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Project classification
1. Quantifiable and non-quantifiable projects
Little and Mirrelees divide the project into two broad categories: Quantifiable and non-
Quantifiable projects. Quantifiable projects are those in which a plausible quantitative assessment
of benefits can be made. Non-quantifiable projects are those where such an assessment is not
possible. Projects concerned with industrial development, power generation, and mineral
development are forming part of quantifiable projects. The non-quantifiable projects category
comprises health, education, and defense.
2. Sectoral projects
According to Planning Commission, a project may fall in the following sectors;
a) Agriculture and allied sectors
b) Irrigation and allied sectors
c) Industry and Mining sector
d) Transport and Communication sector
e) Social services sector
f) Miscellaneous sector
This sector classification of projects is quite useful for resource allocation at macro levels.
3. Techno-Economic projects
Techno-economic projects classification includes;
a) Factor-intensity oriented
The factor intensity is used as base for classification of projects such as capital intensive
or labour incentive which depends upon the large scale investment in plant and machinery or
human resources.
The operational definition for policy purposes includes all those undertakings having an
investment in fixed assets in plant and machinery, whether held on ownership terms or by lease or
hire-purchase, not exceeding Birr 1200000. Ancillary units and tiny units also come under the
umbrella of small scale industries. A tiny unit is one whose investment in fixed assets in plant and
machinery does not exceed Birr 100000. An ancillary undertaking is one whose investment in
plant and machinery does not exceed Birr 1500000 and is engaged in the;
a) Manufacture of parts, component sub-assemblies, tooling or intermediate or
b) Rendering of services of supplying 1/3 percent of their total service or production.
The third definition of small scale industries relates to national income accounting. This
includes all manufacturing and processing activities, including maintenance and repair services,
undertaken by both household and non-household small-scale manufacturing units, which are not
registered under the Factories Act.
A small industry is defined as “a unit engaged in manufacturing, servicing, repairing,
processing and preservation of goods having investment in plant and machinery, at an original
cost not exceeding Birr 1200000.
2. Idea processing
Once business ideas are discovered, screening and testing of these ideas is done. The
following considerations are significant in the evaluation and testing of business ideas.
a) Technical feasibility
It refers to the possibility of producing the product. Technical feasibility of an idea is
judged in terms of availability of necessary technology, machinery and equipment, labour skills
and raw materials. The advice and assistance of technical experts may be necessary to judge the
technical feasibility of various business ideas.
b) Commercial viability
A cost-benefit analysis is required to ascertain the profitability of the ideas. An elaborate
study of market conditions and prevailing situation is made to assess the viability and prospects
of the proposed project. This is known as feasibility study of the project. A number of
calculations have to made about the likely demand, expected sales volume, selling price, cost of
production, break even point etc. The services of market analysts and financial experts may be
necessary for this purpose. In order to judge the workability and profitability of the proposed
business, feasibility analysis has to be conducted.
After preliminary evaluation of the idea, the promising idea is subjected to a thorough
analysis. Full investigation is carried out in the technical feasibility and economic viability of the
proposed project. Financial and managerial feasibility of the idea are tested. After the evaluation
of a business idea is completed, the findings are presented in the form of a report known as
‘feasibility report’ or project report. This report helps in the final selection of the project. It is also
useful for procuring licenses, finance etc from governmental agencies.
While considering these various factors- market, own experience, policy and incentives,- an
entrepreneur would generally come across a mix of some encouraging and some discouraging
factors with reference to every product.
B) Finance
A business enterprise requires finance for fixed assets (fixed capital) as well as for
current assets (working capital). Once the amount of funds required are established, the
entrepreneur has to identify the sources from which the funds are to be raised. He has also to
decide the relative proportion between the funds raised from different sources (e.g. shares,
debentures, loans etc). This decision is known as the capital structure. It is a very crucial decision
because it influences the real worth of the enterprise and the return of the owners. After deciding
C) Personnel
People are the most valuable asset of an enterprise and an entrepreneur has to make the
following decisions concerning the personnel:
1. Number of personnel required for management, technical and other positions in the enterprise.
2. Qualifications and experience required in the personnel to perform the jobs effectively
3. Sources of recruitment
4. Procedure and methods of selecting the best candidates
5. Methods of orientation and training.
6. Criteria for evaluating the performance of employees.
7. Policies for the transfer and promotion of staff.
8. Policies and methods of remunerating the personnel.
9. Facilities to be provided for the safety, health, welfare of the staff.
10. Participation of personnel in the management of the enterprise.
Once all the required authorizations and sanctions have been obtained, action is to be taken
for the following;
Ordering machineries from suppliers
Obtaining utilities like power and water connections
Recruitment of staff
Arranging supplies of materials
Arranging for distribution of the product
The plant is ready for commissioning. Trial run may be made at this stage. Promotion efforts
may be made to pave the way for introducing the product. When the first few batches of the
product are introduced in the market, information regarding its acceptance is to be gathered. On
the basis of feed back obtained, the process/product has to be modified until acceptable output is
obtained. Then the unit is ready for commercial production.