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Environmental Science

Dr. Kamalini Devi

Assistant Professor, CED
CBIT, Hyderabad.

Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student will be able to

Identify the natural resources and realise the importance of water, food,
CO1
forest, mineral, energy, land resources and effects of over utilisation.
Understand the concept of ecosystems and realise the importance of
CO2
interlinking of food chains.

CO3 Contribute for the conservation of bio-diversity.

Suggest suitable remedial measure for the problems of environmental

CO4 pollution and contribute for the framing of legislation for protection of
environment.
Follow the environmental ethics and contribute to the mitigation and
CO5
management of environmental disasters.

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All units: ES
Unit – I
Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope and importance, need for public
awareness.

Natural resources: Use and over utilization of Natural Resources - Water

resources, Food resources, Forest resources, Mineral resources, Energy
resources, Land resources.

All units:
Unit – II

Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem, structure and function of an

ecosystem, role of producers, consumers and decomposers, energy flow in an

ecosystem, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, Nutrient cycling,

Bio-geo chemical cycles, Terrestrial and Aquatic ecosystems.

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All units:

Unit – III

Biodiversity: Genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity, Bio-geographical

classification of India, India as a Mega diversity nation. Values of

biodiversity, hot-spots of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, endangered and

endemic species of India, methods of conservation of biodiversity.

All units:
Unit – IV
Environmental Pollution: Cause, effects and control measures of air pollution, water

pollution, marine pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution and Solid waste

management, nuclear hazards

Environmental Legislations: Environment protection Act, Air, Water, Forest & Wild

life Acts, issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation, responsibilities

of state and central pollution control boards

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All units:
Unit – V
Social issues and the environment: Water conservation methods: Rain water

harvesting and watershed management, Environmental ethics, Sustainable

development and Climate change: Global warming, Ozone layer depletion,

forest fires, and Contemporary issues.

Unit – I
Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope and importance, need for public
awareness.

Natural resources: Use and over utilization of Natural Resources - Water

resources, Food resources, Forest resources, Mineral resources, Energy
resources, Land resources.

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Definition
• ENVIRONMENT is derived from the French word Environner, which mean “encircle
or surrounding”.
• Environmental Studies deals with every issue that affects an organism.
• ENVIRONMENT refers to surroundings which vary from place to place and
continent depending upon Physiography, Topography, Climate and the available
Natural resources.
• ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE is the study of the interactions between physical,
chemical and biological components of the Earth's natural environment.

Types of Environment

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Continued…
The definition given in Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
• Environment includes all the biological and non-biological things
surrounding an organism.
• Thus environment is sum total of water, air and land, inter-relationships
among themselves and also with the human beings, other living organ- isms
and property.
• i.e. the environment includes all the physical and biological surroundings and
their interactions.

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Continued…

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Scope
Scope of environmental science is broad based and it encompasses a large
number of areas and aspects, broadly listed below:

• Natural Resources—their conservation and management

• Ecology and biodiversity

• Environmental pollution and control

• Social issues in relation to development and environment

• Human population and environment

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Continued…

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Environmental Science

• Environmental Science refers to the science of study of the environment. It is not

restricted to the point of view of one particular discipline but involves all
disciplines that may affect the environment in any possible way.
• It involves the study and understanding of the fact that even a single phenomenon
can affect the environment in a variety of ways with varying degrees of
complexity, and each of these effects can be understood from different perspectives
rooted in different disciplines.

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Major Global Environmental Problems

1. Global Warming 7. Desertification

2. Ozone Layer Depletion 8. Waste Disposal

3. Acid Rain 9. Rapid Population growth

4. Deforestation 10. Depletion of non-renewable

5. Loss of Biodiversity energy sources

6. Water Pollution 11. Food and Water Shortage

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IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT:
• Environment is concerned with day – to – day interaction with the surroundings with
which human being is closely associated. Environmental Science is related to many
branches of Sciences.
• Environment is concerned with the importance of wild life and its protection.
• Environmental Science explains the significant role of biodiversity in establishing
ecological balance.
• Environmental Science gives information relating to Population growth, Population
explosion and impact on Population growth.
• Environmental Science also gives information about water conservation, watershed
management and the importance of water.

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Importance of Environmental Science

• Environmental Science is useful in checking environmental pollution and related
solutions.
• It helps in maintaining ecological balance.
• It helps to gain skills to assess the environmental impact of human activities.
• Environmental study will help to protect biodiversity.
• It gives us basic knowledge of environment and associated problems.
• It helps to achieve sustainable development .
• It helps to educate people regarding their duties towards the protection of
environment.
• The knowledge of environmental science will be applied to the study of
agriculture.

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Continued..
• World Environmental Day on 5th June: The entire world celebrates this
occasion and pledges to move towards a cleaner and safer environment.

• Environment (Protection) Act 1946: Completely designed to protect,

preserve and conserve the environment.

• Earth Day April 22: Participating in this global event raises awareness of
the importance of protecting our planet and its natural resources. In
addition, it encourages people to engage in conserving the environment.

2023 Slogan: Invest in our Planet

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Components of Environment

The components of environment are broadly classified as abiotic and

biotic components.

Abiotic or non-living components of environment include all the physical and

chemical factors that influence living organisms. Examples of abiotic components
are air, water, soil, rocks, etc.

Biotic or living components are the living components of environment and include
microbes, plants, animals, and human beings.

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Abiotic Components

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Biotic Components

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Types of Environment

• Natural Environment

• Man-Made Environment

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Planet Earth: Segments of Environment

•Lithosphere:
Crust: < 1% (Thin)
Everest: 8.85 km
Mantle, Cores

•Hydrosphere:
(oceans, sea, rivers)
•Atmosphere:
~1%:
30 km (99% of air) extends to
120 km

•Biosphere: All life

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Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Science

Environmental Science requires skills that encompass a range of disciplines

including chemistry, biology, earth sciences, atmospheric science, statistics,
mathematics, and geography.

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Need for Public Awareness

• Since the beginning of the culture, the natural resources such as Soil, Land, Water etc.
are being over-exploited causing the environment gets polluted or degraded.
• Eutrophication (excessive nutrients in water body), loss of soil fertility, introduction of
industrial effluents and sewage into natural streams.
• This has resulted in multi – dimensional environmental crisis like soil erosion,
landslides and in turn have created soil pollution, air pollution, water pollution, noise
pollution etc.
• Release of CO2, N02, SO2 into the atmosphere from industries and vehicles.

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Need for Public awareness

• The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de
Janeiro in 1992 and popularly known as ‘Earth Summit’ followed by the World Summit
on Sustainable Development at Johannesburg in 2002, just 10 years after the first
summit, have high- lighted the key issues of global environmental concern and have
attracted the attention of the general public towards the deteriorating environment.
• Public participation is possible only when the public is aware about the ecological and
environmental issues. A drive by the government to ban the littering of polythene
cannot be successful until the public understands the environmental implications of the
same.

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Need for Public Awareness

• Earth’s resources are dwindling and our environment is being increasingly

degraded by human activities and hence something needs to be done.
• Government alone cannot perform all the clean-up functions.
• Individual/group efforts in their own every possible way has to be made to
protect our environment.
• Mass public awareness: newspapers, radio, television strongly influences
public opinion on conserving our environment.

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Methods for Public Awareness

 Environmental education
 Through media
 Through organizing seminars & conferences
 Entertainment
 Science centers
 Involvement of youth
 Through print, broadcast and internet

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Public Awareness

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Natural Resources
• Water
• Food
• Forests
• Minerals
• Energy
• Land

What is Natural Resource?

Definition/Meaning:
• The environment is everything which surrounds on
organism and influences its life in many ways.
• It includes physical and biological components.
• The physical components of the environment are soil, water,
air, light and temperature (Abiotic components).
• The plants and animals are collectively referred to as Biotic
components.
• All these components work together, interact and modify the
effect of one another.
• The basic need of life are fulfilled by minerals present in the
nature. These are referred to as Natural Resources.

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Importance of Natural Resources

• Least wastage and maximum economic advantage.
• Availability of natural resources at minimum
transportation cost.
• Selection of industrial zone.
• Integral use of Natural Resources to obtain long term Economic
advantages. (eg., proper plan to utilize timber from forest for long
period of time)
• To achieve multipurpose advantages. (e.g., dam construction on a
river serves for protection against them flood, proper irrigation
project, development of fishing industry, electricity generation.

Classification of Natural Resources

1. Based on Origin:
a. BIOTIC: (living organisms)
b. ABIOTIC: (non living organisms)
2. Based on Availability:
a. Inexhaustible: (replenishes naturally)
b. Exhaustible: (replenishing process is extremely slow)
3. Based on Distribution:
a. Omni present: (found everywhere)
b. Location based: (found at some specific locations only)

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Continued…
4. Based on Source:
a. Water Resources
b. Forest Resources
c. Mineral Resources
d. Marine Resources
5. Based on Chemical Composition:
a. organic: (vegetables, animals, bacteria, mineral oil)
b. Inorganic: (Air, water, minerals)
c. mixed: (land)

A. Water
Uses of Water:
1. Use of water in Agricultural and
Industrial activities.
2. Drinking and washing purposes.
3. Vital for Fishing Industry.
4.Marine transportation.
5. Electricity generation.

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Water Cycle

Sources of Water: (Water sheds)

Rain

Underground water Surface water Evaporation water

Stream Wells
Tanks Sea Rivers Lakes Lakes formed
1. Artesian or and and by collected
Stream Ocean Streams Ponds water
2. Gravity Stream
3. Surface Stream

Dug Wells Shallow Deep Tube Artesian

Wells Wells Wells Wells

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Types of Wells:
1. Shallow wells:
- 2 to 6 mts. Diameter
- Half or Full Built up (brick walls)
- 7 to 15 mts. Depth
- used for household purposes

2. Deep Wells:
- made of cement pipes (format)
- 20 to 40 mts depth
- 0.6 to 0.9 mts diameter
- pure water ready to supply directly

Continued….
3. Tube Wells:
- 60 to 300 mts depth
- 0.5 to 1.3 mts diameter
- 40 to 50 liters per second water f low
- Water used for gardening or water supply to distant place
- Purification is necessary
4. Artesian Wells:
- Constructed in valley or hilly areas
- Water pump is not required
- Purification of water is necessary
5. Dug Wells:
- Similar to Shallow wells
- Digging tools and spades are used to dug these wells
- Parapet wall of 1 mt. height is constructed
- Well is surrounded by inside slope

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Dams and its Social and Environmental Impacts:

Advantages of Dams:
1. Helps in water supply in Summer.
2. Blocking the water f low towards Sea.
3. For forming artificial lakes to maintain daily water
supply.
4. Helps in irrigation and electricity generation.
5. Useful in creating Ecosystems for Birds and Aquatic
Animals.
6. Useful to farmers to yield multiple crops in a year.

Problems Caused by Dams:

1. Fragmentation and Physical Transformation of rivers.

2. Serious impact on river-line Ecosystem.
3. Social consequences of large dams due to displacement of peoples.
4. Water logging and salinization of the surrounding land.
5. Dislodging animal population, damaging their habitat and cutting of
their migratory routes.
6. Disruption of fishing and water- way traffic.
7. emission of green house gases due to rotting of vegetation.
8. Serious impact on tribal people.
9. failure in achieving the targeted objectives and high cost.

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Impact of Over Utilization of Water:

1. Water scarcity specially in summer.
2. Wastage of Water may lead to blockage of drainage line,
water pollution, Air pollution and Virulent disease or
epidemics.

3. Economic loss due to over usage of Water.

4. It may be considered as Crime or Offence in the court of

Almighty.

Recharging and Conservation of Water:

1. Construction of small Dams and artificial lakes for the water storage
purpose.
2. Construction of ponds for the purpose of storing rain water.
3. Grow more trees to increase the chances of Rain.
4. Economical use of water. (avoid water wastage)
5. Try to reuse the water. E.g:
 Water used for bathing can be reused for vegetation in the veranda.
 Reuse of water by spraying it on dusty roads to prevent small particles
to mix with air.
6. Use based water charges for controlling water usage.
7. After purification of Dirty water it should be used in farms or grass
lands.

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B.FOOD
• Any substance or thing which is able to satisfy appetite to
meet the physiological needs for growth to maintain all body
processes and to supply essential energy required for
maintaining body temperature and activity.
• Chapatti, rice, bread, butter, fruits, vegetables, milk, edible
oil, etc are the routine examples of food.

Functions of Food:
• It provides energy to do day to day work and maintains body
temperature.

• It provides nutrients for the development and the growth of

the body.
• It provides substances to replace the catabolic cells by
• new cells or to appropriately repair the damaged cells.

• It provides substances for the proper functioning of the

reproductive system.
• It regulates body activities to ensure longevity of life and
body.

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Components of Food and their Functions:

Element/ Daily Function Sources
component requirement

1. Carbohydrates 500 gms. Energy and Temperature of Grains, potatoes,

the body is maintained sugar, banana,
carrot, honey, etc

2. Fats 50 gms. Important for the Clarified butter,

development of cells and edible oil, milk,
building tissues. butter, eggs, etc

3. Proteins 100 gms. Necessary for the growth Cereals, milk,

and development of body curd, cheese,
tissues. meat, fishes, and
eggs.

4. Water 2.5 liters Essential for the bio- Water

chemical process in the
body.

5. Salt (minerals) 0.7 gm. Security against damage and Grains, cereals,
strengthens bones. salt

6. Vitamins 0.6 gm Useful for bio chemical Milk, butter,

processes, health, growth vegetables, eggs
and meat

7. Roughage Rarely It is useful for proper Chaff of grains.

taken digestion and bowel’s
movement.

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Importance of Vitamins:

Food Preservation:
• Meaning: Food preservation is the process of treating
and handling food to stop or slow down food spoilage,
loss of quality, edibility, or nutritional value and thus
allow for longer food storage.

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Importance of Food Preservation:

1. Increasing the self-life of foods thus increasing the supply. So
many perishable foods can be preserved for a long time.
2. Making the seasonal food available throughout the year.
3. Adding variety to the diet.
4. Saving time by reducing preparation time and energy, as the
food has already been partially processed.
5. Stabilizing prices of food, as there is less scope of shortage of
supply to demand.
6. Decreasing wastage of food by preventing decay or spoilage
of food.
7. Improving the nutrition of the population. Preserved foods
help people to bring a variety in the diet, thereby decreasing
nutritional inadequacies.

Methods of Food Preservation/ Food

Processing:
Drying:
• The most ancient food of preservation methods, drying is a great
way of preserving herbs, fruits, vegetables and meats. Since the
beginning of time people have let sun and nature take care of
drawing moisture out of foods. This practice is used throughout
the world. For example, Southern Italy is known for drying
tomatoes while India is known for drying chilies, mangos and a
host of spices.
• To dry herbs, simply tie them together and hang in a sunny spot
away from any humidity. To dry fruits or vegetables, set them out
on a clean surface and keep them in the sun for a few weeks (this
only works well in dry, warm climates). A more modern method
of drying is to use an electric dehydrating machine.

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Canning:
• In order to can foods, you need heat. The canning technique was
developed by a French chemist during 1795 and was used to preserve
food for Napoleon's army. Canning is a popular way of preserving
fruits, vegetables and meats.
• Both cans and glass jars are suitable for canning. The important thing
will be to sterilize your recipients in simmering water for a few
minutes (this includes lids).
• Then they will be ready to be filled with things like jam. After filling,
place the lid on firmly but not too tight. To finalize the process lower
the jars into a pot full of water, cover and bring to a boil.
• Process for about 10 minutes. Pull the jars out of the hot water and
let cool. They will vacuum seal as they cool. Cooking times vary per
recipe.

Freezing:
• In the olden days, people would carry ice down from a neighboring
mountain. Of course, now we use electric freezers to preserve our
foods.
• Freezing changes the texture of most fruits and some vegetables but
meats and fish fair well.
• In the summer time, you may want to freeze your berries so that you
have them available for smoothies or baking later in the year.
• The best way to do this is freeze fruit in batches (the same method
would apply to vegetables).
• For instance, scatter fresh berries on a baking tray and put it in the
freezer.
• After they have frozen solid, put them in a bag. This will avoid clumps
of berries that are impossible to separate without thawing.

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Pickling:
• The main difference between this category and canning is that
you need two things for pickling: salt and acid.
• Pickling requires you soak your product, most famously
cucumbers, in a brine with salt.
• When they have pickled for the desired amount of time you
transfer them to a jar full of vinegar.
• At this point you can use the canning method to produce a
vacuum seal, if you wish.
• A bonus of pickling is that it does not change the texture too
much.
• The vegetables undergo a fermentation process, which also
results in a vitamin boost.
• Pickled vegetables are known for having an increased level of
vitamin B6.

Salting:
• Salting is a sub category of the drying method.
• The main difference here is that salt is added to products,
mainly meat and fish, to draw out moisture. This lowers the
bacteria content and makes food adaptable for later use.
• Adding salt to animal protein turns it into a bit leathery.
• Popular foods made in this tradition are beef jerky and dry
salted cod.

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Advantages of Food Processing:

• The food minerals can be preserved with in the food, it will
not get spoiled.

• Helps in maintaining the food supply for whole year.

• It is easy to transport the processed food to the distant places

of the country.

• It helps in maintaining the basic nutritional components.

• It is easy to store and distribute the packed processed food.

Disadvantages of Food Processing:

• Due to processing the Quantity of the food gets reduced.
• Slight reduction in the nutritional level in the stored or
processed food.

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C. Forests
• The earth’s land area where the vegetations are grown
naturally in groups is known as a forest.
• Vegetation means trees, shrubs, creepers or any
woody vegetation having a closed canopy.

Classification of Indian Forests

1. Evergreen forests
2. Deciduous forests
3. Dry forests
4. Mountain or Hill forests
5. Tidal forests

Reasons for Deforestation

1. For obtaining raw materials for industry.
2. For obtaining timber for furniture and construction work.
3. For obtaining fire wood.
4. For developing the mineral industry.
5. For constructing projects on rivers.
6. For expanding Agricultural land.
7. For the purpose of constructing the roads.
8. For establishing industries.
9. For the construction of railway tracks.
10. Human accommodation.
11. Over grassing of forest by live stocks.
12. Destruction by insects and pests.
13. Forest fires.
14. Extreme weather conditions.

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Threats associated with Deforestation:

1. Increase in the possibilities of f lash f loods.
2. Decrease in the rain fall.
3. Increase in the atmospheric temperature.
4. Increase in the amount of soil erosion.
5. Migration of tribal population leads to mental frustration.
6. Extinction of some useful medicinal species.
7. Shelter problem for forest animals will increase.
8. Problem of urbanization will arise.
9. Atmosphere will become adverse.
10. Desertification of forests and agricultural land.
11. Forest dwellers will have a problem of survival.
12. Decrease in the population of animal species.
13. Increased chances of cyclone due to climate change.

Need and measures of Forest Conservation:

Needs:
1. To maintain equilibrium in Ecosystem.
2. To maintain Bio-diversity.
Measures:
1. Forest fires should be prevented.
2. Use of pesticides to eliminate the risk of pests.
3. Plantation of resistant varieties.
4. Replacements of trees (aforestation)
5. Replacing the fire woods by biogas and solar cooker.
6. Implementation of social forestry programmes.
7. Aforestation programmes should be undertaken on wastelands.
8. Trees of aesthetic value should be planted.
9. Renewal of forest crops.
10. Reforestation by suitable monoculture.
11. Unwanted felling of trees should be restricted.

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What is Biodiversity?
• “Biological diversity is that part of nature which
includes the differences in genes among the
individuals of a species.”
• It deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the
biosphere.
This variety can be observed at three levels:
1. the genetic variability with in the species
2. variety of species with in the community
3. organization of species in an area into distinctive plant and
animal communities.

Forests as a reservoir of Biodiversity.

E.P. Odum: “the vegetations created without
ploughing and animals which are not considered as tamed
animals are the species of forests.”

 Biodiversity in India:
1. 350 mammals
2. 1200 birds
3. 20000 insects and bacteria

Note: 55 mammals, 38 birds and 18 reptiles are on the verge of

extinction.

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Continued…
• Forests are the source of timber, bamboo, sandal wood,
vegetation, fodder for animals, medicinal plants, and creepers.
• Forests provides ecosystems for wild animals like, Lions, Tigers,
Leopards, wild Donkeys and various types of birds and reptiles.
Thus, forests can be considered as a reservoir of biodiversity.
• Services provided by forests:
1. Watershed protection
2. Atmospheric regulation
3. Erosion control
4. Food , fuel wood, charcoal, poles, timber, medicines
5. Livelihood for dwelling people. (market use)

D. MINERALS:
• A mineral is a naturally occurring substance of definite composition
and identifiable physical properties. Coal, natural gas and mineral oil
• Metals like iron, copper, silver, aluminum, manganese and other
valuable stones.

Classification of Minerals:
1. Energy Providing Minerals: Coal, Natural Gas and Mineral oil etc.
2. Valuable Minerals: Gold, Silver and Diamond.
3. Minerals Useful in Construction Work: Stones, Marbles, Lime etc.
4. Industrial Minerals: Iron, Copper, Manganese, aluminum etc.

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Mineral Resources of India:

Mineral Name Quantity (‘000 tons) Mineral Name Quantity (‘000 tons)

Copper 5393 Fire Clay 445

Lime stone 66900 Celica 1139
Manganese 1363 Canite 38
Lead- Zink 43- 138 Steatite 390
Bauxite 4773 Dolomite 2505
Chromite 939 Mica 4
Asbestos 26 Gypsum 1657
Pyrite 94 Iron 53700
Gold 1983 kg Lignite 13900
Diamond 18000 carets Magnetite 544
Silver 33 Silmenite 17
Falspar 46837 Barytes 707
Salt 3 Tugsten 22

Exploitation of Minerals:
• Minerals are recovered by the process of mining. It is the physical
removal of minerals from the crust of the earth.
• Methods of mining:
A. Surface Mining:
1. Open pit mining: For obtaining Lime-stone, sand stone, marble,
granite, mica etc.
2. Dredging: To Obtain the under water Mineral deposits.
3. Strip mining: Use of big digging tools to obtain the minerals from
the ore.
B. Underground Mining:
• By making big Holes into the earth’s surface to bring out the
minerals lying in the deep earth ore.

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Impact of Mines and Minerals on Environment:

1. Air pollution by the emission of Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen
Monoxide (SO2 and NO) during the mining process.
2. Various types of diseases arises due to air pollution.
3. Possibility of Acid Rain due to Toxic substances in the air.
4. Increase in Noise pollution due to the use of Heav y machineries in
mining process.
5. Emission of Radon and Thorone in the Uranium Mines.
6. When water flows from mines, there will be Water Pollution.
7. Polluted water obtained from the Natural oil wells may create Land
pollution.

Conservation of Minerals:
Recycling: Reusing of useless articles by adopting
proper processes for them.
Reusing: Reusing the Articles again and again.( glass
bottles)
Decrease consumption: Minimizing the requirements
of certain minerals and reducing the wastage.
Substitution: Try to find the Substitute of the
Minerals.
Use of Waste: the Wastage of some industries can be
used as Raw materials in other Industries.

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E. ENERGY
Meaning:

 Energy is the amount of force or power when applied can move one object
from one position to another.
 Energy defines the capacity of a system to do work.
 Energy exists in everybody whether they are human beings or animals or
non living things. e g: Jet, Light, Machines etc..
 Energy is intimately related to power.
 According to the law of conservation of energy, any form of energy can be
converted into another form, the total energy will remain the same.
 For example: when you charge your mobile phone the electrical energy is
converted into the chemical energy which gets stored inside the battery.

Energy and Environment

 Energy and environment have a strong relationship. The production
and consumption of energy is one of the biggest causes of
environmental damage on earth.
 It leads to large amounts of destruction of natural landscapes and
habitants through the process of fuel extraction, pollution of soil,
climate change, etc.
 Energy is at the heart of many of the world’s current environmental
problems, and posses many problems for the sustainable
development.

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Renewable Energy
 Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e.
sun, wind, rain, tides and can be generated again and again as and when
required.
 They are available in plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of
energy available on this planet.
 Renewable technologies are suited to large-scale production small off
grid applications.
Main forms of renewable energy
 Wind energy
 Hydro energy
 Solar energy
 Bio-fuel
 Geothermal energy

Wind Power
 Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.
 Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore
and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.
 Wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy
production, or 40 times current electricity demand.
 This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind
turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore
resources experience wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land.
 Wind power produces no greenhouse gases during operation, and
power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide
installed capacity of 157,900 MW.

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Solar energy
• Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form
of solar radiation.
• Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic and
heat engines.
• A partial list of other solar applications include day lighting, solar
hot water, solar cooking and high temperature process heat for
industrial purposes.
• Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive
solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert
and distribute solar energy.

Solar energy
• Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels
and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
• Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.

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Advantages of Renewable resources

. Wide availability
. Lower running cost
. Decentralized power production
. Low pollution
. Available for the foreseeable future

Disadvantages of Renewable Resources:

. Unreliable supply
. Usually produced in small quantities
. Often very difficult to store
. Currently per unit cost of energy is more compared to
other types

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NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
 A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-
made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption.

 NUCLEAR ENERGY
 COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS

 FOSSIL FUELS

NUCLEAR ENERGY, COAL, PETROLEUM,

AND GAS

. Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy.

. Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because
once the uranium is used, it is gone!
. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered
nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in
a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.

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Disadvantages of Non-renewable resources:

• When coal is burnt it produces carbon dioxide that causes global
warming.
• Since coal contains impurities like S and N, it produces toxic gases
during burning which causes acid rain and air pollution.
• Traces of mercury and radioactive compounds are also released when
coal is burned.
• Severe human health threat.(lung disease)

Advantages of Non-renewable Resources:

• Available in highly concentrated form
• Easy to store
• Reliable supply
• Lower cost per unit of energy produced as the technology is
matured

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F. Land
. Uses of Land:
1. For Residential and for Construction purpose.
2. For the construction of roads.
3. For Agricultural and for Gardening purpose.
4. For creating Forests.
5. For the construction of big Industrial Units.
6. For preparing canal and water resources.
. Misuses of Land:
1. Destruction of forests.
2. Unused grass land.
3. Non planned urbanization.
4. Excess use of chemical fertilizers.
5. Use of land for mineral industries.

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Soil protection:
1. Avoid Soil erosion.
2. Avoid Water congestion.
3. Water slope on the slope has to be controlled to
minimum speed.
4. Water should be absorbed in the soil with a slow
speed.
5. Control the wind velocity by growing more trees.
6. Construct the drain of such a breadth that the soil
particles may be kept to stick one another.

Classification of Rocks:
 Igneous rocks: This kind of rocks are formed by the frizzing of “Lava” fluid having
minerals. E.g., Granite, Basalt, Quartz, Felspar etc.
 Sedimentary rocks: This types of rocks are formed by chemical and physical
decomposition of rocks. E.g., sandy stone, dolomite etc.
 Distorted rocks: This type of rocks are formed by the conversion of rocks, into
some distort form due to the internal heat of the rocks or pressure: E.g., salt, marble,
gneiss, etc.

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Classification of Rocks:

Importance of Land in India:

• India is an Agricultural Economy and it is inevitable to have
Agricultural activities without proper usage of available land resource.
• 60% of the land in India is either cultivable or non- cultivable in
which 1/3 of which is not proper for crop-yield due to soil erosion and
less mineral content in the land.
• 1/3 land is having less productivity. So we have only 1/3 land available
for crop yield.
• Due to deforestation the problem of soil erosion is increasing day by
day.
• To increase the crop production, we have to use scientific farming
techniques and will have to look for the solutions towards soil erosion.

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Steps to conserve the Land:

1. Waste land reclamation. (convert the non cultivable
land into cultivable land)
2. Adopting diversity by the use of proper irrigation
technique.
3. The Agricultural lands should be kept reserved for
the Agricultural use only.
4. Use of Hybrid seeds should be promoted to maintain
the fertility of the land for long period.
5. Grow more trees to avoid soil erosion.
6. Farmers should be given advices after proper testing
of the land minerals.

THANK YOU

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