Case study on two storey

building project

A two storey building

 Private - Houses
 Public – Offices, Institutions etc.

Planning of buildings
 Architectural Design Based on
 Client
 Resources
 Requirements

 Land selection
 Functions
 Appearance

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Land Selection
 Topography
 Soil conditions
 Accessibility
 Service availability in the area
 Clear Deeds
 Survey plans
 Economical concerns

Functions
 It provides shelter
 It offers protection
 It should be efficient in function
 It should be comfortable

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Appearance
 Aesthetically pleasing building follows
four principles of composition.
1. It’s parts balance each other
2. It’s arrangement of form creates a
felling of rhythm
3. All it’s parts are in proportion
4. It’s scale should be correct

Activity spaces for a house

 Entrance  Servant room
 Living area  Store room
 Dinning area  Office room
 Master bed room
 Bed room
 Toilets
 Kitchen
 Garage

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 Dining
Bed
room

Kitchen Living

Garage
Toilet

Entrance Office
room
Master
bed room

Servant's Servant’
toilet s room

Relationship diagram(Bubble diagram)

Bed toilet
room 1 Bed
room 2
Store
Kitchen/
room
pantry
Toilet
Dining Master
bedroom
Lounge Office
Living room

Garage Entrance
Visitor’s
room
Toilet

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Main elements of a structure
 Superstructure
(Wall, Beam, Column, Slab, Roof)
 Substructure
(Foundation)

Substructure
Soil
 The load of the structure is ultimately transferred to the
Earth.
 Nearest subsoil layer should be suitable to bear the load
or, if not load should be transferred to a suitable subsoil
layer.
 Topsoil – Surface soil on which plants grow
 Subsoil – Soil below topsoil

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General terminology used in Geotechnical
engineering
 Bearing capacity: Capacity of soils to support the loads
applied to the ground (value of load per unit area)

 Backfill: Excavated material from the site and if it is

suitable, reused to fill around the walls and foundations

 Made ground: An area of land that has been man-made,

generally through the reclamation of marshes, lakes, or
shorelines. An artificial fill is used, consisting of natural
materials, refuse, etc.

 Settlement: The gradual downward movement of an

engineering structure, due to compression of the soil below
the foundation.

Typical subsoil bearing capacity

Type of soil Bearing capacity (kN/m2)

Rocks, Granites 10,000-600

Non- cohesive soils 600-100

Compact sands
Loose uniform sands
Cohesive soils 600-0
Hard clays
Soft clays and silts
Peats and made grounds To be determined by investigation

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Foundation
 Foundation transmits the loads to the
Earth.
 It is the base on which the structure is
built and its purpose is to safely transfer
the load to a suitable subsoil.
 It should safely sustain and transmit the
load not to cause any settlements in any
part of the building or any adjoining
buildings.

 Choosing a foundation type

 The nature and bearing capacity of subsoil
 The total load of the building

 Foundation types
 Shallow foundations
 Deep foundations

A shallow foundation (as defined by B1/VM4) is one in

which the depth from the ground surface to the
underside of the foundation is less than two to three
times the width of the foundation

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Shallow foundations

 Shallow foundation transfers the loads to the

nearest subsoil layer.
 It can be used when the surface soil layers are
sufficiently strong to bear the load.
 Shallow foundation categories:
 Spread footings
 Combined footings
 Strap footings
 Mat foundation (Raft foundation)

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  Distribute load over the
building area.
 Suitable for locations where
the soil condition is poor for
using isolated or combined
Mat foundation (Raft foundation) footings.

A raft or mat is a combined footing that

covers the entire area beneath a structure
and supports all the walls and columns.

Deep foundations: Pile foundation

Pile foundation is that type of deep
foundation in which the loads are taken to
a low level by means of vertical members
which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
Pile foundation may be adopted (i) instead
of a raft foundation where no firm bearing
strata exists at any reasonable depth and
the loading is uneven, (ii) when a firm
bearing strata does exist but at a depth
such as to make strip or spread footing
uneconomical, and (iii) when pumping of
sub-soil water would be too costly or
timbering to excavations too difficult to
permit the construction of normal
foundations.

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 Damp proofing

One of the best methods of avoiding dampness in buildings is by installing

Damp Proof Courses (DPCs) in different parts of the building during the
construction phase.

Damp proof course (DPC) is a barrier of impervious material incorporated into a

wall to prevent moisture from moving to any part of the building.
Locate DPC at least 150 mm above external ground level.

Superstructure
Part of the structure which is above ground level. Building
parts located above the ground level include column,
beam, floor, wall and roof.

Materials: timber, steel and concrete

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Structural elements
Beams

Columns

Walls

Masonry may be defined as the

construction of building units bonded
together with mortar. These building
units, commonly known as masonry units
may be stones, bricks or precast
blocks

Roof

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Architectural drawings

First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan

Structural drawings (showing reinforcement details)

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 Beam reinforcement detail

Disposal Services

Sanitary Appliances
Water Closets (WC)
Wash Basins (WB)
Bath or Shower
Sinks

The total number of appliances installed and the frequency of their

anticipated use will determine the capacity of the pipes needed to convey
discharges from the appliances to the below-ground drainage system.

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Figure 1: Arrangement of sanitary appliances – Bathroom and Kitchen

Seal or trap
The water retained by the WC pan creates a seal or trap, which prevents foul
air from the disposal pipe work system from entering the building.

Water seal Water seal Water seal

P – Trap Q – Trap S - Trap

Water Closet (WC)

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Drainage above ground
Drainage above ground is concerned with the pipe work systems that are
used to convey the discharges of sanitary appliances down to the below-
ground drainage system.

Figure 2: Above ground drainage pipe work (soil and vent stack) in housing

Drainage below ground

From design point of view there are a number of features that, if

incorporated into below-ground drainage systems, should assist the
efficiency of operation;

- Pipe layouts should be simple with as few changes in direction or

gradient as possible
- Pipe runs should be in straight lines
- The system should be ventilated
- Pipes should be laid at a depth in the ground to avoid damage, or
specially protected if shallow
- Pipe gradients should suit the material being conveyed (flows
containing solids and liquids should achieve a self-cleansing velocity)
- The pipe should have a capacity to suit the anticipated peak flow
- Sufficient points for access should be provided (for inspection or the
clearing of blockages) ex: manholes, Inspection chambers (IC), rodding
eye etc

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Pipe materials: Concrete, asbestos, iron, U-PVC

Drain termination: In the populated environment, the drains from the

buildings discharged into public sewers for conveyance to the treatment
works. However less populated areas may not be served by public
sewers.
Where there is a single residential property or a small group of them not
served by a public sewer some elementary treatment of the sewage
may be provided before discharge by using a septic tank installation.

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Cold Water Supply
Typical cold water installation for a domestic two-storey building consist
of connection to the water main ( from Water Authority), rising main
(which on entering the building is piped to a ball valve, which feeds the
water into the high-level storage tank), the water storage tank and pipe
works.

Figure 3: Connection to water main

Storage:
Storage of water should be in the highest possible location to maintain
reasonable pressure throughout a building.
The storage is usually quantified to satisfy a 24 – hour interruption of
supply.
Once the water is in the storage tank, the flow to the various fittings is
by gravity.

Design Principles – pipe sizing

The probable demand will depend upon the type of sanitary appliances,
the type of building in which they are installed and the frequency of
usage.

Design Procedure involves;

Determination of flow rate
Calculation of effective length of pipe run
Calculation of pressure of head loss due to friction.

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 Figure 4: Typical two-storey domestic cold water installation

Daylighting

 Daylighting is the practice of bringing light into a building interior

and distributing it in a way that provides more desirable and
better-quality illumination than artificial light sources.
 This reduces the need for electrical light sources, thus cutting
down on electricity use and its associated costs and pollution.

Where artificial lighting is provided:

 It should give good color rendering of all surfaces

 It should not create glare or pools of bright light and strong
shadows, which poorly located up lighters may create.

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