =  f (t ) dt , where f is such that  f (t)  1 for t  [0, 1] and 0  f (t) 
0 2 2
for t  (1, 2]. Then g(2) satisfies the inequality, [IIT Sc. 2000]
3 1 3 5
(a)   g(2) < (b) 0  g(2) < 2 (c) < g(2)  (d) none of these
2 2 2 2
/2
1
9. The value of  dx is [IIT Sc. 1993]
0 1  tan 3 x
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 4

cos 2 x
10. The value of  x
dx , a > 0, is [IIT Sc. 2001]
 1  a

(a)  (b) a (c) (d) 2
2
1/ 2
  1 x 

11. The integral   [ x]  ln  1  x   dx equals ([·] denotes greatest integer function) [IIT Sc. 2002]
1/ 2   
1 1
(a)  (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2ln  
2 2
ecos x sin x, for | x |  2 3
12. If f (x) =  , then  f ( x) dx = [IIT Sc. 2000]
 2 otherwise 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
13. Let T > 0 be a fixed real number. Suppose f is a continuous function such that for all
T 3  3T
x  R, f (x + T) = f (x). If I =  f ( x ) dx then the value of  f (2 x) dx is [IIT Sc. 2002]
0 3
3
(a) I (b) 2I (c) 3I (d) 6I
2
e2
log e x
14. The value of the integral  dx is [IIT Sc. 2000]
e x 1
3 5
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 5
2 2
15. If for a real number y, [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y, then the value of the integral
3/ 2
 [2sin x]dx is [IIT Sc. 1999]

/ 2
 
(a) – (b) 0 (c)  (d)
2 2

-8.55-
1
16. If I(m, n) =  t m (1  t ) n dt , then the expression for I(m, n) in terms of I(m + 1, n – 1) is [IIT Sc. 2003]
0
n
2 n n
(a)  I(m + 1, n – 1) (b) I(m + 1, n – 1)
( m  1) ( m  1) ( m  1)
2n n m
(c)  I(m + 1, n – 1) (d) I(m + 1, n – 1)
( m  1) ( m  1) (n  1)
x 2 1
2
17. If f (x) =  e  t dt , then f (x) increases in [IIT Sc. 2003]
2
x
(a) (2, 2) (b) no value of x (c) (0, ) (d) (–, 0)
18. Let f (x) = x – [x] for every real number x, where [·] denotes the greatest integer function. Then
1
 f ( x) dx is [IIT Sc. 1998]

1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1/2
COMPREHENSION – I (Q.19-21) [IIT 2006]

b
ba
Suppose we define the definite integral using the formula  f ( x ) dx   f (b)  f (a)  for more
a 2
b
ca bc ab
accurate level c  ( a, b)  f ( x) dx   f (c )  f ( a )    f (b)  f (c) , when c  ,
a 2 2 2
c b
ba
then  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f (b)  f (a)  2 f (c) 
a c 4
/ 2
19. The value of  sin x dx is [IIT 2006]
0
   
(a)
8

1 2  (b)
8
2 (c)
4 2
(d)
4

1 2 
t
(t  a )
 f ( x)  2
[ f (t )  f ( a )]
a
20. Lim = 0, then at most degree of f(x) is [IIT 2006]
ta (t  a ) 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
x2
2
 cos t dt
0
21. lim is equal to [IIT Sc. 1997]
x0 x sin x
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –2

sin nx
22. If I n   dx, n  0,1, 2, , then [IIT 2009]
 (1   x )sin x
10 10
(a) In = In+2 (b) 
m 1
I 2 m 1  10  (c) 
m 1
I 2m  0 (d) In = In+1
23. Let f : R  R be a continuous function which satisfies f ( x)   f (t ) dt. [IIT 2009]

0
Then the value of f (ln 5) is

-8.56-
24. Match the integrals in Column I with the values in Column II and indicate your answer by
darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS. [IIT 2007 (P-I)]
Column-I Column-II
1
dx 1 2
A  1  x2 (p) log  
1 2 3
1
dx 2
B  (q) 2 log  
0 1  x2 3
3
dx 
C  1  x2 (r)
2 3
2
dx 
D  (s)
2
1 x x 1 2
x
25. Let f be a real valued function defined on the interval (0, ) by f ( x)  ln x   1  sin t dt . Then
0
which of the following statement (s) is (are) true? [IIT 2010]
(a) f (x) exists for all x  (0, )
(b) f (x) exists for all x  (0, ) and f is continuous on (0, ) but not differentiable on (0, )
(c) there exists  > 1 such that | f(x) | < | f(x) | for all x  (, )
(d) there exists  > 0 such that | f(x) | + | f(x) |   for all x  (0, )
x
1 t ln (1  t )
26. The value of lim  dt is [IIT 2010]
x 0 x3 t4  4
0
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
12 24 64
1
x 4 (1  x ) 4
27. The value (s) of  dx is (are) [IIT 2010]
0
1  x2
22 2 71 3
(a)  (b) (c) 0 (d) 
7 105 15 2
x
28. Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval (–1, 1) such that e x f ( x )  2   t 4  1 dt ,
0
for all x  (–1, 1) and let f–1 be the inverse function of f. Then (f–1) (2) is equal to [IIT 2010]
(a) 1 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/e
29. For any real number x, let [ x ] denote the largest integer less than or equal to x. Let f be a real
 x  [ x] if [ x ]is odd
valued function defined on the interval [–10, 10] by f ( x)  
1  [ x]  x if [ x]is even
10
2
The the value of  f ( x) cos x dx is [IIT 2010]
10 10

-8.57-
ln 3
x sin x 2
30. The value of  dx is [IIT 2011]
ln 2
sin x  sin(ln 6  x 2 )
2
1 3 1 3 3 1 3
(a) ln (b) ln (c) ln (d) ln
4 2 2 2 2 6 2
/ 2
 2 x
31. The value of the integral   x  ln  cos x dx is [IIT 2012]
 / 2   x
2 2 2
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d)
2 2 2
Paragraph for Question 32 to 32 [IIT 2013]

x
 2  t  1 
Let f(x) = (1 – x)2 sin2x + x2 for all x IR and let g(x) =    ln t  f (t ) dt for all x  (1, ) .
1  t 1 
1 
32. Let f :  ,1   (the set of all real numbers) be a positive, non-constant and differentiable
2 
1
1
function such that f ´(x) < 2f (x) and f    1 . Then the value of  f ( x ) dx lies in the interval
2 1/2
 e 1   e 1 
(a) (2e – 1, 2e) (b) (e – 1, 2e – 1) (c)  , e  1 (d)  0, 
 2   2 
33. Let f : [a, b]  [1, ] be a continuous function and let g: R  R be defined as


 0 if xa

 x
g(x)  f (t ) dt if a  x  b . Then [JEE-Advanced 2014]
 a
 b
 f (t )dt if xb
 a
(a) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at a
(b) g (x) is differentiable on R
(c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at b
(d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b but not both
 1
x t   dt
Let f : (0, )  R be given by f (x) =  1 e
 t
34. . Then [JEE-Advanced 2014]
x t
(a) f (x) is monotonically increasing on [1, ] (b) f (x) is monotonically decreasing on (0, 1)
1
(c) f (x) + f   = 0, for all x  (0, ) (d) f (2x) is an odd function of x on R
 x 
 d 2 
4 x3  2 (1 x2 )5  dx
1
35. The value of  0  dx 
[JEE-Advanced 2014]

-8.58-
36. Let f : [0, 2]  R be a function which is continuous on [0, 2] and is differentiable on (0, 2) with
x2
f(0) = 1. Let F ( x)   f( t ) dt for x  (0, 2), then F(2) equals [JEE-Advanced 2014]
0
(a) e2 – 1 (b) e4 – 1 (c) e – 1 (d) e4


2
37. The following integral  (2cosec x)17 dx is equal to [JEE-Advanced 2014]

4
log(1 2 ) log(1 2 )
(a)  2(eu  eu )16 du (b)  (eu  eu )17 du
0 0
log(1 2 ) log(1 2 )
(c)  (eu  eu )17 du (d)  2(eu  eu )16 du
0 0
Paragraph For Questions 38 and 39

1 h
a
Given that for each a  (0, 1), lim t (1  t ) a 1 dt exists. Let this limit be g(a). In addition, it is
h 0
h
given that the function g(a) is differentiable on (0, 1). [JEE-Advanced 2014]
1
38. The value of g   is
2
 
(a)  (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 4
1
39. The value of g    is
2
 
(a) (b)  (c)  (d) 0
2 2
40. P. The number of polynomials f(x) with non-negative integer coefficients 1. 8

1
of degree  2, satisfying f(0) = 0 and  f ( x) dx  1 , is
0
Q. The number of points in the interval   13, 13  at which 2. 2
f(x) = sin (x2) + cos(x2) attains its maximum value, is

2 3x 2
R.  dx equals 3. 4
2 (1  e x )
 12 1 x  
  1 cos 2 x log   dx 
 2 1 x  
S. equals 4. 0
 12 1 x  
 0 cos 2 x log   dx 
 1 x  
(a) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 (b) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1
(c) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2 (d) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4 [JEE-Advanced 2014]

-8.59-
1
 12  9 x 2 
41. If     e9 x 3tan1    dx where tan–1 x takes only principal values, then the value of
0  1  x2 
 3 
 log e |1   |   is [JEE-Advanced 2015]
 4 
1
42. Let f :    be a continuous odd function, which vanishes exactly at one point and f (1)  .
2
x x
Suppose that F ( x)   f (t ) dt for all x  [1, 2] and G ( x )   t | f ( f (t )) | dt for all x  [1, 2] . If

1 1
F ( x) 1 1
lim  , then the value of f   is [JEE-Advanced 2015]
x 1 G ( x ) 14 2
  
43. Let f ( x )  7 tan 8 x  7 tan 6 x  3 tan 4 x  3 tan 2 x for all x    ,  . Then the correct
 2 2
expression(s) is(are) [JEE-Advanced 2015]

 /4 / 4 / 4  /4
1 1
(a)  xf ( x) dx  (b)  f ( x)dx  0 (c)  xf ( x )dx  (d)  f ( x)dx  1
0 12 0 0 6 0
1
192 x3 1
44. Let f ´( x)  for all x   with f    0 . If m   f ( x)dx  M , then the possible
2  sin 4 x 2 1/ 2
values of m and M are [JEE-Advanced 2015]

1 1
(a) m = 13, M = 24 (b) m  ,M  (c) m   11, M  0 (d) m  1, M  12
4 2
45. The option(s) with the values of a and L that satisfy the following equation is(are)
4
t 6
 e (sin at  cos4 at )dt
0

 L? [JEE-Advanced 2015]
t 6 4
 e (sin at  cos at )dt
0
e4  1 e4  1
(a) a  2, L  (b) a  2, L 
e  1 e  1
e4  1 e4  1
(c) a  4, L   (d) a  4, L  
e 1 e 1
x
t2
46. The total number of distinct x  [0, 1] for which 0 1  t 4 dt  2 x  1 is. [JEE-Advanced 2016]
x
2
x 2 cos x
47. The value of  dx is equal to [JEE-Advanced 2016]
 1  ex

2
 
2 2
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 e2 (d) 2  e2
4 4

-8.60-
x
 n  n  n  n
 n  x  n   x   ... x   
  2  n 
48. Let f ( x)  lim  2 2 
, for all x > 0. Then [JEE-Advanced 2016]
 n ! x 2  n 2   x 2  n  ... x 2  n  
n 
    
 4   n 2  
1 1 2 f ´ 3 f ´(2)
(a) f    f (1) (b) f   f   (c) f ´ 2   0 (d) 
2  3 3 f (3) f (2)
98 k 1 k 1
49. If I   k 1  dx , then [JEE-Advanced 2017]
k x( x  1)
49 49
(a) I (b) I  log e 99 (c) I (d) I  log e 99
50 50
sin( 2 x )
50. If g( x )   sin 1 (t )dt , then [JEE-Advanced 2017]
sin x
     
(a) g´   2 (b) g´    2 (c) g´    2  (d) g´   2 
2  2  2 2
x
51. Let f :[0, 8)R be a continuous function such that f(x) = 1 – 2x +  e x t f (t )dt for all
0
x  [0, ). Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2018]
(a) The curve y =f (x) passes through the point (1, 2)
(b) The curve y =f(x) passes through the point (2, –1)
2
(c) The area of the region {(x, y)[0, 1] × R : f(x)  y  1  x 2 } is
4
1
(d) The area of the region {(x, y)[0, 1] × R : f(x)  y  1  x 2 } is
4
1/2
1 3
52. The value of the integral  dx is ........ [JEE-Advanced 2018]
0 (( x  1)2 (1  x )6 )1/4
 /4
2 dx
53. If I   sin x
, then 27 I2 equals...... [JEE-Advanced 2019]
 /4 (1  e )(2  cos 2 x )
54. Let f : R  R be given by f (x) = (x – 1) (x –2) (x – 5). Define F( x )   f (t )dt , x  0 . Then which of
0
the following options is/are correct? [JEE-Advanced 2019]

(a) F(x)  0 for all x (0, 5)
(b) F has a local minimum at x = 1
(c) F has a local maximum at x = 2
(d) F has two local maxima and one local minimum in (0, )
/2
3 cos 
55. The value of the integral ( d equals .................. [JEE-Advanced 2019]
0 cos   sin  )5

-8.61-
56. Which of the following inequalities is/are TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2020]
1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 2
(a) 0 x cos x dx  (b) 0 x sin x dx  (c) 0 x cos x dx  (d) 0 x 2 sin x dx 
8 10 2 9
57. Let :ℝ→ℝ be a differentiable function such that its derivative ′ is continuous and ( )=−6.
x 
If :[0, ]→ℝ is defined by F ( x)   ( f (t ) dt , and if  ( f '( x)  F ( x))cos x dx  2 , then the value
0 0
of (0) is _____ [JEE-Advanced 2019]


  
58. Let f :   ,   R be a continuous function such that f(0) = 1 and 3
f (t )dt  0
 2 2 0
Then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2021]

 
(a) The equation f (x) – 3 cos 3x = 0 has at least one solution in  0, 
 3
  
(b) The equation f (x) – 3 sin 3x = has at least one solution in  0, 
6  3
x
x  f (t )dt
0
(c) lim 2
 1
x0
1  ex
x
sin x  f (t )dt
0
(d) lim  1
x0 x2
Question Stem for Questions Nos. 59 and 60
Question Stem [JEE-Advanced 2021]
  3    3 
Let g i :  ,   R , i  1, 2, and f :  ,   R be functions such that
8 8  8 8 
  3 
g1(x) = 1, g2(x) = |4x –  | and f(x) = sin2x, for all x   , 
8 8 
3
8
Define Si   f ( x).g (x )dx , i = 1, 2

i
16S1
59. The value of is _____.

48S 2
60. The value of is _____.
2
Paragraph [JEE-Advanced 2021]
Let  1 : [0, ) R,  2 : [0, ) R, f : [0, )  R and g : [0, )  R be functions such that
f (0) = g(0) = 0,
 1 (x) = e–x + x, x  0,
 2(x) = x2 – 2x – 2e–x + 2, x  0,
x 2
f ( x )   (|t|t 2 )et dt , x  0 and
x
x2
g(x)   t e t dt , x  0
0

-8.62-
61. Which of the following statements is TRUE ?

1
(a) f ( ln 3)  g( ln 3) 
3
(b) For every x > 1, there exists an   (1, x) such that  1(x) = 1 + x
(c) For every x > 0, there exists a   (0, x) such that 2(x) = 2x( 1() –1)
 3
(d) f is an increasing function on the interval 0, 
 2
62. Which of the following statements is TRUE ?
(a)  1(x)  1, for all x > 0
(b)  2(x)  0, for all x > 0
2 2 3 2 5  1
(c) f ( x)  1  e x  x  x , for all x   0, 
3 5  2
2 3 2 5 1 7  1
(d) g( x )  x  x  x , for all x   0, 
3 5 7  2
63. For any real number x, let [x] denote the largest integer less than or equal to x. If
10
 10 x 
I  dx , then the value of 9I is ____. [JEE-Advanced 2021]
0 
x1
e (log e x )1/2
64. Consider the equation  3/2 2
dx  1, a  (  ,0)  (1, )
1 x( a  (log x )
e
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE ? [JEE-Advanced 2022]

(a) No a satisfies the above equation
(b) An integer a satisfies the above equation
(c) An irrational number a satisfies the above equation
(d) More than one a satisfy the above equation
2 log 2 9
65. The greatest integer less than or equal to  log 2 ( x 3  1)dx   (2 x  1)1/3 dx is______.
1 1
[JEE-Advanced 2022]
66. For positive integer n, define,

16  5n  3n 2 32  n  3n 2 48  3n  3n 2 25n  7 n 2
f ( n)  n     ...  . Then, the value of
4 n  3n 2 8n  3n 2 12 n  3n2 7n2
lim f (n) is equal to [JEE-Advanced 2022]
n
4 3 7  4 7 3
(a) 3 log e 7 (b) 4  log e   (c) 4  log e   (d) 3  log e 7
3 4 3 3  3 4

-8.63-
CHAPTER TEST
x 2
 d2 y 
1. If y =  log (1  t ) dt , then value of  2  equals
0  dx x 0
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1/4 (d) 4

 /3

2. The value of  cosec xd (sin x) for 0 < x < is
/ 4
2
1  sin1/ 2 
(a) ln 2 (b)  ln 2 (c) ln   (d) none of these
2  sin1 / 2 
 
3. If  f (cos x ) dx   , then  f (cos x ) dx is equal to
0 0
1
(a)  (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) none of these
2
4. If a, b, c be nonzero real numbers such that

1 2
8 2 8 2
 (1  cos x )( ax  bx  c )dx   (1  cos x )( ax  bx  c )dx
0 0
then the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has

(a) no root in (0, 2) (b) at least one root in (1, 2)
(c) at least one root in (0, 1) (d) two imaginary roots
 /2
5. The value of  ( p sin 3 x  q sin 4 x  p sin 5 x ) dx : depends on
  /2
(a) p (b) q (c) p and q (d) none of these
x
3t
6. Let f (x) =  1 t 2
dt , where x > 0, then
1
(a) for 0 <  < , f () < f () (b) for 0 <  < , f () > f ()
 
(c) f ( x)   tan 1 x, x  1 (d) f ( x)   tan 1 x, x  1
4 4

-8.64-
b a b
7. If  | sin x | dx  8 and 
0 0
| cos x | dx  9 , then
9 a b
2
(a) a + b =
2
(b) |a – b| = 4 (c)
b
 15 (d)  sec
a
xdx  0
1
2 x2  3x  3
8. The value of  dx
0
( x  1)( x 2  2 x  2)
  1
(a)  2log 2  tan 1 2 (b)  2 log 2  tan 1
4 4 3
 1
(c) 2 log 2 – cot–13 (d)   log 4  cot 2
4
1
dx
9. If In =  (1  x )2 n
, where n  N, which of the following statements holds good?
0
 1
(a) 2n In + 1 = 2–n + (2n –1)In (b) I2 = 
8 4
 1 3 1
(c) I2 =  (d) I3 = 
8 4 32 4
  
x u
10. f (t ) dt du is equal to
0 0
x x x x
(a)  0
( x  u) f (u )du (b)  0
uf ( x  u )du (c) x 
0
f (u)du 
(d) x uf (u  x)du
0

ONE is correct.
Let f be a function of x defined in the closed interval [a, b] and f be another function such that
b
f  (x) = f (x)  x  [a, b], then  f ( x )dx |( x )  c|ba  ( b )  ( a) is called the definite integral of
a
the function f (x) over [a, b]. Methods used in indefinite integrals will be helpful in evaluating
Definite Integrals.
 /2
1
11.  sin 2 x.tan (sin x ) dx is equal to
0

(a)  – 1 (b)  – 2 (c) –1 (d) none of these
2
/2
1  2 cos x
12.  (2  cos x )2 dx is equal to
0
(a) 1/3 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 0


x
13.  1  cos 2 x dx is equal to
0
2 2 2
2 2 2 4

-8.65-

14. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the list
/4
n n 2 n( n  1) (4n  1)
A.  (tan x  tan x ) dx (p)
6
0
n
 [x ] dx 1
0
B. n (q)
n
 {x} dx
0
n2
C.  [ x ] dx (r) n–1
0
 /2
1  n cos x 3
D.  ( n  cos x )2 dx (s)
n1
0

ORS.
15. If P(x) is a polynomial of the least degree that has a maximum equal to 6 at x = 1, and minimum
8 1
equal to 2 at x = 3, then
19 0
P( x) dx equals. 
ex f (a) f ( a) I2
16. If f (x) =
1  ex
, I1   f (a)
xg ( x(1  x)) dx and I 2   f (  a)
f ( x(1  x))dx, then value of
I1
is..
1 1
17. If  cot 1 (1  x  x 2 )dx   tan 1 xdx, then /2 is equal to .....

0 0
1 dt 1
18. If f (x) =  , then 2. f   ´ is equal to ......
0 1 |xt| 2
x 1
19. If  0
f (t )dt  x   tf (t)dt, then the value of 2f (1) .....
x
1    x  
20. The value of 
2
 x 1  cos   t  dx, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function is ....
   2  
2
21.  sin100 x cos99 xdx 
0
1     1 
22. If  t 2 f (t ) dt  1  cos xx   0,  , then the value of  f   , where [.] denotes greatest
cos x  2   3 
integer function, is ......

-8.66-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c)
16. (a,b) 17. (a,b) 18. (a,c,d) 19. (a,d) 20. (b,c)
21. (b,c,d) 22. (a,b,d) 23. (a,b,c) 24. (a,c) 25. (a,d)
26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. A-(r); B-(r); C-(p); D-(q) 33. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s)
34. (4) 35. (3) 36. (1) 37. (0) 38. (0)
39. (1) 40. () 41. (0) 42. (2) 43. (0)
365 3 1
44. 2 2 45.  46. –2 3 
105 2 2
5 1
47. 1, – log 2 48. a = 1, 2, 3 or 4 49. –1
12 2
 25  1 1
50. I= e  1  log    2[2  tan 2  e  1  tan ( e  1)]
 e e 1 
e2  1
53. 9–a 3  a  –1/2 54. 57. (i) 1/2 ; (ii) 1 + e
2e
58. (–, –2)  (–1, 0)  (1, ) 59. 2n + 1 – cos 
1  9
60. 62. 63. 0 64. 5
2 4 4log e 2
65. – 66. –n

1. (a): Put x = a sin .
 dx = a cos  d .
2. (c): Put x = tan 

dx = sec2  d
   
3. (a): Put cos x = sin   x  and sin x = cos   x 
2  2 
[(sin–1(cos x) + cos–1(sin x))] = [ – 2x]
d r
4. (d): Nr = Dr + N , now compare like terms on both sides
dx

5. (c): [3 tan x] = 0 0<x<
6

-8.67-
  2 
[3 tan x] = 1  x  tan 1  
6  3
 2  
[3 tan x] = 2 tan 1   x 3
 3
  
cos2 x cos2 x (cos(  x))2
6. (c):  x dx  dx 
0 1  a x 0 1  a  x dx
 1  a
7. (a): Using L. Hospital Rule:

x
 f (t )dt f ( x)
lim 0 = lim = lim f ( x ) = f (0) = 0
x 0 x x 0 1 x0
8. (c): Using Leibnitz’s rule

cos x
(x) =
x
clearly (x) = 0
when cos x = 0

so x = (2 k  1) . k = 0, 1, 2, ......
2
9. (a): Use graph of ln x.

a a
10. (d): Use property:  f ( a  x) dx   f ( x)dx
0 0
x2
11. (d): lim

 0
sin t
= lim
(2 x )sin | x |
x 0 x3 x 0 3x2
 2  sin | x |
= lim  
x 0 3
  x
2 sin | x |  sin | x | 
= lim  lim does not exist 
3 x 0 x  x 0 x 
a
12. (a):  sin xdx = – cos a = sin 2a
/ 2
 a = /2

13. (a): When 0 < x < , x – [x] = x
4
/ 4  /4
 tan n  2 x (1  tan 2 x) d ( x  [ x])   tan n  2 x.sec 2 xdx
0 0
b b
14. (c): Use property  f ( x )dx   f ( a  b  x) dx
a a
2
21
3 3  20  21
3 3 3
15. (c):  [ x] dx  1  2  3  ....  20 =  
0
 2 

-8.68-
1
16. (a,b): f (x) = ex + kex when k =  f (t )dt
0
1
t
 k=  (e  ket )dt
0
x et
17. (a,b): f '( x)   dt  0 [ x  [1, )]
1 t
1 2 x 2  3x  3 1 dx 1 1
18. (a,c,d): 0 ( x  1)( x2  2 x  2) dx = 20 ( x  1)  0 ( x 2  2 x  2) dx
/ 2
19. (a,d): An + 1 – An =  2cos 2nxdx  0  An + 1 = An
0
/ 2 sin(2n  1) x
Bn + 1 – Bn =  = An + 1
0 sin x
 1  x2 1 x
2
20. (b,c):  dx  dx 
0 1  x4 0 1  x4 dx
0 1  x4
/ 4
21. (b,c,d): In + In –2 =  tan n 2 x sec2 x dx
0
1 x
22. (a,b,d): f (x) =  (1  t )dt   (t  1)dt ,1  x  2
0 1
x
and f (x) =  (1  t ) dt , 0  x  1
0
b f ( x) ba
23. (a,b,c):  dx 
a f ( x)  f ( a  b  x) 2
2
x
24. (a,c): f (x) = e x
2
x
f '( x)  ex .(2 x  1)  0
– +
1/2
1 1
x2  x
1
f(x)  f    e dx   e 1/ 4 dx
2 0 0
x  (0, 1), f (x) < f (1)
25. (a,d): f (x) is periodic with period .

x
26. (b): If f (x) is odd then  f (t ) is even.
a
x
27. (d): If f (x) is even then  a
f ( x) dx will be odd if f (a – x) = –f(x).
28. (d): g(x) is periodic with period 2.

1
1  x2 1 x2 
29. (c):  x log xdx   log x.   . dx 
0
 2 x 2 0
dt
30. (a): Put x2 = t  xdx =
2

-8.69-
x2
31. (c): lim

 0
sin x
dx 
2
lim
sin x 2

 3
x 0 x 3 x 0 x 3
32. A-(r); B-(r); C-(p); D-(q):

 /2 
0 log sin xdx   2 log 2
33. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s):
y = 2 sin x
y=1
y = 1–cos x
2tan–1(2)
A. Use the graph.
2 / 2 
B. 2  | x cos x | dx  2   x cos xdx   x cos xdx 
0  0 / 2 
n n n 2 
C. lim  2  2  2  ....  2
x   n n 1 n  4 2 n  2n  1 
n 1
n 1 1 1
= lim
x
 2
n r 2
 lim
x  n
r 1 1  (r / n)
2 

1  x2
dx
0
D. Use graph of given functions.

34. (4): Put x = a sin .
b b
35. (3):   f ( x) dx   f ( a  b  x) dx
a a
x2 x2
 cos t 2 dt  cos t 2 dt
0 0
36. (1): lim  lim
x 0 x sin x x 0 x2
sin 2 x
37. (0): is an odd function.
1  cos3 x
38. (0): x2sin–1x is an odd function.
a a
39. (1): Use  f ( x) dx   t (a  a  x)dx
a a
2
1 / 2 cos xdx 1 / 2
 (1  sin x )dx
  /2 (1  sin x )  / 2
40. ():
3
41. (0):  f ( x ) dx  2  1  0  1  2  0
2
1 1 1
42. (2): 
1

[ x[1  sin x ]  1]dx  [ x[sin x]  x]dx  1dx = I1 + 2
1

1
I1 = 0 as integrand becomes zero when we break the limits of integration from –1 to 0 and 0 to 1
respectively.
43. (0): Here, when 0 < x < 
then e5x + 2 > [x + 1]

-8.70-
[ x  1]
so 0  1
e5 x 1

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a,c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (d)
36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (d)
46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (1.50) 49. (a) 50. (d)
51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (21) 55. (d)
56. (d) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (3)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (16) 64. (c) 65. (c)
66. (1) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (1) 70. (512)
71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (b) 74. (4) 75. (5)
76. (d) 77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (a) 80. (c)
81. (b) 82. (b) 83. (b) 84. (b) 85. (5)
86. (b) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (d)
91. (a) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (d) 95. (c)
96. (d) 97. (b) 98. (c) 99. (c) 100. (b)
101. (b) 102. (a) 103. (d) 104. (6) 105. (21)
106. (d) 107. (c) 108. (d) 109. (b) 110. (8)
111. (5) 112. (b) 113. (a) 114. (13) 115. (d)
116. (63) 117. (b) 118. (a) 119. (c) 120. (b)
121. (d) 122. (12) 123. (b) 124. (d) 125. (c)
126. (a) 127. (b) 128. (20) 129. (a) 130. (d)
131. (22) 132. (2)

-8.71-
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (a,b,c) 23. (0) 24. A-(s), B-(s), C-(p), D-(r)
25. (b,c) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (4)
30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (a,c) 34. (a,c,d)
35. (2) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (d)
40. (d) 41. (9) 42. (7) 43. (a,b) 44. (d)
45. (a,c) 46. (1) 47. (a) 48. (b,c) 49. (c,d)
50. (a,c) 51. (b,c) 52. (2) 53. (4.00) 54. (a,b,c)
55. (0.50) 56. (a,b,d) 57. (4.00) 58. (a,b,c) 59. (2.00)
60. (1.50) 61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (182) 64. (c,d)
65. (5) 66. (b)
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (a,d) 7. (a,b,d) 8. (a,c,d) 9. (a,b,d) 10. (a,b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. A-(s); B-(r); C-(p); D-(q)
15. (2) 16. (2) 17. (1) 18. (0) 19. (1)
20. (2) 21. (0) 22. (3)

-8.72-
9
AREAS
9.1. DEFINITION
Let f(x) be a continuous non-negative function in the interval [a, b]. The area of the region bounded
by the graph of y = f(x), the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given by
b
 f ( x) dx
a
9.2. FORMULAE FOR FINDING THE AREA UNDER BY CURVES
9.2.1. Area ABCDA bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and two ordinates x = a and x = b is given by
b
 ydx, if y  0 for x  [ a, b]
b 
 | y | dx   a
b
a 

 ydx, if y  0 for x [a , b]

 a
y = f(x) C
B A D
x’ x
x= a x= b
x= a y = f(x)
x= b
C
B
x’ A D x
If however y i.e., f(x) changes sign in interval [a, b], say y  0 in [a, c], y  0 in [c, d] and y  0 in
[d, b], where a < c < d < b, then area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the lines x = a and
x=b
b c d b
  
 | y | dx  ydx  ydx  ydx 
a a c d
= A1 – A2 + A3 , where A1, A2 and A3 are algebraic areas.
y = f(x)
x= a A1 A3 x= b
a c x d b x
x’
A2

-9.1 -
AICE (IIT-JEE) Areas
Sample Problem-1:
Find the area of smaller portion of the circle x2 + y2 = 4 cut off by the line x = 1.
Solution:
Equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = 4 and equation of the line is x = 1.
2 2 y

Required area = area ABCA  2 ydx  2  4  x 2 dx A
1 1 x2 + y 2 = 4
2
 x 22  x 2 22 O
x
x
C
 2  sin 1  x=1 x=2
 2 2 2
 1
B
 3  1   4  3 3
 0  2sin 1 (1)  2   2sin 1    = sq. units
 2  2   3
Sample Problem-2:
Find area bounded by y = 4 – x2, x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 2.
y
2 2
Solution: Area =  y dx =  (4  x 2 ) dx 4
0 0
2
 x3  8 16
=  4x   = 8 –  .
 3 0 3 3 O 2 x
Sample Problem-3:
Find the area bounded by the curve y2 = 2y – x and the y-axis.
y
Solution: Curve is y2 – 2y = –x B
A
or (y – 1)2 = –(x – 1). It is a parabola with
O x
vertex at (1, 1) and the curve passes through the origin.
At B, x = 0  y = 2
2
2 2
 y3  4
Area =  x dy =  (2 y  y 2 ) dy =  y 2    .
0 0  3 0 3
Sample Problem-4:
Find the area of the region {(x, y) : x2  y  x}
y
Solution: Consider the functions y = x2 and y = x. A (1, 1)
Solving them, we get x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1

x
x2  y  area is above the curve y = x2. O M

-9.2 -
Areas AICE (IIT-JEE)
y  x  area is below the line y = x.

1
1
2  x2 x3  1
Area =  ( x  x ) dx =     .
0  2 3 0 6
Sample Problem-5:
Find the area of the region {(x, y) : y2  4x, 4x2 + 4y2  9}.
y
Solution: Curves are y2 = 4x which is a parabola and A
9
4x2 + 4y2 = 9 or x2 + y2 = which is a circle. x
4 O C
At points of intersection, 4x2 + 16x – 9 = 0 B
1 9
  (2x – 1) (2x + 9) = 0 or x = ,
2 2
1 
Hence at A, coordinates are  , 2 
2 
Using symmetry, required area
 1/2 3/2
9 2

= 2   ( 4x ) dx   4  x dx 
 0 1/2 
3/2
 9 
x  x2
 2 
1/2
 2  9
=  (2)2 ( x 3/2 )  + 2 4  sin 1  x  
 3 0  2 8  3 
 
  1/2
2 9  9 1
=   sin 1 .
6 4 2 4 3
Sample Problem-6:

Find the area of the region enclosed by y = sinx, y = cosx and x-axis, 0  x  .
2
Solution: At point of intersection P,


x= as ordinates of y = sin x and y = cos x are equal.
4
y
 1 
Hence, P is  , .
4 2 P
 /4  /2
Required area =  sin x dx +  cos x dx x
0  /4 O L /2
 /4  /2
=   cos x 0 +  sin x /4
 1   1 
=   1 +  1  
 2   2
=2– 2.

-9.3 -
Sample Problem-7:
The area bounded by the continuous curve y = f (x), (lying above the x-axis), x-axis and the
ordinates x = 1 and x = b is (b – 1) sin (3b + 4). Find f(x).
b
Solution:  f ( x ) dx = (b – 1) sin (3b + 4)
1
Apply Leibnitz Rule : differentiate both sides w.r.t. “b”,
f (b) = sin(3b + 4) + 3(b – 1) cos (3b + 4).
 f (x) = sin (3x + 4) + 3(x – 1) cos (3x + 4)
Sample Problem-8:
A tangent is drawn to x2 + 2x – 4ky + 3 = 0 at a point whose abscissa is 3. The tangent is

perpendicular to x + 3 = 2y. Find the area bounded by the curve, this tangent, x-axis and line
x = –1.
Solution: x2 + 2x – 4ky + 3 = 0;
dy x  1
=
dx 2k
Tangent is perpendicular to x + 3 = 2y.

x11
   = –1 at x = 3
2k  2 
or 1/k = –1 implies k = – 1
 Curve becomes (x + 1)2 = – 4(y + 1/2) which is a parabola with vertex at V (–1, –1/2)
Coordinates of P are (3, –9/2)
Equation of tangent at P is y + 9/2 = – 2(x – 3)
B is (3/4, 0), C is (3, 0)
Required Area = Area (ABCPV) – Area of triangle BPC.

3
x2  2x  3 1
=  dx  ( BC )(CP )
1 4 2
3
1  x3 2  1 39
=   x  3x    3    
4  3  1 2 42
1 1  81 109
=  27   (1  3)    .
4 3  16 48

-9.4 -
Sample Problem-9:
Let An be the area bounded by the curve y = (tan x)n : n  N and the lines x = 0, y = 0 and
 1 1 1
x = . Prove that for n > 2, An + An–2 = and deduce  An  .
4 n –1 2n  2 2n – 2
/4
Solution: An =  tan n x dx :n >2
0
 /4
=  tan n –2 x (sec 2 x – 1) dx
0
/4
 tan n–1 x 
or An =   – An–2
 n–1 0
1
 An + An–2 = ...(i)
n–1

tann x  tann–2 x (as 0  tan x  1 for 0  x  )
4
 An < An–2
1
 An + An < An + An–2 = by (i)
n–1
1
 An < ...(ii)
2( n – 1)
Similarly, An+2 < An
 An+2 + An < An + An
1
or < 2 An by (i)
(n  2) – 1
1
  An ...(iii)
2n  2
1 1
  An  by (ii) and (iii)
2n  2 2n – 2
Sample Problem-10:
x2 y 2
A(a, 0) and B(0, b) are points on the ellipse   1 . Show that the area between the arc AB
a2 b 2
1
and chord AB of the ellipse is ab (  – 2) .
4
b B
Solution: Equation of line AB is : y =  ( x  a )
a
b 2
Equation of curve AB is y = a  x2
a
O A
Area of bounded region is
a
b 2 2  b  b a 2  a2  (   2)
a a  x    ( x  a )  dx = 0    = ab
0  a  a  4 2 4

-9.5 -
Sample Problem-11:
1
Find the area of the region bounded y = + 1, x = 1 and tangent drawn at the point P(2, 3/2) to
x
1
the curve y = + 1.
x
Y
1
Solution: Equation of tangent at P(2, 3/2) to y = + 1 is
x
N
3 1
y– = – (x – 2) or x + 4y = 8 M P
2 4
1
The curve y = + 1 has two asymptotes x = 0, y = 1. y=1
x A
Required area is area of region PMN O 1 X
2
2
 1  8x
Area =     1   dx
1 
x  4 
2
 1 x2 
=  log x  x  
 4 2 1
5
= log 2 – .
8
9.2.2. Area ABCDA bounded by two curves y = f(x), y = g(x) and two ordinates x = a, x = b is given by
 b
 ( f ( x)  g ( x ) dx, if f ( x)  g ( x) for a  x  b
b 

 | f ( x)  g ( x) | dx =  a
a  b

  ( f ( x)  g ( x)) dx, if f ( x)  g ( x) for a  x  b
 a
While using this formula f(x) is taken from the curve which lies
y = g(x) x= b
above and g(x) is taken from the curve which lies below.
If a < c < d < b and f (x)  g (x) for a  x  c
y = f(x) x
f (x)  g (x) for c  x  d x= a
f (x)  g (x) for d  x  b
c d b
then shaded area =  ( f ( x)  g ( x)) dx   ( g ( x)  f ( x) dx   ( f ( x)  g ( x))dx
a c d
c d b
  
 ( f ( x)  g ( x) dx  ( f ( x)  g ( x) dx  ( f ( x)  g ( x) dx
a c d
y = f(x) y = g(x) y = f(x)
x= a y = g(x) y = f(x) y = g(x)
a c d b x

-9.6 -
Sample Problem-12:
Find the area included between the line y = x and the parabola x2 = 4y.
y
Solution: 2
x = 4y
y=x
Equation of parabola is x2 = 4y and equation of line is y = x
B
A
Solving we get x2 = 4x
C
or, x(x – 4) = 0 O x
 x = 0, 4
 line y=x cuts parabola at two points O and B, x co-ordinate of O is 0 and x coordinate of B is 4
4 4
x2 
Required area = area OCBAO =  
( y1  y2 ) dx   x 


 dx
4 
0 0
4
 x 2 x3  16 64  8
         sq. units..
 2 12  0  2 12  3
9.2.3. Area ABCDA enclosed by the curve x = f(y), y-axis and two abscissae y = c and y = d is given by
d
 xdy, if x  0 for c  y  d
d  
 | x | dy =  c
c  d

  xdy, if x  0 for c  y  d
 c
y
y
B y=d y=d
C
x = f(y)
d
A y=c D
O
c
O x
y=c
Sample Problem-13:
Find the area bounded by the curve x = 2 – y – y2 and y–axis.
1 y
Solution: The required area =  xdy y=1

2
x
1
2
=  (2  y  y ) dy y = –2
2
1
 y 2 y3  9
= 2 y     sq. units
 2 3  2 2

-9.7 -
9.2.4. Area bounded by the two curves x = f(y), x = g(y) and two abscissae y = c and y = a is given by
d
area ABCDA =  | x1  x2 | dy
c
y
d
 ( x1  x2 ) dy , if x1  x2 for c  y  d
  y=d
c B C
 x = g(y) x = f(y)
 d
 c

  ( x1  x2 ) dy, if x1  x2 for c  y  d A y=c D
O x
Sample Problem-14:
Determine the area enclosed by the two curves given by y2 = x + 1 and y2 = –x + 1.
Solution: Given curves are
y2 = x + 1 ... (1) and y2 = – x + 1 ... (2)
curve (1) is the parabola having axis y = 0 and vertex (–1, 0).
curve (2) is the parabola having axis y = 0 and vertex (1, 0)
y
(1) – (2)  2x = 0  x = 0 C(0, 1)
y=1
From (1), x = 0  y = ± 1
Required area x
A (-1, 0) O B (-1, 0)
1
  ( x1  x2 ) dy D(0, 1)
y = –1
1
1 1
  [(1  y 2 )  ( y 2  1)] dy  2  (1  y
2
) dy
1 1
1
 y3   1   1  8
 2  y    2 1     1    sq. units
 3   3   3  3
1
1. The area of the region bounded by the following curves y = 1 + |x + 1|, x = –3, x = 3, y = 0.
(a) 16 sq. units (b) 12 sq. units (c) 15 sq. units (d) none of these
2. The area of the region contained between y = x2 and y = 2 – x2 is

3 8 5 3
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units (c) sq. units (d) sq. units
8 3 8 5
3. The area within the curve |x| + |y| = 4 is

(a) 4 sq. units (b) 8 sq. units (c) 16 sq. units (d) 32 sq. units

-9.8 -
4. The area of the region bounded by the curve y = |x – 1| and y = 1 is

1
(a) 2 sq. units (b) 1 sq. units (c) sq. units (d) none of these
2
x2 y2
5. The area of smaller region bounded by the ellipse  = 1 and the line 4x + 5y – 20 = 0 is
25 16
(a) 5( – 2) sq. units (b) 2( – 2) sq. units
(c) 3( – 2) sq. units (d) none of these
2
6. The area bounded by y  sin x between x = 0 and x = is
4
1 3
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2
7. The area bounded by y = x4 – 2x3 + x2 + 3, x-axis and ordinate corresponding to minimum of f(x), is
30 91
(a) 4 (b) (c) (d) 1
9 30
1
8. The area bounded by y = 2x, y = log x between x = and x = 2 is
2
5 1 3
(a) log 2 (b) (4  2 ) (c) (d) none of these
2 log 2 2
2
9. The area bounded by curves y = x2 and y = , is
1  x2
2 2  2
(a)  – (b)  + (c)  (d) none of these
3 3 2 3
10. The area bounded by y = 4x – x2 and y = x2 – x is divided by x-axis into two areas which are in the
ratio
(a) 30 : 1 (b) 121 : 4 (c) 31 : 1 (d) none of these
3 4. (b):
1. (a): A = 3| x  1| dx
1 1
2. (b): 2x2 = 2  A =  | 2 x 2  2 | dx
1 1
3. (d):
4 5. (a):
–4 4
4
5
–4

-9.9 -
2 /4
9. (a):
6. (d): A =  sin xdx
0
7. (c): f (x) = 4x3 – 6x2 + 2 x = 0;
3 94 3 5
x=  10. (b):
2 2
2x (x2 – 3x + 1) = 0 4
8. (d):
1/2 2
9.3. CURVE SKETCHING
For the evaluation of area of bounded regions it is very essential to know the rough sketch of the
curves. The following points are very useful to draw a rough sketch of a curve.
While constructing the graph of f(x, y) = 0, it is expedient to follow the procedure given below:
(i) Find the set of permissible values of x (Domain).
(ii) Check if the curve is symmetrical about x–axis, y–axis, origin.
The symmetry of the curve is judged as follows :
(a) If all the powers of y in the equation are even then the curve is symmetrical about the
axis of x.
(b) If all the powers of x are even, the curve is symmetrical about the axis of y.
(c) If powers of x and y both are even, the curve is symmetrical about the axis of x as well as
y.
(d) If the equation of the curve remains unchanged on interchanging x and y, then the curve is
symmetrical about y = x.
(e) If on interchanging the signs of x and y both the equation of the curve is unaltered then
there is symmetry in opposite quadrants.
(iii) Find dy/dx and equate it to zero to find the points on the curve where you have horizontal
tangents.
(iv) Find the points where the curve crosses the x-axis and also the y-axis.
(v) Find the period of the curve if it is periodic

-9.10-
(vi) Find the asymptote(s) of the curve, if any
(vii) Examine if possible the intervals when f(x) is increasing or decreasing. Examine what happens
to ‘y’ when x   or –.
Sample Problem-5:
x2  1
Construct the graph of f ( x)  and find the area bounded by y = f(x) and x-axis.
x2  1
x2  1 2
Solution: Here, f ( x)   1
2 2
x 1 x 1
(i) The function f(x) is well defined for all real x.
 Domain of f(x) is R.
(ii) f (–x) = f(x), so it is an even function and hence graph is symmetrical about y-axis.
(iii) Obviously function is non-periodic.
(iv) f (x)  1– for x   (we are considering x > 0 only as curve is symmetrical about
y-axis). Hence y = 1 is an asymptote of the curves. It may be observed that f(x) < 1 for any
x R and consequently its graph lies below the line y = 1 which is the asymptote to the
graph of the given function.
2
(v) Again decreases for (0, ), thus f(x) increases for (0, ).
2
x 1
(vi) The greatest value  1 for x + and the least value is –1 for x = 0. Thus its graph
is as shown in figure.
y
y = 1 (asymptote)
x2 - 1
y=
x2 +1
x
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
(0, –1)
1
x2  1 1 1
Required area =   x2  1 dx   [ x]1  2[tan x]11  (  2) sq. units.
1
Sample Problem-6:
Construct the graph of f(x) = xex. Find the area bounded by y = f(x) and its asymptote.

-9.11-
Solution:
(i) The function is well defined for all real x  domain of f(x) is R.
(ii) There is no symmetry in the graph.
(iii) Obviously function is non-periodic.
(iv) f(x)  0– as x  –. Hence y = 0 is an asymptote of the curve.
(v) f ´(x) = (x + 1) ex  f(x) increases for x  –1 and decreases for x  –1. Hence
x = –1 is the point of absolute minima. Minimum value = f(–1) = –1/e.
(vi) f (x) = (x + 2) ex  f(x) is concave up for x > –2 and concave down for x < –2 and
hence x = –2 is a point of inflexion.

y
–2 –1
x
0 0
The required area    xe x dx  [ xe x ]0  x
 e dx
 
= 0  [e x ]0 1 sq. unit.
QUESTIONS-9.2:
Draw the graphs of the following functions :
2x  1
1. y=
x 1
Hint: y  x = 1
dy ( x  1)2  (2 x  1) 3
and  = 0
dx ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 2
2x  1
y=
x 1
2. y = log | x | – log x2

-9.12-
dy 1 2 1
Hint: y = 0  log |x| (1 – 2) = 0  |x| = 1 and    0
dx x x x
3. y = log2(4x – x2)
Hint: y = 0  4x – x2 = 1  x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
dy 4  2 x
and 
dx 4 x  x 2
 2
4. y = 1  1  x , if x  1
1  log1/2 x, if x  1
 x
 , if x 1
dy  1  x 2
Hint: 
dx  1
, if x  1
 log(1 / 2)
5. y = {(x, y) | | x + y | + | y – x |  4}

-9.13-
Hint:
6. Make a sketch of the region given below and find its area using integration,
{(x, y) : y2 4x, 4x2 + 4y2 9}.

Hint: x ln x = 0  x = 0, 1
dy 1
= 1 + ln x = 0  x =
dx e
2 9 9 1
  sin 1  
6 8 4 3
7. Make a sketch of the region given below and find its area using integration
{(x, y) : 0 y x2 + 3 ; 0 y 2x + 3 ; 0 x 3}
Hint: 4x2 + 16x = 9  4x2 + 16x – 9 = 0
4x2 + 18 x –2x –9 = 0
2x (2x + 9) –(2x + 9) = 0
1 9 50
x= , =
2 2 3

-9.14-
8. Make a sketch of the curves given below and find the area between them.
{ x  y  1 ; x + y = 1}
Hint: x  1  x  1  x = 0, 1
9. Make a sketch of the curves given below and find the area between them.
{x = –2y2 ; x = 1 – 3y2}
Hint: –2y2 = 1 –3y2  y2 = 1  y = ± 1
4
=
3
10. The area cut off a parabola by any double ordinate is k times the corresponding rectangle contained
by the double ordinate and its distance from the vertex, then find the value of k.
4
Hint: y2 = 4ax =
3
a
2  ydx  k ( a )(2a )
0
2
then, k =
3

-9.15-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT

1. The area bounded by the curve y = tanx, the tangent to the curve at point x = and x-axis, is
4
1 1 1
(a) log 2 (b) log 2 (c)  log 2   (d) none of these
2 2 2
2. The area bounded by curve y = x (x – 1)2, y-axis and the line y = 2, is

7 10 1
3 3 3
3. The area of the region bounded by curves y = |x – 1| and y = 3 – |x| is

4. If A(n) represents the area bounded by the curve y = n log x where n  N and n > 1, the x-axis and
the lines x = 1 and x = e, then the value of A(n) + n A(n –1) is equal to
n2 n2
(a) (b) (c) n2 (d) en2
e1 e1
5. The area bounded by y = log x, y = sin4 x and x = 0, is

11 9 7
8 8 8
6. Area bounded by the curve y = x3, the x-axis and the ordinates x = –2 and x = 1 is
(a) –9 (b) –15/4 (c) 15/14 (d) 17/4
7. Area bounded by the curves x = 1, x = 3, xy = 1 and x-axis is

(a) log 2 (b) log 3 (c) log 4 (d) none of these
8. Area between the curves y = x3 and y = (x) is

9. The slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at {x, f (x)} is 2x + 1. If the curve pass through the point
(1, 2), then the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis, and the line x = 1 is
(a) 5/6 (b) 6/5 (c) 1/6 (d) 6
10. Let f (x) be a continues function such that the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the
a2 a   
two ordinates x = 0 and x = a is  sin a + cos a. Then f   is
2 2 2 2
1 2   1 
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
2 8 4 2 2

-9.16-
11. The area inclined between the straight lines x – 3y + 5 = 0, x + 2y + 5 = 0 and the circle x2 + y2 = 25 is
4 4 5
(a) (14  5) (b) (3  14) (c) (5  14) (d) none of these
5 5 4
12. Area bounded by the curve y = |x| –2 and y = 1 – |x –1| is equal to

(a) 4 sq. units (b) 6 sq. units (c) 2 sq. units (d) 8 sq. units
13. The area between the curve y = 2x4 –x2, the axis and the ordinates of two minima of the curve is
7 3 11
120 40 120
2

14. The area of the closed figure bounded by x = – 1 and x = 2 and y   x  2, x  1 and the abscissa
2 x  1, x  1
axis is
16 10 13 7
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units (c) sq. units (d) sq. units
3 3 3 3
15. The area between the curve and the x-axis is

16. If the area bounded by the curve y = x – x2 and line y = mx is equal to 9/2 sq. units, then m may be
(a) –4 (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) 4
17. If the area bounded by the curve y = sin 2x and lines x = /6, x = a and x-axis is equal to 1/2, then a is
(a) /3 (b) /2 (c) –/3 (d) 2/3
x2
18. If the parabola y  divides the circle x2 + y2 = 8 into two parts, then the area of the parts may be
2
4 4 4 4
(a) 6  sq. units (b) 2  sq units (c)   sq units (d) 6  sq units
3 3 3 3
19. Let ABCD is a rectangle whose sides given are a and b. A rectangle PQRS whose area is A is
shown in figure, then
 R
(a) area A is maximum when  
3
 A D
(b) area A is maximum when  
4 S b Q
1 a
(c) maximum value of area A  (a  b)2 B C
4
1
(d) maximum value of area A  (a  b) 2
2 P

-9.17-
20. If a point P moves inside a equilateral triangle of side length a such that it is nearer to any angular
bisector of the triangle (considered upto incentre from a vertex) than to any of its sides, then
3a 2  3  1 
(a) area of figure traced by P is  
2  3  1 
3a 2  3  1 
(b) area of figure traced by P is  
4  3  1 
(c) figure is concave hexagon

(d) figure is convex hexagon
21. If a, b, c from an A.P with common difference d ( 0) and x, y, z from a GP with common ratio
r ( 1), then the area of the triangle with vertices, (a, x), (b, y) and (c, z) is independent of
(a) a (b) b (c) x (d) r
22. The area between the curves y  1  x 2 and y  2 x  x 2 and x-axis is

1  3  3   3
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
4 6 2 6 4 6 3 4
23. The area between the curves y  sin 1 x; y  cos1 x and x-axis
(a) 2 1 (b) 2 1 (c) 2 2 1 (d) none of these
24. The area between y = sin–1(sin x) and y = (x – ) is

5 3 5 3 5 3
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) none of these
8 9 12
25. The area enclosed between the curves y = sin–1(sin x) and the curve y = cos–1(cos x) and 0  x   is
2 32 3 2
4 5 7
Comprehension-I
For x  [0, ]; we define following functions:
f (x) = {sin x}
g (x) = {1 + cos x}
h(x) = min {f (x), g (x)}
I (x) = k
26. Area bounded by the curve y = h (x) and y = 0 is

 
(a) 2 (b) 1 – 2 (c) 1 – 2+ (d) +1
2 2

-9.18-
27. For what value (s) of k, I (x) = h (x) will have only 2 roots
 1  1 1
(a)  0,  (b)
2
(c) 1 (d)
 2 2
28. For what value(s) of k, area bounded by the curves y = f (x) and y = I(x) will be greater than 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) any real number (d) none of these
Comprehension-II
Let O(0, 0), A(2, 0) be the vertices of an isosceles triangle inscribed in an ellipse (x – 1)2 + 3y2 = 1.
Let S represents the region consisting all those points P inside the given triangle which states that,
Distance of point P from OA is not more than the minimum distance of point P from the other two
sides of the triangle.
29. The coordinates of third vertex of the triangle is/are given by

 1 
(a) (1, 2) (b) (1, 3) (c) 1,  (d) none of these
 3
30. If the third vertex of the triangle lies in the 1st quadrant, then the region S is represented by
(a) O A (b)
O A
(c) O A
(d) O A
31. The area represented by the region S is

(a) 2 – 3 (b) 2 + 3 (c) 2– 3 (d) 2 + 3
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
32. A. The area between the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the tangents drawn to (p)  – 2
it from the point ( 7 , 1 ) is
x2 y 2
B. The area enclosed between the ellipse   1 and the lines (q) 
4 1
y = 1 and x = 2 in first quadrant is
C. The order of the family of conics having axes, as axes of (r) 4 – 
symmetry is ( – k), then the value of k is
D. Find the area of the region bounded by x2 + y2 – 2y – 3 = 0 and y = |x| + 1. (s) (4 – )/2

-9.19-
33. Match the following:

A. Area bounded by | 2x + y | + | x – 2y |  4 is (p) 1

B. Area bounded by y = min (x – [x], –x – [–x]) and x axis (where (q)
2
x  [0, 4)) [.] denotes the greatest integer function
C. Area bounded by | y | + 1/2  e–|x| is (r) 32
–1 2 2
D. Area bounded by y  sin sin x and x + y = 1 is (s) 2 (1 – ln 2)

34. Find the Area bounded by the y = x, y = – x and the tangent to the curve y = x2  5 at the point (3,
2).
35. Find the area bounded by the curves y = x(x – 3)2 and y = x.
36. If  is the area bounded by the curve y2 = x and x = |y|, then 3.
37. Using integration, find the area of the triangle ABC whose vertices have coordinates A(2, 5),
B(4, 7), C(6, 2).
38. If  is the area of the region bounded by x = –1, x = 2 and y = –x2 + 2, x  1 ; 2x –1, x > 1 and the x-
axis. Then 3/2 =
39. The area of the loop of the curve y = 6x(1 –x) is
40. The area enclosed between the region xy  1, |x|  2 and |y|  2 is a – b log 2 then value of b is
41. The area enclosed between x-axis and the curve y = |log |x|| where –1  x  1 is
a
42. The area enclosed between the curve y  and x-axis is 3 then the value of ‘a’ is
1  x2
43. let f(x) = x + sin x, then area enclosed between f(x) and f –1(x) from 0 to  is
44. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2, y = |2 – x2| and y = 2. Which lies to the
right of the line x = 1?
45. Find the area bounded by the curves x2 + y2 = 4, x2 = –2 y and x = y, lying below x-axis.
1
46. Find the area of the region bounded by |x|  1, |y|  1 & the curve xy = .
2
47. Find the area common to the regions formed by x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + 12  0, y  x and x  5/2.
48. Sketch the region bounded by the curves y = (5 – x2) and y = |x – 1| and find its area.
49. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola (y – 2)2 = (x –1), the tangent to it at the point
where the oridinate is 3, and the x-axis.

-9.20-
50. Let the sequence a1, a2, a3, ...... be in G.P. If the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4anx and
y2 + 4an (x – an) = 0 be An, prove that the sequence A1, A2, A3, .... is also in G.P.
51. Find the area of the region in the Argand plane in which the point z will be located if 5  |z|  23
and z 2  z 2 – 2 zz  8z  8 z  0 .
52. Find the area bounded by the curves x2 + y2 = 25, 4y = |4 – x2 | and x = 0 above the x-axis.
53. Find the area enclosed by the curves y = lnx, y = ln|x|, y = |lnx| and y = |ln|x||.
ln x
54. Find the area enclosed by the curves y = ex ln x and y = .
ex
3
x2 8a
55. Find the area included between the parabola y = and the curve y = 2 , a > 0.
4a x  4a 2
56. Find the area bounded by f(x) = max.{sin x, cos x}, x = 0, x = 2 and the x-axis.
57. Let b  0 and for j = 0, 1, 2, ....., n, let Sj be the area of the region bounded by the y-axis and the
curve xeay = sin by, Show that S0, S1, S2, ...... Sn are in geometric progression. Also, find their sum
for a = –1 and b = .
58. Find area bounded by curves y = x2, y = –x2, y2 = 4x – 3.
59. Let f (x) = maximum {x2, (1 – x)2, 2x(1 – x)} where x  [0, 1]. Determine the area of the region
bounded by the curve y = f (x) and the lines y = 0, x = 0, x = 1.
60. Consider a square with vertices at (1, 1), (–1, 1), (–1, –1) and (1, –1). Let S be the region consisting
of all points inside the square which are nearer to the origin than any side. Sketch the region S and
find its area.

-9.21-

1. A point on the parabola y2 = 18x at which the ordinate increases at twice the rate of the
abscissa is [AIEEE-2004]
9 9  9 9
(a) (2, 4) (b)  ,  (c)  ,  (d) (2, –4)
8 2  8 2
2. The area of the region bounded by the curves y = | x – 2 |, x = 1, x = 3 and the x-axis is [AIEEE-2004]
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
3. Let f(x) be a non-negative continuous function such that the area bounded by the curve y = f(x),
      
x-axis and the ordinates x  and x    is   sin   cos   2   . Then f   is
4 4  4  2
[AIEEE-2005]
         
(a) 1   2  (b) 1   2  (c)   2  1 (d)   2  1
 4   4  4  4 
4. The area enclosed between the curve y = loge (x + e) and the coordinate axes is [AIEEE-2005]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 2
5. The parabolas y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y divide the square region bounded by the lines x = 4, y = 4 and the
coordinate axes. If S1, S2, S3 are respectively the areas of these parts numbered from top to bottom;
then S1 : S2 : S3 is [AIEEE-2005]
(a) 2 : 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 : 3
6. Area bounded by the curve y = x(x – 1) (x – 2) and x-axis above the x-axis is
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/8
7. The area bounded by the curve y = sin–1x and the lines x = 0, |y| = /2 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
8. The area bounded by y-axis, the line y = 1 and the curve y = 2x – x2 is

(a) 1/2 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/8
9. The area bounded by the curve (y – 2)2 = x – 1, axis of x, axis of y and the line y = 2 is
14 14 14
3 7 9
10. The area enclosed by the parabolas y2 = 1 – 2 x and y2 = 1 + 2 x is

(a) 2/3 (b) 4/3 (c) 1/3 (d) 5/3

-9.22-
11. If An be the area bounded by the curve y = tann x and the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x = /4, then
An + An – 2 is equal to
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n n1 n1 2n  1
12. The area bounded by the curve y = x (3 – x)2, the x-axis and the ordinates of the maximum and
minimum points is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
13. The area enclosed between the line y = 2 and the curve y = sin (x + /4) from x = – /4 to x = 3/4 is
(a) 2 – 2 (b)  – 3 (c) 2 – 1 (d) 2 + 1
14. The area bounded by y = f (x), x-axis and the ordinates x = 1 and x = b is (b – 1) sin (3b + 4) then
f (x) is
(a) sin (3 x + 4) + 3(x – 1) cos (3x + 4) (b) sin (3x + 4) – 3(x – 1)
(c) cos (3x + 4) + 3 (x –1) sin (3x + 4) (d) none of these
15. The area bounded by the curves y = x – bx2 and y = (1/b) x2 is maximum, the value of (b  R+) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
16. The value of the function f (x) such that the area bounded by the x–axis, the curve y = f (x) and the
ordinates x = 1, x = a is equal to 1  a2  2 for all a > 1 is
x x x
(a) (b) (c) (d) x + x2
1  x2 1 x 2
1  x2
3
17. The area bounded by the curves y = cos x and y = sin x between the ordinates x = 0 and x = is
2
[AIEEE 2010]
(a) 4 2 1 (b) 4 2 2 (c) 4 22 (d) 4 2 1
18. The area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x, x = e, y = 1/x and the positive x-axis is
(a) 1/2 square units (b) 1 square units (c) 3/2 square units (d) 5/2 square units
[AIEEE 2011]
y
19. The area bounded between the parabola x 2  & x2 = 9y, and the straight line y = 2 is[AIEEE 2012]
4
10 2 20 2
(a) 20 2 (b) (c) (d) 10 2
3 3
20. The area of the region described by A ={(x,y) : x2 + y2  1 and y2  1 – x} is: [JEE-Mains 2014]
 4  4  2  2
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

-9.23-
21. The area (in sq. units) of the region described by {(x, y) : y2 < 2x and y > 4x – 1} is
7 5 15 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 64 64 32
(JEE-Mains 2015)
22. The area (in sq. units) of the region ( x, y ) : y  2 x and x  y  4 x, x  0, y  0 is
2 2 2
(JEE-Mains 2016)
π 2 2 4 8 4 2
(a)  (b) π (c) π (d) π
2 3 3 3 3
23. The radius of a circle, having minimum area, which touches the curve y = 4 – x2 and the lines, y = |x|
is : (JEE-Mains 2017)
(a) 4( 2  1) (b) 2( 2  1) (c) 2( 2  1) (d) 4( 2  1)
24. The area (in sq. units) of the region {(x, y) : x  0, x + y  3, x2  4y and y  1 + } is
(JEE-Mains 2017)
5 59 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 12 2 3
25. The area (in sq. units) of the region bounded by the parabola, y = x2 + 2 and the lines, y = x + 1,
x = 0 and x = 3, is : (JEE-Mains 2019)
15 15 21 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2 4
26. The area (in sq. units) in the first quadrant bounded by the parabola, y = x2 + 1, the tangent to it at
the point (2, 5) and the coordinate axes is : (JEE-Mains 2019)
14 187 37 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 24 24 3
27. The area (in sq. units) of the region bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and the straight line x = 4y – 2 :-
(JEE-Mains 2019)
5 9 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 4 8
28. The area of the region A = {(x, y) : 0  y  x|x| + 1 and – 1  x  1} in sq. units, is:
(JEE-Mains 2019)
(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 2 (d) 4/3
29. The area (in sq. units) bounded by the parabola y = x2 – 1, the tangent at the point (2, 3) to it and the
y-axis is : (JEE-Mains 2019)
14 56 8 32
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3

-9.24-
30. If the area enclosed between the curves y = kx2 and x = ky2, (k > 0), is 1 square unit. Then k is:
(JEE-Mains 2019)
1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
3 3 2
31. The area of the region, enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 2 which is not common to the region
bounded by the parabola y2 = x and the straight line y = x, is : (JEE-Mains 2020)
1 1 1 1
(a) (12   1) (b) (12   1) (c) (24  1) (d) (6  1)
3 6 6 3
32. The area (in sq. units) of the region {(x, y)  R2|4x2  y  8x + 12) is: (JEE-Mains 2020)
127 125 124 128
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
33. For a > 0, let the curves C1 : y2 = ax and C2 : x2 = ay intersect at origin O and a point P. Let the line
x = b(0 < b < a) intersect the chord OP and the x-axis at points Q and R, respectively. If the line x =
b bisects the area bounded by the curves, C1 and C2, and the area of OQR = (1/2), then 'a' satisfies
the equation (JEE-Mains 2020)
(a) x6 - 12x3 + 4 = 0 (b) x6 - 12x3 – 4 = 0 (c) x6 + 6x3 – 4 = 0 (d) x6 – 6x3 + 4 = 0
34. The area (in sq. units) of the region {(x, y)  R2 : x2  y  3 –2x}, is (JEE-Mains 2020)
29 31 34 32
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
 1
 x , 0x
2
 2
 1 1  1
35. Given : f ( x )   , x and g(x) =  x   , x  R. Then the area (in sq. units) of the
 2 2  2
 1
1  x , 2  x  1

region bounded by the curves, y = f(x) and y = g(x) between the lines, 2x = 1 and 2x = 3, is:
(JEE-Mains 2020)
1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d)
3 4 4 3 2 4 2 4
|x| |y| x2 y 2
36. Area (in sq. units) of the region outside   1 and inside the ellipse   1 is:
2 3 4 9
(JEE-Mains 2020)
(a) 3(4 –) (b) 6( – 2) (c) 3( – 2) (d) 6(4 – )
37. The area (in sq. units) of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the parabola y2 = 8x, with one of its
vertices on the vertex of this parabola, is : (JEE-Mains 2020)
(a) 64 3 (b) 256 3 (c) 192 3 (d) 128 3

-9.25-
38. The area (in sq. units) of the region {(x, y) : 0  y  x2 + 1, 0  y  x + ½  x  2} is

(JEE-Mains 2020)
23 79 79 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 24 16 16
39. The area (in sq. units) of the region A = {(x, y) ; (x – 1) [x]  y  2 x , 0  x  2}, where [t] denotes
the greatest integer function, is : (JEE-Mains 2020)
8 1 8 4 1 4
(a) 2 (b) 2 1 (c) 2 (d) 2 1
3 2 3 3 2 3
40. The area (in sq. units) of the region A{(x, y): |x| + |y|  1, 2y2 |x|} is: (JEE-Mains 2020)
5 1 1 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 6 6
41. The area (in sq. units) of the region enclosed by the curves y = x2 – 1 and y = 1 – x2 is equal to :
(JEE-Mains 2020)
4 8 16 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 2
42. The area (in sq. units) of the part of the circle x2 + y2 = 36, which is outside the parabola
y2 = 9x, is : (JEE-Mains 2021)
(a) 24   3 3 (b) 12   3 3 (c) 24   3 3 (d) 12   3 3
43. The area of the region : R = {(x, y) : 5x2  y  2x2 + 9} is : (JEE-Mains 2021)
(a) 11 3 square units (b) 12 3 square units
(c) 9 3 square units (d) 6 3 square units
44. If the area of the triangle formed by the positive x-axis, the normal and the tangent to the
circle (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 25 at the point (5, 7) is A, then 24A is equal to_____.(JEE-Mains 2021)
45. Let A(–1, 1), B(3, 4) and C(2, 0) be given three points. A line y = mx, m > 0, intersects lines
AC and BC at point P and Q respectively. Let A1 and A2 be the areas of ABC and PQC
respectively, such that A1 = 3A2, then the value of m is equal to : (JEE-Mains 2021)
4
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
15
min{( x  6), x 2 }, 3  x  0
46. Let f : [–3, 1]  R be given as f ( x )   If the area bounded by y
2
 max{ x , x }, 0x1
.
= f(x) and x-axis is A, then the value of 6A is equal to ______. (JEE-Mains 2021)
47. A square ABCD has all its vertices on the curve x2y2 = 1. The midpoints of its sides also lie
on the same curve. Then, the square of area of ABCD is (JEE-Mains 2021)
48. The area bounded by the curve 4y2 = x2 (4 – x)(x – 2) is equal to : (JEE-Mains 2021)
 3 3 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 2 16

49. The area, enclosed by the curves y = sin x + cos x and y = |cos x sin x| and the lines x  ,
2
(a) 2 2( 2  1) (b) 2( 2  1) (c) 4( 2  1) (d) 2 2( 2  1)

-9.26-
3
50. If the line y = mx bisects the area enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = and the curve y =
2
1 + 4x – x2, then 12 m is equal to _______. (JEE-Mains 2021)
51. The area of the region S = {(x, y) : 3x2  4y  6x + 24} is __________. (JEE-Mains 2021)
 x 1 
52. If the area of the bounded region R  (x , y ) : max{0, log e x}  y  2 ,  x  2  is,
 2 
(loge 2)–1 + (loge 2)  , then the value of (   2 )2 is equal to : (JEE-Mains 2021)
(a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1
53. The area of the region bounded by y – x = 2 and x2 = y is equal to :- (JEE-Mains 2021)
16 2 9 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 3
54. The area (in sq. units) of the region, given by the set {(x, y) R × R | x  0, 2x2  y  4 – 2x}
8 17 13 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
55. The area (in sq. units) of the region bounded by the curves x2 + 2y – 1 = 0, y2 + 4x – 4 = 0
and y2 – 4x – 4 = 0, in the upper half plane is _______. (JEE-Mains 2021)
 x2 y 2 
56. For real numbers a, b (a > b > 0), let Area (x , y ) : x 2  y 2  a2 and 2  2  1  30 and
 a b 
2 2
 x y 
Area (x , y ) : x 2  y 2  b 2 and 2  2  1  18 . Then the value of (a – b)2 is equal to__.
 a b 
(JEE-Mains 2022)
57. The area enclosed by y2 = 8x and y  2 x that 1lie, outside the triangle formed by
y  2 x , x  1, y  2 2, equal to (JEE-Mains 2022)
16 2 11 2 13 2 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 6 6
58. The area of the bounded region enclosed by the curve y  3  x  1 | x  1| and the x-axis
2
is (JEE-Mains 2022)
9 45 27 63
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 16 8 16
59. 
The area of the region S  ( x , y ) : y 2  8x , y  2x , x  1 is  (JEE-Mains 2022)
13 2 11 2 5 2 19 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 6 6
2/3 2/3 256A
60. If the area of the region {(x, y) : x  y  1x  y  0, y  0} is A, then is(JEE-Mains 2022)

61. Let A1= {(x, y) : |x|  y2, |x| + 2y  8} and A2 = {(x, y) : |x| + |y|  k} . If 27 (Area A1) = 5
(Area A2), then k is equal to : (JEE-Mains 2022)

-9.27-
62. The area of the region bounded by y2 = 8x and y2 = 16 (3 – x) is equal to :- (JEE-Mains 2022)
32 40
(a) (b) (c) 16 (d) 19
3 3
63. The area bounded by the curve y = |x2 – 9| and the line y = 3 is : (JEE-Mains 2022)
(a) 
4 2 3 64  (b) 
4 4 3 64 
(c) 84 3  3 6 9  (d) 84 3 6  9
64. The area of the region enclosed between the parabolas y2 =2x–1 and y2 =4x – 3 is
(JEE-Mains 2022)
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 3 4
65. Let the area enclosed by the x-axis, and the tangent and normal drawn to the curve 4x3 –
3xy2 + 6x2 – 5xy – 8y2 + 9x + 14 = 0 at the point (–2, 3) be A. Then 8A is equal to _____
(JEE-Mains 2022)
66. The area of the region given by A={(x, y) : x2  y  min {x + 2, 4 –3x}} is : (JEE-Mains 2022)
31 17 19 27
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 6 6 8
67. Let the locus of the centre (, ),  > 0, of the circle which touches the circle x2 + (y – 1)2 = 1
externally and also touches the x-axis be L. Then the area bounded by L and the line y = 4
32 2 40 2 64 32
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
68. The area of the region given by {(x, y) : xy  8, 1,  y  x2} is :
13 14 7 7
(a) 8log e 2  (b) 16 log e 2  (c) 8log e 2  (d) 16 log e 2 
3 3 6 3
69. Let q be the maximum integral value of p in [0, 10] for which the roots of the equation
5
x 2  px  p  0 are rational. Then the area of the region {(x, y) : 0  y  (x – q)2, 0  x  q} is
4
125
(a) 243 (b) 25 (c) (d) 164
3
70. The area enclosed by the curves y2 + 4x = 4 and y – 2x = 2 is :
25 22 23
(a) (b) (c) 9 (d)
3 3 3
 
71. The area of the region A  ( x , y ) :|cos x  sin x| y  sin x ,0  x  
 2
3 4 3 3
(a) 1  (b) 5  2 2  4.5 (c)  1 (d) 5 2 2 1
2 5 5 2

-9.28-
72. Let A  {(x , y )  R 2 : y  0, 2 x  y  4  (x  1)2 } and

B  {(x , y )  R  R : 0  y  min{2 x , 4  ( x  1)2 }} . Then the ratio of the area of A to the area
of B is
1   1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 1 1 1
73. Let  be the area of the region {(x, y)  R2 : x2 + y2  21, y2  4x, x 1}. Then
1 2 
   21sin 1  is equal to
2 7
1 2 2 4
(a) 2 3 (b) 3 (c) 2 3 (d) 3
3 3 3 3
74. Let the area of the region {(x, y) : |2x –1|  y  |x2 – x|, 0  x  1} be A. Then (6A + 11)2 is
equal to ________.
x |x|  x, x  0
75. Let for x  R f ( x )  and g( x )   2 . Then area bounded by the curve y =
2 x , x  0
(fog)(x) and the lines y = 0, 2y –x = 15 is equal to ______.
76. Let A be the area of the region {(x, y) : y  x2, y  (1 –x)2, y  2x(1 –x)} . Then 540 A is equal
to
77. Let A be the area bounded by the curve y = x |x – 3|, the x-axis and the ordinates x = – 1
and x = 2. Then 12A is equal to _____.
78. Let a be the area of the larger region bounded by the curve y2 = 8x and the lines y = x and x
=2, which lies in the first quadrant. Then the value of 3 is equal to __________.
79. It the area enclosed by the parabolas P1 : 2y = 5x2 and P2 : x2 – y + 6 = 0 is equal to the area
enclosed by P1 and y = x,  > 0, then 3 is equal to _____
80. If the area of the region bounded by the curves y2 – 2y = –x, x + y = 0 is A, then 8A is equal
to
1. The area bounded by the curves y = | x | – 1 and y = –| x | + 1 is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 4
2. The area enclosed between the curves y= ax2 and x = ay2 (a > 0) is 1 sq. unit, then the value of a is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) (IIT Sc. 2004)
3 2 3
3. The area of the quadrilateral formed by the tangents at the end points of latus recta to the ellipse
x2 y 2
  1 , is (IIT Sc. 2003)
9 5
27
(a) sq. units (b) 9 sq. units (c) sq. units (d) 27 sq. units
2

-9.29-
4. The area bounded by the curves y = x , 2y + 3 = x and x-axis in the first quadrant is (IIT Sc. 2003)
27
(a) 9 (b) (c) 36 (d) 18
4
5. The area bounded by the parabolas y = (x + 1)2 and y = (x – 1)2 and the line y = 1/4 is (IIT Sc. 2005)
(a) 4 sq. units (b) 1/6 sq. units (c) 4/3 sq. units (d) 1/3 sq. units
6. The area bounded by the curves y = x | x | x-axis and the ordinates x = –1, x = 1 is given by
1 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
3 3 3
7. The area of the region bounded by the line x – y + 2 = 0 and the curve x = y is
9 10
(a) 9 (b) (c) (d) 5
2 3
 
8. The area of the region bounded by y = sin x, y = 0, x = and x = is 4, then positive value of
 3
 is
3 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 1
8 2
9. The area of the region bounded by y = xex and y = xe–x and the line x = 1 is
2 2 1 1
(a) (b) 1  (c) (d) 1
e e e e
10. Area bounded by the curves | y | = 1 + x2 is

2 4 8
3 3 3
11. The area bounded by the curves y = | x – 1 |, y = 0 and | x | = 2 is
Paragraph (Q. 12 to Q. 14)
Consider the polynomial: f(x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3
Let s be the sum of all distinct real roots of f(x) and let t = | s | (IIT 2010)
12. The real number s lies in the interval
 1   3  3 1  1
(a)   , 0  (b)  11,   (c)  ,   (d)  0, 
 4   4  4 2  4
13. The area bounded by the curve y = f(x) and the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x = t, lies in the interval
3   21 11   21 
(a)  , 3  (b)  ,  (c) (9, 10) (d)  0, 
4   64 16   64 
14. The function f(x) is
 1  1 
(a) increasing in  t ,   and decreasing in   , t 
 4   4 
 1  1 
(b) decreasing in   t ,   and increasing in   , t 
 4  4 
(c) increasing in (–t, t)
(d) decreasing in (–t, t)

-9.30-
15. Let the straight line x = b divide the area enclosed by y = (1 – x)2, y = 0, and x = 0 into two parts
1
R1(0  x  b) and R2(b  x  1) such that R1  R2  . Then b equals (IIT 2011)
4
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/4
2
16. Let S be the area of the region enclosed by y  e x , y  0, x  0 , and x = 1. Then (IIT 2012)
1 1
(a) S (b) S 1
e e
1 1  1 1  1 
(c) S  1   (d) S  1  
4 e 2 e 2
17. For a point P is the plane, let d1(P) and d2(P) be the distances of the point P from the line x – y = 0
and x + y = 0 respectively. The area of the region R consisting of all points P lying in the first
quadrant of the plane and satisfying 2  d1 (P) + d2 (P)  4, is (JEE-Advanced 2014)

x2 
6
 1
18. Let F ( x )   2 cos2 t dt for all x   and f : 0,    0,   be a continuous function. For
x  2
 1
a  0,  , if F´(a) + 2 is the area of the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, y = f(x) and x = a, then f(0)
 2
is (JEE-Advanced 2015)
19. Area of the region  x, y    : y 

2
x  3 ,5 y  x  9  15  is equal to (JEE-Advanced 2016)
(a) 1/6 (b) 4/3 (c) 3/2 (d) 5/3
20. If the line x =  divides the area of region R = R  {(x , y )   2 : x3  y  x , 0  x  1} into two equal
parts, then (JEE-Advanced 2017)

1 1
(a) 2 4  4 2  1  0 (b)  4  4 2  1  0 (c) 0 (d)   1
2 2
21. A farmer F1 has a land in the shape of a triangle with vertices at P(0, 0), Q(1, 1) and R(2, 0). From
this land, a neighbouring farmer F2 takes away the region which lies between the side PQ and a
curve of the form y = xn (n > 1). If the area of the region taken away by the farmer F2 is exactly 30%
of the area of PQR, then the value of n is _____ . (JEE-Advanced 2018)
22. The area of the region {(x, y) : xy  8, 1  y  x2} is (JEE-Advanced 2019)

14 14 7
(a) 16loge 2 – 6 (b) 8log e 2  (c) 16log e 2  (d) 8log e 2 
3 3 3

-9.31-
23. Let the functions :ℝ⟶ℝ and :ℝ⟶ℝ be defined by

1
( )= −1− −| −1| and g ( x)  (e x 1  e1 x )
2
Then the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves =( ), = ( ) and
=0 is (JEE-Advanced 2020)
1 1
(a) (2  3)  (e  e 1 ) (b) (2  3)  (e  e 1 )
2 2
1 1
(c) (2  3)  (e  e 1 ) (d) (2  3)  (e  e 1 )
2 2
5
24. Consider the functions ƒ, g : R  R defined by f ( x)  x 2  and
12
  4|x| 3
2  1  3  , |x| 4
g( x )     . If  is the area of the region
 3
0, |x|
 4
 3 
( x , y )  R  R :|x| ,0  y  min{ f ( x), g( x)}  , then the value of 9 is ______.
 4 
(JEE-Advanced 2022)

-9.32-
CHAPTER TEST
1. The area bounded in the first quadrant by the normal at (1, 2) on the curve y² = 4 x, x-axis &
the curve is given by :
10 7 4 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 2
2. Let 'a' be a positive constant number. Consider two curves C1: y = ex, C2 : y =ea – x. Let S be the area
S
of the part surrounding by C 1, C2 and the y-axis, then Lim equals
a 0 a2
(a) 4 (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) 1/4
3. 3 points O(0, 0), P(a, a2), Q(–b, b2) (a > 0, b > 0) are on the parabola y = x2. Let S1 be the area
bounded by the line PQ and the parabola and let S2 be the area of the triangle OPQ, the minimum
value of S1/S2 is
(a) 4/3 (b) 5/3 (c) 2 (d) 7/3
4. The area of the region(s) enclosed by the curves y = x2 and y = | x | is
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3 (c) 1/6 (d) 1
5. The area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis & the ordinates x =1 & x = b is
(b  1)sin (3b + 4). Then f (x) is :
(a) (x  1) cos (3x + 4) (b) sin (3x + 4)
(c) sin (3x + 4) + 3 (x  1). cos (3x + 4) (d) none of these
6. Let T be the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, c2) and (c, c2) and let R be the region between y = cx
and y = x2 where c > 0 then
c3 c3
(a) Area (R) = (b) Area of R =
6 3
Area (T) Area (T) 3
(c) lim =3 (d) lim 
c  0 Area (R) c 0 Area (R) 2

-9.33-
x2  1
7. Suppose f is defined from R  [–1, 1] as f (x) = where R is the set of real number. Then the
x2  1
statement which does not hold is
(a) f is many one onto
(b) f increases for x > 0 and decrease for x < 0
(c) minimum value is not attained even though f is bounded
(d) the area included by the curve y = f (x) and the line y = 1 is  sq. units.
 
cos x 0 x
 2
8. Consider f (x) =  2 such that f is periodic with period , then
   x  
x 
 2  2
 2 
(a) The range of f is 0, 
 4 
(b) f is continuous for all real x, but not differentiable for some real x
(c) f is continuous for all real x
 3 
(d) The area bounded by y = f (x) and the X-axis from x = – nto x = n is 2n 1   for a
 24 
given nN
9. Which of the following statement(s) is/are True for the function: f (x) = (x – 1)2(x – 2) + 1 defined
on [0, 2]?
 23 
(a) Range of f is  ,1 .
 27 
 5 23 
(b) The coordinates of the turning point of the graph of y = f (x) occur at (1, 1) and  ,  .
 3 27 
 23 
(c) The value of p for which the equation f (x) = p has 3 distinct solutions lies in interval  ,1 .
 27 
7
(d) The area enclosed by y = f (x), the lines x =0 and y = 1 as x varies from 0 to 1 is .
12
10. Consider the functions f(x) and g(x), both defined from R  R and are defined as
f (x) = 2x – x2 and g (x) = xn where n  N. If the area between f (x) and g (x) is 1/2 then n is a divisor
of
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 30

ONE is correct.

-9.34-
Consider the function, f (x) = x3 – 8x2 + 20x – 13
11. Number of positive integers x for which f (x) is a prime number, is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
12. The function f (x) defined for R  R

(a) is one one onto
(b) is many one onto
(c) has 3 real roots
(d) is such that f (x1) · f(x2) < 0 where x1 and x2 are the roots of f ' (x) = 0
13. Area enclosed by y = f (x) and the co-ordinate axes is

65 13 71
12 12 12

14. A. The area between the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 = 8ay is (p) 27
B. Area bounded by the curve y = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) and (q) 2
x-axis lying between the ordinates x = 0 and x = 3 is equal to
32 2
C. The area cut off the parabola 4y = 3x2 by the straight line (r) a
3
2y = 3x + 12 in sq. units is
11
D. The area of the region satisfying x  y   is (s)
4

ORS.
15. The area bounded by the curves y = x (x  3)2 and y = x is (in sq. units):
16. y = f (x) is a function which satisfies

(i) f (0) = 0 (ii) f ''(x) = f ' (x) and (iii) f '(0) = 1
then the area bounded by the graph of y = f (x), the lines x = 0, x – 1 = 0 and y + 1 = 0, is e – k.
then k is.

-9.35-
17. Area enclosed by the curves y = lnx ; y = ln | x | ; y = | ln x | and y = | ln | x | | is equal to
18. The curve y = ax2 + bx + c passes through the point (1, 2) and its tangent at origin is the line y = x.
1
The area bounded by the curve, the ordinate of the curve at minima and the tangent line is .
4k
Then k is equal to.
dy
19. A function y = f (x) satisfies the differential equation – y = cos x – sin x, with initial condition
dx
that y is bounded when x  . The area enclosed by y = f (x), y = cos x and the y-axis in the 1st
quadrant is k  1 . Then the value of k is.
20. Area of the region enclosed between the curves x = y2 – 1 and x = |y| 1 y 2 is.
21. The area bounded by the curve y = x e–x ; xy = 0 and x = c where c is the x-coordinate of the curve's
inflection point, is 1 –3e–k. Then k is.
22. If the area bounded between x-axis and the graph of y = 6x – 3x2 between the ordinates x = 1 and
x = a (where a is positive) is 19 square units then 'a' can take the value [k], where [.] is GIF. then k
is.

-9.36-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (b,d) 17. (a,c,d) 18. (a,b) 19. (a,d) 20. (a,d)
21. (a,b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (a)
26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q) 33. A- (r), B-(p), C-(s), D-(q)
34. (5) 35. (8) 36. (1) 37. (7) 38. (8)
39. (2) 40. (4) 41. (2) 42. (3) 43. (4)
 20  12 2 
44.   45. (3 + 1)/3 46. 4 + log 2
 3 
1 3 
47.  –   48. (5 – 2)/4 49. 9
8 8 6
7 1 1 4 2 2 25 1 4
51. – 12 sin –1  5sin –1  – 52. sin 2
2 3 5 3 3 2 5
e2 – 5 2 2
53. 4 54. 55. a (3 – 2) 56. 4
4e 3
(1  e) ( en 1  1) 1 17
57. . 58. 59.
(1  2 ) e  1 3 27
1
60. (16 2  20)
3
0 0 1
1. (c): 2. (b):
1
3. (c):

-9.37-
e
4. (c): A(n) = n  ln xdx = n
1
 A(n –1) = (n –1)

And A(n) + nA(n –1) = n + n(n –1) = n2
y
1 1
–2 3 x4
5. (a): 0 x 6. (d): 1 A =  x dx 
2
4 2
3
O 1
7. (b): A   dx
1 x
x=1 x=3
8. (c): O 1 A
0
 
x  x3 dx
dy
9. (a):  2 x  1  y = x2 + x + c
dx
a
a2 a 
10. (a): 0 f ( x )dx 
 sin a  cos a
2 2 2
1 a 
 f (a) = a  sin a  cos a  sin a
2 2 2
–5 5
11. (c):
12. (a): AB = 2
BC 2 2
Area = 2  2 2 = 4 sq. units

-9.38-
A(1, 1)
y = |x| –2
–2 –1 B(2, 0)
0 y = 1–|x–1 |
–2 C
O
13. (a): y = x2(2x2 – 1)
1
14. (a): 15. (b):
–1 O 1
x=1 x=2
16. (b,d) x – x2 = mx  x = 0, 1 – m
1 m
9
A=  (1  m ) x  x 2 )dx  
2
0
a
1
17. (a,c,d):  sin 2 xdx  2
 /6
x4
18. (a,b): x2 +  8  x4 + 4x2 – 32 = 0
4
x=±2
19. (a,d): A = ab
A
20. (a.d):
I
B C
a x 1
1
21. (a,b) :  = ad xr 1
2
a  2d xr 2 1
1
22. (d): A = 2  1  x 2 dx –1 0 ½ 1 2
1/ 2

-9.39-
1/ 2 1
1
23. (a): 1 A   sin dx   cos1 x dx
0 1/ 2
x
y=

1 
24. (d): 0 A=     ( x 2  x )dx

2 2
0
x
y=
0 1  2
25. (a): A=   
2 2 4
2
1
 sin x, 0 x/2
26. (b): h ( x)  
0 1  cos x,  / 2  x  
/ 2 
 sin xdx   (1  cos x )dx

0  /2
/2
27. (d): k < 1 28. (a): A = 2  (sin x  k )dx
sin 1 k
29. (c): Put x = 1 in (x –1)2 + 3y2 = 1
(2,0)
O A
30. (c):
1
31. (a): y = 2  (2  3) xdx
0
32. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)
O
A.

-9.40-
(0, 1)
(2, 0) 1
B. A (2)(1)  (2)(1)
4
C. ax2 + by2 = 1
(0, 3)
(0, 1)
D.
33. A- (r), B-(p), C-(s), D-(q)

x– 2y = 0
O
A.
2x+ y = 0
1 1
B. O 1 2 3 4 A=4× ×1× =1
2 2
1/2
1/2
C. O A4 0 xdy
y=x
1
D. A  r 2
2
2y–3x = –5
y=x
x+y = 0
34. (5): 2y – 3x = – 5
35. (8): 36. (1): O 1 A = 2 ( x 2  x)dx

3 0
0

-9.41-
7 L1
5 L3
1 6
L2
37. (7): A =  ( L1  L2 )dx   ( L3  L2 )dx 2
2 4
0 2 4 6
(0, 3)
2
1
2
38. (8): 39. (2): O (1, 0) A =  (6 x  x ) dx
0
x=2
k = –1
x=2 x=2
O
40. (4):
y = –2
41. (2): (–1, 0) O (1, 0) A = 2  log xdx

0

1
42. (3): 2a  dx  3
O 0
1  x2
 
43. (4): A = 2 ( x  sin x  x)dx  2 sin xdx

0 0

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (b)
26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (b)
36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (1225) 45. (b)
46. (41) 47. (80) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (26)

-9.42-
51. (27) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (2)
56. (12) 57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (36)
61. (6) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (170)
66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (c)
71. (d) 72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (125) 75. (72)
76. (25) 77. (62) 78. (22) 79. (600) 80. (36)
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b)
16. (a,b,c) 17. (6) 18. (3) 19. (b) 20. (a,c)
21. (4) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (6)
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (a,c) 7. (a,c,d) 8. (a,d) 9. (b,c,d) 10. (b,c,d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)
15. (8) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (6) 19. (2)
20. (2) 21. (2) 22. (3)

-9.43-

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6. Application of Derivatives 6.1 – 6.77

7. Indefinite Integral 7.1 – 7.62

Previous Year Questions,

Competitive Examinations Questions 7.44 – 7.50

Chapter Test 7.51 – 7.53

Answers and Hints 7.54 – 7.62

8. Definite Integral 8.1 – 8.72

Previous Year Questions,

Competitive Examinations Questions 8.40 – 8.63

Chapter Test 8.63– 8.66

Answers and Hints 8.67– 8.72

9. Areas 9.1 – 9.43

Previous Year Questions,

Competitive Examinations Questions 9.22 – 9.32

Chapter Test 9.33 – 9.36

Answers and Hints 9.37 – 9.43

Amity Institute for Competitive Examinations: Ph.: 011-41888030, 41888031, 41888032

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HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTION-6.1:

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6.2. ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CURVES

Solution: The points of intersection are ( 2,1) 2

At ( 2 , 1), m1 =2x = 2 2 , m2 = –2x = –2 2 .

6.3. EQUATIONS OF TANGENT AND NORMAL

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The equation of the normal at (x, y) to the curve y = f (x) is

Thus, the equation of tangent is,

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Solution: ay2 = x3  2 ay dy/dx = 3x2

From (i) and (ii), we get

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From (iii) and (iv), we have

4. The angle of intersection of curves y = 2 sin2 x and y = cos 2 x at /3 is.

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HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTION-6.2:

6. (a): (0, 0) lies on y = ax2 + bx + c, then c = 0

8. (a): Put x = 0 in y = be–x/a, gives y = b

6.4. LENGTHS OF THE TANGENT, NORMAL, SUB-TANGENT AND SUB-NORMAL AT

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1. For, the curve y = c ex/a, the subtangent is

(a) Constant (b) depends on x (c) depends on y (d) none of these

2. The length of normal at t, to the curve x = a sin3t, y = a cos3t is.

(a) |y cos t| (b) |y cosec t| (c) |y cot t| (d) |y tan t|

3. For, the curve y = c , the subtangent is

(a) Constant (b) 0 (c) not defined (d) none of these

4. For, the curve y = c, the subnormal is

(a) Constant (b) 0 (c) not defined (d) none of these

5. For, the curve y = c, the length of normal is

(a) Constant (b) 0 (c) not defined (d) none of these

6. For, the curve y = c, the length of tangent is

(a) Constant (b) 0 (c) not defined (d) none of these

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2

(a) 1 (b) 2|a| (c) |a| (d) none of these

(a) A.P. (b) H.P. (c) G.P. (d) none of these

contact and the x-axis is of length.

(a) a (b) 2a (c) 3a (d) 4a

HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTION-6.3:

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6.5. ROLLE’S THEOREM (RT)

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Then f (x) = 0 at least once for some x  (a, b).

6.5.1. Geometrical Interpretation