Achirodzachirodza Olevel Bio Teaching Notes

INTRODUCTION 6.
Clothing: When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory

coats, and safety shield or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be
worn in the lab at any time. Shoes are required when working in the
 Biology is the study of living things. (The Greek word ‘Bios’ means ‘life’)
machine shops.
 The two main branches of biology are zoology (animals) and botany 7. If you have long hair or loose clothes, make sure it is tied back or
(plants) confined.
 These two branches can then be subdivided into: ecology, genetics, 8. Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your
biochemistry, microbiology, paleontology, anatomy, physiology, work. Coats should
morphology, plus many others. 9. Be hung in the hall or placed in a locker. Extra books, purses, etc. should
be kept away from equipment that requires air flow or ventilation to
SAFETY, CAREERS AND BRANCHES IN prevent overheating.
BIOLOGY 10. Disposal - Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used
material if any in appropriate containers.
11. 10. Equipment Failure - If a piece of equipment fails while being used,
SAFETY IN THE LABORITORY
report it immediately to your lab assistant or tutor. Never try to fix the
problem yourself because you could harm yourself and others.
12. 11. If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the
doors.
13. 12. Never pipette anything by mouth.
14. 13. Clean up your work area before leaving.
15. 14. Wash hands before leaving the lab and before eating.
Emergency Procedures in the laboratory
Immediately alert your instructor in case of any accident or fore
A. Fire
In the event that to your hair or clothing catches fire. DO NOT RUN. This will fuel
the fire. STOP DROP ROLL to smother the fire
Help to smother any fire on a co worker with your apron or lab coat, or with your
own body. If a fire begins and is confined in an open container such as a beaker,
it can usually be extinguished simply by covering the top of the beaker to remove
the source of oxygen
Laboratory safety rules
1. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory.
2. Read labels carefully. B. Evacuation
3. Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user
by your supervisor.  Whenever a fire alarm sounds, turn on water and electrical devices at
4. Wear safety glasses or face shields when working with hazardous your lan station, collect your bag and/or calculator and exit the building
materials and/or equipment. by the stairwell closest to your lab.
5. Wear gloves when using any hazardous or toxic agent.
achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

 Caution: AVOID PANIC. DO NOT RUN 7. School laboratory manuals should always be consulted for
such activities
 Avoid inhaling smoke from a chemical fire. Assemble in front of the
assembly point. Your teaching assistant will check the student roster to CARRYING OUT AN EFFECTIVE FIRE DRILL
be sure everyone is safe. Do not leave the area until your teaching
assistant has checked your name on the roaster. Return to the building  Fire drills is a practice of stopping fire
 OR it is an opportunity to practice evacuation procedures to make sure
ONLY after a security officer gives clearance.
all staff is familiar with them.
 Fire drills are useful for testing escape routes to evaluate their
C. Injury
effectiveness.
 During fire drills, checks can also be carried out on alarm systems to
 Be familiar with the location and operation and operation of the eye ensure they are working correctly and that emergency exits are
wash fountains and showers. Any chemical splash into the eye should unobstructed. Overall fire drills help improve safety, so that one would
be flashed for a full 15 minutes using the nearest eye wash. be best prepared if a real fire does occur.
STEPS WHEN PERFORMING A FIRE DRILL
 First aid supplies are available in the storeroom. Slight wounds or burns  Raise an alarm
may be treated there. Report all burns, cuts or other injuries to your  In a calm and orderly manner, walk out of the building along a
instructor. predetermined route
 Roll all by the teacher
Lab management techniques  Sand buckets should be accessible to douse the fire with the sand.
 A fire blanket should be in place to smother small fire. Fire blanket
 Chemical handling should be made of non flammable material.
LAB Management Techniques

1. Acids and chemicals are stored in a lockable room
 Chemical Handling
1. Acids and chemicals are stored in a lockable room
2. Treat all chemicals in the lab as toxic substances 2. Treat all chemicals in the lab as toxic substances
3. Keep them away from your skin and clothes
3. Keep them away from your skin and clothes 4. There is need to wear protective clothing like goggles,
laboratory coat and gloves
4. There is need to wear protective clothing like goggles, 5. Do not mix chemicals for fu, dispose any chemical
laboratory coat and gloves 6. WASH hands after using chemicals if instructed, when diluting
acids do not pour water into acids but pour acid into water
5. Do not mix chemicals for fn chemicals for fun, dispose any 7. School laboratory manuals should always to consulted for such
chemicals if instructed, when diuting acids do not pour activities
watr into acids but acid into water.  Small animals in cage should not be left to pupils because they go for
holidays. The animals also require food water and clean cages. There is
6. Wash hands after using chemicals. When acids or bases also need to avoid keeping live snakes because of the danger.
get into your skin wash it with water and inform your
teacher  The science laboratory should have a first aid kit for treatment of minor
accidents like application of bandages ointments and washing of eyes

and such others. Serious accidents should be reported to be
administration
 Experiments that produce poisonous fumes must be done in a fume

cupboard and keep all windows open or conduct the activity outside
 The teacher and learners should mantain basic plants for use in
experiments and decoration in the laboratory.
 Handling of apparatus - Proper handling by learners and teachers since

glass in fragile. Never heat glassware when not completely dry. Put
safety goggles. Learn how to use burners.
How to light a Bunsen Burner
 Put your safety goggles
 Place the burner on a heat - proof mat in the centre of the work place
 Check that the gas tube is attached to the gas tap
 Close air hole of the burner
 Strike a match
 Open the gas tap and wave the match above the burner
 Turn off the gas if the flame leaps out too high.

Branches of Biology Botanical instructors
 Nature conservation officer
 Biology teacher or Higher education lecturer

 Genetic counselor  Cytology
 anatomy
 Biotechnology research scientist  physiology
 ecology
 Haematology  genetics
 biotechnology
 microbiology
Biology related Careers
 zoology
 botany
Branches of Biology
Cytology is the study of cells. Cytology is that branch of life science that deals
 Bios means life and with the study of cells in terms of structure, function and chemistry.
Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of
Logos means knowledge organisms and their parts. Anatomy is inherently tied to embryology, comparative
anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by
Aristotle is regarded as the father of Biology which anatomy is generated over immediate (embryology) and long (evolution)
timescales. Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine.
Therefore biology is defined as the study of living things The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy.
Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal's body
There are two types of life in nature parts using unaided eyesight.
One is plant life while the other is animal life Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems. A sub-
discipline of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells,
and bio molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a
Biology is the study of all life or the study of structure, functions, growth,
living system.
origin, event and distribution of living organisms Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and
their environment.
Major branches of Biology It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography, and Earth science.
Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other
 Histology - this is the study on structure, location and function of organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest
different tissues to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number
(population) of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition
 Taxonomy - in this branch discussion is made on identification, between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are
nomenclature and classification of plants and animals into groups composed of
dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make
and subgroups.
up, and the nonliving components of their environment.
 Evolutionary biology - the study of the origins, changes of species Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms.
over time. It is generally considered a field of biology, but it intersects frequently with many
of the life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.
 Molecular - the study of biological molecules. The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and
Augustinian friar. Mendel studied 'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits were
handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants)

inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". makes it useful in many different careers which can offer
opportunity for men and women
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make
products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for
specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2). Depending on the CAREERS OF BIOLOGY
tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering,  Medicine
biomedical engineering, bio manufacturing, etc.  Research scientists
 Ecologists
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, those being unicellular
 Conservationists
(single cell), multi-cellular (cell colony), or a cellular (lacking cells). Microbiology
encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology,  Dieticians
parasitology, and bacteriology. Eukaryotic micro-organisms possess membrane-  Botanical instructors
bound cell organelles and include fungi and protists, whereas prokaryotic
organisms—all of which are microorganisms—are conventionally classified as  Nature conservation officer
lacking membrane-bound organelles and include eubacteria and archaebacteria.
Microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy. However,  Biology teacher or Higher education lecturer
less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be
cultured in isolation using current means.  Genetic counsellor
Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that relates to the animal
kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits,  Biotechnology research scientist
and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with
their ecosystems.
 Haematology
Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life
and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who 2. CELLS AND CELLULAR ACTIVITIES
specializes in this field of study. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek Characteristics of living things.
word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn
derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has The following is a suggested list of the characteristics of living things:
also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and physiologists 1. Nutrition,
respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within 2. Transport,
the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, 3. Respiration,
botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which 4. Synthesis and assimilation,
some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering 5. Growth,
plants. 6. Excretion,
Careers 7. Regulation,
8. Reproduction,
 A career is a profession or occupation or work. 9. Metabolism, and
10. Homeostasis.
 Biology is an important subject as it opens doors to many careers
 Biology links with other subjects to include arts subjects hence

Cell membrane
 Is the outer boundary of a cell. It acts like a screen through
which all substances entering and leaving the cell must pass.
 Present in all cells
 Also called as plasma membrane or cell surface membrane
 Made up of thin layer of protein and fats
 It can grow, thus allowing the cell to expand.
 Partially permeable and controls movement of substances in
and out of the cell. Water and small particles can pass through
 It maintains a constant interior cell environment which is
different from the outside
 It gives shape to the cell.
 Inside cell membrane lies cytoplasm and other cell organelles
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

 A cell the smallest unit that can carry on all the process of life.
 Cells are very tiny they could be seen only through a microscope.
 We have two types of cells: plant and animal cell Cell Wall
 only in plant cells and prokaryote cells
Cell Structures of Animal and plant cells  It is made up of cellulose
 Cellulose forms fibres in criss-cross patterns over one other
 It is non-living
 It is permeable to water and gases
 When it is young it is pliable
 When it is mature it is rigid and inelastic.
 Cell wall forms very strong covering to cell and provides
support and its shape
 Hence prevents cell from bursting
 The plate between the cell walls is the middle lamella which
acts as a cement layer. It is made up of pectin.
Nucleus
 Controls the functions of the cells and gives instructions carry

them out
 It contains the units of inheritance (chromosomes and genes)
 It is bounded by the nuclear membrane.
 Determines size, shape of cells and play a role in cell division
 Present in both plant and animal cells
 Absent in prokaryotic cells
Vacuole
 Are spaces in cells containing a solution called cell sap
 Large and permanent in plant cells
 Small and temporal in animal cells (especially heterotrophs)
 Store useful products formed in photosynthesis Cell Magnification
 Small vacuoles in animal cells often store food and water  To increase the size of an object when it is viewed through a
 Help to maintain the internal pressure of the cell. microscope
 In other words, magnification means to enlarge
Chloroplast Calculating magnification
 Is the organelle that distinguishes between an animal and a  Magnification = size of Image / Actual size of object
plant cell
 Contains a green coloured pigment known as chlorophyll Cell specialisation
 They are important for plant cells in the process of
photosynthesis A specialised cell is designed to do a particular job. The specialised plant and
animal cells. They develop a distinct shape, special kinds of chemical change
Mitochondria take place in their cytoplasm. The changes in shape and the chemical reactions
 A powerhouse o cells enable the cell to carry out its special function.
 Are found in all cells except those of a prokaryote Ciliated cell: found in the trachea and bronchi, moves the mucus towards the
 In aerobic respiration, oxygen is used to release oxygen from throat. They are adapted by the tiny hair like projections called cilia which sweeps
the contents of the mitochondrion (starch in plants and the contaminated mucus upwards. The mucus is secreted by goblet cells which
glycogen in animals) are next to ciliated cells.
 Muscle, sperm and neuron cells contain mitochondrion to
perform their activities
Ribosomes
 Responsible for protein synthesis
 Arranged in a network called the endoplasmic reticulum
 Found in all kinds of cells ranging from prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
Starch grains
 Found in plant cells representing a form of storage of
carbohydrates
 In animal cells, carbohydrates are stored in form of hydrogen
A comparison between plant and animal cell

Cells and cellular organisation

ORDINARY LEVEL BIOLOGY NOTES
COMPILED BY ACHIRODZACHIRODZA

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INTRODUCTION 6.

Clothing: When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory

Emergency Procedures in the laboratory

Immediately alert your instructor in case of any accident or fore

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

LAB Management Techniques

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

 Experiments that produce poisonous fumes must be done in a fume

 Handling of apparatus - Proper handling by learners and teachers since

How to light a Bunsen Burner

 Put your safety goggles

 Check that the gas tube is attached to the gas tap

 Close air hole of the burner

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

 Nature conservation officer

 Biology teacher or Higher education lecturer

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

 Biology links with other subjects to include arts subjects hence

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

achirodzachirodza@gmail.com 0773822918 / 0714292296 Trust Me I AM A Biologist

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