ANNUAL PETROLEUM

COMPETITON AND EXHIBITION 2020

DRILLING FLUID
REPORT
STRIATURE TEAM
 Andi Magfirah

Petroleum Engineering

Ester Anggreni

Petroleum Engineering

Larasati Dina

Petroleum Engineering
 LIST OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................3

WELL INFORMATION .......................................................................................4
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN ................................................................................6
A. Drilling Fluid Design 30” Casing and 26” Open Hole Section ....................6
B. Drilling Fluid Design 17 ½” Open Hole Section ..........................................8
C. Drilling Fluid Design 12 ¼” Open Hole Section ........................................10
D. Drilling Fluid Design 8 ½” Open Hole Section ..........................................13
E. Drilling Fluid Design 5 ⅞” Open Hole Section ..........................................16
F. Volume and Cost .........................................................................................19
ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................23
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................24
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................25
APPENDIX ...........................................................................................................26
A. BHT Calculation .........................................................................................26
B. Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) .......................................................26
C. Volume Calculation ....................................................................................27
D. Mixing Order ...............................................................................................28
E. Tank Layout ................................................................................................30
F. Loss Decision Tree ......................................................................................31
 LIST OF TABEL

Table 1 Well Program Summary..............................................................................5

Table 2 Potential Problems and Mitigation 30” Casing and 26” Open Hole ...........6
Table 3 Drilling Fluid Properties of Hi-vis Sweep Gel 30” Casing and 26” Open
Hole ..........................................................................................................................7
Table 4 Drilling Fluid Design Formulation Hi-Vis Sweep Gel 30” Casing and 26”
Open Hole ................................................................................................................7
Table 5 Potential Problems and Mitigation 17 ½” Open Hole ................................8
Table 6 Drilling Fluid Properties KCl-Polymer 17 ½” Open Hole..........................9
Table 7 Drilling Fluid Formulation KCl – Polymer 17 ½” Open Hole ...................9
Table 8 Potential Problems and Mitigation 12 ¼” Open Hole ..............................10
Table 9 Drilling Fluid Properties KCl-Polymer Polyamine 12 ¼” Open Hole .....11
Table 10 Drilling Fluid Formulation KCl-Polymer Polyamine 12 ¼” Open Hole 11
Table 11 Potential Problems and Mitigation 8 ½” Open Hole ..............................13
Table 12 Drilling Fluid Properties KCl-Polymer Polyamine 8 ½” Open Hole .....14
Table 13 Drilling Fluid Formulation KCl-Polymer Polyamine 8 ½” Open Hole ..14
Table 14 Potential Problems and Mitigation 5-7/8” Open Hole ............................16
Table 15 Drilling Fluid Properties Drill in Fluid 5-7/8” Open Hole......................17
Table 16 Drilling Fluid Formulation Drill in Fluid 5-7/8” Open Hole ..................17
Table 17 Volume and Cost Hi Vis Sweep Gel .......................................................19
Table 18 Volume and Cost KCl – Polymer ...........................................................19
Table 19 Volume and Cost Hi Vis Sweep .............................................................19
Table 20 Volume and Cost KCl – Polymer Polyamine .........................................20
Table 21 Volume and Cost Hi Vis Sweep .............................................................20
Table 22 Volume and Cost KCl – Polymer Polyamine .........................................21
Table 23 Volume and Cost High Density Sweep...................................................21
Table 24 Volume and Cost Drill in Fluid ..............................................................22
Table 25 Volume and Cost Hi Vis Sweep .............................................................22
Table 26 Total Cost All Sections ...........................................................................22
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Bulak sumur field is an oil production well located in offshore Java owned by
Gama Oil Company. The well is a horizontal well with a 30” surface conductor and
followed by five holes sections, each of them are 26”, 17 ½”, 12 ¼”, 8 ½”, and 5
⅞” holes sections. The objective of the drilling operation are to safely drill all the
sections until target depth, get the data, and produce the hydrocarbon. Drilling fluid
will provide primary well control in drilling operations. Water based drilling fluid
will be used to drill all the sections, and the drilling fluid system for each section
will be explained comprehensively in this report.

The 30” conductor casing will be run into pre-drilled hole inserted into the
ground by driven pipe. The 26” hole section will be drilled starting from the 30”
hole section by using seawater followed by regular pumping of pre-hydrated gel as
a hi-vis sweep for hole cleaning. In addition, hi vis sweep will be used regularly for
all hole-sections to maintain a good hole cleaning.

The 17 ½”, 12 ¼”, and 8 ½” hole-sections will be drilled with KCl Polymer
inhibitive mud system carried over from one section to another. The KCl Polymer
inhibitive system is in advantageous use for shale inhibitors to prevent swelling in
shale formation as found in the 17 ½” to 8 ½” hole section. The shale formation
will be more reactive as the depth increases, KCl Polymer mud system from 17 ½
“will be carried over to the 12 ¼” hole section by adding polyamine as a shale
inhibitor to help KCl inhibit the reactive shale. As the hole inclination increases,
the 8 ½” hole section will be drilled using the mud from the previous section. The
potential of gas influx (H2S) in this section should be prevented by maintaining the
PH in range 10-11.

The 5 ⅞” hole section is the target production zone which will be drilled in
horizontal direction. This section will be used Drill in Fluid – Potassium Formate
to minimize formation damage.

If any condition, loss or any other problems encountered, a mitigation plan was
also provided in this report to cure all the problems. To successfully drill the well
until target depth, the combination of a good drilling fluid system and drilling
operation should be taken into attention when drilling all the sections.

The environmentally friendly contents of water-based mud, making water-

based mud superior in the disposal of residual drilling waste. It can be discharged
directly into the sea bed without passing a long treatment and worrying about
environmental pollution.
WELL INFORMATION

WELL INFORMATION
A. General Information
Location : Offshore Java
Field : Bulak Sumur Field
Type of Well : Horizontal Oil Well
Type of Rig : Jack Up Rig
Amount of Section : 6 Section
Target Reservoir : Limestone
Water Depth : 192 ft

Plan to drill 7 wells that may include batch drilling. The drilling process will
be carried out by completing one section for seven wells before move to the
next section. Therefore, the drilling fluid will be used continuously for seven
wells.

B. Data Analysis

Unconsolidated sand, bit

balling

Loose Sand, Bit Balling

Bit Balling, Hole Cleaning

Hole Cleaning, Stuck Pipe,

Partial to Total Lost
Circulation

Shale Instability, Sloughing

& Caving, Bit & Stabilizer
Balling, Hole Cleaning, h2S,
Differential Ssticking and
Mechanical Stuck Pipe

Formation Damage, partial

to Total Mud Losses,
Differential Sticking, H2S,
Hole Cleaning

Figure 1 Graph of Pore Pressure and Fracture Pressure

Refer to the graph between pore pressure, fracture pressure and depth, the
mud weight for every section can be determined. It is one of the most important
drilling fluid properties, because it controls formation pressure and it also helps
wellbore stability. If mud weight is too high than formation pressure, it would
be induced some problems, such as formation damage, lost circulation, decrease
in rate of penetration, stuck pipe, and others. Meanwhile, if mud weight is too
low, which is the well will be in an underbalanced condition, the formation
fluids will enter into the wellbore, also it may cause the wellbore collapse.
WELL INFORMATION

Table 1 Well Program Summary

Hole
Casing FT MD / FT Inclination BHT
Section Key Risks
(Inch) TVD (o) (oF)
(Inch)
- Gumbo
30
30 610/610 0 26 - Unconsolidated
Casing
Sand
- Loose Sand
26 20 3250/3225 30 102.36
- Bit Balling
- Bit Balling
17 ½ 13 ⅜ 5814/5790 30 166.56
- Hole Cleaning
- Hole Cleaning
- Stuck Pipe
12 ¼ 9⅝ 8614/8590 30 236.64
- Partial to Total
Loss Circulation
- Shale Instability
- Sloughing &
Caving
- Bit & Stabilizer
Balling
8½ 7 11700/10905 80 294.58 - Hole Cleaning
- H2S Gas
- Differential
Sticking
- Mechanical Stuck
Pipe
- Formation
Damage
- Partial to Total
4½
Mud Losses
5⅞ (Slotted 13302/10940 90 295
- Differential
Liner)
Sticking
- H2S
- Hole Cleaning

C. Well Objectives
• Success to drill for all hole-sections and no HSE incidents.
• Minimize formation damage.
• Optimize hole cleaning and good wellbore stability.
• Minimize operational problem and water generation.
• Optimize cost effective approach.
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 30” CASING AND 26” OPEN HOLE

DRILLING FLUID DESIGN

A. Drilling Fluid Design 30” Casing and 26” Open Hole Section
1. Interval Conditions
1.1 30” Casing Section
• Section 30” casing will be inserted into the ground by driven pipe.
• Length of interval: 610 ft MD
• BHT: 36.91 oF

1.2 26” Open Hole Section

• Return Overboard.
• Length of interval: 3250 ft MD
• BHT: 102.36 oF

Table 2 Potential Problems and Mitigation 30” Casing and 26” Open Hole

Mud Potential
Mud
Interval Weight Drilling Mitigation
Type
(ppg) Hazards
- Optimum flow rate
30” - Gumbo
- Pump hi vis sweep
Casing - Unconsolidated
Seawater 8.7 – 12 - Pump weighted mud
and 26” and loose sand
- Prepare bit balling
Open Hole - Bit balling
pill

2. Drilling Fluid System

• Seawater
Seawater is selected as the main fluid to drill these sections because
of some considerations. These sections are still shallow and the fluid
will be return to overboard, so the drilling fluid that is used in this must
be cheap in term of cost. Seawater has a cheaper cost than using drilling
fluid.
• Hi Vis Sweep Gel
Using seawater as the main fluid will not provide a good carrying
capacity to lift the cutting from the bottom hole to the surface. Hi vis
sweep gel will be pumped every stand to help maximize the hole
cleaning and prevent bit balling due to bad hole cleaning.
• Weighted Mud
Unconsolidated and loose sand formation in this section could lead
to hole stability issue. Therefore, before running the casing, the
formation conditions must be ensured stable, so that weighted mud will
be pumped to maximize the hole stability when drilling operation has
reached the total depth.
6
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 30” CASING AND 26” OPEN HOLE

3. Drilling Fluid Formulation

Table 3 Drilling Fluid Properties of Hi Vis Sweep Gel 30” Casing and 26” Open Hole

Drilling Fluid System

Properties
Hi Vis Sweep Gel
Density (ppg) 8.7 - 12
PV (cP) ALAP
YP (lbs/100 ft2) >40
Funnel (sec/qt) >100
pH 9 – 10
MBT (ppb) -
API Filtrate (ml/30 min) Not checked

Table 4 Drilling Fluid Design Formulation Hi Vis Sweep Gel 30” Casing and 26” Open Hole

Concentration
Additive SG Function
(ppb)
Freshwater 1 338.2 Gel prehydrated
Soda Ash 2.51 0.25 Reduce Ca2+
Bentonite 2.6 30 Based viscosifier
Caustic Soda 2.13 0.25 pH control

4. Drilling Fluid Operation

• The diverter will be installed on a conductor casing as an annular
preventer to divert the kick from the well.
• 26” open hole section will be drilled start from 30” casing section using
seawater, therefore rheology will not be controlled.
• Pump hi vis sweep gel at a minimum of 100 bbls every stand, for high
viscosity sweep.
• Control the pump flow rate and optimize the RPM to maximize hole
cleaning.
• Any indication of failure to clean the hole adequately should be
countered by increasing the sweep frequency and sweep volume.
• After reach the total depth, prior to wiper trip, pump a 2 x 100 bbls hi
vis sweep gel and circulate until the shakers are clean.
• After the wiper trip, and prior to pull out of hole to run the casing, pump
another 2 x 100 bbls hi vis sweep gel and circulate until the shakers are
clean.
• Final displacement, prior to running the casing, weighted mud will be
pumped for hole stability.
• Running 20” casing.

7
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 17 ½” OPEN HOLE

5. Contingency Plan
• Pump weighted mud as a kill mud if there is an indication of influx or
kick.
• If there are indications of bit balling consider the following:
A 100 bbls seawater pill with 2 gal/bbl drilling detergent, followed by
200 bbls seawater, followed by a 100 bbls hi-vis sweep.

B. Drilling Fluid Design 17 ½” Open Hole Section

1. Interval Conditions
• Length of interval: 2564 ft MD
• BHT: 166.56 oF

Table 5 Potential Problems and Mitigation 17 ½” Open Hole

Mud
Mud Potential Drilling
Interval Weight Mitigation
Type Hazards
(ppg)
- Optimum flow rate
- Pump hi vis weep
- Bit Balling
17 ½” regularly
KCL- - Hole Cleaning
Open 12 – 15 - Prepare bit balling pill
Polymer - Shale
Hole - Using inhibitor in
- Stuck Pipe
mud system
- Monitor cutting shape

2. Drilling Fluid System

• KCL-Polymer
The shale in this section will be more reactive. Reactive shale will
be induced stuck pipe because it swelling and clamp the drill string, so
to prevent the occurance of swelling the inhibitor will add to mud
system. The inhibitor that is used is an additional 5% of potassium
chloride.
• Hi Vis Sweep
Hi vis sweep will be built by adding 1 ppb XC polymer to KCl
polymer as a viscosifier and will be pumped as high viscosity mud to
keep the hole cleaning and help to prevent the bit balling.

8
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 17 ½” OPEN HOLE

3. Drilling Fluid Formulation

Table 6 Drilling Fluid Properties KCl-Polymer 17 ½” Open Hole

Drilling Fluid System

Properties
KCl-Polymer
Density (ppg) 12 - 15
PV (cP) ALAP
YP (lbs/100 ft2) 30 – 35
Funnel (sec/qt) 60 – 80
pH 8.5 – 9.5
MBT (ppb) <8
API Filtrate (ml/30 min) <7
Ca (ppm) < 400

Table 7 Drilling Fluid Formulation KCl-Polymer 17 ½” Open Hole

Concentration
Additive SG Function
(ppb)
Seawater 1.025 301.5 Based Fluid
Biocide 1.3 0.25 Prevent biodegradation
Soda Ash 2.51 0.5 Ca2+ and Mg2+ control
5% Potassium
1.98 16 Shale inhibitor
Chloride
Starch 1.5 4 Filtration loss
PAC L 1.5 2 Filtration control
XC Polymer 1.55 1.2 Viscosifier
Barite 4.2 180 Weighting agent
Caustic Soda 2.13 0.25 pH control

4. Drilling Fluid Operation

• 17 ½” open hole section will be drilled in a closed system with Water
Based Mud (KCL Polymer).
• Shale inhibition will be imparted with 5% Potassium Chloride (KCL).
• Drilling fluid will return to the surface and pass through the solid
control.
• Utilize solids control equipment to manage drill solids, MBT, and Mud
Weight.
• Drilling fluid will be pumped with optimum flow rate to maintain hole
cleaning.
• Hi vis sweep volumes 75 bbls will be pumped every stand while drilling
and may be pumped more often to ensure hole cleaning as hole
conditions dictate.

9
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 12 ¼” OPEN HOLE

• Solids Control Efficiency (SCE) will be monitored and controlled by a

dilution method.
• After reach the total depth, prior to wiper trip, pump a 2 x 75 bbls hi vis
sweep and circulate until the shakers are clean.
• After the wiper trip, and prior to pull out of hole to run the casing, pump
another 2 x 75 bbls hi vis sweep and circulate until the shakers are clean.
• Running 13 ⅜” Casing

5. Contingency Plan
If there are indications of bit balling consider the following:
A 100 bbls seawater pill with 2 gal/bbl drilling detergent, followed by 200
bbls seawater, followed by a 100 bbls hi-vis sweep.

C. Drilling Fluid Design 12 ¼” Open Hole Section

1. Interval Conditions:
• Length of interval: 2800 ft MD
• BHT: 236.64 oF
Table 8 Potential Problems and Mitigation 12 ¼” Open Hole

Mud
Mud Potential
Interval Weight Mitigation
Type Drilling Hazards
(ppg)
- Using inhibitor in
Reactive Shale
mud system
- Optimum flow rate
Hole Cleaning - Pump hi vis sweep
regularly
- Monitor pit volume
12 ¼” KCL-
- Monitor mud return
Open Polymer 15 – 16.2
Partial to Total - Using LCM in mud
Hole Polyamine
Loss system
- Ready to blind
drilling
- Using LCM as
Depleted Zone bridging agent in
mud system

2. Drilling Fluid System

• KCL-Polymer Polyamine
Same as the previous section, the presence of the shale in this section
will be more reactive, therefore, polyamine will be added as an
additional inhibitor to help the role of potassium chloride in preventing
swelling. Polyamine as the additional shale inhibitor besides being able
to prevent swelling, also has a lubricity effect to decrease the friction

10
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 12 ¼” OPEN HOLE

between drill string and formation in the deviation well. Lost circulation
material will be added in form of calcium carbonate as a bridging agent
to prevent the partial to severe loss.
• Hi Vis Sweep
Hi vis sweep will be pumped as high viscosity mud to keep the hole
cleaning and help to prevent the bit balling. It will be built by adding 1
ppb of XC polymer to the KCl-polymer polyamine.

3. Drilling Fluid Formulation

Table 9 Drilling Fluid Properties KCl-Polymer Polyamine 12 ¼” Open Hole

Drilling Fluid System

Properties
KCl-Polymer Polyamine
Density (ppg) 15 – 16.2
PV (cP) ALAP
YP (lbs/100 ft2) 28 – 32
Funnel (sec/qt) 55 – 75
pH 9 – 10
MBT (ppb) <5
API Filtrate (ml/30 min) <5
Ca (ppm) < 400

Table 10 Drilling Fluid Formulation KCl-Polymer Polyamine 12 ¼” Open Hole

Concentration
Additive SG Function
(ppb)
Seawater 1.025 253.7 Based fluid
Biocide 1.3 0.25 Prevent biodegradation
Soda Ash 2.51 0.5 Ca2+ and Mg2+ control
6% Potassium
1.98 16 Shale inhibitor
Chloride
Starch 1.5 4 Filtration control
PAC L 1.5 3 Filtration control
XC Polymer 1.55 0.6 Viscosifier
Polyamine 3.5 7 Shale inhibitor
Barite 4.2 330 Weighting agent
Natural Cellulosic
0.9 5 Filtration control
Fiber
Calcium Carbonate
2.6 10 Lost circulation material
Medium
Caustic Soda 2.13 0.5 pH control

11
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 12 ¼” OPEN HOLE

4. Drilling Operation
• 12 ¼” open hole section will be drilled with Water Based Mud (KCl
Polymer) used in the section 17 ½” open hole by adding polyamine as
an additional shale inhibitor.
• Shale inhibition will be imparted with 6% Potassium Chloride (KCl)
• Utilize solids control equipment to manage drill solids, MBT, and Mud
Weight.
• Hi vis sweep volumes 50 bbls will be pumped every stand while drilling
and may be pumped more often to ensure hole cleaning as hole
conditions dictate.
• Wiper trips or reaming trips will be carried out periodically to prevent
stuck pipe if shale swelling.
• After reach the total depth, prior to wipe trip, pump a 2 x 50 bbls hi vis
sweep and circulate until the shakers are clean.
• After the wiper trip, and prior to pull out of hole to run the casing, pump
another 2 x 50 bbls hi vis sweep and circulate until the shakers are clean.
• Running 9 ⅝” casing.

5. Contingency Plan
• If there is an indication of partial to severe loss, the concentration of
LCM will be increased according to the guideline in the loss decision
tree attached in the appendix.
• If there is an indication of total loss, blind drilling operation will be
carried out with seawater through the drill string. Annulus will be filled
by spud mud as the primary well barrier.
• Adding 4 ppb sulphonated asphalt for shale stability.

12
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 8 ½” OPEN HOLE

D. Drilling Fluid Design 8 ½” Open Hole Section

1. Interval Conditions
• Length of Interval: 3086 ft MD
• BHT: 294.58 oF

Table 11 Potential Problems and Mitigation 8 ½” Open Hole

Mud Potential
Mud
Interval Weight Drilling Mitigation
Type
(ppg) Hazards
- Using inhibitive mud
Shale Instability
- Using shale stabilizer
- Optimum hole
Bit and
cleaning
Stabilizer
- Prepare bit balling
Balling
pill
- Optimum flow rate
Hole Cleaning - Pump hi vis sweep
8 ½” KCL-
regularly
Open Polymer 15 – 16.2
- Increase pH
Hole Polyamine
H2S Presence - Prepare H2S
scavenger
- Control mud density
Differential
- Using LCM as
Sticking
bridging agent
Mechanical - Wiper trip
Stuck Pipe periodically
High Torque - Using lubricant

2. Drilling Fluid System

• KCl-Polymer Polyamine
In this section, the problems that may be encountered will be more
complex than the previous section, so the drilling fluid design must be
stable to the formation. KCl-Polymer Polyamine will be used in this
section to counter the reactive shale. To solve the hole cleaning problem,
the flow rate and RPM optimization will be performed. For H2S
problems, drilling fluid pH should be increased by adding lime as a
buffer will safe the drilling fluid if there are an influx of H2S gas. The
potential of differential sticking will be minimized by controlling the
density of drilling fluid stable. Calcium carbonate also will be added as
a bridging agent to minimize the pressure transmission to prevent the
potential of differential sticking.

13
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 8 ½” OPEN HOLE

• High Density Sweep

High density sweep will be pumped for hole cleaning in high
inclination well. High density with laminar flow regime will give the
piston effect to lift the cuttings that settle at the bottom side.

3. Drilling Fluid Formulation

Table 12 Drilling Fluid Properties KCl-Polymer Polyamine 8 ½” Open Hole

Drilling Fluid System

Properties
Kcl-Polymer Polyamine
Density (ppg) 15 – 16.2
PV (cP) ALAP
YP (lbs/100 ft2) 24 - 30
Funnel (sec/qt) 45 - 65
pH 10 - 11
MBT (ppb) <5
API Filtrate (ml/30 min) <5
Ca (ppm) < 400

Table 13 Drilling Fluid Formulation KCl-Polymer Polyamine 8 ½” Open Hole

Concentration
Additive SG Function
(ppb)
Seawater 1.03 248.6 Based fluid
Biocide 1.3 0.25 Prevent biodegradation
Soda Ash 2.51 0.5 Ca2+ and Mg2+ control
6% Potassium
1.98 16 Shale inhibitor
Chloride
Starch HT 1.5 6 Filtration control
XC Polymer 1.55 0.6 Viscosifier
Polyamine 3.5 7 Shale inhibitor
Sulphonated
1.06 4 Shale stabilizer
Asphalt
Lime 2.29 0.5 pH buffer
Barite 4.2 330 Weighting agent
Natural Cellulosic
0.9 5 Filtration control
Fiber
Calcium
Carbonate 2.6 15 Lost circulation material
Medium
Caustic Soda 2.13 0.25 pH control

14
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 8 ½” OPEN HOLE

4. Drilling Operation
• 8 ½” open hole section will be drilled with Water Based Mud (KCl
Polymer Polyamine) used in the previous section 12 ¼” open hole if
there is no total loss, but if there is a total loss a new mud will be built.
• Shale inhibition will be imparted with 6% Potassium Chloride (KCl).
• Utilize solids control equipment to manage drill solids, MBT, and Mud
Weight.
• High density sweep volumes 30 bbls will be pumped every stand while
drilling and may be pumped more often to ensure hole cleaning as hole
conditions dictate.
• Wiper trips or reaming trips will be carried out periodically to prevent
stuck pipe if shale swelling.
• Maintain mud pH in the range 10-11 to prevent influx of H2S gas.
• Maintain mud density to keep it stable to minimize the occurrence of
differential pipe sticking.
• If there is an indication of high torque, will be added 2% lubricant.
• After reach the total depth, prior to wiper trip, pump 2 x 30 bbls high
density sweep and circulate until the hole is completely clean of cuttings.
• After the wiper trip, and prior to pull out of hole to run the casing, pump
another 2 x 30 bbls high density sweep and circulate until the hole is
completely clean of cuttings.
• Running the 7” liner.

5. Contingency Plan
• If there are indications of bit balling consider the following:
A 100 bbls seawater pill with 2 gal/bbl Drilling Detergent, followed by
200 bbls seawater; followed by a 100 bbls hi vis sweep.
• If there are indications of influx H2S, the mud will be added with H2S
scavenger (Zinc Carbonate) prior to enter carbonate region. In addition,
also running degasser for H2S gas can come out and filtered in the
degasser utilized.
• If there is an indication of high torque, will be added 2% lubricant.

15
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 5 ⅞” OPEN HOLE

E. Drilling Fluid Design 5 ⅞” Open Hole Section

1. Interval Conditions
• Horizontal direction
• Use slotted liner
• Length of Interval: 1602 ft MD
• BHT: 295 oF

Table 14 Potential Problems and Mitigation 5-7/8” Open Hole

Mud Potential
Mud
Interval Weight Drilling Mitigation
Type
(ppg) Hazards
Formation - Using Drill in
Damage Fluid
- Monitor pit volume
- Monitor mud
return
Partial to Total
- Using LCM in mud
Loss
system
- Ready to blind
drilling
5 ⅞” Open Drill in
14.3 – 16.5 - Increase pH
Hole Fluid
H2S Presence - Prepare H2S
scavenger
- Control mud
Differential density
Sticking - Using LCM as
bridging agent
- Optimum flow rate
Hole Cleaning - Pump Hi Vis
sweep regularly

2. Drilling Fluid System

• Drill in Fluid
Drill in fluid is used to solve the problem in this hole section due to
the materials are non-damaging to the formation. Potassium formate will
add to reach the target density. Potassium formate itself has many
advantages like provide high-density brines that aren’t hazardous,
minimum damage to formation, optimize wellbore hydraulic,
environmentally friendly, low differential sticking potential, reduced
drilling time, low treatment cost during drilling, protect viscosifier and
fluid loss polymer against thermal degradation.

16
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 5 ⅞” OPEN HOLE

• Hi Vis Sweep
Hi vis sweep will be pumped as high viscosity mud to keep the hole
cleaning and help to prevent the bit balling. It will be built by adding 1
ppb of XC polymer to Drill in Fluid.

3. Drilling Fluid Formulation

Table 15 Drilling Fluid Properties Drill in Fluid 5-7/8” Open Hole

Drilling Fluid System

Properties
Drill in Fluid
Density 14.3 – 16.5
PV (cP) ALAP
YP (lbs/100 ft2) 15 - 20
Funnel (sec/qt) -
pH 10 - 11
MBT (ppb) Not Checked
API Filtrate (ml/30 min) <5
Ca (ppm) < 400

Table 16 Drilling Fluid Formulation Drill in Fluid 5-7/8” Open Hole

Concentration
Additive SG Function
(ppb)
Seawater 1.025 312.5 Based fluid
Soda Ash 2.51 0.5 Ca2+ and Mg2+ control
36% Potassium
1.23 178 Weighting agent
Formate
Biocide 1.3 1 Prevent biodegradation
Lime 2.29 0.5 pH buffer
Starch HT 1.6 8 Filtration control
XC Polymer 1.5 0.4 Viscosifier
Calcium Weighting agent and
2.6 100
Carbonate bridging agent
Caustic Soda 2.13 0.25 pH control

17
DRILLING FLUID DESIGN – 5 ⅞” OPEN HOLE

4. Drilling Operation
• 5⅞” open hole section is targeted as a production zone of the well and
will be drilled with drill in fluid system.
• 45 bbl of hi vis sweep will be pumped periodically for hole cleaning.
• Wiper trips or reaming trips will be carried out periodically for hole
cleaning, in case for cutting that settles at the bottom of the well.
• Maintain mud pH in the range 10-11 to prevent influx of H2S gas.
• Maintain mud density to keep it stable to minimize the occurrence of
differential pipe sticking.
• After reach the target depth, prior to wipe trip, pump 2 x 45 bbls hi vis
sweep and circulate until the hole is completely clean of cuttings.
• Running 4 ½” slotted liner

5. Contingency Plan
• If there are indications of influx H2S, the mud will be added with H2S
scavenger (Zinc Carbonate). In addition, also running degasser for H2S
gas can come out and filtered in the degasser utilized.
• If there is an indication of partial to severe loss, the concentration of
LCM will be increased according to the guideline in the loss decision
tree attached in the appendix.
• If there is an indication of total loss, blind drilling operation will be
carried out with seawater through the drill string.
• If there is an indication of high torque, will be added 2% lubricant.

18
VOLUME AND COST

F. Volume and Cost

a. 30” Casing & 26" Open Hole Section || 18-5/8" Casing Section
Table 17 Volume and Cost Hi Vis Sweep Gel

Mixing Required (bbl) 6329

Unit Size Concentration Unit Price Total
Materials
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($) Cost ($)
Soda Ash 55 0.25 29 7.7 222
Bentonite 2200 30 86 252 21,753
Caustic Soda 55 0.25 29 20.5 590
TOTAL COST ($) 22,565

b. 17 ½” Open Hole Section || 13 3/8” Casing Section

Table 18 Volume and Cost KCl – Polymer

Mixing Required (bbl) 5426

Unit Size Concentration Unit Price Total
Materials
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($) Cost ($)
Biocide 42 0.25 32 86 2,777
Soda Ash 55 0.5 49 7.7 380
PAC L 55 2 197 43 8,484
Starch 55 4 395 24 9,549
XC Polymer 55 1.2 118 133 15,744
Potassium
2200 16 39 685 27,020
Chloride
Barite 2200 180 444 252 111,884
Caustic Soda 55 0.25 25 20.5 506
TOTAL COST ($) 176,343

Table 19 Volume and Cost Hi Vis Sweep

Mixing Required (bbl) 4091

Unit Size Concentration Unit Price Total
Materials
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($) Cost ($)
XC Polymer 55 1 74 133 9,892
TOTAL COST ($) 9,892

19
VOLUME AND COST

c. 12 ¼” Open Hole Section || 9 5/8” Casing Section

Table 20 Volume and Cost KCl – Polymer Polyamine

Mixing Required (bbl) 224

Unit Size Concentration Unit Price Total
Materials
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($) Cost ($)
Biocide 42 0.25 1 86 115
Soda Ash 55 0.5 2 7.7 16
PAC L 55 3 12 43 526
Starch 55 4 16 24 395
XC Polymer 55 0.6 2 133 326
Potassium
2,200 16 2 685 1,118
Chloride
Polyamine 46.6 7 34 334 11,242
PAC L 55 3 12 43 526
Barite 2,200 330 34 252 8,484
Natural
Cellulosic 25 5 45 27 1,212
Fiber
Calcium
Carbonate 2,200 10 1 290 296
Medium
Caustic Soda 55 0.5 2 20.5 42
TOTAL COST ($) 23,770
Table 21 Volume and Cost Hi Vis Sweep

Mixing Required (bbl) 2791

Unit Size Concentration Unit Price Total
Materials
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($) Cost ($)
XC Polymer 55 1 51 133 6,748
TOTAL COST ($) 6,748

20
VOLUME AND COST

d. 8 ½” Open Hole Section || 7” Liner Section

Table 22 Volume and Cost KCl – Polymer Polyamine

Mixing Required (bbl) 305

Total
Unit Size Concentration Unit Price
Materials Cost
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($)
($)
Biocide 42 0.25 2 86 156
Soda Ash 55 0.5 3 7.7 21
Starch HT 55 6 37 24 5,671
XC Polymer 55 0.6 3 133 442
Potassium
2,200 16 2 685 1,518
Chloride
Polyamine 46.6 7 46 334 15,273
Sulphonated
2200 4 1 700 388
Asphalt
Barite 2,200 330 46 252 11,526
Lime 55 0.5 3 27 11
Natural
Cellulosic 25 5 61 27 1,646
Fiber
Calcium
Carbonate 2,200 15 2 290 603
Medium
Caustic Soda 55 0.25 3 20.5 57
TOTAL COST ($) 37,312

Table 23 Volume and Cost High Density Sweep

Mixing Required (bbl)

Unit Size Concentration Unit Price Total
Materials
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($) Cost ($)
Barite 2,200 54 69 252 17,278
TOTAL COST ($) 17278

21
VOLUME AND COST

e. 5 ⅞” Open Hole || 4 ½” Slotted Liner

Table 24 Volume and Cost Drill in Fluid

Mixing Required (bbl) 2543

Unit Size Concentration Unit Price Total
Materials
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($) Cost ($)
Soda Ash 55 0.5 23 7.7 178
Potassium
252.26 178 1794 168 301,465
Formate
Biocide 42 1 61 86 5,207
Lime 55 0.5 23 27 88
Starch HT 50 8 407 133 54,116
XC Polymer 55 0.4 18 133 2,460
Calcium
Carbonate 2200 100 116 290 33,522
Medium
Caustic Soda 55 0.25 12 10.25 118
TOTAL COST ($) 397,155

Table 25 Volume and Cost Hi Vis Sweep

Mixing Required (bbl) 910

Unit Size Concentration Unit Price Total
Materials
(lb/sacks) (ppb) (Sacks) ($) Cost ($)
XC Polymer 55 1 17 133 2200
TOTAL COST ($) 2200

Table 26 Total Cost All Sections

Hole Section Drilling Fluid Type Cost ($)

30” Casing and 26” Open Hole Hi Vis Sweep Gel 22,565
KCl-Polymer 176,343
17 ½” Open Hole
Hi Vis Sweep 9,892
KCl-Polymer Polyamine 23,770
12 ¼” Open Hole
Hi Vis Sweep 6,748
KCl-Polymer Polyamine 37,312
8 ½” Open Hole
High Density Sweep 17,278
Drill in Fluid 397,155
5 ⅞” Open Hole
Hi Vis Sweep 2200
TOTAL COST ($) 693,264

22
ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT
Drilling waste are the second largest volume of waste in oil and gas industry. It
depending on the depth and diameter of the wellbore and each well usually can
generate few thousand barrels. The high volume of drilling waste, which include
drilling mud and cuttings need a proper waste management and disposal to avoid
pollution and impact to human and environment must be required.
Water-based mud can be disposed directly to the sea bed because the contents
of each materials is safe. It will not have an impact on the survival of the organism.
Majority of the regulations allow for water-based mud and drill cuttings discharge
directly into the sea.
The solid control equipment is used to separate the water-based mud with the
cuttings. It starts from shale shaker as a first stage of separation to separates big
solids. Shale shaker is a filtering tool with a high effectiveness in separating the
solid phase with the liquid phase. Then mud will be flowed to the desander to re-
separation the medium sized of cuttings. For smaller cuttings, it separated in
desilter. Centrifuge is used to removing drill solids and recovering fluids. Cuttings
that has passed the solid control equipment will be saved into the cutting keeper
then can be discharged to the environment or can be used as a construction material.
But nowadays, the use of desander and desilter are rarely used because of high cost.

23
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
From the explanation and analysist above, can be concluded that:
1. Drilling fluid design for every section is capable to overcome all the problems
that may be encountered.
2. Seen from the capability, environment and cost, water-based mud is still the
best choice to handle all the problems in every section in this well.
3. All of the drilling fluid design are still safe to be discharged into the
environment.
4. KCl-Polymer can be used continuously from 17 ½” until 8 ½” hole section.
5. Potassium formate will be used in drill in fluid to reach the target density and
provide many advantages.
6. Mitigation plan has been provided for every potential problem that may occur.
7. All of the drilling fluid design can be used for batch drilling and save the cost.
Drill in fluid potassium formate also can be stored and used to another drilling
process.

24
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Drilling Fluids Manual. (n.d.). Amoco Production Company

Handbook of Drilling Fluids. (n.d.). Mi Swaco

Ismail, Abdul Razak., Alias, Abdul Hadi., Sulaiman, Wan Rosli Wan., Jaafar, Mohd
Zaidi., Ismail, Issham. (2017). Drilling Fluid Waste Management in Drilling
for Oil and Gas Wells. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 56, 1351-1356.
DOI: 10.3303/CET1756226.

J. Ferron, Daniel. et al. (2014). Lost Circulation Guide. California: Chevron Philips
Chemical Company.

Mahmoud, Mohamed Nasr El-Din., Elkatatny, Salaheldin. (2018). Removal of

Barite-Scale and Barite-Weighted Water- or Oil Based-Drilling Fluid
Residue in a Single Stage. SPE Drilling & Completion. Doi:
10.2118/187122-pa.

Medimurec, N. G. (1998). Horizontal Drill-in Fluids. Croatia: University of

Zagreb. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/20663.

Medimurec. N. G. et al. (2008). Formate-Based Fluids: Formulation and

Application. Croatia: University of Zagreb. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26594531_Formate-
based_fluids_Formulation_and_application.

Sharif MD, Ahammad., NVR, Nagalakshmi., Reddy S, Srigowri., G, Vasanth.,

Sankar K, Uma. (2017). Drilling Waste Management and Control the Effects.
Journal of Advanced Chemical Engineering 7:166. DOI: 10.4172/2090-
4568.1000166.

Xiaofeng, Sun. et al. (2013). Review Hole Cleaning in Complex Structural Wells.
The Open Petroleum Engineering Journal, 6, 25-32.

25
APPENDIX

APPENDIX

A. BHT Calculation

Estimate BHT vs Depth

BHT (oF)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
30" Casing - 36.91 oF

2000
26" Open Hole - 102.36 oF
Depth (TVD)

4000
y = 39.955x - 846.84 17 ½” Open Hole - 166.56 oF
6000

8000 12 ¼” Open Hole - 236.64 oF

10000 8 ½” Open Hole - 294.58 oF

5 ⅞” Open Hole - 295 oF
12000

Figure 2 Graph of Bottom Hole Temperature

𝑇𝑉𝐷 + 846.84
𝐵𝐻𝑇 =
39.955

DATA CALCULATION
Depth (TVD) BHT (oF) Depth (TVD) BHT (oF)
192 26 192 26
10,940 295 610 36.91
3225 102.36
5790 166.56
8590 236.64
10905 294.58
10940 295

B. Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD)

𝐸𝐶𝐷 = (∆𝑃 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 ÷ 0.052 ÷ 𝑇𝑉𝐷) + 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

MW TVD ∆P Annulus ECD

(ppg) (Ft) (psi) (ppg)
30” 9 610 100 12.15
26” 10 3225 100 10.60
17 ½” 12 5790 100 12.33
12 ¼” 15 8590 100 15.22
8 ½” 15 10905 100 15.18
5 7/8” 14.3 10940 100 14.48

26
APPENDIX

C. Volume Calculation

Mud Volume Calculation

Hole Section
Riser 30” 26” 17 ½” 12 ½” 8 ½” 5 ⅞”
Diameter
OD Casing (inch) 30 20 13.375 9.875 7 4.5
ID Casing (inch) 28 28 19.124 12.347 8.625 6.094 3.92
MD of Top 0 292 610 3250 5814 8614 11700
Hole
Length Bottom 292 610 3250 5814 8614 11700 13302
(ft)
MD
Top 0 0 0 0 0 7958
Casing
Setting
Bottom 292 610 3250 5814 8614 11700
Depth (ft)
Open hole volume
0 0 1734 763 408 217 54
(bbl)
Case hole volume
222 465 1155 861 622 135
(bbl)
Surface volume
0 0 600 600 600 600 600
(bbl)
Excess Washout 0 0 1.3 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
Washout volume
0 0 2254 877 469 249 62
(bbl)
Section volume
0 0 5274 3617 2561 1911 1695
(bbl)
Dilution volume
0 0 1055 1809 1280 955 848
(bbl)
Received volume
0 0 0 0 3617 2561 0
(bbl)
Mixing Volume
0 0 6329 5426 224 305 2543
(bbl)

27
APPENDIX

D. Mixing Order
a. Hi – Vis Sweep Gel
Mix
Formulation Mixing Step
Order
Freshwater 1 Mix freshwater
Bentonite 2 Add bentonite as a viscosifier
Soda Ash 3 Add soda ash to control the contains of
Ca2+ in freshwater
Caustic Soda 4 Add caustic soda to reach the desired
pH

b. KCl – Polymer
Mix
Formulation Mixing Step
Order
Seawater 1 Mix seawater
Biocide 2 Add biocide to prevent biodegradation
Soda Ash 3 Add soda ash to control the contains of
Ca2+ and Mg2+ in seawater
Starch 4 Add starch as filtration control
PAC L 5 Add PAC L as filtration control
XC Polymer 6 Add XC Polymer for viscosity
Potassium Chloride 7 Add potassium chloride for inhibit the
shale
Barite 8 Add barite to reach the desired density
Caustic Soda 9 Add caustic soda to reach the desired
pH

c. KCl – Polymer Polyamine

Mix
Formulation Mixing Step
Order
Seawater 1 Mix seawater
Biocide 2 Add biocide to prevent biodegradation
Add soda ash to control the contains of
Soda Ash 3
Ca2+ and Mg2+ in seawater
Starch 4 Add starch as a filtration control
PAC L 5 Add PAC L as a filtration control
XC Polymer 6 Add XC Polymer for viscosity
Lime 7 Add lime as a pH buffer
Add potassium chloride for inhibit the
Potassium Chloride 8
shale
Polyamine 9 Add polyamine to help the role of

28
APPENDIX

potassium chloride
Add calcium carbonate as a bridging
Calcium Carbonate 10
agent
Natural Cellulosic Add natural cellulosic fiber as a
11
Fiber filtration control and LCM
Barite 12 Add barite to reach the desired density
Add caustic soda to reach the desired
Caustic Soda 13
pH

d. Drill in Fluid – Potassium Formate

Mix
Formulation Mixing Step
Order
Seawater 1 Mix Seawater
Add biocide to prevent
Biocide 2
biodegradation
Add soda ash to control the contains
Soda Ash 3
of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in seawater
Starch HT 4 Add starch HT as filtration control
XC Polymer 5 Add XC Polymer for viscosity
Lime 6 Add lime as pH buffer
Add potassium formate as a
Potassium Formate 7
weighting agent
Add calcium carbonate as a bridging
Calcium Carbonate 8
agent and weighting agent
Add caustic soda to reach the desired
Caustic Soda 9
pH

29
APPENDIX

E. Tank Layout

Figure 3 Tank Layout

30
APPENDIX

F. Loss Decision Tree

Figure 4 Loss Decision Tree

31
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