Parasitism:

It is an association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host gets nothing in return
but always suffers some injury.

Relapse malaria
malaria parasite infecting humans
This can be defined as renewed clinical and parasitological manifestations of malaria following a
primary attack

Relapses are due to hypnozoites of P. vivax/ P. ovale

Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma is an opportunistic pathogen.Infects animals,
cattle, birds, rodents, pigs, and sheep.and humans

Toxoplasmosis Modes of transmission

• Ingestion of undercooked meat

• Organ transplantation from a seropositive donor to a seronegative
recipient
• Contact with contaminated needles and glassware or infected animals in
the laboratory
• Congenital transmission: This type of transmission results when infection is
transmitted trans-placentally from mother to her fetus.
• food containing oocysts excreted in the feces of infected cats.

Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

1. Microscopical examination
2. BM aspiration
3. Spleen aspiration
4. Immunodiagnostic – essential procedure
Leishmaniasis – Three forms
1. Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL = or kala- azar) . Very dangerous
e.g Leishmania donovani
2. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). medium risk
old world e.g ( Leishmania major )
new world e.g ( Leishmanai Mexicana)
3. Muco- cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL).