ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering

Familiarization on Agricultural Tractors

Abstract. The internal combustion engine (ICE) is a fundamental component powering a wide array
of vehicles, from small cars to heavy-duty trucks. These engines feature various components, each
playing a vital role in converting explosive energy into mechanical motion. An in-depth exploration
of these parts, from pistons and cylinders to valves, crankshafts, camshafts, and flywheels, uncovers
their functions and the significance of their intricate design. These components are classified and
categorized based on the cycle of operation, combustion techniques, and ignition methods,
highlighting their diverse operational characteristics, advantages, and limitations. Major distinctions
arise between the Otto and Diesel cycles, each showcasing unique heat supply and rejection patterns
and varying air standard efficiencies. Furthermore, the discussion delves into maintenance
procedures crucial for optimizing the engine's performance, emphasizing the importance of regular
oil changes, filter replacements, cooling system checks, and addressing concerns related to fuel
quality, particularly in adverse conditions. These maintenance practices play a significant role in
ensuring the engine's efficiency, durability, and overall performance across diverse applications.

Keywords: Internal Combustion Engine; Parts of ICE; Classification of ICE; Problems of ICE;

1 Introduction Four-Wheel Tractors, according to PNS/BAFS

Many different types of machinery are used in
agriculture to help with and expedite agricultural
tasks, which ultimately leads to higher product
productivity. A tractor is one of those devices. The
tractor plays a vital role in farming, particularly now
that so-called modernization is drawing near and
new agricultural techniques are required to meet the
demands.
In the Philippines, according to Philippine
Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES),
specifically PAES 104:2000, the definition of an
agricultural tractor is a "self-propelled, wheeled,
track-laying or semi track-laying machine primarily
designed to pull, push, carry, and/or operate trailers
or provide power to implements and machines used
for agricultural, forestry, and other related works.".
This means that agricultural tractors can be
classified as the three. But in actual, the PNS/PAES
only has specifications for four-wheel tractors and
walking-type agricultural tractors (Philippine
Agricultural Engineering Standards, 2000).
1.1 Four-Wheel Tractors
PABES (former PAES) 301:2022, can be classified
according to (1) Drive Systems, and (2)
Transmission System. There are two types of drive
systems in four-wheel tractors which are
Two-Wheel Drive (2WD) and Four-Wheel Drive
(4WD). The difference is that 2WD tractors can
receive tractive power from the rear axle only while
4WD tractors can receive tractive power from both
the rear and front wheels. As for its transmission
systems, it can be Sliding Gear, Constant Mesh, or
Automatic Transmission. Sliding gear means that
the gear ratio is selected by disengaging the traction
clutch and sliding the gear un the shaft until it
meshes with a mating gear. Constant mesh have
their gears mounted so that they are always in mesh
with at least one gear free to rotate on the shaft.
Lastly, automatic transmission means that it is
coupled to the engine with a torque converter
(Philippine National Standards, 2020).
1.2 Walking-Type Tractors
Walking-Type Tractors, according to PNS/BAFS
345-347:2022, are "self-propelled machine having a
single axle designed primarily to pull and propel
trailed, semi mounted and/or mounted agricultural
ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering
implements and machinery that are properly
matched and with the operator walking behind.
They are also commonly referred to as hand tractor
or pedestrian tractor. This type of tractor have three
types: pull-type, rotary-tilling type, and
float-assisted tiller. Pull-type is a walking-type
agricultural tractor capable of pulling various kinds
of implements and attachments. Rotary-tilling type
is a walking-type agricultural tractors that are
equipped with rotary tillers which cuts, breaks up,
mixes the soil and/or plant residues, and removes
weeds. Lastly, float-assisted tiller type is a special
type of walking-type agricultural tractor that has a
tilling wheel and equipped with a floatation
structure commonly used in deep hard pan, muddy,
and waterlogged fields (Philippine National
Standards, 2022).
1.3 Other Types of Tractors
Internationally, there are other types of
agricultural tractors available aside from the ones
mentioned above by the PAES, according to the
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO). ISO 12934:2021 consists of many different
types of agricultural tractors such, ones that were
not mentioned were the track-laying tractors,
articulated tractors, small tractors, compact utility
tractors, extra wide tractors, high speed tractors, and
specialized tractors. Track-laying tractors are
propelled by belted or linked endless tracks or by a
combination of wheels and endless tracks.
Atriculated tractors are steered by means of a centre
pivot articulation system. Small tractors are tractors
that are less than 400 kg and are used for small-scale
farms. Compact utility tractors are primarily
designed and advertised for use with mowers and
light-duty material handling equipment. Extra wide
tractors are characterised by their large dimensions,
primarily intended for working large areas of
farmland. High Speed Tractors have a maximum
design ground speed greater than 40 km/h. Lastly,
specialized tractors designed to operate in special
field conditions (e.g. in vineyards, orchards,
speciality row crops), and that requires unique
design configurations (e.g. low clearance, high
clearance, narrow profile,) for functional operation
(International Organization for Standards, 2021).
2 Results and Discussion
Knowing the components, parts and
specifications of tractors used for variety of purposes
speicifically in agriculture is a fundamental principle
in power anf machinery engineering which all ABE
are accounted to learn.
2.1 Model and Specification of Tractor in
DAFE
In the business, Kubota tractors are renowned for
their dependability, adaptability, and practicality.
This is the reason why so many of our clients find
them to be so popular. Kubota tractors of today are
renowned for being quite simple to use. They are
designed to streamline processes and provide easier,
smoother, and more efficient labor. With easy-to-use
power steering, gearboxes, and shift controls, the
user has total control over the tractor. Rugged terrain
and towing large loads are two things that Kubota
tractors are made to resist and tolerate. They are
extremely helpful in farming and other agricultural
tasks because of this. Many others are unable to
perform the tasks that they can. Even better tools are
available today's Kubota tractors to tackle any kind
of agricultural task. In addition, compared to other
tractor options, Kubota tractors require less
maintenance and can withstand years of wear and
tear.
Figure 1. Different Parts of an Internal Combustion
Engine
2.1.1 Kubota L4018 Diesel Tractor
With regards to the specifications of the tractor
that is used in DAFE, it has a brand name of Kubota
which is a japanese multinational corporation based
in Osaka that mostly manufactures agricultural
machines for both rice and dry-field farming. The
model of the tractor is D1803 which is a vertical,
water-cooled, 4-cycle diesel engine with a capacity
of 30.9HP at 2800RPM. It offers powerful
performance, exceptional reliability and a long
service life to meet almost any application. It has a
total number of 3 cylinders. The battery can upholds
12 volts of electricity with a fuel capacity of 40
liters.
ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering

Figure 2. Inlet and Exhaust Valve

2.1.2 Spark Plug

A spark plug's principal function is to deliver
high voltage from the ignition system into the Figure 4. Diagram of a Simple Carburettor
combustion chamber, resulting in a spark that ignites
The automotive industry witnessed the gradual
the fuel. It must withstand high pressures of at least
obsolescence of the carburetor by the 1990s,
55 bar and have two electrodes separated by
yielding ground to the increasingly prevalent and
insulation to prevent short connections. During long
versatile fuel injection systems. One of the primary
operations, these plugs must withstand severe
drawbacks of the carburetor was its inapplicability
temperatures of 2000-2500° Celsius while also
to diesel vehicles, unlike the fuel injection systems,
being resistant to both heat and the chemicals in fuel
which offered variations suitable for both diesel and
(Rajput, 2005, 57-58).
petrol vehicles, whether in electronic or mechanical
forms. In terms of performance, the precision of fuel
delivery to the cylinders through electronically
controlled fuel induction in fuel injection systems
outstripped the capabilities of carburetors, which
struggled with maintaining accurate air-fuel ratios in
fluctuating air pressure and fuel temperature. Fuel
injection systems further excelled in optimizing fuel
economy by precisely regulating fuel delivery based
on multiple engine parameters, enhancing overall
efficiency—an aspect where carburetors were
notably deficient. However, in maintenance,
carburetors demonstrated an advantage, being
relatively straightforward to clean and refurbish
compared to the intricacy and professional requisites
of repairing or replacing fuel injection systems
Figure 3. Parts of a Spark Plug
(Ajeya, 2019).

2.1.3 Carburetor
2.1 .4 Piston
The primary function of a carburetor lies in
Each cylinder is equipped with a piston, serving
atomizing liquid fuel, blending it with incoming air
as a surface designed to receive gas pressure and
within the engine's induction system, and
effectively transmit the resultant force to the
maintaining optimal fuel-to-air ratios across
connecting rod. The piston is characterized by
operational variations (Rajput, 2005, 60). This
specific properties, notably the creation of a
process, known as carburation, involves the
gas-tight seal within the cylinder through its bore,
preparation of a combustible fuel-air mixture outside
ensuring unhindered and precise movement, while
the Spark Ignition engine cylinder. The carburetor
achieving a delicate equilibrium between lightness
serves as a critical component in petrol engines,
and strength. During the power stroke, the thrust
providing the necessary air-fuel mixture while
exerted on the piston endeavors to induce tilting as
regulating and stabilizing the fuel supply within the
the connecting rod moves laterally. To counter this
engine's intake manifold (Kumar, 2023).
lateral force, the piston wall, referred to as the skirt,
ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering
must possess substantial resilience. Typically
composed of either cast iron or a lightweight
aluminum alloy, pistons are meticulously fashioned
to combine durability with reduced mass (Rajput,
2005, 44).
Figure 5. Piston, Piston pin, and Connecting Rod
2.1.5 Cylinder
Effective cooling systems are required since the
cylinder acts as a vessel for pressurized gas, guiding
the piston's movement and keeping direct touch with
the combustion byproducts. Ideally, it takes on a
simple cylindrical shape that allows the piston to
slide smoothly. At the top end, a certain area
promotes combustion or clearance, permitting the
ignition and consumption of the fuel charge.
Usually, the piston's stroke, which is frequently
longer than the cylinder bore, establishes the "stroke
bore ratio." Realistic design modifications deviate
from the perfect hemispherical shape to provide
room for parts such as spark plugs and valves, as
well as to control the combustion process. The
cylinder is often produced as a single, complete unit
and is usually made of sturdy cast iron (Rajput,
2005, 42).
Figure 6. Cylinder Block of an ICE
2.1.6 Piston Assembly
The piston assembly, which normally consists of
the piston, piston rings, wrist pin, and connecting
rod, is a vital component within an engine. The
piston is a cylindrical component that moves up and
down within the engine cylinder, turning fuel energy
into mechanical motion. It is gas-tightly sealed with
piston rings and is connected to the connecting rod
via the wrist pin (gudgeon pins). This assembly is
critical to the engine's combustion process and
power generation, converting the force of expanding
gases into the rotating motion that powers the
vehicle (Rajput, 2005, 46-47).
Figure 7. Piston Assembly
2.1.7 Crankshaft
In internal combustion engines, the crank is a
crucial component of the crankshaft. In this
instance, the force generated by the pistons is
received by the crankshaft, directed through its
cranks, and transferred to the connecting rods. The
crankshaft is closely related to all auxiliary devices
in engines including the mechanical gearbox.
Crankshafts are usually made of steel forging,
however, some producers use less expensive
materials, such as spheroidal graphitic or nickel
alloy castings. Crankshafts are primarily used to
convert reciprocating motion into rotary motion.
Because it is positioned inside encasing bearings
that round the journals, the crankshaft can rotate
freely (Rajput, 2005, 47-48).
ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering

Figure 8. Diagram of Crankshaft and Other Parts

2.1.8 Camshaft
The primary function of the camshaft is the
regulated operation of valve opening and closing
within the engine. This function is facilitated by the
presence of egg-shaped lobes or cams distributed
along the shaft. As the camshaft undergoes rotation,
these lobes come into contact with designated
components, instigating the precise movement of the
valves and managing the ingress and egress of the
air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers. This
Figure 10. Diagram of Flywheel and Other Parts
process occurs in a meticulously orchestrated
sequence, repeating itself consistently and
rhythmically hundreds of times per minute. 2.1.10 Timing Gear
(Hawley, 2022) The timing belt or chain, connected to a timing
gear, is an essential component within an internal
combustion engine, serves to connect the crankshaft
to the camshaft, meticulously regulating the precise
opening and closing of the engine's valves. It
significantly contributes to the seamless operation of
the vehicle's engine, overseeing the crucial functions
of the valves and pistons in automotive systems.
Comprised of a reinforced rubber band embedded
with high-tensile fibers and internal notches or teeth,
the timing gear orchestrates the exact
synchronization of valve operations. As the
Figure 9. Diagram of Camshaft and Other Parts
crankshaft initiates motion, it sets the timing belt in
motion, subsequently driving the camshaft to
2.1.9 Flywheel execute controlled valve operations, thereby guiding
A steel or cast iron flywheel attached to the the motion of the pistons. In essence, the timing gear
crankshaft serves multiple pivotal functions: it governs the functionality of the valves and
repositions the mechanism away from dead centers, orchestrates the precise timing of piston movements
reserves the essential energy for rotating the shaft across all phases of the engine operation, ensuring a
during preparatory strokes, ensures a more methodical and regulated sequence of events
consistent rotation of the crankshaft, and aids in (Hawley, 2022).
both engine start-up and managing momentary
overloads, especially during the machine's start from
a standstill. The weight of the flywheel is contingent
upon pressure variation patterns, leading to lighter
flywheels for double-acting steam engines compared
to single-acting ones, as well as lighter variants for
two-stroke cycle engines versus four-stroke ones. In
the case of multi-cylinder engines, lighter flywheels
are the preferred choice (Rajput, 2005, 50-51).

Figure 11. Diagram of Timing Gear and Other Parts

2.2 Classifications of ICE

ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering
Internal combustion engines are divided into
different categories according to how they function.
They are divided into groups based on the number of
cylinders, air intake, fuel input method, cooling
technique, cylinder count, cylinder arrangement,
ignition method, and fuel type. This section delves
into the discourse surrounding the ignition method,
combustion process, and cycle of operation,
clarifying their roles and attributes.
2.2.1 According to Cycle of Operation
There are two classifications of the cycle of
operation of an internal combustion engine:
two-stroke and four-stroke cycle engine (Rajput,
2005, 35). Because the four-stroke engine only
produces one power stroke for every two crankshaft
rotations, it requires a bigger flywheel, which causes
uneven turning moments and an unbalanced engine.
The valve mechanism is the source of engine
complexity, which raises expenses and decreases
mechanical efficiency since it causes more friction
between various parts. On the other hand, it
produces more power by using water cooling,
running at lower temperatures, exhausting burned
gases completely, and consuming less fuel overall.
Commonly used in vehicles, buses, and trucks, the
engine has a greater space requirement, uses a
sophisticated lubrication system, but produces less
noise, has inlet and exhaust valves, and achieves
increased thermal efficiency with less lubricating oil
consumption and wear and tear (Thakur Publication,
2021, 65).
On the other hand, the two-stroke engine runs on
one power stroke for each crankshaft rotation, which
means that it needs a lighter flywheel. Because of
the even turning moments, the engine is therefore
more balanced. An engine with no valve system is
easier to build and less expensive, plus it has less
friction on fewer parts and a higher mechanical
efficiency. However, it runs at greater temperatures
with air cooling, uses more fuel, and produces less
output since hot exhaust gases combine with new
charges. This engine, which is frequently seen in
mopeds, scooters, and motorcycles, has a less
complicated lubrication system, takes up less space,
makes more noise, has inlet and exhaust ports, is
less efficient in terms of heat, uses more lubricating
oil, and experiences more wear and tear (Thakur
Publication, 2021, 65).
. reciprocating motion. In contrast, "compression
2.2.2 According to Cycle of Combustion
There are two classifications of the cycle of
combustion of internal combustion engines: the Otto
Cycle and the Diesel Cycle. The Otto cycle,
commonly applied in petrol engines, involves a
suction stroke that blends air and petrol, using spark
plugs for ignition. This cycle operates at a constant
volume during combustion, boasting a thermal
efficiency of around 25%. Known for its low
maintenance costs, high speed, smaller space
requirement, 6:10 compression ratio, utilization of
carburetors, and higher operational expenses, it's
primarily employed in lighter vehicles like scooters,
motorcycles, and cars. Conversely, the Diesel cycle
employs a suction stroke solely with air, relying on
compression ignition. Its combustion process occurs
at a constant pressure, resulting in a higher thermal
efficiency of around 40%. This cycle requires higher
maintenance costs, operates at lower speeds,
demands more space, holds a compression ratio
ranging from 14 to 24, doesn't use carburetors, and
incurs lower running expenses. It's primarily used in
heavier vehicles such as buses and trucks (Elements
of Mechanical Engineering(GTU), 2010, 312).
The primary distinctions between the Otto and
Diesel cycles are evident in their heat processes: in
the Otto cycle, both heat supply and rejection occur
at a constant volume, while the Diesel cycle involves
heat supply at constant pressure and heat rejection at
constant volume. Moreover, their air standard
efficiencies differ significantly: for the Otto cycle,
the efficiency is solely dependent on the
compression ratio, whereas the Diesel cycle's
efficiency relies on both the compression ratio and
the cut-off ratio. Notably, the air standard efficiency
of the Otto cycle surpasses that of the Diesel cycle
(Dupta, n.d.).
2.2.3 According to the Method of Ignition
There are two types of ignition in internal
combustion engines: Spark Ignition (SI) and
Compression Ignition (CI) (Rajput, 2005, 37).
"Spark ignition" describes the process of employing
a spark to ignite the air-fuel combination inside the
"combustion chamber" of an internal combustion
engine. When a carefully calibrated mixture of fuel
and air is fully compressed, an electrical spark
happens at the exact tip of the spark plug, causing a
controlled explosion that powers the engine's
ignition" works by creating the latent heat required
ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering
to ignite the fuel through the extreme compression
of air inside the combustion chamber. of contrast to
the about 9:1 ratio of a spark ignition system, this
technique compresses the air charge inside the
chamber to a much greater ratio, about 21:1. As
soon as the fuel is added, this increased compression
creates significant heat and pressure inside the
chamber (Thakur Publication, 2021, 65).
Spark Ignition (SI) engines operate at high
speeds, utilizing petrol as fuel, known for its
elevated self-ignition temperature, resulting in
knocking towards the end of combustion.
Functioning on the Otto cycle, these engines create a
homogeneous fuel-air mixture, generating high
pressure within a constant volume cycle, albeit
exhibiting lower thermal efficiency. Compression
Ignition (CI) engines, on the other hand, run at
reduced speeds and use diesel that has a lower
temperature of self-ignition, which causes banging
when combustion starts. Compared to SI engines, CI
engines have a higher thermal efficiency because
they produce a heterogeneous fuel mixture when
operating on the diesel cycle, which lowers pressure
within a constant pressure cycle (Thakur
Publication, 2021, 65).
2.3 Pros and Cons of CI and SI Engine
SI engines have the advantage of producing less
noise during operation. It has a smooth and refined
power delivery, making it perfect for passenger
vehicles. It starts rapidly and can achieve the
appropriate operating temperature more quickly.
Manufacturing and maintenance are both affordable.
It generates minimal vibrations, which enhances
driving comfort. It also works well in cold
conditions. It can run on a variety of fuels including
petrol, ethanol and natural gas. It produces less
nitrogen oxides which help to improve air quality. It
is highly suited for light to medium-duty
applications such as passenger automobiles,
motorcycles, and smaller power equipment.
However, the SI engine has a low thermal efficiency.
It consumes more fuel. Low torque in a heavy-duty
application. Emits a lot of carbon dioxide (CO2).
When using lower-octane fuels, it is vulnerable to
knocking, which can cause engine damage. Short
lifespan, especially in high-stress applications
(Difference Between SI Engine and CI Engine: With
Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications, 2021)
CI engines use less fuel, resulting in better
mileage. It provides more torque at lower RPM,
making it appropriate for heavy-duty applications.
Due to its robust design, it often has a longer
lifespan. It produces less CO2. It is effective under
enormous loads, making it appropriate for industrial
and commercial applications. It consumes less fuel,
which lowers operating costs.
However, one of the disadvantages of CI engine is
that it makes noise when it operates. It starts slowly
in cold weather. It emits more nitrogen. It runs
mostly on diesel fuel, which limits fuel options
(Difference Between SI Engine and CI Engine: With
Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications, 2021)
2.4 Common Problems of ICE
Often issues in engines can result in several
malfunctions and failures which affect both their
performance and reliability. Internal combustion
engines (ICE) are more vulnerable to engine failure
than others. Oil leaks, contaminated coolant, engine
bearing failure, blown head gaskets, and dirty or
clogged fuel injectors are the most common car
engine problems (VF Staff 8, 2022).
2.4.1 Oil Leaks
According to AAA, the most common problem
encountered by cars is oil leaks which are caused by
worn seals and gaskets, loose valve covers, and a
damaged oil pan. Oil stains on the driveway indicate
an oil leak as the result of excess oil dripping (VF
Staff 8, 2022).
2.4.2 Contaminated Coolants
The integral part of the engine is the car’s cooling
system as it keeps the engine at a safe temperature
to prevent it from overheating. Coolant is a mixture
of water and ethylene glycol, it is a substance that
lowers the freezing point of water and prevents rust
from forming inside your engine metal parts. To
know that coolant in your vehicle is enough, it
should be visible when you check under the hood,
and if there’s not enough coolant clumps or chunks
are floating around in it, which indicates
contamination (VF Staff 8, 2022).
2.4.3 Engine Bearing Failure
Engine bearing failure can be diagnosed by a rattling
or knocking sound that comes from the engine, and
it's often indicative of worn-out bearings. It is not
expensive to replace, but it requires some time and
effort to fix. If the car creates noise when starting,
ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering
check if there are oil leaks around the car as it could
indicate that there's a leak somewhere in the valve
cover gasket or another seal between components
inside the engine compartment. Leaking oil
combined with overheating could cause damage
over time which leads to failure (VF Staff 8, 2022).
2.4.4 Blown Head Gasket
There are three common signs of damage to a car's
head gasket. The first is when the engine overheats
because its temperature is higher than normal; the
second is when there are oil leaks; and the third is
when there is white smoke coming out of the
exhaust when starting up the car after it has been
sitting overnight or longer without use. These are
the approaches mechanics use to identify a blown
head gasket or other faults with carburetors and fuel
injectors (VF Staff 8, 2022).
2.4.5 Dirty or Clogged Fuel Injectors
Fuel injectors are part of the fuel delivery system of
an engine. If the car's engine is not getting enough
fuel, it could experience rough running. A dirty or
clogged injector can cause the engine to run poorly.
To check if the car's injectors have problems, there is
an OBD-II scanner tool that can be used (VF Staff 8,
2022).
Faulty spark plugs
Faulty spark plugs can cause engine problems
including misfires, hard starts, reduced gas mileage,
rough idling, and lack of acceleration. Driving with
a faulty spark plug is challenging since the engines
are not working properly. The first thing to do is to
turn off the engine, take out the spark plugs, clean it
with a wire brush, and if it is not corroded or burnt
out reinstall it. Otherwise, buy new spark plugs and
double-check which is necessary before installing it
(VF Staff 8, 2022).
3 Conclusion and
Recommendation
The detailed exploration of an internal
combustion engine highlights its intricate
composition and varied components, each playing a
vital role in converting explosive energy into useful
power. Through the examination of essential parts
like intake and exhaust valves, pistons, crankshafts,
and timing gears, their functions and specificities are
unveiled. Additionally, the classifications within
internal combustion engines, like the cycle of
operation, combustion methods, and ignition
techniques, were delineated, emphasizing
distinctions in working principles, thermal
efficiencies, and applications between Otto and
Diesel cycles and Spark Ignition (SI) and
Compression Ignition (CI) engines.
These varying systems encompass their own sets
of advantages and drawbacks, impacting noise
levels, performance, fuel efficiency, and operating
characteristics. The broader scope encompasses
common issues experienced in internal combustion
engines, presenting concerns such as oil leaks,
coolant contamination, engine bearing failures, and
more. By scrutinizing these diverse aspects, this
study aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the inner workings of internal
combustion engines, fostering a deeper appreciation
for their complexity, functionality, and potential
areas for improvement.
For the recommendation, the global automotive
landscape heavily relies on internal combustion
engines, powering a range of vehicles from compact
cars to heavy-duty trucks. Proper maintenance is
imperative to maintain peak efficiency, power
output, and longevity. Routine oil changes and
adherence to manufacturer recommendations are
key for engine health. Changing the oil filter
prevents contaminants from causing engine damage.
Regular air filter changes, contingent on usage and
environmental conditions, prevent reduced air intake
that can hinder fuel economy and power. For
vehicles in marine settings, water separators are vital
to prevent water-contaminated fuel, averting
potential engine failures. In cold conditions, fuel
gelling can impede fuel flow; a fuel stabilizer helps
counter this problem. Coolant maintenance, which
includes checking and changing, safeguards against
heat damage and low coolant levels resulting from
coolant degradation or leaks over time. These
collective maintenance practices are essential to
ensure the engine's longevity, sustained
performance, and overall operational efficiency
(Cecille, 2021).
ABEN50 – AB Power Engineering

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