‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Parasitism:
It is an association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host gets nothing in return
but always suffers some injury.

Relapse malaria
malaria parasite infecting humans
This can be defined as renewed clinical and parasitological manifestations of malaria following a
primary attack

Relapses are due to hypnozoites of P. vivax/ P. ovale

Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma is an opportunistic pathogen. Infects animals
and humans

Toxoplasmosis Modes of transmission

• Ingestion of undercooked meat
• Organ transplantation from a seropositive donor to a seronegative
recipient
• Contact with contaminated needles
• Congenital transmission
• Borne food .

Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

1. Microscopical examination
2. BM aspiration
3. Spleen aspiration
4. Immunodiagnostic – essential procedure
Leishmaniasis – Three forms
1. Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL = or kala- azar) . Very dangerous
e.g Leishmania donovani
2. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). medium risk
old world e.g ( Leishmania major )
new world e.g ( Leishmanai Mexicana)
3. Muco- cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL).
Major pathogenic protozoa
I) Blood and tissue parasites
1.1 Plasmodium species
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium ovale
• Plasmodium Malariae
II) Intestinal protozoa
- Entamoeba hitolytica.
III) Urogenital flagellate.
Trichomonas vaginalis.