HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL

WORLD

NAME:- Pratik Sanjay Chavan

SUBJECT:- Science (Physics)
ROLL NO:- 13
GRADE:- 10th
SCHOOL:-Aurangabad Public School
 Content
This chapter includes :
• THE HUMAN EYE
• DEFECTS OF VISION
• REFRACTION F LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
THE HUMAN EYE :-
The human eye is a sensory organ, part of the sensory
nervous system, that reacts to visible light and allows humans to use visual information for various
purposes including seeing things, keeping balance, and maintaining circadian rhythm.
Parts of The Human Eye
Sclera:- it is tough white protective layer that covers most of the outer part of the eye ball and maintain
its spherical shape.
Cornea:- It is a transparent protective thin membrane which covers one-sixth of the portion of an eye
ball.
Iris:- It is a dark muscular diaphragm that controls the amount of light entering the eye (i.e., the size pf
pupil). In low light condition, it expands the size of pupil so that more light enters the eye through pupil
while in good light condition, it contracts the size of the pupil so that less light enters the through pupil.
Crystalline lens or Eye lens:- it is a transparent, biconvex lens of adjustable focal length inside the eye, so
as to focus objects placed at different distances. The eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly like material.
Retina:- It is a light-sensitive layer that consists of numerous nerve cells. It converts images formed by
the lens into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are then transmitted to the brain through optic
nerves. Note:- The image of an object persists on the retina for nearly 1/16 th of a second after
the removal of the object.
Ciliary muscle:- they alter the curvature of the eye lens. They can thus change the change the focal
length.
Optic nerve:- It carries nerve impulses to the brain.

Blind spot :- it is not sensitive to light. In other, words, blind spot is the area of zero vision i.e., if an image
is formed on this region of retina, it is not sensed and hence, the objects is not seen. Ther are no rods
and cons at this spot and it is area where the optic nerve leads back into the brain.

Yellow spot:- it is a small oval, yellowish area of the retina lying exactly opposite to the centre of cornea.
It is most sensitive to the light as maximum number of light sensitive cells are concentrated at the region.

Aqueous humour :- it is the clear liquid inside the front part of the eye. It nourishes the eye and keeps it
inflated.

vitreous humour :- it is a clear gel-like substance that's located in your eye. It takes up the space between
your eye's lens and retina. The vitreous cavity is the name of this space. The vitreous humor helps your
eye keep its shape.

Rods & Cons:- Photoreceptors in the retina are classified into two groups, named after their physical
morphologies. Rod cells are highly sensitive to light and function in night vision, whereas cone cells are
capable of detecting a wide spectrum of light photons and are responsible for colour vision.
DEFECTS OF VISION:
Myopia (Near-sightedness) :- Myopia (Near sightedness) is a common vision condition in which near
objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye or the
shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately. It can be corrected by
using concave lens.
Hypermetropia ( far-sightedness):- is a condition of the eye where distant objects are
seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. This blur is due to incoming light being focused
behind, instead of on, the retina due to insufficient accommodation by the lens. It can be corrected
by using convex lens.
Presbyopia:-Presbyopia is a refractive error that makes it hard for middle-aged and older
adults to see things up close. It happens because the lens (an inner part of the eye that helps the
eye focus) stops focusing light correctly on the retina (a light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back
of the eye). It can be corrected by using Bifocal or multifocal contact lenses.
POWER OF ACCOMMODATION:
The ability of the human eye to change the focal length of the eye lens and to obtain the image of any
object on the retina irrespective of its distance from the eye, is called power accommodation of the eye.
FOR DISTANT OBJECT AND NEARER OBJECT:
REFRACTION OF LIGHT BY A PRISM:
A prism is a homogeneous, solid, transparent, refracting medium bounded by two plane surfaces inclined
at an angle. The commonly used prism has two triangular faces that are parallel to each other and three
rectangular surfaces. They are made from glass or other transparent material cut with precise angles.
DISPRESSION OF WHITE BY A GLASS PRISM:
The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its seven constituent colours when it passes through a
glass prism is called dispersion of white light. The various colours seen are (Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green,
Yellow, Orange and Red) is also called VIBGYOR
Recombination of the spectrum of white light:
When white light is passed through a prism dispersion of light occurs and when another prism is kept
inverted the dispersed light which was formed will get back to white light. this is known as recombination
of spectrum of light.
Rainbow formation:
A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the sky after a rain shower. It is caused by dispersion of
sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere. A rainbow is always formed in a direction
opposite to that of the Sun. The water droplets act like small prisms. They refract and disperse the incident
sunlight, then reflect it internally, and finally, refract it again when it comes out of the raindrop. Due to the
dispersion of light and internal reflection, different colours reach the observer’s eye.
ATMOSPHERIC REFLECTION:
The atmosphere is made up of layers of different optical densities. This is because density of gases in
atmosphere changes with temperature which result in change of refractive index. The deviation of light or
other electromagnetic waves from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere is known as
atmospheric refraction.

Twinkling of Star:- when the light from the stars enter the atmosphere they pass through denser
and rarer mediums hence undergoing refraction continuously. As a result of this refraction the apparent
positions of the stars are changing continuously and it seems that the stars are twinkling.

Why the Plants don't twinkle like a Star:- The amount of light which enters our eyes
fluctuates from bright to faint. This is the “Twinkling effect of star”. But planets are much closer to us than
stars, so they are not point-sized objects to our eye. Hence, the fluctuations have a negligible effect and
they don't seem to twinkle.
The Stars Seem Higher Than They Actually Are:
Stars seem higher than they actually are because of the phenomenon of atmospheric refraction. This
can be understood with the help of given diagram. When the light from a star descends to the earth's
surface, it passes through the different layers of the atmosphere. The atmospheric air at higher levels is
rarer and the air near the earth's surface is denser, and the light from the star bends more sharply when
it passes through the denser layer of air.
Advance Sunrises and Sunset:
Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset are phenomena caused due to atmospheric refraction. In this the
Sun appears to rise early by 2 minutes and set late by 2 minutes. The diagram below shows this
phenomenon. When the rays from the Sun hit the atmosphere they get refracted.
SCATTERING OF LIGHT :
When light passes from one medium to another, say air, a glass of water, then a part of the light is
absorbed by particles of the medium, preceded by its subsequent radiation in a particular direction. This
phenomenon is termed a scattering of light.
1) Tyndall effect:- The Tyndall effect is the phenomenon in which the particles in a colloid scatter the
beams of light that are directed at them. This effect is exhibited by all colloidal solutions and some
very fine suspensions. Therefore, it can be used to verify if a given solution is a colloid
2) Why clear sky appears blue?
Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the
air. Blue light is scattered more than the other colours because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is
why we see a blue sky most of the time.
3) Colours of the Sun at Sunrise & Sunset:- During sunrise and sunset, the rays have to travel a
larger part of the atmosphere because they are very close to the horizon. Therefore, light other than red is
mostly scattered away. Most of the red light, which is the least scattered, enters our eyes. Hence, the sun
and the sky appear red.