INTERIOR MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC : STONES AND TYPES OF STONES

PRESENTATION BY:-
• Kainaz N. Chothia
• Shreya A. Faganiya
• Shruti R. Gaudani
• Bleshi R. Gamit
• Nipa V. Dave
How are stones formed?
• A stone is born out of volcano.
• When the lava which has erupted from the volcano cools down it solidifies to
make the hard substance known as ‘stone’.
• To determine how the stone is made and what is it’s composition a lab test is
done.
Classification of rocks

Igneous Rocks :-
• These are primary rocks which are formed from
molten magma.
• They represent different structural features
depending upon the condition of solidification
and composition.
• Generally, they are strong and durable.
• The examples of igneous rocks are granite,
basalt, etc.
Classification of rocks

Sedimentary Rocks :-
• The rocks formed by the consolidation of
particles of the pre-existing rocks under the
effect of weathering agencies such as wind,
running water, glaciers, etc. are called
sedimentary rocks.
• The examples of sedimentary rocks are
sandstone, limestone, etc.
Classification of rocks

Metamorphic rocks :-
• The rocks formed from the pre – existing rocks
within the earth’s crust under the influence of
variation in temperature or both are called
metamorphic rocks.
• The examples of metamorphic rocks are quartzite,
marble, etc.
 TYPES OF STONES

GRANITE MARBLE LIMESTONE SANDSTONE KOTA

SLATE QUARTZITE TRAVERTINE BASALT TANDOOR

 GRANITE

• Granite resources are found in Odisha,

Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Telangana and
Andhra Pradesh.
• Brown color granite generally comes from
Karimnagar, Rajasthan.
• Black granite comes from Khammam,
Telangana.
• Granite also comes from Brazil and Italy.
 TYPES OF GRANITE
RAJASTHANI BLACK GRANITE:-
• Origin: Kishangarh , Rajasthan
• Thickness : 15-20 mm
• Price : MIN - Rs 55/- sq. ft. MAX – Rs 120/- sq. ft.
• Application : Flooring, Countertop

LAKHA RED GRANITE:-

• Origin : Jaisalmer , Rajasthan
• Thickness : 18 mm
• Price : Rs 95/- sq. ft.
• Application : Flooring, Wall tile, Countertops.

TAN BLUE GRANITE :-

• Origin : Karimnagar
• Thickness : 15-20 mm
• Price : Rs 95/- sq. ft.
• Application : Flooring, Countertops, Wall tiles.
TYPES OF GRANITE
JADE BLACK/ TELEPHONE GRANITE:-
• Origin : Khammam
• Thickness : 15-18 mm
• Price : MIN – Rs 150/- sq. ft. MAX – Rs 250/- sq. ft.
• Application : Countertops, Floorings

COFFEE BROWN GRANITE :-

• Origin : Karimnagar
• Thickness : 15-20 mm
• Price : MIN – Rs 100/- sq. ft. MAX – Rs 150/- sq. ft.
• Application : Bathroom, Bedroom, Main area

KHAMMAM BLACK GRANITE :-

• Origin : Khammam, Telangana
• Thickness : 15-20 mm
• Price : Rs 115/- sq. ft.
• Application : Flooring, Window sills, Countertops, Monuments, Fountains
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

BLACK GRANITE
• Black granite is polished directly without
using any chemicals.
• The stone is rubbed continuously to give it
a polish so that the required shine is
attained.
• Black granite is beaten up to 80-1200
pressure.
 COLOR GRANITE

• The granite is roughly polished and then it is

sprayed with a chemical called ‘ Epoxy’.
• It is left to dry and then after it dries off it is
polished to get the desired color for the
granite.
 RAJASTHANI (INDIAN) GRANITE
• For preparing Rajasthani granite, the raw
granite is first fed with a converter and
later on when it dries up it is polished to
attain the desired color.
• It takes 2 days to cut a single piece of
granite.
 PROS AND CONS OF GRANITE
PROS :-
• Granite countertops are widely considered as the most beautiful countertop material.
• Granites are extremely strong and durable.
• Highly resistant to scratches and stains and damage from heat.
• It does not affect the physical health of a person.
• Its shine increases with constant use.
• Effect of climate is not seen on it.

CONS :-
• Improper sealing can lead to staining on countertops.
• The installation process can be difficult and time consuming.
• Difficult for manufacturing process.
• The installation cost is very high compared to other products.
 MARBLES

ORIGIN
• Makrana, Rajasthan has the highest
production of marbles.
• Rajasthan has various mining ranges,
mainly Kelwagarh, Kesaria, Kishangarh,
Doongri, Udaipur.
• White marble is totally produced from
Kelwagarh.
TYPES OF MARBLES
WHITE MARBLE:-
• Origin :- Rajasthan
• Thickness :- 16-21 mm
• Price :- MIN – Rs 60/- sq. ft. MAX – Rs 130/- sq. ft.
• Application :- Kitchens, Bathrooms, Sculptures

CALACATTA WHITE MARBLE :-

• Origin :- Italy
• Thickness :- 20-70 mm
• Price :- MIN – Rs 250/- sq. ft. MAX – Rs 3000/- sq. ft.
• Application :- Interiors of large residential and hotel projects.

BIANCO CARRARA WHITE MARBLE:-

• Origin :- Carrara
• Thickness :- 15-18 mm
• Price :- MIN – Rs 150/- sq. ft. MAX – Rs 250/- sq. ft.
• Application :- Flooring, Countertops
 TYPES OF MARBLES
MAKRANA MARBLE :-
• Origin :- Makrana
• Thickness :- 10-15 mm
• Price :- MIN – Rs 1500/- sq. ft.
• Application :- Widely used for flooring

ONYX WHITE MARBLE :-

• Origin :- Makrana
• Thickness :- 17-20 mm
• Price :- MIN – Rs 55/- sq. ft. MAX – Rs 1800/- sq. ft.
• Application :- Countertops, Ornamental stones

INDIAN GREEN MARBLE :-

• Origin :- Rajasthan
• Thickness :- 15-20 mm
• Price :- MIN – Rs 38/- sq. ft. MAX – Rs 200/- sq. ft.
• Application :- Stairs, Countertops
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• The mines where marbles are found are cleaned
first.
• Drilling work is carried out and RDX is filled in the
hole where drilling work is done and then a blast is
done by giving high pressure so that the graphite
separates from the rest of the stone and then the
piece of granite is pulled out.
• Blocks are made from the stone obtained from the
blast.
• Diamonds are used to cut the marble.
• 80 blades are used together to cut the marble.
 PROS AND CONS
 PROS :-
• Marble is highly durable and is known for it’s purity.
• Highly resistant to shattering.
• It is relatively cool under sunlight.
• Marble tiles are affordable.
• Marbles has many colors, patterns and design to choose from.

 CONS :-
• Marble requires proper care and maintenance. If proper precautions are not taken the
marble becomes yellowish in colour.
• Marble flooring becomes very cold in winters.
 ITALIAN MARBLE
• Italian marble is in great demand all over the world for its luster and
beautiful looks.
• Italian marble is available in variety of colors and used in both commercial
and residential projects.
• Italian marble can be expensive and the best quality is priced under Rs.550
/- sq. ft. However, there are cheaper versions available as well and you can
get it at only Rs.180 /- sq. ft.
• It is metamorphic in nature and Italy is the largest exporter of marble to
different countries of the world.
• Italian marble is manufactured in a place called Carrara and Italian marble
happens to be an excellent quality of compact limestone.
• It is commonly available in a thickness of 18-20 mm.
 ITALIAN MARBLE TYPES

• There are numerous types of Italian marble and it is difficult to get

each of these in a single place.
• Beige colored Italian marble is the most common one that is widely
used in homes and offices.
• Some of the common types of Italian marbles are Botticino marble,
Perlatino marble, Perlato marble, Diano marble, Verona Red marble,
Irish brown marble, Grey Williams marble, Calacatta marble, Satuario
marble and many more.
 ITALIAN MARBLE USES

• Italian marble find usage as floors most commonly.

• Italian marble is used in luxury, commercial and residential projects as
it looks beautiful.
• It is used as a decorative feature for the floorings, walls, bathroom,
countertops, tabletops and so on.