STONES

- Definition - Characteristics
- History - Defects
- Different methods of - Preservation
extraction - Life expectancy
-Natural - Recyclable
-Mechanical - Reproduced
-Chemical - Application and Usage
- Types / Classifications - Stone by Products
- Composition
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Walls
-2cm thick ideal
-heavy if it will come more
-ideal cut is from 30x60cm and
60x60cm
-mechanical fixing GRANITE

Floors & Counter tops

-2 to 3cm thick, expensive
-the thicker the better
-ideal cut is actual size of counter
-60x60cm for floors
-mortar fixing
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Granite Finishes

Ziano Finish

Description

Ziano finish is combination of matte and polished surface finish -acquiring the best of
both worlds.
Ziano Finish is the best, most versatile and useful granite surface finish.
Ziano is an anti-skid finish with an appearance that resembles very close to polished
granite. This makes it a good finish for not just functional but also appearance sake.
This process is very extensive unlike other types of finishes. Ziano requires finishing
over 7 times and usually, this process is automated using a state of the art facility.
Using the automated facility manufacturers get a consistent type of finish. This is
uniform throughout the entire slab and usually lasts very long.
Ziano finish is very easy to maintain and requires not much upkeep.
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Granite Finishes

Ziano Finish

Application

This type of finished product is best

used for floors, staircase steps, exterior
landings, flooring, landscaping areas and
similar applications due to its anti-skid
nature.
Due to its smooth polish like finish and
appearance, it can also be used as wall
claddings, facades, decorations, carvings,
backdrops, etc.
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Granite Finishes

Satin Finish

Description

The satin finish is achieved by using abrasive pads to polish the surface after honing
the granite slab. This is one of the most common granite finishes in the natural stone
industry.
In this kind of granite finish, the tone of the granite is subdued compared to other
finishes. However, the color and depth remain unchanged.
A massive advantage of having satin or honed finish for your granites is that it can
cover up a certain degree of scratches and etchings for a long period.
The satin finish is highly contemporary and natural-looking. Hence, the aesthetics of
the stone is preserved post-processing and this is one of the most common forms of
granite finishes.
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Granite Finishes

Satin Finish

Application

This type of finished product is best used

for floors, staircase steps, exterior
landings, flooring, landscaping areas and
similar applications due to its anti-skid
nature.
Due to its smooth polish like finish and
appearance, it can also be used as wall
claddings, facades, decorations, carvings,
backdrops, etc.
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Granite Finishes

Leathered Granite Finish

Description

The satin finish is achieved by using abrasive pads to polish the surface after
honing the granite slab. This is one of the most common granite finishes in the
natural stone industry.
In this kind of granite finish, the tone of the granite is subdued compared to other
finishes. However, the colour and depth remain unchanged.
A massive advantage of having satin or honed finish for your granites is that it can
cover up a certain degree of scratches and etchings for a long period.
The satin finish is highly contemporary and natural-looking. Hence, the aesthetics
of the stone is preserved post-processing and this is one of the most common
forms of granite finishes.
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Granite Finishes

Leathered Granite Finishes

Application

Leather finish granite is used for staircase

steps, floorings and even facade work. Its
a minimal and simple type of granite finish
that can be used a variety of applications.
Being very well sealed as well as naturally
appealing, a leathered granite is perfect
for a bar countertop or a bathroom
countertop.
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Granite Finishes

Lapatora Granite Finish

Description

This is a type of finish that may have originated in Italy. It is a combination of

leather and polished finish.
In this type of finish, the granite slab is firstly uniformly polished using an
automated setup. Then this granite slab is run through abrasives that get rid of
some of the polish and create an uneven yet smooth finish.
Next, some of the scratches are evened out using a stone brush. This process is
repeated several times until a less shiny and coarse finish is achieved.
Lapatora finish is a combination of polished and matte surface finish – with varying
depth of finish.
Lapatora finish granite provides a rustic look while still looking extremely stylish.
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Granite Finishes

Leathered Granite Finishes

Application

Lapatora is an anti-skid granite finish,

making it perfect for building staircases,
indoors and outdoors.
Lapatora granite is also used for floorings
and facade work.
Lapatora finish is also applicable for
granite slabs that are used for decorative
or vanity purposes as well.
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Granite Finishes

Flamed Granite Finish

Description

This type of finish is highly uneven across the entire granite surface as the granite
is alleviated after the treatment. In the flamed finish the granite loses its original
shade but retains the colour. It also provides a very rustic look to the granite.
To achieve a flamed finish, the granite slab is heated to high temperatures
exposing the inner crystalline structure of the granite. Usually, a very high-intensity
flame is used for such methods.
The flamed finish is very rough and has no shine.
If you are looking for an anti-skid granite surface that brings out the hidden textures
and patterns then a flamed finish is the right fit.
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Granite Finishes

Flamed Granite Finishes

Application

This type of finish is great for outdoor

applications, especially pavements. The
reason being it has a coarse appearance
with a texture suitable for foot grip.
A flamed finish is also good for outdoor
kitchen surfaces as well as exterior walls.
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Granite Finishes

Sand Blasted Finish

Description

Sand Blasted finish is rough and has a very natural rustic finish. Sandblasted
finishing is achieved when pieces of metal or silica along with water are shot at
high speeds using pressurized air. It has a very matte appearance with no gloss or
shine.
This type of finish provides a very porous finish and so it is generally used for wall
and decoarative purposes.
Sandblasted granites have a consistent pattern across the entire slab.
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Granite Finishes

Sand Blasted Finishes

Application

One of the main characteristics of this type

of finish is its ability to prevent slip. This
feature makes sandblasted granites a
purposeful material for heavy traffic areas.
Sandblasted granites are widely used for
swimming pool decks, shower trays and
patios.
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Granite Finishes

Bush Hammered Finish

Description

This type of finish is achieved by the traditional method of chiselling away tiny
pieces of the granite surface using a hammer. Bush hammered finish can be
achieved using a high impact machine or hand tools.
Bush hammered is a very coarse finish as there are a lot of uneven pits formed
post-process completion. It is a very rugged finish with less gloss.
This finish is used to reveal the tonal variations of the granite slabs.
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Granite Finishes

Bush Hammered Finish

Application

Due to its anti-skid nature, bush-

hammered granite is used for bathroom
floors and swimming pool decks.
Bush hammered finish has the best slip
resistance and so it can be used for
pavements and outdoor entryways.
Its texture also provides interior designers
to include it in external facades.
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Granite Finishes

Polished Finish

Description

Perhaps the most common type of finishing in the natural stone industry. The
polished finish is almost a mirror-like finish with the complete aesthetics of the
granite such as tone and pattern is completely preserved.
The idea behind this kind of finish is to create a sense of elegance also, amaze any
viewer.
Polishing involves grinding and buffing the granite surface. This is done using an
automated setup of abrasive pads that rub the surface based upon the intensity fed
instructed to the machines.
This surface is very easy to clean and maintain and can be used for a diverse
range of purposes.
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Granite Finishes

Polished Finish

Application

Due to its easy to maintain and design

appeal, polished granites can be found
everywhere – from kitchen and bathroom
countertops to floors, steps, facade and
any type of cladding.
In a lot of cases, polished granite is used
for indoor flooring as it enhances the
beauty and design of the stone and can
be used to create a mirror-like finish.
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Granite Finishes

Matrix Finish

Description

This is a type of finish between satin and lapatora. The idea is to create an artistic
pattern on the granite surface that can create eclectic patterns for your design
space.
The matrix finishing process begins with polishing the surface and then creating
lava-like layers across the granite surface. This granite finish is not only functional
but also aesthetic and is hence preferred for large spaces like facade and flooring.
The purpose of matrix finishes is to create tiles that will fit not only contemporary
but also niche designs.
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Granite Finishes

Matrix Finish

Application

The applications of matrix finish are very

diverse. It can be used for economic
purposes as well as luxury design spaces.
One of the ways to use this kind of finish is
by incorporating them into large floor
spaces and facades.
Matrix finished granite is also applicable
for sculpting, fountains, and monument
purpose.
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Granite Finishes

Calibrated Finish

Description

Calibrated granite finish is purely functional but can also be used aesthetically by
creating patterns.
Calibration is a process of evening out the granite surface – which in turns creates
a linear groove-like pattern on the granite surface.
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Granite Finishes

Calibrated Finish

Application

Calibrated granites are best used for

outdoor purposes as they are highly
durable also, weatherproof.
Its anti-skid nature finds application in
parking, ramps, and claddings. Another
unique feature of calibrated finish is that it
can combine with another type of granite
finish to good looking patterns.
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Granite Finishes

Swooshed Finish

Description

Swooshed finish breaks up the extremely polished and irregular intervals on the
granite surface with leathered or lapatora to create dazzling patterns across it.
This type of granite consists of a combination of finishes that are more useful when
applied for commercial purposes rather than economic purposes.
A swished finished granite requires regular cleaning for dust and polishing for
scratches as it could affect its appeal.
This type of finishing pattern involves simultaneously finishing the granite slabs in
different patterns and then the architect or designer assembling them like an artist.
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Granite Finishes

Swooshed Finish

Application

Swooshed granite types are artistic and

used purely for display purposes in
commercial spaces to add to the design
aesthetics.
These types of finished granites are used
in commercial floors in theatres, banking
halls, and even residential parking.
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Granite Finishes

Caressed Finish

Description

The caressed finish is the glossier version of leathered finish. In this kind of finish,
the elevated parts of the granite are levelled and polished out to just etch slightly.
This helps the troughs of the surface to stick out as well.
The polishing of the accentuated portions makes the slab more stain-resistant than
leathered finish. This process requires hand tools, but for precise calibration, it is
better to process this in an automated setup.
Caressed finish requires not much upkeep and is easy to maintain. It is highly
stain-resistant and the colour of the granite sticks out with this finish.
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Granite Finishes

Caressed Finish

Application

This type of finish is required for spaces

wherein you want to lighten up the tone,
particularly as wall claddings or floorings.
Caressed finished granites also finds their
way into exterior spaces such as
countertops, front elevations and
pathways.
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Granite Finishes

Tumbled Finish

Description

Tumbled finish is the most rustic look for your granite slab with a very soft and
worn-out surface.
This is achieved by following a highly mechanical and rigorous process of tumbling
the granite slab in a steel or plastic drum. The drum contains water, sand, and
pebbles that rub against the surface providing this finish.
This type of finish is meant for only small and medium scaled granite slabs.
Tumbling creates soft edges and provides a very rugged look to the stone. These
types of granites do not require much of maintenance as they are mostly used in
heavy traffic and economical places.
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Granite Finishes

Tumbled Finish

Application

Tumbled finished granite is rough

and worn out. Therefore, these
granites find application in
landscapes and feature walls.
This type of granite can also be
used for exterior pavements as well
as facades. These don’t need much
upkeep and periodic sealing and
cleaning where you need to exert
too much effort and sweating.
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Granite Finishes

Antique Finish

Description

Antique finish for granite is a process wherein the softer parts are polished away
leaving only the harder parts behind.
There are a couple of methods to achieve this finish. One of the ways is to hone
and polish down the surface using a metal brush of various shapes and sizes.
The other method would be to tumble the granite slab using sand and pebbles
encased in a rubber or plastic drum. The method depends upon the size of the
granite slab but results in the same finish.
This is a highly worn-out finish with great resistance to slip. Perfect material for
outdoor applications. The maintenance of this type of granite is not required apart
from periodic checks for wear and tears.
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Granite Finishes

Antique Finish

Application

This type of finish is perfect for

institutional buildings such as offices and
commercial spaces. Historically this has
been used in palaces and heritage
buildings.
Antique finished granites can also be
used in luxury spaces as facades, wall
claddings and entryways.
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Granite Finishes

Natural Finish

Description

Name suggestive, this is unprocessed granite which is in its natural state and cut
into various shapes and sizes.
Since there is no polishing to these slabs or tiles, there will hardly be any
maintenance with these types of granite slabs.
The advantage of this kind of granite is its flexibility with dimensions as it can be
moulded, cut or shaped based upon the architect’s requirements.
These can be used for exterior or decorative purposes mostly and it is difficult to be
used for any other purpose.
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Granite Finishes
Natural Finish

Application

Surprisingly, granite in its natural state has

a wide range of applications. Mostly
exterior purpose-based such as
monuments and bridges. They can be used
as building materials or as claddings.
There are some other uses of natural
granite such as being an integral natural
stone for constructing tombs and graves.
Apart from this, there is also the use of
natural stone for park benches and
pavements.