Page 67 Activity: Vectors and scalars Page 72 How can we depict an object’s motion?

(1)
Scalar Vector 1. a) The gradient of the graph is initially 0
Density Force (i.e. horizontal).
Mass Magnetic field b) 3.0 – 1.5
Temperature Momentum = 1.7 m s–1
0.9
Volume Weight
c) 3.7 m s–1 (allow ±0.2)
d) 3.7
Page 67 How do we quantify movement? = 3.7 m s–2
1.0
1. 42.195 × 103
= 5.72 m s–1
2 × 3,600 + 2 × 60 + 57 Page 74 How can we depict an object’s motion? (2)
2. 100
= 17.5 s 1. a) 14 m s–1
5.72 b) 14 × 30 + 14 × 20
3. 100 m in 9.58 s = 10.4 m s–1 + 14 × 70 = 1330 m
2
42,195 c) 1,330
t= = 4,057 s = 11 m s–1
10.4 120
860
4. = 0.12 m s–1 d) 14
2 × 3,600 + 2 × 60 + 57 = 0.47 m s–2
30
e) Acceleration is represented by the gradient of
Page 69 How do we change speed? the graph. The gradient is steeper when the
1. 9.8 × 3 = 3 × 101 m s–1 (1 s.f.) train is decelerating so it is harder to stand
25 up at that time.
2.
On ground: = 10 m s–2
2.5
Page 75 What makes something magnetic?
Out of tree: 9.8 m s–2, so the cheetah is able to 1. a) The domains will remain aligned and you will
accelerate at a similar rate to the acceleration due be left with two magnets.
to gravity. b) The originally aligned domains will become
3. 1.8 × 3 = 5.4 m s–2 misaligned.
c) Heating gives energy to the magnet and
Page 71 Data-based question: Analyzing constant causes the domains to become misaligned.
velocity
4
Top left: v = = 5 m s–1
0.8
7.2
Top right: v = = 1.8 km h–1 = 5 m s–1
0.4
5.6 – 0.8
Bottom left: v = = 0.32 km min–1
15
= 5.33 m s–1
20 – 8
Bottom right: v = = 6 m s–1
2
The graph of the bottom right represents the fastest
speed.

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Summative assessment
Bird migration
1. a) 9,0000 × 103
= 2.85 m s–1
365.25 × 24 × 3,600
b) The displacement of the Arctic tern is zero; displacement/velocity is a vector quantity.
c) 90,000 × 30 = 3,600,000 km
.
3,600,000
= 9.4 times
384,400

2. a) 40 m s–1 = 40 × 60 × 60 m h–1 = 144 km h–1

b) 40
=5s
8
c) 3 × 24 + 2 × 24
= 60 m
2

Snail racing
3. a) Award marks for a hypothesis which links the independent and dependent
variable. For example, as the concentration of the solution given to the snails
increases, the speed of the snails will increase.
b) The liquid placed on the surface (i.e. water/sugar solution/dilute beer). Also
allow concentration of sugar solution/beer.
c) The speed of the snails. This could be measured by measuring the distance
travelled by the snails with a ruler. This quantity would then be divided by the
time taken for the snails to travel this distance. Time could be measured with
a stopwatch or light gates.
d) Award one mark for each control variable and one for how to keep it constant.
Examples of control variables:
 Same amount of solution (this might mean that plain water is used as the
comparison);
 Snails crawl over the same surface;
 Snails travel the same distance;
 The same type of solution should be used each time (i.e. either only sugar
solution should be used or dilute beer);
 The same snails should be used for each concentration of solution. This
could be kept the same by carrying out the experiment over a number of
days so that the snails are only affected by one solution at a time;
 The snails used should all be the same species/around the same mass;
this could be achieved by using an electronic balance to measure the mass
of the snails.
e) same as question (a)
f) If the experiment (see question 3 part (b)) is investigating the relative effects
of water, dilute beer and sugar solution, a bar chart should be used. If the
experiment is investigating concentration as the independent variable, then a
scatter graph is appropriate.

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 Measuring a horse’s gallop
4. a) 160

140

120

100
Distance (m)

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (s)

20
b) = 7.1 m s–1
2.83
c) Highest gradient (taken between 3 and 8 seconds): 19 m s–1
d)  Not very reliable as only one set of data has been taken;
 As only one person is timing the horse, there could be random errors in the
data;
 Take repeats to improve the reliability.
e) Allow any sensible suggestion that would improve the experiment:
 The experiment could be repeated so that an average for each distance
could be taken;
 Other method of measuring the speed. For example, light gates/film the
horse for analysis.

Sensing magnetic fields

5. Begall, S., Červený, J., Neef, J., Vojtěch, O. and Burda, H. 9 September 2008.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105.

6. Three from:
 To avoid harming/distressing the animals;
 To avoid interfering with their natural behaviours;
 This might invalidate the study;
 Appreciation that non-invasive techniques are sometimes more difficult to use.

7. Award marks on a scale from 0 (no answer) to 5 (good argument explaining

benefit of understanding).
Potential reasons might include possible medical benefits from better
understanding of senses and better farming practices in keeping cows.

8. One mark for a suggestion, one each for an advantage/disadvantage. Suggestions:

Method Advantage Disadvantage
Position of sun Sun follows a reliable path Sun moves / clouds can obscure
through sky. sun.
Using geographical Can guide accurately. Requires memory, needs to be
features taught/learnt.

9. Climate/weather patterns; food; breeding.

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