Concise Ety Molog I 00 Ske A

A Concise
Etymological
Dictionary
of the
English
Language
WALTER W. SKEAT
The Concise Etymological Dictionary
ranks among the most useful of readers'
companions, for it can be relied on to
throw on the origins and relation-

light
ships of most English words in ordinary
use, and of many rarer words whose
history is especially curious or instructive.
Professor Skeat gave a lifetime of study to
the subject, and his results are presented
so clearly and conveniently that the book
can be used without difficulty by those
who have no special training in philology.
By the same author
AN ETYMOLOGICAL
DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
OXFORD UNIFERSITT PRESS
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CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
SKEA T
Oxford University Press, Ely House, London W. i
GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON
CAPE TOWN SALISBURY IBADAN NAIROBI LUSAKA ADDIS ABABA
BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA
KUALA LUMPUR HONG KONG TOKYO
A CONCISE
i
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BY THE REV.
WALTER W. SKEAT
LiTT.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Ph.D., F.B.A,
ELRINGTON AND BOSWOKTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

CAMBRIDGE, ANO FELLOW OF CHRISt's COLLEGE
NEW AND CORRECTED IMPRESSION
'Ware man to live co-eval with the sun,

The patriarch-pupil would be learning still.'
Young, Nighi Thoughts, vil Z6
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
IMPRESSION OF I967
FIRST IMPRESSION 1882
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD
BY VIVIAN RIDLER
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
Hua.03'
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION vii
Key to the General Plan of the Dictionary . . . xi
List of Abbreviations xii
CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE i
APPENDIX :
I. List of Prefixes 624
II. Suffixes 630
III. Select List of Latin Words 632
Select List of Greek Words 644
IV. Homonyms 647
V. List of Doublets 648
VI. Distribution of Words according to the Languages

from which they are derived 652
SUPPLEMENT 662
PREFACE
TO THE EDITION OF I9II
* A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language '

was
first published in 1882, and, after passing through several editions,
appeared in 190 1 in a new form, so largely re-arranged and re-written
as to become, practically, a new book.
The of 1901 has now been again revised, and numerous
edition
corrections have been made, chiefly due to the new light which has
been thrown upon some words by the advance of the publication of
the New English Dictionary, and by the appearance of new works
upon etymology. Among the latter I may especially instance the
Lateinisches Etymologisches Worterhuch by Dr. Alois Walde, published
at Heidelberg in 1906.
Cambridge, Dec.^ 19 10.

INTRODUCTION
The first edition of my '
Concise Etymological Dictionary of the
English Language' was published in 1882, and it has since passed
through several editions.
Each successive edition contained several corrections and additions,
in order that the work might be, to some extent, brought up to
date.
Meanwhile, numerous and important contributions have been
made, by many writers, to the study of Indo-germanic philology;
more exact methods of analysing phonetic changes have been
adopted, and important advances have been made at many points.
Such works as Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of German, Franck's
Etymological Dictionary of Dutch, Godefroy's Dictionary of Old
French, the Modern French Dictionary by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter,
in addition to other highly important books such as the Comparative
Grammar of the Indo-germanic languages by Brugmann, have all
contributed to a much clearer and more exact view of the science of

comparative philology. Hence the time has come when partial
emendations of my Concise Dictionary, however diligently made,
have (as I fear) failed to keep pace with the requirements of
the present day; and I have accordingly rewritten the book from
beginning to end, making improvements in nearly every article,
whilst at the same time introducing into the body of the work
words which have hitherto necessarily been relegated to a con-
tinually increasing Supplement. The result is less a new edition
than a new book.
Since the year 1882 above-mentioned, a great advance has been
made in English lexicography. An entirely new edition of Webster
appeared in 1890, and The Century Dictionary, of which the publication
viii INTRODUCTION
was begun in 1889, was completed in 189 1. In both of these works my
name appears in the '
List of Authorities cited '
; though it is seldom
expressly mentioned except in cases of considerable difficulty, where
the writer preferred not to risk an opinion of his own. But the chief
event during been the publication of The New
this period has
English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the unique value of
which is even now too little understood and respected by the
general public. The first part of this great national work appeared
in 1884.
The chief difference between the second and later editions of my
Concise Etymological Dictionary and the present one can now be
readily explained. The former editions were mainly reproduced from
the first edition, at a time when, from the nature of the case, little
help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the

fact that they either did not exist or could not be much utilised.
But in the present work, I have endeavoured to glean from them all
their most important results. The work has been collated with the
Century Dictionary throughout, and with the New English Dictionary
from A to H (excepting a small portion of G). I have endeavoured
to make good use of Kluge, Franck, Brugmann, and other autho-
rities; and have gladly adopted a large number of corrections. In
particular, I have now marked the quantities of all the vowels
in Latin words, as this often throws much light upon Romance

phonology. And in many cases where the result is tolerably certain
I have given the primitive types of Teutonic and even of Indo-germanic
words.
In all I endeavoured, by help of cross-references,
former editions,
to arrange words under a more primitive form.
derivative Thus
ex-cite, in-cite, re-cite and resus-cit-ate were all given under Cite.
But experience has shewn that this endeavour was more ambitious
than practical, often causing needless delay and trouble. Hence the
only truly practical order, viz. an alphabetical one, has been here
adopted, so that the required word can now be found at once. But
in order to retain the chief advantages of the old plan, I have pre-
pared two lists, one of Latin and one of Greek words, which account
for a large number of derivatives. These will be found in the
Appendix, § III, at pp. 632 and 644.
I have much pleasure in mentioning two more circumstances by
which I have been greatly assisted and encouraged. Some few years
INTRODUCTION ix
ago, my friend the Rev. A. L. Ma} hew was so good as to go patiently

through every word of the Concise Etymological Dictionary, making
hundreds of suggestions for improvement; and finally sent me the
copy in which all these suggestions were entered. They have all
been carefully considered, and in a very large number of instances
have been fully adopted. Again, while the revises were passing
through the press, they were read over by ]\Ir. H. M. Chadwick, M.A.,
Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, author of '
Studies in Old
English' published by the Cambridge Philological Society in 1899;
and his exact knowledge of Indo-germanic phonology has been
suggestive of many improvements. I have only to add, in justice to
these scholars, that they are not responsible for all the results here
given. In some few cases I have held to my own preconceived
opinion ;
perhaps not always wisely. Still it was best that the final
form of each article should be left to the author's decision ; for the
reader is then sure as to where he must lay any blame.
Many articles which, in former editions, appeared only in the
Supplement have now been incorporated with the rest, so that the
number of words now explained (in alphabetical order) amounts to
more than 12,750.
Considerable pains have been taken to ensure accuracy in the
printing of the forms cited and I have received much help from the
;
care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be

thankful to any reader who will kindly send me a note of any error
which he may detect I have myself discovered, for example, that
under the word Cemeiery the *
Skt. gi' is an error for the '
Skt. fi!
A few belated corrections appear at pp. 662-3.
As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course

of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary
and common. They deserve to be learnt by heart at once.
ANGLO-SAXON. The most usual vowel-change is that produced

by the occurrence of an i ox j (which often disappears by a subsequent
contraction of the word) in the following syllable. Owing to this, we
;
X INTRODUCTION
frequently find that the vowels, as arranged in row (i) below, are
changed into the corresponding vowels in row (2).
(i) a, u {0), ea, eo, a, 5, u, ea, eo.
(2) e, y, ie{y), ie[y), ^, e, y, le{y, O. Merc, e), le{y).
Example :—;/5^//«//, to fill, for ^fulljan; kom/ull, full.
Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from

bases seen in the past tense singular, past tense plural, or past participle
of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood. Thus band and
be7id are from the base seen in the A. S. band, pt. t. of bindan, to bind
whilst bundle is derived from that which appears in the pp. bund-en.
By way of distinction, I refer to bind- as the '
prime grade,' to band-
as the '
second grade,' and to bund- as the '
weak grade.'
Lastly, our modern words of native origin belong rather to the
Midland (or Old Mercian) dialect than to the Anglo-Saxon or '
'
Wessex and Old Mercian employs a (mutated to e) where the A. S.

;
has ea, and sometimes e for A. S. eo.
ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowel-

changes, but very few of these appear i7i English. But we must not
pass over the frequent formation of derivatives from the past tenses
(singular or plural) and the past participles of strong verbs. Thus
bait, Icel. beita, lit. '
to cause to bite/ is the causal of bita, to bite ; its
form may be explained by the fact that the pt. t. of bita is beii.
Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it
must be borne in mind that they are also subject to phonetic laws.
These laws are sufficiently illustrated in Mr. Paget Toynbee's trans-
lation of Brachet's Historical French Grammar. In particular, I may
note that most French substantives are derived from Latin accusatives ;
and that to derive bounty from bonitds (nom.), or honour from Lat.
honor (nom.), is simply impossible.
For fuller information, the reader is referred to my Principles of
English Etymology, First and Second Series ; the former deals chiefly
with the native, and the latter with the foreign elements of the
language. My Primer of English Etymology contains some of the
more important facts,
I subjoin a key to the plan of the work, and a list of abbreviations.

INTRODUCTION xi
KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF

THE DICTIONARY.
§ I. Order of Words. Words are given in their alphabetical
order; but a few secondary derivatives are explained under some
more important form. Thus campaign is given under Camp, and
ca7ino7i under Caiie.
§ 2. The Words selected. The word-list contains nearly all
primary words of most frequent occurrence, with a few others that are
remarkably prominent in literature, such as imaneled. Homonymous
forms, such as bay (used in five senses), are numbered.
§ 3. Definitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common

words ; but explanations of original forms are added wherever they
seemed to me to be necessary.
§ 4. Language. The language to which each word belongs is
distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of

parenthesis. Here the symbol — or - is to be read as 'derived
from.' Thus Abbey is (F. — L. — Gk. — Syriac); i.e. a French word
derived from Latin; the Latin word being, in its turn, from Greek,
whilst the Greek word is of Syriac origin.
The order of derivation is always upward or backward, from late

to early, and from early to earlier forms.
The symbol + is employed to distinguish forms which are merely
cognate,and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming

the etymology. Thus, bi'ie is a purely English word, derived from the
Anglo-Saxon bitan. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bijten,
Icel. blta, Swed. bita, Dan. bide, G. beissen, and the other Indo-
germanic forms, viz. 1^21. findere {b3.se fid-) and Skt. bh'd, to cleave,
are merely cognateand illustrative. On this point, there commonly
exists themost singular confusion of ideas; and there are many
Englishmen who are accustomed to derive English, of all things, from
Modern High Get-man ! I therefore introduce this symbol + by way
of warning. It has its usual algebraical value of plus or additional;
and indicates '
additional information to be obtained from the com-
parison of cognate forms.'
;
xu INTRODUCTION
The symbol > means '
older than,' or '
more primitive than '
; the
symbol < means '
younger than/ or '
derived from/
§ 5. Symbols of Languages. The symbols, such as F.=French,

are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to baffle the enquirer
who wishes to find the words referred to. Every symbol has a special
sense, and has reference to certain books, in one at least of which the
word cited may be found, as I have ascertained for myself by looking
them all out. I have purposely used, as far as was practicable, the
most easily accessible authorities. The exact sense of each symbol is
given in the list below.
§ 6. Roots. In some cases, a word is traced back to its original

Indo-germanic root. The denoted by the symbol V^, to be
root is
read as 'root.' Thus hear, to carry, is from \/BHER. Some of

these roots are illustrated by the lists in § III of the Appendix.
§ 7. Derivatives. The symbol Der., i. e. Derivatives, is used to

introduce forms related to the primary word. Thus, under Act, I
note such derivatives as act-ion, act-ive, &c., which cause no difficulty.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Arab. — Arabic ; as in Richardson's Per- Corn. — Cornish ; as in Williams' Diet.;
sian and Arabic Diet., ed. F,
John- 1865.
son 1829.
; See also Devic's Sup- Dan. —Danish Ferrall and Repp
; as in
plement to Littre's F. Diet. 1861.
A. S. — Anglo-Saxon ; as in the diction- Dan. — Danishdial. as dialects ; in
aries by Bosworth and Toller, Ett- Molbech, 1841.
miiller, and Grein in the Vocabu- ; Du. — Dutch; as Calisch and the
in in
laries edited by T. Wright and Prof. Tauchnitz Dutch Diet. Middle
WUlker ; and in Sweet's Oldest Dutch words are from Oudemans,
English Texts. Hexham (1658), or Sewel (1754).
Bavar. — Bavarian ; as in Schmeller's E. — Modern English ; as in N. E. D.
Bayerisehes Worterbuch ; 1827- (New English Dictionary) ;and in
1837. the Century Dictionary.
— Breton as
Bret. ; in Legonidec's Bret. M.E. — Middle English (English from
1821.
Diet., ed. the thirteenth to the fifteenth cen-
Brugm. — Brugmann, Grundriss der ver- turies inclusive); as in Stratmann's
gleichenden Grammatik, &c. ; vol. i. Old English Diet., new edition,
(2nd ed.), 1897 vol. ii. 1889-90. ; 1891.
C. — Celtic used as a general term for
; F. — French. Most of the forms cited
Irish,Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish, are not precisely modern French, but
&c. from Cot. = Cotgrave's Dictionary,
INTRODUCTION Xlll
ed. 1660. This accounts for citation Malay. — As in Marsden's Diet., 1S12;
of forms, such as F. 7-ecreaiion, Notes by C. P. G. Scott.
cf.
without accents ; the F. accents Mex. —

Mexican as in the Diet, by
;
being mostly modern. Such words Simeon, Paris, 18:^5.

are usually marked M. F. (Middle M. E.— Middle English; see under E.
French). See also the dictionaries above.
by Hatzfeld and Littre. M. II. G.— Middle High German; sec
O. F. — OldFrench as in the dic- ; under G. above.
tionaries by Godefroy, Burguy, or —
Norw. Norwegian as in Aasen's Norsk ;
Roquefort. Ordbog, 1873.

Fries, — Friesic as ; in Richthofen, 1840. —
O. F. Old French see under F. above. ;
Gael. — Gaelic; as Macleod and in —

O. II. G. Old High German; see under
Dewar, 1839; or Macbain, 1896. G. above.
G. — German ; as in Fliigel, 1883. O. Sax. — Old Saxon ; as in the Hcliand,
Low G. —Low German; as in the &c., ed. Heyne.
Bremen Worterbuch, 1767. O. Slav. — Old Slavonic; as in Mik-
—
M. H. G. Middle High German ; as losich, Etym. Diet., Vienna, 1S86.
in Schade, Altdeutsches Worter- Pers. — Persian ; as in Richardson's Arab.
buch, 1882. and Pers. Diet. ; or in Palmer's Pers.
O. H. G.— Old High German ; as in Diet., 1876 ; cf. Horn, Neupersische
the same volume. Etymologic, 1893.
Gk. — Greek ; as in Liddell and Scott's Peruv. —Peruvian as in the Diet, by
;
Lexicon. Gon9ales, Lima, 1608.

Goth. — Moeso - Gothic ; as in Balg's Port. — Portuguese; as in Vieyra, 1857.
Glossary, 18S7-9. Prov. — Proven9al ; as in Raynouard's
Heb. — Hebrew ; as in Gesenius' Diet,, Lexique Roman, and Bartsch's
1893. Chrestomathie Proven9ale.
Hind. — Hindustani ; as in Forbes, Bate, Russ.— Russian; as in Reiff's Diet.,
or Wilson's Glossary of Indian 1876.

Terms. Scand. — Scandinavian ; used as a general
Icel.— Icelandic ; as in Cleasby and Vig- term for Icelandic, Swedish, Danish,
fusson, 1874. and Norwegian.
Idg. — Indo-germanic ; the family of Skt.— Sanskrit ; as in Benfey's Diet.,
languages which includes Sanskrit, 1S66.

Greek, Latin, English, &c. Span.— Spanish; as in Neumann, ed.
Irish. — Irish as ; in O'Reilly, 1864. Seaone, 1862; Pineda, 1740; or

Ital. — Italian; as Meadows, 1857;
in Minsheu, 1623.
Torriano, 1688 and Florio, 1598.
; Swed. — Swedish as the Tauchnitz; in
L. — Latin ; as in Lewis and Short, 1880. Widegren, or in Oman.

Diet., or in
Late L. — Late Latin ; as in the latest Swed. — Swedish dialects; as
dial. in
edition of Ducange
by L. Favre, Rietz (1867). ;
1884-7. (Low L. = Late L. words Teut. Teutonic a general term for — ;
of non-Latin origin.) English, Dutch, German, Gothic,

Lith.— Lithuanian as in Nesselmann's and Scandinavian.
;
Diet., 1 851. Turk. — Turkish ; as in Zenker's Diet.,

Low G. —Low German ; see under G. 1866-1S76.
above. W.— Welsh; as in Spurrell, 1S61.
XIV INTRODUCTION
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.
ace. — accusative case. nom, —nominative case.
adj.— adjective. obs. — obsolete.
adv. — adverb. orig.— original or originally.
A.V. — Authorised Version of the pi.— plural.
Bible, 1611. pp. — past participle.
cf. — confer, i. e. compare. prep. — preposition.
—
Ch. Chaucer, pres. part.— present participle.
—
comp. comparative, pres. t.
— present tense.
conj.— conjunction, prob.— probably.
— dative
dat. case, pron. — pronoun.
decl. — declensional. prov.— provincial.
Der. — Derivative, pt. — past
t. tense.
dimin, — diminutive. — quod vide = which
q. V. see.
f.or fem. — feminine, s. — sub verbo = under the word.
V.
frequent. — frequentative, sb.—substantive.
gen. — genitive case. Shak. — Shakespeare.
i. e. — id est, that is. sing.— singular.
inf. — infinitive mood, str.vb. — strong verb.
interj. — interjection, superl.— superlative.
lit. — literally. —translated, or
tr. translation.
m. t7r masc— masculine. —
trans. transitive.
n. or neut. — neuter. vb. — verb.
Some of the longer articles are marked off into sections by the use
of the Greek letters p, y. This is merely intended to make matters
clearer,by separating the various statements from each other.
Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginning with
the symbol 10". XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced
in the 14th, 15th, or i6lh century, respectively. Hyphens are freely
introduced to shew the etymological division of a word. Thus the
word concede is derived from Lat. con-cedere ; meaning that concedere
can be resolved into con- and cedere. This etymological division is
often very different from that usually adopted in printed books when
words have to be divided ; thus capacious can only be divided, etymo-
logically, as cap-ac-i-ous, because cap- is the root-syllable ; whereas,
when divided according to the pronunciation, it becomes ca-pa-ci-ous.
Theoretical forms are marked by an asterisk preceding them. Thus,
under Barrow (i), the Teutonic type "^bergoz, a hill, is the primitive
Teutonic form whence the A. S. beorg and the G. berg are alike de-
scended and wYidti: Beetle (2), the A. S. form bytel must have been
;
"^betel in Old Mercian.

INTRODUCTION SV
The symbols 'S and Ip are both written for ///. In Icelandic, p has
the sound of //i in /h'n, and tS that oUk in /ha/; but the M.E. and A.S.
symbols are confused. The M.E. symlôl ^ commonly represents j/ at
the beginning of a word, and gk in the middle. A. S. short and long
vowels, such as a and a, are as distinct from each other aj e and t],
or o and co in Greek.
The distinction between the two values of A. S. long ce (as
made by Dr. Sweet in his A. S. Diet.) has been carefully observed.
Thus the A. S. ^ invariably represents the mutation of A. S. a (as
usual), and corresponds to Goth, at; but A. S. d represents the
Wessex sound corresponding to the Anglian and Kentish e, and to
Goth. e. For example, /leal is from A. S. hflan, cognate with Goth.
hai'Ijan, G. heileii', but deed is from O. INIerc. aid (Wessex dad),
cognate with Goth, deds^ G. that.
V
ADDENDA ET EMENDANDA
In the course of revision, the following Errata have been observed. This list
is added for the sake of completeness, as the errors are not serious.
Adieu, 1. I. For (F.) rm^(F.-L.) History, 1. 5. For base read weak

Adulation. Read adaldtidnem, adu- grade.
Idiio, adiilatus, adilldri. Holly, 11. 5, 6. For G. /i/i/st read
Allegory. Read (F. - L. - Gk. ) X I low G. hzilse.
cent. Hone, For stem 7-ead type.
1. 4.
Audience, 1. 5. Read afiaOioQai. Hyson, For Chin, read Amoy.
1. 6.
Chicken, 1. 5. Read kjuklivgr. Indigent, 1. 6. Not allied to axîv.
Choose, 1. 3- Read Da. kiezen, G. Mist, k 9. Read VMEIGHw, to
kiesen. darken ; distinct from, &c.
Cost, vb. Prob. (Du.~F. -L.) In. Nasturtium, 1. .^. Read — also spelt
koslen ; from O. F. coster. nasturcinm
both forms are for '^nas- ;
Curl, 1. 4. For krtdla read knille. torctioin (Walde).

Cypress (2), 1. 2. For (F. — L.) read Notorious, 1. 3- R^^^d voucher, —
(F.-L.-Gk.). witness cf. L. pp. nottis, &c.
—
;
Diphthong, 4. 1. For G. read Gk. Pier, 1. 2. Read M. E. pere ; A. F.

Engage. For (^F.— L.) read (F,-L. pereî the Norman equivalent of O. Y.piet'e.
and 'lent.) Plait, 1. 3. Read ""plictum.
Orotic, 1. 2. For crude form read deck Scraggy, 1. 5. For skragga rend
stem. skragger. (Ross gives Norw. skragg, a poor
Sxponent, 1. i. Read exponent-. weak creaUire, skraggen, scraggy.)
Falcon. Some take falco to be o' Shaddock, 1. 4. Read late in the
Teutonic origin. seventeenth.
Fern, last line. The Gk. -nrfpis, vTQpuv, Shah, 1. 2. Read khsdyathiya.
are merely given by way of illustration. Smith, 1. 8. Read pp. ^smidanoz.
They are not allied words. Throstle, 1. 5. Read lct\. prdstr.
Fusil (i). The l..foclle is not found ;
Vernal, last line. For air Tea.d/dir.
but Ital. has this very form. Wheel, 1. 8. For QEL read QwEL.
Gunny, 11. 2, 3. Read gd:j, goni.
Hare, 11. 4, 5. Read sasjtis, *âsnis. P. 652. The lists given in this Section VI
N.B. The Skt. fasa is not from faf, to are somewhat uncertain, and are only given
jump; but perhaps meant' gray'; cf. A. S. tentatively. Several will hereafter require
âsu, gray. slight readjustment.
; ;
A
CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
ABBEY
A, (E.)
indef. art. See An. lies to the aft. Cf. M.E. biaften. Gen.
A- as in a-do7c>n--^ A.S. ofdfine.
(i), and Exod. 3377; A. S. beceftan. See A-
(E.) =
Here a- A. S. of; see Of, Off. (2), By, and Aft.
A- '2\ as in afoot. (E.) For on Abandon. (F.-Low L.-O. H. G.)
foot; see On. This is the commonest ^ M.E. abandounen, vb.— F. abandonner.—
value of the prefix a-. F. a bandon, at liberty orig. in the power
;
A- (3), as in a-long. (E.) Here a- = (of). — L. ad, at ; Low L. bandnm, bannum,

A. S. and- ; see Along. an order, decree from O. H. G. ban,
;
A- (4), as in a-risc. (E.) Here a- = summons, ban ; see Ban.

A. S. a- ; see Arise. Abase. (F. — L.) M.E. ahasen,i\om.
A- (5), as in achieve, a-stringcnt. (F, A- (5) and Base ; imitating O.F. abaissier,
— L. ; or L.) Here a=Y. prefix a = L. to lower.
ad. to ; see Ad-. Abash. (F.) M. E. ahaschen, abais-
A- (6), as in a-vert. (L.) Here a- = chen, abasen. — O. F. esba'iss-, stem of pres.
L. d\ see Ab- (1). part, of esbdir (F. ^bahir), to astonish.—
A- {i^j,
a-mend. (L.) Here a-mend
2,'i,m O. F. es- ( = L. ex, out, very much) and ;
is for and ^- = L. or <?x see Ex-.

e-mend ; <? ; ba'ir, bahir, to cause astonishment, a
A- (8), as in a-las. (F.) See Alas. word of imitative origin from the interj.
A- 9), as in abyss. (Gk.) Here «- = bah ! of astonishment, iff Sometimes con-
Gk, d- or av- see ITn-, Abyss. ; fusrd with abase in M. E. See Bashful.
A- (10), as in a-do. (E.) For at do; Abate. (F. — L.) M. E. abaten.—
see At, Ado. O.F. a bat re. — Late L. *abbattere, to beat
A- (ii\ as in a-ware. (E.) Here «- is down (as in Ital.). — L. ad, to; and batere,
for M. E. jj/-, ?-, A. S. ge- see Aware. for batuere, to beat. See Batter.
;
Hence ^
A- (12), as in a-vast. (Du.) For Du. bate, for a-hate. Cf. Ab- (2).
houd vast see Avast. ; Abbot. iL.-Gk.-Syriac.) M. E.
Ab- (i), prefix. (L.) L. ah, from abbot, abbod, A.S. abbod.^— L. abbdt- (nom.
cognate with E. of\ see Of. In F., it abbas), an abbot, lit. a father —Gk. d/3/Sas.
becomes a- or av- ; Advantage.
see — Syriac abba, father; Rom. viii. 15.
a.
Ab- (2), prefix. (L.) For L. ad, to, abbess. (F. - L. Gk. -
Syriac.) -
by assimilation ; see Abbreviate. M. E. abbesse.~-0. V. abesse, abaesse. —
Aback. (E.) For on back. A. S. Late L. abbdt-issa. — L. abbdt- (as above)
onbcFC (2) and Back.
; see A- and -z'j-ja = Gk. -laaa, fern suffix.
Abaft. (E.) From the prefix a- (2), abbey. L.

(F. -
Gk. - - Syriac.)
and b-aft, short for bi-aft, by aft. Thus M. E. abbeye. - O. F. abeie. - Late L.
a-b-aft ôxi by aft, i.e. at the part which abbift-m. — L. abbdt- (above).
—;
ABBREVIATE ABRIDGE
Abbreviate. (L.) From pp. of L. habere, to have. Cf. Habit. Der. ability
ahbreuidre, to shorten. — L. ab-, for ad, from L. ace. habilitdtevi.
to, by assimilation and breiiis, short. ; Ablution. (F.-L.) F. ; from L.
See Ab- (2) and Brief. ace. ab-hUionem, a washing away. — L.
Abdicate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- abliltus, pp. of ab-luere, to wash away.
dicdre, to renounce. — L.
from; died re,
ab, L. ab, from Inere, to wash.
;
to proclaim. Allied to Dictiou. Abnegate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab-

Abdoxuexi. (L-) L. abdomen (stem negdre, to deny. — L. ab, from negdre, to ;
abdoinin-), lower part of the belly. say no. Cf. Negation.

Abduction. (L-) L- abdnctioncvi, Aboard. (E.) For oî board see A- ;
ace. of abdiictio, a leading away. — L. ab- (2) and Board.

ducere, to lead away. — L. ab, from ; dficere, Abode, sb. (E.) M. E. abood, delay,
to lead. Cf. Duke. abiding. from A. S. dbdd,
Pôrmed as if
Abed. (E.) For on bed; see A- (2) 2nd stem of dbJdan, to abide. See Abide.
and Bed. Abolish. (F.-L.) F. aboliss-, stem
Aberration. (L.) From ace. of L. of pres. pt. of abolir. — L. abolere, to
aberrdtio, a wandering from ; from pp. of abolish.
L. ab-errdre. — L. ab, Abominate. (L.) From pp. of L.
wander, err. See Err. ab-ouiindri, to turn away from that which
Abet, to (F.-Scand.)
incite. O. F. is of ill omen. — L. ab, away; ouiin-, for
abeter, to excite, set on (Godefroy). — F. omen, an omen.

a- (Lat. ad-) and O. F. beter, to bait (a
; Aborigines, original inhabitants.
bear), to set on, from Icel. beita, to make (L.) L. aborigines, the nations which,
to bite, causal of bita, to bite. See Bait, previous to historical record, drove out
Bite. Der. bet, short for abet, sb. the Siculi (Lewis and Short). Formed
Abeyance, expectation, suspension. from L. ab origijie, from the beginning
(F. — L.) A. F. abeiance, suspension, where origine is the abl. of origo (Vergil,
waiting (Roq.)- — F. a and beaut, pres. pt. ; iEn. i. 642).
of O. F. beer (F. baye?-), to gape, expect Abortion. (L.) From ace. of L.
anxiously. — L. ad, at and baddre, to gape. ; abortio, an untimely birth. — L. aboi'tus,
Abhor. (L.) L. ab'horrere, to shrink pp. of ab'Oriri, to fail. — L. ab, away;
from in terror. — L. ab, from ; horrere, to orirT, to arise, begin. Cf. Orient.
dread. Cf.Horrid. Abound. (F. — L.) A. F. abnnder,
Abide (0, to waitfor. (E.) A.S. O. F. abonder.^1^. ab-tinddre, to overflow.
d-bJda)i ; from d-, prefix, and bidan, to — L. ab, away; nnda, a wave.
bide. See A- (4) and Bide. About. (E.) M. E. abuten, abouten.
Abide (2), to suffer for, pay for. (E.) A. S. dbutan, onbfttan short for onbe-
;
In Sh. corrupted from M. E. abyen, to

; iitan where be answers to E. by, and ntan,
;
]iay for, lit. to buy up, redeem. —A.S. outward, is related to ill, out. See A- (2 ),
dbycgan, to pay for. See A- (4) and Buy. By and Out.
Abject, mean, lit. cast away. (L.) Above. (E.) M. E. ahoven, abnfen.
L. ab-iectiis, cnst away, pp. of ab-icere, to A. S. dbufan, for on-be-iifan where be ;
cast away. — L. ab, away iacere, to cast. ; answers to E. by, and iifan, upward, is
Cf. Jet (1). extended from Goth, uf, up. See A- (2',
Abjure. (L.) L. ab-iurdre, to deny; By, Up. (A.S. nfan = G. oben. A.S.
lit. to swear away from. — L. ab, from ;
be-ufan = Du. boven.)
iiirdre, to swear. — L. iur-, from nom. ins, Abrade, to scrape off. (L.) L. ab-
law, right. Cf. Jury. radere, to scrape off. — L. ab, off radere, ;
Ablative. (L.) abldtnms, lit.

L. to scrape. Der. abrasion (from L. pp.
taking away. — L. ab, from and Idtiun ; abrdsits'^.
( = tldtiwi), to bear, take ; allied to tolleix, Abreast. (E.) Put for on In-cast;
to take. See Tolerate. see A- and Breast.
(2)
Ablaze. (E. ) For on blaze; see A- Abridge. (F.-L.) M. E. abreggen.
(2) and Blaze. A. F. abngger, O. F. abreger, abregicr, to
Able, powerful, skilful. (F. — L.) shorten.— L. abbrcnidre, to shorten. — L.
M. E. able, liable. Ô. F. habile, able, able. ab-, put for ad-, to and breiiis, short.
;
— L. habilis, easy to handle, active. — L. Cf. Brief. Doublet, abbreviate.

;;
ABROACH ACCLIVITY
Abroach, to set. (E.and F.) Put cult, concealed pp. of abs-truderc, to
;
for to set on broach ; see A- (2) and thrust away. — E. abs, away; trndere, to
Broach. thrust. See Intrude.
Abroad. (E.) M. \\. ahrood \
put for on. Absurd. (E.) E. absnrdus, inhar-
brood; lit. on broad ; see A- (2) and Broad. monious, foolish. — E. ab, from; siirdus,
Abrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- deaf, inaudible, harslu Cf. Surd.
rogdre, to repeal a law. - E. ab^ away Abundance. (F,-E.) F. abondance.
rogdre, to ask, propose a law. — E. abundant ia. See Abound.
Abrupt. (L.) L. abruptus, pp. of Abuse, vb. (F.-E.) F. abuser, to
ab-ruiiipere, to break off. — E. ab, off; use amiss. — J,, abfisus, pp. of ab-ilti, to
ruinperc, to break. use amiss. — E. ab, away (amiss); iitl,
Abscess. (E.) gathering of humours A to use.
into one place; lit. a going away. — E. Abut, to ]:)roject towards. (F. E. and —
abscessiis, a going away; abscess (Celsus). G.) O. F. aboiitcr, to thrust towards.—
— E. abscessus, pp. of abs-cedere, to go E. ad, to ; O. F. bonier, botcr, to thrust.
away. — E. abs^ away cedere, to go, cede. ; See A- (5) and Butt (i).
Abscind. (E.) From E. ab-scindere, Abyss, a bottomless gulf. (E. -Gk.)
to cut off. — E. ab, off; scittdere, to cut. Milton. E. abyssns. — Gk. d^vaaos, bottom-
Der. abscissa, from fem. of L. abscissiis, less.— Gk. a-, short for av-, neg. prefix;
pp. of abscindere. and (Bvaaos, depth. See A- (9^ ITn- (i).
Abscond, go into hiding. (E.) E.
to Acacia, a tree. (E. — Gk.) E. acacia.
absconders, to hide. — E. abs, away; condere, — Gk. vLKaKia, the thorny Egyptian acacia.
to hide. Condere is from con- [cuni), to- — Gk. cLKis, a point, thorn. (-yÂK.) See
gether, and -dere, to put, allied to Skt. Brugm. ii. § 52 (4).
^//^^, to put. i-y^DHE, to place Brugm. ; Academy. {¥. - L. - Gk.) F.
i. § 589.) See Do. acad^nne. — h. academTa.^ Gk. aKabrjueia,
Absent, adj. (F.-E.) XIV cent. a grove where Plato taught, named from
O. F. absent, adj. — E. absent-, stem of ab- the hero Akadevms.
sens, being away. — E. ab-, away; -se7is, Accede. (E.) E. ac-cedere, to come
being, occurring also in prce-sens. Cf. Skt. towards, assent to. — E. ac- (for ad), to ;
sant, pres. pt. of as, to be from VES, to ; cedere, to come, cede.

be. Cf. Present, Sooth. Der. absence, Accelerate. (E.) From pp. of E.
F. absence, E. absentia. accelcrdre, quicken. — E. ac- (for ad),
to
Absolute, unrestrained, complete. to celer, quick.
; Cf. Celerity.
(E.) E. absolutns, pp. of ab-soluere, to Accent. (F.— E.) F. fi'<r(rr;//, sb. — E.
set free. — E. ab, from solncre, to loosen. ; ace. accenttan, a tone. — E. ac- (for ad);
absolve. (E.) E. ab-soluere, to set canius., a singing, from cancre, to sing.
free (above). Der. absohit-ion , from the Accept. (F. — E.) F. accepter. — h.
pp. above. acceptdre. frequentative of ac-cipere, to re-
Absorb. (L.) E. absorbere, to swal- ceive. — E. aC' (for ad\ to capere, to take. ;
low. —E. ab, away; sorbere, to sup up.+ Access. (L.) E. accessus, a coming
Gk. pocpidv, to sup up. (Brugm. ii. unto. — E. accessus, pp. of ac-cedere, to
§ 801.) Der. absorpt-ion, from pp. ab- accede. — E. ac- (tor ad), to; cedere, to
sorpttis. come, cede.
Abstain. — E.)
¥. abstenir {O.Y.
(F. Accident. (F.-E.) F. accident, a
as/emr). — \^. abs-tinere,to refrain from.— chance event (Cot.). — E. accident-, base of
E. abs, from tenere, to hold.
; Der. abs- pres. pt. oi ac-cidere, to haj)pen. — E. ac-
tinence, F. abstijience, from E. abstijzentia, (for ad), to cadere. to fall. Der. ac-
;
sb. abstent-ion, from the pp.

: cidence, F. accidence, E. accidentia.
Abstemious. (E.) E. abstemius, Acclaim. (E.) Formed from E. ac-
refraining from strong drink. — E. abs, from clctuidre, to cry out at. — E. ac- (for adi,
tenietnm, strong drink, whence te?7iH-/entus, at ; c/ih/idre, to cry out. Vox the spelling,
drunken. cf. Claim.
Abstract. (E. E. abslractus, pp. Acclivity. (E.) XVII cent. From
of abs-traliere, to draw away. — E. abs, E. acclJiiitatcni, aco. of accliuitas E. ac- —
away trahere, to draw.
; (for ad and clTu-tis, sloping, a slope see
, ; ;
Abstruse. (E.) E. abstrusus, diffi-

j
Lean (1). (y'KEEI; Brugm. i. § 463.)
; ;
ACCOLADE ACME
Accolade, the dubbing of a knight. Accrue, to come to by way of increase,
(F. —
Ital. - L.) F. accollade, in Cotgrave, (F. — L.) From k. F. acru, O. F. acreu,
ed. 1660; lit. an embrace round the neck, pp. oi acrois/re (F. accroitrc), to increase.
then a salutation, light tap with a sword — L. accrescere see above. ;
in dubbing a knight. — Ital. accollata, fem. Accumulate. (L.) From pp. ofL.
of pp. of accollare, to embrace about the ac-cunmldre, to amass. — L. ac- {ad), to ;
neck (Florio). — L. ac- (for ad), to, about cnmnldre, to heap up, from ciimulas, a
colliim, the neck. heap.
Accommodate. From pp. of (L.^ Accurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
L. accommodare, to adapt. — L. ac- (for fit, acciirdre, to take pains with. — L. ac- {ad),
ad^, to; and cotn>nodus, fit. — L. cojn- ( — to ; cfndre, to care for, from cilia, care.
cu?)i), and modus, measure, mode.
with ;
See Cure.
Accompany. (F. — L.) F. accom- Accursed, cursed. (E.) Pp. ofM.E.
pagner, to accompany. — F. « (L. ad), to ;
acursien. A. S. a-, prefix and cursian, ;
and O. F. coinpaing, companion see ; to curse see A- (4) and Curse.

;
Company. Accuse. (F. L.) K.¥. acuser.^l.. —

Accomplice. _(F.-L.) Put for^ ^z acc/lsdrc, to lay to one's charge. — L. ac-
complice a is the indef.
;
complice, art. — F. {ad), to ; and causa, caussa, a suit at law,
'a complice, confederate;' Cot. — L. ace a cause.
complicem, from complex, confederate, lit. Accustom. (F.-L.) K.Y.acustumer
*
interwoven.' — L. com- [cum)^ together; (F. accotitumcj'), to make usual. — F. a
and %\.tTCi plic', allied to plicdre, to weave. [ixovn. L. ad, to) ; and A. F. custume,
Cf. Ply. custom. See Custom.
Accomplish. E. acom- (F. — L.) M. Ace, *
one on dice. (F.-L. - Gk. ?)
the '
pliscn.'~0.¥. acomplis-, stem of pres. M. E. as. - O. F. as. - L. as. [Said to be the

part, of acomplir, to complete. — L. ad, to ;
Tarentine d'?, lor Gk. er?, one.]
complh'e, to fulfil. — L. com- {cum), to- Acephalous, headless. (Gk.) Gk.
gether ;
plere, to fill. dKe(pak-os, headless; with sufiix -ous.'~Gk.
Accord. (F. L.) A. F. acorder,io — a-, un- ; and K((pa\i], head. See A- {g).
agree. —
Late L. accorddre. L. ac- (for ad), — Acerbity. (F.-L.) XVI cent. 'f.
to and cord-^ stem of cor, heart. Cf.
; acerdile. — h. ace. acerdildlem (nom. ace r-
Concord. dilas), bitterness. — L. acer-b-tis, bitter;
Accordion, a musical instrument. cf. dc-er, sharp, lit. piercing. — L. acere, to
(Ital. — L.) From Ital. accord-are, to be sour.

accord, to tune an instrument with suffix ; Ache, (E.) M. E. aken, vb.
verb.
-ion (as in clar-ion). — Late L. accordare, pt. t.A. S. acan.
ook. (y'AG, to drive.)
to agree. See above. % Spelt ache by confusion with M. E.
Accost, to address. (F.-L.) F. ache, sb., from A. S. cece, a pain. The verb
accoster, lit. to go to the side of.' — Late
' survives, spelt as the obs. sb.
L. accostdre (same). — L. ac- (for ad), to; Achieve. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. acheven.--
costa, rib, side. See Coast. A. F. achever, to achieve lit. to come to ;
Account, vb. (F. A. F. acounter, — L.) a head — O. F. a chef, to a head. — L. ad,

.
acunter. — O. F. a, to confer, compter, to ;

to caput, a head.
; Cf. Chief.
count. — L. ad and com-putare, to com-
; Achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) See
pute, from com- {cum), and putdre, to A- (9^ and Chromatic.
think. Acid, sour, sharp. (F.-L.; or L.)
Accoutre. (F.-L.?) F. accoutrer, F. acide. — L.
ac-idus, lit. piercing. y'AK,
formerly also accoustrer, to dress, array. to pierce.) acid-i-ty; acid-id-at-cd
iJer.
Etym. quite uncertain perhaps from O. F. ;
(from L. acid-ul-us, dimin. oi acid-us).
cotistre, coutre, a sacristan who had charge Acknowledge. (E.) XVI cent.
of sacred vestments, from Late L. czistor M. E. knoivlechen from the sb. knowleche, ;
= L. custos, a. custodian, keeper. mod. E. kno7vledge; see Knowledge. The

Accretion, increase. (L.) From ace. prefix is due to M. E. aiinoiven ( — A. S.
of L. accretio, increase. — L. accretus, pp. 07icndwan), with the same sense ; hence
of ac-crescere, to increase. — L. ac- [iov ad ;
the prefix is A- '^2).
crescere, grow, inchoative form from
to Acme, top. (Gk.) Gk. d/f-/x77, top,
cre-dre, to make. Cf. Create. sharp edge. (y'AK, to pierce.)
—
ACOLYTE ADDRESS
Acolyte, ^ servitor. L. (F. — Low '
upper city.' — Gk. aKpo-s, pointed, upper;
Gk.) b. acolyte^ Cot. — Late 'L.acolythus. and n-oAt?, a city.
— Gk, aicuKovOo';^ a follower. — Gk. u-, Across. (E. aJidScant}.) For OJi cross ;
Avith (akin to Skt. sa-, with) k€\(v9os, a ; see A- (2 and Cross. I
])ath so that ukoXovOcs ^ a travelling-com-

; Acrostic, a short poem in vhich the
panion. initial letters s]-cll a word. ((Jk.) Gk.
Aconite, monk's-hood. (F. — L.— uKpoaTix'i-'i-''Gk. anpo-s, pointed, aho
Gk.) F. aconii. ^'L. aconiiiim. •^Gk. first ; and arixos, a row, line, from weak
aKoviTov^ a plant perhaps so called from
;
grade of crT€ix«t»', to go. {^ STEIGH.)
growing kv aKovais, on steep sharp rocks. Act, sb. (F. — L.) F". acie. — L. actus,
— Gk. u/r-0/77, a whetstone, sharp stone. m., and acttiin, n. — L. actus done pp. of ;
Acorn. y[Ai.acor}i. K.'^.cccern,

(E.) f7o^r^,to do, drive. See Agent. D^v. act-
fruit; properly 'fruit of the field/ from ion act-ive (F. act If) act-or\ act-u-al (,L.
; ;
A. S. (Ecer, a field see Acre.+Icel. a/cam,

;
actudlis) act-uary (L. actttdrius
; act-u- ;
Dan. agern Goth, akran, fruit from Icel. ; ate (from pp. of Late L. acttuhe, to pei-
akr, Dan. ager, Goth. ak}-s,a. field. % Not form, put in action).
from oak. Acumen. (L.) L. ac-a-men, sharp-
Acoustic. (Ok.) Gk. OLKovaTiKos, ness, acuteness. Cf. actccre, to sharpen.
relating to hearing (or sound}. — Gk. Acute. (L.) L. acutus, sharp pp. of ;
dici vfîy, to hear. ac-ti-ere, to sharpen. (y'AK, to pierce.)

Acquaint. (F.-L.) ALE. acqueyn- Ad-, prefix. (L.) L. ad, to, cognate
ten, tarlier acoiiiteji. — 0.¥ . acoi7iter, with E. At. % L. ad becomes ac- before
acointier, to acquaint with. —Late L. c ; af- bef.y"; ag- bef. g ; al- bef. / ; an-
adcognitdre, to make known (Brachet).— lef. n ; ap- bef / ; ar- bef. r; as- bef. s ;
L. ad, to and *cognitdre, formed from

; at- bef. A
cognitus, pp. of cogtioscere, to know. See Adage, a saying. (F.-L.) Y . adage.
Quaint. — 1>. adagiiiui. — L. a^/ and ; o^z'-, as in
Acquiesce. (L.) L. acquiesccre, to 'âîo. orig. form of dio, 1 say.
— L. ac-
rest in. (ior ad\ to; qtdescere, to Adamant. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
rest. See Quiet. adamaunt, a diamond, a magnet. — O.F.
Acquire. (L.î L. ocquircre, to get, adamant. — L. adamanta, ace. of adamas.
obtain. — L. ac- (for ad), to; qiiarere, to — Gk, d6d/ias, a very hard metal or stone ;
seek. Der. acqitisit-io7i from pp. ac- ; lit. unconquerable.' — Gk. d- ( = E. un-)\
'
qiiTsJius. and Ea/xdaj, I conquer, tame. See Tame.

Acquit. (F. — L.) ALE. aquitcn.— Adapt. (F.-L.) Early XVII cent.-
O. F. aqiiiter, to settle a claim ; Late L. F. adapter. ~-L. adaptare, to fit to. — L.
acqnictdre.'-Y-.. ac- (for ad), to; qiiieldre, ad, to aptdre, to fit, from aptus, fit, apt.
;
vb., formed from quietus, discharged, free, Add. (L.) M. E. adden. — "L. addere,
orig. at rest. See Quiet. lit. to put to. — L. ad; and -dere, to put.
Acre. (E.) M. E. aker. A. S. c?cer.-\- See Abscond.

Du. akker, Icel. akr, Svved. aker, Dan. ager, Adder, a viper. (E.) M. E. addere;
Goth, akrs, G. acker; L. ager., Gk. ar^po'i, also naddere, neddere. \An adder resulted
Skt. ajra. Teut. type *akroz Idg. type, ; from a nadder, by mistake.] A. S. nuidre,
*agros. The 01 ig. sense was ' pasture.' n($ddre, a snake. -j-G. natter, a snake; also
(-yÂG.' Der. acor-n, q.v. cf. Icel. 7ia(jr, Goth, nadrs (with short a).
Acrid, tart. (L.l Coined by adding Addict. (L.) From L. addict-us, pp.
-d to L. dcri-, stem of ^Fr^r, sharp ; on o{ ad-dicere, to adjudge, assign.— L. ad,
the analogy of ac id. to dicere^ to say, appoint.
; Cf. Diction.
Acrimony. (F. — L.) F. acrimoine. Addled, corrupt, unproductive. (E.)
— L. dcri-iiidn-ia. — L. dcri-, stem of ^?tvr Due to an attributive use of the M. E. sb.
(above). adel, filth, used in the compound adel-ey,
Acrobat, a tumbler. (F.-Gk.) F. lit. Late L. ovum ni-ince,
'
filth- egg' =^
acrobate. — Gk. aKpoâros, lit. walking on urine-egg; mistaken form of L. outun
tiptoe. — Gk. cLKpo-v, a point, neut. of iirmzim, wind-egg, due to Gk. ovpiov aiov,
oLK-pos, pointed ; and /Soros, verbal adj. of wind-egg. Orig. 'mud,' from A.S. ade/a,
I3aiv(iv, to walk ; see Come. mud (Grein). Cf. Low G. ade/, a puddle.
Acropolis, a citadel. (Gk.) Lit. Address, vb. (F.-L.) ¥. adresser.
— ;
ADDUCE ADROIT
— F. a, to; dresser^ to direct, dress; see standing the sense of O. F. ajoster, to
Dress. put side by side, arrange. — L. ad^ to and ;
Adduce. I- aJ-dr/caw to lead

(L-) iiixtd, near see Joust. ;
to, bring forward. — L. ad, to; dncere, to Adjutant, lit. assistant. (L.) P'rom
lead, bring. L. adintant-em, ace. of pres. part, of
Adept, a proficient. (L.) L. adept us, adiiitdre, to assist, frequent, of ad-itmare,
one who has obtained proficiency pp. of ;
to aid. — L. ad, to iimdre, to help. Cf. ;
adipisci, to obtain. — L. ad, to; apisci, to Aid.

obtain, perhaps related to aptiis, fit. Administer. (F.-L.) M.Y.amin-
Cf. Apt. istren.'-O.Y . aniinistj-er.-'l.. ad-minis-
Adequate. (L.) L. adivqiidtus, pp. trdre, to minister (^to). — L. ad, to; minis-
of adceqiidre, to make equal to. — L. ad, trdre, to serve, from minister, a servant.
to aqiidre, to make equal, from aquiis,
;
See Minister.
equal. Admiral. (F.-Arab.) M. E. ad-
Adhere. (L.) L. ad-hcerere, to stick miral, more often amiral.^0. F. amiral,
to. — L. a*:/, to; /uerere, to stick. amirail, also ainire cf. Low L. aduii- ;
Adieu, farewell. (F.) M. E. a dieii. raldus, a prince, chief. — Arab, amir, a

— F. a dieii, (I commit you) to God. — L. prince see Emir.
; The suffix is due to
ad Deitm, to God.
See Deity. Arab, almamir-al-bahr, prince of the sea.
Adipose, fatty. (L.) Late L. adi- Admire. (,F.-L.) F. admirer (O. Y.
posns, I'atty. — L. adip-, stem of adeps, sb., amirer). — !^. admirdri, to wonder at.—
fat. Connection with Gk. dXeupa, fat, is L. ad, at mirdri, to wonder.
;
doubtful. Admit. (L.) L. ad-7nittere, to let

Adit, access to a mine. (L.) L. adit-iis, ; to, send to. — L. ad, to mittere, to send.
approach, entrance. — L. adit-iim, supine of ; Der. admiss-ion from pp. admiss-us.
ad- ire, to go to. — L. ad, to Jre, to go. ; (F. L.) M.E. amon- Admonish. —
Adjacent, near to. (L.) From base esten so that admonish has taken the ;
of pres. pt. of L. ad-iacere, to lie near. — place of amonest, with changed suffix due
L. ad, near ; iacere, to lie. to verbs in -ish. I a7)ioneste or warne ' '
Adjective. (F. -L.) Y. adjcctif {{tm.. Wyclif, I Cor. iv. 14. — O.F. amonester.'^
-ive). — h. ad-iectnius, lit. put near to. Late L. admonestdre, new formation from
L. ad'iectns, pp. of ad-icere, to put near. — L. adf?ionere, to advise. — L. ad, to; monere,
L. ad, to iacere, to cast, throw.
; to advise. Cf. Monition.
Adjoin, to lie next to. (F.-L.) O. F. A-do, to-do, trouble. (E.) M. E. at
adjoindre. — L. ad-mngere (pp. adiuiictus), do, to do a Northern idiom, whereby at ;
to join to. — L. ad, to ; iungei'e, to join. was used as the sign of the infin. mood, as
Adjourn, to put off
another day. till in Icel., Swedish, &c. See Do (1).
(F. — L.) O. F. ajorner, properly to draw Adolescent, growing up.
(L.) L.
near to day, to dawn also, to appoint a ; adolescent-em, 2iCc. of pres. pt. oi ad-olescere,
day for one. — Late L. adjnnidre, diem '
to grow up. See Adult.
dicere alicui
;
' Ducange. — L. ad, to; and Adopt. (L.) L. ad-optdre, to adopt,
Late h.Jiirnus {liaX. giorno), a day, from choose. — L. ad, to optdre, to wish. ;
L. adj. dinrmis, daily. — L. dies, a day. Adore. (L.) L. ad-orare, to pray to.
Adj udge. F. - L.)
E. adiugeî
( M .
;
— L. ad, to orare, to pray, from os (gen.
;
also aiugcn {=âjugen\^0.

F. ajiigcr, to dr-is\ the mouth. Cf. Oral.
decide. — !^, adiudicdre, to award. — L. ad, Adorn. (L.) L. ad-omdre, to deck.
to ; itldkdre, to judge, from iiidic-^ base — L. ad, to orndre, to adorn.
;
q{ index, a judge. See Judge. Adown, downwards. (E.) M. E.

Adjudicate. (L.) From pp. of L. adune. A.S. of-dune, lit. from a down or
adifidicdre (above). hill. — A. S. of, off, from; and fi'/?;/,?, dat.
Adjure. (L.) L. adiurare, to swear of dUn. a hdl ; see A- (i) and Down (2).
to; in late L., to put to an oath. — L. ad, Adrift. (E.) For on drift see A- ;
to; in rare, to swear. See Jury. ,2) and Drift.

Adjust, to fit exactly. (F.-L.) From Adroit. (F.-L.) F. ar/;-^//, dexterous.
F. adjuster, to adjust, place justly
"
Cot. ;
' — F. ^ djvit, rightfully. - F. a (L. ad), to ;
L. ad, to iiistus, just, exact

; see Just. ; Late L. directum, right, justice, neut. of
Â new F. formation, due to misunder- L. dtrectus, pp. of dl-rigere, to direct.
—
ADULATION AFFECT
from L. di- (for </w-), apart, and legere^ to warn. — Late
L. aduertere, put for L. aduer-
rule. tere. to turn to, heed see above. ;
Adulation, flattery. (F.-L.) F. Advice. (F.-L.) M. E. auis (avis),

adulation. — L. ace. adnlationeni, from without — O.F. avis, an opinion orig.
</. ;
aduldtio, flattery. — L. aduld/iis, pp. of a compound word, put for a vis, i.e. ac-
adiddri^ to flatter. cording to my opinion. — L. ad, according
Adult. (L.) L. adlilt us grown up; ^
to ; uisuni, that which has seemed good
pp. of ad-olescere, to grow up. — L. ad, to ;
to one, orig. neut. of uTsus, pp. of tiidere,
"ôlescere, inceptive form related to alere, to to see.
nourish see Aliment. ; Advise. F.-L.") M. E. rtr/?«>«, also
Adulterate, to corrupt. (I..^ XVI auisen {avisen), without ^. — O. F. aviser,
cent. — L. adiilterdtus, pp. of adiilterare, to to be of opinion. — O. F. avis (above).
corrupt. — L. adulter, an adulterer, a de- Advocate, ^b. (F.— L.) M. F. advocate
baser of money. '
an advocate Cot. — L. aduocdtus, an
;
'
Adultery. (F. — L.) Vi.Y.. avoutrie; advocate, one 'called upon' to plead.—
but a later form was adulterie, in imita- L. aduocdtus, pp. of ad-tiocdre, to call to,
tion of Latin. Cf. O.F. avoutrie, avoitterie, call upon. — L. ad, to uocdre, to call. ;
adultery from avoiitre, an adulterer,

; AdvOVTSOn. (F.-L.) A. F. avoeson,
which represented L. adulter (,see above) ;
also advouson, patronage hence the right ;
so that avoutrie was equivalent in sense to of presentation to a benefice (Roquefort).—

L. adiilterzHfn, adultery. Late L. aduocdtionem, ace. of aduocdtio,
Adumbrate. (L.) From pp. of L. patronage. — Late L. aduocdtus, a patron;
ad-umbrdre, to shadow forth. — L. ad, to ;
the same as L. aduocdtus, an advocate.
umbra, a shadow. Adze, a cooper's axe. (E.) M. E. adse,
Advance, to go forward. (F. — L.) adese. A. S. adesa, an adze.
XVI cent. A mistaken form for M. E. ; Aerial. (L. — (ik.) Formed with suffix
auancen, avancen. — F. avancer, to go for- -a/ from L. aeri-tis, dwelling in the air.
ward or before. — F. avaiit, before. — L. ab^ L. aer, air. — Gk. d.r\p, air see Air. ;
from ; ante, before. See Ante-, Van. Aerolite, a meteoric stone. (Gk.)
Advantage, profit. (F.-L.) Amis- Also aerolith, which is a better form.
taken form for M. Y..avantage.'-Y avant- . Gk. a^po-, from arip, air Ki6-os, a stone. ;
age formed with suffix -age from avaiit,

; Aeronaut, a balloonist. (F. — Gk.)
before see above. ; F. aeronaute. — Gk. d(po-, from d-qp, air;
Advent, approach. (L.) L. aduejitus, i'avT-i]s, a sailor, from vavs, a ship.
approach. — L. aduentus, pp. of ad-zienire, Aery, an eagle's nest, brood of eagles or

to approach. — L. ad, to; tiaiire, to come. hawks. (F. — Late L.) — F. aire, an airie *
Cot. — Late L. drea, a

;
Cf. Venture. or nest of hawkes '
Adventure. (F.-L.) yi.Y..aventure\ nest of a bird of prey of uncertain origin. ;
with F. a- replaced by L. ad-. — F. ^ Sometimes misspelt eyry, by confusion

aventure, a chance, occurrence. — L. ad- with M. E. ey, an egg see IJgg. ;
tieutura, fem. of aduentftrus, about to JEsthetic, refined. (Gk.) Gk. aloOrj-

happen, fut. part. o1 aduenire, to approach; TiKus, perceptive. — Gk. aladiaOai, to per-
see above. ceive. (VAW
see Brugm. ii. § 841.)
;
Adverb. (F.-L.) Used to qualify a anaesthetic, relieving pain, dulling

verb.F. adverbe. — L. aduerbiuiu. — L. ad, sensation. — Gk. dv-, not and; aladrjTiKos.
to ; nerbuvi, a word, a verb. Afar. (E.) Y ox on far.
Adverse. (F.-L.) \l.Y.advers{<d.Y. Affable. (F.-L.) Y. affable. -l..affd-
— h. aduersus, turned towards, also
avers). bilis, easy to be spoken to. — L. af-=âd,
opposed to; pp. of L. aduertere, to turn to ; fdri, to speak.
to (see below). Der. advers-aiy, adversity. Affair. (F.-L.) W.Y. affere.-O.Y.
Advert. L. ad-tiertere, to turn
(L.) afeire, afaire, a business orig. a faire, ;
to, regard, heed. — L. ad, to; uertere, to i. e. (something) to do. -L. ad, to ; facere,
turn see Verse. Der. in-advert-ent, not
; to do.
regarding. Affect. (L.) L. affectdre, to apply
Advertise. - L.) M.
E. avertisen, oneself to ;henee, to act upon) frequent, of
(F. ;
later advertise. From the base of aver- afficere, to aim at, treat. — L. af- = ad, to;
tiss-ant, pres. pt. of avertir, to inform, facere, to do, act. Der. dis-affect.
- ;
AFFEER AGATE
Affeer, to assess, contirm. (F. -L.) af-, L. a.i-, prefix
for and F. fret, the ;
O.K. iifcu'fr, to fix the price of a thins; freight o{ a ship. See Fraught, Freight.
ôfficially). —
Late I., afforarc^ to lix a Affright, to frighten. (E.^ The
price. — L, <z/- J"or<7./i; and /^r*;////, matket, double/ is late. From ^L E. afright, used
price. as a pp., .nffrighted. - A. S. ifvr)it,afyrhfcd,
Affiaiice. v^' • —^ •
^ O- ^ • iifiîft^^, trust; pp. artrightcd from infin. dfyrhian (not
;
ct'. affi-cr, aricr. to trust ^^whence E. rf^j' ,

— usedV- .\. S. </-, intensive; xa\<\ fyrhtan,
O. F. a aii)^ to; anLl/7ja;//-, stem of
i^L. to terrify. \xo\\\fyrhto, fright ; see Fright.
pres. oi Late L. fidure, to trust, from
\)t. Affront. (F. - L.)
E. afrontcn. M. -
L./FJtr£. to trust. Cf. Late h./fjin/ia, O. F\ afronter, to confront, oppose face to
a plediê. face.— Late L. affrontarc. — L. af {{ox ad),
Affidavit, an oath. (L ) Late L. o/f}"- to front -cm, ace. of from, forehead,
;
dchdt, 3 p. s. pt. t. oi iijffdd'c, to plcdiê. brow.

L. .if- =.:.;. to Late h.flddrc, for L.fidere,
; Afloat. E.^ For en float.
to trust. Afoot. \\l>i For on foot.
Affiliation. ^,F, — L.) F. affiUation, Afore. vlÔ For on fore, A. S. on-
an adoption as a son. — Late ace. affilid-
1.,. foran. alore.
tiomm. — L. af-=ad, to ; filins, a son. Afraid. ^F.-L. and Teut.) Grig.
Affinity. (F. - L ) ajiniii'. - L.
'
F. affrayed, i. e. 'frightened.' Pp. of Affray,
cijfy?ntdtcm, ace. nearness. — L.
of affitiilas, q.v.
aff:nis, near, borderini^ on. — L. of- (for ad , Afresh. (,E.) For on fresh or offresh ;
to. near: /Friis, boundary, end. seeAnew.

Affirm, vl"- — L.") M. E. offcnnett.'- Aft, After. lE.) A. S. .cftan. be-
O. F. afcrmcr, to fix. — L. af/irfudr^. — L. hind; after, after, both prep, and adv.+
af- ^for <;Ji, to ; Jirmdre, to make lirm, Icel. aptan, behind, aptr, <7//r, backwards;
from nr-mus, strong ; see Firm. Dan. and Swed. efter, Du. achter, O. H. G.
Affix. (L.) LateL. <7/;â/•^(^)ucange^, aftar, prep, and adv. behind, p. Aftan
frequent, of L. affigcre ;,pp. affijc-us), to isextended from Goth, af, off; see Of.
fasten to.- V..af- [îor axi), \o\fFgere, to fix. After is a comp. form, likeGk. a-noo-rkp a:.
Afflict, to harass. (L.) XVI cent. -L. further off; it means more off, fuither off,
ajiiitus. pp. of ajilgcre, to strike to the hence behind. Der. ab-aft, q v. ; after-
ground. — L. af- Jor ad to andy//>tV£', to ; . ; 7i'ard y^sce Toward .
dash. So also conflict, from pp. conflutus a second crop of mown ; Aftermath,
inflict: and d. J>ro-Jii_ga/e. grass. 'Ê. Herea//tr isan adj. and math ;
Afflnence. ^F.-L.) F. affluence. ~ means a mowing,' unaccented form of '
L. ariucr.na, abundance. — L. affluent-on A. S. mcc/i. Allied to Mead, Mow. Cf.

vacc.\ riowing towards, pres. part, of G. mahd. a mowing nachmahd, aftermath. ;
afflucrc. to flow to, abound. — L. af- (for Aftermost, hindmost. (E.) A. S.

a</\ to flitej-Cy to flow.
; izftemesi. Goth, aftumists; but affected
Afford. (E.) Altered from aforth, by after and 7nost. The Goth, aflu-jn-
yi.V^. aforthen, to provide, P. PL B. vi. ists is a treble superl. form. vSee .^t.
20 1. — A. S. gcfonian, fjrdian, to further, Aga, Agha, a chief officer. ^^Turk.)
promote, provide. — A. S. ^£r-, prefix; and Turk. ai;hd, master.
for^, forth, forward see Forth.. ; Again. North E.> Cf. ^L E. ayein,
Affray, to frighten. (F.-L. and Teut.^ A. S. ongcgn {ongean^ -•^ A.S. on\ and .
XI\" cent. M. E. affrayen.-'O. F. effraier, gegn, of w hich the primary meaning seems
€sfreci\ to frighten. — Low L exfnddre, to to have been direct,' or straight.' ' '
break the king's peace, cause an aftray or (X. E. D.î4-L)an. igien, Swed. igen, again.
fray; hence, to disturb, frighten. — L. ^j«r against. ^North E.) The / is added.
and O. H. G./ridii {G./riede), peace. (See Qi. ^L E. uveincs, against; extended from
Romania, iS7S.vii. 121.) Der. affray, sb., M. E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix -es.
also spelt /rav and afraid, q. v.
; — A. S. ongean, against the same as A. S. ;
Affreightment, the hiring of a vessel ongean, ongegn, again; see above. Icel. +
to convey cargo. ^F. — L. and G.) An T gegn, G. ef.'ti;'egen, against.
E spelling of V . affrctcment. now written Agate. '^h\- It. - L. - Gk.^, O.F. agate,
affr^temcnt. the hiring of a ship. — F. agathe. — Ilal. agata, agatha, an agate
affreier now affrdler), to hire a ship. — F. (^Florio). — L. aehdte/Hf ace oi achates."
S
+
—
AGE AGREE
Gk. dx^TJ^j, an agate so named from being
; Agitate. (L.) L. agitdtus, pp. of
found near the river Achates (Sicily). agitdre, to keep driving about, frequent, of
— —
Age. ( F. L.) O. F. aage, edage. Late agere, to drive see Agent. (..yÂG.") ;
L. cBtdticiwi. — L. (rtdti-,%\tva of ceids (from Aglet, a tag of a lace. (F.-L ) Also

*aui-ids), age. — L. cemim, life, period. aygulet, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3. 26. — F. aiguil-
Gk. alwv Goth, aixcs Skt. dyus, life. lette, dimin. oi aiguille, a needle. — Late L.
; ;
Brugm. ii. § 112. acucula, dimin. of ac tis, a needle, pointed

Agent. (L.) XVI
agent-, cent. L. thing. Acme. (vÂK.)
Cf.
stem of pres. pt. oi agere (pp. actus^, to do, Agnail, (1) a com on the foot, ('2) a
drive, conduct.+Gk. a7etj/; Icel.^/6(3;; Skt. sore beside the nail. (E.) The sense has
a;', to drive. {^/ AG.) been confused or perverted. From A. S.
Agglomerate, to mass together. (L.) angncrgl, a corn on the foot (see A. S.
From pp. of L. agglomerdre, to form into Leechdoms, ii. 81, § 34); with which cf.
a mass. — L. a^- ( = ad) and glonier-, stem; O. Friesic ogneil, ongneil, apparently used
of glomus, a mass, ball, clue of thread, in a similar sense. From a prefix ang-,
allied to globus, a globe; see Globe. signifying afflicting, paining, and A. S.
Agglutinate. (L.) From pp. of ncvgl, a nail (as of iron), hence a hard
agglutindre, to glue together. — L. ag- round-headed excrescence or wart fixed in
( = ad), to glutin-, for glfiteti, glue.
;
tiie flesh see Anger and Nail. P Soon
;
Aggrandise. (F.-L.) M.V. a^^ra;/- misunderstood as referring to the nails of

fl'zV-, stem of pres. pt. of aggrandir, to the toes or fingers, and so made to mean
enlarge. Also agrandir (with one ^). — F. a sore beside the nail *
prob. by com- '
;
a (for L. ad) and grandir, to increase, paring (wrongly) the Gk. napovvx'â, a
;
from L. grandlre, to enlarge, which is whitlow (lit. beside the nail', or by con-
from L. grandis, great. fusion with F. angonaille, a sore (Cot.).
Aggravate. (L.) From pp. ofL. ^^^- See N. E. D.
graudre, to add to a load. — L. ag- {-ad), Agnate, allied. (L.) L. agndtus,
to; graudre, to load, {rom grants, heavy. allied pp. of agnascT= ad-gnasd. — L. ad,
;
Aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- to nasct, earlier form gnasef, to be born. ;
gregdre, to collect into a flock. — L. ag- (for Ago, Agone, gone away, past. (E.)
ad), to greg-, stem ofgrex, a flock.
;
M. E. ago, agon, agoon, pp. of the verb
Aggress, to attack. (F.-L.) M.F.ag- agon, to pass by, pass away. A. S. dgdn,
gresser. — L. aggressus, pp. of aggredi, to pp. of dgdn, to pass away. See A- (4)
assail. — L. a^- {for ad), to; gradi, to ad- and Go.
vance. Agog, in eagerness. (F.) For a-gog,
Aggrieve. (F. — L.) M. E. fl^;rz/^;z. in activity, in eagerness, where a- is
O. F. agrever, to overwhelm. — O. F. a, to the prefix A- (2). ;
Adapted from O. F.
grever, to burden. — L. a<^, to graudre, to en gogues ;(Littre), or a gogue (Godefroy),
weigh down, from grauis, heavy, grave. in mirth. Cot. has estre en ses gogues, to '
See Grave (2). be frolicke, ... in a veine of mirth.' The

Aghast, horror-struck. {¥..) Misspelt origin of O. F. gogue, fun, diversion, is
for agast, which is short for agasted, pp. of unknown.
M. E. agasten, to terrify Ch. C. T. 2341 ; Agony. (F. — L, — Gk.) M.E. agonie.
;
Leg. of Good Women, Dido, 248. — A. S. — F. agonie. — L. agdnia. ^Gk, dycvvia, orig.
a-, prefix and giestan, to terrify, torment. a contest. — Gk. dytuv, contest. — Gk. dyav,
;
p. A. S. giestan is from the base gas- — to drive. (^ AG.)

Goth, gais- in tts-gais-jan, to terrify, (y' Agouti, a rodent animal, of the guinea-
GHwAIS.) Brugm. ii. § 802. pig family. (F. — Sp. — Brazil.) F. agouti.
Agile. F.-L.) XVI cent. Y. agile. — Sp. ^^«//. — Brazil, aguti, acuti.
I
— L. agilis, nimble; lit. easily driven Agraffe, a kind of clasp. (F.-O.H.G.)

about. — L. agere, to drive. F. agrafe also agraphe (in Cotgrave), ;
Agistment, the pasturage of cattle a hook, clasp; agrafer, to clasp. The

by agreement. (F. — L.) From the F. vb. verb is from F. a = L. ad), to; and (
agister, to assign a resting-place. — P\ a M. H. G. krapfe, O. H. G. crapo, chrapfo,

( = \^.ad),\o and O.Y.giste, a couch, lodg- a hook, which is allied to E. cratnp.
;
ing, verbal sb. from O. F. gesir (F. gesir), Agree, to accord. (F.-L.) O. F.
to lie, from L. iacere, to lie. agreer, to receive favourably. — O. F. agre^
9
; —
AGRICULTURE ALBUM
fhvourably. — O. F. a ( = T^. aJ), according Aja>r. From a char, on char, on
(E.>
to ; pf, ST*"^' pleasure, from I ,. i^nftft/n, the turn (G. Douglas, tr. of Virgil, b. vii.
ncut. ofi::'rr7/uj:, dear, pleasing. Cl. Grace. prol.^. — A.S. on <i<rrc, on the uun cf. A.S. ;
Der. iiis-(7ipy^. cyran, ricrran. to turn. See Char {2).

Agpricultnre. (L-) L- ^^n cuUum, Akimbo, in a bent position. (Scand.)
culture 01 .n field. — L.
agrl, gen. of cgcr^ M. K. ;;.• kcnchou-f, Berjni, 1S3S. Perhaps
a field ; and cultut-a. See Acre and Cxil- from Icel. /" Xvw^% into a crook; with
ture. E. ho7v, i. e. bend, superfluously added.
Alimony, a plant. (F.-I,.-Gk.> Here kcng is the ace. of kcng-r, a crook,
M. v.. apit'vohu. V.
('p-ftti(>itif.'''^\. aipi- twist, kink. Cf. also Icel. Arnii'ho^fin,
f'.w';;.'-. — 1.. (j'-grmdnia, <7r^;vw<v//. — Gk. bent into a crook, from kcngr, a crook,
dpîii^y^l. (Lewis and Short. L. Diet.") twist, kink, and hog'inn, bowed, pp. of
Ag^round. ,K.^ ¥ or on gr-ound. lost verb hjf/ga, to bow. See Kink and
Ague, (F. L.)
a Lit.
fever-fit. — Bow î"*. ^Very doubtful a guess.) ;
'
acute' .ittack. — O.
F. agiu, fern, of agu Akin, of kin. (E.) ¥ or of kin.
i^F. aii:u^. acute. — L. arz/Ar {ffbris), acute Alabaster. ^F. -L. - Gk.^ ^LE. ala-
i^fever^ fern, oi a: fit us
: see Acute. ; ha.-tre.'Ô. ¥. alahastre {¥ . aIhdt!-e).'—'L.
Ah!\F.-L.^ M.E. a:-O.F. fl!- alabaster, alahasfriim.^G'k. dXatâarpov,
L. <7V! oXdâaTos. Said to be derived from .4/a-
Ahead. ^F.> For on hcaJ, i.e. in a hastron. a town in Eg}-pt. (Pliny.)
forward direction. See A- {2'^. Alack. {¥..') Prob. a corruption of M.E.
Ai, a sloth. (Brazil. "^ From Brazil, ai. a! .'acL'! nlas ! a shame! lit. 'lack.' (It
Aid. (F.-L.^ M. E. aidcn. - O. F. cannot be the same as alas.')
^7;'..v''. — L. adiutare.. frequent, oi aJitiiidre. Alacrity. (L.^ Formed by analogy

to assist. — L. ad\ and iuuihf, to help, pp. wirh cc.'city. from L. alacritdtem. ace. of
/.-T/;/,*-. Cf. Brugm. ii. § ^S^. a/acri/ds. briskness. — L. alacer, brisk.
Ail, V- (E.^ A.S.eglan, M.E. ^;>«. Alarm, a call to arms. ^F. Ital. — L."! —
to pain cognate with Goth, agljan. —
; ^L E. alartnc. — F.rt/rtrw<r. — Ital. alfarvie,
A.S. eg!e, troublesome (allied to Goth. to arms for alle anne. — Late L. ad
I
aglus, hard\ Cf. A.S. ege, terror, orig. illas armas, for L. ad ilia arma, to
pain see A"we.
; those arms to your arms
! !
Aim, to endeavour after. (^F, — L.) ^L E. alarum. (F.-Ital.-L.) The same

ci^na:. From confusion of (i) A. F. word. Mith an old pronunciation, in which
csnh-r, from L. izst{rfii.lrc. to estimate, aim the ;- was stronglv trilled.
at, intend and (2 O. F. arsrner, from L.
; ' Alas ! (F. - L.') I\L E. alas. - O. F. alas
ad-usfir?!arf, comp. with prefix ad-, to. (cf. F. helas^. — O. F. a, ah ! and las,
See Esteem. wretched that I am — L. ah
! ! and lassiis,
Air i\ F.-L.-Gk.^ M. E. ah\ dr. tired, wretched. (Allied to Late.)
— F. air. — L. (ier. — Gk. a-^p. air. Alb, a white vestment. (F. — L.î M. E.
air v2\ mien, affected manner tune. ; a^bc — O. F. a/7'^, — Late L. alba, sb.; orig.
(F. -It. -L. -Gk.) F. air, look. tune. - fem. oi L. alhus, white.
Ital. aria^ a looke, . a tune ' Florio.
'
.
: — Albacore, a kind of tunny. (^Port.
Folk-L. neut. pi. acra, treated as a fem. Arab.' Port, albacor, albacora. Said to
sing. — L. dcr.^G\^. drjp (âbove).
(Diez\ be of Arab, origin.
Airt,a point of the compass. (Gael.) Albatross, a large sea-bird. Port. —
Gael, aird, a quarter or point of the Span. — Arab. — Gk.) Formerly also alga-
compass. Cf. O
Irish ai'd. a point, limit. //vj-r. — Port, alcatraz, a cormorant, alba-
Aisle, the wing of a church. (F. — L.' tross; Span, akatraz, a pelican. Port. —
Better spelt a//V. — F. a/VV. — L J/,?, a wing. alcatruz. a bucket. Span, ar-.adttz, M. Span.
Prob. for *.7.v.'(7. dimin. of Axis. ahaduz (^Minsheu>. a bucket on a water-
Ait. K. See Eyot. wheel. —Arab al-qddus, the same (Dozy).
Aitch-bone, the rump-bone. (Hyb. Similarly Arab, saijqd, a water-carrier, a
F. - Orig. spelt noi/if hone. —
L. jfid E.) pelican, because it carries water in its
C>. F. nache. sing, of iiachcs. the buttocks pouch. (Devic supp. to Littre.")
:
and E. hone. Apaches - Late L. naticds, ace. Album, lit. that which is white. (L.)
of fuifiîT, dimin. of L. tiatcs, the but- L albiim, a tablet, orig. neut. of albtis,
tocks. white.
—;
ALBUMEN ALIVE
albumen, white of egg. (L.) "L.allm- algebra, compntation. — Arab, al, the and I :
uun dui (also album

out), white of egg.— \jabr, setting, repairir.g ; also, the reduction
L. albiis, white. of fractions to i.^.tegers in arithmetic; hence.
Alcayde, a judge see Cadi. algebra. — Arab, root jabara, to set, con-
;
Alchemy. (F.-Arab.-Gk.^ O. F. sol :ca:e

a.cheinie. — XzdL^j. Algn^sril, a police-officer. fSpan.—
al, the; and kimld.
alchemy.— Late Gk. x'?M*''*> Arab.) Span, alguazil.^ \T^h. al, the;
chemistry;
probably confused with xypuia, a ming- uazTr, a vizier, officer see Vizier. ;
ling, from Gk. x^fîv, to pour out, mix. AlgTim, sandal-wood. (Heb. — Skt.) I
Alcohol. Med. L.- Arab.) Med.L. In 2 Chron. ii. 8, ix. lo spelt almug, '
alcohol, applied to pure spirit, though the I Kings X. 1 1. — Heb. alpimmim, or trans- !
orig. sense was a fine impalpable powder. posed almugim a borrowed word. Sup- '
:
— Arab, al, the and kchl or kiihl, a posed by Max Miiiler Sci. Lang. i. 232) to
;
collyrium, very fine powder of antimony,. be from Skt. valgii-ka. sandal- wood; where
used to paint the eyelids with. -ka is a suffix-
Alcoran ; see Koran. Alias. L.) L, alias, otherwise. — I..

Alcove, a vaulted recess. ^F. — Span.— alius, another ; see Alien.
Arab.) F. ^/^(tz;^. — Span, L. alibi, in another place.
alcoba, a recess alibi. (L.)
in a room. — Arab, al, the; and qobbah. a and suffix -bi as in — L. ali-, as in aliits ;
vault, dome, cupola hence a vaulted space. i-bi. there, u-bi, where.
; See below,
Alder, a tree. (E.) ^L E. alder, alhr alien. F.-L. M.E. a/zV«^.-0. F. i
[d being excrescent). — A. S. alor (aler, alien. — L. alienus, strange ; a stranger. — L.

a/r).+ Du. els; Icel. blr Hot plr) Swed. cdius, another, -f Gk. oAAos, another: O. ; I
al; Dan. elle, el; G. erle; O. H. G. erila, Irish aile, W. ailL all; Goth, aljis (stem I
earlier elira; Span, aliso (from Gothic,. aljo-\ otherI see Else. '
, ;
Teut. stems *aluz-, *aliz-, *alis-. Allied Allgllt ( ', to descend from. (E. ^L E.
to Lith. alksnis, L. alniis (for *ahnos) alihten, to alight from horseback A. S. ;
;
Russ. olekJia ; and perhaps to Elm. dlihtan, the prefix a- being=A. S. a-.
Alder-, prefix, of all. In alder-lufest The simple form lihtan also occurs in A. S.,
(Sh.; here alder is for aller, O. Merc. meaning to make light, relieve of weight,
;
alra, A. S. ealra^ gen. pi. of al, eal, all. alight from a horse) from liht, light, '
;
See All. adj. See Light (3).

Alderman. fE., Merc, aldorman^ alight 2 to light upon. (E.) M.E. ,
A. S. ealdorman.'''SitTC. aldor (ealdor), a alihten, with reference to the completion of

chief; and matt, man. Allied to O. Fries. the action of alighting. See above.
alder, a parent; G. eltern, pi. parents; Align ; see Aline.
and to L. al-tor, a bringer up, from alere, Alike, similar. (E.) M. E. alike, alike.
to nourish. Cf. Old. A.S. onlJc, like; from /r^, like, with prefix
Ale. 'E.) ^L E. (2/,f. — A. S- ealu, gen. on- =
on, prep.
alop (stem *a/«/y.-|- Icel., Swed., and Dan. Aliment, food. (F. — L. Y. aliment.
bl; Lithuan. a/z^.; ; Rubs, oloz't'na. — L. alimentum, food formed with ;
Alembic, a vessel for distilling. ^F. suffix -vientum from alere, to nourish.
Span.- Arab. - Gk.) M. E. alembyk. - F. VAL.
alambique Cot.,. — Span, alambique. — alimony, money allowed for a wife s
Arab, al, the ; and anb'iq (pronounced ani- support upon her separation from her
biq , a still. — Gk. ay^tii^, a cup, goblet husband, (L.) L, alimonia. nourishment,
cap of a still. Cf. Limbeck. — L. alere, to nourish see above. ;
Alert. fF.-Ital.-L.) F. o/^r/^ for- : Aline, Align, to range in a line. (F.

merly allerte, and
a Cherte, (in Rabelais) — L. Adapted from mcd. F. aligner, to
)
i.e. on the watch. — Ital, allerta, on the range in a line. From the phr. d ligne,
watch from the phr. stare alVerta, to
; into line, — L. ad, to linea, a line. See ;
stand erect, be on one's guard. — Ital. alia Line. (Aliue is the better spelling for
for a la), at the. on the erta, fem. oi ; the E. word.)
erio, erect. — L. ad, to, at illam, fera. ace. ; Aliquot. X.' L. aliquot, some, several
of ille, he erectam, fem. ace. of erect us,
;
i^hence, proportionate). — L. ali-us, other;
erect ; see Erect, and qtwt, how many.
Algebra. Late L. — Arab.) Late L. Alive, in life. ',E.) From A.S. on life.
ALKALI ALLOW
in life; where life is dat. of Gk. d\\r]yop(iv, to speak so as to imply
///, life; see
Life. something else Galat. iv. 24. — Gk. dWo-, ;
Alkali, a salt. (Arab.) Arab. <?/, the stem of dWos, other and dyopevetv, to
; ;
and â//", ashes of salt-wort, which abounds speak, from dyopd, a place of assembly cf. ;
in soda. dydpfiv, to assemble. Gk. dWos = L. alius;

All. (E.) M. E. a/, sing.; alh, pl.- see Alien.
O. Merc, al, all; A. S. eal, pi. ^<z//<?. Icel. +
Allegro, lively. (Ital.-L.) It3.\. alle-
allr\ Swed.a//; Dan. al Du. al\ O. H. G. g70.—L,. alacrem, ace. oi alacer, brisk.
;
al Goth, alls, pi. allai. Teut. type *a/-

; Alleluia. (Heb.) See Hallelujah.
w^2 allied to Irish uile, all, from Idg.
; Alleviate. (L.) From pp. of Late L.
type *oljos. alletiiare, used for L. alleudre, to lighten.
all, adv., utterly. In the phr. all-io L. al- (for ad), to ; leiidre, to lift, lighten,
brake (correctly all to-hrake) ]vidges ix. 53.
,
from leuis, light.
Here the incorrect all- to, for utterly,' came
'
Alley, a walk. (F.-L.?) M. E. aley.
up about A.D. 1500, in place of the old — O. F. alee, a gallery ; a participial sb. —
idiom which linked to to the verb ; cf. Âl O. F. aler, to go F. aller. |3. The ety-
;
is tobrosten thilke regioun,' Chaucer, C. T. mology of aller, much and long discussed,
2757. See ô-, prefix. is not yet settled the Prov. equivalent is
;
almost. (E.) A. S. eal-mcest, i.e. quite anar, allied to Ital. andare, to go.
the greatest part, nearly all ; affected by Alliance ; see Ally.
mod. E. most. See Most. Alligator. (Span. — L.) Lit. ' the
alway, always. (E.) {i) k.S,.ealne lizard.' — Span, el lagarto, the lizard, i.e.
weg, every way, an accus. case. (2) M. E. the great lizard. — L. ille, he, that; lacerta,
alles weis, in every way, a gen. case. a lizard. See Lizard.
Allay. M.
E. aleyen, alaien^ the
(E.) Alliteration, repetition of initial
stem of which is due to A. S. dleg-es, aleg- letters. Coined from L. al- (for ad),
(L.)
ed, 2 and 3 pres. t. sing, of A.S. dlecgan, to to ; and Ittera, a letter see Letter. ;
lay down, put down, which produced also Allocate, to (L.)setFrom aside.
M. E. aleggen, to lay or set aside. — A.S. pp. of Late L. allocdre, to allot. — L. al-
a-, prefix ; and lecgan, to lay, place see ; {=âd), to; locdre, to place, from loctis, a
A- (4) and Lay (,1). p. But much con- place. Cf Allow (i).
fused with other forms, especially with M. E. Allocution, an address. (L.) From
aleggen, to alleviate, from O. F. aleger, L. allociitio, an address. — L. al- (for ad),
alegier, L. alleuidre ; and with old forms to lociitio, a speaking, from locutus, pp.
;
of alloy. See N. E. D. of loqul, to speak.

Allege. (F. — L. ) M. E. alegen, aleggen. Allodial. (LateL. — O.Frankish.) Late
In form, the word answers to A. F. alegier, L. allodidlis, from allodium, alodium, a
aligierÔ.Y. esligier (see Godefroy) ;
derivative of alodis, a free inheritance
from A. F. a- = 0. F. es-, and ligier. — \j. (Lex Salica). It means ' entirely (one's)
ex- and lltigdre, to contend (Ducange),
; property,' from O. Frank, alod where al- ;
from L. (gen. llt-is), strife.

lis Latinised ls related to E. all, and od signifies * pro-
as adlegidre (Ducange), and treated as if perty or wealth.'
'
'
This O. Frank, od is
allied to L. allegdre (F. alleguer) ; hence cognate with O. H. G. ot, A. S. ead, Icel.
the sense usually answers to that of L. auhr, wealth. Cf. Goth, audags, blessed.
allegdre, to adduce, — L. al- (for ad), to ; Allopathy, a treatment by medicines
legdre, to dispatch, to tell, from leg-, base which produce an opposite effect to that of
of lex, law. disease. (Gk.) Opposed to homceopathy,
Allegiance, the duty of a subject to q. v. — Gk. d\Xo-, for d'AAos, other ; and
his lord. ( F. - O. H. G.) M. E. alegeaunce. Trad-eiu, to suffer see Alien and Pathos.
;
Formed from F. a (==L. ad), to; O. F. Allot, to assign a portion to. (F.-L.
ligance, ligeance, homage, from O. F. lige, and E.) A. F. aloter. — A. F. a, from L.
liege, See Liege. % The form
liege. ad, to and M. E. lot, A. S. /ilot; see Lot.
;
ligance Godefroy) was due to a supposed

(^ Allow (i), to assign, grant. (F.-L.)
connexion with L. ligdre, to bind. F. allouer, to let out for hire, assign for
Allegory. (L.-Gk.) XVI cent. L. an expense. — Late L. allocdre, to allot. —
allegoria.— Gk. d\\r)yopia, a description L. al- (for ad), to ; and locdre, to place,
of one thing under the image of another. — from locus, a place.
2
;
ALLOW ALTER
Allow 2), to approve of. (F. — L.) Aloe, a plant. (L. - Gk.) L. aloe
M. E. alouen.<^0. F. aloxier, later allotier, (Pliny !. — Gk. ako-q ; John xix. 39.
to approve of. — L. allaiiddre.^Y^, al- (for Aloffc. (Scand.) Icel. a lopt (pron.
ad\ to latiddre, to praise, from laud-,
; loft), aloft, in -Icel. a (-Â. S.
the air.
stem of laiis, praise. on), in lopt, air.
; See Loft.
Alloy, a due proportion in mixing Alone. (E.) M. E. al one, al oon,
metals. (F. — I^.) Formerly aZ/o;/ M. E. ; written apart; here al, adv., means 'en-
alay. — O. F. alay, aley, alloy. — O. F. aleier, tirely,' and 0071 is the M. E. form of one.
aleyer, to combine. — L. alligdre, to bind Cf. Du. alleen, G. allein. See All and
together see Ally. ;The O. F. alei, sb., One.
became aloi, which was misunderstood as Along (i), lengthwise of. (E.) M. E.
being ci loi = L. ad legem, according to rule along. A. S. andlang, along, prep, with
or law (Littre). gen.; orig. (like O. Sax. antlang) an adj.,
Allude. (L.) L. allildere, to laugh at, meaning complete (from end to end).—
allude to i^pp. allusus).^\.. al- {-âd),
A. S. and-, prefix (allied to Gk. avri,
at Ifidere, to sport.
; Der. allus-ion. Skt. anti, over against) lang, long. The ;
Allure, to tempt by a bait. (F. — L. sense is over against in length,' or * long '
and G.) A.¥. alurer; from V. a leurre from end to end.' G. entlang, along. See +
= to the bait or lure. — L, a^, to M. H. G. A- (3) and Long (i) and see Anti-.
; ;
luoder G. luder),
( a bait. See Lure. Along (2) in phr. all along of you, ;
Alluvial, washed down, applied to ^c. (E.) Equivalent to M. E. Hong,

soil. (^L.) L. alluui-us, alluvial. — L. al- Layamon, 15502.- A. S. ^^/««^, 'depend-
(^
= ad), to, in addition lucre, to wash. ;ing on,' as in on tSdm gelang, along of
Ally, to bind together. .F.-L.) M. E. that. — A.S. ^^-, prefix; lang, long.
alien. Ô. F. alier, to bind up. — L. ad, Aloof, away, (E, a«a?Du.) Yox on loof;
to ligdre, to bind.
; Der, alli-ance, M. E. answering to Du. te loef to windward.
ahaunce. Cf, Du. loef hoiiden, to keep the luff or
Almanac, Almanack. (Late L.) weather-gage, Dan. holde luven, to keep to
Late L. abnanach. ^
Origin unknown ; the windward which suggested our phrase ;
not of Arab, origin (Dozy). to hold aloof,' i. e. to keep away (from

'
Almighty. (,E.) O. Merc, almcehtig, the leeward shore or rock). See Luff.
A. S. almihtig. The prefix is O. Merc. Aloud, loudly. (E.) From a-, prefix,
al-, O. Sax. ado-, O. H.G. ala-, related to due to A. S. on, prep. and A, S. hlud, ;
All. And see Might. loud. See A- (2) and Loud,

Almond. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. al- Alp. (L.) L. Alpes, the Alps; of
viaund.'—O. F. abnandi-e, more correctly, Celtic origin. Connected with L, albus,
amandre the al being due to Span, and white (Stokes). Der. trans-alp-ine, i, e.
;
Arab, influence; mod. F. aniande." beyond the Alps.

L. amygdala, atnygdalum, an almond Alpaca. (Span. — Peruvian.) Span, al-
whence the forms amygiVla, amy d' la, paca; from paco, the Peruvian name, with
amynd'la, aniyndra (see Brachet). — Gk. the Arab, def. art. al prefixed,
aixv^Za.\T], dfj.vydaXov, an almond. A.lpliabet. (Late L. - Gk. - Phoe-
Almoner ; see Alms. nician. Late L. alphabetum. — Gk, aAâ, "!
Almost. (E.) A. S. ealmasl see All. /S^ra, the names of a and /3, the first two
;
Alms. (L. — Gk.) M. E. a////<?5-^^, later letters of the alphabet Heb. dleph, an ox, ;
almes. A. S. almcesse. — Folk-L. *ali- the name of the first letter and beth, a ;
mosina (whence O. F. almosne, F. au- house, the name of the second letter.
mone, Ital. limosina) ; Late L. eleemosyna. Already. (E.) M, E, al redy, quite
— Gk. k\er][xocrvvT], pity; hence alms.— ready from al, quite, representing the ;
Gk. kXerjfjLOjv, pitiful. — Gk. (\eeiy, to pity. neut, of O. Merc, al, all, used adverbially,
— Gk. e\€os, pity. ^
Thus alms is a and Heady,
singular form. Also. (E.) M, E, al so, quite so; A. S*
— —
almoner. (F. L. Gk.) O.F.almos- ealswd see above. ;
nier, a distributor of alms. — O. F. almosne, Altar. (L.) A, S, altdre, Matt. v. 24.

alms F. aumone. — Folk-L. *alimosina — L. altdre, an altar, high place. — L.
;
(above). alius, high.

Almug, the same as Algum, q. v. Alter. (L.) Late L. alterdre, to alter.
13
;
ALTERCATION AMBITION
— L. alter, other. — L. al- (as in al-iiis); Amatory. (L.) L. amatorizis, loving.
with comparative suffix -tero-. — L. amdfor, a lover. — L. amdj-e, to love ;
altercation, a dispute. (F. — L.) with suffix -tor-, -tor, of agent.

M. E. altercation. — O.Y. altercation. — l,. Amaze, to astound. (E.) M. E. a/nasen.
altercdtioneui, ace. oi altcrcatid.-'l^. altcr- A. S. d/iiasian, pp. dmasod; Wulfstan's
catus, pp. of altercdri, to dispute, speak in Horn. p. 137, 1. 23. From A.S. d-
turns. — Iv. alter, other, another. (prefix); and ^masian, to perplex. See
alternate. (L) L. alterndtns, pp. Maze.
of alterndre, to do by turns. — L. alter- Amazon, a female warrior. (Gk.) Gk.
nus, reciprocal. — L. alter (with suffix apiaîov,one of a warlike nation of women
-no-). in Scythia. <ff To account for the name,
Although. (E.) lsi.¥..anhogh; ste the Greeks said that these women cut off
Already and Though. the right breast to shoot better from Gk. ;
Altitude. (E.-L.) XIV cent-F. a-, not and jxaôs, the breast. Obviously
;
alt it tide. — L. altitftdo, height. — L. alius, an invention.

high. Ambassador, Embassador. (F.
alto, high voice. (Ital. — L.) liz\. alto. — Late L. — C.) F. ambassadeur. — Y.
— L. alius, high. ambassade, an embassy ; prob. borrowed
Altogether. (E.) U.Y.. al together, from Ital. ambasciata. — Late L. ambascia
quite together. See Already. (Lex Salica) more correctly 'âmbactia ;
;
Altruism, regard for others. (Ital. - a mission, service. — L. ambactus, a servant,

L. ; ivith Gk. sitffix.') Coined from Ital. emissary; Caesar, de Bell. Gall. vi. 15.
altriii, another, others, a form of altro, The L. word is borrowed from an O.
another, when preceded by a preposition. Gaulish (Celtic) word {ambactos ?) a slave,
Grig, a dat. case. — L. alteri huic^ to this lit. one driven about, a pp. form from
other ; datives of alter, other, and hic, afiibi-, prefix, about, and the verb ag-,
this. cognate with L. agere; cf. O. Irish tjum-
Alum. - L.) M. E. alu7n. - O.
(F. F. agi?n, I drive about, send about. (Fick,
alum ; — L. alumen^ alum.
F. alun. 1894,11. 34; Brugm. ii. § 79.) Cf. W.
Alway, Always. (E.) See All. amaeth, a husbandman.
Am. ;E.) See Are. Amber. (F. - Span. - Arab.) M. E.
Amain. For on main, in strength^
(E. i aumbre. — F. ambre. — Span, ambar. —
with strength A- (2) and Main, sb.
; see Arab, 'anbar (pronounced 'ambar), am-
Amalgam. (F. or Late L. - Gk. ?) F. bergris, a rich perfume. The resinous %
amalgame. Late L. amalgama, a mixture, amber was so called from a resemblance to
esp. of quicksilver with other metals. ambergris, which is really quite a different
Origin unknown said by some to be a substance.
;
corruption or an alchemist's anagram of ambergris, i- e. gray amber. Called

malagma, a mollifying application per- gris amber in Milton, P. R. ii. 344.
;
The
haps with Arab, a/ ( = the) prefixed. —Gk. F. gris, gray, is from O. H. G. gris, gray ;
fxaXayfia, an emollient. — Gk. fiaKaaauv cf. G. greis, hoary.
{iov*â\aK-yiiv), to soften. — Gk. jxaKaKos, Ambi-, Amb-, prefix. (L.) L. ambi-,
soft. about ; cf. Gk. ayjcpl, on both sides, whence
Amanuensis, one who writes to dic- E. prefix aitiphi'. Related to L. ambo,
tation. (L.) L,. dmanuensis.—L. a ?uanu, Gk. ajxtpoj, both. Cf. A.S. ymb, Irish im,
by hand ; with suffix -ensis. about.
Amaranth, an unfading flower. ( L. - Ambient, going about. (L.) L. amb-
Gk.) Properly amarant, as in Milton ;
ient-,stem of pres. part, oi amb- ire, to go
but -anth is due to confusion with Greek about, from ire, to go.
aj/0oj, a flower. — L. afnarantus. — Gk. Ambiguous, doubtful. (L.) L. amb-
afxapavTos, unfading, or as sb. unfading iguus, doubtful, lit. driving about (with
flower. — Gk. a-, not and fxapaiutiv, to ; -ozis ( = L. -osus) in place of L. -us). — L.
fade. (VMEK.) amb-, about ; and age7'e, to drive.
Amass, to heap up. (F.-L.-Gk.) Ambition. ( F. — L. 1 F. ambition — L. .
F. amasser, to heap up. — F. a fuasse, mto ambitidnem, ace. oi ambitid, a going round,
amass. — L. ad, to; massa, a mass. — Gk. esp. used of going round to solicit votes
^dâ, a barley-cake. See Mass (1). hence, a seeking for preferment. — L. amb-
. ;
AMBLE AMITY
itum, supine oi ajnb-Jre, to go about (but sb. pi. — O.
F. amende, reparation. — O.F.
note that ambitio retains the short i of amender (above).
ilutn, the sujiine of" ire the siin]ile vcrb\ , Amenity, pleasantness. (F.-L.^ F. M
Amble. (F. - 1..) M.
E. am/'/cu. - O.F. and F. ameîitc. —Y^. amcciiitdlem, ace. of
ambler, to go at an easy pace. — L. ambu- anucnitds. — L. a/ULcnus, pleasant. Cf. L.
Idre, to walk. aiiidre, to love.
aiXtlbulance, a moveable hospital. Y :
Amerce, to fine. (F. - L.) A. Y. (not
— L.) Y aDibtilance. — Y.. ambulant-, stem
. (J.F.) amercier, to fine. — O, F. a ( = L. ad)^
of pres. part, of ambtddre, to walk. to mercier, to pay, acquit, but usually to
;
ambulation, a walking about. (L.) thank cf. Late L. mercidre, to fix a fine.
;
From L. a^nbtildiio, a walking about. — L. Cf. O. Y . mercit (F. inerci), thanks, pardon.
ambuldtus, pp. of af?ibiilare. — L. mercedem, ace. oijnerces, reward,
Ambrosia, food of the gods. (Gk.) wages, also pity, indulgence, thanks
Gk. aix^pooia fem. of ajx^puaios, length-
; (passing into the sense of 'fine' — L. .
ened form oi dfx^poTos, immortal. — Gk. d-, mere-, stem of inerx, merchandise, traflic.
not (E. un-) and *fj.l3poTus, for ^pcpoTos
; Amethyst, a gem. (L. - Gk.)
1 .. cune-
(Gk. ^poros;), mortal; see Mortal. Cf. thystus. — X^\i.

dfxfdvoTos, an ameth}st; so
Skt. a-mrta, immortal. See Amaranth. called because supposed to prevent drunk-
Ambry, Aumbry, a cupboard. (F. - enness. — Gk.dfi6'ei;aTos,not drunken. — Gk.
L.) M.
E. awmebry, awmery, Prompt. d-, not; and fitOvav, to be drunken, from
Parv. the b is excrescent. — O. F. awiiaire,
; pL(6v, strong drink; see Mead.
almaire, armaj'ie, a repository properly, ; Amiable. (E.-L.) O.F. amiable,
for arms ; but also a cupboard. — Late L. friendly also loveable, by confusion with
;
armdria, a cupboard armdrui9/i, a re-

; aiviable (from L. amdbilis). — \..ajfiicdbilis,
pository for arms. — L. arma, arms. friendly. — L. amicus, a friend.- L. amdre,
Ambulance, -ation ; see Amble. to love.
Ambuscade. (Span. -Late L.) From amicable. (L.) L. amlcdbilis, friendly
Span, emboscada, an ambush. Orig. as above.
pp. oi emboscar,\.o set in ambush. — Late Amice (i), an oblong piece of linen,
Lat. imboscdre, lit. to set in a bush or variously worn by priests. (F. — L.) M. E.
thicket. — L. z}?i- (for in)^ in and Late L. ;
amyse, and (earlier) amit. — O. F. amis^
boscuDiy a bush.See Bush. a^fiit {huTguy ). — !.. a?nict-us, a covering.
ambush. (F. — Late L.) Formerly — L. amictus, pp. of aniicire, to throw

embush.'Ô.Y. embuscher, e?nbuissier, to round. — L. am- âmb-), around iacere, to ;
set in ambush. — Late L. imboscdre; as cast.

above. Amice (2), a pilgrim's hood. (O. F.—
Ameer, the same as Emir, q. v. Span. ? — Teut. ?) In aw?V^gray ;' Milton,
'
Ameliorate. (F. — L.; tvith L. stiffix.) P.R. iv. 427. — O. F. aumiice (Y ait7inisse)\ .
F'ormed with from

suffix -ate ( = L. -dtus) Late L. al77iucia. — Span, ah/iucio (Pineda -
F. amiliorer^ to better, improve. — F. a where al seems to be the Arab. def. art.

( = L. ad), in addition -meliorer ( = Late ;
(cf. Port, murâ). — G. miitze, a cap (cf.
L. meliordre), to make better. — L. ?nelidr-, Lowl. Sc. mutch). But G. miitze may be
from melior, better. from Late L.
Amen. (L. — Gk. — Heb.) \.. amen.— Amid, Amidst, in the middle of. (E.)
Gk. d/xTyi', verily. — Heb. amen, verily, so be A77iids-t lengthened from M. E. a77iiddes.
is
it. — Heb. «;/z,fW, firm, true. — Heb. d77ian, Again, a7nidde-s was due to adding the
to confirm ; orig. '
to be firm.' adv. suffix -s to a77ndde = A.S. 07i 77iiddan,
Amenable, (F.
easy to lead.
L.) — in the middle ; where 77iidda)i is the dat. of
From F. amener, to lead to, bring to.— 77iidde, sb., — A. S. 77iid, 77iidd,
the middle.
F. d., to mener, to conduct, drive. — L. ad,
;
adj., middle. A77iid— K. S. 07t 77iiddati iâs
to Late L. 7nindre, to conduct, lead about,
;
before). See Mid.
al?o to drive out, chase away ; L. mindri, Amiss, adv. wrongly. (E. or Scaud.)
to threaten. — L. mince ^ threats. M. E. 07t 77iisse, i. e. in error. — Icel. a mis,
Amend. (F. — L.) M..Y. ajnendeft.— amiss. — Icel. a ( = A. S. on \ in 77iis, adv., ;
F. amender. — L. emendd^-e, to free from wrongly (due to an older lost pp.). See
fapp'lt. — L. e, from mendum, a fault.
;
Miss (i).
amends. (F. L.) M. E. arnendes. — Amity. (F. — L.) O. F. a7niste, a77iisted,
15
— ;;, ;
AMMONIA ANAGRAM
amistet. — Late L. *a?nicitatem, ace. oiâmT- rpov, a theatre with seats all round the
ciids, friendship. — i., amicus, friendly. — arena. — Gk. dfx(pi, around; Oidrpov, a
L. anidre, to love. theatre.
Ammonia, an alkali. (L.-Gk.- Ample, full. (F. - L.) F. ample. - L.
Egyptian.) Suggested by L. sal am- amplus, spacious.
nioniacuHi, rock-salt. — Gk. dfXfxcuviaKov Amputate. (L.) From pp. of L
sal ammoniac, rock-salt. — Gk. dfi/xcvvids, aniptitnre, to cut off round about. — L. am-,
Libyan. — Gk. a^najv, the Libyan Zeus- short for amb- ambi-, round about; ,
Ammon a word of Egyptian origin putdre, to cleanse, also to lop or prune trees.
;
Herod, ii. 43. ^ It is said that sal am- — L. putus, clean.

moniac was first obtained near the temple Amulet. (F. — L.) F. afuulette.-l..
of Ammon. amzdetum, a talisman hung round the neck.
amm.01lite, a fossil shell. (Gk.) Coined [Once thought to be of Arabic origin but ;
with suffix -ite (Gk. -ittjs) from the name now given up.]
Ammon because the shell resembles the
; Amuse, to divert. (F. — L.) F. amuser,
twisted ram's horn on the head of the '
to amuse, make to muse or think of, to
image of Jupiter Ammon. gaze at;' Cot.-F. a ( = L. ad), to, at;
Amm.UUition, store for defence. (F. — O. F. jmiser, to gaze at, stare at, muse ; see
L.) From Mid. F. amunzlt'on, a soldier's Muse (i).
corruption oi munition due to substituting
, An,A, indefinite article. (E.) is A
ramunition for la munition (Littre). — L. short ioran and an is an unaccented form
;
ace. mfmitionem, a defending. — L. mflni- of A. S. an, one see One. ;
tus, pp. of munh'e, to defend. An-, A-, neg. prefix. (Gk.) QV.dv-,
Amnesty, lit. a forgetting of offences. d-, cognate with L. in-, and E. un- ; see
(F. — L. — Gk.) F. a?nn£stie.''h. amnes- Un-, In-, A- (9).
//a. — Gk. dfivrjaTia, forgetfulness, esp. of An, if. See And.
wrong. — Gk. dfivqaros, forgotten. — Gk. d-, Ana-, An-,/r^.r. (Gk.) G\i.dva-,dv-\
not and fivdoixai, I remember. (-y^MEN.)
; from Gk. dvd, upon, on, up, back, again;
Among, Amongst. (E.) The earliest cognate with E. on see On. ;
M. E. form is amonge, whence amonges Ana, Anna, a sixteenth of a rupee.

with added s (a common adverbial suffix) (Flind.) Hind, dna, a sixteenth part, esp.
and hence amongs-t with excrescent /. of a rupee. (H. H. Wilson.)
A. S. onmang, prep., among. — A. S. on, in ; Anabaptist. (Gk.) One who baptizes
mang, a mixture, crowd. Cf. Mingle. again. Coined from Gk. dvd, again and ;
Amorous. (F. — L.) O.Y. amoros\¥. baptist. See Baptize.

amoureux. — L. amorosus. — L. amor, love. Anachronism, error in chronology.
Amorphous, formless. (Gk.) From (Gk.) Gk. dvay^poviapLO'i.'^QV. dvaxpovi-
Gk. d-, not ; and fiopcp-rj, shape, form. ^fiv, to refer to a wrong time. — Gk. di/d,
Amount, mount up to to. (F.-L.) up, back (wrong) xpo»'os, time.;
O. F. amonter, to amount to. — O.F. a Anaconda, a large serpent. (Ceylon.)

mont, towards a mountain or large heap. Now a S. American boa at first applied ;
— L. ad, to; montem, ace. of mons, a to a large snake in Ceylon. But wrongly ;
mountain. it was really a swift whipsnake ; Cingh.

Amour. (F. — L.) F. amour. — L. henakandayd. lit. * lightning stem.'
amorem, ace. oi amor, love. Anaemia, bloodlessness. (L. — Gk.) A

Amphi-, /r^Jf. (Gk.) Gk.dfi(pi,on Latmised form of Gk. dvaifxia, want of
both sides, around; see Ambi-. blood. — Gk. dv-, not ai/Jia, blood. ;
Amphibious. (Gk.) Gk. dnipiîos, Anaesthetic, rendering insensible to

living a double life, on land and water. pain. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. dv-, not
— Gk. dn<pi, on both sides /Stos, life. ;
and aloOrjTiKus, full of perception ; see An-
Amphibrach, a foot in prosody. and JEsthetic.
(Gk.) The foot composed of a short Anagram, a change in a word due to
syllableon each side of a long one {^-J). transposition of letters. (F. — L. — Gk. ) F.
Gk. dfKplPpaxvs. — Gk. d/xcpi, on both sides ;
anagram?ne. — l^. anag7-ami7ia.-^QV. dvd-
and 0paxvs, short see Amphi- and
; '^pap.p.a. — Gk. dvd, up, here used distribu-
Brief. tively ; '^pdîxa, a letter of the alphabet. —
Amphitheatre. (Gk.) Gk. dixcpieid- \
Gk. ypd(p€iv, to write.
I
. ,
ANALOGY ANGEL
Analogy, proportion. (F.-L.-Gk.) Ancient (0, old. (F.-L.) With
¥. analogic. — — Gk. ulvoKo'^'m^
L. analogia. excrescent /. M. E. auncien. — Y. ancien.
equality of ratios. — Gk. dm, upon, — Late L. antidnns, old, belonging to
throufjhout -Koyia, from A07-0S, a word,
; former time. Formed with suffix -dims
statement, from Xtyfiv, to speak. from ante, before.
Analysis. (Gk.) Gk.dz/dAyo-jy, a resolv- Ancient '2), a banner, standard-hearer.
ing into parts, loosening. — Gk. ilfaXvetv, to '
F. - J^ ) Confused with ancient but i
1
j ;
undo, resolve. — Gk. dvd, back and Kv<ii', ; from O. F. enseigne, m. 'ensigne, auncient,
to loosen. (y'LEU.) Der. analyse, verb, a standard-bearer Cot.; also for O. F. en-
;
'
coined word. seigjie, f., a banner;' Cot.

'
See Ensign.
Ananas, the pine-apple plant. (Span. And. E.) A. S. and, end. O. Fries.
<
+
— Braz.) Span, ananas i^Pineda) ; mod. anda, ende; (). II. G. anti, unta. G. tind.
Span, anana. — Brazil, nanas or nana. Prob. related to L. ante, before, Gk. dvr'i,
% The Peruv. name is achiipalla. over against.
Anapaest, Anapest, a foot in pros- an, if. (E.) Formerly also and;
ody, v^k. ) L. anapccsliis.—GVi. dvd- Havelok, 2861, &c; the same word as the
iraiOTos, struck back, rebounding ; because above. An if= if if, a reduplication. But
it is the reverse of a dactyl. — Gk. dva-naUiv, andif=h\\\. if if; Matt. xxiv. 48.
to strike back. - Gk. dm, back and iraietv, ; Andante, slowly, (Ital.) \\.2X. andante,
to strike. moving slowly, pres. pt. of andare, to
Anarchy. (F.-L.-Gk.) XVI cent. go.
¥. anan/it'e. — L,. anarc/ii'a. — Gk. dvapx'io, Andiron, a fire-dog. (F. — L.) Not
lack of government. — Gk. duapxos, without connected with iron, but corrupted from.
a ruler. — Gk. di/-, neg. prefix; dpxos, a M. E, anderne, aunderne, aundi7'e. — O. F.
ruler, from apx^^v, to rule, to be first. andier mod. F. landier, put for Vandier
;
Anathema, a curse.L. (L.-Gk.) where t is the def. art. Cf. Late L. ande-
anal/ienia. — Gk. avdOefxa, a thing devoted rius, andena, a fire-dog.
or accursed. — Gk. dvariOrjfxi, I devote.— Anecdote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ^;w-
Gk. dvd, up TidTjfu, I place, set.
; Cf. dote. — \jdXt. L. anecdota, orig. a neut. pi.—
Theme. Gk. dvettSoTa, neut, pi, of dv€«5oTos,
Anatomy. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. ana unpublished ; hence an unpublished story,
tomie. — 'L,. anatonn'a.^Gk. dvaropLia, the story in private life. — Gk. dv-, not; (k,
same as dvaTo^-q, dissection. — Gk. dpaT^fj- out ; and Soros, given, allied to SiEcufxi, I
fdv, to cut up. — Gk. um, up ; rijxvîv, to give.
cut. Cf. Tome. Anemone, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. dv€-
Ancestor. (F. — L.) M.E. (i ) ancestre, IJOJVT], lit. winri-flower. — Gk. due/xos, wind.
O. ¥. ancestre, from L. antecessor, nom., Anent, regarding, with reference to.

a predecessor, foregoer and M. E. (2 an- ; E.) M.E, anent. anentis older form ;
cessour, O. F. ancessonr, from L. aiite- onefent, where the t is excrescent. A. S.

cessorevi, ace. — L. ante, before cess-ns, ; anefoi, onefcn, near later form onemn. ;
pp. of cedere, to go. — A. S on, on efen, ev en, Mence onefn =

;
Anchor. iL. — Gk.) The current spell- even with, on an equality with. Cf. G.
ing imitates the false L. form, anchora. nehen, near for in eben ( See Even.
A. S. ancor. — L. ancora (wrongly anchora) Aneroid, dry, applied to a barometer
— Gk. dfKvpa, an anchor, lit. a bent liook ; having no liquid mercury in it. ^Gk.)
cf. Gk. d-yKUJv, (ÂNQ.) a bend. Coined from Gk. d-, not; vrjpd-s, wet;
Anchoret, Anchorite, a recluse. (I5-0S, form, kind.
(F. — Late L. — Gk F. auachorete (Cot ) ; Aneurysm, a tumour due to dilata-
— Late L. anachoreta.-'GV.. dvaxooprjTTjs, tion. (Gk.J Gk. dvfvpvafjLa, a widening.
one who retires from the world. — Gk dva- — Gk. dv-, for dvd, up; and ivpivnv, to
Xojpfiv, to retire. — Gk. dvd, back and ; widen, from (vpvs, wide. Also aneurism.
XOJpeiv, to withdraw, from x^P^^^ space, Anew. (E.) yS..¥.of-neive. A.'^.of-
room. (VCiHE, GHO.) nioiue. John iii. 7 (Rushworth). From Of
Anchovy, a fish. (Span. - Basque ?; and New.
Span, anchova cf. Basque anchoa.anchtia.
;
AngeL (F.-L.-Gk.) 0.¥. angele.
an anchovy. Perhaps dried fish ; bom ' ' — L. angelia. — Gk. dyyeXo^, a messenger.
Basque antztia, dry. Cf. Gk. dyyapos, a mounted courier, from
—
ANGER ANNUL
O. Persian. Der. arch-angel, q. v., ev- cloive. — O. Fries, ankel; also A.S. ancleo7v,
angel-ist, q. v. %
The A. S. form waswith a longer suffix (cf. O. Fiies. onklef).-\-
engel, directly from L. angelus. Dan. and Swed. ankel; Icel. okkla (for
Anger. (.Scand.) M. E. anger, often onkla-ânkiila Du. and G. enkel. Per- ;
with the sense of vexation, trouble. — Icel. haps allied to Skt. aiiguli, a finger, aiiga,
angr, grief; Dan. anger, Swed. anger, re- a limb.
gret.+ L. angor, a strangling, anguish. Anna, a small coin see Ana. ;
(VANGH.) See below. Annals. (F.— L.) F. annales, pi. sb.

Angina, acute pain. (L.) L. angifta, — L. attndles, pi. adj., for libri annales,
quinsy, lit. choking. — L. a;z^^;r, to choke. yearly books, chronicles from anndlis, ;
Angle (i), a corner. ',F. — L.) M.E. yearly. — L. anims, a year.

angle. — ¥. angle. — \.. angjclus, an angle. Anneal, to temper by heat. ( (i) E.;
Cf. Gk. d7«uAos, bent. (2j F. — L.) Two distinct words have been
Angle (2), a hook, fish-hook. (E.) A. S. confused. 1. M. E. anelen, to inflame,
angel, a fish-hook dimin, of anga, onga, kindle, heat, melt, burn. A. S. on^lan, to
;
a sting, prickle cf. Icel. aJigi, a prickle,

; burn, kindle; from on, prefix, and tllan, to
Gk. dyKvpa, a bent hook, Skt. ahka{s), burn. Cf. A. S. ieled, fire. 2. M.E. anelen,
a hook.+Dan. angel G. angel, dimin. of to enamel glass. — Prefix a- (perhaps -= F". h,
\
O. H. G. ango, a prickle, fish-hook. Allied L. ad) and O. F. neeler, nieler, to enamel,

;
to Anchor. Der. angle, verb, to fish. orig. to paint in black on gold or silver.—
Anguish. (F. — L.) M.E. anguisc, Late L. nigellare, to blacken. — L. nigelhis,
angoise. — O. F. anguisse ; F. angoisse. — L. blackish from niger, black.
;
angustia, narrowness, poverty, perplexity. Annex. (F. — L.) F. annexer. — L. an-

— L. angiistus, narrow. — L. angere, to nexus, pp. of atinectere, to knit or bind to.
choke. (VANGH.) — L. an- 'for ad), to and nectere, to bind.
;
Aniline, a substance which furnishes Annihilate. (L.) L. annihildli(S,\)^.

a number of dyes. (F. — Span. — Arab. of annihildre, to reduce to nothing. — L.
Pers. — Skt.) Formed, with suffix -ine, from an- (for ad), to
j
and nihil, nothing.
;
anil, a dye-stuff. — F. a«z7. — Span, afiil. Anniversary. (L.) For 'anniver-

azure. — Arab. an-Jiil\ for al-nil, where al sary memorial.' — L. anniuersdriiis, re-
is the def. art., and nil is borrowed from turning yearly. — L. an^ti- ffrom anno-),
Pers. nil, blue, or the indigo-plant. — Skt. from annus, a year and ucrsus, pp. of :
mla, blue JiTli, the indigo-plant.

; uertere, to turn (êe Verse).
Animal. (L.) L. animal, a living crea- Annotate, to make notes on. (L.)
ture. —L. anima, breath, life. (-ÂN.) From pp. of L. annotdre, to make notes
animadvert, to censure. (L.) L. on. — L. an- (for ad), to, on; notdre, to
anijuadtiertere, to turn the mind to, hence, mark, from nota, a mark. See Note.
to criticise. — L. anini-, for animus, the Announce. (F. — L. ) F. annoncer. —
mind (allied to anima, breath) ad, to ; L. annuntidre, to announce. — L. an- ( =
:
and ticrtere, to turn (see Vei-se). ad), to; mmtidre, to bring tidings, from
animate. (L.) L. animdtus, pp. of nuniius, a messenger. See Nuncio.
animdre, io endue with life. — L. aniina, Annoy, to vex. (F\ — L.) M. E. anoien,
life. Der. iji-animate, re-animate. anuien. — O. F. anoier, anuier, to annoy. —
animosity. F. — L.) F. animosite. O. F. anoi, anui (F. ennui), vexation. Cf.
,
— L. animositdtem. ace. of animosiids, Span, enojo. O. Venetian inodio, vexation.

vehemence. — L. animosus, vehement, full — L. in odio, lit. in hatred, common in the
of mind or courage. — L. animus, mind, Late L. phr. in odio hahui, lit. I had in
courage, passion. hatred, I was annoyed with cf. L. in odio ;
Anise, a herb. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. esse, to be hated by (Cicero). — L. in, in;

anese, anys. — Y. anis Cot.). — L. anisiim odio, abl. oi odium, hatred.
;
also anetlnim. — Gk. duicxov, avqaov, orig. Annual, yearly. (F. — L.") M. E. an-
dvrjOov, anise. nuel. — F. a7tmiel. — L. anjiudlis, yearly. —
Anker, a liquid measure. (Du. — LateL.) L. anmis, a year.
Du. anker, tlie same. — Late L. anceria, annuity. (A. F. — L.) KY.annuite;
the same. +Swed. ankare ; G. anker; from A. D. 1304. — Late L. annuitdfem, ace. of
the same. annuitds. — \.. annus, a year.
Ankle. (E.) M.E. ancle; also an- Annul. (L.) L. annulldre, to bring to
—
ANNULAR ANTICIPATE
nothing. — L. an- (for ad), to ,• mtlhis, no F. Q. i. 6. 26.-0. F. antelop.-.\.^\.Q L.
one ; see Null. ajttalopus.-''La\.Q Gk. dvQoKoir-, the stem
Annular, like a ring. (L.) L, annu- of dvBuKoxl/, used by Eustathius of Antioch
laris, irom annulus, a ring, earlier
adj. ;
to signify some uncertain quadruped. Of
spelling dniilus dimin. of L. dm(s, a
;
unknown origin.
rounding, a circular form (Lewis). Antennae, feelers of insects. I L.) L.
Anodyne, a drug to allay pain. (L. aîtennce, pi. ot antenna, properly the yard
Gk.) XVI cent. Late L. anodynus, a of a sail.
drug relieving pain. — Gk. ovu)hvvo%^ free Last syllable butAntepenultima, the
from pain. — Gk. dv-, not and uduvr], ; a word. (L.) two
L. ante, before; in
pain. panultivia, fem. adj., last but one, from
Anoint. (F. — L.) M.E. anoint, used pcen-e, almost, ultima, last.
as a pp. = anointed. — O. F. enoint, pp. of Anterior. (L. ) L. anterior, former,
enoindre, to anoint. — O. F. en, upon; more in front, compar. adj. from ante,
oindre, to smear. — L. m, upon; ungere, before.
to anoint. See Unguent. Anthem. (L. — Gk.) Formerly antem.
Anomaly. (Gk.) Gk. avciJixa^.ia, de- A. S. antefn.'^'La.X.e L. antiphona, an an-
viation from rule. — Gk. dvw/.iaKos, uneven. them. — Gk. dvTicpoji'a, considered as fem.
— Gk. dv-, not and ofxaXus, even, related sing., but really neut. pi. of dvTi(f>avos,
;
to ufios, one and the same. sounding in response to from the alternate ;
Anon, immediately. (E.) M. E. anon, singing of the half-choirs. — Gk. dvri, over
anoon also onan.
; A. S. on an, lit. in against (pcuv-q, voice, sound.
'
;
one moment.' — A. S. on, on, in an, one. Anther, the summit of the stamen of
;
Anonymous, nameless. (Gk.) Gk. a flower. (Gk.) From Gk. dvO-qpus, bloom-
dvwvvyL-o'i, nameless; with -ous added.— ing. — Gk. dvOeiv, to bloom dvOos, a young ;
Gk. dv-, neg. prefix ; and ovo/xa, name. bud or sprout.

Another. (E.) For an otlier, one anthology, a collection of choice
other. poims. (Gk.j Lit. a collection of flowers.
Answer, to reply. (E.) A. S. and — Gk. dv6o\oyia, a gathering of flowers.—

swerian, andszvarian, to answer, speak in Gk. apdoXoyo?, flower-gathering. — Gk.
reply; a weak verb. —A. S. andswaru, a dvOo-, for dvOos, a flower and Xeyfiv, to ;
reply. — A. S. and-, against, in reply ;

cull.
swerian, to speak, to swear. The A. S. Anthracite, a kind of hard coal.
and' = G. ant- (in ant-worten) — Gk. dv-ri ;
(Gk.) Gk. dvOpaKiT-q^, resembling coals.
see Anti- and Swear. — Gk. dvOpaK-, stem of dvOpa^, coal.
Ant. (E.) M. E. amte, short for ameie. Anthropophagi, caimil als. (Gk.'
A. S. mnette, an emmet, ant. Doublet, Lit. men-eaters.' — Gk. dv9pwno(pdyos,
'
eiJimct, q. v. man-eating. — Gk. dvOpajwos, a man; and

Antagonist, an opponent. (L. — Gk.) (payîv, to eat. (>y^BHAGw ; Brugm. i.
Late L. antagdnista.'-'QV. dvTayojviaTT]S, § 641.^

an opponent. — Gk. dvr-, for avri, against ; Anti-, Ant-, prejix, against. (Gk.)
and dyoov'Kôiuai, I struggle, from dyuiu, a Gk. against
dvTi, allied to L. ante, ;
(VAG.^
eontest. before. Cf. Skt. a}iti, over against, allied
Antarctic. (L. — Gk,^ 'L. antardicus. to ajita, end see End. In anti-cipate,
; %
— Gk. dvTapKTiKos, southern, opposite to the prefix is for L. ante.
arctic- Gk. dr/r-, for avri, opposite to; Antic, fanciful, odd as sb. a trick. ;
and dpKTLKos. arctic. See Arctic. (Ital. -L.) an adj. Adopted in

Orig.
Ante-, prefix, before. (L.) L. ajite, the XVI cent, from Ital. antico, with the
before. Allied to Anti-, q. v. sense of ' grotesque lit. antique, old. — ' ;
Antecedent. (L.) L. antecedent-, L. antlquus, old. See Antique.

stem of ]5res. pait. of antecedere, to go Antichrist. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
before, — L ante, before; cedere, to go. Antecrist. — 'L. Antichnstus (Vulgate).
Antediluvian, before the flood. (L.) — Gk. dvTixpi(TTOs (i John ii. 18). — Gk.
L. ante, before ; dihnnum. deluge, a dvTJ, against ; xp'^^'^^^j Christ.
washing away. — L. dilnere, to wash Anticipate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
away. — L. dl-, apart luere, to wash. ; anticipdre, to take beforehand.- L. anti-,
Antelope. (F.-L. Gk.) In Spenser, — before and capere, to take.
;
19
^
ANTICLIMAX APHORISM
A-nticlimax. (Gk.) From Anti- and to fold up, but from M.H.G. vahen, as
Climax. above. Cf. L. incils, an anvil, from /«,
Antidote. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. anti- on, and cfidere, to strike and note the ;
dote. antidottim, a remedy. — Gk. uvri-

— L. A. S. gloss: '
Cudo, percutio, anfilte ;'
doTov, a remedy a thing given as a

; Voc. 217. 5.
remedy. — Gk. uvti, against; doruv, neut. Anxious. (L.) L. anxi-us, distressed ;
of doTus, giên, from di5cjfj.i, I give. with suffix -ous. — L. angere, to choke,
Antimony, a metal. (Late L.) Late distress.
L. antimonitan. (XI cent.) Origin un- Any. (E.) A.
any; from an,
S. cenig,
known. one, with suffix -ig Du. eenig,
(E. -y). +
Antipathy. (Gk.) From Gk. avn-na- from een, one; G. eijtiger, from eiu, one.
eîa, antipathy, lit. a suffering (feeling
'
See One.
strongly) against.' — Gk. avri, against ; Aorta. (L.-Gk.) Late L. aorta.—
vaOfTv, to suffer. See Pathos. Gk. dopTT}, the great artery 'rising' from
Antiphon. (L. — Gk.) Late L. ««//- the heart— Gk. ddpeoOai, to rise up;
phona, an anthem ; see Anthem. ddpeiv, to raise.
Antiphrasis. (Gk.) See Antl- and Apace. (E. ajtd F.) For a pace, i. e.
Phrase. at a (good) pace ; where a is put for
Antipodes. (Gk.) Gk. d?/r/7roSes,pl., ott (cf. a-foot) see A- (2). Pace, M. E.
;
men with feetopposite to ours, from nom. pas, is from F. pas (L. passus). See
sing. avTiTTovs. — Gk. avri^ opposite to and Pace.
;
TToC?. foot, cognate with Foot. Apart, aside. (F.-L.) F. d part,

Antique, old. (F.-L.) ¥. antique." apart, alone, singly; Cot. — L. ad partem
L. antiqiius, also antuiis, formed with lit. to the one part or side, apart. — L. ad,
suffix -Tens from atite, before as posticus is to partem, ace. oi pars, a part.
; ;
from post, behind. Doublet, antic. apartment, a separate room. (F.—

Antiseptic, counteracting putrefac- Ital. — L.) V (ippariement. — Ital. appar-
tion. (Gk.) Gk. avTi, against and tamento,2Si apartment, a partition, lit. sepa-
;
(TrjiTTiKos, putrefying, otjitt-os, rotten, from ration. — Ital. appartare, to separate. —

<jr]TTeiv, to rot. Ital. a parte, apart. — L. ad partem; see
Antistrophe. (Gk.) From Anti- above.
and Strophe. Apathy. (Gk.) From Gk. dTraêm,
Antithesis. (Gk.) From Anti- and want of teeling. — Gk. d-, not -naQdlv, to ;
Thesis. suffer. See Pathos.

Antitype. (Gk.) From Anti- and Ape. (E.) M. E. ape A. S. a/a.+Du. ;
Type. aap Icel. api ;Swed. apa G. affe

; ; \
Antler. (F.) M. E. auntekre, for Irish apa (from E.) O. Bohem. op. ;
auntolier (?). - O. F. antoillier, said to Aperient. (L.) XVII cent. Lit.

have been once in use (Littre;. In this opening,'— L. aperient-, stem of pres. pt.
'
case the O. F. word is supposed to be of aperire, to open. Perhaps from ap-, old
equivalent to a Late L. "ântoculdrefii, ace, form of ab, from, away, and -uer- = L,\ih.
i. e. the branch (of the horn) in front of zver- in zverti, to move (to and fro),
I he eyes; cf. G. aztgen-sprosse, a brow- whence Lith. at-ivcrti, to open. Brugm.
antler {lit. eye-sprout). See Romania, iv. i. § 36 T.
349. From ante, before, and ocztlus, the Apex. (L ) L. apex, summit.
eye. Aph-, prefix. (Gk.; See Apo-.
Anus, the lower orifice of the bowels. Aphseresis, the taking away of a
(L.) L. anus. letter or syllable from the beginning of
Anvil. (E.^ 'W.Y.. anvelt.anfeld,an' a word. (L.-Gk.) 'L.^X^'L,. aphciresis.—
felt. A. S. anjilte, onjilti. — K.'S. an, on, Gk. dipaipeais, a taking away. — Gk d(/)-, for
on, upon: and a verb '^ficltan (see below), dnu, away; a'lpeai^, a taking, from aipeiv,
causal of *fealtan, to infix, redupl. verb to take. See Heresy.
cognate with O. H. G. *fahan, M. H. G. Aphelion, the point in a planet's orbit
vahen, whence G.falz, a groove. Some ^ farthest from the sun. (Gk.) Coined from
derive it from on and fealdan, to fold Gk. d(p-, for dm'i, from ijXios, the sun.
;
;
however, the O. H. G. anafalz, an anvil, Aphorism, a definition. (Gk.) Gk.

is not derived from ana^ on, z.i\A faldan. dcpopiapos , a definition. — Gk. dfopiêiv, to
; —
APIARY APPEAL
define, limit. — Gk. dtp-, for dno, off; h. apostolus. — Gk. aTTocTToXo?, one who is
vpi(fn', to limit, from upos. a boundary. sent — Gk. dno, off; atiXXnv, to send.
off.
Apiary, a place for hee>. (L.) L. a/t- Apostrophe. (L. — Gk.) L. apo- ^
nriu))i, of apidrhis, belonging to

neut. strophe. — Cik. dnoarpoipT], a turning away ;
bees. — L. api-, stem of apis, a bee. in rhetoric, turning away to address

a
Apiece. (E. and F.) Orig. (at so some one else. — Gk.
dnu, away arpecpfiv, ;
much) a piece, where a is the indef. article. to turn. ^

In the sense of a mark used to
Ii.VO-^ pf^Jix,
o{i. (Gk.) Gk. (ZTTo, off, denote an omission, it should be apostroph
from cognate with E. of, off; see Of. It
;
(L. apostrophtis, dnoaTpufpos). Gk.
becomes aph- before an aspirate. Apothecary. (F. Late L. Gk.) - -
Apocalypse. (L.-Gk.) M.'E. apo- M. E. apotecary, potecary. — O. F. apote-
calips i^Wyclif). — L. apocalypiis. Gk. — caire.-~ha.ie L. apothecdrius, lit. a store-
diroKd\v\pis, a revelation. — Gk. diTOKa\vn- keeper. —Late L. apotheca, a store-house
T€iv, to uncover, reveal. — Gk. dno, off; (esp. for drugs). — Gk. dnoO-qKi], a store-
and KaXvTTTeiv, to cover. Cf. KaXid, a cot. house. —Gk. dno, away ri-d-q-pi, I put. ;
Apocope. (L. — Gk.) L. apocope. — Gk. Apotheosis, deification. (L. Gk.^ —

aTTOKOTTT;, cutting off (of a
a letter). — L. apotheosis. — Gk. dnodiwcns, deification.
Gk. d-no, off and Kuirrdv, to hew, cut.
;
— Gk. diToOtooj, I deify, set aside as a god.
Apocrypha. (Gk.) Lit. hidden ' — Gk. dno, away, fully ; Qeos, a god.
things hence, uncanonical books of the
; ' Appal, to terrify. (F. -L.) The present
Old Testament. — Gk. diroKpvcpa, neut. pi. sense is late ; the M. E. apalled meant
of dn6Kpv(pos, hidden. — Gk. dnoKpvnTfiv, *
rendered pale T., 10679
' ; cf. Chaucer, C
to hide away. — Gk. dno, from, away; (F 365^.-0. F. apallir, apalir, appalir,
KpvTTTeiv, to hide. to wax pale, also to make pale (Cot.).—
Apogee, the point of the moon's orbit O. F. a-, prefix; O. F. pale, pallc, pale.
furthest from the earth. (F. — L. — Gk ' F. L. ad, to pallidtcs, pale.
;
Cf. Pale.
apogie (Cot.). — L. apogceuni. — Gk. diô- Appanage, Apanage, provision for
yaiov, neut. of duoyaios, away from earth. a dependent, &c. (F. — L.) 0.¥. apanage
— Gk. dno, away from 7^, earth. ;
ialso appanage), properly, a provision for
Apologue, a fable, story. (F.- L.- maintenance. —6. F. apaner, lit. to supply
Gk.) F. apologue. — L. apologus. - Gk. with bread (Late L. appdfidre).'~'L. ap-
d7roAo7oy, a fable. — Gk. (xtto, off; A670S, (for ad , to, for ;
pdn-is, biead.
speech, from Xk-ûv, to say. Apparatus, gear. (L.; L. apparatus.
apology, a defence. (L. — Gk.) L. preparation. — L. apparatus, pp. of appa-
apologia. — Gk. d-noXoy'ia^ a speech made in rdre, to prepare for. — L. ad, for pardre, ;
defence. — Gk. aTro, off; A070S, a speech to get ready.

(above). Apparel, to clothe. (F.-L.) M.E.
Apophthegm, Apothegm. (Gk.) aparailen. —
O. F. apareiller, to dress,
Gk. dnotpOeypa, a thing uttered, a terse apparel. — O. F. a, to pareillcr. parailler, ;
saying. — Gk. dwo, off, out and (pOeyyop-ai, ; to assort, put like things with like, to
I cry aloud, utter. arrange, from pareil, like, similar. — L.
Apoplexy. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F. ad, to Med. L. pariculus (Ducange ;
apoplejcie. — Late L. apoplexia. — QV. duo- has paricla, paricula\ similar, fiom L.
irXrjîa, stupor, apoplexy. — Gk. dnonXricr- pari-, stem oipar, equal. Cf. Par. Der.
c(iv, to cripple by a stroke. — Gk. aTro, off; apparel, s.
nX-qaoiLV, to strike. Apparition. ^F.-L.) Y apparition. .
Apostasy. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) ¥. — L. ace. appdritionem. — h. appdrere, to

aposlasie. — Late L. apostasia.^GY. d-no- appear. See Appear.
oraaia, late form for dnuOTaai^, revolt, lit. apparitor, an officer who attends
* a standing away from.' — Gk. dnv, off, magistrates to execute their orders an ;
away ordais. a standing, from ara-, officer who serves the process of a spiritual
;
base allied to idrrjpn, I place. Cf. Statics. court. (L.) L. apparitor, an attendant,
apostate, (l ate L. — Gk.) M. E. lictor. — L. appdrere, to appear as attend-
apostata. — Late L. apostata.^QV. d-no- ant, wait on. See Appear.
ordriji, a deserter, apostate. — Gk. diro, off Appeal, V. (F.-L.) M. E. apelen. -
CTaTTji, standing, from ara- (see above). O. F. apeler, to call.-L. appelldre, to
Apostle. (L. — Gk.) A. S. aposlol." address, call upon, speak to Irom L. ap- ;
\ ;
APPEAR APPROPRIATE
(for acT)^ to ; and *pelld)-e, to speak, allied Appoint. (F.-L.) I.I.Y.. apoijiten."
to A. S. spell, a tale. O. F. apointer, to prepare, arrange, settle.
Appear, become visible. (F. — L.
to — Late L. appunctdre, to repair, appoint,
M. E. aperen. — O.
F. aper-, tonic stem (as settle a dispute Ducange. — \..ap- (for ad)\
;
in pres. apere) of O. F. apareir,

subj. Late L. punctdre, to mark by a point, from
aparoir, to appear. — L. appdrere. — L. ap- Late L. puncta, a prick, fem. of ptmctus^
(for ad), to, forth pdrere, to come in ; pp. ; see Point. Der. disappoint.
sight, aho spdt pa7'rere. Cf. Apparition. Apportion. (F.-L.) F. apporlioner,
Appease. (F. L.) —
M. E. apesen, to portion out to. — F. ap-
(put for a before
apaisen. — A. F. apeser, apeiser, O. F. /, in imitation of L. ap- = ad to portion,
, ;
apescr Y. apaiser), to bring to a peace.— a portion see Portion.

;
O.F. a a pais, to a peace.

pels, —L. ad Appose. (F. - L.) F. apposer formed ;
pdcem, to a peace. See Peace. to represent L. apporiere, on the analogy of

Appellant. (F. -L.) F. appellant, composer, exposer, and other presumed re-
pres. pt. of appeller, O. F. apeler, to presentatives of compounds of L. ponere ;
appeal ; see Appeal. but really formed on F. poser (Irom L.

Append, to attach. (F. L.) Formerly — pausdre). See Pose.
also E. apenden, to pertain to.
iVI. O. F. — Apposite. (L.) L. appositus, suitable ;
apendre, to depend on. L. appendere, for — pp. of apponere, to put near. — L. ap- (for
L. appendere, to hang to or upon. — L. ap- ad), to; poftere, to put. See Position.
(for ad), to pendere, to hang.
; Appraise. (F.-L.) M.E. apraisen,
appendix, an addition. (L.) L. to value. — O. Y. âpreiser (cf. O. F. apre-
appendix. "Y., appendere, to suspend upon. tier in Roquefort). — O. F. a-, prefix
— L. ap- (for ad), to pendere, to weigh. ;
Preiser, to value, ixom. p7'eis, value, price.
Appertain. (F. -L.) M. E. aper- — L. ad, at pretitim, a price.
;
tenen.—O F. apartenir (F. appartenir), appreciate. (L.) From pp. of L.

to belong to. — L. <z/- (for ct/), to per- ;
appretidre, to value at a price. — L. ap-
tinere, to belong. See Pertain. (for ad TiX; pretium, a price.
,
Appetite. :F.-L.) 0.¥. appetit.- Apprehend. (F. — L.) Y apprehendre .
L. appetitus, an appetite ; lit. '

assault (Cot.). — L. apprehendere, orig. to lay hold
upon.' — L. appetere, to attack. — L. a/- ^for of. — L. ap- (for ad), to. 2X\ prehendere,
ad), to ;
petcre, to seek, attack. to grasp. See Prahensile.
Applaud. (L.) L. applandere, to apprentice. F.-L.) O.Y.aprentiSy
applaud. — L. «/- (for ad), at plaiidere, to ;
nf)m. of aprentif (see Godefroy, s. v.
applaud, clap (hands). Der, applause, aprentic). The O. F. aprentis, aprentif,
from pp. applaiisiis. represent Late L. ^ app7-enditTvus nom., ,
Apple. (F.) 'Si.Y.. appel. K.'^.ceppel, and *apprenditwum, ace, from a Late L.
appel; Icel. epli\ Swed. dple
(Bpl.'\-Y)\x. \ 'âpprenditiis, used as a pp. of L.
Dan. alfle G.ap/el; Insh a /dial; Gael.
; apprendcre, to learn, short for L. appre-
ubhal; W. ^z/a:/ Russ. iabloko; Lithuan.; hendere, to lay hold of (above
obolys. Origin unknown. Some connect apprise, to inform. (F.-L.) From
it with Abella in Campania cf. Verg. ; the M. E. sb. aprise, information, teach-
/En. vii. 740. ing. — O. F. aprise, instruction. — O. F.
Apply. (F.-L.) yi.^.aplyen.Ô.Y. appris, apris, pp. oi aprendre, to learn.—
aplier.'-l^. applicdre, to join to, turn or L. apprendere (above).
apply to. — L. ap- ; for ad), to ;
plicdre, to —
Approach. (F. L.) yi.Y.,approchen,
fold, twine. Der. appli-ance ; also appli- aprochen. — O. F. api'ochier, to approach. —
cation (F. application^. L. appropidre, to draw near to (Êxod. iii.
Appoggiatura, a grace-note or passing 5). — L. ap- (for ad), to prope, rear.
;
tone prefixed, as a support, to an essential Approbation. (F.-L.) Y. approba-

note of a melody. (Îtal. — L. and GV.^^ tion. — L. ace. appi'obationem, approval. —
Ital. appoggiatura, lit. a support. — Ital. L. approbdtus, pp. oiapprobdre, to approve.
appoggiare, to lean upon, — Ital. ap- (for See Approve.
ad), to, upon poggio, a place to stand or
; Appropriate. (L.) From pp. of L.
lean on, &c. — L. ad, to; podium, an ele- appropridre, to make one's own. — L. «/-
vated place, a balcony, from Gk. -nubiov. 'for ad), to; propj'ius, one's own. See
See Pe"w. Proper.
— ' '
APPROVE ARCH
Approve. ( F. - L.) O. F. approver. - aqueous. As if from L. *aqiieus, adj.,
L. approhdi-e, to api-rove. — L. ap- Sox ad . a form not used. — L. aqtia, water.
to; probare, to test, try, esteem as good. Aquiline, like an engle. (F.— L.) F.
Der. approval dis-approve. ;
aquilin hence nez aquilin, a nose like
;
'
Approximate. ^L) From pp. of L. an eagle;' Qo\..^Y. aquiliJius, adj. from

approxifudre, to draw near to. — L. ap- aquila, an eagle. Cf JEagle.
I
for ad), to proximiis, very near, superl.
;
Arabesque. F.-Ital.-Arab.) XVII
adj. from prope, nenr. cent. F. .irabesquc, Arabian like ; also
Appurtenance. (F.-L.) A.Y.apur- full of flourishes, Pke fine Arabian work.
ieiiamice (O F apartcnance), that which — Ital. Arabesco where \ -esco ^Y. -ish."
belongs to. — O. Y. apartcnir, to belong to. Arab. arab, Arabia.
'
See Appertain. Arable. (F. - L.) F. arable. - L.

Apricot. (F.-Port. — Arab. — Gk. ardbilis, that can be ploughed. — L. arare,
L.) Formerly also apricock, from Port. to plough. (-y/AR.) See Ear (3").
albricoqtie directly. Also abricot. — F. (L.) In Milton. — L. arbiter,
Arbiter.
abricot, the abricot, or apricock plum
' ; a witness, judge, umpire.
Cot. — Port,
albricoqtie. — Arab, al barqiiq, arbitrary. (L.) In Milton. - L.
where ol is the def. art. — Mid. Gk. irpaiKu- arbitrdrius, orig. like the decision of an
Kiov (Dioscorides) pi. vpamoKia. The
;
umpire. — L. arbitrdre, to act as umpire.
pi. vpaiKOKia was borrowed from L. /n?- — L. arbiter (above).
coqua, apricots, neut. pi. of prcecoqutis, arbitrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
another form of pra^cox^ precocious, early arbitrdre, to act as umpire (above).
ripe (Pliny; Martial, 13. 46). — L. pne, Arboreous, belonging to trees. (L.)
beforehand and coqtiere, to cook, ripen.
;
L. arbore-us, adj. from arbor, a tree ; with
See Precocious and Cook. Thus the ^ suffix -ons.
word reached us in a very indirect manner. Arbour, a bower. (F. — L.) The word
April. (L.) L. Aprilis said to be so ;
seems to be really due to M. E. herbere,
named because the earth then opens to also erbere, from O. F. herbier, L. her-
produce new fruit. — L. aperire, to open ;
bdrium, a herb-garrien, also an orchard.—
see Aperient. L. herba, grass, herb. The special sense
Apron. (F. — L.") Formerly napron.'^ was due to confusion with L. arbor, a
O. h naperon, a large cloth augmentative tree.
. ;
form of O. F. nape, a cloth (F. nappe). •- Arc. (F. - L.) XIV cent. F. arc. -
L. niappa, a napkin, cloth (with change of L. arcuvi, ace. oiarcus, a bow, arch, arc.
in to n, as in F. naite, a mat). See arcade. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. arcade.
Map. — Ital. areata, an arched place; fem. of
Apse. (L. — Gk.) Now used of a recess pp. oi arc are, to arch. — Ital. arco, a bow,
at the end of a church formerly apse, — L. ace. aixuni (above).
;
apsis, a turning-point of a planet's orbit. — Arcana. (L.) L. arcana, things kept

L. apsis, pi. apsides, a bow, turn. — Gk. secret, secrets. — L. arcere, to keep.
axpis, a tying, fastening, felloe of a wheel, Arch (i), a vault, &c. (F. -L.) O. F.
curve, bow, arch. — Gk. aTrrefi/, to tie, bind. arche, a chest, box (L. area, see Ark) ;
Apt, fit. (L.) XIV cent. L. aptus, also, by confusion, an arch, owing to the
used as pp. of apisci, to reach, get, but use of Med. Lat. area with the sense of
really pp. of O. Lat. apere, to fit or join L. arcus, a bow, arch. See Arc.
together. Arch (2), roguish, waggish. (L. — Gk.)
Aq.1iatic. (L.) L. aqudticus, pertain- ^Q arch a leer;' Tatler, no. 193. The
^
ing to water. — L. aqua, water. examples in the New E. Dictionary prove

aq_ua-fortiS. — L. aqua fortis, strong that it is nothing but the prefix Arch-,
water. chief (for which see below used separately ,
aquarium. — L. aquarium, a water- and peculiarly. Cf. The most arch act '
vessel. — L. aqua, water. in Shak. Rich. III. iv. 3. 2 'An heretic, ;
aquarius. — L. aqudrius, a water- an arch one;' Hen. \TII. iii. 2. 102.

bearer. — L. aqua, water. Also Byends ... a very arch fellow, a
'
ac(_ueduct. — L. aqiKzductus, a con- downright hypocrite' Bunyan's Pilgrim's ;
duit ;from aqua, gen. of wîm, water, and Progress. A. S. arce-, O. F. arche-, L.
ductus, a duct see Duct. ; archi-, Gk. apx*" (prefix). See below.
2.^
;
ARCH- ARGENT
Arch-, prefix, chief. (L.-Gk.) The principal, and Lat. trabem, ace. of trabs,
form arch- is due to A. S. arce-, as in arce- a beam. See Trave.
bisceop, an archbishop, and to O. F. arche-, Archives, s. pi., public records but ;
as in arche-diacre, an archdeacon. This properly an archive is a place where re-

=
form was borrowed from L. archi- Gk. cords are kept. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. ar-
apx<--i as in dpx'-^''''''<''''07ro?, an archbishop. chif, pi. archives; Cot. — L. archmiuu,
— Gk. apx^t-v, to be first, to rule cf. Gk. archnun. — Gk. apxîov, a public building,
;
apxn, beginning. Der. arch-bishop, arch- residence of magistrates. — Gk. dpxh, a

deacon, &c. ; arch-angel, the ch
but, in beginning, a magistracy.
remained hard (as k in the Romance Arctic. (F.- L.-Gk.) M.E.dtr/z'y^.-
languages, on account of the following a. O. F. artique; F. antique. ^\.. arcticus.
Cf. Ital. arcangelo, Span, arcangel. — Gk. dpKTiKus, near the constellation of
archaeology. .Gk.) Gk. apx^-ioXo-ila. the Bear, northern. — Gk. dpKTos, a bear.
— Gk. apxo^ôs, ancient, which is from Cognate with L. urstis see Ursine. ;
a-pxh^ the beginning and the suffix -logy,

; Der. ant-arctic.
Gk. -Xoyla, due to \6yos, discourse, from Ardent. (F.-L.) XIV cent. M.E.
\(y€iv, to speak. ardaunt. — O. F. ardant pres. part, of ,
archaic. (Gk.) Gk. dpxaik us, a.ntiqne, ardre, to burn. — L. ardent-em, ace. of
primitive. — Gk. dpxaios, old. — Gk. dpxr], pres. pt. oiardere, to burn.
a beginning. ardour. ( F. — L.) O.F. ardour, ardor,
archaism. (Gk.) Gk. dpxacapos, an heat. — L. ardorem. ace. of ardor, a burn-
antiquated phrase. — Gk. dpxaiCîv, to — L. ardere, to burn.
ing, fervour.
speak antiquatedly. — Gk. dpxaiôs, old Arduous. (L.) L. ardu-tis, steep,
âbove). difficult, high; with suffix -^wi-.-|- Irish aj'd,
Archer. (F.-L.) M. E. archer. ~ high ; Gk. 6p96s, upright.

A.P\ archer; O. F. archier, a bow-man. Are, pres. pi. of the verb substantive.
— Late L. arcdrius, a bow-man from ; (E.) O. Northumbrian atvn, O. Merc.
arctis, a bow. earun, as distinguished from A. S.(Wessex)
Archetype, the original type. (F. - sint, sind,sindon.
Cf. Icel. er-u, they are.
L. — Gk.) F. archetype, *a principall From the Idg. V^S, to be from whence ;
type ;
Cot. — L. archetypuvi, the original
' also are Skt. s-anti, Gk. ^Xo-'iv, L. s-unt,
pattern. — Gk. dpxf^Tvirov, a model; neut. G. s-ind, Icel. e7'-u (for *<?5-z<), they are.
of upxirviTos, stamped as a model. — Gk. am. O. Northumb. am, O. Merc, eam,
apxi- =^ dpxi-- prefix (see Archi-)
,
rvvos, ; A. S. as-mi, Gk. ^l-pî, Goth.
eoJH.-J^^kt.
a type. i-m, Icel. e-j7i &c. ;
Archi-, prefix, chief. (L. — Gk.) L. art. O. Northumb. arQ O. Merc. <?ar5 ,
;
archi-. for Gk. apx'' see Arch-.

5 A.S. eart (with / due to -/ in sceal-t, shalt,
archimandrite. (L.-Gk.) l^.archi- &c.). Icel. est, ert.
viandrTta, a chief or principal of monks, is. A. S. is -J-Icel. es, later er. Cf. also
an abbot. — Late Gk. dpxHâvSpiTr^s, the Goth, and G. is-t, Skt. as-ti, Gk. ka-r'i., L.
same. — Gk. dpxi-; chief; fmvSpa, an en- es-t. See also Be, "Was.
closure, fold, afterwards a monastery. See Area. (L.) XVI cent. L. area, an
Arch-. open space.
archipelago, chief sea, i. e. Aegean Areca, a genus of palms. (Port.—
sea. (Ital. — Gk.) Ital. arcipelago, Tnodifi(:^d Canarese.) Port, a/rra. — Canarese rt;d?^z,
to archipelago. — Gk. dpxi-, chief; and adike, areca-nut r being substituted for
;
TT€\ayos, sea. the cerebral d {W. H. Wilson). Accented

architect. (F.-L. — Gk. ) F. archi- on the first syllable.
/ecle. — L,. architecttis, the same as archi- Arefaction ; see Arid (below).
tecf on. — Gk. dpxirinTwv, a chief builder Arena. (L.) L. arena, sand the ;
or artificer. — Gk. "px^-, chief (see Archi-) sanded space in which gladiators fought.
reKTdJV, a carpenter, builder. Orig. harena cf. '^2Lhvi\Q fasena, sand.
;
architrave. (F.-ital- L. and Gk.) —

Argent. (F. L.) White; in heraldry.
In Milton. — F. ajrhil/ ave. — Ital. archi- — F. argent. "1-.. argentutn, silver; from
trave, the part of an entablature resting its brightness Cf. Gk. dpyvpos, silver,
immediately on the column. barbarous A Skt. arjuna{s), white. (y'ARG, to shine.)
compound ; from Gk. dpxi-% prefix, chief, Brugm. i. §§ 529, 604. See below.
34
ARGILLACEOUS ARRACK
Argillaceous, clayey. (L.) L. ar- armada, an armed fleet fem. of armado, ;
gilldceus, adj from argilia, clay, esp. pp. of armar, to aim. — L. anndre, to arm
white clay. Cf. Gk. ap-yus, white. (above). Doublet, army.
Argonaut. (L. — Gk.) 'L.. argonauta. armadillo, an animal. (Span. — L.';
— Gk. ap^QvavTT]';^ one who sailed in the Span, armadillo lit 'the little armed one,'
,
ship Argo. — Gk. dp7w, the name of Jason's because of its haul shell. Dimin. of ar-
ship (lit. swift, from 0^70?, swift) and ; mado, pp. of armar, to arm as above. ;
vavT-qs, a sailor see NauticaL

; arm.ameilt. (L) L. aiindmcnttimy
Argosy, a merchant-vessel. (Dalma- an equipment. — L. aruidre, to arm, equip.
tian.) Formerly spelt arguze and ragusy — L. arma, arms.
(see N. and Q. 6 S. iv. 490 ; Arber's Eng. arm.ature, doublet of armour.
Garner, ii. 67). The orig. sense was a '
armistice. armistice.'^
(F. — L.) Y
ship of Ragusa,' which is the name of a Mod. L. *ar;nistitiujti,on the coined
port in Dahnatia. Ragusa appears in analogy oi sol-stitium, i.e. solstice. — L.
XVI cent. E. as Aragouse. armi-, for arma, arms; and -stitium, for
Argue. (F- — L.) M. E. arguen. ~ -statium (through atonic position), from
O. E, argue?'. ^'Laie L. arguiare (L. ar- statnm, supine of stdre, to stand. (Cf.
gutari), Irequent. of argiiere, to prove by Solstice.)
argument, lit. to make clear; cf. argilius, arm.OUr. (F. — L.) M. E. armour, ar-
clear. mtire.'-O. F. arniure, armetire.^'L. ar-
Arid, dry. (L.) XVII cent, l^.dridtts, mdti'ira, armour. — L. anndtus, pp. of
dry. — L.
drere, to be dry. a/'W^7;r,toarm. — L.ar/;/a,arms. Doublet,
arefaction. (L.) XVI cent. Coined arinattire.
from L. drefaccre,\.o make dry. — L. ^r^-;r, arms, s. pi. weapons. (F. — L) M. E.
to be dry aw(S.facere,
; to make. armes. — O. F. armcs, pi. — L. arma, neut.
Aright. (E.) For on right, in the right pi, arms, lit. fittings.''
.-vÂR, to fit.)
way. arm.y. — L.) O.Y. ari7iee,i&cci.oi
iF.
Ajîse. (E.) M. E. arisen. A. S. pp. of armer, to arm. — L armdta, fem.
drJsan. — A. S. a-, prefix; risan, to rise. of pp. of armdre, to arm. — L. arma,
See Rise. arms.
Aristocracy. (Gk.) Modified from Aroint thee ! begone Origin un- !
Gk. dpioTOKparia, government by the known. The usual reference to ryntye in

nobles or 'best' men. — Gk. dpioro-, for Ray does not help us.
dpiaTos, best and Kpaniv, to be strong,
; Arom.a, a sweet smell. (L. Gk.) —
govern, from Kparvs, strong. The form Late L. aroma. — GV. npwpa. a spice,
dp-LGTos is a superlative from the base sweet herb. Der. aro7)iat-ic, from the
dp- seen in dp-er^y. excellence. Der. aristo- Gk. stem dpcufxar-.
cratic ; whence aristocrat, for '
aristocratic Around, prep, and adv. ;E. andF.—
person.' L.) M. E. a7-ou7id; for on round; see
Arithmetic. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Sh A- (2) and Round.
— F. arithmetique Cot. — L. ;
arithmetica. Arouse. (E. ^'W^Scand ) From A- (4)
— Gk. dpiOixrjTiKr], the science of numbers; and Rouse
fem. of dpLOfxrjTLKus, adj., from dpi9ij.i-fiv, Arquebus, a kind of gim. (F.-Du.
to number. — Gk. dpiOpivs, number, reckon- F. arquebnse, an harquebuse, or hand-
'
ing. gun,' Cot. Walloon Jia/kibuse, dialectal

;
Ark, a chest, box hence a large float-

; variation of Mid. Du. haeckbusse, Du.
ing vessel. (L.) A. S. arc.-^L. area, a haakbus, lit. ' a gun with a hook.' This
chest, box cf. L. arcere, to keep.
; refers to the hook whereby it wa.-; attached
Arm (i), part of the body. (E.) M.E. to a point of support. — Mid. Du. haeck,
arm. A S. ear77i.-{-T)\\. arm Icel. ai'f/ir; ; Du. haak, a hook and Mid. Dii. Imsse, ;
Dan., Swcd., and G. arm\ Goth, arms; Du. bus, a hand- barrel, a gv.n. See
L. armus, the shoulder Russ. ravio, ; Hackbut.
shoulder. See Brugm. i. § 524. Arrack, an ardent spirit. (Arab.)
Arm. (2), to furnish with weapons. (F. Arab, sweat, juice, essence, distilled
'ai-aq,
— L.) F. ariner. — L. ar7?idre, to fur- spirit. — Arab, root 'araqa, to sweat.
nish with arms. — L arma, arms. % Sometimes shortened to Rack cf. Span. ;
armada, a fleet. (Span.-L.) Span. raque, arrack.

25
ARRAIGN ARTILLERY
Arraign. (F. — L.) M.'E.arainen.-^ Arsenal. (Span. — Arab.) Span, ar-
O. F. arezsm'er, to speak to, discourse senal, a magazine, dockyard, arsenal;
with, cite, arraign. — F. a (L. ad), to; O lojiger forms, atarazanal, atarazana, where
reisner, reisoner, to reason, from O. F. the a- answers to Arab, al, def. article.
res on, raison, reason, advice, from L. ace. Cf. Ital. darsena, a wet dock. — Arab, ddr
rationem see Reason.
;
ac-cindâh, a house of construction, place
Arrange. (F L. and O. H. G.)- for making things, dock-yard. — Arab, ddr,
M. E. arayngen, arengen. — O. F. arengier, a house al, the
; and pnd'ah, art, trade,
;
to put into a rank. — O. F. a (L. ad), to ;

construction.
rangier, rengier. to range, from O. F. Arsenic. (L. Gk. Arab. — Pers.) — —
rang, ren^, a rank. See Rank. Late Y^-arseniaim.—- Gk.dpo'fi/i/foi', arsenic;
Arrant, knavish, notoriously bad. (F. seeming to mean a male principle(the alche-
— L.) This word is now ascertained to mists had a strange fancy that metals were of
be a mere variant of en-ant (cf. parson for different sexes \ F>ut really borrowed from
person). Chaucer has theef erraunt , arrant Arab. az-zernJkh where az is for al, the,
;
thief, C T. 1 71 73; and see Piers Plow- def. art., and zernlkh, orpiment, is from
man, C. vii. 307. See Errant. Pers. zernT, orpiment, yellow arsenic (from
Arras, tapestry, (F.) So named from zar, gold). See Devic, p. 4,
Arras, in Artois, north of France. Arson, incendiarism, (F. L.) O. F. —
Array, verb. (F. — L. and O. Low G.) arson, incendiarism. — Late L. ace. ar-
O. F. arraier, to array. — O. F. arrai siottem, a burning. — L. ars-tis, pp. of
arroi, preparation. — L. ad (becoming ar- ardere, to burn. See Ardent,
before r), to, for O. Low G. and O. Fries.
; Art (i), 2 p. s. pres. of verb, (E.) See
rede (cf. Goth, garaid-s), ready, A. S. Are.
nede, ready so that to array is
; to get '
Art (2), skin. (F.-L.) M.E. art.~
ready.' See Ready. O. F. — L. artem, ace. oi ars, skill.
<3:;'/.
Arrears, sb. pi. vF. L.) From M. E. — Artery. (L, — Gk.) L.a;-/i^r/a, properly
arere, adv., in the rear. O. F. arere (F. — the wind-pipe; also, an artery. — Gk. dpr?;-
arriere), behind. — Late L. ad retro, back- p'la, wind-pipe, artery.
v»'ard. —
L. ad, to; r<?/r<?, behind. ^ What Artesian, adj. :F.) Artesian zvells^jo.
we now call arrears answers to M. E. named from F. Artisien, adj. formed from
arerages, s. pi. formed from M. E. arere A7-tois, a province in the north of France,
with F. suffix -age. where these wells were early in use.
Arrest, to stop. (F. L.) O. F. ares- — Artichoke. (Ital, - Arab.) Ital. arti-
ter (F. arreter), to stay. O. F. « ( - L. — ciocco, a corrupt form Florio also gives ;
ad), to L. restdre, to stay, remain, from

; the spellings archiciocco, archicioffo\ also
;r-, back, and stare, to stand see Rest ; (without the ar, which answers to the
?) Arab. def. art. al, the) the forms carciocco,
Arrive. (F. — L.) F. rtrrzz'^r. — Late carcioffo. Cf. Span, alcachofa, an arti-
L. arrJpdre, adrlpdre, to come to shore, choke. — Arab, al kharshuf, or harshaf, an
land. — L. ad, to I'tpa, shore, bank. Der.
;
artichoke, ^
Not Arab, ar'dl shatikl
arriv-al. (Diez), which is a modern corrupt form
Arrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. arro- borrowed from Italian,
gdre, to ask, adopt, attribute to, add to. — Article, a small item, part of speech.
L. ar- (for ad), to rogdre, to ask. ; Der. (F, — L.) F. article. — L. articnhis, a joint,
arrogant, from the pres. pt. knuckle, article in grammar lit. a small ;
'
Arrow. (E.) M..\L. areweTurwe. A.S. joint.' Dimin. oi arttis, a joint, limb.
arwe, and earh (rare).+ Icel. or, an arrow articulate. (L.) L. artictddttis, dis-
^gen. orvar ; allied to Goth, arhwazna, tinct pp. of artictddre, to supj^ly with
;
an arrow. From Teut. base ar/nv- ; cog- joints, divide by joints. — L. artictilus, a
nate with L. arc-US, a bow. joint (above).
arrow-root. (E.") So called, it is said, Artifice. (F.-L.) In Milton. -F.
because the tubers of the Marania were artifice. — !^, artificitun, a handi-
trade,
used as an antidote against poisoned craft; hence skill, —L, «r/z-, stem oi ars,
arrows. art; and -Jic-, iox Der. facere, to make,
Arse. (E.") ^\.Y^. ars.ers. A. S <?r^. workman.
artific-cr, a skilled
+Gk. oppos, the rump. Idg. type ôrsos. artillery. (F.-L.) O.Y.artillerie,
26
-
ARTISAN ASPECT
equipment of war, machines of war, in- Ashes. (E.) The ])1. of ask, which is
cludinij; cross-bows, &c., in early times.— little used. M. E. asc/ie, axe, sing. the ;
O. F. ariiller, to equip. — Late L. *artil- pi. is commonly aschen. axen, but in North-
Idre, to make machines; a verb inferred ern E. It is asches, askes. A. S. cesce, pi.
from tlie sb. ariilidior, a maker of machines ascan, cexan, ascan. -^Yyw.. asch leel. and ;
Extended from arti-, stem oiars,wct. We Swed. aska; Dan. aske; Goth, azgo^ pi.
also find artillidtor, answering to an older azgon G. asche. Teut. stems *askdn-,
;
*ariiculdior\ also Late L. ariiculum, arti- *azgdn-.

fice; artinila, art. Ashlar, Ashler, a facing made of
artisan, a workman. (F. Ital. L.) — — scjuared stones, (i'. — L.) It consists of
F. artisan. — \i2i\. artigiano,2i workman.— thin slabs of stone for facing a building
Late L. ârtitiamis, not found, but formed formerly applied to a square hewn stone
from L. artittis, cunning, artful. — L. arti-, and, probably, so called because it took
stem of ars, art. the place of the wooden beams used for
As, coiij. (E.) M. E, as, ah. alse, also, the same purpose. — O. F. aiseler (Livre
al so. As
a contraction of also. (Proved
is des Rois), extended from (J. F. aiselle,
by Sir F. Madden.)
See Also. aisiele, a little board, dimin. of ais, a
Asafoetida, Assafoetida, a gum. plank. — L. axilla, dimin. of L, axis an
(Med. L. — Pers. and L.) From Pers. dzd, axis, also, a board, a plank.
mastic the L. foetida, fetid, refers to its
; Ashore. (F.) '^ ox onshore.
offensive smell. See Fetid. Aside. (E.) Y ox on side.
Asbestos, a mineral. (Gk.) Gk. a- Ask. (E.) M. E. asken, axien. A. S.
aîcros, unquenchable because it is in-
; dscian, dhsian. dcsian the last answers to
;
combustible. —Gk. d-, neg. prefix; and prov. E. ax. +

Du. eischen Swed. dska ; ;
-c/SeaTos, quenchable, from oîvvvm, I Dan. cBske G. heischen, O. H. G. eiscon.

;
quench, extinguish. See Brugm. i. § 6^^,. Teut. types *aiskdn, âiskojan. Cf. Russ.
Ascend. ^L.) L. ascende^-e, to climb iskate, lîXh. jeskijfi, to seek Skt. ichchhd,
;
up.— L. ad, to; scandere, to climb. See a wish, desire, esh, to search.
Scan. Der. ascens-ion, from pp. ascensus. Askance, obliquely. (Friesic). Spelt
Ascertain. F. — L.) From O. F. a-scance by Sir T. Wyat ascanche by Pals-;
acertainer, aceitener, to make certain grave, who gives de trailers, en lorgnant,

(with s inserted). — F. ^ = L. ad, to) and
; ;
as the F. equivalent. Hardly from Ital.
certain, certain. See Certain. scansa7'e, to go a-slope or a-sconce, or
'
Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. daKTjTiKos, given a-skew, to go sidelin;' Florio. Rather from
to exercise, industrious; applied to hermits, ! Friesic aa Skands, obliquely, to one side
who themselves in reli
strictly exercised (Outzen); from skd7i, obhque. Cf. E. >'ries.
gious devotion. — Gk. daKTjTrfs, one who sch 71, oblique, scJuins, obliquely; Low G.
practises an art, an athlete. — Gk. aatcdv, schi'ins ; Du. schiiin, oblique (whence Dan.
to work, exercise also, to mortify the
;
paa skons). O. Fries, a = Teut. au.
body, as an ascetic. AskeVT, awry. ,0. Low G.) For 07t
Ascititious, incidental. (L.) Coined, skew Hexham gives
; M
Du. scheef, askew,
. '
as if from L. *ascTtTcitis, from asciius, pp. awry ;

'
see Skew.
oi asciscere, ox adsciscere to receive, learn.
, Aslant. cScand.) For on slant.
— L. ad, to; sciscere, to learn, inceptive Asleep. (E.) For on sleep Acts xiii. ;
form of scire, to know. 36.

Ascribe. (L.) L. ascrlbere, to write Aslope. (E.) For on slope.
down to one's account. — L. a- (for ad'), to ; Asp, Aspic, a serpent. {Y - L. - Gk.) .
scrthere, to write. F. aspe, aspic. '^'L. aspidem, ace. of aspis.

Ash, a tree. (E.) M. E. asch. A. S. cesc. — Gk. da-nii (gen. dGtiihos, an asp.
4-Du. esch; Icel. askr ; Dan. and Swed. Asparagns, a vegetable. (L. - Gk.
ask G. esche. Teut. type *askiz. Cf.
;
P>rs. ?) L. asparagus. "Gk. dairdpayos.
Russ. iasene, Lith. usis, ash. Supposed to be of Pers. origin ; cf. Zend
Ashamed. (E.) A. S. dscamod, pp. of cparegha, a shoot, a prong ; Lithuan.
dscainian, to put to shame. — A. S. d-, ex- spurgas, a shoot (Fick, I'rellwitz).
tremely ; scamian, to shame, from scamii, Aspect. (L.) L. aspect us, look. L. —
shame, p. Or for A. S. ofscafjwd, with the aspectus, pp. of aspicere, to look. — L. a-
same sense (with prefix of-, off, very). Jor ad), to, at specere, to look.
;
; ;
ASPEN, ASP ASSOCIATE

Aspen, Asp, a tree. (E.) M. E. asp, ad, to sa/tus, a leap, attack, from saltus,
;
Chaucer, C. T. 2923 aspen is an adj. (like ; pp. of salire, to leap. See Assail.
golden), and is used for aspen-tree cf. Ch. ; Assay, s. the same as Essay, q. v. ;
C. T. 7249. A. S. cBspe, ceps -i^ V>Vi. esp .

\ Assemble. (F. — L.) O.Y. assembler.
Icel. osp, Dan. and Swed. asp ; G. espe, dspe. — Late L. assimuldre, to collect (different
Cf. Lithuan. apuszis ; Russ. osina. from L. assimuldre, to feign). — L. as- (for
Asperity. (F. — L.) F. asperite. - L. ad), to siiinil, together.
;
aspcritdtevL, ace. oiasperitds, roughness. — Assent. (F. L.) O.Y. assentir.-~\.. —

L. asper, rough. assentire, to assent, agree to. L. as- (for —
Asperse, to cast calumny upon. (L.) ad), to ; senttre, to feel, perceive.
Prom L. aspersHS, pp. of aspergere, to Assert. (L.) From L. assertus, pp.
besprinkle. —
L. as- (for ad) ; spargere, to of asserere, to add to, claim, assert. — L.
scatter. as- (for ad), to serere, to join, connect.;
Asphalt. (Gk.) Gk. da<pa\Tos, aa(}mX- Assess, to fix a tax. (F.-L.) O. F.

Tov, asphalt, bitumen. A foreign word. assesser. — Late L. assessdre, to sit as as-
Asphodel. '.Gk.) Gk. da(p6d€Xos. a sessor, to assess cf. L. sb. assessor, one ;
plant of the lily kind. Der. daffodil, who adjusted ta.xes orig. a judge's assis- ;
q. V. tant, one who sit by him. — L. assesstis,

Asphyxia, suffocation. (Gk.) Gk. a- pp. of assidere, to sit near. See Assize ( i).
aipvîa, a stopping of the pulse cf. a- ; Assets, sufficient effects of a deceased
cr</)iwTo?, without pulsation. — Gk. d-, not debtor. (F. — L.) O.Y .assez{'^xoVi.. assets),
and acpvîs, the pulse, from a(pv^fLV, to pul- sufficient (to pay with) properly an adv., ;
sate ; cf. acpvy/xos, pulsation. but, in E., mistaken to be a pi. sb. — L. ad

Aspire. — L.) F. ^j/zm-, to breathe,
(F. satis, up to what is enough.
covet, aspire to. — L. aspirdre, lit. to breathe Asseverate. (L.) L, asseuerdtns, pp.
towards. — L. a- (for ad), to; spirdre, to oi asseiierdie, to speak in earnest. — L. a^--
breathe. Der. aspir-ate, v. to pronounce (for ad), to seiie?ns, earnest.;
with a full breathing. Assiduous. (L.) L. assidu-us, sitting

Ass. (C — L.) \\.Y.. asse. h..'$). assa. down to, applying closely to with suffix ;
— Irish assan. — L. asinus whence also ;

-ous. — L,. assidere, to sit near. — L. as- (for
W. asyn, Swed. asna, Icel. asni. Hence ad), at, near sedere, to sit. See Sit.
;
also (or from L. dimin. aselhis) came Irish Assign. (F.-L.) O.Y. assigner. — l..
asal, Du. ezel, Dan. and G. esel, Goih. assigndre, to assign, mark out to. — L. as-
asilus. Prob. of Semitic origin ; cf. Arab. (for ad^, to signdre, to mark, from signum,
;
at an, Heb. dthon, a she-ass. a mark, sign.

Assail. (F. — L.) M. E. asailen. — O. F. Assimilate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. atj-
asaillir, to attack. — Late L. assalire L. ; simildre, to make like to. L. as- (for ad), —
assillre. — L. ad, to salTre, to leap, rush
; to similis, like.
; See Similai'.
forth. See Salient. Assist. (F. L.) F. assister. — L. as- —
Assart, the offence of grubbing up trees sistere, to step to, approach, assist. — L. as-
and destroying the coverts of a forest. (F. [ioT ad\ lo; sistere, to place, stand, from
— L.) From A. F. assarte)-. F. essarter, to stdre, to stand.
grub up, clear ground of shrubs. — L. ex, Assize ( I ), a session of a court of justice.
out, thoroughly Late L. sartdre, frequent,
; (F. —
L.) M. E. assise. Ô.Y. assise, an
of L. sarrire, sarJre, to grub up weeds. assembly of judges also a tax, an impost. ;
Assassin, a secret murderer. (F. - Probably fem. pp. of O. F. asseoir, to sit

Arab.) V. assassin. Y^com hxoXi.hashdshin, near, assist a judge. L. assidere, to sit —
pi., eaters of hashish,' the name of a
* near see Assiduous, Assess.
;
sect in the 13th century the Old Man of ;

'
assize (2\ a fixed quantity or dimen-
the Mountain roused his followers' spirits
'
sion. F. ( —
L.) O. F. assise, a tax, impost;
by help of this preparation, and sent them the Late L. asslsa was also used in the
to stab his enemies, esp. the leading cru- sense of a fixed allowance of provisions.
saders. — Arab, hashish, an intoxicating The same word as the above. Another
preparation from the dried leaves of Can- form is Size, q. v.
nabis indica, a kind of hemp. Cf. Arab. Associate. (L.) From pp. of L. ^.r-
hashiy, dry. socidre, to join to. —L as- (for ad-'), to

"
Assault. F. - L.) O. F. assalt. - L.

I
socidre, to join, associate. — L. socius, a
28
;
ASSOIL ATHWART
companion, lit. follower. — L. sequT, to Astriction. (L.) From L. ace. as-
follow. See Sequence. trictionem, a drawing together. — L. astric-
Assoil, to absolve, acquit. (F. — L.) tiis, pp Q>{ astringere see Astringent.
;
M. E. assoilen. — O. F. as[s)oille, pres. subj. Astride. (E.) For on [the) stride.

of assoiidre, asohire, to absolve. — L. ah- Astringent. (L.) From stem of pres.
sohiere. to absolve. — L. ab, from; soltiere. pt. of astringere, to bind or draw closely
to loosen. See Solve. Doublet, absolve. together. — L. a- (for ad), to ; stringere, to
Assonant. iL.) 1^. assonant-, ?,iQmo{ draw tight.
assona7is, sounding like; pres. y>^. oi asso)i- Astrology. (F.-L.-Gk.) V.astro-
dre, to respond to. — L. as- (for ad-), to; /ogie. — L,. astrologia, (i) astronomy; (2)
sonare, to sound, from somis, sound. astrology, or science of the stars.- Gk.
Assort. F. — L.") O. F. assoriir, to darpoXoyia, astronomy. — Gk. darpo-, for
(
sort, assort, match (15th century — O. F. darpov, a star '. and -kojia, allied to \6yo^, ;
as- ( = L. as-, for L. ad),\o sort-^ stem of a discourse, from Xeyfiv, to speak.
;
L. sors, lot. See Sort. Astronomy. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. as-

Assuage. (F.-L.j O.Y. asoitagier, tronoinie. — L. astronomia. — Gk, doTpo-
asoagier, to soften, appease (Prov. asua- voiiia. — Gk. doTpo-v, a star and -vop-ia,
; ;
viar).'^ F. a ( = L. ad}, to and L. suditis, allied to vujxos, law, from I'fyueu', to dis-
;
sweet. See Sua^-e. tribute.

Assume. (L-) L- assumere (pp. as- Astute. (L.) L. astilttis, crafty, cun-
snt?iptus), to take to oneself. — L. as- (for ning.— L. asttis. craft.
flflT), to; suniei'e, to take, which is from Asunder. Ê.) For on sunder. A. S.
emere, to take, with a prefix of doubtful on-sundran, apait. See Sunder.
origin. Der. asstunpt-ion (from the pp. Asylum. (L.-Gk.) Y.asyhwi.^QV.
.
Assure. (F. — L.) M.E. assuren.— dovKov, an asylum neut. of d'cruAo?, adj. ;
O. F. aseiirer, to make secure. — O.F. a unharmed, safe from violence. — Gk. d-,
( = L. od^\, to seiir. sure, from L. securits,
;
not and ovKt), a right of seizure
; cf ;
secure, sure. See Sure. ovXdti), I despoil an enemy.
Aster, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. aar-qp, a Asymptote, a line which, indefinitely

star. See Star. produced, does not meet the curve which it
asterisk. (Gk.) Gk. dareplaKos, a continually approaches. (Gk.) Gk. davp.-
little star, also an asterisk *, used for dis- TTTcuTos, not falling together, not coincident.
tinguishing fine passages in MSS. — Gk. — Gk. d-, not ovp., for aui/, together and ; ;
darep-, stem of daT-qp, a star. TTTWToj, falling, from TrlnTeiv (pt. t. nt-
asteroid, a minor planet. (Gk.) Pro- TTTooKci), to fall. (VPET.)
perly an adj., signifying star-like.' — Gk.
'
At. (E.) M. E. at, A. S. crt. Icel. at + ;
darepo-iLhTjs, star-like. — Gk. danpo-, for Goth, at; Dan. ad; Swed. at L. ad. ;
dcTTTjp, a star; and (T5-os, form, figure. Atabal, a kettle-drum. (Span. — Arab.)
Asthma, difficulty in breathing. (Gk.^, Span, atabal. — Arab, at (for al, def. article)
Gk. aaOfxa, panting. — Gk. ud(€iv, to breathe tab I, a drum.
hard. Cf. Gk. d^fii, I blow. See Air. Ataghan ; see Yataghan.
Astir. (E.) For on stir Barbour's Atheism. (Gk.) ; Coined from Gk.
Bruce, xix. 577. d{)^-o'5, denying the gods, without a god ;
Astonish, Astound. (F.-L.) The with suffix -z'j-//^. — Gk. d-, negative prefix ;
addition of -ish, as in extingn-ish, is due 060?, a god.

to analogy with other verbs in -ish. M.E. Athirst. (E.) AL E. oftJnirst, athurst,
astonien, astunien, astonen whence later very thirsty orig. pp. of a verb. A. S.
; ;
astony, afterwards leni^thened to astonish ; ofPyrsted, very thirsty pp. oiofPyrstan, to

;
also astoiiftd, by the addition of excrescent be very thirsty. —A. S. of, very (prefi.x) ;
drafter n, as in sound, from F. son. All awd Pyrstan, to thirst see Thirst. ;
from O. F. estoner (mod. F. etonner to , Athlete. (L.-Gk.) L. athleta.-'G^.

amaze. — Late L. *extondre, to thunder d9\T]TT}s, a combatant, contender in games.
out, from ex, out, and tondre, to thunder. — Gk.dd\€-(ii',to contend for a prize. —-Gk.
Cf L. at tondre, to thunder at, astound ^with d9\os (for dffdXos), a contest ; dOXov (for
prefix at- for L. ad, at). dfidXov), a prize. See "Wed.
Astray. Y ox on stray, Barbour's Bruce, Athwart, across. For on thwart, on
xiii. 195. See Stray. the transverse, across sec Thwart.
;
2Q
ATLAS ATTORNEY
Atlas. (Gk.) Named after Atlas, the attain. — L. at- (for ad), to; tangere, to
demi-god who was said to bear the world touch.
on his shoulders his figure used often to
; attainder. (F.— L.) From the O.F.
appear on the title-page of atlases. — Gk. ateindre, verb, to convict; used substan-
"ArXas (gen. 'ArXauros), prob. 'the sus- tively see above.
;
tainer or bearer, from y'TEL, to bear,

'
attaint, to convict. (F. -L.) From
atlantic, an ocean, named after Mt. M. E. atteynt, ateynt, convicted, whence
Atlas, in the N.W. of Africa. (Gk.) From the verb has been evolved orig. pp. of ;
'ArAarTi-, stem of "ArXas ; with suffix O. F. ateindre (above). Confused with ^

-KOS. L. attinctiis wiience E. taitzt.
;
Atmosphere. 'a sphere

(Gk.) Lit. Attar of BoseS. (Arab.) Also, less
of air round the earth.' from Coined i.e. perfume. — Arab.
correctly, ^//^ 0/ roses,
dTjxo-, stem of arôs, vapour, air and ; 'itr, perfume. — Arab, root 'atara, to smell
Sphere. sweetly.
Atoll, a group of coral islands forming Attemper. (F. L.) O.Y. atemprer —
a ring. (Maldive Islands.) We derive the '
to modify. — O.F. (2 ( — L. ad), to temprer, ;
expression from the Maldive islands . . . te^nperer, to temper. — L. temperdre, to

where the form of the word is atohi. It is apportion, regulate, qualify. See Temper.
prob. connected with the Singhalese prep. Attempt. (F. — L.) O.F. atempter,
dtul, inside.' (Yule.) to undertake, — L. attentdre, to attempt.—
Atom. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.atof?te (Cot). L. at- (for ad), to; tentdre, to try; see
— L. a(omus.'-Gk. drofios, sb., an indivisi- Tempt.
ble particle; allied to drofxos, adj., indivisi- Attend. (F. — L.) O.F, atendre, to
ble. — Gk. a-, not to/j.-, ^-grade ofrefx-, as
; wait. — L. attendere (pp. attentus), to
seen in Tf/x-uen', to cut, divide. stretch towards, give heed to. — L. at- (for
Atone, to set at one, to reconcile. (E.) ad), to; tendere, to stretch. Der. attent-
Made up from the words ai and one, and ion (from the pp.) attent, adj., 2 Chron.
;
due to the frequent use of the phrase «/ vi. 40, vii. 15.
oon, at one (i. e. reconciled) in Middle Attenuate. (L. From pp. of L. at- i
English. Al at onâ,\l agreed; Rob. of tenudre, to make thin. — L. «/- (for<z^),to;

Glouc. p. 113. Tyndall has afonemaker, temc-is, thin. See Thin.
i.e. reconciler, Works, p. 158. Der. atone- Attest. (L.) L. a.'testdrl, to be witness
ment, i. e. at-one-ment we actually find to. — L. at- {=ad), to; testdri, to be
;
the word onement, reconciliation, in old witness, from L. testis, a witness.

authors; see Hall, Satires, iii, 7. 69. Attic, a small upper room. (L. — Gk.)
Atrocity. (F. — L.) F. atrocite^ Cot. '- It orig. meant the whole of a parapet wall,
L. atrocitdtem. d.cc. oi atrocitds, cruelty.— terminating the upper facade of an edifice.
L. at rod-, from atrox, cruel. Named from the Attic order of architecture;
Atrophy. (.Gk.) Gk. dTpo(pia, want of see Phillips, ed, 1 706. — L. y4//z«^.r. — Gk,'
nourishment or food, hunger, wasting away Kttiko^, Attic, Athenian. Cf. F. attiqtie,
of the body, atrophy. — Gk. d-, not; and an attic; Attiqiie, Attic.
Tpe<peiv (pt. t. T€-Tpo(p-a), to nourish. Attire. iF, -Teut.?) U.F.atir,atyr,
Attach. (F.-Teut.?) O.F. attacker, sb. atiren, a'yren, verb. — O.F. atirier, ;
to attach, fasten. — O F. a, for L. ad, to to adorn (Roquefort), -O. Y. a ( = L. ad,

;
and (perhaps) a Low G. word with the prefix); and O. F. tire, iiere, a row, file;
sense of E. tack, a nail. See Tack. Cf. so that atirier is properly to arrange.' Cf. '
Picard attaker, to attach Bret, tac/ia, to O. Prov. iiera, a row Bartsch. See Tier.
;
'
fasten, from tack, a tack, nail and see Attitude. (Ital. — L.) Orig. a painter's
;
Detach, Attack. Der. attach-ment. term, from Italy. — Ital. attitudine, aptness,
attack. (F. -Ital.-Teut. ?) F.atta- skill, attitude. — L. aplitudinein, ace, of
qiier. — Ital. attaccai-e, to fasten, attach : aptitado, aptitude. — L.
aptus, apt.
attaccare battaglia. ' to ioyne battell,' Attorney. (F. - L)
M. E. attoume.
Florio. Cognate with F. attacker so that ;
— O. F. atorne [i, e, atorni\, lit.
' one ap-
attack is a doublet of attack. pointed or constituted ; pp. oi atorner, to '
—
Attain. (F. L.) M. E. ateinen.-' direct, prepare, constitute. — F. a ( = L. ad),
O. F. ateign-, pres. stem of ateindre, to ; O. F. torner, to turn, from L. tor-
ataindre, to reach to. — L. attins:ere, to ndre. See Turn.
30
.
ATTRACT AUSTRAL
Attract. ( L) From L. attractiis, pp. an increase. — L. a//^fV-<?, to increase. See
of ultra here, to nttract. — L. at- \=âd ,
Auction.
to trahere, to draw.
; Augur. (L.^l M.E. augur. f^L,. augur,
Attribute. (L.) Yxovs\attribiltns:.\,Y' a sooch-sayer said to mean a diviner by
;
of L. attribitere, to assign. — L. at- -ad), (^ the flight and cries of birds. Hence a sup-
to ; tribuere, to assign see Tribute. ; posed etymology (not certain) from auis, a
Attrition. (L.) From L. ace. attrl- bird, and -gur, telling, allied to garrfre, to
iionem, a rubbing or wearing away. — L. shout. Cf. L. au-ceps, a bird-catcher.
attrltus, pp. oi attercre, to rub away, L. — August. (L.) L. augustus, venerable;
at- ( =^rtr/), at terere, to rub.
;
See Trite. whence E. august, venerable, and August,
Attune, to bring to a like tune. (L. the month named after Augustus Caesar.
and L. — Gk.) = ad),
j
From L. at- i to; Cf. Skt. djas, strength. Brugm. i. § 213.

and E. Tune, q. v. Auk, a sea-bird. (Scand.) Swed. ^//â;
Auburn. F.-L.) 'M.Y.. abome, au- Dan. alke I eel. alka, dlka, an auk.
;
burne, on<^. citron-coloured or light yellow. Aunt. (F.-L.) M. E aunte. - A. F.

— O. F. a/borne, auborne, blond (Godelroy). aunie; 0. F. ante (mod. F. t-ante).'^'L.
— Late L. alburnns, whitish, light- ainita, a father's sister. Cf. G. avime, nurse.
coloured. Torriano explains Ital. albiirno Aureate. (L.) Late L. auredtzis, gilt,
by that whitish colour of women's hair
' iVom aureus, golden ; in place ot L. au-
called an aburn colour.' Cf. L. alburnum, rdtus, gilded, pp. of aurdre, to gild. — L.
the sap-wood or inner bark of trees aurutn, gold ; O. L. atisum. Der. aur-
(Pliny).- L. albus, white. elia, a gold-coloured chrysalis aur-e- ;
Auction. (L.) L. auctidnem, ace. of ol a, aur-e-ole, the halo of golden glory

auctio, a sale by auction, lit. 'an increase,' in paintings auriferous, gold-producing,
;
because the sale is to the highest bidder. — fromy^rr^, to bear.

L. aiictus, pp. of aiige!-e, to increase. See Auricula, a plant, (L.) L. auricula,
Eke. the lobe of the ear used to mean the
;
Audacious. F. audadeux,
(F. — L.) '
bear's ear,' a kind of primrose see below. ;
bold, audacious. — L. âuddciosiis. not auricular,

told in the ear, secret. (L.)
found ; extended from L. auddci-, from Late L. auriculdris, in the phr. auriculdz-is
audax, bold. — L. audere, to dare. confessio, auricular confession. L. aui'i- —
Audience. (F. L. F. audience, 'an — » cula, the lobe of the ear double dimin. ;
audience or iiearing ; ' Cot — L. audientia from auri-s, the ear. See Ear.
a hearing.— L. audient-, stem of pres. ])t. Aurora, the dawn. (L.) L. aurora,
oiaudire, to hear. For âiiisdire cf. Cik. ; the dawn ; from prehistoric âusdsa.'\-QiV.
alaOfdOai, to perceive, for dfia$eo9ai. /Eolic aucDj, Ion, r\ws, dawn, from pre-
Brugm. i. § 240. historic âvcQis. See East.
audible. (L.") Late L. aiidlbilis, that Auscultation, a (L.) L.
listening.
\
can be heard.- L. audire, to hear. aiiscultdtionevi, of auscultatio, a

ace.
audit. (L.) From L. auditus, a listening; from the pp. of auscultdre, to
hearing. — L. audire, to hear ; whence also listen. — L. %z/j--, base of auris, the ear.
audi-tor. See Ear.
Auger. (E.) Yox na^tger. izatie- ME. Auspice, favour, patronage. (F. — L.)
gar i^^navegar), nattger, a tool for boring V auspice, a token of things by the flight
.
holes^ — A. S. iiafogdr, an auger, lit. nave- of birds, an omen, good fortune. — L. au-
piercer, tor boring holes in the nave of a spicium, a watching of birds for the pur-
wheel. — A. S. nafu, a nave gar, a piercer, ;
pose of augury. Short for *atiispicium. —
that which gores; see Nave (i) and L. aui-, for auis, a biid and spicere,;
Gore (3). -f- Iû. avegaar (for navegaar) ;

specere. to spy, look into.
\c€i. nafarr Dan. 7iaver; Swtd. na/vare
; Austere. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
O. H. G. nabager. austere. — O. F. austere. — L. austerus,
Aught. E ) M. E. aht, aght, aught.
I
harsh, severe. — Gk. avcrrripos, making the
A. S. d/zt, earlier dwiht from a, ever, and ;
tongue dry, harsh. — Gk. avuv, to dry.
wiht, a creature, wight, whit ; lit. 'e'er a See Sere.
whit.' S( e Whit. Austral. (F.-L,; orL.) We find F.
Augment. (F.-L.) Y. augment cr.-- australe, 'southerly;' Cot. -L. Austrdhs,
L,. augfnentJre to enlarge. , — L. augmentum, southerly. — L. Auster, the South wind.
31
; o ;
AUTHENTIC AVERAGE
Authentic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.au- helping, assisting. — L. auxilhcm, help.,—
tentike^ auteiitik. — O. F. auteiiticpie, later L. augere, to increase.
auihentique (Cot,). — L. azifhentiais, Avadavat, a finch-like E. Indian bird.
original, written with the authors own (Arab, and Pers.) Formerly amadavat
hand. — Gk. vouched for, war-
avOevriKos, (^N. E. D.); or amtidavad, N. and Q. 6
ranted. —Gk. avdivTTis, a.ho avTo-evTTjs, one S. ii. 198. Named from the city oi Ahined-
who does things with his own hand, a rtM(^, whence they were imported. — Arab.
'self-worker'; see Auto-, p. Gk. evrijs Ahmed, a proper name Pers. dhdd, a city. ;
(for *(T€VTT]s) is prob. allied to L. so7is Avail. (F.-L.) M.E. auaileii ( =

(gen. soTitis), guilty, responsible. availen). Compounded of O.F. a, to;
Author. F. - I. ) ; M. J*:, atttottr, and zî2?7-, tonic stem of O. F. valoir (valer),
alitor ; author (with th once sounded

later to be of use. —L. ad, to; nalere, to be
as /, but now as th in thin), — O. F. aufor strong.
i^Bartsch). — L. atictoreiii^ ace. oi auctor,&n Avalanche. (F.-L.) Y. avalanche,
originator, lit. '
grower.' — L.
increaser, the descent of snow into a valley. — F.
augere, to increase. Cf. Aiiction. avaler, to swallow but the old sense was ;
AutO-y prefix. (Gk.) Gk. avro-, stem 'to let fall down.' — F. aval, downward,
of avTi)S, self. Der. aiiio-biography, a lit. 'to the valley.'— F. a ( = L. ad), to;
biography written by oneself (see Bio- val, vale, from L. uallem, ace. of uallis, a
graphy) autograph, something in one's
; valley.
own handwriting, from Gk. -ypdcpeii', to Avarice. (F. L.) M. E. auarice —
write (see Graphic). (with u for z/).- F. avarice. ^Y,. audi'itia,
autocracy. (Gk.) Adapted (with greediness. — L. audrus, greedy cf. L. ;
suffix -cy for Gk. -rtia) from Gk. avro- auidus, greedy. — L. auere, to wish, desire.
KpaTfia, absolute power. — Gk. avro-, self; Avast, stop, hold fast. (,Du.) Du. hou
-KpcLTua (in compounds), power, from vast, houd hold fast. — Uu. //ci«, short
vast,
KparUiv, to rule. — Gk. icparvs, strong form of houd, imper. of hoziden, to hold
cognate with E. Hard. !^see Hold) and vast, fast (see Fast).
;
automaton, a self-moving machine. Avatar. (Skt.) Skt. avatdra, descent

(G.) Gk. avTopuxTov, neut. of avr6p.aTos, hence, the descent of a Hindu deity in
self-moviiig. — Gk. avro-, for avros, self; incarnate form. — Skt. ava, down; and tri,
and -/xaTos, cognate with Skt. Diatns, to pass over, pass.
thought, considered, known, pp. oi vian, Avaunt, begone! (F.-L.) A. F.
to think. (VMEN.) avaunt O.F. avant, forward
; See Ad- !
autonomy, self-government. (Gk.) vance.

Gk. avTovopia, independence. — Gk. avro- Ave, (L.)
hail. Short for Aue Alaria,
voixos, free, living by one's own laws. — Gk. hail, Mary i^Luke i. 28). — L. aite, hail!
avTu-, self; and pu/xos, law, from vefiofiai, imper. sing, oi auere, to fare well.
I sway, I'ffxeiv, to distribute. Avenge. ( F L. ) O. F avengier, t. — .
autopsy, personal inspection. (Gk.) avenge. — F. a (L. ad), to vengier, to ;
Gk. avToxpia, a seeing with one's own eyes. avenge, from L. ziindicdre, to lay claim
— Gk. avTo-, self; oif/is, sight (see Optic). to, also, to avenge. See "Vindicata.
Auto-da-fe. U'ort. -L.^ Lit. ' decree Aventail, the moulh-piece of a visor.
of faith ;
a judgment of the Inquisition,
' (K. — L.) A. F. avcntaille O.F. esventail, ;
also, the execution of such judgment, when air-hole. — O.F. esventer, to expose to air. —
the decree or sentence is read to the L. ex, out ; tientus, wind. See Ventail.
victims —Port, auto, action, decree; da, Avenue. (F. — L.) Y.avemu,advenue,
short for de a, of the ;/e, faith. [The Span, access hence an approach to a house (esp.
;
form is auto de fe, without the article one shaded by trees) fem. oiavenu, pp. of ;
/a — Port. «.] — L. actum, ncc. of actus, F. avenir, to come to. — L. ad, to ; uenire^
act, deed dc, prep.
; ilia, fem. of ille, he
; ;
to come.
fidein, ace. oi fides, faith. Aver. (F. - L.) A. F. and O. F. averer.
Autumn. (F.— L.) M.E. atitumpne. — Late L. auerdre, aditerdre, to affirm to
— O.F. autoinptie. — L. autunmus, auctum- be true. — L. ad, to; uerus, true.
nus, autumn. Perhaps allied to azigere, Average, an equalised estimate. (F.)
to increase.) Formerly a duty, tax, impost then, an ;
Auxiliary. (1-0 L. aztxilidrhis, extra charge on goods, the incidence of
S'-s
: ;)
AVERT AWKWARD
such charge, the general estimate or
a ledge, recognise. — L. ad, to uocdre, to ;
apportionment of loss of goods. &c. call. Ânother M.E. avowen, to bind

Formed, with suffix -age, from F. avar-ic, with a vow, to vow, is obsolete see Vow. ;
now usually 'damage' (cf. Span, averia, Doublet, avouch (above\

haberia, the custom paid for goods that
'
Await. (F. - L. a7idO. H. G.) O. F.
are exported' (Pineda), Port, and Ital. awaitier, agaiiicr, to wait for. — O.F. a
avaria, Late L. avaria, averia). A ( = L. ad)f for; waitier, to wait, from
Mediterranean maritime term, orig. signify- O. H. G. wahten, to watch, from the sb.
ing duty charged on goods (G. P. Marsh,
' '
wahia ^G. ivachf), a watching. See "Wait.
inN. E. D.). Origin unknown; perhaps Awake, Awaken.
fE.) M.E.
from Ital. avere, havere, goods, chattels awakien, awaken and azvaknen, owake- ;
i¥. avoir), a sb. use oi havere, haver {!.. nen ; both Two A. S.
orig. intransitive.
habere), to possess. Or from Arab. ^ verbs are conlused dwacian. wk. vb.; ;
'avdr, damage, the relationship of which is and ojiwacnaji, ^îth wk. pres. t., but
obscure. strong pt. t. onwoc, pp. onwacen. The
Avert. (L.) L. a-tiertere, to turn away. prefix is either A- (2) or A- (4). See
— L. J = ab), oft, away; nertere, to turn.
i^
"Wake, "Waken.
Der. averse, from L. pp. diierstis. Award, vb. (F. — L. and O. Low G.)
Aviary. (L.) L. atiidruwt, a place M. K. awarden.^ K. F. awarder; O. F.
for birds; neut. of adj. auidrius, belonging eswarder, esgarder, to examine, adjudge. —
to birds. — L. aui-, stem oi auis, a bird. O. F. es- ( = L. ex), out O. F. warder, to ;
Avidity. ( F. - L.) F. aviditi, greedi- ward, guard, from O. Low G., as in O. Sax.
ness, eagerness. — L. auiditdte/ii, ace. of zvardon (cf. G. warten), to watch, guard.
aiiiditds, eagerness. — L. anidiis, greedy, See Ward, Guard.
desirous. — L. auere, to crave. Aware. (E.) A
corruption of M. E.
Avocation. (L.) From L. duocd- iwar. y7var, aware (common) from A. S. ;
tidnem, ace. oi diiocdtio, a calling away of gewcer, aware. — A.S. ge-, a common
the attention, hence a diversion, amuse- prefix, not altering the sense wcer, ware^ ;
ment afterwards used in the sense of

; wary; see "Wary.
employment. — L. diiocdlus, pp. oid-uocdre, Away. (E.) For on way, i. e. on
to call away. — L. d {~ab), from, away; one's way, so as to depart. A.S. onweg,
uocdre. to call. See Vocation. away. See "Way.
Avoid, to shun. (F.-L.) M. E. Awe. (Scand.) M. E. aie, aghe, axve.
atioiden { = avoiden), to empty, empty out, [Also eghe, eye; all orig. dissyllabic.
eie,
get rid of; later, to keep away from, shun. The latter set are from A. S. ege, awe.j —
— O. F. esvuidier, to empty out, get quit Icel. agi, awe, fear; Dan. ave.'\-K. S. ege\
of. — O.F. es-, prefix (L. ex, out); and Goth, agis, fear, anguish ; Irish eagaly
O. F. vuit, vuide (F. vide), empty, void. fear, terror; Gk. o-xos, anguish, affliction.
See Void. (VAGH.) Dev. azu-ftd.
Avoirdupois. (F. — L.) Formerly Awkward, clumsy. (Scand. a«^ E.
avoir de pois (Anglo- F. aveir de peis), Orig. an adv., signifying transversely,' or '
goods of weight, i.e. heavy articles. — F. 'in a backhanded manner.' M.E. a7vk-
avoir, goods, orig. to have de, of
' ; ' ward, ajvkwart ankwart he couth him
;
'
O. Y. pois, A. F. peis, weight. — L. habere. ta'^he gave him a hackhanded stroke,

to have; de, of; peiistim. that which is Wallace, iii. 175. p. The suffix -xvai-d xs
weighed out, neut. of pensus, pp. of pen- E. as in for-ivard. on-ward, &c
, The
dere, to weigh. ^ The F. pois is now prefix is M. E. auk, awk, contrary, perverse,
misspelt /^n/^. See Poise. wrong; this is a contraction of Icel. qfttg-
Avouch. (F.-L.' M.E. avouchen. [Swed. afvug, in Widegren], like hazok
— O. F. avochier, to call upon as guarantor from A. S. hafoc. — Icel. ofngr, often con-
(Godefroy). — L. aduocdre, to call to or tracted to bfgu, adj., turning the wrong
summon (a witness) — L. ad, to; twcdre, way, back foremost, contrary, y. Here
|
to call. Cf. Vouch. of- is for a/-, off, from, away; and -tig- is
j
avow, to confess, to declare openly. a suffix. Cf. O. H. G. ap-uh, M. H. G. eb-

(F. — L.) M.E. avozven. — O.Y. avouer,\ ich, turned away, perverse; from apa =
avoer. —
L. aduocdre, to call upon ; Med. L. G. ab, off, away, and the suffix -h. S.
to call on as patron or client, to acknow- Thus the sense of aivk is turned away '
i
'
; —
AWL BABE
from Icel. af-^ cognate with E. of, off, old edd. of Shak., &c. Origin uncertam;
Gk. dVo. perhaps a variant of Yea.
Awl. (K.) Auk in Shak. ; M. E. alle, al, Ayah, a native waiting-maid, in India.
Wyclif, Exod. xxi. 6. A. S. (zl,al\ Exod. (Port. — L.) Port, aia, a nurse, governess
xxi. 6 Levit. xxv. lo.-J-Icel. air; O, H. G.
;
(fem. of aio, a tutor). Prob. from L. aula,
ala, G. ahle Du. aal. Teut. types "âloz,
; a grandmother. — L. anus, a grandfather.
*ald. %
IJistinct from M. E. aule, flesh- Aye, adv., ever. (^Scand.) M.E. ary.
hook, A. S. awel, grappling-hook. (Phil. Icel. ei, ever. 4- A. S. a, ever, also dwa ;
Soc. Trair;. 1906; p. 261.) Goth, aiw, ever, case- forms from Teut.
Awn. (Scand.) M.E.«^«(f( 13th cent.), âiwoz (Goth, aiws), an age, which is
awene, awne. A. S. pi. cegnan, Corp. Gl. allied to L. cetmm, Gk. alwv, an age. Cf.
— Icel. ogn, chaff, a husk Dan. avne, ; Gk. aWi, dd, ever.
chaff; Swed. agn, only in pi. agnar, Aye-Aye, a kind of lemur. (F. - Mada-
husks.+ Goth, ahana O. H. G. agana, ; gascar.) F. aye-aye, supp. to Littre.
chaff. Cf. Gk. pi. axvai, chaff; O. L. l^>om the native name ai-ay in Madagas-
agna, a straw. car ; said to be named from its cry.
Awning. (O. F. ?) In Sir T. Herbert's Azimuth. (Arab.) Azimuthal qSxq^q.%
Travels, ed. 1665, p. 8; the proper sense are great circles on the sphere that pass
seems to be a sail or tarpauling spread
'
through the zenith. Properly, azimuth is
above a ship's deck, to keep off the sun's a pi. form, answering to Arab, as-samut,
heat.' Perhaps from O. F. auvatt, auvant, ways, or points (or quarters) of the horizon ;
mod. F. auvent, a pent-house of cloth '
from al samt, sing., the way, or point (or
before a shop-window;' Cot. Cf. Prov. quarter) of the horizon. — Arab, ah the;
anvan, Late L. antcvanna, auvanna, and samt, a way, quarter, direction whence ;
avanna. Perhaps from L. ante^ before ;

also E. zenith. See Zenith.
tianniis, a fan (fern. sb. ). Azote, nitrogen. (F. — Gk.) So called
ii:7rv^, (E.) For on %v>y, on the twist because destructive to animal life. F. —
Barbour, Bruce, iv. 705. See Wry. azote. '-'G^. d-, negative prefix; ^wtikvs,
Axe, Ax. (E.) M. E. ax, ex. A. S. cbx. preserving life, from ('cu-77, life, idnv, to
older forms acus, (BCUs.-\-V>m. aaks; Icel. live.
ox, oxi; Swed. jfxa; Dan. oxe Goth. ; Azure, blue. (F. —
Arab. Pers.) M. E. —
akwizi O. H. G. acchtis\ G. axt L. ascia
; ; asur, azure. ^0.¥. azur, azure; a cor-
(if for *acsid); Gk. a^Lvrj. rupted form, standing for lazur, which was
Axiom. (Gk.) XM
cent. — Gk. d^lcuna mistaken for tazur, as if the initial /
(gen. d£ta;/iaTos), worth, quality in science, ; indicated the def. article Low L. lazur,
;
an assumption. — Gk. dîuoj, I deem worthy. an azure-coloured stone, also called lapis
— Gk. dîos, worthy, worth, lit. ' weighing lazuli. — Arab. Idzivard (see Devic). — Pers.
as much as.' — Gk. dyeiv, to drive also, to ; Idjuward, lapis lazuli, a blue colour. So
weigh. (VAG.) called from the mines of Lajwurd, where
Axis, axle.L. axzs, an axis, axle-
(L.) the lapis lazuli was found (Marco Polo,
tree. + Gk. d^Mv;
Skt. aks/ia, an axle, ed. Yule).
wheel, cart. Cf also A. S. eax, an axle ;
Du. as ; G. ac/ise ; Russ. os' Lith. aszzs. ;
(VAG, to drive.) See below.

axle. (Scand.) M.E.axe/. [A. S. has
eax/, but only with the sense of shoulder.] Baa, to bleat. (E.) In Shak. ; an imita-
— Icei. bxull, axis whence bxiil-tre, an ; tive word.
axle-tree ; Swed. and Dan. axel, axle. Babble. (E.) M. E. babelen, to prate,
p. It is a dimin. of the form appearing mumble, chatter. The suffix 'le is fre-
in L, axis: see Axis. Cf echel, axle. W. quentative '
; the word means to keep on
Der. axle-tree, where tj-ee is a block of saying ba, ba,^ syllables imitative of a child's
wood. attempts to speak. -|-Du. bahbelen; Dan.
Ay! interj. (E.) M. E. ey ! A natural bable Icel. babbla G. bappeln and cf F.
: ; ;
interjection. ^ The phr. ay me French is ; babiller.

O. F. aymi, alas for me ! Cf Ital. ahime, Babe. CE.) M. E. bab, earliest form
Span, ay di me, Gk. oi]xoi. See Ah. baban. Probably due to infantile utterance;
Ay, Aye, yea, yes. (E. ?) Spelt / in cf Babble.
—
BABIRUSA, BABIROUSSA BAIRN
Babirnsa, Babiroussa, a kind of Hen. Vni, an. 5. To baffull is < a great
wild hog. (Malay.) Malay bdbl riisa. reproach among the Scottes it means to '
;
lit. ' deer-hog/ or hog like a deer

'
from disgrace, vilify. Cf. Lowland Sc. bauchle
'
;
rusa, deer, and bdbl, hog. (XV cent, bachle), to vilify. Origin doubt-
Baboon. (F. or Low L.) O. F. babiiin, ful but cf. F. beffler, to deceive, mock ;
F. babouin ;we also find M. E. babion, (Cot.), bafotier (Cot. baffoiier, to baffle,
babian, babewiiie Low L. babewymis, a revile, disgrace)
; allied to Ital. beffare, to ;
baboon (a.D. 1295). Origin uncertain. llout, scoffe (Florio), from bcffa, a scoff;
Cf. O. F. babou, a grimace (Godefroy\ Norman F. baffcr, to slap in the face ;
Prob. from the motion of the lips. Cf. Prov. bafa, a scoff. Prob. from M. H. G.
Babble. heffen, to scold cf. G. bdffeit, Du. baffen, ;
Bacchanal. (L. — Gk.) L. Bacchdndlis, to bark, yelp of imitative origin, like ;
a worshipper of Bacchus, god of wine.— Du. paf^ a pop, a box on the ear.
Gk. Bd/fxo?, god of wine. Bag. (Scand.) E. bagge. — Icel. baggi, M .
Bachelor. (F, — L.) '\s'{.Y..bachele}'.— O. Svved. bagge. a bag, pack, bundle. Not
O. F. bachelcr. — Y.^X^ L. *bacca/dris, but found elsewhere in Teutonic. (^Gael. bagis
only found as baccaldrius, a holder of a from E.)
small farm or estate, called in Late L. bagatelle, a trifle, a game. (F, - Ital.
haccaldria. Remoter origin unknown, and — Teut.) F. bagatelle, a trifle. — Ital. bagat-
much disputed. Hardly from Late L. lella, a trifle, dimin. of Parmesan bagaia,
bacca, for L. uacca. a cow. a little property from Lombard baga, ;
Back. (E.) M. E. bak. A.S. bcec-if a wine-skin, of Teut. origin see Bag, ;
Icel. bak; O. Sax. bak\ O. Fries, bek. baggage (i).

Der. a-back, q. v. back-bite, 'M. E. bak-
; baggage (i\ luggage. (F.- Scand.)
biten (P. PI. B. ii. 80) back-ward, M. E. ; M
E. baggage, bagage. — O. Y .bagage, a col-
.
bacwa-rd {Cmsor Mundi, 2042). lection of bundles. — O. Y. bague, a bundle.

backgammon, a game. (E.) Li baggage (2), a wôrthless woman. (F.
Butler's Hudibras, pt. iii. c. 2. The sense — Scand.) The same as Baggage iî), in a
is '
back-game,' because the pieces, when depraved sense. Perhaps influenced by F.
taken, are put back. See gammon (2). bagasse, 'a. baggage, quean,' Cot.; Ital.
Bacon. (F. — Teut.) M. E. bacon. — O. F. bagascia, a baggage- wench ' Florio. ' ;
bacon; Low L. baco-Ô. H. G. bacho, Bail (i), security as verb, to secure. ;
M. H. G. bache, buttock, ham, a flitch of (F. — L.) O. F. bail, s, custody; from

bacon, Cf. G. bache, a wild sow M. Du. bailler, a law term, to secure, to keep in
;
bak, a pig; M. Dan. bakke, a pig. custody. — L. bdiuldie. to carry a child

Bad. (E.) M.¥.. badde. Formed from about, to take charge of a child. — L.
A. S. bceddel, s,, a hermaphrodite and bditdns, a porter, carrier.
;
allied to A. S. bcedling, an effeminate bailiff. (F.-L.) M. E-ZiazYz/.-O. F.

man. baillif. Cot. — Late L. bdjulTvum, ace. of
Badge. (Unknown.) M. E. bage; Prompt. bdjnlivus, a custodian, &c. — L. bdiuldre
Parv. Low L. bagia, bagea, signum, in- (above). *
signe quoddam ; ' Ducange

apparently, ; bailiwick. (F. - L. ; and E.) From
a Latin version of the E. word. Origin M. E.
(above) and
baili, short for bailif ;
unknown, M. E. ruuik, A. S. luic, a district hence, ;
badger. (Unknown.) Spelt bageard district of a bailiff; ' later, office of the
' ' '
in Sir T. More a nickname for the bj-ock. same.

;
Dr. Murray shews that badger = animal with Bail (2), a bucket. See Bale (3).
a badge or stripe. See above. Bail (3), at cricket. (F.-L.?) O.Y.bail,
Badinage, jesting talk. (F. — Prov, an iron-pointed stake Godefroy adds that ;
L,) Y badinage. — Y badiner, to jest.—

. . in the arrondissements of Vervins and
'
F. badin, adj., jesting. — Prov. bader ( = F. Avesnes, bail is the name of a horizontal
bayer'),\\\..\.o gape; hence, to be silly.— piece of wood fixed upon two stakes.*
Late L. baddre, to gape; prob, of imitative Perhaps from L. baculiun, a stick.
origin, from ba, expressive of opening the (Doubtful.)
mouth. Cf. Babble. Bairn, a child. (E.) M. E. bam. A.S.
Bafae, (F. ?-G.?)
to foil, disgrace. A beam. + Icel,, Swed., Dan., and Goth.
Scotch word, as explained in Hall's Chron. barn. Lit. *
that which is born ' Teut- ;
; ;:
BAIT BALLAST
type *harnom, neut. sb., from bar, 2nd Balderdash, poor stuff. (Scand. ?) It
grade of ber-an, to bear with suffix -no-. meant a jumbled mixture of
; formerly
See Bear (i). liquors. Cf. Dan. balder, noise, clatter
Bait, to feed. (Scand.) Lit. to make and daske, to slap, flap. Hence it appears
'
to bite a bait is an enticement to bite.' (like slap-dash) to have meant a confused

;
'
'
M. E. batten, beiten. — Icel. bezta, to make noise secondarily a hodge-podge (Halli- ;
to bite, causal of bita, to bite Swed. beta, well) and generally, any mixture. (Un-
; ;
to pasture Swed. bete, Dan. bed, a bait. certain.)

;
Sea Bite. Baldric, a girdle. (F.-M. H. G.-

Baize, coarse woollen
stuff. (F. L.) — L.) O. F. '^baldric (not recorded), older
An error of F. baj'e,
for baj/es, the pi. ' form of O. F. baldret, baldrei ; Low L.
cloth called bayes Cot. — O. F. bat, bay- ;
' baldringus. — }\\.
H. G. baldci-ich, a girdle;
coloured. — L. badins, bay. From the orig. extended from O. H. G. balz, a belt. — L.
colour. Cf. Span, bayo, bay, bay eta, balteus, a belt. See Belt.
baize; &c. See Bay (i)- Bale (i), a package; see Ball (2).
Bake. M. E. baken. A. S. bacan,
(E.) Bale(2^, evih Ê.) W.Y^.bale. A.S.
pt. t. boc, pp. bacen. Icel. and Swed. + beahc, balu, evil. + O. Fries, and O. S.
baka ; Dan. bage Du. bakken G. backen; ; ;
bahi; Icel. misfortune; O. H. G.
bbl,
cf. Gk.
./'wyeiT/, to roast. (V BHOG.) balo, destruction. Teut. *bahuom, neut. of
Bakshish, Backsheesh, a present, '^balwoz, adj. evil cf. Goth, balwazuesei,
;
small gratuity. (Pars.) Pers. bakhshish, wickedness. Der. bale-ftil.

a gratuity from bakhshjdan, to give
; ; Bale (3), to empty water out of a ship.
baksh, a share, portion. Cf. Zend, baksh, (F.-Teut.) XVII cent. It means to
to distribute; Skt. bhaj, to divide. empty a ship by means of bails, i. e.
Balance. (F. L.) M. E. balance — — buckets. — F. bailie, a bucket. Cf. Du.

F. balance, a ballance. pair of weighis or
' balie, a tub Swed. balja, Dan. bailie. G.
;
Cf. Ital. bilancia. — L. a tub. — Late Lat. '^bacida (Diez),

;
ballances Cot. ' balje,
bilancem, ace. of bilanx, having two scales. dimin. from Du. bak, INI. Du. back, a trough.
— L. bi-, for bis, double, twice and lanx, ; Balk (I), a beam, ridge of land. (E.)
a dish, platter, scale of a balance. i\L E. balke. A. S. bah a, a ridge, heap
BalaS-ruby, a variety of ruby, of a which explains balked = laid in heaps,
pale rose-red or orange colour. (F. — 1 Hen. IV, i. i. 69. -f- O. Sax. balko, a
—
Low L. Arab. — Pers.) Formerly balais. beam ; Du. balk, a beam, bar Swed. balk, ;
— F. balais Med. L. balascus, balascius. —

; a beam, partition G. balken. Teut. stem
;
Arab, balakhsh, a ruby (Devic). — Pers. '^balkon-, a bar. Cf. Phalanx.

badakhshi, a ruby; named from Badakh- balk (2\ baulk, to hinder. (E.)
shan, N. of the river Amoo (Oxus). M. E. balken. To put a balk or bar in a
Balcony. (Ital. Teut.) Ital. balcone, — man's way.
palcom, orig. a stage. — O. H. G. balcho, a Ball (i), a spheiical body. (F. —
beam. +
0. Sax. ^(z//^^, a beam. See Balk(i). O. H. G.) M. E. bal, balle. - F. balle. -
Bald. (C.) M. E. balled', the orig. M. H. G. balle, O. H. G. ballo (G. ball\
sense was shining, white,' as in
'
<âA/- '
a ball, sphere. + Icel. btdlr.
/iz^^^ stag,' a stag with a white streak on bale (O, a package. (F. — O. H.G.)
its face cf. prov. E.
; ball, a white-faced M. E. bale. — Y. bale, a ball, also a pack,
horse. — Gael, and Irish bal, ball, a spot, as of merchandise Cot. ; The same as F.
mark, speckle (properly a white spot or balle, a ball hence, a round package.
;
streak) Bret, bal, a white streak on an

; Ball (2), a dance. (F.-Late L.) F.
animal's face; W. bali, whiteness in a bal. — F. bailer, to dance. — Late L. ballare,
horse's forehead. Cf. Gk. (pdXios, white. to dance. + Gk. fiaWi^dv, to dance.
ipa\nKp6i, bald-headed Lith. baltas,'whi\.e. ;
(F. - Prov.- Late L.)
ballad. M. E.
Baldachin {pronounced b;i old akin or balade.-O.Y. balade; F. ballade. -Viov.
bseldakin), a canopy over an altar, throne, balada, a song for dancing to. — Late L.
&c. (F. or F. baldaquin;
Ital. — Arab.) ballare, to dance.
Ital. haldacchino, a canopy, tester, orig Ballast, aload to steadya ship. (Scand.
hangings or tapestry made at Bagdad. — or O. Low Three forms are found
G.)
Ital, Baldacco, Bagdad. — Arab. Baghdad, (i) O. Dan. barlast, i.e. bare load, mere
Bagdad. weight, Swed. barlast (2) O. Low G. ;
.^6
+ -
BALLET BANG
ballast, i.e. *
bale last,' useless load, Du., 'L./dVia, a rumour. (y'BHA.) Brugm.
Dan., E. Fries, ballast (3) Dan. bag-last,
;
i- § .S59-
i.e. back load. Of these, (3) seems due to Banana, the
plantain-tree. (Span.)
popular etymology; and (2) arose out of Span, banana, fruit of the banano said to ;
(i). See Last (4); also Bare, Bale (2), be of African origin (from Guinea).
Back. Cf. M. Du. bal-daedt, evil deed Band (1), Bond. iScand.) M.E.
(Hexham). band; variant, bond. — \zt\. band; Swed.
Ballet. (F.-LateL.) F.â//<f/, dimin. bajid; Dan. baand cf. iJu. and G. band.\
oi hal, a dance. See Ball (2). Teut. ^bandoni, n. from band-, 2nd grade
;
Balloon, a large ball. (F.Ô. H. G.) of bind-an, to bind see Bind. Allied to ;
Formerly balooji, a ball used in a game like A. S. bend, Goth, bandi, a band. Cf. Skt.
football; (also ballone, irom liaX. bal/one, bandha, a binding. Der. bandage (F.
in Florio). — O. F. balon, *a little ball, or bandage) ; band-box ; bandog, q. v.
pack a football or baloon ; Cot. Mod.
; ' band(2% a company of men. (F.—
F. ballon ; Span, balon Ital. pallone ; ;
Teut.) F. bande Cot. whence G. battde,
; ;
augmentative form of F, balk, Sec, a ball. a gang, set. — Low Lat. banda, a gang ;
See Ball (i). allied to Low L. bandu7n. a banner. See

ballot. (Ital.-O.H.G.) lta\. ballot- Banner and Bind.
tare, '
with bullets, as they
to cast lots Bandanna, a silk handkerchief with
vse in Venice;' Florio. — Ital. ballotta, a white spots. (,Hind.) VimA. bdndhim,'- Vi
little ball used for voting dimin. of Ital. ; mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied
/â//a,a ball. SeeBalKi). in different places, to prevent the parts tied
Balm. (F. L. — Gk.) — modified A from receiving the dye ... a kind of silk
spelling M. E. basme, ba?ne, batime. —
; cloth ;Shakespear's Hind. Diet.
'
U. F. basme. — 'L.. balsatmiiii.^QV. (id\aa- Bandicoot, a large Indian rat.(Telugu.'

fiov, fragrant resin of the (iaXaa^xos, cr Telugu pandi-kokkii, lit. pig-rat (Yulej —
balsam-tree. Prob. Semitic ; cf. Heb. Tft\. panai, a \\<j, kckku. a rat.
bdsdm, balsam. Bandit, (ital.- O. H. G.) In Sh.-
balsam. (L. — Gk.) L. balsajtmvi ;
Ital. batidito, outlawed, pp. of bandire, to
as above. proscribe. — Low L. bannire, to pioclaim.
Baluster, a rail of a staircase, small — O. H.G. bannan to summon; whence
column. (F. - Ital.— L. Gk.) Y.bahts- — O. H. Ct. ban, ccgnate ^îth E. ban.
tre\ bahistres, ballisters, little, round,
*
Bandog, a large dog. (,E.) Orig.
and short pillars, ranked on the outsides of banddog, a dog that is tied up. See
cloisters, terraces,' &c. Cot. — Ital. balans
; Prompt. Parv. p. 43. See Band (i .
tro, a baluster; so called from a fancied Bandy, to beat to and fro, contend.
resemblance to the flower of the wild (F. — Teut.) Orig. to band (Turbervile).—
pomegranate. — Ital. balausto, balausira, F. bander, ' to bind also, to bandie, at ;
the flower of the pomegranate. — L. balaiis- tennis;' Cot. .5"^ (âw^Vr, to It ague against.
tiuj?i.~'Gk. PaXavariov, the flower of the — F. bande, a band ; see Band ^2).
wild pomegranate. Der. balustr-ade, ¥. bandy-legged, bowdeggtd. (F.
balustrade, from lizl.balaustrata, furnished Teut. a7id Scand.) Prob. fiom bandy, for-
with balusters. merly the name of a bent stick for playing
Bamboo. (Port. — Malay.) Spelt ?;/rtw- a game called bandy, in which a ball was
bii(1662). — O. Port, mambii (Garcia).— bandied ahoui. See above.
Malay simdfnbil, a rattan like bamboo. Bane, harm. (E.) A. S. bana, a mur-
Bamboozle, to hoax. (Unknown.) derer, bane.-f-O. Sax. and O. H. G. banc,
Ban, a proclamation. (E.) Chiefly in Icel. bani, Dan. and Swed. bane, death,
the banns (of marriage). M. E. ban.
pi. murder. Teut. stem *banon-, m. Cf. Goth.
A. S. gebnnn, a proclamation (the prefix banja, a wound. Der. bane-ful.
ge- making no difference). Cf. A. S. dban- Bang CO, to beat. (^Scand.' In Sh.
nan, to summon, order out. Influenced — Icel. banga, Dan. banke, to beat O. ;
by O. ¥. ban, of G. origin (as below). Swed. bang, Icel. baiig, a hammering. Cf.
Du. bajt, excommunication; Icel. and G. bengel, a cudgel.
Swed. bann, Dan. band, O. H. G. ba7t, a Bang (2), a narcotic drug. (Pers.—
ban. All from Teut. strong vb. *bannan-, Skt.) Pers. bang. — Skt. bhangd, hemp the ;
to proclaim; as in O. H. G. bannan. Cf. drug being made from the wild hemp.
37
BANGLE BARBAROUS
Bangle, a kind of bracelet, (Hind.) M. H. G. batic, a bench, table; see bank
Hind, hangri, a bracelet, bangle. (,H. H. (2).
Wilson.) Banshee, a female spirit supposed to
Banian ; see Banyan. warn of a death. (C.)
families Gael.
Banish. (F. -O. H. G.)
M. E. hanis- beans h it h, a banshee, from Gael. bea7i, a
shen. — O. F. banis-, stem of pies. part, of woman ; sith, a fairy ; O. Irish ban-side,
banir, banni?', to proscribe. — Low L. bajt- fairies (Windisch, s. v. side), from O. Ir.
nire, to proclaim see Bandit.; ben ( = E. qtiean), a woman, side, fairies.
Banisters; a corruption of Balusters Bantam. (Java.) A fowl from Bantam^
Banjo, a six-stringed musical instru- in Java.
ment. Ital. Gk.) — A
negro corruption Banter, raillery. (Unknown.)
of bandore, bandora, or pando7-e. \i2\. — Bantling, an infant. (G. ?) Prob.
pandora, a musical instrument, usually considered as band-ling, one wrapped in
with three strings. — Gk. -navZovpa, the swaddling bands with double dimin. ;
same. Perhaps of Fgypt. orig. suffix -l-ing; but really an adaptation of

Bank (0^ a mound of earth. (Scand.) G. bdnkling (vfith. the same sense as bank-
M. E. banke. — O, Scand. "^banke, orig. art), an illegitimate child; from bank, a
form of Icel. bakki, ridge, eminence, bank bench i. e. a child begotten on a bench,'
;
'
of a river cf. Dan. bakke, Swed. backe,

; not in the marriage-bed (Mahn). Cf.
bank whence also Norman F. banque, a
;
bank (2).
bank. Teut. stem *bankon-. Cf. O. Sax. Banyan, a tree. (Port. — Skt.) An
and Du. bank, O H. G. banch, A. S. bene, English, not a native name for the tree. So
a bench (see Bench). called because used as a market-place for
"bank (,2), for money. (F. — Teut.) F. merchants or bannyans,' as we termed
'
banque, a money-changer's table or bench. them see Sir T. Herbert, Travels, ed.
;
— M. Du. banck, M. H. G. banc, a bench, 1665, pp. 51, 123. — Port. ^(2;//a;/, an Indian
table. See above. merchant. — Skt. bawij, a merchant.
bankrupt. 'F. Ital. —
Teut. and — Baobab, a tree. (African.) The native
L.) Modified from F. banqueroute, bank- name in Senegal (Adanson).
ruptcy, by a knowledge of the relation of Baptise, Baptize. (F.-L.-Gk.)
the word to L. rnptus, broken. — Ital. banca Formerly baptise \ i\I. E. baptisen.Ô.F.
rotta, a broken bank, due to the money- baptiser. — l^. baptizdre. — iJik. fiairTiêiv;
changer's failure. — M. H. G. banc, a bench from liaTTTtLv, to dip. Der. baptist,Gk.
(see above) ; and L. rupta, fem. of rtiptus, âTTTicTTjs, a dipper; baptism, Gk. Pdirna-
pp. of rimipere, to break. fxa, jSaTTTicrfios, a dipping.
—
Banner. (F. Teut.) M. E. banei-e. Bar, a rail. (F. — Late L.) M. E. barre.
— O. F. banere (supp. to Godefroy, s. v. — O. F. barf-e. — Late L. barra, a bar.
bamere), also bajiiere. — lôv^' hook on an arrow. (F. — L.)
Y^.'^banddj'ia Barb (i),
(Ducange gives banderia), a banner. — Low F. barbe. — L. barba, a beard. Hence O. F.
L. bandum, bannum, a standard. From Jlesche barbelee, a bearded or barbed '
a Teut. (Langobardic) source cf. Goth. arrow ;' Cot. See Beard.
;
ba7tdwa, a sign, token. Uexillum, quod barbel, a fish. (F.-L.) M.E. bar-
'
baîdum appellant;' Paulus, de Geslis belle. — O. F. barbel. — F. barbeau. — L. ba)--

Langob. i. 20. Prob. allied to Ban see bellus, dimin. of barbzis, a barbel. — L.
;
Skt. bhanati in Uhlenbeck. barba, a beard. Named from four %

banneret, orig- a knight who had beard-like appendages near the mouth.
men under his own banner. (F. — Teut.) barber. (F.-L.) M.E. barbour.'"
W..Y..baneret. — O. F. baneret F. banneret) A. F. barbonr, with suffix -our=-V.vX. ace.
[ ;
lit. bannered.' — O. F. banere (above)

' with -dtorem cf. O. F. barbier, a barber.
; ;
suffix -et =L. pp. -dtns. — F. barbe, a beard from L. barba, ;
Bannock, a cake. (C.— L. ?) Gael. beard

bannach, a cake. Perhaps from l.. pdfti- Barb ^2),a horse. (F. - Barbary.) F.
citim, a thing baked ixom pdjii-s, bread.
;
barbe, a Barbary horse named from the ;
Banns, pk of Ban, q.v. country.

Banquet. (F.- Ital. -Teut.) Y.ban- Barbarous. (L.-Gk.) L. barbar-us \
q7ief. — licA. banchetto (Torriano), a feast: with suffix -CMJ-. — Gk. PapSapns, foreign,
also a bench ; dimin. oi banco, a bench.— lit. stammering ; a name given by Greeks
38
. -
BARBED BARRATOR
to express the strange sound of foreign j
for storing. .\.S. am is for *ran{n)j
languages. Cf. L. ballms, stammering. I cognate with Icel. rann see
; Kansack.
Sarbed, accoutred, aimed said of ; ,
Barm (i), yeast. M. E. bemie. ;E.)
horses. (K.— Scand. ?) Also (more cor- i
A. beorma. •^•l.ow G. bann\ Swed.
.S.
rectly), barded. — F, bardd, barbed as a '

bdrma G. bdrvie. Teut stem "^berinon-
; ;
horse,' Cot. — F. barde,

I
horse-armour.— 1
perhaps allied to Ferment.
Icel. barii, a brim, edge also, a beak ;
i
Barm (2), the lap. (F.^ M. E. barm.
or armed prow of a warship (cf. hartii, a A. S. bcarin, lap, bosom. +0. Sax.,Swed.,
shield) ; whence it may have been ajjplied l)an. bar)?i Iccl. barvir; Goth, barms.
;
to horses (Diez). j
Teut. type *bari/ioz from bar-, 2nd grade ;
Barbel, Barber; Barb (i). see j

of ber-an, to bear see Bear (î). :
Barberry, Bertierry, a shrub. Barn. (E.^ See Barley.

(Med. L.) From Med. L. barbaris^ a bar- Barnacle (1), a kind of goose. (F.—
berry-tree of unknown origin.
; Flence Med. L, Diniin. from F. bernaque vCot.) ;
also M. F. berbcris, Sp. berberis, and even Med. L. bernaca. Bemacce, aues aucis '
mod. Arab. barbdrJs. <f[ The spelling palustnbus similes Ducange. Used by ;
'
should be bet-bery or barbary r,o con- ; Giraldus Cambrensis. Cf Port, bernaca,

nexion with berry. berttacha; Span. /;^r;//<r/a vNeuman). ^See
Barbican. iF.) ls\.^. barbican. '^^. Max Miiller, Lectures, 2nd Series.)
barbacane, a barbican or outwork of a barnacle (2), a sort ot ?hell-fish. (F.
castle also, a loop-hole
; also, an outlet ; I
— Med. L.) The same as Barnacle (1).
for water. Prob. from Eastern bab-khanah,
I
See N. E. D. and Max Miiller, Lect.'on
;
gate-bouse ^Yule). j
Science of Language, ed. 7, ii. 583.
Bard. (C.) W. bardd, Irish and Barnacles, spectacles, orig. irons put
Gael, bard, a poet. Cf. Gk. ({>pa((iv, to :
on the noses of horses to keep them quiet.
speak. j
(F.) The sense of 'spectacles' is late,
Bare. (E.) M.E. bar. A.S. bar. -^ I
and due to a humorous allusion. M. E. ber-
Icel. berr ; G. bar, baar. Teut. type '
nak, dimin. bernakill. Bcrnak for hors, "
*bazoz cf. ; Lith. basas, O. Slav, bosii, beniakill, Chamus' (i.e. L. camtts): Prompt.
barefooted , Parv. \Ve find bernac in A. F. (in an
Bargain. (F. - Late L.) M. E. bar- Eng. MS.) Wright's Vocab. i. 100, 1. 3.
;
gay n, sb. — O. F. bargaignier bargenir, to ^ Origin unknown.

chafier. — Late L. barcdnidre, to change Barometer, an instrument for measur-
about. Remoter origin unknown. ing the weight of the air. (Gk.) Gk. âpo-,
Barge. (F.-LateL.-C?) }A.Y..barge. for iSapos, weight and pLtrpov, a measure
;
;
— F. /;ar^^. — Late L. barga, variant of see Metre.

barca ;Bark (i).
see Baron, a title. (F.-Late L.) M.E.
bark (i), barque. (F.-Late L. baron. '—Y. baron; older lorm ber, nom.
C. ?) Bark is an E. spelling of F. barque, (Prov. bar^, the sufhx -on marking the ace.
a little ship. — Late L. barca, a sort of ship case (Diez Cf. Ital. barone, Sp varon.
.
or large boat, a lighter. Perhaps of Celtic Port. z'flTi^fi?. — Late L. bare, ace. -oneni, a
origin (Thurneysen). — O. Irish bare (fem. man, a male. Origin unknown.
c-stem), a bark. Barouche, a carriage. G. — Ital. — L.'. :
Bark K-'^, the rind of a tree. (vScand.) G. barutsche.'-WA. baroccio, biroccio, a

M.E. âr>&. — Swed.
bark; Dan. bark; chariot, orig. a two-wheeled car. — L. bi-
Icel. borkr. Teut. type ^barkuz. rotus, two- wheeled with suthx -occio ;
Bark (3), to yelp as a dog. (E.) M. E. assimilated to that of carr-occio, a chariot

berken. — A.S. beorcan, to bark. Cf. Icel. Diez'. — L. bi-, double and roia. a wheel. ;
berkja, A. S. borciati, to bark. Perhaps Barracks. (F. — Ital.) F. baraque.

of imitative origin. — Ital. baracca, a tent for soldiers cf. Sp. ;
Barley. (E.i M.E.^âr/Z.-A.S.^^r/zV. barraca. Prob. connected with Late L.

Cf. A. S. bere, barley Lowl. Sc. bear^ and ; barra, a bar, pale.
-lie, for lie, like. Cf. also Goth, barizeins, Barrator, one who incites to quarrels
made of barley ; l^.far, corn. and lawsuits. (F.) Formerly barratour,
bam. (E.' ^\.¥.. berne. A.S.bern. baratour from M. E. barat. deceit, strife.
;
contr. form of bcr-ern (Luke iii. 17).— — F. barat, cheating, deceit, guile, al.ô
'
A. S. bere, barley ; and em, am, a place a barter,' Cotgrave. Allied to Barter.
.'.9
—
BARREL BASK
^ Influenced by Icel. bardlta, a fight, a base. — F.
bas, m., basse, fern. — Late L. bas-
turmoil. sus, low the same word as L. Bassus,
;
Barrel. (and
(F.) M. E. barel. - O. F. proper name, which seems to have meant
F.) baril. Perhaps from Late L. barra, a '
stout, fat,' rather than merely low.' '
bar, pale from the staves of it.

; Base (2), a foundation. (F. — L. — Gk.)
Barren. (F.) M. E. barain.^K.Y. -M. E. bas. F. base. —L. basis. — — Gk. âais,
barain^ -e O. F. brehaing^ fern, bre-
; a step, a pedestal, base. — Gk. base ;Sa-,
haiiigne, baraigne F. brehaigne, sterile. ;
to go (as in liaivuv, to go) with suffix ;
Of unknown origin. a going, from

•at- (for -Tt-); cf.Skt.â-/'/(.r),
Barricade. (F. — Span.) F. (âr;-/- gam, See Come.
to go.
<:-^7t/^. — Span, barricada, a barricade, lit. Basement, lowest floor of a building.
one made witli barrels full of earth. — Span. (F. -Ital.— L.) Appears in F. as sotibasse-
barrica, a barrel. Perhaps from Span. j?ieni, the basement of a building formed ;
barra, a bar see Barrel. ; from sons, under, a-nd-bassejuent, hoxxowed

Barrier. (F.) M.E. baj-rere.-'O.Y. from Ital. bassaviento, lit. an abasement.—
barrere [Godeiroy, s. v. basseiii\\ F. bar- Ital. bassare, to lower. — Ital. basso^Xov^.'^
riere.^Y barrcr, to bar up. — F. barre, a
, Late L. bassus; see Base (i).
bar. See Bar. Basenet, Basnet; see Basinet.
barrister. (Low L.) A barbarous Bashaw ; the old form of Pasha.
word formed with suffix -isfcr ( = Low L.
; Bashful. {Y. ajid E.) For abash-ful;
-istdruis) from the sb. bar. Spelman gives see Abash. Prob. by confusion with abase
the Low L. form as barrasterms. and base.
Barrow a burial-mound. (E.) For
(i), Basil(i),aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
berro'cu (like parsott for person, &c.\ basile to Godefroy)
(Supp. short for ;
M. E. bergh, berw, a hill, mound. O. basilic ; F. basilic, ' lierb basiil

cf. Cot.
;
'
Merc. berg\ A. S. beorg, beorh, a mountain, — L. basilicum, neut. of basilicus, royal. —

hill, mound. 4- O. Sax., Du., G. berg, Gr. iSaoiKiKot'. basil ; neut. of PaaiKiKos,
Teut. type "^bergoz, a hill. Cf. O. Irish b7'i, royal. — Gk. (3aai\(vs, a king.
a mountain Skt. brhant, large.
; basilica, a large hall. (L.- Gk.) L.
Barrow (2 a wheel-barrow. (E.~) M.E.)
, basilica, fern, of basilicus, royal.
barewe.^K.S. bar-, 2nd grade o{ ber-an^ basilisk, a fabled serpent. (L.-Gk.)
to bear, Cf. M. H. G.
carry. rade-ber, basiliscus.^Gk. (iaaiXiaKus, lit. royal;
L,.
wheel-barrow, from rad, wheel. also a lizard or serpent, named from a spot
Barter, to traffic. yi.Y..bartryn. (F.) on the head like a crown (Pliny, viii. 21).
— O. Y .bareter. barater, to cheat, beguile, ' — Gk. l3aaiX(vs, a king.
also to barter Col. O. F. bai-at, cheat-
;
'
'
Basil (2), the hide of a sheep tanned.
ing, also a barter;' Cot. p. Of doubtful { F.
— Span. — Arab.) A. F. baseyne (Liber
origin perhaps Celtic (Littre). Cf. Bret.
; Albus, 225). — F. basane, M. F. bassane.-'
barad, treachery, Irish brath, W. brad, Span. bada7ia,3. dressed sheep-skin. — Arab.
treachery, Gael. <5'rrt'//^, advantage by unfair bitdnah, the [inner] lining of a garment,
means Irish bradach, Gael, bradach,
; for which basil-leather was used. Cf. Arab.
thievish, roguish W. bradti, to plot. ; hatn, the inside.
Barton, a court-yard, manor. (E.) O. Basin. (F. — Late L.' M.E. bacin,
Northumb. bei-e-tiln (Matt. iii. 12). A. S. — basin. — O.Y. bacin, bacJiin; Y bassin.-- .
bere, barley n.nd tiin, an enclosure

; see ; Late L. bachinns, bacchinus, a basin
Barley and Town. (Due). Supposed to be from Late L.
Barytes, chemistry. TGk.) Named
in bacca, water-vessel (Isidore). Cf. \)w..bak,
from its weight. — Gk. /SapurT/j, weight. a bowl, trough.
Gk. (3apvs, heavy. See Gr ive (2). basinet, basenet, basnet, a light
barytone. (Ital.— Gk.) Better bari- helmet. (F. — LateL.) In Spenser ; F. Q.
tone ;a musical term for a deep voice. — vi. I. 31. — O.F. bacinet, dimin. of bacin,
Ital. baritono, a baritone. — Gk. âpv-s. a basin from its shape.
;
heavy, deep and ruuos, a tone see Tone.

; ;
—
Basis. ^L. Gk.) 1.. basis. "QV.âais;
Basalt. (L.) Also basalt es. L. ba- see Base (2).
salies, a hard kind of marble in ./Ethiopia. Bask. (Scand.) M. E. baske, to bathe
An African word (Pliny). oneself, Palsgrave and cf. bathe hire, to
;
Base l,i), low. (F. — L.) M. E. bass. bask herself, Ch. C. T. Nonnes Prestes
40
— ;
BASKET BATTER
Tale, 447. — Icel. *batiask (later haQast), —
Bastion. (F. Ital.) F, bastion. •~\\.?^\..
for baSa sik, to bathe oneself. Cf. also bastione, part cf a fortif:c;.tion. Ital. bas- —
Svved. dial. a( basa sig i solen, to bask in tire, to build allied to O. F. bastir, to
;
the sun, badjisk, fishes basking in the sun build. See Bastile.
(Wedgwood). See Bathe. % Formed Bat a cudgel.
(I ), E.) Vl.Y.. batle.-
like Busk. A.S. batt (Eng. Suidien, xi. 65). Cf. Irish
Basket. (F. ?) M. E. basket. Mod. bata, bat, a staff. Der. bat-let, with double
Norman F. basquette (Moisy). Origin dimin. suffix -l-et.
unknown. Bat (2), a winged mammal. (Scand.)
Basnet see Basinet.
;
Bat has taken the place of M. E. bakke.'—
Bass (0, the lowest part, in music. Dan. bakke, now only in covc\\).aflai-bakke,
(F. — L.) The same word as Base (1) ;
evenmg-bat. Cf. O. Swed. natl-backa,
but so spelt in imitation of Ital. basso, 'night-l)at' (Hire); for which we find
base. Swed. dial, natt-batta (Rietz\
Bass (2), Barse, a fish, (E.^ M. E. Batch. (K) batch is r.s much as is A
barse; also bace (with loss of r).
base, leaked at once; hence, a quantity. M.E.
A.S. beers, a perch. -fDu. baars G. bars, \
bacche, a baking from A. S. bacafi, to ;
barsch, a perch. Named from its prickles. bake. See Bake.

From *bars-, 2nd grade of Teut. root Bate (i), to beat down, diminish.
*^<?;-j-, whence also Bristle, q. v. Cf. Skt. — L.) Short for Abate, by loss of a.
(F.
bhrshtt, pointed. Bate (2), strife. (F.-L.) M. E. ^^/^;
Bassoon, (F. — L.)
a base instrument. a dipt form of Debate, in the sense of
F. basson, augmentative from
F. basse, strife. % So sXsofejue for de-fence.
base (in music), fem. of bas, base. See Bath. (E.) M.I-.. baj>. A.S. ^<f(J.+
Base ,0. Icel. bad;O. H.G. bad; Swed., Dan.,
Bast. (E.") M. E. bast bast-tre, a lime-
;
Du.,G./'a^/. Teut. */>«-/£» w. neuter. The
tree. A. S. bcEst, inner bark of a lime- orig. sense was a place of warmth cf. ;
tree ; whence bast is made.+Iêl-> Swed., O. H. G. bdjan (G. bdhen", to foment.

Dan., G. bast. Often spelt bass. bathe. (E.) A.S./'a9ea«, to bathe.-
Bastard, an illegitimate child. (F.) A. S. bced, a bath. And see Bask.
M.E. bastard, applied to Will. I.-O. F. Bathos. (Gk.) Lit. depth, sinking.
bastard, the same as Jils de bast, lit. the ' Gk. ^dOos, depth cf. PaOvs, deep. ;
son of a pack-saddle,' not of a bed. [The Baton, Batoon, a cudgel. (F.) F.

expression a bast ibore, illegitimate, occurs baton, O.F, baston. "1. ate L. bastonem,
in Rob. of Gloiic. p. 516.] — O.F. bast, a ace. of basto, a cudgel. Origin doubtful
pack-saddle (F. bat) with suffix -ard, from
;
connecled by Diez with Gk, idaardêiv, to
O. H. G. hart, hard, first used as a suffix support.
in proper names and then generally. Battalion. ( F. — Ital. — L.) F. bataillon.
Baste (i), to beat. (Scand.?) The — Ital. battaglione, a battalion. — Ital. bat-
form bas-it occurs as a pp. in 1553. Cf. taglia, a battle ; see Battle below.
Swed. basa, to strike, beat, whip. Batten (i)> to giow fat; to fatten,
Baste (2), to pour fat over meat. (Un- (Scand.) Orig. intransitive. — Icel. /â/;/^,
known.) InSh. 71? /'ai-/^, linire

'
Levins, ;
' to grow improve, recover.
better, Cf.
cd. 1570. Goth, ga-batnan, to be bettered ; Icel.
Baste (3), to sew slightly. (F. — M. bat-i, s., improvement, E. Better, q. v.,
H.G.) M.E. basten.-id.Y. bastir, F. and Boot \2^. Cf. also Du. baten, to
batir,X.o sew slightly; a tailor's term.— yield profit ; baat, profit.
M. H. G. besten (for *bastjan), to bind ;
Batten wooden rod. (F.)
(2), a To
orig. to tie with bast. — G. bast, bast. See batten down to fasten with battens. JSatten
is
Bast. is merely another spelling of Bi^ton.

Bastile, a fortress. (F.) O.F. bastille, Batter (i , to beat. (F.-L.) M.E.
a building. — O. F. bastir (F. bdti)-), to bat-er-en ; with frequentative suffix -er-.
build. Origin uncertain perhaps allied to ;
— F. battre. — L. batter e, popular form of
Baton. battiiere, to beat.
Bastinado. (Span.) Fiom Span, bas- batter (2 . a compound of eggs, flour,
tonada, a beating. — Span, baston, a stick.— and milk. (F. - L.) M. E. batour, bature.
Late L. bastonem, ace. see Baton. ;
— O.F. bature, a beating. — F, battre, 10
;
BATTERY BEADLE
beat (above). So called because beaten Bay (2), a kind of laurel ;
properly, a
up. berr)-tree. (F. -L.) M. E. bay, a berry
battery. (F. — L.) Y.batene, batfene, —
F. bale, a berry. —
L. bdca, a berry.
'beating, battery
;
' Cot. — F. baitre, to beat. Bay (3), inlet of the sea. (F.-L.) F.
battle. (F.-L.) 'is\.Y..bataille bataile. bale, an inlet. —
Late L. baia, a harbour
— O. F. bataille, (i a a battalion. ; fight, (2 ;
(Isidore), p. Confused with bay, a recess
— Folk-L. /;a//<7/?<3;,
neut. pi. (turned into in a wall. — O.F. baee, a gap. — Late L,
a fem. sing.), fights; Late L. battudlia, baddta, fem. of pp. oibaddre, to gape.
neut ph of acij. battualis, fighting. — Late Bay (4), to bark as a dog. (F. L.) —
L. battuere, to beat. M. E. bayen. — O. F. baier, to yelp (Gode-
battledoor. (,Prov,-L.) M. Y..batyl- froy). Cf. Ital. baiare, 'to barke,' Florio.
doiire. Prompt. Parv. — Prov. batedor. Span. From the sound.
batidor, a washing-beetle, which was also Bay (,5S in phr. a/'/^^j. (F. L.) Yoxat —
at first the sense of the E. word. [The abay. — F. abois, abbots etre atix ahois, to
;
corruption to battledoor was due to con- be at bay, lit, to be at the baying ot the
*
fusion with battle, vb. to fight.] -Prov. dogs.' PI, of F, aboi, the bark of a dog ;
bat7'e, Span, batir, the same as F. batt7'e, to verbal sb, from F, aboyer, O. F. abater, to
beat ; with sufhx -dor, which in Prov. and yelp, bay, -O. F. a (forL, ad) ; and baier
Span. = L. suffix -torem, ace. form from âbove").
iiom. -tor^ expressing the agent. Bay-window; from Bay (3, sect, |3)
Battlement. (F.) M. E, batelment, and Window.
batilment ^'bateilUinent, from O.F. bateil- Bayonet. (F.) XVII cent. F. bdion-
/e<?r, to fortify formed from 6a/«?7/<?, battle,
; nette ; bayonette, a knife ; Cot, Probably
fight, but confused with O. F. bastiller, to named from Bayojine (France), where
fortify, derivative of O. F. bastir, to build. first made or used.
See Battle and Bastile. Bazaar. (Pers.) Pers. bazar, a mar-

Bauble a fool's mace
(i), (2) a play- ;
ket.
thing. (F.) (I) M. E. baby II, bable, babel, Bdellium. (L,-Gk.-Heb.\ A pre-
Gower, C. A. i. 224; (2) M. E. babeL cious substance, — L. bdellium. — Gk. )S5e\-
Tudor E. bauble. From O. F. battheL Kiov. — Heh. bedolakh (Gen. ii. 12).
babel, a. child's plaything (Godefroy. Be-, prefix, (E.) A.S. be-, prefix;
Perhaps connected with M. Ttal. babbola, ofien causative, as in be-mimb, to make
a toy (Florio) and with L. babulus, a fool.
; numb. Note also be-head, to deprive of
Cf. E. Babble. the head ; be-set, to set upon, set round
Bavin, a faggot. (F.) Prov. E. (Wilts.) be-mire, to cover with mire &c. ;
bavin, a faggot hence, as adj., soon kin-

; Be, to exist. (E.) yi.Y.been. A.S.
dled and burnt out, i Hen. IV. iii. 2. 61. — bean, to be.-f-W. bod, to be Russ. buite ; ;
O. F. baffe, a faggot, bundle (Godefroy, L. fore (pt. t. fid) Gk. ^v^w ; Skt. bhU.
;
Roquefort). Remoter origin unknown. (VBHEU.)

Ba'wd, a procurer or procuress, go- Beach. (E.?) XVI cent. Orig.
between. (F. - O. H. G.) The full M. E '
shingle,' Prob, E,, and the same as
form is bawdstrot, P. Plowm. A. iii. 40 prov, E. bache, a valley ; also, a sandbank
(another MS, has bawde).'^0. F. *balde- near a river. A. S. bcpx, a valley Kemble, ;
strot (found only in the later form baiide- Cod, Dipl, iii. 386.
trot), equivalent to Lat. proniiba, a bride- Beacon. (E.) W. E. beken. A. S.
woman. —O. H. G. bald, bold, gay, lively heacn, been. •\- O, Sax. bokan O. H. G. ;
(cognate with E. bold)', and M. H. G. bouhhan. Teut. type *bauknom, neut.

strotzen, vb. (E. strut). Bead. (E.) Orig. a prayer ' hence ' ;
Bawl. (Scand.) Icel. baula, to low as a perforated ball, for counting prayers.
a cow ; Swed. bola, to bellow : see Bull, M E. bede, a prayer, a lead, A.S. bed,
Bellow. gebed, a prayer. — A. S. biddan ( - '^bidjan,
Bay (i), reddish broAvn. (F. — L.) to pray. 4" Du. bede ; G. bitte ;
Goth.
M. E. bay. — O. F. âz. — L. badius, bay- hida. a prayer. See Bid (i).
coloured. Beadle. (F.-Tcut.) yi.Y. bedel.-
bayard. (F. — L.) A bay horse; O. F, bedel, F. bedeau, a beadle lit. 'pro- ;
olaimer,' or messenger.' — M, H. G. biitel,

I
from the colour also, any horse. The

;
'
'
suffix -ard is Teutonic see Bastard. ;

O. H, G. butil. - b, H. G. but; weak
BEAGLE BEDRID, BEDRIDDEN
âde of biotan, G. bieten ; coj^nate with Beau, a dressy man. (F. — L.) F. beau ;
A. S. beodan, to bid. Cf. A. S. bydel, a O. F. beL — Y.. belhis, fair. For *ben-lus ;
beadle, irom beodan. See Bid (2). from ben- (as in ben-e), variant of bon-, as
Beagle, a dog. (Unknown.) § 67. M. E. in bon-us. Brugm. ii.
good.
begle, Squire of Low Degree, L 771. beute. - A. F. beauty. (F.-L.) M. E.
Beak. (F.-C.)
^l.E. bec.^F. bee- betite, O.V. beatiie, beltet. — 'L. bellitdteju,
Late L. beccns, of Gaulish origin. Cf. ace. of bellitds, fnirness. — L. bellus, fair
Irish bacc, \V. bach, a crook, a hook. (above). Der. beauti-ftil, beatde-ous.
Beaker. (.Scand. — L. — Gk.) M.E. Beaver 1), an animal. (E.) M. E.
biker, byker.'^lccl. bikarr, a cup. +
O. bever. A. S. befer, beofor. 4- Du. bever ;
Sax. bikeri\ Du. beker; G. becher Ital. Icel. bjdrr; Dan. bcever Swed. bdfver
; ;
\
bicchiere. (3. I'erhaps from Late L. bicd- G. biber; Russ. bobr' Lilh. bebriis L. ; ;
rium, a wine-cup. — Gk. îkos, an earthen fiber. Skt. babhrus (1) bro\\n (2) a large ;
wine-vessel a word of Eastern origin.

;
ichneumon. Teut. type '^bebruz Idg. type ;
Beam .1), a piece of timber. (E.) *bhcbhrtis, reduplicated deriv. of bhru-,

M.E. beem, A. S. beam, a tree. Du. brown, tawny. Brugm. i. § 566. See +
boo?n G. baiim. Cf. also Icel. badtnr, a
;
Brovpn.
tree ;Goth, bagms. Beaver (2), Bever, lower part of a
Beam (2), a ray. (E.) [Usually iden- helmet. (F.) Altered by confusion with
tified with Beam
(i\ specially used to beaver-hat. — M. E. baviere. — O. F. bavi^re,
signify a column of light; cf. A. S. byr- a child's bib also, the bever (beaver) of
;
nende beam, the pillar of fire.'] But A. S.

* a helmet. — F. baver, to slaver. — F. /;az/(?,
beam, a beam as in sunne-beani, a sun- foam, slaver. Perhaps from the move-
beam) answers to a Teut. type *bazi-?noz. ment of the lips ; cf. Bret, baboitz, t.laver.
prob. cognate with Gk. (pav-ois, light, (pdos Beaver (3 Bever, a short imme-
,
(for (pafos), also t/jcD?, light. See Phos- diate —

repast. iF. L.) M.E. beuer { =
phorus. bever).'— A. F. beivre, a drink substantival ;
Bean. (E.) M. E. bejte. A. S. bean. use of O. F. bev7-e, bcivre, to drink.— L.

+ Du. boon; Icel. baun; O. H. Q.pona, bibere, to drink.
bona (G. bohne). Teut. type '^baund, f. Becalm, to make calm. See Be- and
Bear (1), to carry. beren. (E.) M.E. Calm.
A. S. beran.'iflc^. hera O. H. G. bera7i ; ;
Because. (E. a«</F. — L.) See Cause.
CiO'Cq.. bairan also 'L. ferre\ Gk. (pepav
\ ; Bechance. (E. and F. — L.) See
Skt. b/ir ; O. Ir. berim, \ bear Russ. brate, ;
Chance.
to take, carry ; Pers. burdan, to bear. Beck (i), to nod, give a sign. (E.)
(VBHER.) Der. upbear. M. E. bek-yn, the same as bek-nyn, to
Bear (2), M. E. bere.
an animal. ;E.) beckon (Prompt. Parv.). See Beckon.
A. S. bera '\bjdrii)\ O. H. G.
bera.-\-\cft\. Beck a stream. (Scand.)
\2), M.E.
bero, pero, G. bar; Du. beer. Cf. I>ith. bek. — lceX. bekkr; Swed. back; Dan. bcek;
beras, brown (Kluge"). TQxxt.iypt^beron-. a stream. Teut. type "^bakkiz. Also
feeard. E.) U.'E.berd. A.^'. beard. Teut. type '^bakiz whence Du. beek, a ;
•^Dw.baard G. bart. Teut. type '^bardoz.

; beck ; G. bach.
Allied to Russ. boroda Lith. barzda L. ; ; Beckon. (E.) M. E. beknen. A. S.
barba, beard; from Idg. type *-bhardhd. becnan, beacnian (also biectian), to make
Beast. (F.-L.) M.E. beste.~O.Y. signs. — A. S. beacn, a sign. See Beacon.
beste (F. bete' . — 1^. bestia, a beast. Become. (E.) A. S. becuman, to
Beat. lE.) M. E. beten. A. S. beatan. arrive, happen, turn out, befall. + Goth.
+ Icel. bauta O. H. G. pozan,
; M. H. G. bi-kwiman cf. G. be-qnem, suitable, be-
;
bozen. Teut. type *bautan-. coming. From Be- and Come.

Beatify. (F.-L.) F. beatifer.-^l.. Bed. (E.) M. E. bed. A. S. bed, bedd.
bedtificdre, tomake happy. — L. bedti-, for + Du. bed; Goth, badi ; G. bett. Teut.
bedtus. pp. of bedre, to bless, make happy ;
type ^badjom, n.
and -fie-, for facere, to make. bedrid, bedridden. (E.) M.E.
beatitude. (F.-L.) F. beatitude. bedrede (Ch. C. T. 73; i); bedreden (P.
— L. bedtitiidinem, ace. from nom. bedti- PL B. viii. 85 ). A. S. bedrida, bedreda, lit.
iudo, blessedness. — L. bedti-, for beaius, a bedrider
'
one who can only ride on a
; '
blessed with suffix -tudo.

;
bed, not on a horse. — A. S. bed, a bed ; and
43
BEDSTEAD BEHOOF
*rid-a, one who rides, from the weak sharp, or from M. E. bitil, a beetle. In
grade of rldan, to ride. either case from bit-, weak grade of bitan,
bedstead. (E.) M. E. bedstede.^ to bite.
A. S. bed, a bed ; and stede, a stand, Befall, Befool, Before ; see Fall,
station ; see Stead. &c.
Bedabble, Bedaub, Bedazzle, Beg. (F.) M. E. beggen. A. F. begger,
Bedew, Bedim, Bedizen. See Langtoft, i, 248 ; used as equiv. to be-
Dabble, Daub, &c. gtcigne}', Britton, I. 22. § 15. Formed,
Bedell. (Low L. -
Teut.) From the from the sb. beggar ; see below.
Latinised form {bedelhis), of O. F. and Beget, Begin; see Get, Gin (i).
M. E. bedel see Beadle. ; Beggar. (F.) M. E. beggare \ cf.
Bedlam. (Palestine.) M. E. bedlevi, Begger^2i Beguin or Beghard, Rom. Rose,
corruption of Bethlehem, in Palestine. 7256 (F. text, Begiiin).'-0.¥. begard, be-
Now applied to the hospital of St. Mary gart, Flemish beggaert, Late L. Beghardus.
of Bethlehem, for lunatics. Formed, with suffix -ard (G. -hart), from
Bedouin. (F. — Arab.) 0.¥. bedouin, Begue, a man's name. See Beguine.
a wandering Arab orig. pi, — Arab, bada- ; Begone, Beguile ; see Go, Guile.
win, pi. of Arab, badauny., wandering in Beguine, one of a class of religious de-
the desert. — Arab, badw, a desert. votees. (F.) Chiefly used in the fern. F. ;
Bedridden, Bedstead see Bed. ; bdguine, Low L. beghJna, one of a religious

Bee. (E.) M.K. bee. A. S. earlier ^<?<7, order, first established at Liege, about A. D.
bio.-^Dx\. bij\ O. H. G. hia. Cf. G. 1207. Named after Lambert Le Begue,
bie-ne ; Lith. bi-tle ; of Liege (12th c.)
Ir. bea-ch. Perhaps
whence also priest ;
'
flutterer ' ; cf Skt.
bhi, to fear ; Beguin, Beghard, masc. Le Begue meansO. H. G.
bi-ben, to tremble. '
stammerer,' from the verb begui, to stam-
Beech. (E.) A S. boece, bece, a beech mer, in the dialect of Namur ; allied to ;
becen, adj., beechen both derivatives (by Picard bigiier, F. begayer.

;
mutation) from the older form boc. See in the E. Indies, a lady of the Begum,
Book. highest rank. (Pers. — Turk.) Pers. be-
Beef. (F.-L.) M.E. beef.^K.Y. be/; gum, a queen, lady of rank. — Turk, beg,
O. F. boef (F. bceiif\. — \a. bouem, ace. of bey, a bey, governor. See Bey.
bos, an ox.-j-Gk. ii'>m, ox; Ir. bo, Gael, bo, Behalf, interest. (E.) Formerly in the
W. binv, Skt. go, A. S. en, a cow see Cow. M. E. phrase on my behalue = on my ;
beef-eater, a yeoman of the guard. behalf, on my side substituted for the ;
(Hyb.) Lit. an eater of beef; hence, an A. S. phr. on {mJji) healfe, on the side of
'
'
attendant. Cf. A. S. hldf-ceta, a loaf-eater, (meî, by confusion with be healfe {me),

a servant. *(| The usual derivation (from used in the same sense. From A. S. be,
Mr. Steevens' imaginary beaufetier, later by and healf, sb., side. See Half. ;
spelt buffetier) is historically baseless. Behave. (E.) I.e. to ^,?-//^w oneself,

Beer. (E.^ M. E. bere. A. S. beor. + or control oneself from have with prefix ;
Du. and G. b/er ; Icel. bjorr. be-, the same as prep. by.
Beestings ; see Biestings. behaviour. (E. with F. suffix^ ;
Beet. (L.) M.E. ^^/^. K.Si.bete.^ Formed abnormally from the verb to
L. beta, beet (Pliny). behave confused with ¥. sb. avoir, (i)
;
Beetle (i\ an insect. (E.) Prov. E. wealth, (2) ability. Cf. Lowl. Sc. havings,
bittle. A. S. bitela, lit. ' biting one.' - A. S. (I' wealth, (2) behaviour.
bit-, weak grade of bltan, to bite with adj. ; Behead. (E.) From Be- and Head.
suffix -ol cf. wac-ol, wakeful.
; See Bite. Behemoth. (Heb.- Egypt.) Heb.
Beetle (2), a large mallet. (E.) M. E. behefjwth, said to be pi. of behemah, a
betel. A. S. bytel { = O. Wes. ""bietel, beast but probably of Egypt, origin.
;
O. Merc. H'etel) cf. Low G. botel. Teut.

; Behest, Behind, Behold. (E.) See
ty^t* baut-iloz, a beater ; ' ivom*baut-an-,
'
Hest, Hind, Hold (i).
to beat see Beat.
; Behoof, advantage. (E.) M.Y^.to bi-
Beetle (3\ to overhang. (E.) From houe, for the advantage of. A. S. behof,
the M. bitel-brouwed, * beetle-
E. adj. advantage. +
0. Fries, bihof, Du. behoef,
browed P. Plowm. A. v. 109.
;
'
Grig, advantage ; G. behuf', Swed. behof; Dan.
sense doubtful either from M. E. bitel,
; behov, need. {3. The prefix be is A. S. be^
44
;
BEHOVE BEND
E. by. The simple sb. appears in Icel. pression to the eyes, the pupils of which
hof, moderation, measure; cf. Goth, gait expands.
hohains, temperance, self-restraint. From Belligerent. (L.) More correctly,
A. S. hdf, 2nd stem of the vb. Heave. bclligerant. — \..
stem of pres. belligerant-,
behove, to befit. (E.) A. S. bchdjian, pt. of belligerdre, to carry on war. — L.
verb formed from the sb. behof above. +
belli-, for bello-, stem of belltun, war
Du. behoeven, from sb. behoef Swed. be- s;ercre, to cany on (war\ Bcllum is for
\
hofva Dan. behove.

;
O. Lat. diielliim s.e Duel. ;
Belabour, Belay; see Labour, BellO'W. (E.) M, E. belwcn (c. 1300).

Lay. Not fully explained. It may have resulted
Belch. (E.) M. E. belken. A. S. from confusion of A.S. bellan, to roar,
bealcian, bcekan, to utter; translatintj^ L. bellow, with the str. verb belgan^ to be
eructd re, used figuratively. Cf. bce/c, sh.-f- angry, or with the rare verb bylgian, to
Du. ba/ken, to bray. See Bellow and Bell. bellow (which would have given billow).
Beldam. (F. — L.) Ironically for be/- See Bell. Cf. Bull.
dame, i.e. fine lady. — F. belle daf/ie. — h. Bellows. (Scand.) M. E. beli, bely,
bella, fem. of bellus, fair and domiiia, belozv, a bag, but also used in the special
;
lady, fem. oi Joniinus, lord. See Beau. sense of bellows.' Bellows is the pi. of
*
Beleaguer. (Du.) See Leaguer. M. E. below, a bag, from Icel. belgr and \
Belemnite, a fossil. (Gk.) Gk. M. E. beli (from A. S.) also means belly.
PeXfjxv'iTTjs, a stone shaped like the head Cf. G. blase-balg, a blow-bag,' a pair *
of a dart. — Gk. PiXe/uvov, a dart. — Gk. of bellows A. S. bldst-belg, bellows, lit. ;
0d\\€iv, to cast. (v'GwEL.) blast-! jag.' See below.

'
Belfry. (F. — G.) Orig. 'a watch- belly. (E.) M. E. bely. A. S. bcrlg,
tower.' Corrupted (partly by inlluence of belg, a bag, skin (for holding things) ;
bell) from M. E. ber/rajy, berfrey, a watch- hence (later), belly. +Icel. belgr, bag;
tower.— O.F. berfrei, berfroi, belfroi (F. Du. balg, skin, belly; Swed. bdlg, belly,
beffroi). — M. II. G. bercfrit^ a watch-tower. bellows Dan. bcelg, husk, belly
; (i. ;
— M. H. G. be}-c-, for bci^g-, base of bergen, balg; Goth, balgs, bag. Teut. type '-^balgiz.
to protect; and M.H.G. frit, f
ride, a F'rom halg-, 2nd stem of Teut. root belg
place of security, a tower, the same word ( = Idg. VBHELGH), to swell. Cf. Irish
as G. fricde, peace hence the lit. sense
;
bolg, bag, belly ; bolgaim, I swell ; W. bol,
is '
a protecting shelter,' watch-tower. belly. Der. belloivs^ q. v.
Allied to Borough and Free. Belong, Beloved, Below; see

Belie. (E.) A. S. beleogan, to tell lies Long, Love, Low.
about. From be-, by, prefix ; and leogaii, Belt, a girdle. (L.^ M. E. belt. A. S.
to lie. See Lie (2). belt. -^-Ictl. belli ',
Irish and Gael, ball, a
Believe. (E.) Vl.Y.. behiien {belevett^). belt, border; O. H. G. balz; Swetl. bdlte;
The prefix be- was substituted for older Dan. bcBlte. All boi rowed from L. balteus,
^(?-. — O. Merc, gelefaji, A.S. geliefan, ge- a belt.

lyfan, to believe; lit. to hold dear.-f-Du. Beltane, Old May-day. (C.) O.Irish
gelooven O. II. (j. gilotiban, G. g-lauben
; ;
<5i^/-/^;z.?(\Vindisch); lit. 'fire-kindling,' from
Goth, ga-huibjan. Teut. type *latibian, an old custom. Celtic type '^belo-te{p)nid\
with A.S. ge-, prefix; from iaiib, 2nd where belo- is cognate with A. S. bccl, a
stem of Teut. root */^«(^ = Idg. -y^LEUBH, blaze, and tepnid is from *tepnos, type of
to like. See Lief. O. liish ten, fire cf. L. tip-ere, to be warm
;
Bell. (E.) M. E. belle. A. S. belle, (Fick. ii. 125, 164).

a bell.+Du. bel. Perhaps named from its Bemoan. (E.) From Be- and
loud sound; cf. A.S. bellan, to roar, Moan.
bellow. See Bellow. Bench. (E.^ M. E. bemhe. A. S. -
Belle, a fair lady. (F.-L.) F. belle, benc.-if-YiVi. bank, a bench, table, bank for
fem. of F. beau, O. F. bel, fair. — L. belhis, money ; Swed. bdnk Dan. bcenk Icel. ; ;
fair, fine.See Beau. bekkr; G. bank. Teut. type *bankiz.

belladonna. (Ital.-L.^ \\.^\.bella Doublet, bank.
donna, fair lady. — L. bella domina; see Bend (i), to bow, curve. (E.) M. E.
Beldam. A name given to the nightshade, bcnden. A. S. bendan, orig. to string a
from the use of it by ladies to give ex- bow, fasten a band or string to it ; cf. A. S.
45
;; ^'
BEND BESEECH
bend, a band ( == Teut. ^bandiz) ; from band, hengivi seems to have been substituted for
2nd stem oihind-an, to bind. See Bind. the Arab, name, lubdn jdwi, lit. frankin-
So also Icel. benda, to bend a bow ; allied cense of Java. (Further corrupted to gziin
to band, a cord. benjamin.)
bend 1,2), an oblique band, in heraldry. Bequeath. (E.) A.S. bccwedan to
(F. — G.) O. F. bende, also bande, a assert, bequeath. — A. S. be-, prefixand ;
band see Cotgrave.

; Tlie same word as cwedan, to say, assert. See Quoth.
F. bande, a band of men see Band (2). ; bequest. (E.) M. E. biqueste, bi-
Beneath. (E.) M. E. bemthe. A.'S. quiste. Formed, with added -te (cf. M. E.
beneodan, prep, below. A. S. be-, by; — reqzieste), A. S. *biczviss, *becwiss
from
jieoSan, adv. below, from the base neo5- (not found), sb. due to beczuedan, to be-
in neod-era, nether ; with adv. suffix -an. queath, assert, say. The components of
Cf. G. nied-en, nied-er ; see Nether. this form occur viz. be-, bi-, prefix, and
;
Benediction. _(F.-L.) F. benedic- cwlss (in ge-czvis), a saying. Czviss is

tion. — L. benedictioneni, ace. of benedictio, from Teut. *kzuessiz, Idg. *g{w)ettis, formed
a blessing. — L. benedictus, pp. of benc- (with suffix -//-) from Idg. base *g(7v)et-,
dJcere, to speak well, bless. — L. bene, well whence cwedan, to say (Sievers, A. S.
and dicere, to speak (see Diction). Gr. § 232) and becwiss is thus a regular
;
—
benison. (F. L.) M^Y.. beneysun. deriv. of becweban, to bequeath.
—
— O. F. beneison. L. ace. benedictiotiem. Bereave. (E.) A.S. bereafian, to
Benefactor. (L.) L. benefactor, a dispossess ; see Beave.
doer of good. — L. be7ie, well and factor, ; Bergamot (i), an essence. (Ital.) Ital.
a doer, from facere, to do. bergai7iotta, the essence called bergamot. —
benefice. (F. L.) —
M. E. benefice. Ital. Beigamo, a town in Lombardy.
— F. benefice (Cot.).— Late L. bc7ieficium, Bergamot a kind of pear. (F.—
(2),
a grant of an estate L. beneficiuin, a ; Ital. —Turk.) F. bergamotte (Cot.).—
well-doing, a kindness. — L. bene, well Ital. bej'gamott-a (pi. -^), a kind of excel- '
andy^^r^r^, to do. lent pears, come out of Turky Torriano. ;

'
benefit. (F.-L.) Modified (badly^ — Turk, beg arniudi, 'prince's pear.' —

from M. E. benfet. - O. F. bienfet (F. Turk, beg, prince armud, pear. ;
bienfait).-'!^. benefactum, a kindness con- Berry. '^l.Y.berie. K.S.berie,

(E.)
ferred neut. of pp. of bcnefacere, to do
; -|-Du. Icel. ber; Swed. bar
bes, bezie ',
-^
well, be kind. Dan. bcsr; G. bee re; Goth. basi. All

Benevolence. (F. L.) Y. benevo- — ;
from a base bas-. Lit. * edible fruit ' cf.
lence (Cot.). — L. beneiiolentia, kindness.- Skt. bhas, to eat. Dor. goose-bey-ry
L. ace. bene uolentem, kind, lit. well- &c.
wishing. —L. bene, well; and uolentem, Berth. (E.) Formerly ' convenient
ace. of uolens, wishing, from uolo, I wish sea-room.' A
'suitable position.' From
(see Voluntary). A.S. byr- (as in ge-byr-ian, to suit) with
Benighted. E.) See Night. ,
suffix -th. Cf. Du. beurt, a turn ; Low G.
Benign. (F. - L.) O. F. benigne (F. bort, good position.
benin). — L,. benignus, kind short for "^be- Beryl. (L.-Gk.-Skt.) ls\.Y..beril.
;
nigeJius. — 'L. beni-, for ^benns, variant of — O. F. benl.-~.l^. beryllus.'^Gk. firjpvK-

bonus, good and -genus, born (as in
; Aos ; cf. Arab, billaur, crystal, beryl.—
indigenus)^ from genere, old form of Skt. vaiîirya (Prakrit veliiriyd), orig.
gignere, to beget. beryl, brought from Vidura in S. India
Benison, blessing see Benedic- ; (Yule ; Bohtlingk).
tion. Besant, Bezant, a gold circle, in
Bent-grass. (E.) M. E. bent. A. S. heraldry. (F.-L.-Gk.) Intended to
beonet, for earlier *bin2it, bent-grass (in represent a gold coin of Byzantium.—
;
place-names .-{-O. H. G. binnz, G. binse, O. F. besant, ' an ancient gold coin

bent-grass. Cot. — L. Byzantiu7n. •~G\i. Bvâvnov, the
Benumb. From Be- and Numb. name of Constantinople.
Benzoin, a resinous substance. (F, — Beseech. (E.) M. E. besechen. From
Ital. — Arab.) F. benjoin. gum benzoin '
be-, prefix; and sechen. Southern form
or gum benjamin Cot. — Ital. ben-
; ' corresponding to Northern seken, to seek.
zoino, bengivi (Torriano). The Ital. lo See Seek.
46
.
BESEEM BEZONIAN
Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, Be- In Sh. Sonn. 121. — O.F. *bivel, *btwely
side, Besiege; see Seem, Sit, Sbrew, only found in mod. F. biveau, and in F.
&c. buveau, a kind of scjuire 'carpenter's rule],
'
Besom, a broom. [E.^. M.E. desum, having moveable and compasse branches,
besme. A. S. besvia.'\^V>\\. hezcni\ G. besen. or the one branch compasse and the other
;
Tent, type *bes7non-, m. straight; some callit a (5<?^'<j// Cot. Cf. '
Besot, ;Bespeak
see Sot, Speak. Span. ha/Vid. Origin unknown.
Best; see Better. Bever, a potation see Beaver (3). ;
Bestead ; from Be- and stead. beverage. (F.-L.) O.F. bevrage

Bestial. (F.-L.) F. bestial. -^ I., (Supp. to Godefroy), drink. —O. F. bevre,
besttdlis, beast-like. — L. bestia, a beast. boivre, to drink. —
L. bibere, to drink.
See Beast. —
bevy. (F. L.) It answers to O. F.
Bestow, Bestrew, Bestride ; see bevee, a drink ; from O. P\ bevre, to drink
stow, Ike. (above). Cf. Ital. beva, a bevy (Florio) ;
Bet, to wager. (F. — Scand.) Short for also, a drink (Toiriano).

abet, in the sense to maintain, or ' back,' Bewail, Beware, Bewilder,
as abet is explained in Phillips, ed. 1706. Bewitch; see "Wail, Ware, Wild,
See Abet. Der. bet, sb. Witch.
Betake. kE. and 'Sca.nd.) See TaJse. Bewray, to disclose. (E.) Properly
Betel, a species of pepper. (Port.— to accuse. M.
E. beivraien, biwj-eyen, to
Malayalim.) Port, betel, bete/e.'-'Malaya- disclose. A. S. be-, prefix (see Be-) and ;
lim veiXila, i. e. vent ila, mere leaf (Yule). w> egan, to accuse (for older *zurogian^
Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Be- with mutation from to e). Cf. Icel.
token see Think, &c.
;
rcEgja (for Tjrcegja), to slander, Swed. rdja,
Betray. (F. — L. 7vith E. prefix.^ ; to discover O. Fries, biwrogia, to accuse
; ;
From and O. F. t) air [V

be-, prefix ; Goth, wrohjan. to accuse G. riigen, to ;
trahir), to deliver up, from L. tradere. censure, p. These are causal verbs, from
^ The prefix be- was due to confusion the base wroh- seen in Goth, ivrdhs,
with bewray. See Tradition. accusation, Icel. rog, a slander.
Betroth.. (E.) See Troth. Bey, a governor. (Turk.) Turk, beg
Better, Best. (E.) 1. From the (pron. nearly as bay), a lord, prince.
Tcut. base '^bat, good, was formed the Beyond. (E.i W.E.beyonde.
A.S.
Tent. comp. stem '^batizon-, as in Goth. begeondan, beyond. — A. S. be-, for be or bi,
batiza, better, A. S. betera (with mutation by and geond, prep, across, beyond, from ;
from a to e), M. E. better. The A. S. bet, geon, yon. Cf. Goth, jaindre, thither,
M. E. bet, is adverbial and comparative. Jaind, there ; from Jains, that, yon. See
2. From the same base was formed Goth. Yon.
batista, best, A.S. betst for bet-ist), M. K. Bezel, the part of a ring in which the
best. Similarly Du. beter, best; Icel. betri, stone is set. (F.) Also spelt basil; it
beztr Dan bedre, bedst Swed. battre, also means a sloping edge. — O. F^. bisel
; ;
bast ; G. besser, best. Der. (from the (Roquefort) mod. F. biseau,^ bezel, basil, ;
snme base") batten, boot (2\ slant, sloped edge. Cf. Span, bisel, the
Between. fE.) K.*^. betweonan,ht- slanting edge of a looking-glass. Per-
tween earlier betzueonuf?i. — A. S. be, by
;
haps from L. bis, double. ;
i
tweonnm, dat. pi. of tweone, double, allied Bezique, a game at cards. (F. — Pers.)
I
to twd, two see Two. Here tweomwi F. besigue (with g)

;
also besy (Littre).
I
;
(also twtnuni) answers to Goth, fweihnaim, ^, The first form = Pers. bdzichah, sport, a
dat. pi. of tiveihnai, 'two each.' Cf. L. game the second = Pers. bdzi, play. —
,
:
bini. Pers. bdzidan, to play. [A guess.]

j
betwixt. (E.> (M. E. betwix; to Bezoar, a stone. (F. — Span.- Arab.

which t was afterwards added — A. S. — Pers.) O. F. bezoar, F. <?'/3£'an/. — Span.
betwix, betwux, betweox, bet'veohs, appa- bezoar. — Arab, bddizahr. — Pers. pdd-zahr,
rently extended from A. ?^.beiwth, between. bezoar lit. * counter-poison,' from its ;
From A. S. be by and ^twih, answering supposed virtue. — Pers. pad, expelling ;

;
to tweih- in Goth, tweiknai, two each. and zahr, poison.

See above. Bezoniau, a beggarly fellow. (F.)
Bevel, sloping; to slope, slant. {Y^ In 2 Hen. IV. v. 3. 118. Formerly
. ,;;
Bl- BIGOT
bisonian made i)y adding E. -ian to
;
the forms of which have taken the place of
F. disogm, spelt bisonpie, in Cotgiave, those of Bid (2).
*a filihe knave bisonian.' Or from . . . Bide, to await, wait. (E.) M. E. biden.
Ital. bisogno, need, want whence bisogni, ; A. S. bidan. 4- Du. beiden Icel. biâ ; ;
pi. new-levied soiildiers, such as come

' Swed. bida Dan. bie ;Goth, beidan ; ;
. . . needy to the wars*; Torriano (not in O. H. G. bitajt. Teut. type ^bidan-.

Florio). Oiigin unknown. Biennial, lasting two years. (L.)
Bi-, prefix. ( L.) L. bi-, for *dtn-, twice. Formed as if from bienni-nm, a space of
— L. duo, two. So also Gk. ti-, Skt. dvi. two years the true J,., word is bienndlis.
;
See Two. — L. bi- and anndlis, lasting a year,

two ;
Bias. (F. — L.) F. biais, a slant, yearly. — L. annus. So also tri-ettnial,

slope; hence, inclination to one side. Cf. from tri- (for ires), three; quadi'-ennial
Ital. s-biesco, s-biescio, oblique. Origin more correctly qiiadri-ennial, from qnadri-
unknown. (for qnadrus), belonging to iour quinqui- ;
Bib.
(L.) A cloth under a child's ennial, from quinqui- (for quinqne), live ;
chin; from M. E. bibben, to drink. — L. dec-ennial, from dec-em, ten cent-ennial, ;
bibere, to drink. Hence 7vine-bibber from centum, a hundred mill-ennial, ;
(Luke vii. 34) ; L. bibens tivmin vVulg.). from a thousand, &c.

viille,
Bible. (F.-L.-Gk.) y^.V^-bible." Bier, a frame on which a corpse is

F. bible. - Fate L. biblia, fem. sing. for ; borne. (E.) M.E. beo'e, bcere. A. S.
L. biblia, neut. pl.-Gk. (ii0\ia, collection b^r, ber. — A. S. b(^r-, 3rd stem oiberan, to
of writings, pi. of l3ifi\iov, little book, carry. +
Du. baar O. H. G. bdra (G.
;
dimin. of î/3Ao?, a book. — Gk. /3i;y3Aos, bahj-e) allied to Icel. barar, fem. pi.
;
Egyptian papyrus hence, a book. ;

l^.feretrum ; Gk. (pipirpov.
bibliography. Gk.) Gk. Pi0\io-, Biestings, Beestings, the first
for î(i\iov ; and ypdipnv, to write. milk given by a cow after calving. (E.)
bibliomania. (Gk.) Gk. pifi\io-, A. S. by sting, byst (for * blest), thick milk.
for îliXiov ; and Mania. From A. S. beost, first milk after calving.
Bice. Properly grayish
(F.) hence ' '
; -|-Du, biesi; G. biest-milch.
bleiv byce, grayish blue.— F. bis, dusky. Bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Late
Cf. Ital. bigio, gray. Origin unknown. L. bifurcatus. pp. of bifiircdri, to part in
Bicker, to skirmish. (Uncertain.) two directions. — L. bi -furciis, two-
M.E. biker, a fight bikeren, to skirmish. ;
pronged ; from bi-{s\ double; /urea, a
Cf. M. E. beken, to peck ; biken, to thrust fork.
with a pointed weapon. Apparently from Big. (Scand. ?) M. E. big ; also bigg,
O. F. bequer, to strike with the beak (see rich (Hampole). Not A. S. Cf. prov. E.
Beak' or from A. S. becca, a pick-axe.
;
bug. big, bog, boastful. Prob. of Scand.
Cf. Du. bikken. to notch a miil-stone also ; origin. btigge, a strong man.
Cf. Norw.
E. Fries, bikkcni to hack, gnaw, from Bigamy, a double marriage. (F. — L.
bikken, to hack, bikke, a picka.xe (G. and Gk.) F. biga/nie.'~'L^^Q L. bigamia ;
bicke) a clumsy compound from L. /'/-, double
Bicycle. (Hybrid.) In use since 186S. (see Bi-), and Gk. -yafxia. from ydfios,
Coined from Bi- and Cycle. marriage. It should rather have been
Bid (i)j to pray. (E.) Nearly obso- digamy (Gk. Siyafxia).
lete preserved in bidding-prayer, and in
;
Biggen, a night-cap. (F.) M. F.
to bid beads (pray prayers). M. E. bidden. beguin, •
biggin for a child
a Cot. ;
'
A. S. biddan '\-V>w.Unddcn\ G. bitten; Named from the caps worn by beguines

Icsl. bi(ija\ Goth, bidjan. Teut. type see Beguine.
*bidjan-, allied to L. fldo, I trust Gk. ; Bight, a coil of rope, a bay. (E.)
ireidoj, I prevail upon ; fromy'BHEIDH. M. E. big/it. A. S. by/it, as in wc^teres
See Hrugm. i. § 589 ; ii. § 890. byht, a bight (bay") of water see Grein).—
Bid v2),
command. (E.) M. E. beden.
to A.S. bug-, weak grade of bugan, to bow,
— A. S beodan, to command. + Du. bieden, bend with mutation of u to^.-{-G. bucht.
;
to offer ; Icel. bjoda ; G. bieten ;

Goth. Teut. type *bichtiz. See Bow 1).
ana-biudan ; Gk. ncvOofxai, I enquire ; Skt. Bigot, an obstinate devotee to a creed.

b/ed/i, to understand. Teut. type *be!idan-. (F.) F. bigot, ' an hypocrite, supersti-
^VBHEUDH.) Confused with Bid(i), tious fellow;' Cot. Applied by the
, '
BIJOU BIRCH
French to the Normans as a term of Billow, a wave. (Scand.) Icel. bylgja,
reproach i^Wace). Of unknown origin. a billuw Swcd. bblja; Dan. bblge.-\-Vi.
;
It is an older word than beguine, with H. G. bulge, a billow, a bag. Lit. a '
which it seems to have been somewhat swell' or surge cf. Icel. belgja, to inflate,
;
confused at a later period. puff out. The Icel. bylgja has mutation
Bijou, a trinket. (F. — C?) Y. bijou. of u \o y, and, like M. 11. G. bulg-e, is frou)
Perhaps from Bret, bizoii, a ring with a ^^Îg-, 3rd stem of bclgan, to swell with
stone, a finger-ring, from biz, a finger. anger.
Cf. Corn, bisoti i^the same), from bis, Bin. (E.) M. E. biune. A. S. binn,
bes, a finger; W. byson, ring, from bys, a manger; Lu. ii. 7 +Du. ben, G. bennef
finger. a sort of basket. Perhaps of Cebic origin r
Bilberry, (Scand.)
a whortle-berry. cf. Gaulish Lat. betma, body of a cart W. ;
Dan. bollebar, a bilberry where beer is E. ; hen, a cart.

berry. In M. Dan., b'olle had the sense of Binary, twofold. (L.) L bindj-ius,
Dan. btigle, i. e. boss (Kalkar). Cf. Norw. consisting of two things. — L. binus, two-
bola, a swelling, tumour. North Enir. % fold.— L. bi-, double see Bi-. ;
blea-berry - blue-berry see Blaeberry. ; Bind. (E.) M. E. binden. A. S. bin-

In both cases, -berry takes the E. form ;
dan. 4- Du. and G. binden Icel. and ;
see Berry. Swed. binda Dan. binde Goth, bindan

; ; ;
Bilbo, a sword BilboeS, fetters.

;
Skt. bandh, to bind. (^BHENDH.)
(Span.) Both named from Bilboa or Eing, a heap of corn obs. (Scand.) In ;
Jiilbao in Spain, famous for iron and Surrey's Poems. — Icel. bingr, Swed. binge,
steel. a heap. +M. H. G. bige, a heap ot corn ;
Bile vi), secretion from the liver. (F. whence Ital. bica. 9\ l)istinct from bin,
— L.'i F. bile. — l.. bilis. L. bJlis is for though perhaps confused wiih it.
*bislis, Ijrugm. i. § 877 cf. W. ;
btisil. Binnacle, a box for a ship's compass.
Bret, besti, bile (Fick, ed. 4. ii. i 75 ;. Der. I
(Port. —L.) A singular corruption ot the
bili-ous. older word bittacle, by confusion with bin,
Bile ,2), a boil. (E.) See Boil (2). a chest. — Port, bitacola, a bitlacle (i.e.
Bilge. (F.— C.) A variant of biilge, binnacle) Vieyra.
; Cf. Span, bitacora,
which orig. meant the bottom of a ship's F. habitacle, the same. The Port, bitacola
hull whence bilge-water (N. E. D.)- See
;
stands for '^habitacola, the first syllable
Bulge. being lost. — L. habitdculuin, a little dwell-
Bill (i), a chopper, sword. (E.) M. E. ing, i. e. the frame of timber in the steer-
'
bil, sword, axe. A.S. bill., sword, axe. age of a ship where the compass stands
+ O. Sax. bil, O. H. G. bilL n. (cf. G. ;
(Bailey). — L. habitdre, to dwell; frequent,
bille, axe, f.). Teut. type '^biljom, n. of habere, to have.
bill (0, a bird's beak. Ê.) M. E. Binocular, having two eyes. (L.)
bile. A S. bile (Teut. type ""biliz ?). Allied From Lat. bin-i, two each ocul-us, eye ; ;
to Bill ;I). with suffix -dris.

Bill (.3), a writing, account. (F. — L.) Binomial, having two terms. (L.)
A. F. bille. — Late L. billa, a writing the From Late L. binomi-2is, equiv. to L.
;
dimin. is billeta, biillela, shewing that billa binoviinis, adj. having two names with ;
is a corruption of L. bulla, a papal bull, suffix -dlis. From L. bi-, two noinin-, ;
&c. see Bull (2).

; for nonien, a name.
billet (0, a note. (F.-L.) A. F. bil- Biography. (Gk.) A written ac-
/(?//^. — Late L. billetta, billeta, dimin. of count of a lite from ^/o-, for /3/os, life ; ;
billa, a writing see Bill (3 above.

;
and ypdipfiu, to write. The sb. /3to? is
Billet (2^, a log of wood. (F.) F. allied to Quick.
billetle, billot, a billet of wood. Dimin. biology. (Gk.) Science of life from ;
of bille, a log, stump. Origin unknown. Gk. jSto-, lor (3ios, life and -Koyia, a dis- ;
billiards . ( L ) F billard, a bil lard coursing, from A070J, a discourse.

. .
'
or the stick wherewitli we touch the ball Biped. (L.) L. biped-, stem of bipes,
at billyards Cot.
;
'
Formed with suffi.K two-looted from bi-, two pes, foot. ; ;
-ard (G. -hai't) from bille, a log, stick, as Birch, a tree. tE.) M. E. birche.
above. A.S. birce, f.+G. birke, f.<Teut. *birk.
Billion ; see Million. jon-. p. Also A.S. berc, beorc. '\- Dv..
49 c
— ; ;
BIRD BIZARRE
berk ;Icel. hjork, Swed. hjork, Dan. birk E. bite (2 syll.). M.
A. S. bita, a morsel.
(cf. North E. birk).<\&\\V. ""berkd, f. Cf. From A.
S. bit-, weak grade of bitan, to
also O. Slav, hreza, Russ. bereza Lith. bite.+Du. beef; Icel. hiti; Swed. bit;
;
berias. Also Skt. bhilrja, a kind of birch. Dan. <^z^.<Teut. type '^biton-, m.
Bird. (E.) M. E. brid (the r being "bit (2), a curb for a horse. (E.) M. E.
shifted) A. S. bridd, a. bird, esp. the bitt. A. S. bite, m. a bite, a biting. Teut.
; <
young of birds. type *bitiz, a bite; cf. bitol, a curb.-f-Du.
Biretta, a clerical cap. (Ital. — L. gebit; Icel. bitill (dimin.) ; Swed. bett ;
Gk.) Ital. beretta (Torriano) cf. Late Dan. ^/^; G.gebiss.

;
L. birretiijH, orig. a scarlet cap. — Late L. Bitch. (E.) yi.Y..biche,bicche. A. S.

birrus, burrus, reddish. See Bureau. ^/a".?.-|-Icel. bikkja ^%o gt-ey-baka.;
Birth. (Scand.) M..Y.. burthe, birthe. Bite. (E.) yi.Y..biten. K.^. bltan.
Cf. Icel. burdr, m, ; Swed. bord, Dan. + Du. bijten ; Icel. bita ; Swed, bita ;
byrd, f. ( = O. Icel. byrd, £). A. S. + Dan. bide ; G. beissen.

Teut. type *bitan-.
gebyrd, f. ; O. H. G. giburt G. gebiirt) (
;
Allied to h.jfindere (pt. X.ftdi's, to cleave ;
Goth, gabanrths^ f.<Teut. *bHrdiz-Îdg. Skt. bhid, to cleave. (yBHEID.)
^bhrtis (Skt. bhrtis, f. nourishment). All bitter. (E.) W.Y.. biter. K.^. biter,
from the weak grade of V'BHER, to bitor, lit. biting.' — A. S. bit-, weak grade
'
bear. See Bear (i). of bitan, to bite.-f-Du. bitter; Icel. bitr

Biscuit, a kind of cake. (F. — L.) F. Swed., Dan., G. bitter.
biscuit, lit. twice cooked. — F. bis {L. bis), Bittern, a bird. (F. -Late L.) The
twice ; and ctcii, cooked, from L. coctum, n is added. M. E. botor, bitoure. — F.
ace. of coctus, pp. of coqiiere, to cook. butor, 'a bittor [bittern];' Cot. Prob.
Bisect. (L.) From L. bi-, short for named from its cry; cf. L. butire, btibere,
bis, twice; and sect-iini, supine of secdre, to cry like a bittern whence also L. butio, ;
to cut. said to mean bittern,' though the same

'
Bishop. (L. - Gk.) A. S. biscop. - L. word as biiteo, i.e. buzzard.

episcopus. — Gk. kviaKoTro^, a bishop ; lit. Bitts, naval term. (Scand.?) The
'
overseer.' — Gk. €vi, upon; OKoitus, one bitts are two strong posts on deck to
that watches, from okott-, ^-grade of OKtrr-, which cables are fastened. Prob. from
as in oKfiT-TOfjiai, I spy, overlook. See Icel. biti, a bit, mouthful (see Bit (i));
Species. also, a cross-beam in a house a thwart ;
Bisimith, a metal. (G.) G. bismuth; (L. transtruin) in a ship. [F. bites, bitts
also spelt tvismut, -wissmut, -wissi/iiiih. (see Cot.), Span, bitas, may have been
Origin unknown. borrowed from E.] Cf. also A. S. kiting,
Bison, a quadruped. (L. — Teut.) L. a cable for holding a ship, from biltan,
bison (Pliny Late Gk. ^lacuv. Not a L.
i
; to restrain, curb, equivalent (in form) to
word, but borrowed from Teutonic Icel. be it a see Bait.
; Also Swed, beting,
O. H. G. wisunt, G. wisent, a bison a bitt, whence betingbult, a bitt-bolt, bitt-
A. S. weosend, a wild ox Icel. ziTstindr.
; pin Dan. beding used also on land for
; :
See O. H. G. -tvisunt in Schade. tethering horses, as in .Swed. betingbult^ a

Bissextile, a name for leap-year. peg for tethering, from beta, to pasture, bait.
(L.) Late L. bissextllis annus, bissextile Bitumen. (L.) L. bitumen, mineral
year. — L. bissextus, an intercalary day; so pitch. Cf. Brugm. i. § 663.
called because the intercalated day (for- Bivalve. (P\ — L.) From Bi- and
merly Feb. 24) was called the sixth of Valve.
the calends of March; there being thus Bivouac. (F. — G.) F. bivouac, orig.
two days with the same name. — L. bis, bivac — Swis?, G. beiivacht, an additional
twice sextus, sixth, from sex, six.
; watch night (Stalder)
at cf. bei-geben, ;
Bissou, purblind. (E.) In Sh. M. E. to add. — G.

bei, in addition ; ivacht, a
bisen. O. Northumb. bisen, blind (Matt, watch, from wachen, to wake. See "Wake
ix. 28). Origin unknown. (I'l. Cf. G. be iw ache.
Bistre, a dark brown. (F.-G.?) F. Bizarre, odd. (F. — Span.) Y. bi-
bistre, a dark brown. Perhaps from prov. zarre, strange, capricious orig. ;
' valiant.'
G. bicster, dark, gloomy, also bistre (Flii- —
Span. <5'/3«7-r£», valiant, gallant. Perhaps
gel). of Basque origin ; Basque bizarra, a
cf.
Bit (i), a mouthful, i-mall piece. (E.) beard. Cf. Span, hombre de bigote, a man
50
BLAB BLAZON
of spirit ; where bigote means *
mous- blanch, white. Nasalised form from
tache.' O. H. G. blah, shining; cf. Gk. (pXoy-eos,
Blab, to tell tales. (E.) M. E. blahhe, flaming, shining, from <p\(y-(iv, to shine.
a tell-tale ; blaberen, to babble. Cf. Dan. blanket. \f.-O.H.G.) Orig. ofa
blabbre, to babble Dan. dial, blaffre, G.
;
j
white colour. M. E. blanket. — A. F. blan-
plappern, to babble, prate. Of imitative , ket (F. blanchet), dimin. from blanc, white;
origin cf. Gael. />/ab, a soft noise plabair,
; ;
I see above.
a babbler blabara/i, a stammerer, blabli-
;
j
Blare, to make a loud noise. (E.)
dach, babbling, garrulous. M. E. blarett. Cf. Du. blaren, Low G.
Black. (E.) Vi.¥..blak. K.^.blac, blarren, to bleat; M. H.G. bleren, bler-
bl(2c [which editors have often confused 7-en {(^. pldrren^, to bleat, blubber. Prob.
with blceCy bright, shining]. Cf. Icel. imitative, like bleat; but cf Blaze (2).
blakkr. dark also A. S. bIcBC, Low G. blak,
; \
Blason ; see Blazon.
O.H. G. blach, Icel. blek, Swed. bleck, Dan. !
Blaspheme, to speak injuriously. (L.
meaning ink.' Connexion with
blczk, all '
'
— Gk.) L. blasphemdre. — Gk. P\a<T(pT]-

Du. blaken, to scorch, is doubtful. fxeiv,to speak ill of — Gk. /BKdacpijfxos, adj.,
blackguard, a term of reproach. (E. speaking evil. — Gk. /3AaCT-, for *l3\afi€s-,
afid F.) Jh'rom black and gitard. name A i.e. hurtful (cf ^\d/3-i]. hurt) and (prjfxi, I ;
given to scullions, turnspits, and kitchen say : see Fame. Bnigm. i. § 744.
menials, from the dirty work done by Blast, a blowing. (E.) M.E. blast.
them. See Trench, Select Glossary. A.S. blowing; cf. Icel. bldstr, a
bli^st, a.
Bladder. (E.) M. E. bladdre. A. S. breath, blast of a trumpet O. H. G. blast. ;
bladdre^ blMre^ a bladder (lit. blister, Formed with Idg. suffix to- from the old
blowing out).+Du. blaaj- [Icel. bla6raX\ ;
base of Blaze (2).
O. H. G. bldiara (G. blatter). Teut. type Blatant, noisy, roaring. (E.) Spenser
*bl^drdn-, wk. fern. From Teut. stem has '•blatant beast'; F. Q. vi. 12 (head-
*bla-, to blow (see Blow (i) ); with suffix ing) ; also blattant, id. vi. i. 7. Prob.
-d}-dn similar to Gk. -Tpd ^cf. x^'^P^> ^ pot). imitative. Cf Lowl. Sc. blad, to abuse ;
Blade, a leaf, flat of a sword. (E.) a rattling noise

blatter, ; G. platz, a crash.
M.E. blade. A. S. bleed, a leaf.+Icel. Blay, a bleak (fish '. (E.) A.S. blage.
blad, Swed., Dan., Du. blad, a leaf, blade; + I)u. blei; G. hleihe.
G. blatt. Teut. type *bla-doni, neut., with Blaze M. E, blase.
(i), a flame.
(E.)
sense of 'blown,' i.e. 'flourishing;' pp. A. a flame, in comp. bdl blcese,
S. blcEse,
form (with suffix -do- =- Idg. -to-) from a bright light; blcese, f. a torch ;< Teut.
V-BHLO. See Blow (2). type * blason. Cf M. H. G. bias, a torch ;
Blaeberry, Bleaberry, a bilberry. also G. bldsse, Icel. blest, a ' blaze ' or
(Scand. and E.) From North E. blae, white mark on a horse, Swed. bids, the
livid, dark and berry. The form blae is
; same.
from Icel. bld-r, livid see under Blue. ; Blaze (2), to proclaim, noise abroad.
Blain, a pustule. (E.) M. E. blein. (Scand.) Mark i. 45. M. E. blasen. —
A. S. blegcn, a boil. + Du. blein ; Dan. Icel. bldsa, to blow, blow a trumpet, sound
bles,n. an alarm Swed. blasa, to sound
; Dan. ;
Blame, vb. (F.-L. -Gk.) M.E. blcBse,Du. blazett, to blow a trumpet G. ;
blamen. — O. F. blasmer, to blame. — L. blasen. Also Goth, nf-blesan, to puff up.

blasphevidre, to speak ill, also to blame. <Teut. type *bl&s-an-, to blow; whence
— Gk. ^\ao(pi]fi€iv see Blaspheme. ; A.S. bl&st, E. blast. Much confused with
Blanch i). to whiten. (F.-O. H.G.) blazon.
From F. blanchir, to whiten. — F. blanc, Blazon (i), Blason, a proclamation.
white ; see Blank below. Hamlet, i. 5. 21 ; Shak. Son. 106. A cor-
Blanch (2), the same as Blencli. ruption from Blaze (2), M.E. blasen, to
Bland. vL.^ L. blandus, mild. proclaim due to confusion w ith Blazon
;
blandish, to flatter. (F.-L.) M. E. (2) below.

blandisen. — O. F. blafidis-, stem of pres. Blazon (2), to jôurtray armorial bear-
part of blandir, to flatter. — L. blandlri, to ings. (F.) M. E. blason, blasoun, a shield;
caress. — L. blafidtis, bland. whence blazon, verb, to describe a shield.
Blank, white. (F. O. H. G.) In - — F. blason, a. coat of arms, orig. a shield
Milton, P. L. X. 656. -F. blanc.~0. H. G. (Brachet). Cf. Span, blason, heraldry,
51
; ;
BLEABERRY BLISS
blazonry, glory, hacer blason, to blazon, A. S. and Goth, blandan, str. redupl. vb.,
blasonar, to blazon, brag, boast; suggest- O. H. G. blantan, to mix.
ing a (very doubtful) connexion with G. Bless, to consecrate, &c. (E.) The
blasen, to blow the trumpet, as done by orig. sense may have been to consecrate *
heralds, to proclaim a victor's fame see ; by blood,' i. e. either by sacrifice or by the

Blaze (2) above. (See Scheler.) Or if the sprinkling of blood, as the word can be
orig. sense was a bright mark on a shield, clearly traced back to blood. M. E. blessen,
it is allied to Blaze (i). A. S. bletsian, O. Northumb. bledsia, bloed-
Bleaberry ; see Blaeberry.
;
sia (Matt. xxv. 34, xxvi. 26), which can
Bleach. (E. ) Orig. to whiten
' ' M. E. be explained from blod, b]ood,with the usual
blechen, Ancren Riwle, p. 324, A. S. 1. i. vowel-change from to oe or e. Teut. type
bWecan. — A. S, bide, shinmg, bright, pale. *blddisdn. Cf. bleed. (Suggested by Sweet
See bleak below. + Icel. bleikja ; Du. Anglia, iii. 156.)
bleeken ; G. *blaikjan-.
hleicheti ;
<Teut. Blight. (E.) XVII cent. Of unknown
bleak (1)5 oîg. pale. (Scand.) M. E. origin perhaps from A. S. ^blihf, O. Merc.
;
bleik. — Icel. bleikr, pale ; Swed. blek ;

^bleht, exactly answering to Icel. blettr, a
Dan. bleg.-^K. S. bide Du. bleek (i. ; ; spot, stain.
bleieh.Teut. type ^blaikoz. From *blaik-, Blind. (E.) A. S. blind.-\-V>\\. blind;
strong grade of Teut. *bleikati- (A. S. Icel. bluidr ; Svv., Dan., G. blind \<,TtXii.
blican), to shine. type '^blindoz 'Jdg. base *bhlendh-). Cf.
bleak (2), a fish. (Scand.) From its Lith. blesii-s (3 pr. s. blendzia-s), to become
pale colour. dim of the sun).
(
Blear-eyed, having watery, inflamed, blindfold, vb. (E.) M. E. blind-

or dim eyes. (E.) M. E. bleer-eyed. folden, verb (Tyndale) corruption of ;
Cognate with Low G. blarr-oged, blear- blindfelden (Palsgrave), where the d is

eyed cf. blarr-oge, an eye wet with tears, excrescent.
; The true word is blindfellen^
from blarren, to howl, weep which seems to fell or strike blind, Ancren Riwle, p.
;
'
'
to be allied to E. blare. 106. — A.S. blind, blind; 3.n6. fellan, to

Bleat. (E.) M. E. blete7t. A. S. bh%- stvike ; see Fell.
tan, bletan, to bleat as a sheep. Du. + Blindman's buff; see Buff.
blaten O. H. G. pldzan. Cf. Russ. ble-
; Blink, to wink, to glance. (E.) M. E.
jate, to bleat 'L.Jlere,;to weep. blenken, to shine, to glance whence mod. ;
Bleb, Blob, a small bubble or blister. E. blink, by change of en to in, as in

(E.) Cf. M. E. blober, a bubble on water many words. Allied to A. S. blane, white
blubber, a bubble. By comparing blabber, (as in blanc-a, a white horse"), cognate with
blubber, with bubble^ having much the same O. H. G. blaneh, M. H. G. blanc ; see
meaning, we see the probability that they Blank. Cf. Du., G. blinken, Swed.
are imitative, from the action of forming blinka. Dan. blinke, all late forms; and
a bubble with the lips. A. S. blican, to shine.
Bleed. (E.) U.Y.. bkden. A.S.b/e- Bliss. (E.) See Blithe.
dan, formed (by mutation of o to e) from Blister. (F.-Teut.) "^l.Y.. blester,
<
A. S. bldd, blood. Teut. type '^blodjan-, to blister. (Not found before 1300.) — O. F.
lose blood >Icel. blc2)a. blestre, '
Teut.
tumeur,' Godefroy. Of
Blemish, to stain. (F.) M. E. ble- origin cf. Icel. bldstr (dat. bliestri), a
;
misshen. — O. F. bleinis-, stem of pres. part. blast, also a swelling, allied to E. Blast.
of blemir, blesmir, to wound, stain, make F'rom the notion of blowing out.
pale. — O. F. bleme, blesme, wan, pale. Of Blithe. (E.) M. E. blithe. A. S.
unknown origin. blide, sweet, happy. O. Sax. blidi, bright, +
Blench, to shrink from. E. (E.) M. glad; Du. blij'de, blij lce\. blTdr; Swed., ;
blenchen, to avoid, elude. A.S. blencan, Dan. blid; O. H. G. blTdi, glad; Goth.
to deceive as if from a Teut. type *blank-
; bleit/is, merciful, kind.
jan-, causal of '^blinkan-, to blink. But bliss. (E.) M. E. blis. A. S. blis,
proof is wanting. bliss contr. from A. S.
; blFds, happiness,
Blend, to mix together. (Scand.) blitheness. — A. S. blide (above).
lit. +
M. E. blenden. Due to blend-, base of the O. Sax. blJzza, blidsea, happiness. Teut.
pres. indie, of Icel. blanda ^Swed. blanda, stem '^blTdsid, with 5-</, the suffix being
Dan. blande), to blend cognate with ; -tidf as in L. laeti-tia.
52
;;
BLOAT BLUNDERBUSS
Bloat, to swell. (Scand.) now We \
Blotch, (F.) From O. F.
a large blot.
generally use bloated to mean * puffed bloche, ' tumeur
(Godefroy, s. v. bloste).
' ;
out or
' swollen/ as if allied to bloiv.
'
Blouse, a loose outer frock. (F.)
But the M. E. form was blout, soft con- ; From F. blouse, a frock much used by
nected with Icel. blatitr, soft, effeminate, workmen (XVIII cent.\ Origin unknown.
imbecile, blotna, to become soft, lose Blo-W iO, to puff.
(P:.) M. E. blowe7i.
courage. Cf. Swed. blot, Dan. blod, soft,
I
A. S. bldwan. + G.
bldhen, O. 11. G. bld-
pulpy, mellow. Allied to Icel. blaudr. , han ; allied to h.Jldre.
soft ; A. S G. blijde, weak.
bleaj), Blow (2), to bloom, flourish as a flower.
bloater, a prepared herring. (Scand.) I
(E.) M.E. bloweti. A. S. b/owan.+'Du.
A bloater is a cured fish, cured by smoke ;
bloeijen G. bliihen, O. H. G. bluojan.
;
but formerly a soaked fish. — Icel. blautr,

* ' '
Allied to L. Jld7'ere see Flourish. ;
soft. Cf. Swed. blotjisk, soaked fish from ; Blow (.^), a stroke, hit. (E.) M.E.
biota, to soak, steep from blct, soft ; blozue. Not in A. S. but we find M. Du. ;
(above). strong verb blouwen (pt. t. blau^, to strike,

Blob, a bubble. (E.) See Bleb. dress flax by beating O. H. G. bliuwan, ;
Block, a large piece of wood. (F. — whence G. blduen,\.o beat; Goth, bliggwan,
M. H. G.) M. E. blok. - O. F. bloc- to strike all from Teut. *bli'wwan-, to
;
M. H. G. block, a block cf. Du. blok, Dan. ;

strike. (History obscure.)
blok, Swed. block. Der. block-ade. Blubber. (E.) M.E, blober, a bubble ;
Blond. (F.) XV
F. blojid, m. cent. bloberen, to bubble up, to weep copiously.
fem. 'light yellow;' Cot. Referred
Z'/^«d'^, Of imitative origin cf. Blob. The ;
by Diez to Icel. blanditin, mixed cf. A. S. ;

blubber of the whale consists of bladder-
blonden-feax, having hair of mingled like cells filled with oil. Blubber-lipped.
colour, gray-haired. See Blend. But ^ with swollen lips. Cf. E. Frie... blubber,
the Low L. form is bhaidus, pointing to a bubble, a blob of fat; bhibbern, to
a Teut. type *blundo-, answering to Skt. buLble.
bradhna-s, reddish, pale yellow (Kluge). Bludgeon. (F. -Teut.^ A. F. boho7i, a
Cf. O. Slav. bron\ white ; Brugm. i. cross-bow bolt. — O. H. G. boh ; see Bolt.
§Si4. Blue, a colour. (F.-O.H.G.) M.E.
Blood. (E.) M. E. blod, blood. A. S. blew, bieu.-'K.Y blu, blew, O. Y. bleu,
.
blod.-^X^w. bloed, Icel. blo<i, Swed. blod, blue. — O.K. G. bldo, blue, livid, G. blati.
Goth, bloth ; G. bhit <Teut. type *blddom,
;
-J-Icel. bldr, livid Swed. bla, Dan. blaa
; ;
n. Hence bleed. A.S. blcna (O. E. Texts, p. 588) Teut. ; <

Bloom, (Scand.)
a M. E.
flower. type *blkwoz. Cognate with 'L?i\..Jldtius,
bloine; not in A.
bWin, blomi, a
S. — Icel. yellow.
flower; Swed. bloninia; Dan. blonwie.-\- Bluff, downright, rude. (Du. ?) A
Du. bloem Goth, bloma allied to O. Ir.
; ; bluff is a steep headland. It appears to be
bldth, Y,.Jlds Flower. And see below. Dutch. M. Du. blaf, flat, broad blaffaert,
; see ;
blossom. M. E. blos?ne, also one having a broad flat face, also, a

(E.)
blostme. A. S. blostma, a blossom from boaster (Oudemans) ; blaf van het voor- ;
base bio- of A. S. blo-ivan, with suffixes hooft, 'the flat of a forehead' (Hexham);
-stand -via (Teut. -mon).-\-T)\x. bloescju ; blaffen, bleffen, to mock (id.). Cf. E.
M. H. G. bluost (with suffix -st). See Fries, bluffeji, to make a noise, bluster,
above. impose on.
Blot (i)' a spot. Blunder, to flounder about, err.
(F.-Teut.) M. E.
blot; from blotten, vb. -M.
(Scand.) M. E. blondren, to confuse, to
F. blotter., *to
blot;' Cot.-O. F. blotte, bloste, a clot of move blindly or stupidly. Formed (as a
earth. (Prob. Teutonic.) frequentative) from Icel. blunda, to doze,
Blot (2), at backgammon. (Scand.) slumber Swed. bhmda, to shut the eyes ;
A an 'exposed' piece. — Dan. blot,

blot is Dan. blutide, to nap. Cf. Icel. blundr,
bare, naked whence give sig blot, to lay
; Dan. and Swed. blund, a doze, a nap.
oneself open, expose oneself; Swed. blott, From the sense of '
confusion.' Allied to
naked blotta, to lay oneself open.-f-Du.
; Blend and Blind.
bloot, naked, blootstellejt, to expose G. ; Blunderbuss, a short gun. (Hyb.)
bloss,naked. Allied to Icel. blautr, soft ;
In Pope. Formerly spelt blanterbusse,
see Bloat. plafttierbusse (Palmer, Folk-Etymology)
hi
;; ^ ;;
BLUNT BOHEA
i. e.'a gun on a rest.' Apparently from short for aborde, used by Palsgrave. — F.
L. plantdre, to plant (see Plant) and aborder, to approach, accost, abboord,
;
'
Du. bus, a gun, orig. a box, barrel; see or lay aboord ' Cot. - F. a, to (L. ad) ;
Box (i}. But the corresponding Du. word bord^ edge, brim, side of a ship, from
is donderhtts, i. e. thunder-gun. Icel. borQ, Du. boord, side of a ship. See
Blunt, dull. (Scand.?) ^l.Y.. blunt, Board (i).
blont, dull, dulled. Origin unknown; Boast. (F.) M. E. bost. [W. bost,
perhaps allied to Icel. hhinda, Dan. Corn, bost, Irish and Gael, bosd, are all
blimde, to sleep, doze see Blunder. borrowed from E.] From A. F. bost^ a
;
Slur, to stain a stain. (Scand. ?) boast,

: Prob. from Norw. bausta, to act
Properly to dim *
metaphorically, to with violence, baust, boastfully (Ross). Cf.
'
;
*
deceive.' We
find: 'A (^/zrr^, deceptio
;
E. Fries, busen, to be boisterous. ;
to blh-7'e, fallere Levins (1570). 'Of Boat. (E.) M, E, boot. A, S, bat.

uncertain origin. Cf Swed. dial, blura, Cf. Icel. i^^/r Swed. â/; Du. boot; Russ. ;
to blink, partially close the eyes Swed. bot' W. bad; Gael, bdta, a boat. p. The
; ;
plira, Swed. dial, blira, to blink blirra Icel. word is borrowed from A. S.
; and ;
fojr augtt, to quiver (be dim) before the the other forms either from E. or Icel.
eyes, said of a haze caused by heat Teut. type *baztoz, m,
Bavarian plerr, a mist before the eyes. boat-swain. (E.) Lit. 'boat-lad;'
Blurt, to utter impulsively. (E.) Icel. sveinn, a lad ( = A. S. szvdn).
Lowl. Sc. blirt, to make a noise in weep- Bob, to jerk. (E.) Perhaps imitative.
ing; cf. M. E. bleren, to make a loud Bobbin, a wooden pin on which thread
noise, to blare. Of
imitative origin. is wound ; round tape. (F,) Formerly
Blush. W.IL
bhischen, blusshen,
(E.) bobin. — Y. bobine, *a quil for a spinning
to glow. A. S. blyscau, used to translate wheele, a skane Cot. Orig. unknown.
;
'
L. rtifildre, to shine (Mone, Quellen, 355) Bode, to foreshew. (E.) M, E. boden,

cf. dblysiaii, dblisian, to blush from A. S. ;
bodian. — A. S. bodian, to announce. — A. S.
blys in bcel-blys, lit. 'a fire-blaze.'-J- Du. boda, a messenger bod, a message. From;
blozen, to blush, from bios, a blush Dan. ;

bod-, weak grade of beodan, to command,
2
blusse, to flame, glow, from bins, a torch ;
announce. See Bid ( '1.
Swed. blossa, to blaze, from bloss, a torch. Bodice, stays. (E.) corruption of A
From Teut. root *bleus, to glow. bodies (pi. of body), which was the old
Bluster, to be boisterous. (E.) Doubt- spelling. (Cf. F. corset, from corps
less associated in idea with blast (Icel. Bodkin, orig. a small dagger. (?)
bldstr, Swed. blast). Cf. E. Fries, blils- M. E. boydekin, Ch. Origin unknown.
iern, to be tempestuous (esp. of wind) ; Body, the frame of an animal. (E.)
bluster, bliiser, a breeze; bliisen^ to blow M. E, bodi; A. S. bodtg.-{-0. H, G. potach.
strongly ; bliise, wind. Boer ; the same as Boor,
Boa, a large snake. (L.) L. boa Bogf. (C.) Irish bogach, a bog, from
(Pliny) ;
perhaps allied to bos, an ox ; from bog, soft; cf. Irish bogai?n, I shake; a bog
its size. being a soft quagmire. So also Gael.
Boar, an animal. (E.) Isl.lL. boi'e, boor. bogan, a quagmire; bog, soft, moist; bog^
A. S. bdr.-\-Dn. beer; M. H. G. ber. to soften, also to agitate. Cf. O. Irish
Teut. tvpe *bairoz, m. bocc, soft.
Board (I ). (E.) m.-E. bord. A.S. Boggard, Boggart, a spectre, (C,
bord, board, side of a ship, shield. 4- Du. with ¥. stiffix.) variant of
l*'rom bog,
boord ; Icel. bo?-d, plank, side of a ship G. ;
Bug (i); with suffix -ard, -art {¥. -ard
bord; Goth, -baurd \n fotubaurd, a foot- as in bast-ard). See below.
stool. Cf. Irish, Gael., W., and Corn. Boggle, to start aside, swerve for fear.
bord, a board (from E.). Teut. type (C?) I'rob. coined from prov. E. boggle,
*bordom, n. %
The sense side of a ship '
'
bogle, a spectre. Cf. \V. bwg, a goblin
explains star-board, lai'-board, on board, ^yg^l-, a scarecrow bwgwl, a threat, ;
over-boa7'd. Der. board, to have meals as bygylu, to threaten; bwgwth, to scare.

a lodger from board, a table.
;
See Bug (0.
Iboard (2), to go on board a ship, to Bohea, a kind of tea. (Chinese,) So
accost. (F. — Teut.) The sb. board x?, E., named from the Bohea hills; the moun-
but the verb, formerly spelt borde, bord, is tain called Boti-y (or Wti-i) is situated in
54
;
BOIL BOOBY
the province of Fokien or Fukiati, on the L. boltts (not L. bohis), a Latinised form
S. E. coast of China. of Gk. /SoiAoj, a clod, lump.
Boil (i), to bubble up. (F. -L.) O. F. Bomb, a shell for cannon. (F. or Span.
boillir, to boil (F. bouillir). '^'L. btilltre, to — L. — Gk.) F. bombe Span. boi?iba. L.
;
—
bubble up, boil. — L. bulla, a bubble; see bombus, a humming noise. — Gk. PofifioSf
Bull (2). Cf. Norman F. boillir, to the same. See Boom (1).
boil. bombard. (F. - L. - Gk .) Th e verb
Boil small tumour. (E.)
(2), a Prov. from E. bovibaid, a great gun Sh. — F.
is ;
E. bile proh. nffected by boil{i).

;
M. E. botubarde, a cannon extended from F. ;
byle. A. S. byl, a boil, swelling. -|-Dn. bombe see Bomb. Der. bonibard-ier, F.
;
bull', G. beule Cf. Goth, ufhauljan, to bombardier (Cot.).

puff up Icel. beyla, a hump (with muta-
; Bombast, orig. cotton wadding; hence
tion). See Bowl (2). padding, aflectcd language. (F. — L.-
Boisterous. (F.") Lengthened from Gk.) From O. F. bombace (with added t),
M. K. boistoiis, Ch. 'noisy.' Boistous ; lit. cotton wadding. — Late L. bonibdcem, ace.
is formed, with suffix -ous^ from
O. F. of bombax, cotton for L. bombyx. — Gk. ;
Norw. baicst-a, to act with violence ; like Bofifiv^, silk, cotton ; orig. a silkworm.
cloister from L. claiistrum. Cf. Norw. Cf '
to talk fzistian.*
bmtst, boastfully ; baiiSj blustering. bombazine, bombasine, a fabric
See
Boast. of silk and worsted. (P\ — L. — Gk.) F.
Bold. (E.) M.E. bold, bald; AS. boffibasin. — l.îe L. boiiibdcimim. — bom- 'L,.
beald, bald, balJ>.-\-\ct\. ballr; Du. boud byciniis, adj. silken; from bombyx ^ silk;
O. H.G. bald', cf. Goth, balthaba, adv., see above.
boldly. Teut. type *balJ)oz. Bond. (E.) See Band (i).
Bole, stem of a tree. (Scand.) M.E. Bondage, servitude. {V — Scand.) .
bole. "Icel. bolr. bulr, the trunk of a tree, M. E. and A. F. bondage, servitude the ;
stem; Swed. bal Dan. bul. Cf. Gk.

\ sense being due to confusion with the verb
ipd\-ay^, a log, trunk. Cf. Balk (i\ to bind. But it orig. meant the condition
Boiled, swollen. (Scand.) Earlier of a bondman, called in A. S. bonda, a
forms are M. E. bolleu, pp., and bolned, word borrowed from Icel. bondi, a hus-
pp. The latter is the pp. of M.E. bolnen, bandman. And bondi^bilandi, a tiller;
to swell. — Dan. bulne, Swed. bulna, Icel. from Icel. biia, to till, prepare, cognate
bclgna, to swell, inchoative forms from with A. S. bfian, to dwell, and G. bauen.
wk. grade of belg- (cf. Icel. belgja, to in- Thus A. S. bonda is allied in sense and
flate). Cf. A. S. bclgan (pp. bolgeti), to origin to E. boor, q. v.
swell with anger. See Bellows, Billow. Bone. (E.) M.E. boon; A.S. ban.
Bolster. (E.) A. S. bolster, with suffix + Du. been ; Icel, bein ; Swed. ben; Dan.
•ster as in holster. From its round shape. been ; O. PI. G. bein. T(ut, type ^bainom,
-^Tiw. bolster, bulstcr Icel. bolstr O. \ \ bonfire. (E.) Orig. a bone-fire.
H. G. bolstar (G. polster). Teut. type '
Bane-Jire, ignis ossium ; Catholicon '
*bul-stroz; from Teut. *lml, weak grade Anglicanum, A. d. 1483; where bane is
of *beul, to puff up. See Boil (2). (See the Northern form oi bone. Cf Picard/w
Franck.) d'os, a bonfire.
Bolt (1)5^ stout pin of iron, an arrow. Bonito, a kind of tunny. (Span.—
(E.) A. S. bolt.-^Dxx. bout, formerly boll ;
Arab.) Span, bonito. — Arab. baytiJth,
E)an. bolt; G. bolz, bolzen. Root unknown. a bonito.
Bolt 2), Bonlt, to sift meal. (F.
'
- Bonnet. (F.) Y. bonnet; O. F. bonet
L. — Gk.) Spelt Palsgrave.—
boiilte \\\ (a. D. 1047), the name of a stuff of which
O. F. btilier; mod. F. blnter; oldest form bonnets or caps were made. Origin
buleter, a corruption of ^biireter. to sift unknown.
through coarse cloth; cf M. Ital. btirat- Bonny, fair. (F. — L.) From F. bonne^
tare, to boult (Florio). — O. F. and F. fair, fem. of bon, good. — L. bonus, good;
bare, coarse woollen cloth. — Late Lat. O. L. duonus.
bura, burra, coarse red cloth. — Lat. Bonze, a priest. (Fort. — Japanese.)
burrus, reddish. — Gk. irvppos, reddish.— Port, bonzo. — lzip. bonzo, a religic)us man.
Gk. TTvp, fire. See Bureau and Fire. Booby. (Span. — L.) Span, bobo^ a
Bolus, a large pill. (L.-Gk.) Late blockhead, booby (related to F. baube^
65
;;; —
BOOK BOTANY
stammering). — L. balbiis, stammering - M. Du. Du. buit; cf. Icel. byti,
bate,
hence, stupid. Dan. Swed. byte, exchange, barter,
bytte,
Book. (E.) M.
E. book; A. .S. boc, a also booty, spoil G. bente, spoil.
;
book also,
; a beech-tree. The orig. Borage. (F^- Span. -Arab.) For-
' books ' were pieces of writing scratched merly bourage. — F. bourrache. — Span.
on a beechen board. -f-Du. boek Icel. bok; ; borraja. — Kxzh. abu rashh, lit. 'father of
Swed. bok; Dan. bog; G. buck all in the ; sweat ;
'
because it is a sudorific.
sense of * book Goth, boka, a letter, pi.

'
; Borax. (Low L. — —
Arab. Pers.) Low
bokos, writings, p. With A.S. boc, beech, cf. L. borax ; also boracutn. — Arab, burdq. —
L. fdgns, a beech, Gk. (prjyos, a tree with Pers. bilrah, borax (Vullers).
edible fruit. Border, an edge. (F. L. -Low
Boom, (i), to hum, (E.) M. E. bom- Teut.) M. E. bordure, bordetire. — O.Y.
vieii; not found in A. S.-f-Du. bo??ime}t, bordeure (Span, bordadiird), an edging. —
to boom, to give out a hollow sound like Low L. borddtura, edging. — Low L. bor-
an empty barrel. An imitative word dd?'e (Ital. bordare, Span, bordar, F".
like L. bojnbiis, Gk. Pu/xPos, a humming. border), to edge. — Low L. bordus (F.
Boom (2 \ a pole. (,Du.) Du. boom ;
/'^rc/j. — Teut. (O. Low G.) bord, side; see
the Du. form of Beam. (i\ Board.

Boom.erail^, a wooden missile weapon. Bore (i), to M. E.
perforate. (E.)
(Australian.) l^rom the native Australian borien, A.S. boren; Icel.
borian.'\-T)w..
name. bora; Swed. (^^rr^: Dan. ^^r^; G. bohren.
;
Boon a petition. (Scand.)

(i), M. E. Also l^./ordre, to bore Gk. <f)apd€iv, to
;
bone, Ch. — Icel. bou Dan. and Svved./w;,

; plough. Brugm. i. § 510. (y'BHER,
a petition. +
A. S. boen, ben (whence bene to cut.)
in Wordsworth). The sense of 'favour' bore (2), to worry. (E.) Possibly a
arose from coniusion with Boon (2;. metaph. use of the verb above Hen. VIII, ;
Boon (2), good. (F. — L.) In the phr. i. I. 128.

*
boon companion.' — F. bon, good. — L. Bore (3), a tidal surge in a river.
bomts. See Bonny. (Scand. ?) Perhaps from Icel. bdra, a
Boor, a peasant. (Du.) Du. boei; a billow caused by wind ; Norw. baara, a
peasant, lit. 'tiller of the soil.' — Du. billow, swell in the sea.
botrcuen, to till. +
A. S. bfian, to dwell in, Boreas, the north wind. (L. — Gk.)
whence gebfir, s., a peasant (only preserved L. Boreas. ^Gk. Bopias, Boppds, the N.
in neigh-bour). So also G. bauen, to till, wind.
whence bauer, a peasant; Icel. biia, Goth. Borough. (E.) M. E. burgh, borgh .;
bauan, to dwell. Teut. stem '^bii-, related also boriue. A. S. burh, burg (gen. and
to Be. (Streitberg, § 90.) dat. byrig), a fort. Perhaps from Teut.
Boot (i), advantage, profit. (E.) M. E. burg-, weak grade of '^bergan-, to pro-
bote, boot. A.S. bot, profit. -f-Du. boetc tect whence Goth, bah'gan, to hide, keep ;
;
Icel. bot (cf. bati), advantage, cure; Dan. see Barrow. lû. bu7'g; Icel. +
borg;
bod, Swed. bot, remedy G. busse, atone- Swed. and Dan. borg; G. burg; Goth.
;
ment ; Goth. bota. Teut. type *bdta, f. baurgs. See below. Brugm. i. § 566 ; ii.
From bot-, strong grade of bat-; see § 160.
Better. Der. boot-less, profitless. borrow. (E.) M. E. borwen A. S. ;
Boot (2), a covering for the foot. (F.) borgian, lit. to give a pledge. — A. S. borg,
M. E. bote. - O. F. bote{Y. botte) cf. Span., bo7'h, a pledge. — A.S. /^^;'^-, weak grade
:
Port., Late L. bota. Origin unknown. of beorgan, to keep, protect see Bar- ;
Booth. (Scand.) M. E. bothe. - M. row and Borough.

Dan. both (Kalkar), Dan. bod Swed. bod \ Bosom. (E.) M. E. bosom. A. S.
{cL Icel. bHd,2i dwelling, booth). — Dan. bdst>i.'^\X\. boezem; G. biisen.
boe, Swed. bo, Icel. bua, to dwell see Boss, a knob. (F.-O.H.G.)
; M. E.
Boor. -|- G. bude, a stall. Teut. type boce, bos. — O. F. boce (F. bosse) cf. Ital. ;
*buj)d, f. Cf. also Irish both, a hut, bozza, a swelling M. Ital. bozzare, to ;
W. bdd, a residence Lith. btita, bnttas. rough-hew, to bungle. Prob. from O. H.

;
a house. See Build. G bozan, to beat a bump being the ;
Booty. (F. — LowG.) Formerly spelt effect of a blow. Cf. botch, beat.
butin. — Y. butm, 'a booty, prey;' Cot. Botany. (F. — Gk.) F. botam'que,
56
BOTARGO BOURD
orig. an adj. — Gk. PoraviKos, belonging 6o/i ; of which the orig. sense was 'an
to plants. — Gk. /Sotclvt], grass. — Gk. ^
arm.' . Icel.
,
.
+
,-
bogr, Swed. bog, Dan. bov,
r,
,
, ^
l36aK€Lv, to pasture ; cf. /Soto;/, a grazing the shoulder of an animal, hence the bow
animal. (shoulder) of a ship; G. bttg; Gk. Tr^x^'^r
SotargO, a cake made of the roe of the the fore-arm Skt. bdhns, the arm. Teut.
;
sea-mullet. (Ital. — Arab. M.Ital. botargo, ' type *bdgi<z; Idg. type *bhdghus. See
pi. botarghe see Florio and Torriano. —
;
Bow i. §
(4). 184. Bnigm.
Arab, butarkha, botargo ;
given by Devic. Bought, a bend, turn, fold. (Low G.)
Supposed to be composed of bzi, Coptic In Spenser. F. Q. i. I. 15. Low G. bj4gt,
def. article, and Gk. rapixos, dried fish a bend; Du. ^^^/, bocht', Dan. btfg/. Cf.
(Journ. des Savants, Jan. 1848, p. 45). G. btic/i/. The E. form is Bight. And
Botch (i), to patch. (E.) Origin see Bout.
unknown. Similar is M. Du. butsen, to Boulder, a large stone. (E. ?) Etym.
strike, beat, also to patch up cf. Du. ; obscure; cf. Swed. dial. bul/ersUen, a
botsen, to beat. large rolling stone; so calltd from its
Botch (2), a swelling. (F. G.) — rolling down stream with a crash. — Swed.
M. \i. boche. — O. North F. boche Picard ; bu//ra, to thunder, roar and sêen, a ;
boche O. F. boce (Y .bosse), a swelling; see

; stone. Danish has bnldre, to roar, bulder,
Boss. a crash.
Both. (Scand.) M.E. bdpe, Scot. Boult, meal ; see Bolt (2).
to sift
/'azM. — Icel.
bddir, both, dual adj. Dan. ; Bounce, to jump up quickly. (E )
baade\ Swed. bada.'\-G. beide. And cf. M. E. bunsen, to beat. Cf. Low G. btin-
A. S. bd, boih Lat. -bo in affibo; Gk. -(/w
;
\
sen, to beat, knock at a door; Du. bonzeti,
in dfx-(pa; Skt. -b/ia in u-b/ia, both.
;
Iccl. to bounce, throw, from Du. bons, a bounce,
-Ozr is for Set'r, they, the; so that bo- f/i thump; G. bumps, bounce; Icel. bops.
was two words cf. Goth, baô skipa,
orig. ;
'
bump ! Prob. imitative.

both the ships (Luke v. 7). Bound (i), to leap. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Bother, vb. and sb. (E.) In Swift. Cf. F. bondir,\.Q bound; but orig. to resound.
pother; prov. E./z^^^/^r, confusion M.E. ;
— L. bombitdre, to resound. —L. bombns,
piitheren, to bestir oneself. Origin un- a humming sound. — Gk. {So/jPos, the same.
known. Der. re-bound (F. rebondir).
BotS, small worms. (E.) Lowl. Sc. Bound (2), a boundary. (F. — C?)
bats. Of unknown origin. M. E. botmde, Ch. with excrescent d, as ;
Bottle(0. ^ hollow vessel. (F.— in soun-d. A. F. bounde, bunde; O. F.

Late L. - Gk.) M. E. botel. - F. bouteille. bonne, a boundary also spelt bodne (Bur- ;
Late Lat. biiticula, double dimin. of guy) Late Lat. bodina

; cuntr. form ,
Late L. btitis, biittis, a cask, a butt; see |

bonîd), a bound, limit. Perhaps of Celtic
Butt (2). origin Thurneysen, 91. Der. bonnd-ary.
;
Bottle a bundle of hav. (F.—

(2), Bound (3), ready to go. (Scand.) In
O. H. G. ) M. E. botel. - O. Y. ^botel, bot- '
the ship is bound for Spain,' &c.
elle, a small bundle, dimin. of botte, a Formed, with excrescent d, from M. E.
bundle, as of hay. — O. H. G. bozo, a bundle boun, ready, Ch. C. T. 11807. ~ ^'^^\.
of straw or flax allied to O. H. G. bozan,
; buinn, prepared pp. of bila, to till, pre- ;
to beat (see Beat) perhaps from the ;

pare. -f- A. S. buan ; ?ee Boor.
beating of flax. Bounden, th^^ old pp. of Bind. (E.)
Bottom. (E.) M. E. botiiDi, bothovi. As in '
bounden duty.'
A. S. botvi.-^-ijxx. bodem Icel. botn Swed. ; ; Bounty, goodness. (F. orig.
L."^ —
botten; Dan. bund; G.boden; 'Lal.ftaidtis; M. E. O. F. bontet. — L. ace.
bountee. —
Gk. Trv6fj,T)v Vedic Skt. Inidhna, depth,
; bonitdtem, from bonitds, goodness. — L.
ground. Allied to Irish bonn, sole of the bonus, good. See Bonny.
foot; Gael, bonn, sole, bottom; \^ bon, . Bouquet. (F. — LateL.) Y. bouquet;
base, stock. See Fundament. Brugm. O. F. bosquet, orig. ' a little wood,' dimin.
i. §§ 103, 704. of O. F. bos (F. bois a wood. — Late L. ,
Boudoir. (F.)
F. botidoir, a private boscum, busciun, ace. of boscus, buscus, a
room a place to sulk in. —
for a lady ; lit. wood ; of unknown origin. Cf. Bush.
F. bonder., to sulk. Cf. E. pout. Eourd, a jest to jest.;(F.) M. E.
Bough. (E.) M. E. botigh. A. S. bog, bourdc, sb. ; bourden, v. — F. bourde, a
57
— ;;
BOURN BRACELET
game ; boiirder, play.
to Of unknown M. E. boHe. A.S. bolla; from its round
origin. (Not as in Diez.) form. + Du. bol, ball O. H. G.
; Icel. bolli,
Bourn (0? ^ boundary. (F.) In Sh. bolla, bowl (G. belle). From Teut. *bul-,
— F. borne, a bound for O. F. bodne, ; weak grade of * be ill-, to swell cf. Goth. ;
variant of O. F. bonne, a boundary see ; uf-baulj'an, to puff up. See Boil (2).
Bound (2). Bow-line. (Scand.) N'ot so called
Bourn (2), Burn,
a stream. (E.) because it keeps a sail bowed (for it rather
M. L. bourne. A.S. burna, a fountain, keeps it straight), but because fastened to
stream, well.+Icel. brunnr; Swed. brunn ;
the ship's bow. — Norw. and Swed. bog-
Dan. brand; G. brunnen Goth, brunna, ; Una, bow-line, from bog, bow of a ship;
a spring, well. Du. boeglijn, from boeg, bow. For the
Bouse, Bouze, Boose, to drink pronunciation, cf. bow-sprit. See Bow (4)
deeply. (Du.) h,i.Y.. bousen {lih. I'ôo). and Line.
— M. Du. ^bfisen, later buyzett, to drink Bow-window; see Bow (i).
deeply. — M. Du. biise (Latinised as biisa Box (i), the name of a tree. (L. — Gk.)
by Erasmus), buyse, a large cup, also a M. E.box; A.S. box. — \.2X. btixus, the
tap, a conduit (Kilian) Du. bids, a con- ; box-tree.— Gk. ttvôs, the box-tree.
duit, pipe. Cf O. F. buse, a conduit box (2), a chest or case to put things
G. bausen, to bouse. in. (L. - Gk.) M. E. box A. S. box. - L. ;
Bout, a turn, a round, occasion. (Low buxum, anything made of box-wood;

G.) The same as Bought (above) ; prob. hence, a box. — Lat. buxus, the box-tree.
influenced by about. (Hence a box at a theatre a shooting-Zicx; ;
Bow (i), to bend. (E.) M. E. bowen, a Christmas box or present &c.) Cf. ;
bogen, biigen. A. S. 3/7â«. Du. buigen ; + Pyx.

O. H. G. biogan Goth, bitigan
; Teut. ; Box (3), to fight with fists a blow. ;
type *beugajt- or *biigan-. Cf. Skt. bhuj, (E.) The verb is from M. E. box, sb.,
to bend Lat. fiigere, to take to flight,
; a blow. Cf. N. Fries, bakke, Silt bokke,
give way ; Gk. ipiv-^div , to flee. Brugm. i. a blow (Outsen) M. H. G. biic, a blow; ;
§§ 658, 701. Du. beuketi, G, pochen, to beat.

bow (2), a bend. (E.) From the Box
(4), in phr. * to box the compass.'
verb. Apparently one of the numerous uses of
bow (3), a weapon to shoot with. (E.) the vb. formed from box 1^2). See
M. E. bowe. A, S. boga, a bow because N. E. D. ;
it is bent or bowed. JlfXyxx. boog; Icel. hogi; Boy. (E.) M. E. boi, boy. Preserved
Swed. bage Dan. bite
; O. H. G. bogo in E. Friesic boi, boy, a boy (Koolman) ;
; ;
G. bogen. From A. S. bog- ; cf. bog-en, pp. allied to M. Du. boeve, a boy, Du. boef,
of biigan to bend. a knave, -f- Icel. boH, a knave G. bube. ;
bow-window. (E.^ A window of Bavarian bueb, biia, but, a boy. Cf. A. S.

semi-circular form not the same as bay- Bofa, personal name.
;
7vindow. Boycott, to combine with others in re-

Bow (4), the 'shoulder' of a ship. fusing to have dealings with any one. (E.)
(Scand.) From Icel. bogr, shoulder; see From the treatment accorded to Capt. Boy-
Bough. +Du. boeg, bow of a ship. eott, of Lough Mask House, co. Mayo, Ire-
Bowel. (F.-L.) M. E. ^^«^/.-0. F. land, in Dec. 1880.

boel; (mod. F. boyau). — Lat. ace. botellum, Brabble, to quarrel. (E.) Cf. Du.
a sausage in ;Late L., an intestine brabbelen, to stammer, confound whence ;
dimin. of botnlus, a sausage. brabbeltaal, foolish talk. See Blab,

Bower, an abode, chamber, arbour. Babble.
(E.) M. E. bour. A. S. bur, a chamber. Brace, orig. a firm hold. (F. L.) —
— A.S. bfian, to dwell. +
Icel. biir, a From the notion of embracing. — O. F.
chamber: Dan. buur, Swed. bur; O. Sax. brace, the two arms (Bartsch) hence a ;
bilr; O. H. G. bilr. Teut. types *burom, measure of 5 feet, formed with extended
n., *buroz, m. see Boor.
; Cf. Booth. arms (Cot.^ and hence, a grasp. — Lat. ;
Bowl (i^ a round wooden ball. (F. brdchia, pi. of brdchiiim, the arm. Irish +
L.) iM. E. boule.^F. boiile. — l^. bulla, a brae, W. braich, the arm Gk. Ppaxiojv. ;
bubble hence, a round thing, a ball.

; bracelet. (F. — L.) F. bracelet;
Bowl (2), a drinking-vessel. (E.) dimin. of O. F. bracel, an armlet (Bartsch).
58
. ;
BRACH BRAND
— L. brdchidle, an armlet. — L. brdchiuin, bracat, malt liquor. —
W. brag, malt ; Irish
an arm, and Gael, braich, malt, fermented grain.
Brach, a kind of hunting-dog. (F.— Cf. Gael, brach. to ferment.
G.) M. E. brache, pi. braches. - K.Y Brahman, Brahmin. (Skt.) Skt.
brachez, pi. of bracket, dimin. of O. K. brdh77ia\\a, a brahman, holy man. — Skt.
brae (F. braque). — 0.li.G. bracco (G. brahmayi, prayer; also devotion, lit. 'a
brack), a dog that hunts by the scent. greatness of the soul
' cf. brhant, great.
;
"
Bracken, fern. (E.) M. E. braken. rVBHERGH, to be great.)

A. S. braccan, pi.Kemble, C. I), v. 277.
;
Braid i ) to weave. (E.) M.E. breiden.
( ,
Cf. Swed. braken, Dan. bregne^ fern cf. ;

A. S. bj-egdan, bredan, to brandish, weave,
Icel. biirkni, fern. braid. +
Icel. bregiia, to brandish, turn
Bracket, corbel, &c.
a (F. C?) — about, change, start, braid, &c. ; whence
Formerly spelt bragget, as in Minsheu, ed. bragd. a sudden movement.
1627. So named from the resemblance to braid (2\ full of deceit. (E.) In
the front part of a pair of breeches, as All's Well, iv. 2. 73, braid is short for
formerly made. — F. braguette, ' a cod- braided, i. e. full of braids or tricks. M.E.
piece,' Cot. (the front part of a pair of braid, trick, deceit. — A. S. brcegd, deceit;
breeches) ; the allied Span, bragueta also from A. S. brcpgd, 2nd grade oibregdan, to
meant a projecting mould in architecture, draw out, weave, knit, braid.
a bracket or corbel. Dimin. of O. F. Brail, a kind of ligature or fastening.
bragtce, *a kind of mortaise,' Cot. from ; (F. — C. ?) O. F. braid, a cincture orig. for ;
bragiies, breeches; so also Span, bragueta fastening up breeches. — F. braie, breeches.

is the dimin. of Span bragas, breeches.— — L. brdccE, breeches.
L. brdc(2, breeches; said to be of Celtic Brain. (E.) Vi.'E.brayve. K.^.h'CEgn,
(or Teutonic V) origin. See Breeches. brcegen, the brain. +
Du. breiî. C£ Gk.
Brackish. (Du.) Du. brak, briny, iipiXP^^s, the top of the head.
nauseous ;older form wrack, brackish Brake
a machine for breaking (i),
(Hexham) ; allied to M. Du. ivracke, a hemp
for various mechanical
; a name
wreck, Du. ivraken, to reject, blame, dis- contrivances. (O. Low G.) yi.lL. brake.
approve. —Du. wrak^ orig. 2nd grade of — Low G. brake., a flax-brake; M. Du.
See braecke, ' a brake to beat flax ' Hexham
;
7vrekeit, to wreak orig. to drive.
;
;
Wreck. [So also wrong, sour, is allied Du. braak. — Du. brak, 2nd grade oi bj-eken,
to wringen, to wring. See Franck.] to break see Break. ;
Bract. (L.) Lat. bractea, a thin plate Brake (2), bush. (E.) M.E. bi-ake.
or leaf of metal. +
Low G. brake, willow-bush (Bremen)
Brad. (Scand.) M. E. brod. — Icel. also stumps of broken trees, rough growth.
broddr, a spike Swed. brodd, Dan. brodde, From A. S. brecan, (pt. t. brcec), to break.
;
a frost-nail. +A. vS. brord, a spike. Teut. %

In the sense of fein,' modified from '
type *brozdoz. Cf. O. Irish b'Ot, Ir. bjvd, Bracken.

W, braih, a sting. Bramble. lE.) U.Ê^.h-embiL A.S.
Brae, brow of a hill, steep bank, slope. bremel, brenibel. Allied to Du. braatn, a
(Scand.) M. E. bra, ^r<? (North). -Icel. blackberry Swed. brom-bdr, Dan. brom- ;
brd, brow hence, brow of a hill

; see bcer, G. broinbeere, a blackberry. Here Du.
;
Brow. braam, G. broni iÔ. H.G. brdina answer

Brag*, to boast. (Scand.) M. E. brag- to A. S. brom see Broom) of which A.S. ;
geUy to sound loudly, to vaunt. Prob. bre7Ji-el [iox Ttw.t*br^jmloZj is the diminu-
from M. Dan. brage, to crack, to brag. tive).
Cf. A. S. gebrcec, a breaking, crash, Bran. (F.) M.E. bran. -Ô.Y. bran,
noise Icel. brak, a creaking, braka,
; to bren. Cf. W. bran, Irish bran,^ husks,
creak ; cognate with L. fragor, noise. chaff(from E.) Bret, brenn, bran. ;
Also (late) M. F. bragner, to flaunt, '

Branch. (F. — L.) F. branche. — Late
brag,' Cot. M. F. bragard, gay, gallant, L. branca, the paw of an animal.
;
'
braggard,' whence E. braggart. find We

Brand, a burning piece of wood, scar
also W. bragal, to vociferate (from E.) of fire, a sword. (E.)
;
]\L E. brand, A. S.
Bret, braga, to brag (from F.). Cf. Bray. brand, a burning, a sword from brann, :
Bragget. (W.) Vi.Y..bragot.-'\<. 2nd stem of Teui. *brennan-, to burn see ;
bragot, a kind of mead allied to Irish Burn.

; +
Icel. brandr, a fire-brand, sword-
59
'. ;
BRANDISH BREACH
blade (from its flashing) ; Swed. and Dan. (F.-Teut.?) M.E. bretasche, bretasce,
brand, fire-brand, fire; M. H. G. brant, brictaske, a parapet, battlement. — O. F.
a brand, sword. bretesche, a small wooden outwork, battle-
brandish. (F. — Scand.) M.'E.braun- ment; cf. Prov. bertresca. Ital. bertesca,
dzsen. — F. brandtss-anf, pres. pt. oidrandir, the same. difficult word A
prob. formed ;
to brandish a sword. — A. F. bra fid, a from G. brett, a plank.

sword. — Icel. brandr see Brand, above.
; Bravado. (Span.) See Brave.
brandy. (Du.) Formerly brajid- Brave. (F. — Ital.) F. ^mz^^, brave, '
luine, brafidy-tvine whence brandy. — Du. gay, fine, proud, braggard, valiant;' Cot.
;
brande-wijn, M. Du. brandivijn, brandy — Ital. b) avo the same as Span, and
; ;
lit. 'burnt' (i.e. distilled) wine (or, ace. Vox\..bra7)o\ Vrov.brau. Etym. unknown;
to Kilian, because it easily burns). — Du. none of the explanations are satisfactory
branden, to burn ; and wijn, wine ; see the Bret, brav, O. Swed. bj-af, appear to
Burn. be borrowed from F.
Sranks, a punishment for scolds. (F.'j bravado. (Span.) Altered from Span.
See Jamieson. Hence were borrowed bravada, a bravado Minsheu's Span.
' ;
'
Gael, brangas (O. Gael, bj-ancas), a sort Diet. — Span, bravo, brave.
of pillory Gael, brang, Irish brancas, a
; bravo, a daring villain. (Ital.) Ital.
halter. — North F. branques, pi. of bran- bravo, brave as a sb., a cut-throat, villain.
;
que, Norman form of F. branche, branch, bravo! well done! (Ital.) liA. bravo,
'
also, the cheeke of a bit,' Cot. See brave used in the voc. case masc.
;
Branch. Brawl (i), to quarrel. (E.?) M.E.

Bran-new. (E.) Short for brand-new brawlen. Perhaps E. Cf. Du. brallen,
i. e. new from the fire. See Brand. to brag, boast; Dan. bralle, to prate,
Brant-fox, Brant-goose orbrent- chatter; G. prahlen, to brag.
gOOSe. The prefix is Scand., as in Swed. Brawl (2), a sort of dance. (F. — Scand.
brandriif, a brant-fox, hrandgas, a brent- or O. H. G.) A French hraivl,' L. L.L. iii.
'
goose. The orig. sense is burnt,' with 9. — F. bi'ansle, a totter, swing,

' braiul '
. . .
Cot. — F. bransler, to reel mod.

;
the notion of redness or blackness. or dance ' ;
Brasier , Brazier, a pan to hold coals. F. bj-anler. Allied to O. F. brandeler

(F. — Scand.) F. brasier. — ¥. braise, live (Littre), brandiller, to shake (Cot.),
coals. — Swed. brasa, fire (below). frequent, forms of F. braridir, to brandish.
Brass. (E.) M.E. bras. A. S. brces. See Brandish.
Perhaps allied to the verb seen in Icel. Brawn, muscle. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
brasa, to harden by fire Dan. brase, to braun, muscle, boars flesh. — O. F. braon,
;
fry ; cf. Swed. brasa, fire. Der. braz-en, a slice of flesh cf. Prov. bradon, the same. ;
A. S. brcescn. — O. H. G. brdton, ace. of brato, a slice

braze (i\ to harden. (E.) K. Lear, of flesh for roasting. — O. H. G. brdtau
i. I. II. It means to harden like brass; '^G. braten), to roast. -f- A. S. br&dan.
see below. Bray (,1), to bruise, pound. (F. — G.)
braze (2), to ornament with brass. M. E. brayen. — O. F. bi-eier (F. broyer).—
(E.) In Chapman, tr. of Homer, Od. xv. O. Sax. brekan (G. brechcn), to break;
113; from brass, sb. Aero, ic brasige
'
see Break.
;
.(Îfric, Gram. p. 215. Bray (2), to make a roaring noise.

Brassart, the piece of armour -which (F. — C.) A. F. braier; F. braif-e (Med.
protected the upper part of the arm. (F. — Lat. bragtre). Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael.
L.) F. brassart (Cot.), brassa^'d (^\\Xx€)\ bragh, a burst, explosion, bi'aigh, to crackle
also brassal. Formed with suffix -ard (Thurneysen) and cf. \^. frag- or, noise. ;
from F. bras, arm. — L. brachitwi, arm. Braze ; see Brass.

Brat (1), a cloak, rough mantle. (C.) Brazier ; see Brasier.
It also meant a rag, clout, or pinafore.— Breach. (E.) M. E. breche, a fracture
Gael, and Irish brai, a cloak, rag O. Irish — A. S. brcce, as in hlaf-gebrece, a piece of
;
brat, a rough cloak W. brethyn, woollen bread (more commonly brice, a breaking);
;
cloth. (W. brat is from E.) O. Fries, breke.'— K.S. brecan, to break.
Brat (2), a child esp. a beggar's brat.'
;
'
^
M. E. breche is also partly from O. F.
Perhaps a rag,' the same as Brat (i).
'
breche (F. bj'cche^^, a fiacture. — G. brechen.
Brattice, a fence of boards in a mine. to break.
60
; ,
BREAD BRIDEGROOM
Bread. (E.) M. E. breed. A. S. bread. same sense as F. bise, the N. wind ; cf.
-|-Du. brood; Icel. brauQ; Swed. and Dan. Span, brisa, Port, briza, the N.E. wind;
brod\ G. brot. Teut. type *braudofn, n. Ital. brezza, a cold wind. Orig. unknown.
or *braudoz, neut. form in -oz. It some- Breeze (.^), cinders. (F, — Scand.)
times means 'bit' or 'piece'; cf. A. S. O. F. brese {breze in Cot.), F. braise, live
'
breadrti, frusta pdnis,^ Blickling Glosses ; coals. See Brasier.
O. Nortliumb. bread., a bit, morsel ; John Breve. (Ital. — L.) Grig, a short note ;
xiii. 27. now the longest in use. — Ital. breve, brief.

Breadth. (E.> The final -th is late; — L. Der. semi-breve.
breuis, short.
from M.E. breadth; Ch. — A. S,
brede^ brevet. F. — L.) ; F. brevet, a brief, *
br^du.-\-\z'&\. breidd O. H. G. breitt {G. ; breviate, little writing;' Cot. Dimin. from
breife); Goth, braidei, f. From Teut. F. bref, brief. — L. breuis, short.
*braidoz. broad ; see Broad. breviary. (F. — L.) F. briviaire.—
Break. (E.î W.Y.. breken;
•^\..\.. brak; L. breiiidrium. a summary. — L. breuis.
pp. broken. A. S. brecan, pt. t. brcec, pp. brevity. F. — L.) F. bricvete. — L.
(
broeen. -\-Du. brcken\ Gotti. bn'kan; G. ace. bretiitdtem, shortness. — L. breuis

brechen. Cf. Icel. braka, to creak; Swed. short.
braka, to crack Dan. brakke; ha.t./ra}i-
; Brew. (E.) M. E. brcwen. A. S.
gere, to break Gael, bragh, an explosion.
; breoiuan, pt. t. breaiv, Y^'p. geb}-oiven.-\-T)\x.
(-V^BHREG.) The orig. sense is to break brouwen; G.brauen; leal, brugga; Swed.
with a noise, to crack. brygga Dan. brygge. Cf. L. de-frti-tiim,
;
Bream, afish. (F. Teut.) M.E.3r^<?w. — new wine boiled down; Thracian ^S/jCtoi/,
— O. F. brestne (F. brhfie'). — M. H. G. beer.(^ BHREU, to decoct.)
brahsem (G. brassen) O. H. G. brahsina ; Brewis, Erowis, pottage. (F.-
(Kluge). Cf. Du. brasem. O. H.G.) M.E.
brewes, broives.Ô.Y.
Breast. (E.) M.)L.brest,b7'eest. A. S. brouez, broez, nom. of brouet, broet, soup
breosi. -f- Icel. brjost (Swed. brost, Dan. made with broth of meat; dimin. of breu,
bryst) Teut. type *breustoj?i, n.
: Also G. pottage (Roquefort).- O. H. G. brod. brot,
brust, Du. borst, Goth, brusts Teut. stem : broth; see Broth. Also spelt Zr^.yi?.
*bnist- (with weak grade). Briar, Brier. (E_.) M.E. brere.
Breath. (E.) M.Y..breeth,breih. A.S. A. bner, O. Merc. brer.
S.
<^;'t?5 .
+
O tl G. brddani brodeni broden,
. . , G . , Bribe. (F.) M. E. bnbe. - O. F. bribe,
brodcl, steam, vnpour, exhalation. a piece of bread given to a beggar.
Breech. (E.) See Breeches. Cf. briber, to beg; Span, briba, idleness,
Breeches. (E.) Really a double bribar, to loiter about; Ital. birba, fraud;
plural, the lorm breech being, in itself, a pi. birbante, an idle beggar. Origin un-
form. A. S. b7'ec, breeches; pi. oibroc, with known : not Celtic.
the same sense. -J- Du. broek., a pair of Brick. (F. M. Du.' —
F. brique, a
breeches; \ct\. brok (^\. brcekr) M.H. G. \ brick; also a fragment, bit. M.Du. bricke, —
bruoch. Cf. L. brdcce, said to be a \ôid a brick ; cf. Walloon briquet, a large slice
of Celtic (but rather of Teutonic) origin. of bread. — Du. breken, to break. Der.
See Brogues. brick-bat (see Bat).
breech. (E.) M.E. breech; A.S. Bride. (E.) M. E. bride also birde, ;
brec, the breech; A.S. Leechdoms, ii. brude, burdc. A. S. bryd, a bride. Du. +
146. Cf. A. S. brec, breeches, pi. of brdc\ bruid\ lce\. briidr; Swed. and Dan. <^;-«r/;
see above. O. H.G. bri^t; G. braut; Goth, bruths.
Breed. (E.) A. S. bredan, to produce Teut. type ^brildiz, f.
or cherish a brood. — A.S. brod, o. brood bridal. Formerly bride-ale, a
(E.)
(with mutation from <? to ^).4-G. briiten; bride-feast. A. S. bryd-calo, a bride-ale,
from briit. See Brood. bride-feast. — A. S. bryd, ride; and ealo, I
Breeks, breeches. iScand."^ Northern ale, also a feast see Ale. ;
E. From Icel. brcckr^ pi. of brok see ; bridegroom. (E.) For bHdegoom ;
Breeches. the second r is intrusive by conhision ;
Breeze (i), a gadfly. (E.) M.E. brese. with groom. A.S. bryd-gu?na, lit. bride-
A. S. briosa. man where gtima is cognate with L.
;
Breeze (2), a strong wind. (F.) Formerly ho7no,2t. man see Homage. +Du. bruide-
;
brize. — O. F. brise, used by Rabelais in the gom; Icel. brfidgumi', Swed. brudgum;
BRIDGE BROCADE
Dan. brudgom ; G. braufiga?n, O. H. G. clif). — M. E. brenn-en, to burn, and stoon,
brtitigomo. stone. So also Icel. brennisteinn, brim-
Bridge. (E.) M. E. brigge, briigge. stone. vSee Burn.
A. S. bry eg. -^-Iceh bryggja Swed. brygga
; ; Brinded,
Brindled, streaked.
Dan. biygge, a pier Du. brzcg G. bj-Ucke.
; ; (Scand.) Icel. brvnd-, as in bi'ondottr,
Teut. type '^brugjd, f. Allied to Icel. brii, brinded, said of a cow. — Icel. brandr, a
Dan. bro, a bridge, pavement; O. Swed. brand, flame, sword. Thus brijtded =
b7'o, a paved way. branded.
Bridle. (E.) M. E. bridel. A. S. Brine. (E.) M. E. brine. A. S. bryne
brldel. + Du. breidel\ O. H. G. bridel, (for brine), brine, salt liquor.-^M. Du.
brittil (v^^hence F. bride". A. S. bridel brijne Du. brij'n, pickle. ;
represents an earlier *brigdel (cf. brigdils, Bring. (E.) A. S. bringan, also

a bridle, O. E. Texts, p. 44, 1. 127).- A. S. brengan, pt. t. b7'dhte.-\-V)-\x. brengen; G.
bregd-an, to pull, twitch (with change of bringen Goth, briggan (written for
;
e to i). See Braid. bringan), pt. t. brdhta.

Brief ( i ) short. (F. - L.) M. E. bref. Brink. (Scand.
, M.E. (^rz«^. — Dan. :>
— F. bref.'—\^. breuis, short. +Gk. )3/)axv?, brink, verge Swed. brink, descent or ;
short. slope of a hill Icel. brekka (for bj'inka), a ;
brief (2% a writ, &c. (F.-L.) F.^ slope, crest of a hill allied to Icel. bringa, ;
brief, a brief; Cot. The same as F. bref a grassy slope, orig. the breast.
above from its being in a short form.
; Brisk. (F.-Ital.) ^Y^tM bruisk in
Brig, Brigade ; see Brigand. Lowl. Sc. (1560). — F. brusque, 'brisk,
Brigand. (F.-ltal.) ¥. brigand, 0. lively, quicke, rash, harsh;' Cot. — Ital.
robber. — Ital. briganle, an intriguer, rob- brusco, tart, harsh see Brusque. ;
ber orig. pres. part, of brigare, to strive

; Brisket. (F.) O. F. brischet (Brachet),
after. — Ital. briga, strife, quarrel, trouble. s. V. brechet), also bruschet (Ducange) ;
Orig. uncertain. brichet, the brisket, or breast-piece,'
'
brig ; short for brigantine. brnchet, the craw-bone of a bird

' Cot. '
brigade. (F.-I_tal.) Y.bngade,3. Guernsey briequet (for '^brHskct).'—T)zn.

crew, troop. — Ital. brigata, a troop ; orig. b?iisk, Icel. hrjosk, gristle ; cf. Norw.
fem. of pp. of brigai'e, to strive, fight, as bijoskutt, gristly.
above. Bristle. (E.) M. E. bristle, berstle,
brigandine, a kind of armour. (F. birstle dimin. of A. S. byrst, a bristle.+
;
— Ital.) F. brigandine, a kind of armour, Du. borstel: Icel. burst; Swed. borst;
—
worn by brigands. F. brigand, a robber ;
G. borste. From Teut. *burs-, weak grade
see above. of *bers ^ld.g. '^bhers, to bristle; cf. Skt.
brigantine, brig, a ship. (F.- sahasra-bhrshti, having a thousand points.
Ital.) Brig is merely short for brigantine. See Burr.
— F. hriganfin, a kind of ship. — Ital. Brittle. (E.) M. E. h-itel, brotel,
bj'igantino, a pirate-ship. — Ital. brigante, brutel. For A. S. *b7ytel= Teut. *brutiloz,
a robber. See Brigand. from brut-, weak grade of A. S. breotan,
Bright. (E.) M.
E. bright. A. S. to break. means fragile.'
It ' Cf. Icel.
beorht, berht. +
Icel. bjartr M. H. G. ; brjota, Swed. bryta, Dan. bryde, to break.
berht Goth, bairhts, shining. Teut. type
; Broach. (F. — L.) M.E. setten on
'^berhtoz, shining. Cf. Gk. (popKos, white. broche^Xo set a-broach, tap liquor. — F.
Brill, a fish. (E.) Origin unknown. niettre en broche, to tap, by piercing a
Brilliant, shining. (F.-L.-Gk.- iiarrel.— F. bi'ocher, to pierce; broche,
Skt.) F. brillant, pres. part, of briller, '
a broach, spit,' Cot. see Brooch. ;
to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare, to sparkle. Broad. (E.) M. E, brood. A. S. brad.

The orig. sense was to sparkle as a beryl. -I- Du. breed; Icel. breidr; Swed. and
— L. beryllus, a beryl see Beryl. ; Dan. bred Goth, braids G. breit.
; ;
Brim. (E.) M. E. brim. (Not in Brocade. (Span. — L.) Spa.n. broeado,

A. S.) Cf. barmr,
Icel. brim Swed.
; brocade; orig. embroidered, the pp. of a
brain, Dan. bramme\ M.
border, edge; verb *brocar (not used) answering to F.
Du. breme\ G. gebrdme, border. brocher, 'to broach, also, to stitch with . . .
Brimstone, sulphur. (E.) M. E. great stitches Cot. — F. broche. — Late L.

;
'
briiiiston, bremstoon, also brenstoon (Wy- brocca, L. broccus; see Broocb.

62
;
BROCCOLI BROTHEL
broccoli. (Ital. — L.) Ital. broccoli, Named from its ill odour. Formed, with
sprouts; pi. of /5r<?f^<?/(7, a sprout. Dimiii. suffix -ine, from Gk. l3p(Vfj.-os, a stink.
of brocco, a skewer, a shoot, stalk. — L. Bronchial. (Gk.) Gk. hphx^^y i^ût.
brocctis, projecting, like teeth. pi., the ramifications of the windpipe.—
brocliure, a pamphlet. (F. — L.) F. Gk. ^pofx'^^^ the windpipe; cf. ^poYxos, a
brochure, a few leaves stitched together. — gill. Der. bronch-itis from ;3po7xo9. ;
F. hrocher, to stitch ; see Brocade. Bronze. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y. bronze.

Brock, a badger. (C.) A. S broc — — llal. bronzo bj'onzino, made of bronze
;
W., Corn., and Bret, broch; Irish, Gael., (z — ds).^ L. (£S BriindusTnufn. — L. Brun-
and Manx broc, a badger. Named from (iusiiivi, Brindisi (in Italy) where bronze ;
his white-streaked face; cf. Gael, brocach, mirrors were made (I liny, xxxiii. 9).
speckled, grayish, as a badger; Gk. <ôp«os, Brooch. (F. — L.) Named from the
white, gray. (Cf. E. gray, a badger.) pin which fastens it. M. E. broche, a pin,
Brocket, a red deer two years old. ]ieg, brooch. — F. broche, a spit, point.—
(F. —
L.) F. brocart, the same so called ; Late L. brocca, a. pointed stick broca, a ;
because he has but ore tine to his horn.— L, broccus, projecting, like teeth.
spike ;
F. broche, a spit, also, a tine of a stag's Brood. (E.) M. E. brod. A. S. brod

horn see Brooch.
; (rare) 'hi bredaS heora brod' = they ;
Brogues, coarse shoes, leggings. (C. nourish their brood ; Allfric's Hom. ii. 10.
— E.) Gael, and Irish ZtJj-, shoe M.Irish +
Du. broed; (Jx.bruL Teut. stem *brd-d-.
;
/^r^rr, shoe. — A. S. broc, breeches; or Iccl. from a verbal base '^bro-, preserved in G,
1
brok. See Breeches. brii-hen, to scald (orig. to heat), Du.

Broided, braided. (E.) The wk. pp. broe-ien, to brood, hatch from the idea of ;
broided took the place of the str. pp. heat or warmth.' Der. breed. '
'
'
broide7i, woven, itself due to confusion of Brook (i), to endure, put up with.
browden with broider (below). Brozvden (E.) M. E. broken, brouken. A. S. bru-
represents A. S. brogden, pp. of bregdan, can, to use, enjoy which was the orig. ;
to braid. See Braid. sense. L)u. gebruiken, Icel. brfika, G. +

Broider, to adorn with needlework. brauchen, Goth, brtikjan, to use; cf. L.
(F.) [In I Tim. ii. 9, broidered (as in yrz^z, to enjoy. See Fruit (Vl^HREUG.)
some edd.") is an error for broided;
see Hrugm. i. § iii.
above.] Used as the equivalent of F. ~
Brook
' (2), a small stream. (E.) M. E.
broder, * to imbroyder,' Cot. Tiie oi is brook. A.S. Z-zw. +
Du. broek, G. bruch,
due to confusion with broided. O. > — . a marsh.
brouder, also brosder (Supp. to Godefroy) : brook-lime, a plant. (E.) M. E.
cf. Late L. brusdus, brosdtis, embroidered brok-lemke, brok-leviok. From A. S. broc,
work (Ducange). Of unknown origin; a brook, and hleomoc, brook-lime.
perhaps from Teut. *brozd-, whence A. S. Broom. (E.) M. E. brome, broom.
brord, Icel. broddr, a spike ; see Brad. A. S. brom, the plant broom hence, a ;
Broil (I), to fry, grill. (F.) M. E. liesom made from twigs of it.-f-Du. bretn ;
broilen. — A. F. broiller O. F. (Bozon), Low G. braam, broom. Teut. type *bi'a:-

bruiller, to boil, roast (T-loquefort). Origin moz. Allied to Bramble, q. v.
unknown; cf. O.F. briiir, to roast; per- BrOSe, a later form oi bf'owis oxbrewis;
haps from M. H.G. briiejen, to scald ; see see Brewis.
Brood. Broth. (E.) A.S /^r^/.+Icel. broQ;
Broil tumult. (F.) F. brouiller,
(2), a O. H. G. brod. Teut. type *broJ)om, n.
to jumble, confuse, confound. Cf. Ital. from b)-o-, bru-, weak grade of breu-, as in
brogliare, to disturb, broglio, confusion A. S. breoivan, to brew. Lit. ' brewed.'
(whence E. ir/i-broglio). Origin un- Brothel. (E. confused with F.— ;
known. Teut.) 1. M. E. brothel, a lewd person,

Broker. L.) (F. —
M. E. brocour, base wretch. — A. S. bro^-en, pp. of
an agent, witness of a transaction. — A. F. breoQan, to perish, become vile whence ;
brocour, an agent ; orig. a broacher ' or '

also dhroQen, degenerate, base. Hence
seller of wine. — Late L. broccdtor, one was made brothel house, a house for vile
who broaches. — Late L. brocca, i. e. spike ;
people (Much Ado, i. i. 256), afterwards
see Brooch. contracted to brothel. 2. Orig. distinct
Broxninei a chemical element. (Gk.) from M. E. bordel, which was used, how-
63
BROTHER BUCKRAM
ever, in much the same sense. — O.F. bor- j
twigs — O. F. b7-oce, Y . brosse, brushwood ;
del, a Imt, o:ig. of boards. —Du. bord^ a I

also, later, a brush. — Low L. brttscm, 3.
}>lank, board; see Board. thicket. Derived by Diez from O. H. G.

Brother. (E.) M, E. brother. A. S. bursta, G. borste, a bristle but perhaps ;
bra )or. -if \^\x. breeder \c^\. brdbir\ Goth. ; Celtic (Thurneysen).
hroihar; Swed. and Dan. broder; G. Brusque, rough in manner. (F. — Ital.)
bruder\ Gael, and Ir. bratJiair W. \ F. brtisque. — \\.a\. brusco, sharp, tart, sour,
braivd; Russ. bj-at' Lat. fraler; Gk. \ applied to fruits and wine. Origin un-
(l>pdri]p; Hkt. b/irdtr. Teut. stem ''/'/(^M^r-; certain.
Idg. stem '^blirdter-. Brute. (F. -L.) Y. brut,itm. brjite.
Brougham, a kind of carriage. (Per- — L. brietus, stupid.
sonal name.) Dale 1839. Named after Bryony. (L. -Gk.) L. brydnia.—
the first Lord Brougham. Gk. tipvojvia, PpvcjVTj, bryony. — Gk. (iphdv,
Brow. (E.) M..Y.. b7'oive. K.S. bnl. to teem, grow luxuriantly.
+ lcel. bri'in, eyebrow; Lith. bruwis \ Bubble. (E.) Cf. Swed. bubbla, Dan.
Russ. brove; Gk. bcppvs Ters.abnJ; Skt. \ boble, a bubble also Du. bobbel, a bubble,
;
b/inl. Brugm. i.
§ 554. bobbelen, to bubble. Of imitative origin.
Brown. (E.) 'M. E. brozm. A. S. Buccanier. (F. West Indian.) F. —
/w?;z. + Du. bruin; Icel, bnlnn; Swed. boucanier, a pirate. — F. boucaner, to broil
hrun\ Yioxi.brumi; G.bratin; hith.brunas. on a sort of wooden frame. — F. bouca?t,
Cf. Gk. (ppvvos, a toad; Skt. ba-bhrii{s), a wooden frame, used by hunters for
tawny. smoking and drying flesh. The word
Browse. (F. -M.
H. G.) For broiist\ boucan issaid to be a F. spelling of a
lit. 'to feed on young shoots.' — M. F. Tupi (Brazilian) word, and to mean a '
broiister (F. brotiler), to nibble off young frame on which meat is smoke-dried.'
shoots. — M. F. brotist (F. bjviit), a sprig, Buck (0> ^ r\^2^Q deer, goat. (E.)
shoot, bud. — M. fL G. broz, a bud Bavar. ; M. E. btikke. A. S. buc, male deer, biicca,
brossf, brass, a bud. From the weak grade a he-goat. +Du. bok, Icel. bukkr, Swed.
of O. H. G. briozan, to break, also, to bock, a he-goat Dan. buk, a he-goat, ram,
;
break into bud which is cognate with

; buck G. bock also W. bwch, Gael, boc,
; ;
A. S. breotan. See Brittle. Irish boc. Brugm. i. § 800.

Bruin. (Du.) In Reynard the Fox, Buck (2), to steep clothes in lye. (E.)
the bear is called bruin, i. e. brown. — Du. M. E. bouken. As if from A. S. *bucian,
bruin, brown. See Brown. not found. Prob. from A. S. bile, a pitcher
Bruise. (E. partly F.) A. S. {to)- ;
(prov. E. bouk, a pail, tub) but M. E. ;
brysan, to bruise. Influenced by O. F. bouken has the specific sense of ' steep in
bruiser, briser, to break, perhaps of Celtic lye,' like M. H. G. buchen, Swed. byka,
origin; cf. Gael, bris, to break, Irish bris- Dan. byge. Low G. biiken, biiken (whence
ivi, Ibreak. (The spelling ui, from A. S. Ital. bticare, F. buer).
y, occurs in S. Eng. Legendary, 295. 58.) bucket. (E.) A. F. boket (Bozon).
Bruit, a rumour. {V — L. ?) V. bruit, Formed v^-ith A. F. dimin. suffix -et from
a noise. — F. bruire, to make a noise. A. S. biic, a pitcher. Cf. Gael, bucaid,
Scheler derives F. bruire from L. rugire, Irish buicead, a bucket (from E. ^
to roar, with prefixed b. F. bniit - Late Buckle. (F. L.) M. E. bokel. - O. F.
-
L. brugitus, a clamour (Ducange) cf. L. ; bucle (F. boiicle), the boss of a shield, a
rugitus, a roaring. Partly imitative cf. ; ring, a buckle. —
Late L. bucula, the boss
G. briillen, to roar. of a shield buccula, beaver of a helm, boss
;
Brunette. (F. G.) F. brunette, fem. - of a shield, buckle. — Lat. buccula, the
of bi-unet, brownish. — M. IL G. brun, cheek, dimin. o'i bucca, the cheek.
brown ; see Brown. buckler. (l^'.-L.) M.E. bokeler.-
Brunt. (E ) Prob. imitative; zi. dint O.F. bucler (F. bouclier), a shield; so
{dunt), a blow; influenced by North E. named from the boss on it; see above.
bi~unt, i. e. '
burnt,' as if the '
hot ' part of Buckram, a coarse cloth. (F.—
the fight. Ital.) M.E. boke7-am.^0.
Y. boquerant
Brush. (F. -Teut. ?) W.Y.brusche, {Y. bougran^, a coarse kind of cloth Low ;
a brush also brush-wood, which is the

; L. boquerannus or (in Italy) bfichij'dnus
older sense, the orig. brush being made of (for Ital. buchirano), late Ital. bucherame.
64
;
BUCKWHEAT BULGE
Origin uncertain ;
perhaps from Bokhara buffen, to strike, orig. to buffet on the
(Tartary). cheek; see Buffet (1).
Buckwheat. (E.) Lit. beech-wheat; buffoon. (F.) F. bouffon, a buffoon,
from the resemblance of its seeds to the jester, one whomakesgrimaces. — \' .bouffer,
mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is to puff.
from A. S. hoc, as in buck-mast^ beech- Buffet (2). a side-board. (F.) F. buffet,
mast. So also Du. boekweit, buckwheat a side-board. Origin unknown.
G. buchweizen. See Beech. Bug (0, a spectre. (C.) In Sh.-W.
Bucolic, pastoral. (L. — Gk.) L. bf/co- b7ig, a hobgoblin, spectre Gael, and Ir. ;
/zcus. — Gk. ^cvKoKiKos. pastoral. — Gk. bocan, a spectre. +Lithuan. batigti s^tcrri^c,
IBovKoKos, a cowherd. — Gk. /SoC-s, an ox; from bugtt, to terrify, allied to Skt. bhuj,
and KfWeiv, to drive. to turn aside; see (i). Brugm. i.Bow
Bud. (E. ?) M.E.boc/de,budde,a.hud; § 701-
budden, to bud. Not found in A. S. Cf. Bug (2), an insect. (C?) Said to be so
Du. bot, a bud boiten^ to bud, sprout.
;
named because an object of terror, exciting
Budge (0? to stir. (F. — L.) V bouger, . disgust; see Bug (1). But cf. A. S.
to stir answering to Ital. biilicare, to
; scearn-budda, dung-beetle (Voc), prov. E.
bubble up (DiezV — L. bullTre; see Boil s horn-bug (Kent).
(i) above. Cf. Span, bullb', (i) to boil, Bug-bear. (C. aud E.) A supposed
(2) to stir. s]i(ctre in the shape of a bear; see
Budge kind of fur.
(2), a (F.?) Bug (i).
Perhaps related to O. F. bochet, bouchet, a Bugle (0> a wild ox; a horn. (F. — L.)
young kid. Bugle, a horn, is short for bugle-horn:
Budget, a leathern bag. (F. — C.) a bugle is a wild ox. — O. F. bugle a wild ^
1'. dimin. of bouge, a bag. — L.

boiigette, ox. — L. ace. buculuni, a young ox double ;
biilga, a leathern bag (Gaulish). — ©. Irish dimin. oi bos, an ox.

bolg, bole, a sack. Bugle (2), a kind of ornament.
Buff (i), the colour of dressed buffalo- ^F. — L.) Little black pipes, likened to
skin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. buffle, a buflalo. horns. ^
Bugle, a little black home;'
— L. biifahis see Buffalo,
; Cockeram. See above.
Buff (2), in Blindman's buff. (F.) Bugle (3)> a plant. (F.) F. bugle;
Formerly blindinaii-buff, a game in which ; Cot. cf. Span, and Late L. bugula. Cf. L.
;
game boys used to buffet one (who was bugillo, (perhaps) bugle.
blinded) on the back, without being Bugloss, aplant. (F, — L.-Gk.) Lit.
caught, if possible. From O. F. biife, F. '
ox-tongue.' — F. bu'^losse.^-L,. hfiglossa;
buffe, a buffet, blow cf. Low G. buff, ; also btlglossus. — Gk. (iov-yhojaaa, ox-
puf, a blow (Liibben. See Buffet (i). tongue from the shape of the leaves.— ;
Buffalo. (Port, or Ital. - L. -Gk.)

Gk. jiov-s, ox 'yXcuaa-a, tongue. ;
Port, bufalo, Ital. buffalo, orig. a kind of Build. (E.) M.E. buldeft. Late
wild ox. — L. bilfalus, a.ho bilbalus. — Gk. A. S. byldan, to build. — A. S. bold, a house,
fiovâKos, a buffalo a kind of deer or variant of botl, a dwelling, n,==']'eut.
;
antelope. (Not a true Gk. word.) *-btc-J)lom, from bu-, related to bu-an, to
Buffer (i), and (2) see Buffet (i). dwell
; see Bower. Cf. A, S. bytlian, to
;
Buffet (i), a blow; to strike. (F.) build, from botl (above). [Cf. O. Swed.
M. E. boffet, buffet, a blow, esp. on the bylja, to build (Ihre). — O. Swed. bol,
cheek. — O. F. bufet, a blow, dimin. of btife, a house, dwelling; Icel. bol, a house,
a blow, esp. on the cheek cf. bufer, buffer, Dan. bol, a small larm.l
;
to puff out the cheeks, also to buffet; mod. Bulb. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. bulbe.~\..
F. bouffer. Prob. of imitative origin, allied btilbus, a bulb. — Gk. ôAjSoy, a bulbous
io fouffer, to puff; see Buff (2), Puff. root, onion.
buffer (i), a foolish fellow. (F.) Orig, Bulbul, a nightingale. (Pers.) Pers.
a stammerer; hence, a foolish fellow. M.E. bulbul, a bird with a melodious voice,
buffen, to stammer. — O. F. bufer, to puff resembling the nightingale. Of imitative
out the cheeks (hence, to puff or blow in origin.
talking). Bulge, to swell out. (F. - C.) Formed
buffer (2), a cushion, to deaden con- from M.E. bulge, a wallet, pouch.—
cussion. (F,) Lit. 'a striker;' from M.E. O, F. boulge [botige a bag. — L. bulga. ,
65
BULK BUNDLE
a bag (Gaulish). See Budget. Doublet, Bole. Or may mean ' large,' witti
bidl
bilge. ref. to a bull. Cf. bull-daisy, &c. (Britten).
Bulk (i), size. (Scand.) M. E. bolke, Bulwark. (Scand.) Dan. bulvcBvk,
a heap. — Icel. bfdki, a heap; O. Swed. Swed. bolverk (Ihre) ; cf. Du. bolwerk, G.
bolk ; Dan. bulk, a lump. Cf. Swed. boll-werk (whence F. boulevard). Com-
bulna, to swell. pounded of Dan. bul, Swed. bol, trunk of
Bulk (2), the trunk of the body. (Du.) a tree, log, Icel. bulr, bolr, the stem of a
In Sh. — M. Du. bidcke, thorax (Kilian). tree; and Dan. vcerk, Swed. verk, a work.
(Prob. confused with Du. buik. Icel. bukr, Lit. 'log -work,' or 'bole-work'; see
the trunk Swed. biik, Dan. btig, G. bauch,
; Bole.
the belly.) Bum-bailiff, under-bailiff. (E. and
Bulk (3), a stall of a shop. (Scand.) F.) A
slang term. Todd quotes passages
Perhaps related to Balk. Cf. Dan. dial. to shew that it arose from the pursuer
bulk, a half-wall ; Icel. bdlkr, a beam, also, catching at a man by the hinder part of
a partition Line, bulker, a beam, a wooden
; his garment.
hutch in a workshop. Der. bulk-head, a Bumble-bee, a bee that booms or
partition. hums. See Boora (i).
Bull (i), M. E.
male of the cow. (E.) Bumboat. (E.) From btim and boat.
bole, bule. Not found
but the in A. S., Orig. a scavenger's boat on the Thames
dimin. bulliu, a bullock, occurs. Prob. (a. D. 16S5); afterwards used to supply
'
the bcllower;' cf. M. H. G. bullen, to veiêtables to ships.
roar and see Bellow, -f- D"- bul; Icel.
; Bump (i), to thump; a blow. (E.)
boli', G. bulk; Lithuan. bullus. Der. Of imitative origin cf. ; M. Dan. bumpe,
bull-ock, A. S. bulluc, as above. to strike with the fist ; W.pwrnpio, to
Bull (2), a papal edict. (L.) M. E. thump pwmp, a lump
; ; Corn. bo7n, bu/n,
bulk. — Lat. bulla, a bubble, boss, knob, a blow. The senses are : (i) to strike,
leaden seal on an edict a bull (in late ; (2) a blow, (3) its effect. See Bunch..
Latin). Bump (2), to boom. (E.) Imitative;
bullet. (F. - L.) M. F. boulet, dimin. of. Boom (i), and Bumble-bee.
of F. no2ile, a ball. — L. btUla, a boss, Bumper, a full glass. (E.) From
knob, &c. bump ; with the notion of a butnping or
bulletin. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y. bulle- full glass ; cf. thumping, i. e. great.
tin, a ticket. — Ital. bullettino, a safe- Bumpkin, a thick-headed fellow. (Du.)
conduct, pas^. ticket. Dimin. of bulletta, M. Du. boo??iken, a little tree (Hexham);
a passport, lottery ticket, dimin. of bulla, dimin. of boom, a tree, a beam, bar see ;
a seal, bull. — L. bulla, a boss, &c. Beam (i). The E. bumkin also meant
Bullace, wild plum. (F.-L.) M. E. a luff- block, a thick piece of wood (Cot-
bolas. — O.F. beloce, a bullace '^'i.Y .pelosse. ; grave, s. v. Chicambault, and see bumkin
Cot. — L. type *piloftea, pellet-like. — Late in the E. index) hence, readily applied
;
L. piloia, a pellet. — L. pila, a baU. to a block-head, thick-skulled fellow.

Bullet, Bulletin; see Bull (2). Bun. (F.) Cf. prov. F. bugne, a kind
Bullion. (F.-L.) The A. K. Imllion of fritters perhaps the same as O. F.
;
meant a mint, and Late L. bulliona, bullio bugne, a swelling or bump due to a blow
meant a mass of metal, apparently, from (Burguy), also spelt bigne, 'a bump,
its being meltedcf. F. bouillou, a boiling.
; knob;' Cot. O. F. bugnete, a fritter (Gode-
— Late L.
bitllionem, ace. of Imllio, a boil- froy) ;also bugnet (id., Supp. p. 393).
ing.— L. bulllre, to bubble up, boil. L. — '
Bignets,\\\\.\Q. round loaves, buns,' &c.;
bulla, a bubble. Cot. Minsheu has Span, bunuelos, pan- '
Bully, a noisy rough fellow. (O. Low cakes, cobloaves, buns.' See Bunion.
G.) in Sh. The oldest sense, in E., is (Doubtful.)
'dear one, lover.' — M. Du. boel, a lover Bunch. (E.?) M. E. bunche. Cf.
(of either sex) borrowed from M. H. G.
; M. E. bunchen, to beat. Prob. imitative,
buole (G. bnhle), lover. like bump, bounce. And see Bunk.
Bulrush. (E.) M.E./^w/r^/j-r//^, Prompt. Bundle. (E.) M.V.. bundel. Dimin.
Parv., p. 244, col. 2. Perhaps 'stem- rush '; of O. Northumb. bund, a bundle (Matt.
from its stout stem cf. Shetl. bulwand, ; xiii. 30). — A. S. bund-, weak grade of
a bulrush. — Dan. bul, stem, trunk; see bindan, to bind.-f-Du. hondel; G. biindel.
66
. —;;
BUNG BURKE
Bung, a stopple. (Du. — L.) M. Du. bordw, Dan. byrdc, Goth. baurthei\ G.
honge (Du. bom), a bung; dialectal form biirde ;from the same root, with varying
of *bo)ide, as preserved in F. bonde, a bung. suffixes. For the form burden, see below.
Cognate with Swiss ///«/ (Weigand, s. v. Burden the refrain of a song.
(2),
Spund). — L. puncta, an orifice ; orig. fern, (F. — LateL.) F. bourdon, a drone-bee,
pp. of pungere, to prick. Cf. W. bwng, humming of bees, drone of a bagpij)e
an orifice, also, a bung. see Cot. — Late L. burddne77i, ace 01 burdo,
Bungalow, ^ lêngal thatched house. a drone. Prob. of imitative origin cf. ;
(Hind.) Hind, bangalah, of or belonging Lowland Sc. birr, to make a whizzing

to Bengal, a bungalow Rich. Diet. p. ; noise, E. buzz. 9\ Confused with Bur-
293. From the name Bengal. den (i).
Bungle. (Scand. ?) Of imitative Bureau. (F. — L.) F. bureau, a desk,
origin. Cf. Swed. dial, bangla, to work writing-table; so called because covered
ineffectually; O. Swed. bzinga, to strike with brown baize. — F. bureau, O. F. buret,
(Rietz, Ihre.) And cf. Bang. coarse woollen stuff, russet-coloured. —
Bunion. (F. -G.) O.Y .buignon,o'n\Y O. F. btiire, M.F\ bure, dark brown; F.
in the sense of a fritter (Godcfroy) but ; bure, coarse cloth. — L. burrus, reddish. —
really an augmentative of O. F. hiiigne Gk. TTvppus, reddish. Gk. Trip, fire.—
(F. bigne, 'a bump, swelling/ Cot.).— Burgeon, a bud. (F.-Teut.) F.
O, H. G. bungo, a lump (Graff, in bourgeon, a young bud. Lengthened from
Schmeller) ; cf. Icel. bunga, convexity. Languedoc boure, a bud, eye of a shoot
So also Ital. bugnone, augment, of btigno, (Diez).-M. H. G. buren, O. H. G. pur-
a boil, a swelling. See Bun. jan, to raise, push up, push out. — M. H. G.
Bunk, a wooden case or box, berth. bor, por, an elevation whence G. empor
;
(Scand.) Cf. O. Swed. buJike, the plank- ( = in por), upwards.
ing of a ship forming a shelter for mer- Burgess. (F.-M. H. G.) M. E. bur-
chandise, &c. (Ihre) ; the usual sense of geys. — O. F. burgeis. — Low Lat. burgensis,
Swed. bunke is a heap, pile, something belonging to a fort or city. — Low Lat.
prominent; M. Dan. bunke, room for burgiis, a fort. — M. H. G. bure (G. burg) ;
cargo. cognate with A. S. burg; see Borough.
Bunt, the belly of a sail. (Scand.) It burgher. (Du.) Formerly burger. —
answers inform to Dan. bundt, Swed. Du. btirger, a citizen. — Du. burg, a city
bicnt, a bundle, a bunch from the weak ; cognate with E. Borough
stem of the verb to Bind. But the right ^ burglar. (A. F. - E.) A. F. bmgler,
words for bunt are Dan. bug, Swed.
'
' bnrglour; Law L. buigtihUor. — 'LdiV/ L.
buk, Du. btiik, G. bauch see Bulk (2). ; burguldre, to break into a house. — A. S.
Bunting (E.?)
(i), a M. E. bird. burh, bii?-g see Borough.
;
hunting', also buntyle (^=^bunlel), Lowl. burgomaster. (Du. and F.) Du.
Sc. binitlin. Origin unknown. burge-nieester, a town-master. Du. burg, —
Bunting (2), a thin woollen stuff for co;^nate with E. Borough and j?ieester, a ;
flags. (E.) Perhaps '

sifting-cloth ' ; from master, from O. F. 7neistre; see Master.
M. E. boniefi, prov. E. bunt, to sift. Cf. Burgonet, a helmet. (F.) F. bour-
F. etanmie, in the same senses. guignote. 'a burganet,' Cot. So called
Buoy. (Du. — F. — L.) Du. <^^^z', a buoy ;
because first used by the Burgundians.
also a shackle, a fetter. — O. ¥. buie, a F. Bourgogne, Burgimdy.
fetter, F. boitê, a buoy. — Late L. boia, a Burial. (E.) yi..\L. buriel, biriel,2i
fetter, clog. — L. boia, pi. a collar for the tomb; also spelt beriels, biriels." h..^.
neck, orio'. of leather. by7'gels, a tomb. A. —
S. byrga7i, to bury;
Bur, Burdock ; see Burr. see Bury. The spelling with -al is due to
Burbot, a fish. (F.) F. botirbotte association with fu7ie7--a I, Sec
(also barbote).'—Y bottrbetter, 'to wallow
. Burin, an engraver's tool. (F. G.) —
in mud,' Cot. F. bourbe, mud. — Late L. — F. buri7i ; Ital. Prob. from
bori7io.
borba, mud. —
Gk. ^vpôpos, mud. M. H. G. bore7i (G. bohren), to bore; see
Blirden i
) , Burthen, a load carried Bore (i).
(E.) A. S. byrden, a load. From Teut. Burke, to murder by suffocation; to
*bur-, weak grade of *beran-, to bear see ;
murder, stifle. (Personal name.) From
Bear (i). + Icel. byrdr, byrdi; Swed. the name of Burke, an Irishman who com-
67
—
BURL BUSS
mitted murders by suffocation; executed Burrow, a shelter for rabbits. (E.)
at Edinburgh, Jan. 28, 1829. M.E. borwgh, a cave, shelter; merely a
Surl, pick knots and loose threads
t J varied spelling of borough. Der. burrow,
from cloth. (F. — L.) To burl is to pick verb.
off hurls. M. E. Inirle, a knot in cloth. — Bursar. (Med. L.-Gk.) Med. L.
O. F. bojirle dimin. of F. bourre, a flock
; bursdrius, a purse-bearer. — Med. L. bursa,
or lock of wool or hair. — Late L. burra, a purse. — Gk. jSypcra, a hide, wine-skin.
a woollen pad allied to L, burrce, trifles,
; Burst. (E.) M. E. bersten, bresten, pt.
trash, Late L. reburrus, rough. t. brast. A. S. berstan, to burst asunder,
burlesque, comic. (F.-Ital. -L.) break; str. vb.+Du. bersten; G. bersten;
F. burlesque.'— ii'dX. burlesco, ludicrous.— Icel. bresta; Swed. brista; Dan. briste ;
Ital. burla. waggery, a trick. dimin. A also O. Irish briss-im (for *brest-v)i), I
from L. burra, trifles, nonsense (Ausonius). break.
SeeBurL Bury (i), vb. (E.) M. E. burien.
Burly. M.
E. bnrli, hurliche,
(E.) A. S. byrigan, byrgan, to hide in the
borli\ prov, 'E.. bonferly Shetland boorly. ;
ground, bury. From burg-, weak grade
Formed by adding the suffix -ly (A. S. of beoi'g-ati, to hide see Borough. ;
-lie) to A. S. bur, a bower, a lady's Bury (2), a town. (E.) As in Canter-

chamber hence, the old senses of fit for
;
' bury. — A. S. by rig, dat. oiburh, a borough.
a bower,' stately, excellent, large, great; See Borough.
and, finally, stout, big. E. g. 'a burly bed.' Bus, a shortened form oi omnibus. (L.)
Burn ( I ) verb. (E.)
, M.E. bernen also ; See Omnibus.
hrennen. There are two forms, a. intrans. Bush
(Scand.-L.) (I), a thicket.
A.S. bcornan, byrnan, strong verb, pt. t. M. E. busch, busk.
Dan. busk, Swed. —
beam, brau, pp. bornen.'\-0. Icel. bj'inna biiske,7[. bush, shrub. Du. bosch; O. H. G.
; +
Goth, brinnan Teut. type *brennan- cf.
; buse G. busch. All from Late L. boscus,
; ;
a bush
A. S. bryiie, flame. |3. trans. A. S. bceriian, a word of unknown origin. ;
wk. vb.-{-Icel. brenna, Dan. brcende, Swed. Bush (2), the metal box in which an
brdnna G. brennen
; Goth, brannjan axle works. (Du. — L. — Gk.) M. E. busse.
; ;
Teut. type *brannjan-, causal to the former. — Du. bus, a box, barrel (of a gun) G. ;
Burn (2), a brook see Bourn (2). ;biichse. — Late L. buxis^ a box. — Gk. ttv^js,
Burnet, a plant. (F. -O. H. G.) a box. — Gk. TTuôs, box-wood, box-tree.
Low L. burneta. — O. F. brunete, the name See Pyx.
of a flower burnette, brunette, a kind of
: bushel, a measure. (F. — L. — Gk.)
dark brown cloth, also a brunette. See M. E. bushel. — A.F. bousselle, O. F. boissel;
Brunette. Named from the dark brown Late L. bustellus, a small box for ;
colour of the flowers. *boistel, dimin. of O. F. boiste, a box.—

burnish, to polish. (F. O. H. G.) - Late L. buxida, ace. of huxis, a box
M. burnishen
E. also burnen. — O. F.
; (above\
burnir, brunir (pres. part, burnis-ant), to Busk (i\ to get oneself ready. (Scand.)
embrown, to polish. — O. H. G, brimeu Icel. bfiask, to get oneself ready. — Icel.
{<i*brunjan). •Ô.H.G. brun, brown; see bfia, to prepare and -sk, for sik, oneself.
;
Brown. See Bound (3) ; and cf. Bask.

Burnouse, Burnoose, an upper Busk a support for a woman's
(2),
cloak worn by the Arabs. (F. — Arab.) stays. (F.) M. F. biisque, 'a buske, or
F. burnous, bournous. — Arab, buj'nus, a buste Cot. Mod. F. buse. Of uncertain
;
'
kind of high-crowned cap, worn formerly origin. Cf. M. F. buc, a busque ;' Cot. '
in Barbary and Spain whence Span, al- ; Buskin. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) O. F.

bornoz, a kind of cloak with a hood. bousequiii (1483) ; also brouseqtnn.—
Burr, Bur. (E ) M. E. btirre, knob M. Ital. borzachino, buskin, fine boot.
on a burdock bor^-e, roughness in the
; L. borsa. — Gk. ^vpaa, a hide. The M. Du.
throat. Not in A.S. N. Fries, burre, broseken was borrowed from F.
borf'e, a burr, burdock. +
Swed. /;^rr<?, a ?ea- Buss, to kiss. (E.) [The old word was
urchin; âr^'/^^?/';'*?, a burdock; T>Ti.x\. borre, bass.— V. baiser, to kiss. — Lat. basitim,z.
burdock. From Teut. base *bnrz-<:i*burs-, kiss.] The modern buss, of imitative
weak grade of Teut. root *bers, to bristle. origin, may have been partly suggested
See Bi'istle. Der, bur-dock. by it. Cf. prov. G. (Bavarian) bussen,
68
-
BUST BUZZ
to kiss; Lkh. duczoî, to kiss; also Gael. \
/niiê.Cognate with Icel. l>ui/r, short;
andW. dus, mouth, lip. see Buttock. Der. butt-end.
Bust. (F. - Ital.) F. duste. - Ital. Butt (4), a kind of flat fish. (E.)
fiiis/o, the of human body,
bust, trunk .Allied to Swed. butta, a turbot, M. Dan,
stays; Late L. bushim, the trunk of the butte. Low G. but, Du. bot, a butt. Prob.
body. Etym. uncertain. from but, stumpy see Buttock. ;
Bustard, a bird. (F, — L.) Formerly Butter. Gk.) (L. -

M. E. botere ;
also bistard (Sherwood). — O. F. bistarde, A butere."!^. bfityriun.'-QV. ôvrv-

wS.
*a bustard; Cot. (Mod. F. outarde) — !..

' pou, butter. Probably of Scythian origin.
auis tarda, a slow bird (Pliny, N. li. x. butterfly. (E.) A. S. buttor-Jleoge,
22). Cf. Port, abetarda, also betarda, a lit. butter-fly. called from its excre-
So
bustard. %
Both O. F. bistarde and F. ment resembling butter, as shewn by the
outarde are from aiiis taf'da in the former ;
M. Du. boter-schijte, a butter-fly, lit.
case, initial a is (hopped in the latter, ;

butter-voider (Kilian). -f" T)u. botervlieg;
outarde stands for an older ousiarde, where G. biittei'-jlicge.
oics = L. aids. See Diez. Aids tarda., a place for provisions, esp. Buttery,
lit. '
slow bird,' is far from being truly corruption of liquids. (F. — LateL.) A
descriptive so that it is prob. a substitu- M. E. botelerie, a butlery, projêrly a place
;
tion for some form foreign to Latin. for a butler from M. E. boteler, a butler; ;
Bustle. (Scand.) A
frequentative of see Butler. (Thus buttery = bottlery.)
Norw. busta, to be violent Swed. bosta, Confused with the word butter.
;
to bustle, work. Cf. Icel. bzistla. to splash Buttock. (E.) 'Si.E.buttok. Formed,
about as a fish E. Fries, biisen, to be with diniin. suffix -ok (A. S. -uc), from
;
violent. See Boast and Boisterous. butt, a thick end, a stump. Cf. Icel.
Busy. (E.j M. E. bisy. A. S. bisig buttr, short, bfttr, a log Dan. but, Swed. ;
(bysig;, active whence bisgu, exertion. -J- /'////, stumpy, surly ; Du. bot, blunt, dull.
;
Du. bezig.1 busy. See Butt (3).

But (0, prep, and conj., except. (E.) Button. (F. O. Low G.) M. E. -
A. S. beutajt, bfitan, buta, lit. without.' — boton, also, a bud. — O. F. boton (F.
'
A. S. be, by titan, adv. without, from ilt, bouton) a bud, a button properly, a round
;
,
;
out. +Du. buiten. knob pushed out. — O. F. boter, to push,

But 2)f see Butt (i), Butt (2).
;
push out; see Butt (1).
Butcher. (F.- G.) M. E. <^^c//^r. buttress, a support, in architecture.
O. F. bochier, orig. one who kills goats.— (F. — O. Low G.) M. E. boteras; Palsgrave
O. F. hoc (F. bouc), a goat. — G. bock, a has bottras, butteras. Orig. a plural form,
goat. See Buck. as if for *butterets. — O. F. bouterez, pi, of
Butler. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) M. E. bouteret, a prop. — F. bouter, to thrust,
botelcr, one who attends to bottles from prop. Cotgrave also has boutant, a but-
;
M. E botel, a bottle; see Bottle. tress, from the same verb see Butt (1). ;
Butt I ), a push, thrust to thrust. (F. Butty, a companion or partner in a

, ;
— O. Low G.) [The senses of the sb. may work. (F. — Low G.) Shortened from
be referred to the verb; just as F. botte, boty-felowe or booty-fel'ow, one who shares
a thrust, depends on bonier, to strike.] booty with others. From boty, old spell-
M. E. butten, to push, strike. — O. F. botcr^ ing of booty = F. butin, booty. Of Low G.
to push, butt, strike. — O. Frank. *(5^/a;z, origin ; see Booty.
corresponding to M. Du. booten, to beat, Buxom. (E.) yi.E. boxom,buhsum;
M. H. G. bozen, O. H. G. bdzan, to beat. the old sense was obedient, obliging, good-
Der. butt (mound to shoot at), from M. F, humoured. Lit. 'bow-some.' — A. S. bilg-
butte, the same, allied to F. but, a mark, an, to bow, bend, obey and -sian, suffix, ;
from bnfer, O. F. boter, to hit. Der. as in win-so77ie.'\''D\\. buigzaam G. bieg- ;
a-but. See Beat. sam. See Bow (i\

Butt (2), a large barrel. (F. - L.) We Buy. (E.) From A. S. byg-, as in
find A. S. bytt; but our mod. word is byg-est, byg-ed, 2 and 3 p. sing. pres. of
really F. — O. F. boute, F. botte, the vessel '
A. S. bycgan, to purchase, whence M. E.
which we call a butt Cot. Late Lat. ; ' — buggen, biggen. -f- Goth, bugj'an. Der.
butta, buttis, a cask. abide (2), q. v. See Sweet, N. E. G. § 1293.
Butt (3), a thick end. (E.) M. E. but. Buzz. (E.) An imitative word ; cf.
69
' -
BUZZARD CADDY
Lowl. Sc. bizz, to hiss ; Ital. btizzicare, to a cook's cabin ; also * the chimney in 9
hum, whisper. ship,' Sewel. (Hence also Dan. kabys,
Blizzard. (F. L.) —
M. E. bosard, Swed. kabysa, caboose.)
busard, an of falcon. — F.
inferior kind Cabriolet. (F.-Jtal.-L.) Cab is
busard. — Y. biise, a buzzard; with suffix short for cabriolet. —Y . cabriolet, a cab;
a)'d (from O.H.G. /iar/).— Late L. biisio from its supposed lightness. — F. ra/rw/^,
^ L. buteo, a sparrow-hawk. a caper, leap of a goat formerly capriole. ;
By, prep. (F.) M. E. bi. A. S. bl, — Ital. capriola, a caper, a kid. — ItaL
big.-\-lK\. bij G.bei; Goih. bi. Cf.Skt.
',
caprio, wild goat cap7'a, a she-goat. — ;
a-bhz, Gk. dfi-(pi. L. caper, goat fem. capra. ;
By-law, a law affectinij; a townshi}). Cacao, atree. (Span. — Mexican.) Span.

(Scand.) Formerly also birlaw. — Icel. cacao from the Mexican name {cacatiatt)
;
3<?-;-, by-r^ a village (gen. bcejar, whence of the tree whence chocolate is made.
bir-^'y log, a law. So also Dan. by-lov, a % Not the same as cocoa.
town-law. Icel. beer is allied to bua, to Cachinnation. (L ) L. ace. cachin-
dwell. See Boor. ndtionem, loud laughter. — L. cachinndre,
Byre, a cow-house. (E.) Northern A to laugh. Cf. Cackle.
E. deriv. of boTver. A. S. lyre, a shed, Cachucha, a dance. (Span.) Span.
hut. — A. S. bn7% a bower; cf. Icel. bftr, a c acinic ha.
pantry. See Bower. Cacique, a W. Indian chief. (Span.—
W. Indian.) Span, cacique, an Indian
prince. From the old language of Hayti.
Cack, to go to stool. (L.) M. E.
Cab (i) ; see Cabriolet. cakken.'—'L. cacdre.
Cab (2), a Heb. measure. (Heb.) Heb. Cackle. (E.) M.E. kakeleii, a fre-
qab, the i8th part of an ephah. The literal quentative form. Not in A. S. Du. +
sense is ' hollow ' cf. Heb qdbab, to form
; kakelen Swed. kackla
;
Dan. kagle G. ; ;
in the shape of a vault see Alcove. ; gackeln. The sense is to keep on saying '
Cabal. (F.- Heb.) Orig. a secret.' F. '

kak ;
' cf. gabb-le, gobb-le, gagg-le.
cabale, the JewesCaball, a hidden science
*
;
Cacophony, a harsh sound. (Gk.)

Cot. — Heb. (7(7^M/(7//, reception, mysterious Gk. KaKoipoji'ia, a harsh sound. — Gk. kuko-
doctrine. — Heb. gdbal, to receive qibbel, ;
(pojvos, harsh. — Gk. kuko-s, bad ; and
to adopt a doctrine. 0a;i/ -77, sound. Der. cacophonous (Gk. /coko-
Cabbage (0^ a vegetable. (F.-L.) (/xwros).
M. E. cabache, cabocJie. — F. (Picard) ca- Cad,a low fellow. (F.-L.) Short
boche, lit. ' great head cf. Picard cabtis,
;
' for Lowl. Sc. cadie, an errand-boy; see
F. choux cabiis, large-headed cabbage. — L. Jamieson. — F. fixr/g/ see Cadet. ;
cap-ui, head with augmentative suffix

;
; Cadaverous, corpse-like. (L.) L.
cf. Ital. capocchia, head of a nail. c adalterosus. — Y.. cadauer, a corpse. — Lat.
Cabbage (2), to steal. (F.) From cad-e?'e, to fall, fall dead.
Y cobasser, to put into a basket
. ; Norman Caddis, a kind of worsted lace or tape.
cabasser, to cabbage (and see Supp. to (F.) In Wint. Tale, iv. 4. 208. M. E.
Godefroy). — F. cabas, a basket; Norman cadas, explained by bombiciniiun in
cabas, tailor's cabbage; of unknown origin. Prompt. Parv. (hence Irish cadas, cad-
;
Caber, a pole. (C—

L.) Gael, cabar, dis). Though also used to denote 'wor-
a rafter. — L. type *caprio, a rafter; see sted,'it was orig. coarse silk. — F. cadarce,
Chevron. 'the courstst part of silke, whereof sleave

Cabin. (F.) M.E cabam.—Y. cabane. is made Cot. Cf. Span, cadarzo, coarse,
; '
— Prov. cabana. — Late L. capanna, a entangled silk, that cannot be spun on a

hut (Isidore). reel Port, cadarco, a coarse silk.
; Origin
cabinet. F. cabinet, dimin. of
(F.) unknow n probably Eastern. Der. caddis
;
F. cabane, a cabin (above). 7vorm, from the caddis-like shape of the

-
Cable. (F. L.) M. E. cable. - O. F. case of the larva.
c<7/V<?. — Late L. captiluni. caplum, a strong Caddy, a small box for tea. (Malay.)
(holding) rope. — L. capere, to hold. Better spi It catty. small package of A
Caboose, the cook's cabin on board ship. tea, less than a half-chest, is called in the
(Du.) Formerly camboose.'^Xyw. ko?Hbuts, tea-trade a caddy or catty. — Malay kati, a
70
—
CADE CALENTURE
weight equal to i| lb. avoirdupois. This Calabash, the shell of a gourd. (F.
weight is also used in China and Japan, - Span. —Arab. — I'ers.) F, calebasse.—
and tea is often made np in packages con- Span, calahaza (Port, calabaâ). — Arab. —
taining one catty. Pers. kharhuz, a melon lit.. ass-gourd,'
'
Cade, a barrel, cask, (F,-L. — Gk.— i.e. large gourd. — Pers. khar, ass (hence,
Heb,) F. cade."!., ccuius, a barrel, cask. coarse); /^Msa//, odoriferous fruit. Cf. Skt.
— Gk. /m5o?, a cask, jar. — Heb, kad, a pail. kkara, an ass.
Cadence, a fall of the voice. (F.— I Calamint, a herb, (V. - L. - Gk,)
Ital. — L.) M. E. cadence. — F. cadence, a '
I
M. F. calamcnl, Cot. — Late L. calaniintha.
cadence, just falling of words;' Cot. I
— Gk. KaXafx'ivQv,
Ital. cadenza. "l^^Xjt h. cadentia, a falling. I
Calamity. (F,-L.) Y. calainitL^
— L. cadent-., stem of pres. pt. of cadere, to L. ace. calaniiidteni, a misfortune.
fall. + Skt. (ad, to fall. Calash, a sort of carriage. (F. G.— —
Cadet, orig. a 5'ounger son.
(F. L.) — —
Slavonic) F, caleche. G. kalesche. Vo\. —
F, cadet, a younger brother Prov. capdel. ; kolaska, a small carriage, dimin. of kolasa,
Capdet is a Gascon form = Late L. capit- a carriage; Russ, koliaska. a carriage,—
elltim (the substitution of / for // being Pol koto, a wheel O. Slav. koto. (VQEL.)
. ;
regular in Gascon P. Meyer) lit. a little

; ; Calcareous. (L.) Should be cal-
(younger) head, dimin. from L. caput, a carious. — L.
cakdrius, pertaining to lime.
head. — L. calc-, stem oicalx, lime,
Cadi, a judge. (Arab.) Arab. qddJ, calcine. (F. — L.) Y. calcmer. -
qdzl, a cadi orcazi, a judge. Hence Span. Mod. L. calcindre, to reduce to a calx.—
alcalde, the judge (E. alcayde) where al ;
L. calc-, stem of calx, lime.
is the Arab. def. article. calculate. (L.) L. calculdt-us, pp.
Caducous, falling. (L.) L. cadnc-tis, of calculdre, to reckon by help of small
falling; with suffix -otts. — l^. cadere, to pebbles. — L. calculus, pebble* dimin. of
fall. See Cadence. calx, a stone.
Caesura. L. ccisura, a cutting
(L.) Caldron, Cauldron. (F.-L,) M.E.
;
a pause in a verse. — L. cces-us, pp. of caiideron, A. F. caudrun.'-O. North F".

ccedere, to cut. (Picard) catideron, for O. F, chauderon,
Caftan, a Turkish garment. (Turk.) mod. F. chaudron (Ital. calderone. Span.
Turk, qaftan, a dress. calderon), a vessel for hot water. Extended
Cage. (F. — L.) F. cage. — Late L. from L. calddr-ia, a hot bath. — L. caldus,
cavea, L. caiiea, a cave, den, cage. — L. contr, form of calidzis, hot. — L. calere, to
caujis, hollow. See Cave. be hot.
Caique, a boat. (F. — Turk.) Y. caique. Calendar. (L.) L. calcnddrium, an
— Turk, kaik, a boat. account-book kept by money-changers; so
Cairn, a pile of stones. (C.) Gael., called because interest was due on the
Irish, \\'., Bret. car7i, a crag, rock also a calends (lit day) of each month; also, a
;
pile of stones. calenda, calends. — L.

calendar.
Caitiff. (F. -L.) M. E. caitif.- (0> ^ machine for pressing Calender
cloth. (F. — L.
A.F. caitif. a captive, a wretch (F. chetif). Gk.) F. ealandre.— —
— L. captmum, ace. of captiuus; see Med. 'L.^calendra, celendra, a calender; an
Captive, adaptation of L. cylindrus. a cylinder see ;
Cajole. (F,) F. cajoler, to cajole; Cylinder. Der. calender, a smoother of

formerly, to chatter like a jay. Perhaps linen, a mistaken form for calendrer.
of imitative origin cf. cackle. ; Calender (2), a kind of wandering
Cajuput, Cajeput (with J as jj/), a monk. (F. — Pers.) F. ca lender. ^Vers.
tree yielding an oil, (Malay.) Malay qalandar, a kind of wandering Miiham-
kayu patih, lit. 'white wood.' — Malay madan monk, who abandons everything
kdyti, wood pfctih, white.
;
and retires from the world.
Cake. (E. or Scand.) M. E. cake. Calends. (L.) L. calender, s. pi.,
N. Fries, kdk, kdg, late Icel. and Swed, the first day of the (Roman) month. Orig.
|
kaka Dan. kage. Tent, stem *kakdn-, obscure but certainly from the base cal-,
; I ;
fem. from Teut. root *kak-, of which the as in O. Lat. calare, to proclaim, -f- Gk.
; !
strong grade is *-kdk- (whence prov. E. KaK(iv, to summon. Allied to Hale (2).
I
cookie^ Du. koek, G. kuchen, a cake). Calenture, a feverous madness. (F.

i
7
; —
CALF CAMEL
— Span. — L.) F. cale n/u re.— Spa.n. calen- L. callosus, thick-skinned. — L. callus, cal-
tm-a. — V,. calent-, stem of pres. pt. ot liun. hard skin.
calere, to be hot. Callow, unfledged, bald. (L.) M. E.
Calfî). (E.) y^.Y..kalf. O.Merc. calu, calewe. A. S. calu, bald +Du. kaal,
calf; A.S. cealf.JfViVi. kalf\ Icel. kdlfr; bald; Swed. ^^/ G.kahl. Teut *kakuoz,
;
Swed. kalf\ Dan. kalv; Goth, kalbd early borrowed from L. cahms, bald.
G. kalb. Dar. calve, vb., A. S. cealjian. Calm. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. caUiie, adj.
Perhaps allied to Skt. garbha, womb, a Allied to Prov. chaiime, the time when the
foetus. Brugm. i. § 656. flocks rest F. chd??ier (Jormeily c/iaumer),
;
Calf (2), thick hind part of the

the to rest from work ; Ital. calma, rest. — Late
shank. (E. Perhaps the same as the above;
) L. cauma, the heat of the sun (whence,
cf. Gaulish L. galba, great-ballied Icel. ; time for rest) Job xxx. 30. [It is sug-
;
kdlji, calf of the leg. See Cave in. gested that the change from au to al was
Caliber, Calibre, bore of a gun. due to association with L. cal-ere, to be
(F.) F. calibre, size of a bore Span. ; hot.] — Gk. KavfJ-a, heat. — Gk. naUiv, to
calibre (1623). Etym. unknown. Perhaps burn. Der. be-calm.
from Arab, qdlib, a form, mould, model, Calomel, a preparation of mercury.
Rich. Diet. p. II 1 1 (Diez). Mahn sug- (Gk.) Coined to express a white product
gests L. qua libra, with what measure. from a black substance. — Gk. Ka\6-s, fair ;
Calico, cotton -cloth. (E. Indian.) and /LieA-as, black.

Nanidd from Calicut, on the Malabar Caloric. (F. — L.) F. calorique. — L.
whence it was first imported.
coast, calor, heat. — L. calere, to be hot.
Calif, Caliph. (F.-Arab.) Y.calife, calorific, making hot. (L.) l^.calori-
a successor ot the prophet. — Arab, kha- fcus, makinghot. — L. calori-, stem oi calor,
lifah, successor. — Aral), khalafa, to suc- heat; and -fie-, ior facere,io make.
ceed. Doublet, khalifa. Calthrop, Caltrap, a star-thistle, a
Caligraphy, Calligraphy, good ball with spikes for annoying cavalry.
writing. (Gk. Gk. /<:aAAi7/)a./>ia. — Gk. (L. and Teut.) M. E. kalketrappe, A.S.
)
KaWt; prefix (for k<xK\os, beaut}', from calcetreppe, a star-thistle. Coined from
Ka\6s, good, fair) and jpaipeiv, to write.
;
L. calci-, stem of calx, the heel and the ;
calisthenics, callisthenics, Teutonic word /ra/. Lit. 'heel-trap'; see

graceful exercises. (GIc.) From Gk. Trap. So also F. chatissetrappe, the same.
Ka\ki(T9€v-r]^, adorned with strength. — Calumet, a kind of pipe for tobacco.
Gk. KaXKi- (for /fdAXo?, beauty, from (F. — L. — Gk.) Norman F, calu?net, a
KaXos, fair) and aOiv-os, strength.
;
pipe parallel form to O. F. chalejuel, F. ;
Calipers, compasses. (F.) Vox caliber- chalujneau, a pipe. — L. calamus, x reed.

compasses, i. e. compasses for measuring Gk. fcaXapios, a reed. See Shawm.
diameters; see Caliber. Calumny. (F. — L.) Y .calonmie. — l^.
Calisthenics ; see Caligraphy. calumnia, false accusation. — L. calul,
Caliver, a sort of musket. (F.) Named caluere, to deceive.
from its caliber or bore see Kersey's Diet. ; Calve ; see Calf.
See Caliber. Calx. (L.) L. calx, stone, lime (stem
Calk ; usually Caulk, q. v. calc- )in Late L., a calx.
;
Call. (Scand.) Late A.S. ceaUian; Calyx. (L. Gk.) —

L. calyx. — Gk.
cf. hildecalla, a herald. E. Fries, kallen. — KoXv^, a covering, calyx (or cup) of a
Icel. and Swed. kalla\ Dan. ka/de.-^Dn. flower. Allied to Helm (2).
kallen ; O. H. G. challon. Teut, type Cam, a projection on a wheel. (Du.)
"^-kallon- or '^kallojan-, weak verb cf. W. ; Du. kamfn, a comb (see Kilian"! Low G. ;
gahv. to call, Russ. golos\ voice, sound. kamvi ; cf. Dan. kam, comb, also a ridge
Callet, Callat, a worthless woman. on a wheel, cam, or cog. See Comb.
(F. —Low L. — Low G.) In Oth. iv. 2. Cambric. (Flanders.) Named from
121.— F. caillette, a gossip, chatterer; Kamerijk, also called Cambray, a town
lit. a little quail dimin. of caille, a quail,
;
in Flanders, where it was first made.
also a woman. Littre gives caille coiffee, Camel. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) M. E.
femme galante. See Quail. (Doubt- camel, camail, chamel. — O. North F. camel,
ful.) O. F. chatfiel. — L. cajnelus. — Gk. icajxTjXos.
Callous, hard. (F. — L.) Y . calleux.— — Heb. gdmdl. Cf. Arab, jamal.
72
. - '
CAMELOPARD CANISTER
Camelopard, a giraffe. (L. Heb. — ''^cunde) has lost an n. y. The pp. couth,
and Gk.) t- ormerly canielopardalis. — L. ca- A.S. cu6, known, only survives in un-
meloparddlis. — Gk. KanT]\oTrdp8a\is, girr.fle; couth, which see. Allied to Ken and
jâitly like a camel, partly like a paid.— Know. (-v^GEN)
Gk. KafiTjXo-s, a camel (Heb. gdmdl) and ; Can (2), a drinking-vessel. TE.) A.S.
ndpSaXis, a i)ard see Pard. ; canne, a can. -4- Du. kan\ Ictl. kanna;
Caxnelliai. (Personal name.) A plant Swed. katina ; Dan. kande G. kanjie, a ;
named (by Linneeus) after Geo. Jos. Kamel, tankard, mug. (Apparently a true Teut.
a Moravian Jesuit (17th cent.), who de- word.)
scribed the plants in the island of Luzon. Canal. (F. — L.)
F. canal Cwhence also
Camelopard ; see Camel. Dw.kanaal). channel, trench.
'-'L,.candlis,Si
Cameo. (Ital.) Ital. cammeo, a camieo, Canary, a bird, a winu. a dance.
precious stone carved in relief. Origin (Canary Islands.) All named from the
unknown. Canary Islands.
Cam.era. (L.) L. camera, a chamber ; —
Cancel. (F. L.) Y. canceller. '-l.z.w
hence camera obscura, a dark chamber, L. cancelldre, to cancel a deed by drawing
box for photography ; see Chamber. lines across it. — L. cancellus, a grating, pi.
Camlet, a stuff. (F. — Arab.) Formerly cayicellT, lattice-work, crossed lines; dimin.
camelot. — ^\.¥. canielot, Cot.; supposed of pi. cancri, lattice- work.
to be named from containing cavieVs hair. Cancer. (L.) L. cancer, a crab also ;
Really fiom Arab. khaj?ilat, kha??ialat, an eating' tumour. Cf. G\<.. KnpKivos, Skt.
'
camlet ; Rich. Diet. p. 628. karkaia, a crab cf. Skt. kaikara, hard.
;
Camomile see Chamomile. ; Named from its hard shell. Brugm. § 464. i.
Camp. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.camp{Qoi.). Candelabrum. (L.^ \..caudeldbritm,

— Iial. cafnpo, a field, caiiip. — L. raw/?/;;/, a candle-holder; from candela. a candle.
ace. of campus, a field, ground held by an Candid. (F.-L.) Y. candide,\f}i\it,
army. Brugm. i. § 563. fair, sincere. — L. candidus, white, shining.
campaign, orig. a large field. (F. — L. candere, to shine. — L. *candere, to

Ital. — L.) F. campaigne, campagne, an set on fire (in comp. in-cende?-e).-\-9>Vt..
open field. — Ital. campagtia, a held also ; chand{iox ^chand) to shine. y'SCÊND.)
, ;
a campaign. — L. campdnia, open field.— Brugm. i. §§ 456, 818 (2).

L. campus, a field. (Also spelt champaign, candidate. (L.) L. candiddtus,
and even champion in old authors.) white- robed because candidates for office
;
campestral, growing in fields. (L.) wore white. — L. ca?ididus, white.

F'rom L. campestr-is, growing in fields; candle. (L.) A.S. candel.-'L. can-
with suffix -a/. — L. campus, a field. dela, a candle. — L. candere, to glow.
;
Cam.panula. (L. ) Lit. *a little bell candour. (F.-L.) Y. candeur.'^l..

dimin. of L. ca?npdna, a bell. Hence also ace. candorern, brightness (hence, sincerity).
ca mpan i-forj?i Candy, crystallised sugar. (F.- Ital.—
Camiphor. (F. — Arab. — Malay.) For- Skt.) Y sticre candi, sugar-candy; whence
.
merly camphire .with an inserted i).

spelt F. se candir, 'to candie;' Cot —Ital.
— F. camphre, 'camphire;' Cot. — Low candire, to candy cajidi, candy zucchero
; ;
L. camphora (whence the form camphor). candi, sugar-candy. — Arab, qand, sugar;
— Arab, kdfur, camphor cf. Skt. karpiira, ; whence Arab, qandt, made of sugar.
camphor. — Malay kdpilr^ lit. chalk kdpur ; The word is Ar}an; cf. Skt. khdr.âva,
Bdriis, chalk of Barous, a name for cam- sweetmeats, khawdia, a broken piece, from
phor. Barous is in Sumatra. khavuS., to break. Der. sugar- candy, Ital.
Can (0, I am able. (E. ) A. S. can, zticchero candi.
cann, 1st and 3rd persons sing. pres. of Candytuft, a plant. (Hyb.) From
cmtnan^ to know. The pres. t. can is Candy, i. e. Candia (Crete) and tuft. ;
really an old perf.

t. the same peculiarity ; Cane. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. cam,
occurs Du. kunnen, Icel. and Swed.
in canjie. — F. canne. — L. canna. — Gk. Kawa,
kunna, Dan. kunde, to know, to be able ; a reed. Cf. Heb. qdneh, reed Arab. ;
G. konnen, to know. p. The pt. t. is qandh, cane.

could, with intmsive /; M. E. coude, A. S. canister. (L. — Gk.) L. canistrnm,
ciiê ; cf. Goth, kuntha, Du. konde, G. a liLjht basket. — Gk. Kdvaarpov, the same.
konnte ; shewing that A. S. ciiQe (for — Gk. KavT] = Kawa, a reed.
73
;
CANNON CANZONET
cannon. (F. — Ital. — L. — Gk.) F. Canorous, tuneful. (L.) L. canor-us ;
canon. — Ital. cannone, a cannon, orig. a with suffix-*?/^. — L. fa«:<?r<?, tosing. Brugm.
great tube, a gun- barrel. — L. canna, a reed : i. § 181.
see Cane. %
The Span, canon, a tube, a cant (i), to sing in a whining way,
deep gorge, is cognate. whine. (L.) L. cantdre (whence Picard
canon (0, a rule. (L. — Gk.) A. S. a .d Walloon canter, to sing) frequent, ;
canon. — \^ canon, a. rule. — Gk./fat'a;»',arod, of canere, to sing. Cant was at first a

rule. — Gk. Kavrj = Kdvva, a (straight) cane. beggar's whine ; hence, hypocrisy ; see
canon (2), a dignitary of the church. Kecant.
(F. — L. -Gk.) M. E canun, canoun.— (L.) L. canticulum, a little
canticle.
O. F. canogne,no\vchanoine. — 'L?iX..canom' song dimin. of canticnm, a song dimin.
; ;
cum, ace. of canonicus, adj., one on the of cantus, a song cf. catttus, pp. of
;
church-roll or list. — L. canofi, the church- canere, to sing.

roll also, a rule.
; See canon (i). canto. (Ital. — L.) Ital. r(2«/£7, a sing-
Canine. (L-) L. canlnus, belonging ing, section of a poem. — L. ace. cantujn,
to a dog. — L. cams, a dog see Hound. ;
a singing, song (abovel.
Canister see Cane. ; canzonet. (Ital.— L.) Ital. canzo-
Canker. (F. — L.) North F. cancre. netta, dimin. of canzone, a hymn, song. —
(F. chancre). — L.. cancriun, ace. oi cancer, L. cantionem, ace. of cantio, a song. — L.
a crab, a canker. See Cancer. i he G. ^ cantus, pp. of canere, to sing.
kanker may be Teutonic (Kluge) so ; Cant (2), an edge as verb, to tilt. (Du.
;
perhaps E, canker in the sense of disease ' — L.) Du. kant, an edge, corner.+Dan.
of trees'; cf. Gk. 7077^0?, an excrescence and Swed. kant, edge G. kante, a corner.
;
on trees. |3. All from Late L. cantus, a corner; which
Cannel-coal. E.) Lit. a

(L. and is prob. from L. canthus - Gk. KavQo-i, the
* candle-coal,' because
burns brightly. it corner of the eye, felloe of a wheel.
Prov. E. cannel, a candle. See Candle. Canteen. (F. - Ital.) F. cantine. —
Cannibal. (Span. — W. Indian.) for- Ital. cantina, a cellar, cool cave (hence
merly canibal. — Span, canibal for Caribal, ; the sense of vessel for liquids). Origin
a Carib, native of the Caribbean Islands. doubtful. Perhaps from Late L. cantus, a
The W. Indian (Hayti) word carib means corner.
'
brave.' Hence also Caliban. Canter, an easy gallop. (Proper name.)
Cannon (1) see Cane. ;
Short for Canterbury gallop, the pace at
Cannon (2), at billiards. (F. — Span.) which pilgrims rode thither.
A corruption of carrom, shortened form of Canticle, Canto; see Cant (i),
F. caramboler, v., to make a cannon at Cantle, a small piece. (F. - L. ?) O.F.
billiards, to touch two other balls with cantel, a small piece (F. chanteau), dimin.
one's own see Hoyle's Games.
; Orig. of Picard cant (F. chant), a corner Late ;
sense, to touch the red ball whence ; L. cantus. Prob. from L. canthus, corner
caramboler, to cannon (as above) and of the eye see Cant (2).
;
carambolage, sb., a cannon. — Span, caram- Canton, aregion. (F. Ital.) ¥. canton. —
bola, a manner of playing at billiards, a — Ital. cantone, a nook, angle: also, a
device, trick, cheat. Origin unknown. corporation, township (Torriano) Late L. ;
Canoe. (Span. — W. Ind.) Span, canoa ;

cantd7tum, canto, a region, province.
orig. a Haytian word for boat.' '
Origin doubtful, ff Canton (in heraldry),
Canon
(i) and (2) see Cane. ; a corner of a shield, is from F. canton,
Canopy. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Should a corner, Ital. cantone, from Ital. canto, an
be conopy; but we find F. canopi, borrowed edge; see Cant (2),
from Ital. canope. (Also F. conopce.) — !^. — —
Canvas. (F. L. Gk.) yi.Y.,canevas.
conopeum, ]\x(\\ih. yiui. 9. — Gk. Koji'ojiTeiov, North F. canevas. — Late L, canabdcius,
an Egyptian bed with mosquito curtains hempen cloth. — L. cannabis, hemp. — Gk.
(hence, any sort of hangings). — Gk. kqjpwtt-, Kavvaîs, hemp. Cf. Skt. fana, hemp
stem of Kwvojip, a mosquito, gnat lit. ; see Hemp.
*
cone-faced or cone-headed,' from the
' '
canvass. (F.-L.-Gk.) Orig. to
shape of its head. — Gk. Kujvo-t, a cone; toss a canvas sheet, to criticize or
in
and a)\fi, face, appearance, from Gk. base discuss thoroughly. From canvas, sb.
on, to see (see Optics). Canzonet; see Cant (i).
74
K ;
;
CAOUTCHOUC CAPTIOUS
Caontchonc. Y.caotit- (F. — Carib.) North F. capitcl (F. chapiteau) ; from L.
choitc; orig. a Caribbean word, cahnchii. capitellum (above).
Cap, a head-covering. (Late L.) A. S. capitation, poll-tax. (F.-L.) F.
cceppe-'-'l^îe L. cappa, a cap (Isidore). capitation. — L-vlXc L. ace. capitdtionem,
Capable. (F. — L.) F. ra/a*^/^. — Late poll-tax. —
L. capit-, stem of caput, poll,
L. capdbilis, comprehensible; afterwards, head.
able to hold. — L. capere, to hold below). Capitol. (L.) The temple of Jupiter,
capacious, able to contain. (L.) at Rome, called Capitolium.'^'L. capit-,
Coined from L. capdci-, stem of capax, stem of caput, a head but the reason for;
able to hold. — L. capere, to hold, contain ;

the name is obscure ; see Smith, Class.
see Heave. Brugm. i. § 635. (y'QAP.) Diet.
Caparison, trappings of a horse. (F. capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.)
— Span. — Late L.) O. F. caparasson.— Med. L. capituldris, adj. of capitulum,
Span, caparazon, cover for a saddle aui:;- ; a chapter of a cathedral, or a chapter of
mentative from Med. L. caparo, a cowl a book see Chapter.
;
from Span, capa, a cloak, cover. — Late L. capitulate. (L.) \.2X^\^.capituldtus,

capa, a cape ; as below. pp. of capituldre, to divide into chapters,
Cape (i), a covering for the shoulders. also to propose terms (for surrender). —
(F. - Late L.) O. North F. cape. - Late L. Late L. capitulum, z. chapter ; see Chapter.
cdpa, a cape (Isidore of Seville!; whence Der. re- capitulate.
also Prov., Span., Port, capa, Icel. kdpa, Capon. (L. — Gk.) A, S. capun.-^l^.
&c. Allied to cap. Doublet, cope. ace. cdpone77i, from nom. capo. — Gk. navo^v,
Cape (2), a headland. (F. — Ital.— L.) a capon.
F. m/. — Ital. capo, head, headland. — L. Caprice. (F. — Ital.— L.?) Y. caprice.
caput, head. — Ital. capriccio, a whim. Perhaps from
Caper (i), to dance about. (Ital. — L.) Ital. capro, a he-goat; so that capj'iccio
Abbreviated from capreole (Sir P. Sidney). might mean a frisk like a goat's see ;
— Ital. capriolare, to skip as a goat. — Ital. Caper (i).

capriola, a caper in dancing,' Florio
'
Capricorn. (L.) L. capricomus,
also, a kid dimin. of cafra, a she-goat.
; horned like a goat. — L. cap7'i-, for capro-,
— L, capra, a she-goat cf. caper, he-goat. ; stem of caper, goat and corn-u, horn,
;
4-Gk. Kairpos, a boar; A. S. hcefer, Icel. capriole, a peculiar frisk of a horse.

kafr. (F. — Ital. — L.) Y. capriole {ste Cot.). ^
Caper (2), the flower-bud of a certain Ital. capriola, the leap of a kid ; see
plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. capre {¥. Caper (i).
cdpre). — L. capparis. — Gk. Ka-n-napis, caper- Capsize, to upset. (Span. ? — L.) Per-
plant ; its fruit ; cf. Pers. kabar, capers. haps from Span, capuzar, to sink (a ship)
Capercailzie. (Gael.) Here z repre- by the head apparently a derivative of L.
;
sents M. E. y, pron. as — Gael, capull- j)/. caput, the head. (A guess.)

coille, great cock of the wood lit. horse ; Capstan. (F. — Span. — L. ?)
F. cabe-
of the wood. — Gael, capull, a horse (see stan Prov. cabestaii. — Span, cabestrajite,
;
Cavalier) coille, gen. of

; coill, a wood, cabrestante, a capstan. Of these forms,
cognate with PI Holt. cabestrante is the better, and is allied to
Capillary, like hair. (L.) L. capil- Span, cabestrage, a halter, or a haltering,
Idris, adj. ; from capillns, hair. Perhaps and to cabestrar, to halter. — L. capistrant-,
allied to cap-ut, the head. stem of pres. pt. of capistrdre, to halter.
Capital (
I ), chief. (F. -L.) Y. capital. — L. capistrum (Span, cabestro), a halter.
— L. capitdlis, belonging to the head. — L. — L. cap-ere, to hold; with double suffix
capit', stem oicap7it, the head.-|-Skt. kapd- -is-tro.
la{fn), skull A. S. hafela, head. Brugm.
; Capsule, seed-vessel. (F. L.) F. —
i. § 64 capsule, a small case. — L. capsula, dimin.
capital (2), stock of money. (F.— oi capsa, a case ; see Case (2).
L.) F. capital "I.z.Xg L. capitdle, wealth ;
.
Captain. (F.-L.) y^.Y. capitain.'^
neut. oi capitdlis, chief; see Capital (i). O. F. capitain.—Y.zte L. capitdneus, capit-
capital (3), head of a pillar. (L. or ; dtnis, a leader of soldiers. — L. capit-, stem
F. — L.) L. capitellum, head of a pillar ;
of cap7(t, head.
dimin. from L, caput, head. Or from O. Captious. (F. - L.) F. captieux, cavil-
75
;; ;
CAPTIVE CAREER
ling. — L. captiostis. — 'L. capita, a taking, karawTyd-a, caraway- seeds or plant. Cf.
a sophistical argument. — L. captus, pp. of Gk. Kapos, Kapov, cumin.
capere, to hold. See Capacious. Carbine. (F. — Gk.) Formerly cara-
captive. (F.-L.) F. captif (fern. bine, a musket, the weapon of a carabin,
captive). •^'L. captiuus, a captive. — L. or musketeer. — F. carabin, 'an arque-
captus, pp. of capere, to take. W. caeth, + buzier;' Cot. Perhaps from O.F. calabrin,
a captive; O. Irish cacht^ a female captive. a light-armed soldier of uncertain origin. ;
captor. (L.) L. r^//£»r, a taker. — L. Carbon. (F.-L.) F. carbone. — l..

cap-, as in capere, to take; with sufhx -tor. ace. carbonem, a coal.
capture. (F. — L.) F. capture. — !., carbonado, broiled meat. (Span.—
captilra, a taking. — L. cap-, as in capere, to L.) Span, carbonada, meat broiled over
take with fem. suffix -tura.
; coals. — Span, carbon, coal; see above.
Capuchin, hooded friar, hood. (F. - carbuncle. L. carbunculus, (1) a
Ital. — Late L.) M. F. capuchin; V. small coal, (2) a carbuncle, gem, from its
capucin. —Ital. cappucino, a small hood, glowing, (3) a red tumour. Double
hence a hooded friar dimin. of cappuccio, ; dimin. of L. carbo, coal.
a cowl. — Ital. cappa, a cape ; see Cap and Carboy, a large glass bottle, protected
Cape (i). by wicker-work. (Pers.) Pers. qardbah,
Car. (F. - C.) M. E. carre. - O. North F. a large flagon which is prob. of Arab,
;
carre,di car (Ducange, s. v. Marcellum). origin. Cf. Arab, qirbah, a. water-skin,

— Late L. carra, f. allied to L. carrus, ; water-bottle.
a car; of Gaulish origin. Bret, karr, — Carcanet. (F. — Teut.) Dimin. of F.
a chaiiot W. car, O. Gael, car, Irish
; carcan, a collar of jewels, or of gold.—
carr. Allied to L. cur rus, a chariot ; O. H. G. querca, the throat cf. Icel. ;
Brugm. i. § 516. kverkr, pi. the throat Yk'C^. gerkle throat,

; ,
Caracole. (F. — Span.) F. cat-acol, gei'ti, to drink. Brugm. i. § 653.

caracole, a snail wfYitnce /aire le caracole,
; Carcase, Carcass. (F.- Ital.) From
applied to a manoeuvre by soldiers, and to M. F. carquasse, a dead body. — Ital.
turns made by a horse. — Span, caracol, carcassa, a kind of bomb-shell, a shell
a snail, winding staircase, turning about also, a skeleton, frame ; cf. Port, carcassa,
(from the snail-shell's spiral form). Per- a carcase, a very old woman. Of unknown
haps of Celtic origin cf. Gael, carach, ; origin.
circling, winding car, a turn, twist.
; Card (Oj piece of pasteboard. (F.—
Carafe, a glass water-bottle. (F. — Ital. — Gk.) Corruption of F. carte, *a
Span. — Arab.) F, carafe. — Span, garrafa., card,' Cot. — Ital. carta', L. charta. — Q\^.
a cooler, vessel to cool wines in. — Arab. yapTT], xapT-qs, a leaf of papyrus. Der.
ghirdf, draughts of water Arab, root ; cardboard. Doublet, chart.
gharafa, to draw water. (Dozy, Devic.) Card (2), an instrument for combing
^ Or from Pers. qardbah, a large flagon ;
wool. (F. — L.) Y .carde.'~^'it^.L,.cardus,
but see Carboy. L. cardials, a thistle ;
for wool-combing.
Carat. (F. - Ital. -Arab. - Gk.) F. Cardinal. (L.) L. cardi?tdlis, prin-
carat, a very light weight. — Ital. carato.— cipal, chief ; orig. relating to the hinge of
Arab, qirrdt, a pod, husk, carat, 24th a door. — L. cardin-, stem of cardo, a
part of an ounce. — Gk. Kepdriou, fruit of hinge.
the locust-tree also, a carat lit. a small
; ;
'
Cardoon, a plant. (F.-Prov.-L.)
horn.' — Gk. Kepar-, stem of Kipas, a horn ;
F. cardon, Cot. — Prov. cardon; with aug-
see Horn. ment, suffix from Med. L. card-us, a
Caravan. (F. — Pers.) F. caravane. — thistle. See Card (2).
Pers. kdjivdn, a caravan, convoy. Care. (L.) M. E. care. A. S. caru,
caravansary. (Pers.) Pers. kdr- ceartc, anxiety. +
0. Sax. kara, sorrow;
wdnsaray, an inn for caravans. — Pers. O. H. G. chara, a lament; Goth, kara;
kdrwdn, caravan sardy, public building,
; Teut. type *kard, f. Hence, care, vb. A. S. ;
inn. carian. 9\ Not allied to L. cilra.

Caraway, Carraway. (Span.— Careen. (F.-L.) Lit. 'to clean the
hence to lay a ship on its side. — F.
;
Arab.) Span, al-carahueya, a caraway keel '
where al is merely the Arab. def. art. carine, carhie, keel. —

L. carina, keel.
also written carvi. — hxdh. karwiyd-a. Career. (F. — C.) F. carriere, a race-
76
; —
CARESS CARP
course. — Late L. car) aria uia), a road and leiidre, to lift, remove, take away,
for cars. — Late L. carra, L. carnis, a car ;
from leuis, light,
of Celtic origin ; see Car. carnivorous. (L.) L. camiuorzis,
Caress. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. caresse, — L. crt;v/z-, decl. stem ofcaro,
llesh-taiing.
a fondling. — Ital. âr^2S<7, a caress, fondling. tlesh ; and iior-dre, to devour.
— Late L. cdritia, dearness. — L. cants, Carob-tree, the locust-tree. (F. —
dear. Brugm. 637.
i. § Arab.) M. F. carobe, caronhe. — Arab.
Carfax. (F. — L.) M. E. carfoiikes, kharrilb, bean-jods.
a place where four roads meet. — O. F. pi. Caroche, Carroche, a kind of coach.
carrefourgs, the same from sing, carre-
: (F. — Ital.- C.) Nearly obsolete; but
fourg. — Late L. quadrifurcus four- forked. , the present sense oi carj'iage is due to it.
— L. qtiadri' (from quatiior), four; and F. carroche, variant ot carrosse, ' a carosse
fiirca, a fork. See Fork. or caroach ' Cot. — Ital. carroccia, car-
;
Cargo. (Span. — C.) Span. <:^roy, freight, rozza, a chariot. Extended from Ital.
load; cf. cargar, to load. — Late L. carri- carro, a car. See Car.
care, to load a car see Charge.; Carol, a song. (F. -L.-Gk.?) For-
caricature. (Ital.-C.) Ital. cari- merly, a kind of dance. — O.F. caroIe,
catiira, a satirical picture; so called because a (singing) dance. Godefroy (s. v. carole)
exaggerated or '
overloaded.' — Ital. cari- cites Swiss Rom. corattla, a round-dance,
care, to load, burden.- Late L. carricdre, also a dance-song. Prob. from L.
to load a car: see Charge. choratdes, a flute-player to a chorus. — Gk.
Caries. (L.) L. caries, rottenness. XopavKrjs, the same. — Gk. xop-os, a chorus,
Cark, burden, anxiety. (F. — C.) A. F. round-dance and av\6s, a flute. ;
karke. North. F. form of F. charge, i. e. Carotid, adj. (Gk.) Gk.«apa;W5€s,s.pl.,

load; see Charge. Cf. M.E. karke, a the two great arteries of the neck it was ;
load as in 'a karke of pepper!

; thought that an alteration in the flow of
Carkanet; see Carcanet. blood through them caused stupor.—
Carminative, expelling wind from Gk. Kapooo, I stupefy Kapos, stupor. ;
the body. (F. — L.) F. carmitiatif, 'wind- Carousal, (i; a drinking-bout; (2), a
voiding; Cot. — L. carijtitidt-tis, pp. of
' pageant, (i. F.-G. 2. F.-Ital)
; 1.
carmindre, to card wool (hence, in old Sometimes used as if from the verb carouse
medicine, to cleanse from gross humours) ;
below. 2. But, in old authors, carousel
with suffix -hais. — 'L. carniin-, from car- (also carousal) means a
sort of pageant,
men, a card for wool. — L. cdrere, to of which some kind of chariot-race formed
card. a principal part Dryden, Virgil, .^n. v. ;
Carmine. (Span. — Arab. — Skt.) Span. 777. — F. carrousel, a tilting-match. — Ital.

carmin, short form oicar^nesin, adj. from ; carosello, also spelt garosello, a tourna-
car?7iesi, crimson. — Arab. qirwizT, crimson ;
ment of uncertain origin.
;
from ^/rwzs, cochineal. — Skt. krnii, a worm, Carouse. (P\ — G.) F. carous, a ca- '
the cochineal insect. rousse of drinke,' Cot. — G. garaus, right

Carnage ; see below. out used of emptying a bumper. — G. gar^
;
Carnal. (L.) L. carndUs, fleshly.— quite and aus, cut. (Raleigh even writes
;
L. cam-, stem of caro, flesh. Brugm. i. garouse; directly from G. ^^;a«x.) Der.
§ 5L^- carous-al, but only in one sense of that
carnage. (F. — L.) F. rar«a,^<?, flesh- word see above.
;
time, slaughter of animals. — Late L. car- Carp (i), a fish. (F.) M.E. carpe.
ndticu??i, a tribute of flesh- meat cf. ; XV cent. — O. F. carpe (Span. Tort, carpa,
carndttim, time for eating flesh. — L. cam-, Ital. carpa, Florio) also Du. karper ; ;
stem oicaro, flesh. Icel. karpe

karji ;
Swed. Dan. ;
karp ;
carnation. (F. — L.) F. carnation, G. karpfen O. H. G. charpho

; ; Russ.
flesh colour (Littre). — L. ace. carndtionefn, karf ; Lith. karpa.
fleshiness. — L. cam-, stem of caro, llcsh. Carp (2), to cavil at. (Scand.) M. E.
carnival. ( F. — Ital. — L.) F. cama- carpen, which often merely means to talk,
val, Shrovetide. — Ital. carnevale, carnovale, say. — Icel. karpa, to boast; Swed. dial.
the last three days before Lent. — Med. L. karpa, to boast, talk much. The pre- ^
carnelevdle,carnelevdfnen,xitmovtAoi tlesh. sent sinister seu'ê is due to confusion with
Shrovetide. — L. came-m, a.cc. of caro, flesh L. carpere, to pluck.
77
; ;;;
CARPENTER CASINO
Carpenter. (F. — C.) K.Y. carpenter; register. — Late
L. chart nla, a document
O. North F. carpcnticr{¥. charpe7itier).— dimin. ol charta, a paper see Card (i). ;
Late L. carpentarius sb. carpentdre, to , ; Carve. (F.) M. E. keruen. A.S. ceorfan;

work in timber. — L. ca^'pentum, a carriage pt. t. cearf, pi. curfon, pp. corfen. [The
a word of Celtic origin. — O. Irish carpat^ A. S. ceorfan would have given *cka?-ve ;
Gael, and Irish carhad, W. cerbyd, a car- c was retained from the pt. pi. and pp.]
riage, chariot, litter. -|- Du. kerven G. kerben, to notch, cut
;
Carpet. (F. L.) O. F. mr/zV^. — Late

— also Dan, ka^-ve, Swed. karfva, to notch,
L. carpi ta, carpeta, a kind of thick cloth ;
from the 2nd stem. Gk. ypdcpdv. Brugm.
also carpia (F. charpie), lint. L, car- — i. ^ 791-
pere, to pluck, pull to pieces (lint being Cascade. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. cascade.—
made of rags pulled to pieces, and carpet, Ital. cascata, a waterfall ; orig. fem. pp.of
probably, from shreds). cascare, to fall. For '^casica7-e. — 'L. cdsdre,
Carrack. (F.) O. F. carraque, a ship to totter. — L. cdsum, sup. oicadere, to fall.
of burden Late Lat. carraca, the same.
; Case (i), an event. (F. — L.) M. E.
Of unknown origin. cas. — F. cas. — L. ace. cdsum, a fall, a
Carriage. (F. —
C.) M.E.cariaê,tha.t case. — L. casus, pp. oicadere, to fall.
which carried about (as in Bible, A. V.).
is Case (2). a receptacle. (F.-L.) O. F.
— O. F. cariage from carter, to carry see
; ; casse. — F.. capsa, a box, cover. — L. capere,
Carry. ^
Its modern use is due to con- to hold.
fusion with caroch, a vehicle (Massinger, (F. — Ital.) F. casemate, Casemate.
Renegado, i. 2); see Caroche. a fortified wall. — Ital. casa-
a loop-hole in
—
Carrion. (F. L.) M. E. caroigne, a matta, a chamber built under a wall or
carcase. — O. North F. caroigne Late L.bulwark, to hinder those who enter the
;
caronia, a carcase. — L. caro, flesh. ditch to scale the wall of a fort. It seems
Carronade, a sort of cannon. (Scot- to mean 'dark chamber.'- Ital. and L.
land.) So named because made at Canvn, casa, house, cottage, room; and lizX.matta,
in Stirlingshire. fem. of maito, orig. mad, but the Sicilian
—
Carrot. (F. — L. Gk.) F. carote, ca- 7nattii means ' dim.'
rotte. — L. carota.—Gk. KapcoTov, a carrot. Casement, frame of a window. (F.—
—
Carry. (F. C.) O. F carier. Lzte — L.) .Coined with the sense of encasement,
L. carricdre. — L. carrus, a car ; see Car. that which encases or encloses. From
Cart. (E.) A.S. cr(s(, crat; cf. Du. case, verb ; with suffix -ment.
krat. Or from Icel. kartr, a cart ; whence, Cash, coin. (F. — L.) Orig. a till or box
probably, Picard carti, a cart. to keep money in. — F. casse, a case see ;
Carte, a bill of fare. (F.-Gk.) Chiefly Case (2) above. Der. cash-ier, sb., one
in the F. phr. carte blanche, lit. white who keeps a money-box or cash.
paper. — Late L. carta; see Card (i). Cashew-nut, the nut of a W. and E.
cartel. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) F. cartel. - Indian tree. (F. Brazilian.) Cashew is —
Ital. cartello, lit. a small paper dimin. of a corruption of F. acajou. — ^xdizW. acaiu,
;
carta, paper, bill; see Card (i). the fruit of the tree named acajaba or
Cartilage. (_F--L) F. cartilage, cuajaiba. (Mahn, Littr6.)
gristle. — L. cartlldginem, ace. oi cartildgo. Cashier, dismiss from service.
to
Der. cartilagin-ous. (Du. — F. — L.) Du. casseren, to cashier;
Cartoon. i,F. — Ital. — Gk.) F. carton. — merely borrowed from F. casser, to *
cartone, lit. a large paper

Itafl. ;from carta, breake, burst, . . also to casseere, dis-
a card see Card (i).
; charge ; ' Cot. [Du. words, borrowed
cartouche, cartridge. (F. Ital. - from F., end in -eren?\ — \.. qiiassdre, to
— Gk. Cartridge (with intrusive r) is for
] shatter, frequent, of quatere, to shake
cartidge, corrupt form of cartouche. — F. which annexed the senses of L. cassdre, to
cartouche, a roll of paper. — Ital. cartoccio, annul, discharge, from L. cassus, void, null.
a roll of paper, cartridge. — Ital. carta, Cashmere, a soft wool. (India.) So
paper; Late L. carta see Card ( i). % The
;
called from the vale of Cashmere, in India.
cartridge took its name from the paper in Also spelt cassimere, kerseymet-e.
which it was rolled up. Casino, a room for dancing. (Ital. L.) —
cartulary, a register. (Late L. — Gk.) Ital. casino, dimin. of casa, a cottage,
Late L. carttildritim, chartuldriuju, a house. — L, casa, a cottage.
78
— ";
CASK CATAPLASM
Cask. (Span.— L.) Span, casco, a. skxiW, tellum, dimin. of castrtim, a fortified
sherd, coat of an onion ; also a cask of [)lace. Der. casteil-an, O. North F. caste-
wine, a casque or helmet. The orig. sense lain, O. F. chastelain, the keeper of a
is'
husk cf. Span, cascara, peel, rind,
'
; chastel, or castle ; also chdielaine (fem. of
shell, Port, casca, nnd. — Span, cascar, to F. chdtelain = O. F. chastelain) now applied ,
burst open formed (as if from Lat. *qiias-

; to a lady's chain or '
keeper ' of keys,
sicdre) from an extension of L. quassdre, &c.
to break, burst ; see Quash. Castor. (L. — Gk.) L. castor. ^G^.
casque, a helmet. (K. -Span. -L.) KaoTcop, a beaver. But of Eastern origin ;
F. casque. '•Span, casco, a helmet, head- cf. Malay kasttlri, Skt. kastiiri, musk ;
piece see above.

; Pers. khaz, bepiVer.
Casket, a small box. (Span. — L.) Ap- castor-oil. Named from some con-
parently confused with Y. cassette., a small '
fusion with castoreuni, ' a medicine made
;
casket Cot. Formally, it is a dimin. of
' of the liquor contained in the little bags
Cask. that are next the beaver's groin Kersey. ;
'
Casque ; see Cask. P)Ut it is really a vegetable production.

Cassava, a plant. (Span. — Hayti.') Castrate. fL.) L. casttdtus, pp. of
Span, cazahe also cazavi, ' the bread made
; castrdre, to cut.
in the W. Indies of the fruit called the Casual. (F. — L.") Y. casuel. — l.. cdsu-
yuca ' Pineda. It properly means the
;
dlis, happening by chance. — L. cdsu-,
plant, which is also called manioc ; said to stem oi casus, chance. See Case (i).
be from the Hayti casahbi, with the same Cat. (E.) A.S. cat. -^Du., Dan. kat,
sense. See R. Eden's works, ed. Arber, Icel. hottr, Sw. halt, G. kater, katze L. ;
p. 175. See Tapioca. cdtus. W. cath, Ir. Gael. cat. Russ. kot\
Cassia, a species of laurel. (L. — Gk. — koshka, Arab, qitt., Turk. kcdt. (Prob.
Heb.) L. casia, cassia. — Gk. Kaoia, a spice Eastern.)
like cinnamon. — Heb. qetst'dt/i, in Ps. xlv. Cata-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. Kara, down,
8, a pi. form from qetsi 'dh, cassia-bark. — thoroughly.
Heb. root qdtsa', to cut away ; because the Cataclysm, deluge. (Gk.) Gk. /cara-
bark is cut off. Kkva/jios, a dashing over, flood, — Gk. Kara,
Cassimere ; see Cashmere. down ; nXvêiv, to dash, wash, as waves.
Cassock, a vestment. (F. — Ital.) F. Catacomb. (Ital. — L.) Ital. cata-
casaque. — Ital. casacca, an outer coat. Of coviba,a sepulchral vault. — Late L. cata-
uncertain origin. cu7nbas of which the sense and origin are
;
Cassowary, a bird. (Malay.) First unknown.

brought from Java. Malay kasuwari. Catafalque, a stage or platform,
Cast. (Scand.) Icel. kasta., to throw ;
chiefly used at funerals. (F. — Ital.) F.
Swed. /^tzi'/'a Yian. kaste. Tiev. re-cast.
; catafalque. — Ital. catafalco ; of unknown
Castanets, instruments used for origin.See Scaffold.
making a snapping noise. (F. — Span. Catalepsy, a sudden seizure. (Gk.)
L. — Gk.) F. castagnettes, 'finger-knack- Formerly cataiepsis. — Gk. KaraKT]\pi^, a
ers, wherewith players make a pretty grasping, seizing. — Gk. Kara, down; Xayi,'
noise in some dances;' Cot. — Span, cas- â.v€Lv, to seize.

tanetas, castanets pi. of castaneta, a ; Catalogue. (F.-Gk.) F. catalogue. •-
snapping noise resembling the cracking of Late Lat. ace. catalogum. — Gk. KaraXoyos,
roasted chestnuts. — Span, castana, a chest- a counting up, enrolment. — Gk. Kara, fully
nut.— Lat. castanea. the chestnut-tree.— Xey€iv, to say, tell ; see Logic.
Gk. Kaaravov ; see Chestnut. Catamaran, a sort of raft. (Tamil.)
Caste, a breed, race. (Port. — L.) Port. In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ed. 1859,
casta, a race, orig. a pure' breed a name '
; p. 289, we have katmaran.
'
a raft . . ; the
given by the Port, to classes of men in I
word is orig. Tamil, and means tied logs'
India. — Port, casta, fern, of casta., pure.— j
Tamil kalUi, binding maram, wood ;
L. castus, pure, chaste. |

(Yule).
castigate. (L.) L. castlgdtus, pp. of Cataplasm, a poultice. (F.-L.-
castigdre. to chasten ; lit. '
to keep pure.' — j
t
Gk.î F. cataplas»ie. — \^. cataplasma.—
L. casttis, chaste. Doublet, chastise. \ Gk. Karai^haa ixa, a plaster, poultice. -Gk.
Castle. (L.) A. S. castel. — l.. cas-\ KaravXaaanv, to spread over. — Gk. Kaia,
79
; —
CATAPULT CATTLE
fully ; and nkdacrdv, to mould ; see accipere, to receive, also to buy ; see
Plaster. Accept and Gates.
Catapult. (Late L. — Gk.) Late L. Cateran, a Highland robber. (Gael.)
catapult a, an engine for throwing stones. — Low L. caterajius, answering to Gael.
Gk. Kara-ireKTTjs, the same. — Gk. Kara, ceathairne, lit. common people '
cf. ; '
down 77-aA\6tf, to swing, hurl.

; ceathainie-choille, s. pi., freebooters, out-
Cataract. (L. Gk.) —
L. cataracta, laws. From Irish cethei-n, ceithem, a
Gen. vii. ii. — Gk. KaTappaKT-qs, as sb., a troop, band ; cf. L. cateriia, a band of
waterfall as adj., broken, rushing down.
; men. See Kern.
Prob. allied to Karapp-qywixi, i break Catercousin. (F.-L.) Nares (ed.
down ; the 2 aor. KaT^ppa-y-qv was used 1S76) has :
'
Cater-cotisms, friends so
of the rushing down of waterfalls and familiar that they eat together.' If so,
storms. — Gk. Kara, down prjjuvfii, I ; the word is from cater, vb., and
break. cousin.
Catarrh. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) F. Caterpillar. (F.-L.) Adapted from
catarrhe. — Late L. caiarj-hus. — Gk. O. F. chatepelose, a caterpillar (Godefroy);
Karappoos, a flowing down (of rheum), the latter half of the word was assimilated
a cold in the head. — Gk. Kara., down and ; \.o piller, one who pi//s, or robs or spoils.
p€(iv, to flow. O. F. chatepelose is lit. 'hairy she-cat.' —

Catastrophe. (Gk.) Gk. KaraaTpofr], O. F. chate, fem. of chat, cat ; pelose,
an overturning, sudden turn. — Gk. Kara, hairy. — L. cdtus, cat; pilosus, hairy, from
down ; (TTpitpen/, to turn. pihis, a hair.
Catch. (F. — L.^ O. Picard cachier, Caterwaul. (E.) yi-Y.. caterzvawen;
variant of O. F. chacier, to hunt, cliase coined from cat, and waweu, to make a
hence, to catch. It answers to Ital. cac- wailing noise.
ciare, Late L. *captidre, extended form of Cates, provisions. (F. — L.) So called
L. captdre, to catch. — L. captus, pp. of becau>e provided by the catour, mod. E.
capere, to seize. ^ We
even find M. Du. cater-er see Cater.
;
' Cater, a steward,
;
a
kaetsen, to catch, borrowed from Picard provider of ra/^j- Baret (1580). '
cachier. The M. E. pt. t. cau^te imitated Cathartic, purging. (Gk.) Gk.KaBap-

lau^te, pt. t. of M. E. lacchen, to catch. TLKos, purgative. — Gk. Ka6aipc-iu,{o cleanse,
Doublet, chase (i\ purge. — Gk, Ka$apu9, pure.
Catechise. (L.-Gk.) Late L. ^^^^- Cathedral. (L. - Gk.) L. cathe-
chizdre. — Gk. Karrixiifîv, to catechise, drdlis ecclesia^'-?i cathedral church, or one
instruct ; lengthened form of KaT-qx^î-v, to which has a bishop's throne. — Late L.
din into one's ears, lit. 'to din down.' — cathedra, a throne. — Gk. KaOeSpa, a seat.
Gk. /car-a, down ; "qx^^v, to sound ; cf. — Gk. Ka6-, for Kara, down and k'Spa, a ;
rixos, a ringing in the ears see Echo. ; seat, chair, from e(op.ai ( = c5-ô;xat\ I sit;
Category, a class. (Gk.) Gk. Karq- see Sit.
yopia, an accusation but in logic, a pre-
; Catholic. Gk.) —
L. catholicus
(L.
dicament or class. — Gk. KarqyopHv, to (Tertullian.) — Gk.
KaOoKiKu^, universal.
accuse. — Gk. Kar-a, down, against; *d7u- — Gk. KaOoK-ov, adv., on the whole, in
/>€«/, with the sense oia'yopeveiv, to declaim, general. —Gk. Ka9-, for Kard, according
address an assembly, from a-yopd, an to and o\ov, gen. of oAoj, whole.
;
assembly. Catkin. (Du.) loose spike of A

Catenary, belonging to a chain used ; flowers, named from its soft downy ap-
of the curve in which a chain hangs. (.L.) pearance. —M, Du. kattekeii, 'a kitling,*
From L. catena, a chain see Chain. ; Hexham. (It also meant 'catkin'; cf.
Cater, to buy provisions. (F. — L.) F, chattons in Cot.) Dimin. of Du. kat, a
Formed as a verb from M. E. catour, a cat (M. Du. kaite).
buyer of provisions (whom we should now Catoptric, relating to optical reflec-
call a Catour is short for tion. (Gk.) Gk. /faToiTT/>i/foj, reflexive.
cater-er).
formed from acat, a buying, pur- Gk. KaroiTTpoy, a mirror. — Gk. Kar-a,
acatoiirî
chase, Ch. prol. 571. — O. F. acat (mod. down, inward oTT-To/xai, I see, with suffix ;
F. achat), a buyinii; — Folk-L. acaptum, a -rpoi', of the instrument.

purchase; for accapttim. — YoXk-'L. accap- Cattle. (F. — L,) M.E.r^/^/. property;
tdre, to purchase (a. d. 1060), frequent, of hence, live stock, cattle, O. North F. —
80
'
CAUCUS CEIL, CIEL

ra/^/. — Late
L. capita le, capital, property ;
cauere, to beware. Cf. Skt. kavi{s), wise.
see Capital (2) and Chattels. Brugm. i. § 635. Hex. pre-catitiott.
Caucus, a name applied to certain Cavalier. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. cava-
political meetings. (American Indian?) lier, a horseman. cavaliere, the— Jtal.
Said to be from an Algonkin word mean- same. — L. caballdi'iuvi, ace. of caballdrius,
ing to speak, to counsel, whence kaw-kaw- the same. —
L. caballus, a horse. See
asti, a counsellor. Their elders, called '
Chevalier.
cazvcazuwassotighes)^ Capt. Smith's Works, cavalcade. - Ital. - L.) F.
(F,
ed. Arber, p. 347. * Caucorouse, which is cavalcade. —
cavahata, a troop of
Ital.
captaine
;
id. p. 377.
' 'i'his is more % horsemen; orig. fem. of pp. of cavalcare,
likely than the entirely unsupported story to ride. — Ital. cavallo, a horse. — L. ca-
about caulkers' meetings. balhim, ace. of caballus, a horse.
Caudal, belonging to the tail. (L.) L. cavalry. (F. - Ital. - L.^ O. F.
(anda, the tail. cavallerie. — Ital. cavalteria, cavalry. —
Caudle, a warm drink. (F. — L.) O. ital. cavaliere, a knight ; see Cavalier.
North F. O. F. chaiidel, a sort of
caiidcl, Cave. (F.-L.) Vi.Y..caue.-O.Y.
warm drink. F. c/iaitd, chald, hot. —
— O. <ave, a cave. raz/a, a cave. — L.
— Folk-L.
L. caldiis, for calidits, hot. cauus, hollow. (y'KEU.) Der. cav-ity;
Caul, a net, covering, esp. for the head. cav-ern {¥. caverne, L. cauerna).
(F.) O. F. cale, 'a kind of little cap ; Cave in. (M. Du.) Properly to
Cot. Origin unknown. calve in, a phrase introduced by Du.
Cauldron ; see Caldron. liavvies. Cf. W. Flanders inkalven, to
Cauliflower. (F. L.) Formerly — cave in E. Friesic kalfen, to calve as a
;
colyfory. From M. E. col (O. F. col), a cow, whence kalfen in, to cave in. The
cabbage and flory, from O. F. Jlori,
; falling portion of earth is compared to a
Jicuri, pp. of Jleurir, to flourish. The calf dropped by a cow. Confused with
O. F. col is from L. ace. caitlem, from cave, a hollow.
laiilis, a cabbage z.ndjleicrir is from L.
; Caveat, a caution. (L.) L. caueat,
to flourish. See Cole and Flourish.
//t^riFrc?, lit. let him beware. — L. c'a?/^;-^, to beware.
Caulk, Calk. (F. L.) M. E. - Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. (F.—

cauken, to ti ead hence, to squeeze in (as
; Ital.) F. caviar. "XX-dX. caviaro; whence
oakum into a ship's seams). — O. F. cati- also Turk, khavydr, caviare.
qtier, to tread to tent a wound with lint.
; Cavil. (F.-L.) O. F. caviller. -1.
— L. calcdre, to tread, force down by cauilldri, to banter hence, to wrangle, ;
l^ressure. — L. calc-, stem oi calx, the heel. object to. — L. cauilla, a jeering, cavil-
—
Cause. (F. L.) ¥. cause. — 1^. causa, ling.
cazissa, a cause. Der. cause, vb. Caw. (E.) An imitation of the cry of
Causeway, a paved way, raised way. crow or daw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan.
the
(F. — L. and K.) Formerly caus-ey-way
;
;
kaa, a jackdaw which are imitative.:
by adding way to M. E. causi, causic. Cayman, an American alligator. (Ca-

causey. — O. North F. caucie (mod. F ribbean.) Also caij?ian. The spelling
(haussê, Prov. causada. Span, calzadd).^ cay man is Spanish. — Caribbean acayilman
Late L. calcidta, for calcidta uia, a paved iLittre).
way. — Late L. calcidtus, pp. of calcidre, Cease. (F. — L.) F. cesser. — L. cessdre,
to make a roadway by treading it down ;
to loiter, go slowly, cease ; frequent, of
from L. calcdre, to tread. — L. calc-, stem cedere (pp. cesstis , to yield, go away,
oi calx, heel see Caulk. ;
Caustic. (L. -Gk.) lu. caustictis. ^ "Cedar, a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.

Gk. KavaTiKos, burning. — Gk. Kavaros. cedre. — L. cedrus. — Gk. Kedpos.
burnt. — Gk. Kaiuv (fut. Kavacu), to burn. Cede. (L.) A
late word (A. D. 1633).
cauterise. (F.-Late L.-Gk.) F. — L. cedere, to
go, to come, to yield.
cautcriser. — Late L. cauterizdre, to sear. Ceil, Ciel, to line the inner roof or
— Gk. KavTr]pia((iv, to sear. — Gk. KavTi)- walls of a room. (F.— L.) Hence the
piov, a branding-iron. — Gk. Kaieiv, tu sb. ceil-ing or ciel-ing. M. E. ceelen, to
burn (above). ceil from the sb. syle or cyll, a canopy. —
;
Caution. (F, — L.) F. caution.— !.. F. ciel, a. canopy the same word as ciel,
:
ace. cautionem, heed. — L. cautus, pp. oi heaven. [Cf. Ital. cielo, heaven, a canopy,
I D
;
CELANDINE CENTAUR
a cieling.] — L. ccelmn, heaven. ^ Not to pass., to fall asleep. Allied to Keifiai, I
be confused with E. sill, nor with seal nor lie down Skt. fi, to lie down. ; ;
with seel (F, siller) nor with L. celdre, ;Cenobite. (L. — Gk.) L. ccenobtta,
to hide. The L. cceldre, to emboss, seems a member of a (social) fraternity (Jerome).
to have had some influence on the word, — L. cocnobiu77i, a convent. — Gk. noivoîov^
but did not originate it cf. M. E. celure, a convent. — Gk. kolvoîos, living socially.
;
a canopy Late L. ccelutiira. — Gk. Koivo-s, common jiios, life. ;
Celandine, a plant. (F.-Gk.) O. F. Cenotaph. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.

celidoine. — Late L. celidonia. — L. cheli- cenotaphe. — L. ceiiotaphiu77i.-^Gk. k(vo-
donia. '"Gk. x^^^^'^^'-'^^^ swallow-wort — raipiov, an empty tomb. — Gk. Kevo-Sy
Gk. xf^'Soi'-, stem of x^'^'So'i', a swallow. empty rdcp-os, a tomb. ;
(The « is intrusive.) Censer. (F. — L.) M. E. censer. —

Celebrate. (L.) L. celebrdtus, pp. O. F. ce/isier, se?tser (Godefroy) short- ;
of celcbrdre, to frequent, to solemnise, ened from O. F. e;ice7isier. — L,a.te L. in-

honour. — L. celeber, frequented, populous. ce7tsdriu7H, also i7icensdriii77i (whence
Celerity. ;>'--L0 F- i-///r///. L. — mod. F. ence7isoi)'). — L. incenszi77i, in-
ace. celeritdtcm, speed. L. celer, quick. — cense from pp. of
; i7ice7idcre, to kindle.
Cf. Gk. ic(\r]s, a runner; Brugm, i. § 6^3- See Incense.
Celery. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ^//^r/, in- Censor. L. censor, a taxer, valuer,
(L.)
troduced from the Piedmontese Ital. sel- assessor, critic. —
L. cetisere, to give an
leri for Ital. selini, pi. of selino, parsley.
; opinion, appraise. -j-Skt. âms, to praise.
— L. selinon, parsley. Gk. criKivov, a kind — censure. (F.-L.) Y. censure. <^\..
of oarsley. censHra, orig. opinion. — L. censert
Celestial. (F.-L.) O. F. cehstiel. (above).
— L. ccelesti-s, heavenly. — L. aelum, census. (L.) L. ce7isus, a register-
heaven. —L. ce7isere (above).
ing.
Celibate. (L.) The orig. sense was Cent, a hundred, as in per cent. (L.)
'
a single life it was afterwards an adj.,
'
; Li America, the hundredth part of a
and again a sb., meaning one who is '
dollar.— L. cejttttm, a hundred ; see
single.' — L. cielibdtus, sb. celibacy, single Hundred.
life. — L. ccelib-, stem oi ccelebs. single, un- centenary. L. cente7idrius,
(L.)
married. Der. celibacy (for *ccelibdtia^. relating to a hundred.
L. ce?ite7ius, a —
Cell. (L.) M. E. celle. - L. cella, hundred (usu. distributivel}'). — L. ce}itui7i.
small room, hut. Cf. celdre, to hide. centennial. (L.) Coined to mean
See Helm (2). (yKEL.) relating to a century. — L. cenl-u7n, hun-
cellar. (F.-L.) yV.Y.cekr. A.F. dred ; a7in-us, a year.
celer; O. F.t^//>r. — L. celldrium, a cellar. centesimal. (L.) L. centesi77i-us,
— L. cella (above). hundredth. — L. ce7it-ti//i, hundred,
Celt (1), a name originally
given to the j
centigrade. (L.) Divided into a
Gauls. (C.) From'L. pi.
CelUt, the I
hundred degrees. — L. centi-, for centiun,
Celts ; the word probably meant ' war- j
imndred grad-tis, a degree see Grade.
; ;
riors ' ; of. A. S. hild, Icel. hildr, war centipede, centiped. (F.-L.) F.
centipede. — L. centipeda. a many-footed
I
Lith. L. per-cellere, to
kalti, to strike ;
strike through, beat (Rhys). down (lit. hundred-footed) insect. — L. <re«//-, for
Celt (2), a primitive chisel or axe. certiui7i, hundred; and ped-, stem o^ pes,
(Late L.) Late L. celtis, assumed nom. foot.
of the abl. celte ( = with a chisel), in the centuple. (L.) L. centuplex (stem
Vulgate Version of Job xix. 24. But this centuplic-), a hundredfold. — L. centu-m,
reading is due to some error, and there hundred plic-dre, to fold.
;
seems to be no such word in Latin. centurion. (L.) L. ace. centurio-

Cement. (F.-L.) O. F. ciment.- Jie7/i, a captain of a hundred. L. ce7ttiiria —
L. ccE77tentum, rubble, chippings of stone ;
(below).
hence, cement. Perhaps for ^ccedmentuju, century. (F. L.) Y. ce7iturie.——
from ccedere, to cut (Brugm. i. § 587). L. centuria, a body of a hundred men ;
Cemetery. (L. — Gk.) Y.zXo.l^.cceme- number of one hundred. — L. iefitn-771,

terium. — Gk. KoifxijTTjpiov, a sleeping-place, hundred.
cemetery. — Gk. Koifxdcu, I lull to sleep in ;
I
I Centaur. (L. — Gk.) L. Centaurus.

—
CENTAURY CHAIR
— Gk. Kivravpos, a centaur, a creature half I Hen. IV. ii. i. 8. Orig. a tax, rate,
man and half horse; which some have com- rating, assessment ; see Spenser, State of
pared with Skt. gandha7-vas, a demi-god. Ireland, Globe ed., p. 643, col. 2. For
centaury, a plant. (L. — Gk.) L. sess; from sess, verb, to rate; which is
centaurea.'^^j^. Kcvravpeiou, centaury; a short for Assess.
plant named from the Ceiitaiir Chiron. Cessation. (F.-L.) F. cessation.—
Centenary, Centennial, Centn- L. ace. cessdtionem, a ceasing. — L. cessd-
ple, Centurion, &c. see Cent. : tus, pp. of cessdre, to cease. — L. cessus
Centre, Center. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. (below).
centre. — L. centrum. — Gk. Kcvrpov, a cession. (F. — L.) F. cession. — L.
spike, goad, prick, centre. — Gk. k€vt(qj, ace. cessioneyn, a yielding. — L, cessus, pp.
I goadon. Of. W. cetAr, a spike. oi cedere, to yield, to cede.
centrifugal, flying from a centre Cess-pool. (Hybrid.) Most probably
(L.) L. centri-, for centra-, stem of cen- equiv. to {se)cess-pool; see N. E. D. Cf.
trum 2Sidifug-ere, to fly.
; Ital. a privy (Torriano)
cesso, which is ;
centripetal, tending towards a a shortened form of secesso, a retreat.—

centre. (L. i L. centri- (above); pet-ere, L. secessus, 'the draught;' Matt. xv. 17
to seek. (Vulgate).
Ceramic, relating to pottery. (Gk.) Cetaceous, of the whale kind. (L.
Gk. KipafXLK'OS, adj, — Gk. nepafx-os, potter's Gk.) L. (:<?/z/j-. — Gk. ktjtos, a sea-monster.
earth. Cf. Kcpawvpii (fut. K^paaoj), I mix.
Cere, to coat M'ith wax. (L.) L. Ch.
cerd7'e, to wax. — L. cera, wax. + Gk. KTjpos,
wax. Chablis, a white wine. (F.) From
cerecloth. (L. and E.) Lit. a waxed C/iad/is, 1 2 mi. E. of Auxerre, in the de-
cloth. partment of Yonne, France.
cerement. (L.) From cere; with Chafe, to warm by friction, vex. (F. —
suffix -ment (L. -metitum'). L.) M. E. c/ian/e?i, to warm. — O. F.
ceruse, white lead. (F.— L.) O. F. chaufer (F. chauffe?-). to warm cf. Prov. ;
cert4se. — \^. cerussa, white lead. — L. r/ra, calfar, to warm. — Late L. ^cakfdre, to
wax. warm; for L. calefacere, to warm, make
Cereal, relating to corn. (L.) L. to glow. — L. cale-re, to glow facei'e, to ;
cerealis. — l.. ceres, corn. make.

Cerebral, relating to the brain. (L.) Chafer, Cockchafer. (E.) A.S.
From L. cerebr-um. the brain. Cf. Gk. cefer {slso ceafior) , a kind of beetle. +Du.
/fctpa, the head. Brugm. i. § 619. kever ; G. kdfer.
Cerement
Cerecloth, ; see Cere. Chaff. (E.) A. S. ceaf, later chcef, husk
Ceremony. (F. - L.) M. E. cere- of grain. +Du. kaf\ Low G. kaff. % The
monie.-'Y . c&emonie. — l^. ccerimonia, a verb to chaff= to chafe, i.e. vex. So also
ceremony, rite. chaff-wax., for chafe-wax.
Certain. L.) —
O. F. certein,
(F. Chaf&nch, a bird. (E.) I.e. chaff-
certain. " 'L.sure; with suffix finch
cert-us, it frequents barn-doors. ;
-anus. Allied to L. cernere, to discrimi- Chaffer. (E.) The verb is from the
nate ; Gk. Kpivfii', to separate, decide. M. E. sb. chapfare, also chaffare, a bargain-
certify. (F. L.) M. E. certifien.— ing. — A. S. ceap, a bargain, and faru, a
—
F. certifier. — Late L. certificdre, to make journey, also business ; see Cheap and
sure. — L. r^r//-, for certo-, stem of certiis Fare.
(above) and -fie-, iox fac-ere. to make.
; Chaf5.nch see Chaff. ;
Cerulean, azure. (L.) L. ccerukus, Chagrin. (F.) F. chagrin, melan-

ccErulus. blue; for ^cceluleus, *a?lHhis, from choly. [Diez identifies it with F. chagrin,
ccelum, sky. Brugm. i. § 483, shagreen but wrongly.] ;
Ceruse, white-lead see Cere. ; Chain. (F. L.) O. F. chaine, chaene. —

Cervical, belonging to the neck. (L.) — L. catena, a chain.
From L. ceriilc-, stem of ceruix, neck. Chair. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. chaire,
Cervine, relating to a hart. (L.) L. chaere. — OF.
chaiere, chaere. — L. cathe-
ceru;n-j4S.'-\.. certi-us, a hart ; see Hart. dra, a throne, raised seat, chair. — Gk.
Cess, limit, measure. (F. — L.) In KadiSpa, a seat. — Gk. Ka6-, for Kara, down;
83
- ;
CHAISE CHAP
€dpa, a seat, from eônai (= k8-yofiai), named from Champagne in France, which
I sit ;see Cathedral, Sit. means a plain see below. ' '
;
chaise, a light carriage. (F. — L. champaign, open country. (P\— L.)

Gk.) F. chaise, a chair, also, a chaise a In Sh. F. champaigne, of which thePicard
;
Parisian modification of F. chaire, a pulpit, form was campaigne see Campaign. ;
orii5[. a seat. Champak, a tree. (Skt.) Skt. chaju-

Chalcedony, a kind of quartz. (L, — paka, the champak.
Gk.) L. chakedoniiis, Rev. xxi. 19. — Gk. Champion. (F.-L.) O.Y. cham-
Xo.Kurjbojv , Rev. xxi. 19. pion.— Y,. campionem, ace. of campio, a
Chaldron, a coal-measure. (F. — L.) combatant (Isidore). — L. campus, a place
O. F. chaldron, orig. a caldron see for military exercise; a peculiar use of
;
Caldron. campns, a field. See Camp.

Chalice, a cup. (F. -L.) A.Y.chalke; Chance, hap. (F. — L.) M. E. cheaimce.
O. F. calice.'^\a. caliceni, ace. of callx, a — O. F. cheance, chaance. — 'LaiQ L. caden-
cup. Allied to calyx, but not the same iia, a falling, a chance. — L. cadere, to fall,
word. happen ; see Cadence.
Chalk. (L.) M. E. chalk. - A. S. cealc Chancel. (F.-L.) So called because
(Southern). — L, stem oi calx, lime.
calc-, orig. fenced screen.—
off by a latticed
Challenge, i^.- L.) M. E. chaknge, O. F. chancel, an enclosure fenced off with
calenge, olten in the sense *
a claim.' — an open screen. — Late L. cancelIus, a
A. F. chalenge, O. F. chalonge, calenge, a chancel, screen ; L. cancelli, pi., a grating;
dispute, claim an accusation. — L. caliim-
; see Cancel.
nia, false accusation Calumny. ; chancellor. (F.-L.) O.Y.ckance-
see
Chalybeate. Gk.) (L. -
Used of /zVr. — Late L. ace. cancelldrinm, a chan-
water containing Coined from L. cellor orig. an officer who stood near the
iron. ;
chalyb-s, steel. — Gk. xaXvp (stem xa-^v^S-), screen before the judgment-seat. — L. can-
steel named from the Chalybes, a people celli, a grating see Chancel, Cancel.
; ;
of Poiitus, who made it. chancery. (F.-L.) Yovchancelry.

Chamber. (F.-L. -Gk.) Y.cham- M. E. chancelerie. — O. F. chancellerie. —
bre\ Prov. camhra. — L,. car?iera, cafnara, Late L. cancelldria. the record-room of a
a vault, vaulted room, room. — Gk. KUfxapa, cancelldrius ; see Chancellor.
a vaulted place. Chandelier. (F.-L.) 0.¥. chande-
chamberlain. (F.-O.H.G.-L.- lier, a candle-holder. —
Late L. cande-
Gk.) F. chamberlain, O. F. chambrelenc. — Idrius, m. ; cf. cajideldria, a candle-stick.
O. H. G. chamerlinc M. 11. G. kamerlinc, , — L. candela ; see Candle.
one who has the care of rooms; formed chandler. — L.) O.Y.chaîdelier, (F.
with suffix -l-inc (the same as E. -l-ing), a chandler.— Late L. candeldrius a ,
from L. camera (above). candle-seller. — L. candela; see Candle.

Chameleon. (L.-Gk.) \.. chamce- Der. corn-chandler, where chandler merely
— Gk. x«/"«'-'^*<^^'. lit. a
leon. ground-lion, means seller, dealer.
dwarf-lion a kind of lizard. — Gk. x«/^°''
; Change, vb. (F. — L. O. F. changer, )
on the ground (also dwarf, in comp.) and ;

— l.^tQ L. cambidre, to change
changier.
\eojv, lion. Cf. L. humi, on the ground. (Lex Salica). — L. cambTre, to exchange.
chamomile. (Late L.-Gk.) Late Cf. Late L. cambium, exchange ; whence
L. camotnilla {chamomilla). — Gk. xoAâ'- F. change, E. change, sb.
firjKov, lit. ground-apple, from the apple- Channel. (F. — L.) M. E. chattel,
like smell of the flower. — Gk.
x«/^«'-5 on canel. — O.Y. chanel, canel, a canal. — L.
the ground (see above) fxrjAov, apple. ;
ace. canalem see Canal. ;
Chamois. (F. - G.) F. chamois; Chant. F. L.) F. chanter, vb. — L.

( —
borrowed from some Swiss dialectal form cantdre, to sing frequent, of canere, to ;
cf. Piedmontese camossa. — M. H. G. gamz sing. Der. chant- ry, M. E. chatinterie.

(for *£amtiz), a chamois (G.gemse). Late L. cantaria chanti-cleer, ^L E. ;
Champ, to eat noisily. (E.) Formerly chaunte-cleer, clear-singing.

cham or chamm of imitative origin, like
; Chaos. (Gk.) L. chaos, Lat. spelling
jam, to crush. Cf. Swed. dial, kdmsa^ to of Gk. x«os. chaos, abyss, lit. a cleft. Cf.
chew with difficulty. Gk. xaaufîv, to gape. See Chasm.
Champagne. (F- - L.) A wme Chap (i), to cleave, crack. (E.) M. E.
84
; V ;
CHAP CHASE
chappen, to cut hence, to gape open like
; Character. (L. — Gk.) I., character.
a wound made by a cut. E. Fries, happen, — Gk. x'^P°-'^''"nP^ 3.n engraved or stamped
to cut not found in A. S.+M. Uu. happen,
; mark. — Gk. xapaaativ, to furrow, scratch,
to cut Swed. kappa, Dan. kappe, to cui
; engrave.
G. happen, to cut, lop. See Chop (i). Charade. (F.-Prov.) Y. charade,
Chap (2) ; see Chapman. introduced from Provencnl charrada, a
Chapel. (F.-L.) O. F. chapele.- long talk, from charrd, to chatter (Supp.
Late L. cappella, orig. a shrine in which to Littre) ; cf. Languedoc cliarrade, idle
was preserved the cdpa or cope of St. talk. Cf. also Span, chanada, speech or
Martin (Brachet). — Late L. cdpa, cappa, action of a clown, from Span, chaf-ro, a
cape, hooded cloak; see Cape (i). clown, peasant.
chaperon. (F.-L.) Y. chaperon,^ Charcoal. (E.) From char and coal;
protector orig. a kind of hood. — F. chape,
; but the sense of char remains unknown ;
a cope. — Late L. cdpa as above. ; some refer it to M. E. cherren, to turn (as

Chapiter, the capital of a column. if to turn to coal), but there is no proof
(F. — L.) O. F. chapitre, usually a chapter of this. See char (2).

of a book, but representing L. capihihim, Charge. (F.-C.) F. charger, to
which meant '
chapiter ' as well as load. — Late L. carricdre, to load a car. —
*
chapter.' See Chapter. L. carrtis, a car, a Gauli^h word see ;
Chaplet. (F.-L.) yi.Y.. chapelet.^ Cark, Car. Der. charg-er, a dish or horse,
O. F. chapelet, a head-dress, wreath. — because carrying a burden.
O. F. chapel, head-dress. — O. F. chape, a chariot. (F. — C.) F. chariot, aug-
cope see Chaperon.
; mentative of F. char, a car. — 1^. carrus, a
Chapman, a merchant. (E.) The car ; see Car.
familiar chap is merely short for chapman. Charity. (F.-L.) O.Y. charitet.^
— A. S. ceapman, a merchant. — A. S. ceap, L. ace. cdritdtetn, love. — L. cdrus, dtax.
price, barter (see Cheap) and man, man. ; Brugm. i. § 637. % Kot allied to Gk.
Chaps, Chops, the jaws. (E.) A Xo-pis.
late word, of unknown origin
possibly ; Charlatan. (F. — Ital.) Y. charlatan.
from Chap suggested by
(i). % Perhaps — Ital. ciarlatano, a mountebank, great
North E. chafis or chaffs, jaws (Cleveland talker, prattler. — Ital. ciarlare, to prattle ;
Gloss.). — Icel. kjaptr (^pi pron. as//), the ciarla, prattle prob. of imitative origin.
;
jaw Svved. kdft, Dan. kicB/t, jaw.

; Charlock, a kind of wild mustard.
Chapter, a division of a book, synod (E.) Prov. E. carlock. — A. S. cerlic;
of clergy. (F. — L.) IsLY.. chapiire, inhoih origin unknown.
senses. — F. chapitre, variant of an older Charm. iF. L.) —
M. E. char?ne, sb.
form chapitle. — L. capitidum, a chapter — O. F. charme, an enchantment. — L. car-
of a book (little head); also, in Late L., men, a song, enchantment.
a synod; dimin. oi caput, a head. Chamel. (E. — L.) Properly an adj.
Char (i), a turn of work. (E.) Also containing carcases, as in charnel-house.—
chare, chore, chewre M. E. cher, char, ; O. F. chamel, adj. carnal as sb. a ceme- ;
orig. a turn, hence, a space of time, turn tery. — Late L. carndle, glossed hyjlaschus
of work, &c. — A. S. cerr (below). Hence. (flesh-house); Wright-Wiilker, Voc. 184.
char-woman, a woman who does a turn of 37. — L. carndlis; see Carnal.
work. See Ajar. Chart. (F. - L. - Gk.) q. F. charte.
char (2), usunliy chare, to do a — L, charta, a paper. — Gk. x°/'t»7, a leaf
turn of work. (E.) M. E. cherren, char- of paper. Doublet, raro? ( I
ren, to turn A. S. cerran, to turn, — A, S.
; charter. (F.-L. - Gk.) M. E.
cerr {cierr, cyrr), a turn. The sense % chartre. — O. Y. chartre. — 'L^tG L cartula,
'
burn is later than the appearance of the
'
a small paper or document. —L. charta, a
sb. char-coal. paper see above.
;
Char a fish. (C. ?)

(3), Of unknown Chary, careful, cautious. (E.) M. E.
origin; perhaps named from its red belly chari. A.vS. cearig. full of care, sad.—
[the W. name torgoch, red-bellied, from
is A. S. cearn, cam, care. Du. karig, G. +
tor, belly, and cock, red]. — O. Gael, ceara. X'cr^, sparing. Chary meant (l) sorrowful,
red, from cear, blood; Irish cear, red, (2) heedful. See Care.
also blood. Chase (0. to hunt after. (F.-L.)
CHASE CHEEK
O. F. chacier, chacer, to pursue ; see L. ;in particular, that O. H. G. choufo, a
Catch. huckster, is from L. caupo, a huckster.
Chase (2), to enchase; short for en- But this is now held to be unlikely (Kluge,
chase, wliich see. Franck).
Chase (3), a printer's frame. (F. — L.)
Cheat, to defraud. (F. -L.) Cheat is
F. chdsse, a shrine. — L. capsa, a box
merely short for escheat ;cf. M. E. chete,
see ;
Case (2). an escheat (Prompt. Parv.). The eschea-

Chasm. (L, — Gk.) L. chasma, a ters were often cheaters hence the verb. ;
gulf. — Gk. xao'/'ta, a yawning cleft. Allied See Escheat.

to x«<'''<^f'> to gape see Chaos. ; Check, a sudden stop, repulse. (F. —
Chaste. (F.-L.) 0.¥. chaste. ~l.. Pers.) M. E. chek, a stop also check ; !
castus, chaste see Caste.; in playing chess. The word is due to the
chasten. (F. - L.) Used in place of game, which is very old. The orig. sense
M. E. chasty or chastien see below. ; of check was king i. e. mind the king, ' !
'
chastise. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. ckastisen; the king is in danger. — O. F. eschec, a '
shorter form chastien. — O. F. chastier. — L. check at chess-play,' Cot. — Pers. shah, 3.

casiJgdre, lit. to make pure.' — L. casttis, king, king at chess
'
whence shdh-mdt, ;
chaste see Castigate.

; check-mate, lit. the king is dead,' from '
Chasuble, a vestment. (F.-L.) F. Arab, mat, he is dead. Similarly we have

chasuble. — l^?itQ L. casubula, with the same F. echec, a check, repulse, defeat, pi. tehees,
sense as Late L. casula, a little house chess Ital. scacco, a square of a chess-
; ;
hence, a mantle. — L. casa, a cottage. board, also a check, defeat. See chess
Chat, Chatter. (E.) M. E. chateren, below. Devic shews that O. F. eschec ^
also chiteren, to chatter, twitter; frequent- represents Arab, esh-shdg; where esh is
ative form of chat. An imitative word for al, the def. art., and shdg is the Arab, ;
cf. Du. kwetteren, to warble, chatter, Swed. pron. of Pers. shah.

kvittra, to cuirp. checker, chequer, to mark with
Chateau. (F.-L.) F. chateau, O. F. squares. (P". — Pers.) To mark with
chastel — L. castellum, dimin. of castrtim, squares like those on a chess-board. M. E.
a fortified place. Der. castellan also chekker, chekere, a chess-board.
; (Hence
chatelaine for which see Castle.
; The Checkers, s.n inn-sign.) — O. F. esche-
Chattels. (F.-L.)
of M. E. PL quier, a chess-board, also, an exchequer.
chatel, property, also cattle. F. chatel, — O. — Low L. scaccdrium, a chess-board. —
0. North F. catel, property; see Cattle. Low L. scaccl, chess, pi. of scacciis, from
Chatter see Chat. ; the Arab, form of Pers. shdh, king.
Chaudron, entrails. (F.) Macb. iv. checkers, chequers, an old name
1. 33. The r
inserted by confusion with
is for the game at draughts from the checker
;
F. chatidron, a caldron. — O. F. chaudun, or chess-board see above.

;
older forms caudun, caldtm, entrails check-mate. (F. — Pers. and Arab.)
(Godefroy). [Cf. G. kaldaunen, entrails ;
From Arab, ^shdg-jndt, for shdh-mdt, the
from Mid. Low
G. kaldune, the same] king is dead ; see Check.
Thought to be from Late L. calduna, cheque. (F. Pers.)— pedantic A
a dish containing entrails (Ducange). Per- spelling of check, from confusion with
haps from L. calidus, warm (F. chaud). exchequer it is really a name given to a
;
Chaw ; see Chew. draft for money, of which one keeps a

Chaws, by-form of
; see Jaw. Jaws memorandum or counter-check.
Cheap, at a low price orig. a sb. (E.) ; chess, the game of the kings. (F.—
M.E. chep., cheep, barter, price; always a Pers.) Equivalent to checks, i. e. kings ;
sb. Hence, good cheap., in a good market see Check above. —O.F. esches, chess;
(F. bon tnarche) ; whence E. cheap, used really the pi. of eschec, check, orig. ' king.'
as an adj. A. S. ceap. price whence the ; % From Pers. shdh, a king, were formed
verb ceapiati, to cheapen, buy. So also O. F. eschec, F. ^chec., E. check, Ital. scacco,
Du. koop, a bargain, koopen, to buy G. ; Span. xaque,jaque, Port, xaque, G. schach,
katif, purchase, kaufen, to buy; \z&\.kaup, Du. schaak, Dan. skak, Swed. schack,
Swed. k'op, Dan. kiob, a purchase Goth. ; Low Lat. Indus scaccorum = game of
kaupon (weak vb.), to traffic. ^ Some checks, or of kings.
say that these words are borrowed from Cheek. (E.) M. E. cheke, cheoke. O.
86
;; —
CHEER CHICORY
Merc, cece, A. S. cedce, cheek. + Dn. in M. E. chestein.'Ô.Y chastaigne (F. .
kaak, jaw, cheek Swed. kdk, jaw. ; chdtaigne). — L. castanea, chestnut-tree. —

—
Cheer. (F. L.) M. E. chere, orig. Gk. Kaaravov, a chestnut. Chestnuts are
the mien hence, ' to be of good cheer.'
;
said to have been called /faarara, ox Kapva
— O. F. chere, the face. — Late L. cai-a, Kaaravaia, from Kaarava, Castana, the
face. (Relationship to Cik. Kapa, the head, name of a city in Pontus where they
is doubtful.) Der. chter-ful. abounded but more probably from Armen.
;
Cheese. E. chese.
(L.) M.
O. Merc. kaskeni, a chestnut-tree, from kask, a chest-
cese (A. S. cyse, for earlier *ciese<,*ceasi), nvit (Kluge).
with 7-mutation ;
preliistoric A. S. "^ciesi Cheval-de-frise, an obstruction with
< *cdsioz. —
L. cdsetis, cheese whence ; spikes. horse of Friesland,' a
(F.) Lit. *
other forms (G. kdsc, Du. kaas) are bor- jitcular name; the pi. chevaux-de-Frise is
rowed. Sievers, 2nd ed. § 75. 2. commoner. See below.
Cheeta, Cheetah, the hunting leo- chevalier. (F. — L.) Y. chevalier, ?i
pard, a leopard used for the chase. (Hind. horseman. — F. cheval, a horse. — L. ca-
— Skt.) Hind. chitd.-^'SkX. chitraka, a balhuji. ace. of caballus, a horse.
cheeta ; from chitra, spotted, also visi- Cheveril, kid leather. (F.-L.^ O. F.
ble, clear. — Skt. chit, to perceive. See chevrele, fern., a little kid. Dimin. of
Chintz. O.F. chevre, F. chevre, a goat, kid. — L.
Chemise. (F. — L.) F. chemise.^ capram, ace. oi capra, a she-goat.
Late L. cat?iisia, a shirt, thin dress chevron, an ordinary, in heraldry, re-
whence O. Irish caimmse, shirt Stokes). ; sembling two rafters of a house. (F. — L.)
Chemist, Chymist; short for al- (Most likely meant to represent the saddle-
chemist ; see Alchemy. peak.)— F. chevron, a kid, a chevron in *
Cheque, Chequer ; see Check. building, a rafter;' Cot. Augmentative

Cherish. (F. - L.) O. F. cheris-, form of chevre, a she-goat. — L. capra, a
stem of pres. pt. of cherir^ to hold dear. — she-goat ; see Caper (i). Cf. L. capre-
F. cher, dear. — L.
cdrus, dear. ohis, which likewise means a prop.
Cheroot, a cigar. (Tamil.) Tamil Chew, Chaw. (E.) M.E. chewen.
shuruttu, a roll hence, a roll of tobacco
; A. S. ceowan, to chew. eat.+Du. kaauwen;
(Yule)*. G. kaiien O. H. G.kiuiuan Russ. Jevate.
; ;
Cherry. (F. -L. - Gk.) M.

E. chert, a Cf. also Icel. tyggja, tyggva, to chew
mistake for cheris, the final s being mis- (Streitberg).
taken for the pi. inflexion. — O, North F. Chibouk, a Turkish pipe. (Turk.)
cherise, O. F. cerise', representing Folk- Turk, chibiik, chybiik, a stick, tube, pipe
L. *ceresia, ''^ceresea. — L. cerastts, a cherry- (Zenker, p. 349).
tree. —Gk. Kepaaos, a cherry-tree; usually Chicanery. (F.-Pers.1)
F. chica-
said to come from Cerasos, in Pontus nerie, wrangling, pettifogging Cot. — F. ;
a story which Curtius doubts. chicaner, to wrangle orig. to dispute in ;
Chert, a kind of quartz. (?) Unknown. the game of the mall or chicane (Brachet\
Cf. Irish ceart, a pebble. Perhaps from the medieval Gk. t^vkolviov,
Cherub. (Heb.) Thetruepl. isr/^^n/3- a word of Byzantine origin (id.) ; from
«>«.— Heb. k'rilv i,pl. /^V?7z//>z), a mystic Pers. chaugdn, a club, bat.
figure. Chicken. (E.) Sometimes shortened
Chervil, a plant. (L. - Gk.) A.S. cer- to chick but the M. E. word is chiken.
;
— L. charephylla, pi. oichcerephyllum.

yf//(?. A.S. clcen, earlier *ciucin. D"- kieken, +
— Gk. xaipkfpvKKov chervil, lit. pleasant , kuiken, a chicken, Low G. kuken; cf. G.
leaf. — Gk. x°'V""''> ô rejoice; (pvWov, kiichlein, a chicken, Icel. kjukling, Swed.
leaf. kyckling related to Cock, which shews the
;
Chess ; see Check. weak grade *cuc- ; see Cock (i). Sievers,
Chest. (L. - Gk.) M. E. cheste, chiste. 2nd ed. § 165.
A.S. cist.-mLi. cista.^Gk. Kiayq, a chest, Chicory, — L,
a plant, succory. (F.
box (whence G. kiste, Sec). Gk.) F. chicorê. cichorium. — Gk..— Y..
Chestnut, Chesnut. (F.-L.-Gk.) Kixopia, neut. pi. also Kixiipiov, Kix^pVy

;
Chesnut is short for chestnut, which is succory, p. Succory is a corrupter form

short for chesten-ntct, nut of the chcsten, of the word, apparently for siccory or
which is the old name of the tree, called cichory, from L. cichoriiim.
87
CHIDE CHIRURGEON
Chide. (E.) M.IL. c/iiden. A.S. c/dajz,
hence Chinee in the singular, by a
pi. ;
to chide, brawl pt. t. cidde. ;

second dropping of se.
Chief. (F. - L.) M. E. chef, chief. - Chinchilla, a small rodent animal.
O. K. chef, chief, the head. — L. type (Span. — L.) Span, chinchilla, lit. 'a little
*capunj (Ital. capo). — L. caput, head. bug,' as if from its smell but undeservedly ;
Der. ker-chief q. v. so named. — Span, chinche, a bug. — L. ci-

Chieftain. (F. — L.) O.Y.chevetaine. inicem, ace. oiciniex, a bug.
— Late L. capitchteus, capitdnus, a captain. Chinchona; the same as Cinchona.
— L. capit-, from caput, a head. ChinCOUgh, whooping-cough. E.) \
Chiffonier, a cupboard. (F.) Lit. a For chink-cough; cf. Scotch kink-cough,

place to put rags in. — F. chiffotiier, a rag- kink-host \host means cough'. A kink is a
picker, also a cupboard. — F. chiffon, aug- catch in the breath, nasalised form of a
ment, oi chiffe,Orig. unknown.
a rag. base *kik, to gasp. -fDu. kinkhoest; M.
Chignon. (F. — L.) Hair twisted; Swed. kikhosta, chincough,
V)\x.kieckhoest\
anotlier spelling of F. chainon, a link.— kikna, to gasp G. keichen, to gasp.
;
F, chatne, 0.1^. chaine, a chain.— L. ca- Chine. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F. eschine (F.
tena, a chain. ichine), the back-bone. —O.H.G..r/^/«a, a
Chilblain. (E.) Main caused by A needle, prickle (G. schiene, a splint). For
a chill. the sense, cf. L. spina, a thorn, spine,
Child. (E.) M. E.
A. S. cild. backbone.
child.
Teut. type */cilJ>om, neut. cf. Goth. ^'?7- Chink (1)5 a cleft. (E.) Formed with
;
//i^/, the womb. suffixed k, from the base of M. E. chine, a

Chill, cold. (E.) Orig. a sb. A. S. cleft, rift. — A. S. cinu, a chink. — A.S. cin-,
cele, ciele, chilliness. Teut. type *kaliz, weak grade oi clnan, to split (strong vb.).
sb. ; from *kal-an, to be cold, as in A. S. +
Du keen, a chink, also a germ, kenen,
calan. to be cold, Icel. kala, to freeze. to bud +
cf. G. keimen, Goth, keinan, to ;
Du. kil, a chill cf. L. gelu, frost.

; bud. (Germinating seeds make a crack in
Chime, sb. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. E. the ground.)
chinibe, ofwhich the orig. sense was cym- Chink (2), to jingle. (E.) An imitative
bal hencj the chime or ringing of a cym-
; word cf. clink, clank and see Chin-
; ;
bal. Shortened from O. F. chimbale, dia- cough. E. Fries, kinken (a strong vb.) ;
lectal form of O. F. cimbale, a cymbal.— M. Dan. kinke.

L. cy7nbalum. — Gk. Kvix&aXov see Cym- ; Chintz. (Hindustani — Skt.) Yoxchints,
bal. N. B. We find M. E. chy?ne-belle, pi. of chint. Hind, chhint, spotted cotton
which looks like a popular form for cyiyibal. cloth, named from
the variegated patterns
Der. chime, verb. on it; chhit,also a spot —Skt.
chintz,
Chimera, Chimaera. (L.-Gk.) L. chitra, variegated, spotted. See Cheeta.
chimcera. — Gk. x'Va'pct, a she-goat ; also, Chip, vb. (E.) Related (with a lighter
a fabulous monster, with a goat's body. — vowel) to chap (i) or chop as if to cut ;
Gk. x'V"/'"?) he-goat. a little at a time, Cf. A. S. for-cyppod,

Chimney. (F. — L. - Gk.) F. cheminee, gloss to praecisus (,Lye) ; E. Fries. kippe7i,
'a chimney;' Cot. — Late L. camindta, to cut.
provided with a chimney; hence, a chimney. Chirography, handwriting. (Gk.)
— L. caminus, an oven, a fire-place. — Gk. From Gk. )(îipo'^pa(pi1v to write with the ,
KCLixivos, oven, furnace. hand. — Gk. \(ipo-, from x**V> the hand;
Chimpanzee, an ape. (African.) I am ypdcpeiv, to write. Cf. chiro-mancy, for-
informed that the name is tsitnpanzee in tune-telling by the hand chiro-pod-ist, ;
the neighbourhood of the gulf of Guinea. one who handles (and cures) the feet.
Chin. (E.) M. E. chin. A.S. ««.-f Chirp. (E.) A\%o chi7-rup. M.Echir-
Du. kin, Icel. kinn, Dan. kind, Swed. pen. Also M. E. chirken, chirmeft, to
kind Goth, kinmis, the cheek G. kimi, chirp. The forms chir-p, chir-k, chir-vi
; ;
chin L. gena, cheek ; Gk. 7€i/us, chin

; are from an imitative base;
cf. Du. kirren, ;
cf. Skt. hanus, jaw. to coo.

China. (China.) ^\ioti{ox chi7ia'Ware. Chirurgeon, the old spelling of sur-
or ware from China. The name of the geon. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. chi7-urgien,
people was formerly Chineses we have 'a surgeon;' Cot. — F. chirui-gie sur-
;
dropped the final s, and use Chinese as a gery. —L. chtru7gia.-^Gk. x^'pou/)7ta, a
88
——
CHISEL CHRIST
working with the hands, skill with the quent lengthening. Cf. Icel. koka, to
hands, art, surgery. — Gk. xîpo-, from gulp kok, the gullet.
;
Xf//>, the hand and tpyuv, to work. ; Choler, the bile, anger. (F. — L.-Gk.)
Chisel. (F. -L.) M. E. chisel. - A. F. Anger was supposed to be due to excess of
chisel, O. F. cisel{¥. ciseau). Cf. Late L. bile. M.E. coler. — O.F. colere. — L. cholera,
cisellus, scissors (a. d. 1352). O. F. cisel bile also cholera, bilious complaint. — Gk.
;
answers to Late L. *ctselhim, with the Xo\(pa, cholera X''^^* î^^ x^ôs, bile,
; ;
sense of L. cTsorium, a cutting instrument wrath. See GalL

(Vegetius) see Soheler's note to Diez.
; cholera. (L. - Gk.) L. cholera, as
I>.*dsu?n, for cces-um, supine of cccdere. above. And see Melancholy.
to cut wlience also Late L. incisor, a
; Choose. (E.) M.E. chesen, chusen.
carver, cutter see Caesura. ; A. S. ceosan (also ceosan), to choose
Chit (i). a pert child. (E.) M. E. chil, (pt. t. câs, and G. kiesen,
ceds). •{T)\\.
a whelp, cub, kitten. Allied to kit-ling Icel. Goth, kiiisafi; Teul. type
kjosa,
(Icel. ketliftgr), and to kit-ten-, cf. G. kitze, *ketisatt-. Allied to L. gus-tare, to taste,
a female cat. Gk. ycuofiai, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish.
Chit (2), a shoot, sprout. (E.) In Hol- (VGEUS.) See Gust. Brugm. i. § 602.
land's Pliny, xiii. 4. Perhaps allied to Chop (1), to cut; a later form of
M.E. chit he, 2i SY>xo\\t (N.E.D.).-A. S. Chap (i).
clQ, a germ, sprout. Cf. Goth, keinan, to Chop (2), to barter. (E.) Probably a
produce a shoot G. keivi, a germ. ; variant of chop, a verb which sêems to
Chivalry. (F. — L.) M. E. chivalrie. — have been evolved from the sb. chapman.
O.F.^-^^zâ/^r/i?, horsemanship, knighthood. Chopine, a high-heeled shoe. (F.—
— F. cheval, a horse. Late — 'L. cabalIujh, Span.) In Hamlet, ii. 2. 447 iox chapine. ;
ace of cabalhis, a horse. — O.F. chapin; later chappin (Cotgrave).

Chlorine, a pale green gas. (Gk.) ^
— Span, chapiji, a clog with a cork sole,
Named from its colour. — Gk. xKoip-o'i, pale woman's shoe, high cork shoe. Perhaps
green. from Span, chapa, a thin plate (of metal),
chloroform. (Gk. and\..') The latter used to strengthen the work it covers.
element relates to foj-myl and formic acid, Chops ; see Chaps.
an acid formerly obtained from red ants. -
Chord. (L. Gk.) L. chorda. - Gk.
\^. formica, an ant. X0/J677, the string of a musical instrument,
Chocolate, a paste made from cacao. orig. a string of gut. Brugm. i. § 605.
(vSpan. — Mex.) Span, chocolate. — Mex. % The same word as Cord.
chocolatl, chocolate Clavigero, Hist. ;
—
Chorus. (L. Gk.) 1.. chorus, a hand
Mex. i. 433. ^ Not allied to cacao. of singers. —
Gk. x*^'P^'^^ ^ dance, a band of
Choice. (F. - Teut.) Not E. M. E. dancers or singers. See Choir. Der.
chois. —O. F. chois (F. choix). — O. F. chor-al, chor-i-ster.
choisir, O. North F. coisir, to choose. Of Chough, a bird. (E.) M. E. choê,
Teut. origin. — Goth, kansjayi, to try, chough. Not found in A S., which has
test; causal of kiusa7t, to choose. See (however) the forms ceo, cio, and the early
Choose. forms ciae, chyae. Somewhat similar forms
Choir. (F. - L. - Gk.) The choir of a are seen in Du. kaauw, Dan. kaa, Swed.
church is the part where the choir sit. kaja, a jackdaw.
Also spelt quire; M.E. queir, quer.-- Chouse, to cheat. (Turk. ? To act as a \
O. F. cuer, later choeiir, 'the quire of a chouse or cheat. Ben Jonson has chiaus in
Cot. — L.
;
church, a ti oop of singers ' the sense of a Turk,' with the implied
'
chorum, ace. of chorus, a choir. — Gk. sense of 'cheat'; Alchemist, i. i. The

Xopoj, a dance, a band of dancers or allusion is alleged to be to a Turkish
singers. See Chorus. chiaus or interpreter, who committed a
Choke. (F.) M. E. choken, cheken, notorious fiaud in 1609. —Turk, chd'ush,
cheoken. A. S. ceocian only in the deri- ; a sergeant, mace- bearer. Palmers Pers.
vative dceocung, to translate L. ruminatio, Diet. chdivush, a sergeant, herald, mes-
;
which the glossator hardly seems to have senger, Rich. Diet. p. 534. Or (medi-
understood, and in the pp. dceocod. Îfric, ately) from M. Ital. ciaus.
Horn. i. 216 with change from eo to eo,
: Chrism ; see below.
shortening of J to in M. E., and subse- Christ, the anointed one. (L. Gk.) —
; ;
CHRISM CID
A. S. Crist. '•1^. Chrtstus.'^GV. xP'<'"'"^s, Chuck (0> to strike gently, toss. (F.—
anointed. — Gk. XP''"? I rub, anoint. Der. Teut.) Formerly written chock (Turber-
Christ-ian, Christ-en-dom, &c. Christ- ; ville). — F. choquer, to give a shock, jolt. —
mas (see Mass) anti-christ, opponent of ; Du. schokken. to jolt, shake ; allied to E.
Christ ,from Gk. avri, against; see shock and shake.
I John ii. 1 8). Chuck (2), to chuck as a hen. (E.)
chrism, holy unction. (L. — Gk.) An imitative word Ch. has chuk to ex-
;
Also chrisome, whence

s[)elt chrisorne-child, press the noise made by a cock C. T. ;
a child W'-aring a chrisoine-cloth, or cloth 15180(6.3464^ Qi. cluck. "Dqx. chuck' le,
which a child wore after holy unction cf. ; in the sense 'to cluck.'
O. F. cresme, ' the crisome, or oyle ; Cot. ' Chuck a chicken. A variety of
(3),
— Late L. c/irisma, holy oil. — Gk. xp'O'Atci, chick, for chicken. See above.
an unguent. —Gk. x/"'^ (^s above). Chuckle. (E.) To chuckle is to laugh
Chromatic, relating to colours. (Gk.) in a suppressed way; cf. Chuck (2).
Gk. x/o<Â* ''''"^^y> 3-<^j- —Gk. x/"^ /•'«'''-> stem Chump, a log. (E.) Cf. Swed. dial.
of xP'^/ôt, colour; allied to xP^^y skin. kumpa, to chop into logs kumping, a ;
chrome, chromium. (Gk.) A log, round stick also Icel. kumbr, tre-
;
metal ; its compounds exhibit beautiful kumbr, a log of wood, from Icel. kumbr,
colours. — Gk.
xpcb^-a, colour. nasalised form of kubbr, a chopping
Chronicle. (F. -Late L. Gk.) M. E. - Icel. kubba, to chop. Der. chump-end^
cronicle, with inserted /; also crojiike, i. e. thick end.
cronique.^K. F. cronicle O. F. crontque, ; Church. (Gk.) lA.^.chirche^chireche.
pi. croniques, chronicles, annals. Late L. — A. S. cirice, later circe (cf. Icel. kirkja
; ;
chronica, fern. sing. for neut. pi. — ;

G. kirche, Du. /^^r/^).- Gk. KvpLa/iou, a
Gk. xpoviKa, pi., annals. —Gk. XP^'^''^-^^^ church, neut. of Hvpiafcos, belonging to
adj. from xP^^"^î time. Der. chron-ic the Lord or (possibly) from Gk. KvpiaKa,
;
= XP^'^^'^^'^^' pi., treated as a fem. sing. — Gk. Kvpios,

(
chronology, science of dates. (Gk.) a lord, orig. mighty. — Gk. Kvpos, strength.
From xp^Jô-J, time ; -A.o7ia, from A07-0S, Cf. Skt. filra, a hero.
discourse ; see Logic. Churl. (E.) M. E. cherl, cheorl. A. S.
chronometer, time-measurer. (Gk.) ceorl, a man. +
Du. kerel^ G. kerl Dan. \
From xpoiô-?, time ;

fxerpov, measure ; see Sw. Icel. karl. Teut. types, "^kerloz^
Metre. *karloz.
Chrysalis, the form taken by some Churn, sb. (E.) A. S. cynn ; older
insects.(Gk.) Gk. XP"'''"^^'?, the gold- form cirin Corp. gloss.
(printed cirm),
coloured sheath of butterflies, chrysalis. — 1866. + Icel. kirna, Swed. kdma, Dan.
Gk. xP"<^"0?, gold. kierne, a churn; cf. O. Swed. kerna,
chrysanthemum, a flower. (L. - Swed. kdma, Dan. kierne, to churn, Du.
Gk.) L. chrysanthemum. -'Gk. XP^'^^^' kernen, to churn.
OepLov, a marigold. — Gk. xP^^'^'î S^W Chutney, Chutny, a kind of hot ;
avOijjiov, a bloom, from avOîv, to bloom, relish. (Hind.) Hind, chatnt (Yule).
related to av9o^, a flower, a bud. Chyle, milky fluid. (F.-^L.-Gk.) F.
chrysolite, a yellow stone. (F. — L. chyle. — L. chylus. — Gk. x^^^y, juice. —
— Gk.) O. F. crisoliie. —1^. chrysolithus, Gk. x^^ { = X^F'^)^ I pour. (-y^GHEU.)
Rev. xxi. 20. — Gk. XP^'^^^'-^^'^' — Gk. chyme, liquid pulp. (L.-Gk.) For-
XpvfTo-s, gold X.i9os, stone. ;
merly chytnus.'^'L. chymus.^'Gk. x^lôs,
chrysoprase. (L. - Gk.) L. chryso- juice. — Gk. x^'*'*'; as above.
prasiis, Rev. xxi. 20. — Gk. xP'^'^^'^P'^^^î ^ Chymist ; see Alchemist.
yellow-green stone. — Gk. xp^'^^'^> gold ;
TtpcKTov, a (green) leek.

Ci— Cz.
Chub, a fish. (F.) Etym. unknown.
Cf. Dan. kobhe, a seal, prov. 'Swed. iM(5'<^2/ô-, Cicatrice, scar. (F. — L.) V. cicatrice,
chubby, fat Norw. kubbeii., stumpy
; — L. cicdtriccf)i, ace. oi cicatrix, a scar.
Swed. kiihb, a block, log. This does not Cicerone, i Ital. — L.) Ital. cicerone, a
explain the ch but see Chump. ; guide orig. a Cicero. — L. ace. Ciceronem, ;
chubby, fat. (E.) Lit. 'like a chub;' proper name.

cf. prov. Swed. ktibbug (above). Cid, lit. a chief or commander. (Span.
90
' ,
CIDER CITE
— Arab.) Usually a title of Riiy Diaz, (also circuire^, to go round. — L. circiivi,
the national hero of Spain. — Arab, sayyid, round Ire, lo go.
;
a lord Richardson's Diet. p. 864.

; Circum-, prefix, round. (L.) L.
Cider. (F. - L. - Gk. Heb.) It - circmn, around, round; orig. ace of
merely means strong drink. M. E. sicer, circus^ a circle
see Circle. Der circtim-
;
cyder.'^Y. cidj-c, O. F. cisdre (for *cisre). amdien/ Ambient cira/m-am/>u/aie

(see ;
— h. szcera. — Gk. (xUepa, strong drink.— i^see Amble) and see below.
;
Ileb. shekdr^ strong drink. — Heb. shdkar, circumcise. (L.) L. circiuncls-us

to be intoxicated. pp. uf circtinicidere, to cut round. — L.
Cieling see Ceil. ; circum, round ; and ccedere, to cut.
Cigar, Segar. (Span.) Span, cigarro ; circumference. (L.) L. circum^
whence also I' . boundary of a circle. — L circum-
cigare. Jereiitia,
Cinchona, Peruvian bark. (Span." ferent-, stem of pres. pt. oicircuni-ferre, to
Named after the Countess of Chinchon, carry round {\o\i\ fcrre, to bear. ;
wife of the governor of Peru, cured by it circumflex. (L.) L. syllaha cir-

A.D. 1638. Chinchon is S.E. of Madrid. cunijicxa, a syllable marked with a cir-
(Shoidd be chinchona.) cumflex (a) or 'bent' mark. — L. rzVrKW-
Cincture. (L.) L. cinctura, a girdle. flextis, pp. of circujfifiecteie, to bend
— L. dficius, pp. oicingere, to gird. round ; iiom flectere, to bend.
Cinder. (E.) Misspelt for sinder (by circumjacent, lying near. (L.)
confusion with F, cetidre — L. cinerem : From stem of pres. part, of circwn-iacere,
see Cinerary). A.S. sinder^ "scoria,' slag. to lie around from iacere, to lie.
:
+Icel. sindr Swed. suidej- G. sinter^

; \ circumlocution. (L.) L. circum-
dross, whence Du. sintcls, cinders. % The lociitio, a periphrasis. — L. circuinloctitus,
A. S, sinder occurs in the 8th century. pp. of circnni-loqul, to speak in a round-
Cinerary, relating to the ashes of the about way from loqui, to speak.
;
dead. L. cinerarius. — L. ciner-,

(^L.) circumscribe. (L.) L. circ2im-
stem of citiis, dust, ashes of the dead.-f- scribere^ to write or draw around, to limit:
Gk. KovL%, dust. Der. cineraj'ia, a flower ;
from sc7'ibere, to write,
named from the ash-coloured down on the circumspect, prudent. (L.) L. cir-
leaves. Brugm. i. § 84. ciimspectus, prudent orig. pp. of circuvi-
;
Cinnabar, Cinoper. (L.-Gk.- }picere. to look around from specere, to ;
Pers.) L. cinnabaris. — Gk. Kiuvdliapi, look.

vermilion. From Pers. zinjifrah, zinjarf, circumstance. (F. L.) Adapted -
red lead, vermilion, cinnabar. from OF. cirConstance. — L. circnmstatt/ia,
Cinnamon, a spice. (L. — Gk. — Heb.) lit. a standing around, also an attribute,
L. ci)ina??idmum. — Gk. Kivva/xwfxov. — Heb. circumstance (influenced by F. circon-

qiiindnwn; said to be of Malay origin stance). — !., circumstant-^ stem ofpres.pt.
vGesenius). Cf. W-A'^sy kdyu-7nd,nis, cinna- oicircuvi-stdre, to stand round from stare, ;
mon from kdyu, wood, manis, sweet.

;
to stand.
Cipher. (F. — Span. Arab.) O. F. — Circus ; see Circle.
cifre (t chiffreSy a cipher, zero. — Span.
. Cirrus, a fleecy cloud, tendril. (L.)
fZ/ra. — Arab, sifr^ a cipher; lit. 'empty L. cirj'iis, a curl, curled hair.
thing from sifr, adj. empty Rich. Diet,
;
' ; Cist, a sort of tomb. (L.-Gk.) L.
p. 937. (A translation of Skt. cfinya. (i) cista, a chest. — Gk. kiott], a box, chest
empty; (2) a cipher.) Der. de-dpher, cistern. (F.-L. Gk.) ¥. cisteme. —
from L. de, in the verbal sense of un-, and — L. cisterna, a reservoir for water. L. —
;
cipher cf. M. F. dechiffrer, to decvpher

;
'
cista, as above.
Cot. Cistvaen, a British monument. (L.
Circle. (F.-L.) K.'^.circul-, butM.E. and W.) W. cistfaen, a stone chest,
cercle. — Y.cercle.'''L. circnhis, dimin. of monument made with four upright stones,
cirais, a ring, circle; see Ring (i). Der. and a fifth on the top. — W. r/j-/, a chest
encircle^ sevii-ci?'cle ; and see circiitn-. (from L. cista) and i7iaen, a stone.
;
circus, a ring. (L.) L. circus (above). Cit, Citadel ; see civil (below).
Circuit. (F. L.') — F. circjiit. L. — Cite, to summon, quote. (F. L.) F. —
ace. circiiilum, a going round. — L. cir- citer. — L. citdre, frequent, of cie7r, to
cuittts, also circumitus, pp. of circumire rouse, excite, call. Gk. «/cu, I go. +
I
— '
CITHERN, CITTERN CLARION

(-^KI.) See Hie. Der. ex-cite, hi-cite, outcry. — L. clam dre {above). "Der. clamor-
re-cite. ous.
Cithern, Cittern, a kind of guitar. Clamber, to climb by graspmg tightly.
(L. — Gk.) [AlsoM. E. ^zV^rw^ from O. ; (E. perhaps Scand.) XV. cent. M. E.
;
F, gtnterne. a guitar.] Tlie n is excres- clameren, clafnbren. Cf. Icel. klambra.,

cent, as in biiier-n, in imitation of M. E. to pinch closely together Dan. klamre, ;
giterne, — V,. cithara. — Gk. KiOapa, a kind to grip firmly see Clamp. Affected by
;
of lyre or lute. Climb, of which the M. E. pt. t. was

Citizen; see Civil (below). clamb, clam.
Citron. (F. - L. Gk.) F. citron. - - Clammy, viscous. (E.) Earliest form
Late L. ace. citrdnem. — 'L.. citrus, orange- clay my, perhaps- from A. S. clam, clay (see
tree; orig. a tree with fragrant wood.— Clay) ; but confused with an adj. clam,
Gk. Kedpos, a cedar. Brugin. i. § 764. sticky ; with which cf. E. F ries. and Du.
City; see Civil (below;. kla7n, Dan. klam, clammy, moist. See
—
Civet. (F. Arab.) F. <r/z;^//^, civet ;
Clamp.
also the civet-cat; Ital. zibetto\ borrowed Clamour ; see Claim.
from medieval Gk. âirknov (Brachet).— Clamp. cent. (Du.)
Dvi.klampe, XV.
Arab, zabdd, civet Rich. Diet. p. 767.
; a holdfast whence klainpcn, to clamp,
;
Civil. (F. -L.) F. civil. '"l.. cnulis, grapple, also to board a ship. Dan. +
—
belonging to citizens. L. ciiiis, a citizen. klamtne, a cramp-iron Swed. klamp, the ;
Allied to A„ S. hnvan, members of a same Icel. kldmbr, a smith's vice Teut.

; ;
household. Dar. civil-ise, civil-i-an. base '^klamp, answering to the 2nd grade
cit ; short for citizen (below). of M. H. G. kli?npfen, to press tightly
citadel. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y.citadelle. together. Cf. Clump.
— Ital. cittadella, a small town, fort ; Clan. ^Gael.) Gael, clann, offsprmg,
dimin. of cittade ^ cittate Uittd,), a city. children Irish eland, clann, descendants,
;
L. ciuitdtem, ace. of cluitas, a city. — L. a tribe \S. plant, pi. offspring, children.
;
ciuis, a citizen (above). Cf. Skt. kula{vi), a herd, family. Krugm.

citizen. (F. — L.) M. E. citesein, i. § 669.
from A. F. citisein, in which s was an Clandestine. (L.) L, dandestlnus,

insertion. — O. F. citeain (F. citoyen) ;
secret, close. Allied to cla^n, secretly.
formed from O. F. cite {citi) city, by hel]j Clang, to resound. (L.) L. clangere,
of the suffix -az« — L. -anus ; see below. to resound whence clangor, a loud noise.
;
city. (F. — L.) M. E. cite, citee. — + Gk. KXay^-q, a clang; allied to K\d(€iv,
O.F. cite (F. citi)." Late L. iyY>^*civtdtem. to clash (fut. K\dyâj). Der. clang-or.
for ciuitdtem, ace. oi cluitds \ see citadel. See below.
Cla>cliail, a small village with a church. Clank, a heavy rmging sound. (Du.)
(Gael.) Gael. clachan,(i) a circle of stones, XVII cent. — Du. klank, a ringing * ;
(2) a small rude church, (3) a small village Hexham. Cf Du. klonk, pt. t. oiklinken,
with a church. — Gael, clack, a stone. So to clink. See Clink. Der. clank, vb.
also Irish clachan, a hamlet clack, O. Ir. ; Clap. (E.) M. E. clappen. [We only
clock, a stone. find A. S. clcBppetan, to palpitate; Voc.
Clack. (F:.) M..Y.. dacken.
Imitative; 473.] E.klappen, to clap hands.
Furies,
allied to Crack. E. F>ies. klakken.-\- The orig. sense is to make a noise by
Icel. klaka, to chatter Du. klakken, to; striking. I^^^l- +
klappa, Swed. klappa,
clack, crack Irish clag, the clapper of
; Dan. klappe, Du. klappen, M. H. G. klciffen,
a mill. to pat, clap, prate, make a noise. Allied
Claim, to demand, call out for. (F. to Clack, Clatter.
L.) OF. claimer, clafuer. — l^. cldjndre, Claret. (F. — L.) Orig.alight red wine.
to call out cf.
; O. L. caldre, to pro- M. E. claret. - O. F. claret, clairet (F.
claim ; Gk. Kak^LV, to summon. Der. clairet), adj.; dimin. of clair, clear. — L.
ac-claim, de-claim, ex-claim, pro-claim, cldrus, clear. See Clear
re-claifn ;also (from pp. clamdtus) ac- clarify. (F.-L.) O.Y. darijier.-
clamat-ion, de-clamat-ion, ex-clamat-ion, L. cldrijicdre, to make clear. — L. cldri-,
tro-clamat-ion, re- cla mat -ion. from cldrus, clear and -Jic-, for facere, ;
clamour. (F. — L.) M. E. clamour. to make.

— O. F\ clamour. — h. ace. cldmdrem. an clarion. (F. - L.) M. E. darioun. —
92
— ;; =
CLASH CLEVER
O. F. *clarion^ claron (F. clairon), a clear- iron to fasten ropes to. (E.) M. E. deie^
sounding horn.— Late L. ace. cldrionem.^ a wedge from A. S. *cleal), also
(as if
L. cldri- (as above). diê, dote, a lump; cognate with Du.
Clash. (E.) An imitative word ; sug- kloot, a ball, G. kloss, a clot, lump. Allied
gested by clack and crash, dash, &c. Cf. to Clot and see Clout.
;
E. Fries, klatsen, to crack a whip. Cleave (i), to split. (E.) Strong verb.
Clasp. (E.) M. E. claspe, elapse, sb. A. S. cleofan,
pt. t. deaf, pp. clofen (
claspen, clapsen, vb. The base seems to be E. clove7i).'^\)\\. klievett, Icel. kljilfa (pt. t.
klap-s-, extended from klap- (see Clap\ klatif), Swed. klyfva, Dan. klove, G. klie-
and influenced by M. E. clippen, to em- ben. Teut. base "^klenb ; cf. Gk. 7AV-
brace. Cf. G. klafler, a fathom Lilh. ; </)€<p', to hollow out.
gldbys, an armful; and cf. Grasp. cleft, Clift. (Scand.) The old spelling
Class. (F. — L.) F. classe, a rank. is ^////.-Icel. khift, Swed. klyft, Dan.
L. ace. classem, a class, assembly, fleet. kldft, a cleft, chink, cave. — Icel. kite/-,
Clatter. (E.) A frequentative oiclal, weak grade of kljilfa (above) ; cf. Swed.
which is a by-form of Clack. A. S. clat- klyfva, to cleave.
rung, a clattering E. Fries, klattern, to
; Cleave (2), to stick. (E.) Weak verb.
clatter. +
Du. klateren, to clatter. Of The correct pt. t. is cleaved, not clave,
imitative origin. which belongs to the verb above. A. S.
—
Clause. (F. L.) F. r/a/^j-^. Late L. — clifian, deofati, pt. t. clifode.-{-'Dvi. kleven,
clausa, a passage from a book, a clause.— Swed. klibba G. kleben, to adhere,
sig,
L. clausus, pp. of dandere, to shut.+ cleave to. All from Teut, base *klib-,
O. Fries, sliita, to shut. See Slot (i). weak grade of Teut. root *kleib-, found in
(VSKLEU.) Brugm. i. § 795. A. S. clifan (pt. t. cldf), Du. be-klijven,
Clavicle, the collar-bone. (F. L.) — to cleave to. Allied to Clay, Climb.
F. clavicule, the collar-bone. — L. cldtiicula, Clef, a key, in music. ^ F. — L.) F. clef.
lit. a small key ; dimin. of clduis, a key. — L. datum, ace. of clduis, a key.
Allied to claudere see Clause.
; Cleft ; see Cleave (i).
Claw. (E.) M. E. clan, dee. A. S. Clematis,a plant. (Gk.) Gk. KXTj/xarls,
clawu (also cled), a claw.+Du. -^/aawrf ; a creeping plant. — Gk. KXrjfxar-, stem of
G. klaiie\ Icel. kid, Dan. Swed. klo. K\rjâ, a shoot, twig. — Gk. leXdeiv, to
Allied to Clew from a Teut. base '^klau-,
; break off, prune (Brugm. ii. § 661).
2nd grade of ''^klcu-, to draw together Clement. — L.) F. clement."!.,

(F.
cf. O. H. G. kluwi, forceps. dementem, ace. oi clemens, mild.
Clay. (E.) M. E. dai, dey. A. S. Clench ; see Clinch.
clceg.^V>\x. and Low G. klei, Dan. klag. Clerestory, an upper story in a church,
Teut. type *klai-jd, fem. from '^klai-, 2nd
; furnished with windows. (F. — L.) Old
grade of Teut. root "^klei- cf. A. S. dam ; spelling of clear-story. The triforium
[Jox *klai-moz), earthenware Gk. -^Xol-os, ; below is sometimes called the blind- story.
sticky matter. See Cleave (2) and Glue. See Story (2).
Claymore, a Scottish broadsword. Clerk. (F. - L. - Gk.) A. S. and O. F.
(Gael.) daidheamh nior, a great clerc. — L. clerictis. — Gk. KX-qpiKos, one of
Gael,
sword. Here daidheamh is cognate with the clergy. — Gk. KXfjpos, a lot in late Gk., ;
W. cleddyf, O. Ir. claideb, sword and the clergy, whose portion is the Lord,
;
Gael, itior, great, is allied to W. tnawr, Deut. xviii. 2, i Pet. v. 3 ; cf. Acts i. 17.
great. Cf. W. cledd, a sword. ^St. Jerome.)
Clean. (E.) M. E. dene. A. S. dane, clergy. (F. — L.) M.E. clergie, often
clear, pure. -|- O. Sax. deni, cleini O. ; also (2) '
learning.' — (i) O. F. clergie, as if
Fries, klen ; Du. klein, small G. klein, ;
from L. *derieTa; (2) mod. F. derge,
O. H. G. chleini, pure, bright, fine, small. from Late L. clericdtus, clerkship. — Late
All from Teut. *kiaini-, orig. clear, pure.' *
L. clericus, a clerk (above).
cleanse. (E.) A. S. chlnsian, to Clever. (E.) cleverly is in Butler's
make clean. — A. S. cliene, clean. Hudibras, i. i. 398 (1663). For M. E.
Clear. (F. - L.) M. E. deer, cler. - O. F. diver, adj., meaning ready to seize, allied
der, clair.~''L. darns, bright, clear, loud. to M. E. diver, a claw, and to Cleave (2).
Cleat, a piece of iron for strengthening So also E. Furies, kliifer, clever, Dan.
the soles of shoes a piece of wood or
; dial, klover, klever (Molbech). % It took
93
; ;
CLEW, CLUE CLOG

the place of M. E. deliver, quick, nimble, Cf.Du. klink, a latch, rivet also, a blow ;
Ch. pi-ol. 84. —O. F, delivre, free, prompt, and O. H. G. klenkan, to knot or bind
alert ;
compounded of L. de, prefix, and together.
liber, free ; see Deliver. Cling. (E.) M. E, clingen, to become
Clew, Clue, a ball of thread. (E.) stiff, be matted together. A.S. clingan
M. E. clewe. A. S. cllwen, a clew
also ; (pt. t. clang, pp. clungen), to dry up,
cleowe (Epinal gl. cleouuae^.-\-\yvi. kluiven. shrivel up. -f- Dan. klynge, to cluster. Allied
whence kluwenen, to wind on clews (E. to Swed. kldnga, to climb; O. H. G.
clew up a sail) M. Low G. kluwen
; and ; clunga, a clew.
of. G. kndiiel (for '^kldnel), a clew. Per- Clinical . (F. — L. — Gk.) F. clinique,
haps allied to L. gluere, to draw together. '
one that is bedrid Cot. L. clinicus, ;
' —
Cf.Claw. the same. — Gk. kKivikos, belonging to a
Click. (E.) An imitative word, ex- bed, a physician 77 kXiulkt), his art. — Gk.
;
pressing a lighter and thinner sound than fcXivT], a bed. — Gk. KXiveiv, to lean; see
Clack. E. Fries, klikken. Cf. Du. klik- Lean (i).

klakken, to clash. Clink. (E.) E. Fries, klitiken. Nasa-
Client. (F.— L.) F. client, a suitor.— lised form of Click. -j-Du. klinken, to
L. clientem, ace. of clietis = cliiens, orig. a sound, pt. t. klonk, pp. geklonken ; Swed.
hearer, one who listens to advice pres. pt. ;
klinka, to jingle. Cf. Clank.
of cluere, to hear. (VKLEU.) clinker, a hard cinder. (Du.) Du.
Cliff, a steep rock, headland. (E.) klinker, a clinker, named from the tinkling
A. S. clif, a rock, cliff.+Du. and Icel. sound which they make when they strike
klif; O. H. G. klep. Cf. G. and Dan. each other. —Du. klinken to clink cog- , ;
klippe. Swed. klippa, a crag ; and Icel. nate with E. clink.

khif, a ridge of cliffs. clinquant, glittering. (F.-Du.) In
Climate. (F.-L.-Gk.) yi.'^.climat. Shak. Lit. tinkling.' — F. clinquant, pres.
'
— F. L. climat-, stem of
cliniat.-^\-.2X^ pt. of O. F. clinquer, to clink. — Du.
cliina. — Gk. /fAi/xar-, stem of KXi/xa, a klinken (above).
slope, zone, region of the earth, climate. — Clip, to cut. (Scand.) M. E. klippen. —
Gk. K\ij/eiv, to lean, slope see Lean. ;
Icel. klippa, Swed. klippa, Dan. klippe, to
clixuacter, a critical time of life. (F. clip, shear hair. Cf. Snip.
-Gk.) M.F. climaclere, adj.; whence I'an Clip 2), to embrace. (E.) A. S. ch'ppan.
climactere, 'the climatericall {sio year; Clique, a gang. (F. — Du.) F. clique, a
every 7th, or Qlh, or the 63 yeare of a gang, noisy set. —O. F. cliquer, to click,
man's life, all very dangerous, but the last, make a noise. — Du. klikken, to click,
most;' Cot. — Gk. KKLfxaKTrfp, a step of a clash also to inform, tell
; cf. Du. klikker, ;
ladder, a dangerous period of life. — Gk. a tell-tale. See Click.

K\ifiaK-, stem of Kkifia^, a ladder, climax, Cloak, Cloke. (F.-C.) M.E.rM^.-
with suffix -TTjp of the agent; see below. O. North F. cloque, O. F. cloche. 'L?ittl..
—
climax, the highest degree. (Gk.) cloca, a bell also a horseman's cape, which
;
Gk. KAifxa^, a ladder, staircase, highest resembled a bell in shape see below. :
pitch of expression (in rhetoric). — Gk. clock. The orig. sense was bell *
(C.) '
Kkiveiv, to slope. Der. anticlimax. bells preceded clocks for notifying times.
Clim.e. (L. -Gk.) L. <://wrz, a climate. Either from M. Du. clocke (Du. klok), a
— Gk. KXifxa ; see Climate. bell or from O. North F. cloque, a bell. —
;
Climb. (E.) M. E. cllmben, pt. t. clo7nb. Late L. cloc{c)a, a bell of Celtic origin. — ;
A. S. climban, pt. t. clamb, clumbon.-\-

pi. Irish clog, a bell, clock clogaim, I ring ;
Du. klimmen, M. H.G. klimnun. Teut. or sound as a bell O. Irish cloc, a bell.
;
type *klimban-. The m was orig. in- Cf. W. clock, 2L bell, &c. The G. glocke is
serted in the present stem, and did not a borrowed word so also Du. klok, &c.
;
belong to the root as is shewn by Icel. : Clod. (E.) M.E.

clod, clodde. A. S.
klifa, to climb. Hence it is allied to clod compounds), a lump of earth.
(in
Cleave (2). Teut. type *klu-dO', from the weak grade
Clim.e ; see climate. of Teut. root *kleu-, to stick together. See
Clinch, Clench, to rivet. (E.) M.E. Clew, Cloud. Cf. Clot.
clenchen, klenken, to strike smartly, to Clog, a hindrance; a wooden sole of
make to clink causal of klinken, to clink.
;
a shoe; wooden shoe. (E.) M.E. clog.
94
; +—
;;
CLOISTER CLUMSY
a log, clump. Not found in A. S. A late de girojle, a clove,' Cot. from the '
;
word cf. Norvv. klugu, a hard log.

; semblance to a nail. Cf Span, clavo, a
—
Cloister. F. L.) M. E. cloister. .
— nail, also a clove. — L. clduiim. ace. of
O.F. cloistre F. cloiire). — !^. claustrutn. clduiis, a nail.+O. Irish do, a nail.
(
lit. enclosure. —L. c/ausits, pp. oi clati- Clove (2), a bulb, or spherical shell of
dere, to shut. See Clause. a bulb of garlic, &c. (E.) A.S. cluju, f. ;
close (i\ to shut in. (F. — L.) M. E cf. cluf-tvyrt, a buttercup (lit clove-wort).
closen.'~O.Y clos, i . of O. F. clore,

pr. s. Named from its cleavage into si ells.
to shut in. — L. claiidere (above). Der. A. S. chif-, weak grade ot cltofan, to split;
close, a field ; dis-close, en-close, in-close. see Cleave (i). Cf. Icel. klofi, a cleft.
close shut up. (F.
(2), L.) M. E. — Clove (3), a weight. (F.-L.) A. F.
clos, does. — O.
F. clos, pp. of clore (above). clou the same word as Clove (1).
; — Late
closet. (F. -L.) O.F. closet, dimin. L. cldvus, a weight (for wool).
of cios, an enclosed space. —O.F. clos, Clover. (E.) M. Y.. claver. A. S.
pp. see close (2).
; cldfre. cLlfre, trefoil. -4- Du. klaver, whence
Clot. (E.) M. E. clot, clotte, a ball, Swed. klofver, Dan. klbver; Low G.
esp. of earth. A. S. dolt, clot, a lump.-J- klever ; cf. G. klee. % The supposed
G. klotz, a lump. Teut. type *klzit-to-, connexion with cleave (1) is impossible.
from the weak grade of Teut. base ^kleut ; Clown. (Scand.) \ct\.khin?ii, a clumsy,
see Cleat, Clout, Cluster. boorish fellow Swed. dial, klunn. a log,
:
Cloth. (E.) M. E. cloth, clath. A. S. kluns, a clownish fellow Dan. klunt, a ;
cldd.'\-T)\.\. kleed, G. kleid, a dress. Der. log cf. Dan. khmtet, clumsy.
; Allied to
clothes, A. S. clddas, pi. of clJQ. Clump. Orig. sense log or clod.' ' ' '
clothe, to cover with a cloth. (E.) Cloy. (F. — L.) Orig. to stop up, hence,
M. E. cloihen, clathen, pt. t. clothede (or tosate. M.F.Ây'<fr,'tocloy,stopup,' Cot.;
cladde), pp. clothed
(or clad). Formed a by- form of F. clouer (O. F. doer), to nail,
from A. S. cldd.-\-Y>-a. kleeden, from klecd fasten up. [A horse pricked with a nail,
so also G. kleiden, from kleid. But the % in shoeing, was said to be cloyed.] — O. F.
pt. t. and pp. clad are of Scand. origin : do, F. clou, a nail; see Clove (i). Cloy %
cf. Icel. klcedd-r, pp. of klce&a, to clothe ;
(in E.) is usually short for ac-cloy or a-doy,
Swed klddd, pp. of kldda. where the prefix a- represents F. en- see ;
Cloud. (E.) M. E. cloud, orig. a mass F. endouer, endoyer in Cotgrave,

of vapours; the same word as M. E. clnd, Club (i), a heavy stick. (Scand.) M.E.
a mass of rock. A. S. cliid. a round mass, dubbe. — Icel. klubba, kluniba, a club
mass of rock, hill. From Teut. root '^kleu, Swed. klubb, a club, log, lump Dan. khib,
;
to stick together see Clew, Clod. : club, klump, lump. A mere variant ot
Clough, a hollow in a hill-side. (E.) Clump below. See Golf.
M. E. dough, cloê. Answering to A. S. club (2), an association. (Scand.)
*cldh, not found; connate with O. H. G. XVII cent. Lit. 'a clump of people.'
kldh. The A. S. *cldh (-O.H.G. klah, Cf. Swed. dial, klubb, a clump, lump, also
as in Klah-uelde, Forstemann) represents a knot of people (Rietz). See above.
a Teut. type *klanxo-, from *klanx, 2nd Cluck. (E.) M. E. clokken, to cluck
grade of *klinx cf. G. klinge, O. H. G.
; as a hen a mere variant of Clack.
;
chlinga, a clough (Acad., Aug. and Sept. Du. klokkeji, Dan. klukke, G. glucken
1SS9J. L. gloctre. An imitative word.
Clout, a patch. (E.) Vi.Y.. clout. A.S. Clue ; see Clew.
dut, a patch whence W. chvt, Corn, clut,
; Clump, a mass, block. (E.) XVI
a patch, clout Ir. and Gael, cltid, the
; cent. Not in A.S., except as in dymp-re,
same. Orig. sense mass, piece of stuff' '
;
a clump. Cf. Dan. klump, Swed. klump;
orig. Teut. type *klut-oz, from Teut. root Du. klomp, LowG. klump. a clump,
*kl2ci-, *kleut-, as seen in Clot. Closely lump, log ;
(Icel. klumba, a club, with b
allied to Cleat (which is from the 2nd for /). From klump-, weak grade of
grade of the same root). Teut. *klemp-, as in M.ll. G. klimpfen, to
Clove i), a kind of spice. (F, — L.) press tightly together. Cf. Clamp.
M. E. clow the change to clove, in the
; Clumsy. (Scand.) Cf. M. E. clumsed,
XVIth cent., was due to the influence domsed, benumbed benumbed fingers are ;
of Ital. chiovo. — F. clou, a nail ; cloti clumsy. This is the pp. of clomsen, to
95
;
CLUSTER COCHINEAL
benumb, or to feel benumbed. Cf. Swed. Coarse, rough. (F. — L.) Formerly
dial, khimnisen, benumbed (Rietz) Icel. ; course, an adj. which arose from the phrase
klumsa, lock-jawed. Cf. Du. k!cini7ien, to in course to denote anything of an ordinary
pinch; klaimen, to be benumbed, kleiimsch, character; cf. mod. E. of course. See
numb with cold; also A. S. clom, clam, a Course.
bond, clasp. See Clammy, Coast. (F. - L.) M. E. coste. - O. F.
Cluster, a bunch. (E.) A, S. cluster, coste (F. cBte), a rib, slope of a hill, shore.
clyster, a bunch. +
Low G. khister. Suggests — L. casta, a rib.
a Teut. type *klut-tro-, a cluster formed ; Coat. ( F. - G.) M. E. cote. - O. F.
with suffix -tro from *klut-, weak grade of cote kV . cotte) ;Low
L. cota, cotta, a coat.
Teut. root '^kleut-, to mass together; for — M. H. G. kotte, kutte, a coarse mantle;
which see Clot, CI sat, Clout. O. Sax. cot, the same.
Clutch, to seize. (E.) M. E. clucchen, Coax. (E. ?) Formerly r<?^^J, vb., from
clicchen. A. S. clycca?t (whence pp. ge- cokes, sb. a simpleton, dupe.
, Perhaps
cliht, Somner), We find also M. E. cloke, allied to Cocker or to Cockney.
a claw; which was superseded by the Cob (i), a round lump, knob. (E.) As
verbal form. applied to a pony, it means short and
Clutter, a clotted mass ; also clutter, stout. M. E. cob, a great person
vb., to clot. (E.) Clutter, vb., is a variant (Hoccleve). In some senses, it seems to
of clotter, to run into clots see Clot, and ; be allied to A. S. copp, a top, summit.
cf. E. Fries, klutern, to become clotted. cobble (0) ^ small round lump. (E.)
Clutter also meant confusion, a confused M. E. cobylstone, a cobble-stone. Dimin.
heap, turmoil, din by association with
;
of cob (above).
Clatter. Cf. E. Fries, kl'dter, a rattle. Cob (2), to beat. (E.) Cf. W. cobio, to
Clyster. (L. — Gk.) L. clyster, an thump cob, a bunch prov. E. cop, to
;
;
injection into the bowels. — Gk. icKvaT-qp, a strike, esp. on the cop or head. See Cob
clyster, syringe. — Gk. kXvûv, to wash.-f- (0.
L. clnere, to wash. (VKLEU.) Cobalt, a mineial. (G.) G. kobalt,
Co-, prefix. (L.) L. co-, together ;
cobalt ; a nickname given by the miners,
used for con- ( - cuvi), together, Ijefore a becaus;i considered poisonous ; better
vowel. Hence, co-efficient, co-equal, co- spelt kobold, meaning a demon, (2)
(i)
operate, co-ordinate. See others below ;
cobalt. UfG. origin (Kluge).
and see Con-. Cobble (i); see Cob (i).
Coach. Hung.)
(F. —
F. coche, a (2), to patch up. (E.) ' Origin Cobble
coach Cot.
;
Etym. disputed. Said, as unknown; cf. Cob (2), of which it seems
'
early as A. D. 1553, to be a Hungarian to be the frequentative.

word from Hung, kocsi, a coach, so called
; Cobra, a hooded snake. (Port. — L.)
because first made at a Hung, village called Port, cobj-a, also cobra de capcllo, i. e. snake
A'ocsi or A'ocs, near Raab ; see Littre, and with a hood. — L.
colubra, snake de, of; ;
Beckmann, Hist, of Inventions. capelhirn, of capellus, hat, hood,

ace.
Coadjutor. (F.-L.) XV cent. A.F. dimin. of capa, a cape. See Notes and
coadjntour. — L co-, (or con- = rz^w, together; Queries, 7 S. ii. 205.
and adiutor, an assistant, from vb. adiu- Cobweb. (E.') M. E. copiveb, coppe-
udre, to assist. — L. ad-, to iuud7-e, to ; web from M. E. coppe, a spider, and zueb.
;
help. Cf. M. Du. kop, koppe, 'a spider, or a cob,*

Coagulate, to curdle. (L.) L. coagu- Hexham. From A. S coppa, as in attor-
Idtus, pp. of codguldre, to curdle. — L. coppa, a spider lit. poison-bunch from
; ;
codgulum, rennet, which causes milk to A. S. dttor, dtor, poison, and cop, a head.
run together. — L. co- {cutn), together; Coca, a Peruvian plant. (Span. - Peruv.)
ag-ere, to drive. Span. coca. — Peruv. cuca Garcilasso, Peru, ;
Coal. (E.) M. E. r^/. f^/.+

A. S. bk. 8. c. 15. Distinct both from cocoa (or
Du. kool, Icel. Swed. kol, Dan. kul, G. coco') and cacao. Der. cocaine.
kohle. Cf. Skt.yâ/, to blaze. Cochineal. (F. - Span. - L. - Gk.)
Coalesce, to grow
(L.) L.
together. F. cochenille.'^Sâ.w. cochinilla, cochineal
coalescere. — L. co-,iox con- — cu?n,
together vmade from insects which look like berries).
and alescere, to grow, inceptive oi alere, to — L. coccimis. of a scarlet colour see ;
nourish. Isaiah i. 18 (Vulgate). — L. coccum, a berry;

96
:; ;
'
COCK COD
also kermes, supposed to be a berry. — Gk. tread ; with fem. suffix -trix, of the
KuKKos, a berry, cochineal. agent.
Cock (i), a male bird. (E.) "SLE. cok Cocker, to pamper. (E. ?) M. E.
A. S. cocc from the bird's cry.
; Crydc * cokcren (w:;ence \V. cocri, to fondle, in-
anon co/^ ! cok '.' Ch. C. T. Nvm's Priest's dulge). Cf. AL Du. kokelen, ketikelen,
Tale, 457. Cf. Skt. kiikknia. a cock •
to cocker, to foster,' Hexham M. F. ;
Malay kukuk, crowing of cocks. And ioqtie liner, to dandle, cocker, pamper
'
cf.Cuckoo. (a child) ;' Cot. Norw. kokra, to call as

cock, the stop-cock of a barrel, is tlie a cock ; also, to cocker.
same word. So also G. hahn, (i) a cock, Cockerel; see Cock (i\
(2) a stopcock. Cockle (1), a sort of bivalve. (F. — L.
cock, part of the lock of a gun. From — Gk.) M
E, cokel. [Cf. cock, a cockle
its original shape ; cf. G. den Hahn span- (P. Plowman, C. x. 95) ; A. S. sie-cocca;
nett, to cock a sûn. (where sie -sea) ] — F. coqiiille, a cockle-
cockade, a knot of ribbon on a liat. shell ; cf. Ital. cochiglia. — Lat. type *cochy-
(F.) F. coquarde, fern, oi coquard, saucy; liiitti,a cockle, shell-fish.
for conchy liuvi,
also coquarde, bonnet a la coquarde, any ' — Gk. /f07xvîoi',
a cockle, dimin. of «07-
bonnetorcapworn proudly; Cot. Formed ' KvKi], from ku'^kt], a cockle or mussel.
with suffix -ard from F. coq, a cock (from Cockle (2), a weed among corn. (E.)
the bird's cry). A. S. coccel, tares; whence Gael, cogall,
cockerel, a young cock. (E.) Double tares, husks, cockle cogtill, corn-cockle ;
dimin. of Cock (i). Qi. pik-erel. Irish cogall, corn-cockle.

cockloft, upper loft. (E. and Scand.) Cockle (.'.)> to be uneven, pucker up.
From cock and loft. So also G. hahnbalken^ (Scand.) Of Scand. origin; cf. Norw.
a roost, cockloft Dan. loftkatnvier, a loft- koklutt, lumpy, uneven,
; cockled up ' ;
chamber, room up in the rafters. from Norw. kokle, a little lump, dimin. of
Cock (2), a pile of hay. (Scand.) Dan. kok, a lump; see Ccck (2). Cf. Swed.
kok. aheap; prov. Dan. kok, a hay-cock, kokkeU dimin. of koka, a clod.
at kokke hoet, to cock hay Icel. kiikkr,
; Cockloft; see Cock (i).
lump, ball Swed. koka, clod of earth.
; Cockney, orig. an effeminate person.
Cock (.^), to stick up abruptly. (E.) (E.) Flono has: ' Caccherelli, cacklings
Apparently with reference to the posture of liens also egs, as we say cockanegs.'
;
of a cock's head when crowing or to that From M. E. cokenay, a foolish person, Ch,
;
of his crest or tail. Cf. Gael, coc, to cock C. T. 4208. Lit. cocks' egg ' i.e. yolk- ' ;
as in coc do bhomeid, cock your bonnet less egg. From M. E, cokett, gen. pi. of
coc-shronach, cock-nosed. And see Cock- cok, a cock and ay, ey, A. S. ceg, egg. ;
ade. See C. S. Burne, Shropshire Folk-lore,

Cock (4, Cockboat, a small boat. p. 220.
(F. — L. —
Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of Cockroacll. (Span.) From Span.
boat, orig. a shell. Cf. Span, coca, Ital. cncaracha, a wood-louse, cockroach from ;
cocca, a small ship. Derived (by Diez) cuca (also cued), a kind of caterpillar.
from L. concha, a shell from Gk. ko-^kt], Origin uncertain.
;
a cockle see Cockle (i).

: Cocoa (i), Coco, the cocoa-nut palm.
Cockade; see Cock (I). (Port.) Port, and Span, coco, a bugbear,
Cockatoo, a kind of parrot. (Malay.) an ugb mask to frighten children hence ;
Malay kakatua from the bird's cry. Cf. applied to the cocoa-nut on account of
;
Malay ktckuk, crowing of cocks. Skt. the monkey-like face at the base of the
kiikkuta, a cock. See Cock iî). nut. Cf. Span, cocar, to make grimaces.
Cockatrice. (F. Late L. - L.) - By Cocoa (2), a corrupt form of Cacao.
confusion with cock, it was said to be a Cocoon, case of a chrysalis. (F. — L.—
monster hatched from a cock's egg. — O.F. Gk.) F. cocon, a cocoon from coque, a ;
cocatrice. — Late L. cocdtricem, ace. of shell. See Cock (4).

cocdtrjx, caucdt7-ix, answering to a Latin (i), a fish. Cod
(E. ?) Spelt codde in
type *caicdtrix, i. e. ' the treader or tracker,' Palsgrave. Perhaps named from its round-
used to render the Gk. Ixv^vixojv, and ed shape; cf. M. Du. kodde. a club (Hex-
afterwards transferred to mean 'crocodile' ham) and see below. Der. cod-ling, a
;
(see account in N. E. D.). — L. cakd-re, to young cod M. E. codlyng. ;

'; — ;
COD COISTREL
Cod (2), a husk, bag, bolster. (E.) Cognisance, knowledge, a badge. (F.
Hence. peas-cod, husk of a pea. A. S. codd. — L.) Formerly conisaiince.-'O. F. coji-
a bag.+Icel. koddi, pillow, ôdri, scrotum noissance, knowledge
;
M. F. cognoissance. ;
Swed. kudde, a cushion. — O. F. conoissant, pres, pt. of O. Y.

Coddle, to pamper, render effeminate. conoistre, to know. — L. cognoscere, to
(F. - L. ?) Perhaps for caudle, vb. (in know. — L. CO- {cuvi), together, fully;
Shak.), to treat with caudle see Caudle. gnoscerc, to know
; see Know. ;
Cf. prov. E. coddle, to parboil, stew. cognition, perception. (L.) From

—
Code, a digest of laws. (F. L.) F. ace. of L. cogfiiiio. — 'L, cogtiitns, pp. of
code. — 'L, codicem, ace. of codex, a tablet, cognoscere (above).
book ; older form caudex, a trunk of a cognomen, a surname. (L.) L. co-
tree. gnomen, a surname. — L. co- {ctini), with;
codicil. (L.) L. codicillus, a codicil nomen, a name, altered to gnomen liy con-
to a will ; diinin. of codex (stem codic-). fusion with gnoscere, noscere, to know.
Codling (0, Codlin, a kind of apple. See Noun, Name.
(C. ?) Earlier spellings querdling, quad- Cohabit. (L.) L. co-habitdre, to
ling, qtiodliiig. Apparently formed, with dwell together with. — L. co- {cum-), to-
E. suffix -ling, from Irish cueirt, an apple- gether habitdrc, to dwell.; See Habi-
tree. tation.
Codling (2 ; see Cod (i). Cohere. (L.) L. co-harere, to stick
Coerce. (L.) L. coercere, to compel. together (pp. r<?//<^.f«i-). — L. r^?-, together ;
— L. co-ictini), together; arcere, to en- hat-ere, to stick. Der. cohes-ion, cohes-

close, confine, allied to area, a chest see ive, from the pp.
;
j
Ark. Cohort, a band of soldiers.

I
(F. — L.)
Coffee. (Turk. —Arab.) Turk, qah- F. cohorte.-^l^. ^.cc.coho?'iefn, from cohors,
;
veh. — Arab, qahwah, coffee. a court, also a band of soldiers.

'
See
Coifer. (F. — L. Gk.)— M. E. cofre. Court, of which it is a doublet.
\
— O. F. cofre, also cojin, a chest. — L. ace. Coif, Quoif, a cap. (F.-G.-L.)

cophinnm. — Gk. Kocpivos, a basket. O, F. coi/e, coiffe; Low L. cofea, a cap.
coffin. (F. — —
L. Gk.) Orig. a case, M. H. G. kuffe, kupfe, a cap worn under
chest. — O. F, cojiji, as above. (Doublet the helmet O. H. G. chuppha stem
; ;
of coffer.) *kupp-Jdn-.'-0. H. G. chuph (G. kopf), a

Cog (i), a tooth on a wheel-rim. cup also, the head. — L. cuppa see Cup. ; ;
(Scand.) M. E. cogge [whence Gael, Coign see Coin. ;
and Irish cog, a mill-cog W. cocos, cocs,

; Coil (i), to gather together. (F.— L.)
cogs of a wheel]. Not in A. S. —
M. Dan. Coiled up in a cable
'
Beaumont and ;
'
kogge, a cog, kogge-hjul^ a cog-wheel Fletcher. — O. F. coillir, to collect. — L.

(Kalkar) Swed. kugge, a cog ; M. Swed. colligere see Collect.
; ;
kugg (Ihre). Coil (2), a noise, bustle. (F. - L.?)

Cog (2), to trick. (Scand.) Prob. Grig, a colloquial or slang expression
to catch as with a cog; to cog a die, to prob. from Coil(i). find 'a coil of We
check it so as to make it fall as desired. hay,' a heap nnd coil, to twist. ;
Cf. Swed. dial, kugg, Norw. kogga, to Coin. (F.-L.) M. E. coin.~-0. F.

;
dupe Swed. kiigga, to cheat, to cog
;
'
coin, a wedge, stamp on a coin, a coin
Oman. (stamped by means of a wedge"). — L.
Cogent. (L.) L. cogent-, stem of cuneum, ace. of cuneus, a wedge. Not ^
pres. part, of cdgere, to compel for allied to Cone.
;
co-agere { = con-agere) lit.

, to drive to- coign. (F. L.) F. coing, coin, a —
gether. Brugm. i. § 968. corner lit. a wedge (as above). ;
Cogitate. (L.) L. cogitdtus, pp. of Coincide, to agree with. (L.) L. co-

cogitdre, to think ; for co-agitdre, from (for con- = cum, with) ; and incidere, to
CO-, con-, together, and agitdre, to agitate, fall upon, from in^ upon, and cadere, to
frequent, of agere, to drive. fall.
Cognate. (L.) L. co-gndtus, allied Coistrel, a mean fellow. (F. — L.)

by birth. — L. co- (for cum), together For coustrel, the older form (Palsgrave).
gndlus, born, old form of tidtus^ pp. of An E. adaptation of M. F. coustillier,
nasci, to be born; see Natal. an armour-bearer, lackey ; lit. one who '
98
;
COIT COLLOP
carries a poinard.' — M. F. coiistille, a conference. (F. — L.) O. F. collation, a
poniard variant of O. F. cojistel, better
;
conference. — L. ace. colldtionem, a bring-
couielj a knife. — L. cultellum, ace oi cul- ing together, a conferring. — L. colldtum,
telius, a knife ; dimin. of culler. See supine in use with the verb conferi-e, to
Coulter. bring together (but from a different root).
Coit ; see Quoit. — L.c^/- {{ox con- =^ cum), together latum, ;
Coke, charred coal. (E. ?) ' Coke, supine of tollere, to take, bear. See
pit-coal or sea -coal charred;' Ray, 1674. Tolerate.
Etym. unknown; cf. M. E. colk, the core Colleague (0. a partner. (F.-L.)
(of an apple). M. F. collegue.^ L. collega, a partner in
Colander, Cullender, a strainer. office. — F. col- (for con-, cutn), with;
(Prov. —
L.) M. E. cfllyrtdore.'-O. Pro v. legere, to see Legend.
choose :
"^colador, orig. form of Prov. couladou^ a Colleague (2), to join in an alliance.

strainer. — Late L. '^coldtdrem, ace. for L.
; F. L.) —O. F. colliguer, colleguer, to
cdldtorhijii, a strainer. — L. coldre, to strain. colleague with. —
L. colligdre, to bind
— L. coliiDi, a sieve. Cf. Span, colador, a together. — L. col- (for con-, cum), to-
strainer from L. coldre'). gether ; ligdre, to bind. See League (i).
Collect, vb. (F.-L.) O.Y.collecter,

^
Cold. (E.) M. E. cold, kald, adj. ;
O. Merc, cald, A. S. ceald, adj. Icel. + to collect money (Roquefort). — Late L.

kaldr, Swed. kail, Dan. kold, Du. kot(d. collect dre (thesame), from collecta, a col-
Goth, kalds, G. kalt. Teut. "^kal-doz. lection, orig. fern, of pp. of colligere, to
cold from Teut. *kal, to be cold (as in
; collect. — L. col- ( for con-, cum) with ,
Icel. kala, to freeze), with suffix -doz=-QfV. legere, to gather see Legend. ;
-Toy. Cf Lat. gel-idtis, cold see Con-; collect, sb. (L.) Late L. collecta, a
geal, Chill, CooL collection in money, an assembly for
Cole, Colewort, cabbage. (L.) For prayer, hence a short prayer; see above.
-ivort, see Wort. M. E, coi, caul. A, S. Colleen, a girl. (Irish.) Irish cailin,
cdtil, cdwel (or Icel. kdl). — L. caulis, a a girl dimin. of caile, a country-woman.
;
stalk, cabbage. +
Gk. KavXos, a stalk. Gael, cailin, dimin. of caile.
Coleoptera, sheath - winged insects. College, an assembly, seminary. (F.—
(Gk. Gk. KoXeo-s, a sheath; -uTep-uv, a L.) O. F. college. — L. collegitim, society of
wing. colleagues or companions. — L. collega, a
Colic. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for colic colleague; see Colleague '\i).
pain.^Y. colique, adj. — L. colicics.'-GV. Collet ; see Collar.
kooXlkos, for koMkos, suffering in the colon. Collide. (L.) L. collidere, to dash to-
— Gk. KuKov. See Colon (2). gether. —L. col- (for con-, cum), together;
Coliseum. (Med. L. — Gk.) The same Icedere, to strike, hurt. Der. collis-ion
as Colosseum, a large amphitheatre at Rome, (from pp. CO IIis -us).
so named from its magnitude (Gibbon). Collie, Colly, a kind of shepherd's
The Ital. word is coliseo. See Colossus. dog. (E.) Formerly, coally, coley prob. ;
Collapse, to shrink together, fall in. the same as coal-y, coal-coloured, black.
(L.) First used in the pp. collapsed Cf. obs. colly, adj., coal-black; collied in
Englished from L. collapsus, pp. of colldln, Shak. M. N. D. 145. i. i.
to fall together. — L. col- (for con- .i.e. cum) ,

Collier. \\.Y..colier\ fromM.E.
(E.)
together Idbi, to slip.
; See Lapse. col, coal. Cf. bozv-yer, saw-yer.
Collar. (F. L.) -
M. E. and A. F. Collocate, to place together. (L.)
coler. — O.
F. colter, a collar. — L. colldre, a From pp. of L. col-locdre, to place together.
band for the neck. — L. collum, the neck.-f- — L. col- (ioT con-, cztm) together
, ; locdre,
A. S. heals, G. hals, the neck. to place, from locus, a place.
collet, the part of the ring in which Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton.
the stone is set. (F. — L.) F. .collet, a (Gk.) From Gk. ko\\wS-t]s, glue-like.—
collar. — F. col, neck. — L. collwn, neck. Gk. KoW-a, glue; -ildTjs, like, eJdos,
Collateral. (L.) Late L. collaterdUs, appearance.

side by side. — L. col- (for com- — cuvi\ Collop, a slice of meat. (E. ?) M. E.
with; lateralis, lateral, from later-, for coloppe, col-hoppe Plow-
;
pi. col-hoppes (P.
^lates-, stem oi la/us, side. man \ whence M. Swed. kollops, Swed.
Collation, a comparison: formerly, a kalops. Here col- ^ coal (see Coal) ct. ;
99
; ;
COLLOQUY COMBUSTION
gld{d)hoppa, a cake baked over
Swe.l. A\a\. Colt. (E.) A. S. colt, a young camel,
gledes or hot coals. (E. Bjorkman). young ass, &c.-fSwed. dial, kullt, a boy ;
Colloquy. (L.) From

L. colloquitun, Swed. kull, Dan. kuld, a brood cf. Dan. ;
conversation. — L. col-Ioqni, to converse dial, koltring-j a lad.

with, lit. to speak together. — L. col- (for Columbine, a plant. (F.-L.) M. F.
con-, cum), together; /oqut, to speak. colombin. — \u3.te L. columlnna, a colum-
Collude, to act with others in a fraud. bine L. columlnnus, dove-like
; from a ;
(L.) L. collude re (pp. collnstcs), to play supposed resemblance. — L. coluf?il>a, a

with, act in collusion with. — L. col- dove. See Culver.
(for con-, cum), with; ludere, to play. Column, a pillar, body of troops.
Der. colhis-ion, from the pp. (F. — L.) L. cohunna, a pillar; cf.
Colocynth, Coloquintida, pith of columen, culmen, a summit, collis, a hill,

the fruit of a kind of cucumber. (Gk.) Gk. «oAcui/o?, a hill. See Hill. (V'QEL.)
From the nom, and ace. cases of Gk. Colure, one of two great circles on the
KoXoKvvOis (ace. KoXoKwOida), a kind of celestial sphere, at right angles to the
round gourd or pumpkin. equator. (L. — Gk.) So called because
Colon (i), a mark (:) in writing and a part of them is always beneath the
printing. (Gk.) Gk. kojKov, a limb, horizon. The word means docked, clip-
clause hence, a stop marking off a clause.
; ped.— L. colunis, curtailed; a colure.
Colon (2), part of the intestines. (Gk.) — Gk. KuXovpos, dock-tailed, truncated a ;
Gk. Kokov, the same. colure. — Gk. /C0A.-0J, docked, clipped; and
Colonel. (F. - Ital. - L.) Sometimes ovpa, a tail.
coronel, which is the Span, spelling Colza oil, a lamp-oil made from the
whence the pronunciation as kurnel.^Y. seeds of a variety of cabbage. (F. — L. and
colonel, colonnel. — Ital. colonello,a. colonel; Du.) F. colza, better colzat. — Du. koohaad,
lit. a little column, as being the upholder'
rape-seed, cabbage-seed. —Du. kool (bor-
;
of the regiment Torriano.
' The colonel rowed from L. caulis), cole, cabbage and ;
was he who led the company at the head Du. zaad=Y.. seed.
of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. colonna, Com-, prefix. (L.) For L. cum, with,
a column. — L. cohtmna, a column. See together ; when followed by b, f, m,
Column. p. See Con-.
colonnade. (F. - F.
Ital. -
Coma. (Gk.) Gk. /ccD/za, a deep sleep.
L.)
colonnade. — Ital. colonnata, a range of Comb. (E.) A. S. camb.^ a comb, crest,
columns. — Ital. colonna, a column (above). ridge. +Du. kam, 1cg\. kambr, Dan. vSwed.
Colony. (F. - L.) F. colonie. - L. kam G. kamm. Teut. type *kamboz
; ;
CO Ionia, a colony, band of husbandmen. Idg. type *gomb/ios cf. Gk. yofjupos, a ;
— L. colonus, a husbandman. — L. colere, pin, peg; Skt. jamb/ia-s, a tooth.

to till. Colere is for *qiielere cf. L. ; Comb,
Coomb, a dry measure. (E.)
inquilmus, a sojourner. Brugm. i. § 121. A. S. cumb, a cup.-f-Du. kom, a bowl ; G.
Colophon, an inscription at the end of kumpf, kumme, a bowl.
a book, with title, and (sometimes) name Combat. (F.-L.) Grig, a verb. - F.
and date. (Gk.) Late L. colophon. — Gk. combattre, O. F. combatre, to fight with. —
KoXofpbjv, a summit hence, a finishing- F. com- (for L. cum), with and F. battre,
; ;
stroke. Allied to Column. O. F. batre, to fight, from *battere, for

Coloquintida ; see Colo cy nth. L. battuere, to beat. Der. combat-ant,
Colossus. (L. - Gk.) L. colossus. — from the F. ptes. pt.
Gk. Ko\oa a OS, a large statue. Der. coloss- Combe, a hollow in a hill-side. (C.)
al, i. e. large coliseum, q. v.
; W. cwm. Corn, ctim, a hollow, dale
Coloxir. (F.-L.) U.E. colour. ^0.¥. Celtic type *kumbd, a valley ; cf. Irish
colour (F. couleur).-~'L. ace. colorem, from ciimar, a valley.
color, a tint. Combine. (L.' L. comblndre, to unite,
Colporteur, a hawker of wares. (F. —
join two things together. — L. com- {ctifn),
L.) Lit one who carries wares on his together and binus, twofold. See Binary.
*
;
neck ;
' F. colporteur. — F. colporter, to Combustion. (F.-L.) F. combus-
carry on the neck. — F. col, neck; porter, tion. — L. ace. combustionem, a burning up.
to carry. — L. collwn, neck; portdre, to — L. combust-us, pp. oicom-burere, to bum
carry. up. — L. com- (for cum), together; and
COME COMMISSARY
(perhaps) iirere, to burn, with b inserted clause of a sentence, a comma (that marks
by association with amb-iirere. the clause). — Gk. k6tt-t(iv, to hew, strike.
Come, (i-) A.S cuf?ia}i,\)tA. c{u>)dm, Command. (F. L.) —
O. F. com-
pp. atfuen. -{-Du. komen., Icel. konia, Dan. mander, coinander. — L. corntnenddre, to
komjiie, S\v. koninia, Goth, k'wiman, G. entrust to; confused with Late L. com-
kommen ; L. tien-ire, {*(^z/en-ire), Gk. manddre, as if an intensive form of man-
fiaivdv, Skt. ^fl^w, to go. (v'GwKM.) dare, to command. Both forms are from
Comedy. (,F,-L.— Gk.) O.¥.coniedie, L. com- {ctitn), together; and manddre, to
*a play;' Cut. — L. cdma'dia.^G\^. kojiô}- put into the hands of, entrust to, command.
Sia, a comedy. — Gk. koj/joiSus, a comic See Mandate.
actor. — Gk. Kwfxo-s, a banquet, revel, Commemorate. (L.) From the pp.
festal procession doi56s, a singer, from
; of L. comf?iemordre, to call to mind. — L.
dddfiv, to sing. A comedy was a festive com- (for cutn), together viemordre, to ;
spectacle, with singing, &c. See Ode. mention, from memor, mindful.
comic. (!-• — Gk. L. comictis. — Gk.
) Commence. (F. — L.) ¥.commencer\
KOJfUKos, belonging to a kCjûs, as above. C). F. comcncer (^with one ;// cf. Ital. ;
Comely, (ii) M. E. coffiU, kumli. cominciare). — L. com- {cicfii), together;

A. S. cymlic, earlier form cymlic, beautiful, initidre, lo begin see Initiate.
:
fair. The A. S. cyme, exquisite, is closely Commend. (L.) L. comtnendare, to

allied to O. H. G. cfnnig, weak, tender, entrust or commit to see Command.
;
and to O. H. G. ktim, with difficulty (G. Commensurate. (L.) From L.

kaum). The A. S. y was shortened before commensilrdius, as from *commensiirare,
if
////, and the M. E. comli was associated to measure in comparison with a coined ;
with M.E. comen, to come, and so gained word. — L. com- [cum), with; mensilra, a
the sense of becoming,' pleasing, decorous.
' measure see Measure.
;
Cf. M. E. kime, a weak person. Comment, vb. (F. — L.) Y .commenter.

Com,et. (L. — Gk.) Late A. S. <r^w<f/^?. — Late L. co))imentdre, for L. commenti.rt,
— L. cometa.^QV. Kop.-hr'qs, long-haired; to consider, make a note on. — L. ccm-
a tailed star, comet. — Gk. Kofxr}, hair. L. + menius, pp. oi comminisci, to devise. — L.
coma, hair. ^
Also O. E. comete. com- {cum), witli -viin- for *;//<?«, to
;
Com.flt, sb., a sweatmeat. (F. — L.) think, as in me-min-t {--- *me-men-l), I

Formerly conjit, conJUe.-'O.Y. conft, lit. remember, and mens, mind. See Mental.
confected, prepared pp. of confire. — L.
;
Commerce, traffic.(F. — L.) F. co?n-
confedicm, pp. of conjicere, to prepare, put merce.^h. commerciuvi, trade. — L. com-
together. — L. coti- {cum), together facere, ;
{=^cum), with; ?nerc-, stem of merx,
to make. See Confect. merchandise, with suffix -i-um.
Com.fort, vb. (F. — L.) M. E. co7i- Commination, threatening, a de-
forten, later comforten.'Ô. F. conforter, nouncing. (F. — L.) F. commination.'^
to comfort. — Late L. con-fortd?-e, to L. ace. cominindiionem, a threatening.—
strengthen. — L. con- {cum), together ;
L. commindius, pp. of com-mindrl, to
znd fort-is, strong; see Force (i). threaten. — L. com- {cufu), intensive prefix;
Comfrey, a plant. (F. - L.) O. F. and mindrJ, to threaten. See Menace.
confire, cutnjirie Late L. ciimfiria pro-
; ;
Commingle. (L. and E.) From
bably for Lat. conferua (Pliny), comfrey, Com- and Mingle.
a name given to the plant from its sup- Comminution, a reduction to small
posed healing powers. — L. conferiiere, to fragments. (L.) Formed from
L. com-
grow together, heal up (Celsus). — L. con- minut-us, pp. of com-miniiere, to break
{cnm), together; fcruere, (orig.) to boil. into small pieces; see Minute.
^ It was also called confirma (from L. Commiseration. (F. -L.) Î- F-
firmare, to make firm), and consolida commiseration. — L. ace. covimiserdtionemj
(from L. soliddre, to make solid). part of an oration intended to excite pity.
Comic ; see Comedy. — L. commiserdri, to excite pity (pp. -dt-
Comity, urbanity. (L.) L, comitdtem, us). —L. com- {cum), with miserdri, ;
ace. of comitds, urbanity. — L. comis, to pity, from L. miser, wretched, pitiable.

friendly, courteous. Commissary, an officer to whom
—
Comm.a. (L. Gk.) L. comma. ^Gk. something is entrusted. (L.) Med. L.
KOfjifM, that which is struck, a stamp, a comviissdiius, a commissary. — L. com-
.
COMMIT COMPENSATE
missus, pp. of comniiitere, to commit ; see a companion, O. F. co77ipa7tio/t (F. C07n-
below. pagnon), a companion.] — Med. L. cot7i-
commit, to entrust to. (L.) L. cof/i- pd7iiem, ace. of co7!ipd7iies, a taking of
viittere, to send out, begin, entrust, meals together. — L. co7n- {cu77i), together;
consign; pp. r<?w?//zVj-zw. — L. coin- {ciini), and pd7iis, bread see Pantry. Der.;
with; 7nitiere, to send, put forth. Der. co7npanion, from O. F. compa77ion. Also
commiss-ion, ¥. commission, from L. ace. accompany O. F. acco77ipaig7tie7', from F. a
,
com m issiouem perpet rat ion.

,
(for L. ad) and O. F. cot7ipaig7iier, to asso-
Com.m.odioiis. (F. — L.) O.Y.com- ciate with, from compaig)iie, company.
modieux Med. L. commodiostis, useful.—
\ Compare, to as to
set together, so
L. commodtis, fit, suitable. — L. com- examine likeness or (F. L.) difference. —
\cuj}i), with; modus, measure. F. co7nparer. —
l^. co77ipa7-d}-e, to adjust, set
Commodore, a
the commander of together. —
L. C077ipa7; co-equal. L. com- —
squadron. i^Du.L.) —
FormerlyF. — {ctc/7i), together par, equal. ;
spelt coinmandore (1695) also comman- ; Compartment. (F.-Iial.-L.) F.

deur, as in Dutch ; Hexham has den :
'
C077iparti77ie7it,'a partition;' Cot. — Ital.
Commandenr van een Stadt, The Com- co77ipa7'timento. — Ital. co7npartire Late L. ;
mandeur of a Towne.'— F. commandenr, compartire, to share. — L. com- {cu77i)f

a commander. —
L. ace. ty[)e '^comman- together pa7'tii'e, to share, to part, from
;
ddtorem, from Late L. commanddre ;

parti-, decl. stem oi pars, a part.
see Command. Compass. (F. L.) F. co7npas, a —
Gomm.on. (F. — L.) M. E. commun. circuit, circle, limit ; also, a pair of com-
comoun. — O. F. comun. — L. commfniis, passes. —
Late L. compassus, a circuit. L. —
common, general. — L. C(?/;z- (rz/w), together com- (cum), with; passus, a pace, step,
with ;and munis, ready to serve (Plautus) passage, track so that co7?ipassus = a track
; ;
cf. munus, service. (As if helping each that joins together, circuit. See Pace.
'
other.') Cf. Lith. mainas, Russ. mic7ia, Der. verb compasses, s. pi., an
co77ipass, ;
barter. Brugm. i. § 20S. Der. comt?iun- instrument for drawing circles.

ion, commu7i-ity Compassion. (F^ - L.) F. cofn-
com,mune, verb. (F. — L.) M. E. passio7i. — L. compassione7n, ace. of com-
comutien. — O. F. communer, to commune passio, sympathy. — L. c^w- {cuT7t), with ;
with Late L. commiindre. — L. communis,
; passio, suffering, from patt, to endure.
common (above). compatible. (F.-L.) F. compati-
C0m.miiuicate. (L.) L. commUni- ble, '
compatible, coneurrable Cot. — ;
'
cdUis, pp. of co7nf?iunicdre. — L. communis, Late L. co7npatibilis, adj., used of a bene-

common. Der. excominunicate. fice which could be held together with
Com.m.otion. (F.— L.) Y. commotion. another. — L. co7npati, to endure together

— L. commotiojiem, ace. of commotio. — 1^. with. — L. coin- {cu77i), with; paii, to
cotnmot-us, pp. of commouere, to disturb. endure.
— L. com- {cMfn), intensive; and mouere, Compeer, an associate. (F. L.) —
to move. See Move. M. E. comper. — F. co7}i-, together ; O. F.
Com.m.1lte, to exchange. (L.) L. comper, a peer, equal. — L. C077i- (ctmi), to-
fmltdre, to exchange with. — L. co?)i- (cum), gether; pare7n, ace. oi par, equal; see
with ; mntdre, to change. Peer.
Com.pact fastened together,
(i), adj., Compel. L.) L. co77i-pellere, to com-
(
fitted, close, firm. (F. L.) —

M. F. co?n- pel, to drive together. — L. cotfi- {c7im^^
lit.
pacte. — 'L. compactus, fitted together, pp. together; pellere,io drive. Der. compuls-
of co!?!pingere. — l^. com- (cum), together; ion, from pp. compuls-us.
pange7-e, to fasten. See Pact. Compendious, brief. (F. — L.) F.
Compact (2), sb., a bargain, agree- compendieux. — L. cofupe/idiosus, adj., from
ment. (L.) L. co7npactutn, slS. — L. co?n- compe7idiu7H an abridgment, lit. a saving,
,
pactus, pp. of cojnpaciscT, to agree with. — sparing of expense. — L. C077ipendere, to

L. C0771- {cu7)i), with pacisci, to make a
;
weigh together. — L. co77i- {cu7n), with ;
bargain, inceptive form of O. Lat. pacere, pendere, to weigh.

to agree. See Pact. compensate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Com.pany. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. C077ipa7iye. compe7isdre, to weigh one thing against
— O. F. compa7iie. [Cf, also O. F. conipai7t, another. — L. com- (cum), together; pen-
.
COMPETE COMPREHEND
sdre, to weigh, frequent, of pendere, to Compliance, Compliant; formed
weigh {\)Y. penstis).
with F. suffixes -ance, -ant, from the verb
Compete. (L-) L- competere. — L. to comply^ which, however, is not of Y
com- {cum\ together; petere, to strive origin ; see Comply.
after. Compliment. (F. - Ital. — L.) F.
competent. (F. — L.î M. F. com- compliment. — Ital. complimento, compli-
fetent ; orig. pres. part, of competer, to be ment, civility. — Ital. cofnplire, to fill up,
sufficient for. — L. competere. to be sufficient to suit. — L. complere, to fill up see Com-
;
for. — L. com- (cum), with ;

petere, to seek. plete. Doublet, complement.
COm.petitor. (L.) L. competitor, a compline. (F. — L. M. E. complin.,
rival candidate. —
L. com- {cum), with ;
the last church-service of the day it was ;
petJtofj a seeker, from petittis, pp. oipetere ^

orig. an adj. {y\}^t. gold-en from gold), and
to seek. stands for complin song; the sh. is compile
Com.pile. (F^ - 1..) O. F. compiler. — fAncren Riwle). — O. F. compile (mod. F.
L. comptldre, lit. to press together. — L. complies, which is pi.), com] Jine. — Late
com- (for cu??i^, together; and /i"/<ir^, to L. completa (sc. hord), fern, of completus,
press down, from piluni, a pestle. Cf. L. complete; because it completed the 'hours'
pinsere, to pound. See Pile (3). of the day's service see Complete.
;
Com.placeut. (L.) From stem of comply, to yield, accord with, (Ital.

pres. pt. of co?uplacere, to please. L. — — L.) It has no doubt been supposed to
com- ycum^, intensive placere, to please.
;
be allied to ply (whence compliant, by
complaisant. (F. - L.) F. com- analogy yf'ith. pliant), but is quite distinct,
plaisant, obsequious, pres. part, of co??i- and of Ital. origin. — Ital. complire, to fill
plaire, to please. —
L. complacere, to please up, fulfil, to suit, 'also to use compli-
(above). ments, ceremonies, or kind offices and
Complain. (F. L.) -
O. F. com- offers;' Torriano. Cf. Span, complir, to
plaint-, a stem of complaindre.'—\.2i\& L. fulfil, satisfy. —
L. complere, to fill up; see
coviplangere, to bewail. — L. com- i^ctcm), Complete. Cf. supply.
with ; plangere, to bewail, lit. to strike, Complot, a conspiracy; see Plot (i).
beat the breast. Component,
composing. (L.) L.
Complement. (L.) componcjit-, stem of pres. \A.o{ componere,
'L. complementum.
that which completes. — L. complere to compose. — L. com- [cum], together;
(below). Doublet, complimejtt. ponere, to put. See Compound.
complete, perfect. (L.) \j.completus, Comport, to behave, suit. (F. L.) F. —
pp. of complere, to fulfil. — L. com- {czi»i), se comporter, to behave. L. comportdre, —
together plere, to fill.
; Allied to ple-mis, to carry together. — L. com- {cuTti}, to-
full. See Plenary. gether portdre, to carry. ;
Complex, (L.) L. complexus, en- Compose. (F. L. and Gk.) F. -

twined round hence, intricate ; pp. of composer, to compound, make; Cot. —
;
cojfiplectt, to embrace. — L. com- (cum), F. com- (L. cum), together; and ¥. poser,
together ; and plectere, to plait, allied to to put, of Gk. origin, as shewn under
plic-dre, to twine. See Pleach. Pose, q.v. iff Distinct from compound.
complexion. (F. L.) F. com-— Composition. (F.-L.) Y. composi-
plexion, appearance. — L. complexionem, tion. "Ij. ace. compositioncm, ace. of com-
ace. of complexio, a comprehending, com- positio, a putting together. — L. compositus,
pass, habit of body, complexion. —
L. com- pp. of L. componere see compound. ;
plexus, pp. of complecti, to surround, compost, a mixture. (F. L.) O. F. —

entwine. — L. com- (^cum), together; plec- compost, a mixture. — L. compositum, neut.
tere, to plait. of compositus, pp. of componere (below).
complicate. (L-) From pp. of L. (F.-L.) The d is ex-
compound.
complicdre, to fold together. —
L. com- crescent ; M. E. compounen. — O. F. com-
{cum), together plicdre, to fold.
;
ponre (Bartsch). — L. componere, to com-
complicity. (F. — L.) F. compUdte, pound, put together. — L. com- (cum),
'
a bafl confederacy ; Cot. ' —
F. complice, a together ponere, to put. See Component. ;
confederate. — L. complicem, ace. o{ coin- Comprehend.

(L.) L. co7)i-prehendere,
plex, interwoven, confederate with ; see to grasp. —
L. coj)i- {cum), together, and
Complex. prehendere, to seize ; see Prehensile.
03
, ,
'
COMPRESS CONCLAVE
Compress. (L.) L. compressdre, to concevoir, conceive, though the real
to
oppress. — L. com- (cujti), together /;rj'-
; pp. was conceu (F. confu) ; by analogy
sdre, frequent, oi pre mere, to press. with deceit, q.v. See below.
Comprise. (F. — L.) From O. F. conceive. (F.-L.) yi.Y.. conceven,
cotnpris,comprised, comprehended pp. ;
conceiven. —
A. F. conceiv-, a stem of O, F.
oi comprendre, to comprehend. — L. com- concever, concevoir, to conceive. L. con- —
prehendere ; see Compreliend, cipcre, to conceive. —
L. co7i- {cum), alto-
Comprom.ise, a settlement by con- gether ; capere, to take.
cessions. (F. — L.) F. compromis, a '
conception. (F. L.) Y conception. — .
compromise, mutual promise;' Cot. Grig, — L. conceptioneni.—'Y.. concept-us, pp. of

pp. of F. comprotnettre, to put unto com- '
concipere, to conceive (above).
promise ' Cot. — L. compromittere^ to
;
Concentre, to draw to a centre. (F.—
make a mutual promise. — L. <:cw- {cum), L. aJidGk.) F. concen/rer. L. con- {cum), —
mutually promitlere, to promise
;
see ; together and ce}it?-ii?n,Si centre, from Gk.
;
Promise. K^vrpov see Centre.

; Der. concetitr-ic
Comptroller, another spelling of con- co?ice7itr-ate (modein).
troller see Control.
; Concern, vb. (F. — L.) Y.comemer.
Compulsion. (F.-L.) See Compel. — L. C07icer7iere, to mix; in Late Lat., to
Compunction, remorse. (F. L.) — refer to, regard. — L. coti- {cum), with;
O. F. compunction. — Late L. ace. cojji- and cernere, to separate, decree, observe.
punctionem. — L. compuitcttis, pp. of com- -|- Gk. Kpivdv, to separate, decide Lith. ;
pungT, to feel remorse, pass, oi compungere skir-ti, to separate, distinguish. Brugm.

to prick. — L. com- {cum); pimgere, to li. §612. (VSKER.)
prick. concert. (F. -Ital.-L.) Often con-
Compute. (L.) L. cojnputdie, to fused with consort in old writers. — F. con-
— L. cotii- {cum), together; put are,
reckon. certer, to consort, or agree together
'
;
to clear up, reckon. Doublet, count (2). Cot. — Ital. co7icertare, 'to agree or tune
Comrade. (F. — Span. — L.) F. camar- together, sing in consort,' Florio cf. con- ;
ade. — Span, camarada, a company also ; certo, agreement.

sb., The Ital. forms
an associate, comrade. Span, camara, a — shew thatwas derived from L. concertdre,
it
chamber, cabin. —L. camera, a chamber. to contend, struggle together indeed, we ;
Con (i), to study, peruse, scan. (E.) find also Span, concertar, to settle or adjust,
M. E. cunnen A. S. cunniaji, to test.
; covenant, bargain which also points to
;
Allied to A. S. cminan, to know ; see the same origin. [It would seem that the
Can (1). Der. ale-conner, i. e. ale-tester. L. vb. took up the sense of to settle by
Con (2), short for contra, against. (L.) debate, and so, to agree.] — L. con- {cum),
In the phrase ' pro and con^ together certdre, to contend, vie with
; ;
;
Con-, prefix. (L.) For com- {cum), orig. to decide by contest ' frequent, of
'
with, when the following letter is c, d, g. cerjiere, to decide. See Concern, Der.
J, n, q, s, t, or v. Before b, m, p, it is concert, sb. , concert-ina.
com- before /, col- ; before r, cor- ; before
; Concession. (F. — L.) F. concession.
f, com- or con-. — L. ace. concessionem. — L. concessus, pp.
Concatenate. (L.) L. comatendtus, oi cojtcedere, to concede see Concede. ;
pp. of concatendre, to link together. — L. Conch, a marine shell. (L. — Gk.) L.

con- (cum), together; catena, a chain. concha. — Gk. nu^xv (also «o7Xos), a cockle-
Concave. (F. — L.) F. concave. — Y.. shell. +Skt. faiikha, a conch. Der. con-
coticauus, hollow. — L. con- {cum), with, chology (from /f<i7Xo-s).
together cauus, hollow.
; Conciliate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
Conceal. (F. L.) O. F. concekr. — concilidre, to bring together, conciliate.—
— L. conceldre, to hide. — L. con- {cum), L. concilium, a council see Council. ;
completely; rif/^ri?, to hide. See Helm (2). Concise. (F.-L. or L.) F. concis. ;
Concede. (L.) L. concedere, to retire, — L. concisus, brief, cut short pp. of co7i' ;
yield. — L. con- {cum), together cede7-e, ; cidere. — L,. con- [cum), intensive; ccedere,
to yield. Der. concess-ion (from pp. con- to cut. Der. concis-ion.
cessus). Conclave. (F.-L.) F. conclave, a
Conceit. CF. — L.) Isl.Y.. conceit, con- small room (to meet in). — L. concldue,
ceite. Formed as if from the pp. of O. F. a room later, a place of assembly of
;
104
.
CONCLUDE CONFEDERATE
cardinals, assembly. Orig. a locked up nounce be guilty. — L. con- \ciim),
to
place. —
L. con- {cum), together; cldttis, wholly damndre, to condemn.
;
a key. Condense. (F.-L.) F. condenser.^

Conclude. (L-) L- cojiclildere, to L. condensure."!^. condensus, very ttiick.
shut up, close, end. — L. co7i- {ciini), — L. con- {cum), \ery densus, thick, dense. ;
together; and -chlde7-e = claudcre, to shut. Condescend. (F. — L.) F. conde-

Der. conclus-ion. Similarly ex-chide, iti- scendre. — hale L. condcscendere, to grai.t
clude, pre -chide, se-ch{de\ whence in-chis- (lit. to descend with). — L. co7i-{cum),\i\\.\\\
ive, pre-clus-ion, se-clus-ion (from pp. descendere to descend
, see Descend, ;
-clusus = clatisus) Der. condescens-iou, from the pp.

Concoct. (L.) From L. concoctus, pp. Condign, well merited. (F.-L.) O. F.
of concoqtiere, to cook together, digest. — condigne. — L. condignus, very worthy. —
L. con- {cuni) coqtiere, to cook.
; L. con- {cum), very dignus, wortliy. ;
Concomitant, accompanying. (L.) Condiment. (L.) L. condlmentum,

From L. co7i- {cum), together; and seasoning, sauce. —L, condh-e, to season,
comitajit-em, ace. of pres. pt. of comitdri, spice, preserve (as fruit).
to accompany, from coviit-, stem of comes, Condition. (F. — L.) Y. condition. ~.
a companion; see Count (i). L. co7iditidnem, ace. of conditio, a late
Concord. (F. — L.) Y. concorde. — \^. spelling of condicio, a covenant, condition.
Concordia, agreement. — L. concord-, stem — L. condicere, to talk over together, agree
of con-cors, agreeing. — L. con- {cuni) cor upon. — L. con- {cum), together; dice^-e, to
;
(stem cord-), the heart. speak.

concordant. (F. — L.) F. concord- Condole. (L.) L. cojtdolere, to grieve
ant, pres. pt. of concorder, to agree. — L. with. — L. coji- {cum), with ; dolere, to
concorddre, to agree. — L. concord- (above). grieve.
—
concordat. (F. L.) F. concordat, Condone. (L.) L. condotidre, to remit,
an agreement. — Late L. concorddtum, a pardon. — L. con- {cum), wholly; dondre,
convention, thing agreed on, esp. between to give see Donation. ;
the pope and F. kings ; pp. of concorddre, Condor, a large bird. (Span. —Peru-
to agree (above). vian.) Span, condor. — Peruv. citntur, a
Concourse. (F. — L.) Y.concours." condor.
L. ace conciij'sum, a running together.- Conduce. (L.) L. coudficere, to draw
L. concursus, pp. of con-currere, to run together towards, lead to. — L. con- {cum),
together, — L. con- {cum), together; and together; diicere, to lead.
currere, to run. See Concur. conduct, sb. (L.) Late L. conductus,
Concrete, formed into one mass. (L.) defence, protection, guard, escort.- L. ri7«-
L. concrct-us, pp. of concrescere, to grow ducttis, pp. of con-ducere (above).
together. — L. con- {cu?n), together; cres- conduit. (F.-L.) M..Y. conduit.—
cere, to grow. O. F. conduit, a conduit. — Late L, con-
Concubine. (F. — L.) O.Y .concubine. ductus, a defence, escort ; also, a canal,
— L. coficublna.^'L. con- {cum), together tube see above.
; ;
r.ubdre, to lie. Cone. (F.-L.-Gk.) Ul.Y.cone.-h.

Concupiscence. (F-L.) Y. concu- cojtus. — Gk. kSjvos, a cone, peak, peg. +
piscence. — L. concupiscentia, desire. — L. Skt. cdna-s, a whetstone ; L. cos, the
cf.
concupiscere, to desire ; inceptive form of same. See Hone. Brugm. i. § 401.
concupey-e. — lu. coji' (r«w), intensive; and Coney; see Cony.
cupere, to long for. Confabulate. From pp. of L.
(L.)
Concur. (L.) L. concurrere, to run confdbtddri, totogether. — L. con-
talk
together, agree. — L. con- {cum), together; {cum), w'wh.; fdbtihh-i, to converse, from
currere, to run. Der. concourse. fdbjila, a discourse see Fable.
;
Concussion. (F.— L.) F. concussion. Confect, to make up into sweetmeats.

— L. concussiotiem, ace. of concussio, a (L.) L. confectus, pp. of conficere, to put
violent shaking. — L. concussus, pp. of together, make up. — L. con- {cum), to-
concutere, to shake together. — L. co7i- gether facere, to put.
; Der confect-ion,
{cum), together; quatere, to shake. confectio7i-er. See Comfit.
Condemn. (F. — L.) O.Y .condemner. Confederate. (L.) L. confaderdtus.
— L. condemndre, to condemn wholly, pro- united by a covenant, pp. of confcederdre.
105
CONFER CONGLOMERATE
— L. con- {cum)^ together ; fader-, for L. confundere, to pour together, confound.
*fcedes-, stem of faedus, a treaty. See — L. con- {cum), together ; fundere, to
Federal. |)our. See Fuse (i).
Confer. (L.) From
conferre, to
L. Confraternity. (F.-L.) FromL.
bring logt-ther, collect, bestow. L. con- — con- {cufn), with; and Fraternity, q v.
(cum , together; fcji'e, to bring, bear. Confront. (F.-L.) Y.confronter,Xo
% Not from F. bring face to face. — Med. L. confrontdri,
Confess. (F.-L.) O.Y. confesser.^ to be near to. — L. con- {cufn), together;
Late L. cortfessdre.^Y.. coufcssus, pp. of front-, stem oifrons, forehead, front.
conjiteri, to confess. — L. r{?«- (cum), fully; Confuse. (L.) M. E. confus, used as
fateri, to acknowledge, allied to fdri, to a pp. in Chaucer. — L. confusus, pp. of
speak. Cf. Gk, (âris, a speech. Brugm. confundere, to confound see Confound. ;
i- § I9.S- Confute. (F.-L.) F. confuter. - L.

Confide. (L.) L. confidere, to trust confiitdre, to repress, also to confute.
fully. — L. con- {cum), iwWy ft dere, to — L. con- {cu7n\ together; *fiitdre, to
\
trust, allied iofdcs, faith ; see Faith. repress, beat back ; probably from the
Configuration. (F. L.) —
F. con- same root as A. S. beatan, to beat
figuration — L. configuratianem, a con- (Walde). If so, it is not allied to L.
formation.— L. configiirdtus pp. of con- fatilis.
,
fgiirdre, to put togelher. — L. r^;^?- (f«^«) Congeal. (F.-L.) F. congeler.^l..

;
figurdre, to fashion, ixovafigura, a figure. congeldre, to cause to freeze together. — L.

See Figure. con-, together geldre, to freeze, from gelu,
;
—
Confine, to limit. (F. L.) F. con- frost. See Gelid.
finer, to keep within limits. — M. F. Congee, Cong^, leave to depart. (F.
confiti, near; Cot. — L. confinis, bordering — L.) F. conge, leave, dismission ; ' Cot. '
on. — L. con- {cum), with finis, boundary. O. F. congie, cunge, congiet Burguy)
;
the ( ;
See Final. Mod. F. has only confins, same as Prov. comjat. — Late L. comidtus,
%
sb. pi., confines; representing O. F. con- leave, permission (VIII cent.) ; the same
fines, L. conftnia, pi. whence E. confines, as L. commedtus, a travelling together,
;
pi. also leave of absence. — L. com- {ctim),

—
Confirm. (F. L.) M. E. confermen. together; medtus, a course^ from pp. of
— O. F. confermer. — L. confirmdre, to medre, to go.
make firm, strengthen. —
L. con- {cum), Congenial, kindred. (L.) Coined
{•a\\y,firmdre, to strengthen, iiomfirmus, from L. con- {cum), with; and genial,
firm. adj from L. genius see G-enial.
. ;
Confiscate, to adjudge to be forfeit. Congenital. (L.) Coined by adding

(L.) L. confiscdtus, pp. of confiscdre, to -al to the obs. word congenite (XVII
lay by in a coffer, to confiscate, transfer to cent.). — L. congenitus , bom with. L. con- —
the treasury. — L. con- {cum) fiscus, a [cum), with genitus, born, pp. oi gignere,
; ;
purse. to produce. See Genital.

Conflagration. (F.-L.) F. con- Conger, a sea-eel. (F. — L. — Gk.)
fiagration. — L. ace. conflagrdtionem, a M. E. congre. — O. F. congre. — L. congrum,
great burning. — L, <r(7«- {cum), together; ace. of congrtcs, by-form of conger, a sea-
fldgrdre, to burn. See Flagrant. eel.— Gk. 7^^77/505, the same.
Conflict, an encounter. (L.) L. con- Congeries, a mass of particles. (L.)
flictus, a striking together from the pp.
; L. congeries, a heap. — L. congerere, to
of confitgere, to strike together. — L. con- bring together. — L. r^;z- (^«/;z), together;
[ctim'^., together fllgere, to strike.
;
gerere, to carry.
Confluent. (L.) From stem, of pres. congestion, accumulation. (L.) From
pt. of confiuere, to flow together see L. ace. conges tionem."!^. congestus, pp. of
;
Fluent. So also confiux, sb., from the congerere (above).

pp. confluxus. Conglobe, to form into a globe. (L.)
Conform. (F. — L.) F. conformer.— L. con-globdre.^'L. con- {cum), together;
L. conformdre, to fashion like. — L. con-, globus, a globe.
together formdre, to form, from forma,
;
Conglomerate. (L.) From pp. of
form. conglomerdre, to wind into a ball, heap
Confound. (F. — L.) Y.confondre.^ together. — L. con^ {cum), together; and
io6
— ; ;
CONGLUTINATE CONSIDER
glomer-^ for ^glomes-, stem of glomus, Connive. (F. — L.) Y. conniver.'-\..
a ball, clew of yarn. conniuere, to close the eyes at, overlook.
Conglutinate. (L.) From pp. of — L. con- {cum), together; and *niguere,
L. coriglulindre, to glue together. — L. to wink ; cf. nic-tdre, to wink. Goth. +
con- {cum), together; glutindre, to glue, hneiwan, to bow Brugm. i. § 664.
;
from gh'iiin-, stem oi gluten, glue. Connoisseur, a critical judge. (F.—

Congou, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In L.) F. connaisseur , formerly connoisseur,
the Anioy dialect, called kang-hu te, where a knowing one. — O. F. connoiss-ant, pres.
kang-hu is lit. work, labour
'
i. e. tea on
;
' pt. of O. F. conoistre see Cognisance.
;
which labour has been expended (Douglas). Connubial. (L.) L. connubidlls, re-
The true Chinese is kung-fu ch'a, with lating to marriage. —L. co{n)nubium., mar-
the same sense. riage. —L. con- \cuni), with; nUbere, to
Congratulate. (L.) From pp. of L. marry. See Nuptial.
congraiulari, to wish much joy. — L. f<3«- Conquer. (F.— L.) yi.¥..conqu<:ren.
ictwi), fully grdttildrty to wish joy,
;
from — O. ¥. conquerre.~'\j. conquJrere, to seek
adj. ^rd^///5', pleasing. See Grace. after, go in quest of; in Late L., to con-
Congregate. (L.) From pp. of L. quer. —L. con- {cum), with; qucererg, to
congregare, to collect into a flock. — L. seek. Der. conquest, M. E. conqtieste,
con- {cum), together; gregdre, to assem- from Late L. conquesta, L. conquisita,
ble a flock, from greg-, stem of grex, a fem. of conquTsttus, pp. of conquirere.
flock. Consanguineous. (L.) From L.
Congress, a meeting together. (L.) cons anguine -us , related by blood, with
L. congressus. — L. congressus, pp. of cojt- suffix -ous. — J con- {cum), together
.
gredl, to meet together. — L. con-^ together; sanguin-, stem of sanguis, blood.

gradi, to advance, walk. Conscience. (F. — L.) Y conscience. .
Congrue, to agree, suit. (L.) L. con- L.c<?;?5"«Vw//a, consciousness. —

l^.cojtscient-,
gruere, to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der. stem of pres. pt. of conscire, to know along
congru-ous, from L. congruus, suitable with. —
L. con- {cum), with; scire, to
congru-ity. know. See Science. Der. conscionable,
—
Conjecture. (F. L.) F. conjecture. an ill-contrived word, used as a contrac-
— L. coniectura, a casting together, a tion oi conscien{ce)-able.
guess. — L. coniectus, pp. of conicere, to conscious. (L.) From l^.consci-us,
throw or put together. — L. con- {cum"', to- aware, with suffix -ous.^h. conscire, to be
gether; iacere, to throw. aware of (above).
Conjoin. (F. — L.) O.Y. conjoindre. Conscript. (L.) L. conscriptus, en-
L. conhingere (pp. conhinctus), to join \
rolled, pp. of conscrtbere, to write down
together. — L. con- {cum), together; tun- together. — L. con- {cum), together ; scri-
gere, to join. See Join. Der. conjunct- bere, to write.
ion, conjunct-ive, from the pp. Consecrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
conjugal, relating to marriage. (F.— consecrdre, to render sacred. — L. con-
L.) F. conjugal. — L. coniugdlis, adj. {cum), with, wholly; sacrdre, to conse-
l^. coniugem, ace. of coniux, a spouse.— crate ;see Sacred.
L. con-, together iug-, allied to iungere,
; Consecutive. (F. L.) yi.Y.consecu- —
to join, iugum, a yoke see Join.
; tif, Cot. Formed with suffix -?/(L. -tuus)
conjugation. (L.) From L. coniu- from L. consecut-us, pp. of consequi, to
gdtio, a conjugation (Priscian) lit. a ; follow together. — L. con- {cum), together ;
yoking together. — L. coniugdtus, pp. of sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
coniugdre, to yoke together. — L. con- consequent. (L.) L. consequent-,
(cum), together iug-um, a yoke.
; stem of pres. pt. oi consequi (above;.
Conjure. (F. — L.) M.E. conhtren.m. Consent, vb. (F. L.) F. consent ir. —
F. conjurer. ^L,. coniurdre, to swear to- — L. consent ire, to agree to. — L. con-
getlier, combine by oath. — L. con-, to- {cum), with sentjre, to feel. See Sense.
;
gether iurdre, to swear see Jury.

; ; Conserve, vb. (F. — L.) F. conserver.
Connect. (L.) L. connectere, to tie — L. conserudre, to preserve. — L. con-
together. — L. con- (cum), together; and \cu7n), fully serudre, to keep.
; Der. con-
nectere, to bind (pp. nexus). Der. conserve, vb. conserv-atory.
: See Serve.
nex-ion [not connectio7i\, from the pp. —
Consider. (F. L.) O.Y considerer. .
107
;
CONSIGN CONTAIN
— L. constderdre to consider, orig. to con-
, ste; nation. — L. ace. consterndticnefn,
template the stars (Festus). — L. con- {cum), friglit. — L. consferndtus, pp. of conster-
together; sider-, for * sides-, stem oistdtis, ndre, to frighten. — L. con- (for cujn), to-
a star. gether; and *sterndre, proh. ailied to
Consign. (F. L.) F. consigner." — Gk. TTTvpeiv, to frighten (Walde). See
L. consigndre, to attest, register, record. Brugmann, i.
§ 499.
— L. con- (cum) together signdre, to
, ; Constipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
mark see Sign,
; constipdre, to join closely, press together.
—
Consist. (F. L.) F. consisfer, to — L. con- (cum), together; stipdre, to
consist, rest, abide, &c. — L. consistere, to press, cram.
stand together^ consist. — L. cott- {cum), Constitute. (L.) I>. constitntus, pp.
together sistere, causal form from stare,
; of constituere, to cause to stand together,
to stand see State.
; Der. consistory. establish. — L. con- {cum), together; sta-
Console. (F. — L.) F. consoler. — 'L. tuere, to set up, denom. vb. from status,
consoldrt, to comfort. — L. cofi- [cum), with ;
a position ; see Statute.
soldri, to comfort ; see Solace. Constrain, to compel. (F.-L.) O. F.
Consolidate. (L.) From pp. of L. constraign- a stem of constraindre, later
,
consoliddre, to render solid. — L. con- contraindre. — L. constringere, to bind

(cum), together; soliddre, to make solid, together, fetter. — L. con- {cum), together;
from solidus, solid. Der. consols, a stringere. to draw tight.
familiar abbreviation for consolidated an- Construct. (L.) From L. construc-
nuities. tus, pp. oi construere (below).
Consonant, agreeing with. (F.-L.) construe. (L.) L. construere, to
F. consonant, accordant; Cot. L. conso- — heap together, build, construct in Late L., ;
nant-, stem of pres. pt. of consondre, to to construe a passage. — L. con- {cum), to-
—
sound together. L. <:£»«- (<:«;«), together ;
gether; struere, to pile, build. Der.
sondre, to sound; see Sound (3). mis-construe.
Consort, sb. (F. — L.) F. consort.'-' Consul. (L.) L. constil, a consul.
L. consort-, stem of consors, one who shares Etym. doubtful but allied to constilere,
;
property with another, a partner. — L. con- to consult ; see below.

\cum), together; sort-, stem oi sors, a lot, consult. (F. L.) F. consulter.'—'L.—
share. See Sort. constiltdre, to consult frequent, form of
;
Conspicuous. (L.) L. conspicu-us, con-sulere, to consult. Root uncertain

visible,with suffix -ous. — Y,. conspicere, to prob. allied to sedere, to sit of. solium, ;
see thoroughly. — L. con-, fully specere, to ; a seat.

see. See Species. Consume. (L.) L. consumere, lit. to
Conspire. (F. — L.) F. conspirer.— take up wholly. —
L. con- {cum), together,
L. conspirdre, to breathe together, com- wholly ; sumere, to take up, from *sups-,
bine, plot. — L. con- {cum), together; allied to sub, under, up, and emere, to take,
spJrdre, to breathe. buy. Brugm. i. § 240. Der. consumption,
Constable, a peace-officer. (F. L.) - from the pp.
O. F. conestable (F. conn^table). L. comes — Consummate. (L.) From pp. of L.
stabuli, lit.* count of the stable,' the title of consum7ndre, to bring into one sum, to
a dignitary of the Roman empire and after- perfect. —L. con- {cum), together; sum-
wards in use among the Franks. See mdre, to sum, from summa, a sum see ;
Covmt (i) and Stable. Sum.

Constant, firm. (F. — L.) F. con- Consumption ; see Consume.
stant. — L. constant-, stem of constans, Contact, sb. (L.) L. contactus, a
firm ;orig. pres. pt. of constdre, to stand touching. — L. contactus, -pp. oi contingere,
together. — L. con- {cum), together ; stdre, to touch closely see Contingent. ;
to stand see State.

; contagion. (F. — L.) F. contagion.
Constellation. (F.-L.) Y. constel- — L. contdgionem, ace. of contdgio, a
lation. — L. ace. constelldtionem, cluster of touching, hence contagion. — L. con- {cum),
stars. — L. con- (cww), together; stelldt-us, with; tag-, 2nd grade oi tag-, as in *tag-
pp. of stelldre, to set with stars, from tus {y-tac-tus), pp, oitangere, to touch.
Stella, a star. See Star. Contain. (F. — L.) From a tonic stem
Consternation. (F.-L.) F. con- of O. F. contenir. — L. continere, to hold
108
;; ;;
CONTAMINATE CONTRIBUTE
together, contain; pp. conienlus.'^'L. con- Continue. (F.-L.) Y. cotitimier.--
{cum), together; tenere, to hold. L. continudre, to continue. L. continuus —
Contaminate. (L-) From pp. of L. (l)elo\v) Der. dis-continue.
contdmindre, to defile. — L. contdmin-, continuous. (L.) L. conlinu-ns,
stem oi conti men, contagion which stands ; lit.holding together; with suffix -ous.—
for *contagmen. — L. con- {ciini) tag-, ; L. continere, to hold together, contain. See
as in tacius, for *iag-tus, pp. of tangere, to Contain.
touch.Brugm. i. § 768. Contort. (L.) L. contortus, pp. of
Contemn. (F.-L.) Vl.Y .contemner. contorquere, to twist together. — L. con-
— L. contemnere, to despise. — L. con- i^cum), together; torqucre, to twist.
(cum), with, wholly; temnere, to de- Contour, an outlme. (F. — Ital. — L.)
spise. F. contour, esp. in an artistic sense. — Ital.
contempt . (F.-L.) M . F . contempt : contorno, a circuit; ccntortiare, 'to en-
Cot. — L. contemptus, scorn. — L. con- circle; '
Florio. — L. co}i- {cum), together ;
temptus, pp of contemnere (above). torndre, to round off, to turn ; see Turn.

Contemplate. (L.) From pp. oi Contra-, prefix. (L.) L. contra,
contempldri, to observe, consider used at ; against orig. the abl. fem. of an obs. adj.
;
first of augurs. — L. con- (cum) templum, ; *con-t{e)r-us, a comparative form from con-,
an open space for observation (by augurs) ;
prep, together; cf. extrd from exterus.
see Temple. Contraband. (Span. — Ital. — L.a;?^
Contemporaneous. (L.) L. cofi- Teut.) Span, contrabando, prohibited goods.
tempordne-tis, adj., at the same time with ;
— Ital. co7itrabbando, prohibited goods. —
suffix -otis. — \^. con- {cum), with tempor-, ; Ital. contra ( = L. contrd against; bando, ,
for * tempos-., stem of tempus, time. a ban, from Late L. bannum, a word of
contemporary. (L.) L. con-, with Teut. origin, viz. from O. H. G. ban, a
and L. tempordrms, temporary, adj., from command. See Ban.
tempor- (above). Contract (i), to draw together. (L.)
Contend. (F. — L.) O. F. contendre. — L. cofttractus, pp. of contrahere, to diaw
L. contendere, to stretch out, exert, fight. — together. — L. con- {cum), together; tra-
L. con- {cum), fully; tendere, to strive. here, to draw.
Der. content-ion (from the pp. contentus). contract (2), a bargain. (F.-L.)
Content, adj. (F.-L.) Y. content, M. F. contract Cot. — L. contractuf?i,
;
satisfied. — L. contenttcs, content; pp. of ace. oi contractus, sb.,a drawing together,

continere see Contain.
; Der. dis-con- a bargain. — L. contractus, pp. (above).
tefit. Contradict. (L.) L. contrddjctus,
Contest, vb. (F. — L.) F, contester. — pp. of contrddtcere, to speak against. — L.
L. contestdrT, to call to witness, to bring contrd, against; d.cere, to speak.
an action. — L. con- {cum), together; tes- Contralto. (Ital. — L.) Ital. contr-
tdri, to witness, from testis, a witness. alto, counter-tenor. — Ital. contra, oppo-
Der. contest, sb. site to, and alto, high. — L. contrd, against;
Context. (L.) L. contextus, a joining alttts, high.
together, order (hence, conte t of a book). —
Contrary. (F. L.) K.Y. contrarie;
— L. contextus, pp. oi contexere, to weave F. contraire. — L. contrdrius, contrary
together. — L. con- {cum), together from contrd, against see Contra-.
:
texere, to weave. —
Contrast, vb. (F. L.) Y. cont raster,
Contiguous. (L.) L. contigu-us, that to strive, contend against (hence to be in
may be touched, near with suffix -ous.'-
; opposition to, &c.). —
Late L. contrdstdre,
L. con- {cum), with and tag-, as in
; to stand against. — L. contrd, against
tac-tus (for *tag-tzis), pp. of tangere, to stdre, to stand.
touch ; see Contingent. Contravene, to hinder. (F.-L.) F.
— L.) Cot. — Late L.
;
Continent. (F. F. continent, contrevenir, to thwart
'
'
adj., moderate. — L.
continent-, stem ot contrducnire, to oppose to break a law.
;
pres. pt. of continere see Contain.

; — L. contrd, against uenire, to come.
;
Contingent, dependent on. (L.) Contribute. (L.) From pp. of L.

From stem of pres. pt. of contingere, to contribucre, to contribute, lit. pay to-
touch, relate to. — L. con- {cum) ; tangere, gether. — L. con- {cum), together; tri-
to touch. See Tangent. buere, to bestow; see Tribute.
109
)
CONTRITE CONY, CONEY

Contrite. (F. - L.)
F. contrit. - L. orig. pres. pt. of conuenire, to come to-
iontritus, thoroughly bruised, hence, peni- gether, suit (above).
tent ;pp. of L. conterere, to rub together, convent. (L.) L. conuentus, an as-
bruise. — L. con- (cujn), together; terej-e, sembly. —L. conuentus, pp. oi con-tienire.
to rub. See Trite. convention. (F. - L.) F. conven-
Contrive. (F. L. and Gk.) — An tion, 'a compact;' Cot.
ace. con- — L,
altered spelling M. E. controuen, coti-
; tcentionem, a meeting, compact. — L. con-
treuen (= controven, contrcveti). — O. F. uentus, pp. of con-uenJre to meet. ,
controver, to find, find out (Bartsch).— Converge. (L.) Late L. conuergere,

O. F. coil- (L. con-^ for cum) O. F. irover, ; to incline together (Isidore). — L. con-
to find see Trover.
; ^[ Conti'ive (of. demn), together uergere, to bend, in-
;
retrieves is from M. E. cotiireve, answering cline.

to O. F. conireuv-, stressed stem of con- Converse, vb. (F.-L.) Y.converser,
trover. 10 associate with
Cot. —
L. conuersdrT, to
;
Control, sb. (F. — L.)

Controli?, s\\oxi live with. — L.
con- {cum), with uersdrt, ;
for contre-roll, old form of counter-roll. — to dwell (lit. turn oneself about), orig.
O.F.<r^«/r^-r<?/(/)^, a duplicate register, used pass, of the frequent, oinertere, to turn.
to verify the official or first-made roll. — convert, vb. (F. L.) O.F. con- —
O. F. centre, over against rol\l)e, a roll. — ; vertir. —
Folk-L. *converttre, for L. con-
L. contra, against ; roiulum, ace. of ro- ueriere, to turn wholly, change. — L. con-
tuhis, a roll see Roll.
; {cuffi), wholly uertere, to turn.
;
Controversy. (F. -L.) K.Y. con- Convex. (L.) L. conuexus, arched,

troversie [^\-ô']).~'L. cont7'duersia, a quar- vaulted, — L. con- {cutn), together; and
rel. — L. contrduersus, opposed. — L. =
*naxus *tiac-sus, bent, from ^tiac- {*uaq-),
contro-, masc. or neut. form corresponding to bend, as in uac-iiIdre,io reel, go crook-
to fem. contra, against tierstis, pp. of; edly. See Vacillate. Cf. A. S.w*?,^, crooked.
uertere, to turn. See Contra-. Convey, Convoy, vb. (F. L.) -
Contumacy. (F. L.) —
A. F. contu- M. E. conueien, conuoien {conveien, con-
macie ( 1 303 ). — L. contumdcia, obstinacy. — voien), to convey, also to convoy. A. F. —
L. contut?idci- stem of contiiniax, stub-
, cojiveier, O. F. convoier, to convey, convoy,
born. — L. con- {cum), very and *tui?i-ax, ; accompany on the way. — Late L. conuidre,
prob. from tum-ere, to swell with pride ; to accompany. — L. con- {cum), with; uia,
see Tumid. way. %
Cofivey is the A. F. or Norman
Contumely. (F. — L.) W.Y.contu- form convoy is Parisian.
;
vielie. — L. conttimelia, insult, reproach ; Convince. (L.) L. conuincere, to

prob. allied to contu?fidcia ; see Con- overcome by proof. — L. con- {cum),
tumacy. wholly uincere, to conquer.
; Der. con-
Contuse, to bruise severely. (L.) L. vict, verb and sb., from A. F. convict <X..
contusus, pp. of cotitundere, to bruise conuictus, pp. of conuincere.
severely. — L. con- (cum), with, much and ; Convivial. (L.) Coined as adj. from
tundere, to strike. 4-Skt. tud, to strike ;
L. conutui-um, a feast. — L. con- {cuni),
Goth, stautan^ to strike. (ySTEUD.) together tiiuere, to live (hence, eat).
;
Brugm. i. § 8i8. Convoke. (F. L.) F. convoquer.^^ —

Conundrum. (Unknown.) Formerly L. conuocdre, to call together. — L. con-,
used in the sense of whim, crotchet, or together; uocdrc, to call.
hoax. Also quojtundrum orig. in univ. ; Convolve. (L.) L. conuoluere, to roll
slang prob. uf L. origin.
;
together, writhe about. — L. con- {cum^y
Convalesce. (L-) L. conualescere, to together; zioluere, to roll. Der. convolut-
begin to grow well an inceptive form.
; ion, from pp. comwldtus convolv-ul-us, ;
— L. con- (^cum), fully; ttalere, to be L. comioluulus, a twining plant.

strong. Convoy ; see Convey.
Convene, to assemble. (F. — L.) F. Convulse, to agitate violently. (L.)
convcnir, to assemble. — L. conuenire, to L. commlsus, pp. of conuellere, to pluck
come together. — L. con- (rz^w), together; up, convulse. — L. co7i- (cum), with,
uenJre, to come. severely uellere, to pluck.
;
convenient, suitable. ( F. L. - Cony, Coney, a rabbit. (F. L.) -

From stem of L. conuenietis, suitable; yi.¥..coni', 3.\so conyji^. Anô-¥. conil,
10
;;:; —
coo CORACLE
conin ; 0. F. cotinil. — L. cuntctihis, a Copeck, a small Russian coin, worth
rabbit ; a word of uncertain origin. less than^(^/. a hundredth part of a rouble.
;
Coo. (E.) A purely imitative word ;

(Russ.) Russ. y^(9//V//('a, a copeck dimin. ;
also spelt croo. Cf. cuckoo, cock. of Russ. kopee, a lance. wSo called from the
Cook. (L.) M. E. coken, to cook figure of Ivan IV, holding a lance (1535).
A.S. a cook. — L. coqutis, a cook co-
coc, ; See Rouble.
quere, to cook. +
Gk. TrfCfreti/ Skt. pacJi^ ; Copious, ample. (F. — L.) O. F. co-
to cook Russ. pech{e), to bake. (V^ÊQ
; ;
pieux.'—l^. copiosns, plentiful. — L. copia,
whence Lat. *pequere, becoming *queqticte plenty; for *co-opia.'-'L. co- (for cum),
by assimilation, and then coquere; Gk. together op-y base of op-es, wealth.
; Cf.
*iTiq-ULv, whence iricadiv^ Erugm. i. § in-opia, want.
66 1. A..^. coc^ Late L. a7(;«j, for coqtiiis. Copper, a metal. (Cyprus.) yi.Y.. coper.
Cookie, a cake see Ca,ke. ;
A. S. <:"t>/^r. — Late L. cuper, L. cuprum, a
Cool. (E.~> A.S. c^/, cool. Du. kocl: + contraction for Ciipriuvi cbs, Gyprian brass.
Teut. type *kdl-uz; also, with mutaiion, — Gk. Ki;7rpio?, Cyprian Kr;7rpo?, Cyprus, ;
Dan. G. ktihl from ^cJ/-, 2nd grade

/^t)/, ; whence the Romans got copper.
of kal-, as in A. S. calan, Icel. kaia, to copperas, sulphate of iron. (F. L.) —
freeze (pt. t. kol) see Cold. ;
M. E. coperose.'- O.Y cope rose {couperose)
.
;
Coolie, Cooly, an East Indian porter. cf. Ital. copparosa. According to Diez,
(Hind, or Tamil.) Hind. kfllT, a labourer, from L. ciipri rosa, rose of copper, a trans-
porter, cooley (Forbes) prob. from Koll ;
lation of Gk. xaKK-av6os, brass - flower,
a tribal name (Yule;. Or from Tamil -^/7/?, copperas. But this is prob. only a popular
daily hire or wages; hence, a day- etymology and the Late L. cuprosa seems
;
labourer (Wilson). to be merely an adj. form from cuprum.

Cooxnb ; see Comb. See N.E.D.
Coop. cupe^ a basket
(L.) M. E. Coppice, Coppy, Copse, a small
answering to A.S. not found, though 'âlpe, wood. 1^1'. — L. — Gk.) C^//_y is short for
cype (with z-mutation) occurs as a gloss coppice, and copse is contracted, —O. F.
to dolium. — 'L. cilpa, a tub, whence also copeiz [Low L. copecid], underwood fre-
Du. ktiip, Icel. kupa, a bowl also Late L. ; quently cut, brushwood, — 0-F\ coper (F.
copa, whence G. kufe, tub, vat, coop couper'), to cut. — O. F\ cop (F, coup), a
O. Sax. copa, a tub, Cf. Skt. kf/pa, a pit, stroke. — LowL. colpus, L. colaphus, stroke,
hollow. Der. coop-er, tub-maker. blow. — Gk. KoKaipos, a blow. O. F. ^
Co-operate. (L.) From pp. of L. copeiz answers to a Late L. type *colpdti-
co-operdri, to work with; from co- (cum), citim, from colpdre, to strike. Coppy arose
with; and operdrT, to work; see Operate. from coppice being taken as coppics, pi. ;
Co-ordinate. (L.) From L. co- {cwn), and copse {cops) from reduciiig a supposed
with and the pp. of ordindre, to order.
; pi. *coppis to cops.
See Ordinate. Coprolite. (Gk.) Lit. '
dung-stone.'
Coot. (E.) M. E. cote, coote, a water- Made from Gk. fcoirpo-s, dung ; a.nd\i6-os,
fowl. 4-Du. koet, a coot. Origin unknown. a stone. For Aerolite.
-lite, cf.
Copal. (Span. - Mexican.) Span, copal. Copulate. F>om

pp. of L. copu-
(L.)
— Mex. copalli., resin. Idre, to join. — L. copula, a band; see
Co-parcener, a co-partner. (F. — L.) Couple.
Parcener is the true old spelling oipartner Copy. (F. — L.) M. E. copy, abun-
see Partner. dance the mod. sense is due to the mul-
;
Cope a cape. (Late L.) M. E.

(i), orig. tiplication of an original by means of copies.
cope., A. S. *cdpa, not foimd
earlier cape ; ;
— O. F. copie, abundance; also a copy.
but Icel. kdpa occurs. —Late L. cdpa, a L. cdpia, plenty see Copious. ;
cape; see Cape (i). [Cf. pope, from Coquette. (F.) F. r^^?/^//,?, 'apratling
A. S. pdpa.~\ Der. coping-stone. or proud gossip,' Cot.; fem. of coquet, 2i
Cope (2), to vie with. (F. — L. — Gk.) little cock, dimin. oicoq, a cock. Cf. prov-
Isl. E. copen, coiipen, to light. — O. F\ coper, E. cocky, i. e. strutting as a cock.
couper, colper, to strike (F. coiiper, to cut). Coracle, alight wicker boat. (W.) W,
— O. F. cop, coup, colp, a blow. — Late L. corwgl, cwrwgl, coracle dimin. of coi'wg, ;
colpus, L. colaphus^ a blow. — Gk. K6\a(pos, a carcase, civrwg, a boat, frame. So Gael.
a blow on the ear. See Coupon. ctirachan, coracle, from curach, boat of
-
CORAL CORNET
wicker-work ; cf. Ir. corrach, O. Ir. cia-ach, }-ant, cormaratt (Littre). — O. F. corp, a
a boat. crow and O. F. *7?tarenc, belonging to
;
Coral. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. coral. the sea, deriv. of L. inaj-e, sea, with G. M
L. coralhvn, cordluim.'—OV. Kopa.KXi.ov, suffix -m^; cf. Y.Jlamant^ flamingo. — L.
coral. See Schade, p. 1374. cortium, ace. of coruus, a crow &c. ;
Corban, a gift. (Helx) Heb. qorbdn, Cf. Port, corvoniarinho, a cormorant lit. ;
an offering to God, in fulfilment of a vow ;

'
marine crow from L. coruus moriniis.
;
'
from qdrah, to draw near. Cf. Arab, qur- But probably -moran was due to, or con-
bdn, a sacrifice. furêd with, Bret, morvran, a cormorant
Corbel. (F. — L.) O. F. r^r^t-/, a raven, Jrom 7nor, sea, and bran, a crow).
a corbel (in architecture), from the notion Corn (0, grain. (E.) A. S. r^r«.+Du.
of a projecting beak. — Folk-L. corbellum, koren, Icel. Dan. Svved. G. kom, Goth.
for corvcllwn, ace. of co-ve/his, dimin. kaurn. Teut. type *ktir7io>?i, Idg. type
of L. coruiis, a raven. ^
Distinct from *g9r7iom, corn whence O. Slav, zriino,
;
corbeil, a basket full of earth (F. corbeille, ls.r.ss. zerno,

corn. Cf. Lat. grdtitan,
L. corbicula, dimin. oi corbis^ a basket). grain Skt.y/>«a-, worn down, pp. oijrl.
;
Cord. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. corde.- T) oyxhlet, grain. See Grain. Brugm. i.

F. r^r^^. — Late L. cot'da, a thin rope the ; § 628. (Vgp:r.)
same as L. chorda. — Gk. x^P^f the string Corn (2), a hard excrescence on the
of a musical instrument. Der. cord-age foot. (F. — L.) O. F. corn (F. cor), a horn,
(F. cordage) cord-on (F. cordon)
; cord- ; horny swelling. — L. cornu, a horn; see
-elier (F. cordelier, a twist of rope, also Horn.
a Gray Friar, who used such a twist from ; cornea, homy membrane in the eye.
cordeler, to twist ropes). See Chord. (L.) L. cornea, fem. oi cornens, horny.—
Cordial. (F. — L.) Y. cordial, YiQ^wty. L. CO' nfi, a horn.
— L. cordi-, deck stem of cor, heart; with cornel, a shrub. (Du.— L.) M. Da.
suffix -dlis ; see Heart. kornelle, the fruit of the cornel e-tree,'
'
I
Corduroy, a thick-ribbed or corded Hexham cf. AL H. G. comelbatim, cornel-

;
stuff. (F. — L.) Y. corde du 7-oi, a trade- tree Weigand. [Cf. M. F.rtJm/V/^, a cor-
;
name, invented in England lit. king's

;
*
nel-berry cornillier, cornel-tree.] — Late L.
;
cord.' See Cord and Royal. cornolium, cornel-iree. — L. co>nus, a cor-

Cordwainer, shoemaker. (F. Span.) — nel-tree ; from the hard, horny nature of
M. E, cordewaner, a worker in cordcwane, the wood. — L. cornu, a horn.
i.e. leather oi CordiON2i.Ô.Y. cordottan, cornelian, a kind of chalcedony.
Cordovan leather. —Late L. Cordoa, Cor- — (F. L.) —
Formerly cortialine. F. coi^na-
dova in Spain (L. Cordubd). line, 'the cornix or cornaline, a flesh-
Core, hard centre in fruit, &c. (F. — L. ?)
;
coloured stone ' Cot. Cf. Port, corne-
Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from F. cor, a lina; also Ital. corniola, (i) a cornel-tree,
horn, also, a corn on the foot, callosity. — (2) a cornelian, prob. so named because
L. cormi, a horn, a horny excrescence. its colour resembles that of the fruit of the
Coriander. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. cori- cornel-tree (SchadeV — Late L. corniola,
atidre. — L. coriandj-nm (whence A. S. cel- cornel-berry; cornolium, cornel.- L. cor-
lendre).-^Gk. Kopiawof, Kopiov, coriander. jieus, adj. of cornus, a cornel. Altered ^
Cork. (Span. — L.) Apparently from to carneolus in Late L. (Schade. p. 1379),
O. Span, alcoj'qne, a cork shoe, which carnelian in E., and carneol in G., from
seems to be an Arab, form allied to Span. a popular etymology which connected it
al-cornoque, the cork-tree, where al is the with L. earn-, stem of caro, flesh. Cf.
Arab. def. art., and co7-n-oqne is formed OJiyx ^ Gk. 6Vi;£, finger-nail.
from L. qnern-us yioi *qiiercmis), oaken, corner. ( F. — L.) A. Y.comere O. F. ;
adj. from L. quercns, an oak. ^

But the cortiiere. — Med. L. corneria, corner, angle.
bark of the tree was called, in Span., corche, — Med. L. coma, angle. — L. cornua, pi. of
core ho. "l^. corticem, ace. of cortex, bark. cornii, horn, projection ; taken as a fem.
Hence cork is often derived from Span. sing.
corcho, though k for ch seems improb- cornet. (F. — L.) M, E. co7-net, a horn ;
able. later, a troop of horse (who carried a cor-

Cormorant, a bird. (F. — L.) The t nette or standard) also an officer of such ;
is excrescent. — F. cormoran\ O. F. conna- a troop. — F. cornet, cornette, dimin. of F.

12
;
,
CORNICE CORSE
come, a horn. — Med. L. coma, a horn (Span.— L.) Span, coi'ral, a court, yard,
(âbove). enclosure. —
Span, corro, a circle, a ring of
Cornice. (F. —
Ital.) M. F. and Picard people met to see a show. From the
cornice F. corniche.
;
Ital. cornice, a — phrase correr toros, to hold a bull-fight,
ledge for hanging tapestry (Florio) ;
lit. to run bulls. — L. currere, to run (Diez).
usually, a crow (from L. ace. cor7iTce?n, a See Kraal.

crow). Origin uncertain ; by some idenli- Correct, adj. (L.) L. corrcctus, pp.
iied with coronix, a square frame. Gk. — of corrigere, to correct. L. cor- (for —
Kopojvis, curved as sb., a wreath.
;
con- = ctivi), together regere, to rule. ;
CoroUa. (L.) L. corolla, dimin. of co- COrregidor, a Spanish magistrate.

'lona, a crown. See Crown. (Span. L.) —Span. co7-regidor, lit. cor- '
corollary. (L.) 'L.corolldriu7fi,iiY>Tt- rector.' —Span, corregir, to correct. — L.

sent of a garland, a gratuity also, an ; corrigere (above .
additional inference. — L. corolla (above). Correlate, to relate or refer mutually.

coronal, a crown. (F. L.) Properly — (L.) Coined from L. cor- (^^cuf/i), to-
an adj. — F. coronal, adj. — L. corondlis, gether ; and Relate, q. v.
belonging to a crown. ^'L. coj'd7ia, a crown. Correspond. (F. — L.) Y.correspon-
coronation. (L.) LateL. ace. cordnd- dre. — L. cor- (for con-, cum), together
tionetn, from pp. of corondre, to crown.— and Respond, q. v.
L. corona, a crown. Corridor. (F.
F. corridor.— Ital. — L.)
coroner. (F. L.) Also croivner; — — Ital. a swift horse; also, a
corridore,
both forms represent A. F. coruner, coroner, long (running along) gallery. —Ital. cor-
Latinised as cordfidrius, a crown- officer, a rere, to run. — L. currere, to run.
coroner (afterwards Latinised as coro- Corrie. (Gael.) Gael, coire, a circular
ndtor — O. F. corone, a crown. — L. corona,
. hollow surrounded with hills, a mountain
a crown. dell also, a cauldron.
; [Cf. G. kessel, a
coronet. Dimin. of O. F.
(F. — L.) kettle, a ravine.] + O. Irish coire, core, a
corone, a crown. — L. corona, a crown. kettle ; W. pair, A. S. hwer, a cauldron.
Coronach, a dirge. (Gael.) Gael. <:^r- Brugm. i. § 123.
ranach, a dirge, lit. a howling together.' — '
Corroborate. (L.) From pp. ofL.
Gael, comh- ( = L. cum) together ; riinaich, , corrohordre, to strengthen. — L. cor- (for
a howling, from the verb I'an, to howl con- — cu/?i), wholly robor-, stem oii'obur, ;
cry, roar, which is from I'an, sb., an outcry. strength.

So also Irish coranach, a dirge. Corrode. (F. — L.) F. corroder. — L.
Corporal (0, a subordinate officer. corrodere, to gnaw to pieces. L. cor- (for —
(F. — L.)O. F. corporal. '-'\jaXQ. L. cor- con- = ctivi), wholly ; rddere, to gnaw.
pordlis, a captain ; a leader of a body of Der. corrosive, from pp. corros-us.
troops. — L. corpor-, for *corpos-, stem Corrody, Corody, allowance, pen-
of corpus, body. F. has now ^ the form sion. (Low Lat. — Teut.) A.Y . coi-odie.--
caporai, from Ital. caporale, a chief of a Low L. corrodium, earlier corredium, L.
bnnd as if from Ital. capo, head (L.
; form of A. F. cotirei, preparation, pro-
caput) but this does not explain the -or-.
; vision, allowance. See Curry (1).
corporal (2), belonging to the body. Corrugate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(F. — L.) O. F. corporal, corporel.-^t^. corrugdre, to wrinkle. — L. cor- (cum),
corpordlis, bodily. — L. corpor-, for *r<?r wholly and rilgdre, to wrinkle, from
;
pos-, stem of corpus, the body. Der. nlga, a wrinkle.

(from L. corpor-) corpor-ate, corpor-e-al Corrupt, adj. (F.-L.) K.Y.corupt.
(L. corpore-us), &c. Brugm. i. § 555. — L. corruptus, pp. oicorrtimpere, to break
corps, corpse, corse, a body wholly, corrupt. — L. cor- (for con- =^ cictn)
(F. — L. [Here corps is F. corse is from

) ; wholly ; rumpere, to break.
the O. F. corsP\ M. E. cors, corps. "-O. F. Corsair. (F. - Ital. — L.) F. coi-saire
cors, M. ¥ .corps, the body. — L. corpus, body. (Prov. corsari, one who makes the course,
corpulent. (F. - L.) F. corptdent. - corsa). — Ital. corsare, earlier corsaro, a
L. corpulentus, fat. — L. corpus, body. pirate. — Med. L. ciirsdrius, a pirate. —
corpuscle. (L.) L. corpus-cu-han, L. ciirsus, a course. See Course.
double dimin. of corpus, body. Corse, a body. (F. — L.) M.E.cWJ. —
Corral, an enclosure for animals, pen. O. F. cors.'^X^. corpus, a body.
3 E
;; . ;
CORSET COUGH
corset. (F. — L.) F. corset, a pair of Costive. (F. — L.) Yroxa.O.Y.costeve.
stays; dimia. of O. F. cors^ body. — L. constipdttis, constipated. See con-
corslet. (F. -L.) F. corselet, a little stiper in Littre and Constipate.
'
;
body,' Cot.; hence, body-armour. Double Costume. (F.-Ital.-L.) O. F. ^^^-

dimin. of O. F. cars, body (above). tufne, a costume. — Ital. costume ; Low L.
Cortege. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. cortege, a costiima see Custom. Doublet of cus- ;
train, retinue. — Ital. corteggio, a retinue. tom.

— Ital. corte, a court, — L. cortem, co- Cosy, Cozy, comfortable, snugly shel-
hortern, ace. of cohors, a court see Court tered.
; (Scand.) Lowl. Scotch cosie, cozie
(Bums). Etym. unknown ;
perhaps cf.
COrtes, the Span, national assembly. Norw. kosa, to refresh kosa seg, to enjoy
;
(Span.— L.) Span, cartes^ pi. of corte, a oneself ; koseleg, snug, cosy kosingy re- ;
court. — L. cortem (above;. creation.

Cortex, bark. ;L.' L. cortex (gen. Cot, a small dwelling; Cote, an en-
corticis), bark. Dsr. cortical. closure. (E.) M.E. cote. A. S. cot, cote, a
Coruscate. (L.) From pp. of L. cot,den ; Northumbrian cot.-\-l}i\.ôt, Icel.
cornscdre, to glitter. kot, cot, hut ;
prov. G. /:ot/i, cot. Der.
Corvette, a small frigate. (F. — Port. — cott-age (with F. suffix) ; cott-ar or cott-er ;
L.) F. corvette. — Vort. corveta Span. ; sheep-cote.

corbeia, a corvette.- L. corblta, a slow- coterie, a set of people. (F. — Teut.)
sailing ship of burden. — L. cordis, a basket. F. a set of people, company
coterie,
Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.") allied to O. F. coterie, servile tenure
Gk. Koaui/coi, adj., from koctixos, order, also (Littre) ; Low L. coteria, a tenure by
the world, universe. Dsr. cosmo-gony, cottars who clubbed together. — Low L.
cosmo ' graphy cos mo - logy, cosjno- polite
, cota, a cot. — Du. kot (above)
(citizen of the world, Gk. -nokiTrjs, a Cotillon, Cotillion, a dance for 4 or
citizen). 8 persons. (F. - IÎ. H. G.) F. cotillon, lit.
cosmetic, that which beautifies. (Gk.) a petticoat; see Cotgrave. Formed, with
Gk. Koayir]TiK6s, skilled in adorning suffix -ill-on, from O. F. cote, a coat,
whence also F. cosmitique. — Gk. Koayiko^, frock ; see Coat.
I adorn.- Gk. kogixos, order, ornament. '
Cotton (i), a downy substance. (F.—
Cossack, a light-armed S. Russian Span. —Arab.) M. E. and A. F. cotoun.—
soldier. (Russ. — Tatar.) Russ. kozak\ F. colon. — S\)Z.n. colon, algodon, cotton
kazak' of Tatar (Tartar) origin. — Turk!
; (where al is the Arab. art.). - Arab, qittn,
quzzdq. a vagabond a predatory horse-
; qutun, cotton.
man (Vule). cotton (2), to agree. From a technical
Cosset, to pet. (E.) From i6th cent. use of cotton, to form a down upon ; from
cosset, a pet-lamb, a pet. Prob. the same as Cotton (i); see Nares.
A. F. coscet, cozet, a cottar A. S. cot-s&ta,
; Cotyledon, seed-lobe. (Gk.) Gk.
a dweller in a cot, * cot-sitter.' P>om a cup-shaped hollow. — Gk.
icoTvXrjdujv,
A. S. cot, cot s&ta, dweller, from sittan,
; hollow vessel, cup.
kotvKt], a
to sit. Cf. prov. G. kossat^ a cottager. Couch, to lay down, place, set. (F.--
[So Ital. casiccio, pet lamb (Florio) ; from L.) M. E. couchen, to set, arrange. — O.F.
casa, a cottage.] coucher, colcher, to place. — L. collocdre, to
Cost, vb. (F. -L.) M. E. costen. O. F. - put together. — L. col- {cimi), together;
coster (F. coilter), to cost. — L. const are, to and locdre, to place, from locus, a place.
stand together, last also to cost. — L. con-
; Der. couch, sb., a place on which one is
{cum), together; and stare, to stand. coziched or laid.

Costal, relating to the ribs. (L.) From Couch-grass, a grass which is trouble-
L. costa, a rib. See Coast. some as a weed. (E.) Here couch is a
Costerm.Onger. (F. and E.) For- variant of quitch, palatalised form of
merly costerd-monger, or costard-monger, quick, i.e. tenacious of life see Quick. ;
a seller oi costards or apples. [The suffix Cough. (E.) M. E. coughen, cowhen.

-monger is E. see Monger.]
; M. E. A. S. ^cohhian, only found in the deriv.
costard, an apple, where the suffix -ard is cohhetan, to make a noise. [The usual
F. prob. from O. F. coste, F. cote, a rib A. S. word is h7udstan.'] Cf. Du. kuchen,
;
cf. Y. fruit cdteli, ribbed fruit (Hamilton). to cough M. H. G. kitchen, G. keuchen^

;
114
; ';
COULD COUPLE
:o gasp. From an imitative base *ketili, poind is a corruption of O. F. coutepointe,
'^kuh^ to gasp ; see Chincough. a counterpane (see courtepointe in Littre).

Could ; see Can (i). — L. culcita pimcta, a counterpane, a
Coulter, part of a plough. (L.) M. E. stitched quilt (see Ducange). — L. culcita,
alter . A. S. cutter. •^'L. culter, a coulter, a quilt puncta, fern, of punctits, pp. of
;
cnife.Ct per-cellere,io stn^Q. ptiugere, lo prick. See Quilt.

Council. (F. — L.) Y .concile.-^Y.. con- Counterpane (2% counterpart of a
an assembly called together. — L.
:iliu7n, deed. (F. L.) —
M..Y contrepan, contre- .
on- [cum), together; and caldre, to \

—
pant Cot. F. contre (L. contra), over
jummon. ^
Often confused with counsel. against; pan, a piece, part see Pane. ;
Counsel. (F.— L.)

conseil." M.E. Counterpoint, the composing of
'y.¥, conseil. — l-,. consilium, deliberation. music in parts. (F. — L.) M.F. contre-
;
— L. consulere, to consult; see Consult. poitict, ' a ground or plain song, in music
If Often confused
with council. Cot. The lit. sense vi, point against point,
Count (i), a title of rank. (F. — L.' from the points or dots which represented
Ihe orig. sense was ' companion.' A. F. musical notes, and were placed on staves
Qiinte (not in M. E.). — O. F. conte also -,
over or against each other in compositions
omte. — L. comitem, ace. of comes, a comin two or more parts. — F. contre (L. con-
Danion (stem corn-it- ). — L,.com- (for cum-), tra), against ; point, a point see Point. ;
.ogether; and it-um, supine of ire, to go. Counterpoise. (F.—L.) Yxovacouti-

Der. count-ess also couni-y (below).;
ter and poise see Poise. ;
Count (2), to reckon. (F. — L.) F. Counterscarp, exterior slope of a

-onter, formerly also compter. -^Y^. compu- ditch. (F. — Ital. — L. Teut.j Y.con- aW
'dre, to compute ; see Compute. trescarpe Cot. — Ital. contrasca7pa. —
;
Countenance. F.-L) O. F. con- Ital. contra, over against scarpa, a scarp. ;
'enance, gesture, demeanour ; also look, See Counter- and Scarp.

.'isage. — L. continentia, continence, which Countersign, to attest by signing in
n Late L. meant ' gesture, demeanour.' — addition. .F.-L.) F. contresigner, 'to
L. continent-, stem of pres. pt. oicontin'ere; subsigne ; 'Cot.— F. contre, over against
;ee Continent, Hev. dis-coutttenance, vb. signer, to sign see Counter- and Sign.
;
Counter, a piece to count with, a Countertenor. (F.-ItaL-L.) M.F.

Dureau. (F. — L.) M-E. countour. — 0.¥. contreteneur; Cot. — Ital. contratenore, a
:0Hteour, countour. From O. F. confer ;
countertenor, the highest adult male voice.
;eeCount (2). ^\\.2X. contra, against, over against; tenure,
Counter-, /r^:/^.^. (F.-L.) ¥. centre, a tenor see Tenor.
;
— L. contf-d, against.
igainst. Countervail. (F.-L.) M. E., r^«-
Counteract. F — L. See . ) Counter-, trevailcn. — O. F. contrevail-, a stem of
prefix, and Act. contrevaloir, to avail against. 0..F. con- —
Counterfeit, imitated. (F. - L.) tre, against valoir, to avail. — L. contra,
;
M.E. couftter/eit.'-O.Y. contrefait, pp. against ualere, to be strong.

;
oi contrefaire, to imitate. — F. contre, over C OUntry. (F. — L.) M.E. contree. —

against, like /aire, to make. — L. contra,
;
O. F. contree { = Ital. contrada). — Late L.
against facere, to make.
;
contrdda, contrdta, a region, lit. that which
Countermand, to revoke an order. lies opposite cf. G. gegend, country,, lit.
;
(F. — L.) F. contremander, to recall a opposite, from^^^^w, opposite. — L. f^«MF,

—
command. F. contre (l^.contrd), against opposite ; see Contra-.
mander (L. vianddre), to command. Country-dance. (F.) Yxoxa country
Counterpane i ), a coverlet for a bed. and dance. (The F. contredanse was bor-
(F. —
L.) An altered form, in place of rowed from this E. form.)
counterpoint, as in Shak. — M.F. contre- County, orig. a provincegoverned by a
poinct, the back-stitch or quilting-stitch, count. (F. L.) —
M,E, cottntee.-'O.Y.
also a quilt Cot. p. Thus named, by a
; cotmte (i.e. coun-te), Y. comte, a province.
popular etymology, from a fancied connec- — Late L, comitdtum, ace, of comitdttis, a
tion with M. F. contrepoincter, to work the county (though the old meaning was a com-
back-stitch (from contre = \u. contra). But pany or suite). — L. comit-, stem of comes,
really connected with M. F. coutrepointer, a count ; see Count (i).
to quilt (also in Cotgrave). In fact, contre- Couple. (F.-L.) O.F. cople, later
I 15
COUPON KINE
couple. ^Y.. copula, a bond, band, that a cousin. — L. con- {cuni), together; sohrT-
which joins short ior *co-ap-tila. L. co-
; — nus, for *swesr-inus, belonging to a sister ;
{cuin), together; and O. L. apere, to join., from L. soror (for '^szvesdr), a sister; cf.
preserved in the pp. apius see Apt. ; Skt. svasr, a sister. See Sister. (Cf.
Coupon, one of a series of conjoined Brugm. § 319.)
i.
tickets or certificates. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. Cove,a nook. (E.) A. S. cofa, a cham-

coupon, a piece cut oft", a coupon. — Y.couper, ber, a cave. +
Icel. kofi, a hut Swed. ;
to cut, slash. — F. co7(p, a blow. — Late L, kofva G. koben, a cabin.

; Distinct ^
colpus, short for colaphus, a blow. — Gk. from cave, coop, alcove. Brugm. i. § 658.
KoKacpos, a blow on the ear. Covenant, agreement. (P\— L.) 6.F.
Courage. (F.-L.) ¥. courage, O.Y. covenant, also convetiatit, agreement. —
corage formed with suffix -age (L.-dticttni)
; O. F. co{7i)venant, pres. pt. of co{n)venir,
from O. F. cor, heart. — L. cor, heart. to assemble, agree. — L. conuenire, to as-
Der. encouj'age. semble, come together see Ccnvene. ;
Courier. (,F. — Ital, — L.) yi.Y .courier, Cover, to hide. (F, — L.) O. F. covrir
a runner ; F. courrier.'^\\z\.. coi'7-iere, lit. icouvrir). — !^. cooper ire, to cover. — L. co-
*
runner.' — Ital.correre, to run. — L. cur- ^(r?^w), wholly operjre,io shut, hide. For
;
rere, to run. *op-uerij-e cf. Lith. az-weriu, I shut,

;
course. (F. —
L.) F. course. — L. cur- waj-tai, doors, Oscan ace. verzi, a door.
SU771, ace.of cursus, a course from pp. of Brugm. i. § 350. ;
currere. Der. cours-er, a swift horse. coverlet. (F. — L.) M. E. coverlite.

Court (i), a yard; royal retinue, judicial — A. F. coverlet, coverlit (not in O. F.),
assembly. (F. — L.) M. E. cort, ciirt. -^ a bed-cover. — O. F. covrir, to cover ///, ;
O.F. cort, C2irt (F. court), b. court, a yard, a bed, from L. lecttim, ace. of lectus, a
also a tribunal. — L. ace. cdrteni, cohorton bed.
(nom. cohors), a pen, enclosure, cattle- covert. (F. — L.) O.Y covert, ^'^. .
yard, court, also a cohort, or band of sol- oi covrir, to cover (above).

diers.— L.r^- (r«w), together; and hort-, Covet. (F. L.) — yi.Y. coueiten {co-
as in hort-us, a garden, yard, cognate with veiten). — A. F. coveiter (F. convoiter).
yard. (VGHER.) Cf. Ital. cubitare (for cupitare), to covet.
court (2), to seek favour. (F. — L.) Formed, as if from L. *cupiditdre, from
From the sb. court hence, to practise arts cupiditd-tem, ace, eager desire, which
;
in vogue at court. is from ciipidus, desirous of. — L. cupere,
courteous, of courtly manners. (F. to desire. See Cupid.

— L.) M. E. cartels, later corteous.— Covey. (F. — L.) O. F. covee (F. cou~
O. F. corteis, courteous. — O. F. cort, a vee), a brood of partridges; fem. of pp. of
court with suffix -els (L. -ensis).
; cover (¥. ccuver), to hatch, sit. — L. ciibdre,
courtesan. (F. — Ital. — L.) Fem. to lie down, sit. Cf. Gk. kvÎws, bent.
of F. courtisan, a courtier. — Ital. corti- Covin, secret agreement, fraud ; a law-
giano (in Florio cortegiano), a courtier. For term. (F. — L.) M. E. covine. — O. F.
*cortesiano, an extension of cortese, cour- covine, agreement. — O. F. covcnir, to as-
teous from Ital. corte, court. — L. ace.
; semble, agree. — L. conuenire, to come
iortem; see Court (i). together. See Convene, Covenant. (The
courtesy. (F.-L.) M.E. cortesie. O. F. covifie answers to Late L. convenia,
— O.
F. cortesie, courtesy. — O. F. corteis, pi. oi convenium, an agreement.)
courteous see courteous.
; Cow (i), female of the bull. (E.) A. S.
courtier. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. cotirteour. cu pi. cy, whence M. E. ky, and the
;
From A. F. *cortei-er (O. F. cortoi-er), to pi. kine; see below. Teut. stem *kii-,
live at court ; with suffix -our (L. -atorem). whence also Icel. kyr. Du. koe, Swed. +
— O. F. cort, a court. Dan. ko. G. kuh Teut. stem '^ko-. Also
:
Court cards ; a corruption of coat Irish and Gael, bo, W. buw, L. bos (gen.
cards, pictured cards, the old name. boti-is), Gk. /3oCs, VQxs.gdw, Skt.^.^?- (nom.
Courteous, &c. see Court. ; gdus) cf.

; Russ. goviado, oxen. Idg.
Cousin. (F. - L.) M. E. cosin. - O. F. stems *g{w)du-, *g{w)ow-. See Beef.
cosin (F. cousin Late L. coshius, Ital.
; kine, cows. (E.) A new pi. due to ;
cugino, Romaunsch cusrin, cusdrin^.— lu. A. S. cyna, gen. pi., of cows.' Cf. *
consobrinus, the child of a mother's sister, M. E. ky, A. S. cy, cows. The A. S. cy^
I 16
— ,
cow CRANBERRY
pi. of a cow,
cCi, is formed by vowel- claw ; G. krebs (O. H. G. crebiz), a crab,
change from tl to y. Du. kreeft^ a crab. See Crayfish.
Cow (2), to dishearten. (Scand.) Icel. crabbed, peevish, cramped. (E.)
kjlga, to tyrannise over ; Dan. ktie, to From oab, sb. ; i. e. crab-like, snappish
coerce, subdue ; Swed. ktifva, to sup- or awkward. Cf. Du. krabben, to scratch,
press. kribben, to be peevish.
Coward. (F. — L.) A. F. cotiard, a hare, Crab (2), a kind of apple. (E.) Cf.
a coward, F. coiia7'd, a coward cf. Ital. ; Swed. krabbdple, crab-apple. Perhaps
codardo, a coward. Probably named from allied to crabbed (above).
the 'bob-tailed' hare.-O. F. coe (Ital. Crabbed; see Crab (i).
coda), a tail ; with F. suffix -ard, from Crack. (E.) A. S. cracian, to crack.
Teut. -hart, orig. hard. — L. cauda, a + Du. kraken, to crack, cieak G. kra- ;
tail. chen. Cf. Gael, crac, a fissure, cnac, a

Cower. (Scand.) M.E. r^z^r^w. — Icel. crack, to crack (from E.). Imitative, like
kura^ Dan. kure, to doze, lie quiet; Swed. crake, creak, croak, crash, gnash, knock.
kura, to cower, lie quiet Swed. dial, kura, ; cracknel. (F. — Du.) ¥ oimtily crake-
to sit hunched up. Cf. G. katiern, to ncl, corruption of F. craquelin, a cracknel.
cower. — Du. krakeling, a cracknel. Named from
Cowl (i), a monk's hood. (L.) M. E. its crispness. — Du. krakeii, to crack.
cfde, cozile. A. S. ctigele, ctigle.^'L,. cu- crake, corncrake, a bird. (E.)

ciilla, a cowl cf. also ciicidhis.
; From its cry M.E. craken, to cry out.
;
Cowl (^), a vessel carried on a pole. Allied to crack, croak.

(F. — L.) M.E. coiiel.'Ô.Y cuvel {cuveau) . Cradle. (E.) K.^.cradol. Cf. O.H.G.
a little tub; dimin. of ciive, a vat, tub. cratto, a basket; also O.H.G. creizo,
L. cupa, 3. tub. Der. cowl-staff. prov. G. krdtze, a basket.
Cowry, a small shell used for money. Craft, skill. (E.) A. S. craft.-\-U\x.
(Hind. — Skt.) Hind, kauri, a small shell kracht, Icel. kraptr,kraftr, Swed. Dan. G.
{Cypra:a inoneta) used as coin in the kraft, force. Cf. AS. crafian, to crave,
lower provinces of India. — Skt. kaparda. demand. Der. handi-cra/t.
Cowslip, a flower. (E.) M. E. coii- Crag. (C.) \V. craig, Gael, crcag,
sloppe. A. S. cii-sloppe, cu-slyppe, lit. cow- crag, rock Irish creag, a rock
; cf. W. ;
slop, i. a piece of dung.

e. (Other A. S. careg, Gael, carraig, rock, cliff, Bret.
names of plants are of a very homely karrek, O. Irish carric, a rock.
character.) Cf. oxlip, q. v, and prov. E. ; Crake ; see Crack.
bull-slop, a large kind of oxlip (Britten). Cram. (E.) A. S. cravi?jna7t, to stuff.
Coxcomb. (E.) A fool, named from •\- Icel. kra/ija, Swed. kiauia, Dan.
his cock's comb, or fool's cap, cap with a kramme, to squeeze. From craffun-, 2i;d
cock's crest. grade of the sir. vb. crimm-an,\.o cxx\mh\G.
Coxswain. (F. and Scand.) For And cf. Cramp.
cock-swain; from cock (4), a boat, and Cramp. (F. — Teut.)
Y. crampe,'ihQ
swain. crampe,' Cot.
crafftpon,; a cramp-
cf. '
Coy. (F. — L.) O. F. older form coi, iron.' — Du. kramp,a cramp, spasm. From
quel, quiet, still ; spelt coy, quoy, in Cot- the 2nd grade of Teut. *krempa7t-, *krif7i'
grave. — Folk-L. *qtietut7i, ace. oi*quetus, pan-, to draw together, as in O. H. G. kii/n-
for L. quietus, still. See Quiet, phan, to draw together, str. vb. Cf. E.
Coyote, a prairie-wolf. (Mexican.) crimp, cra77ip, cru7nple Icel. krappr, ;
From coyote, Span. pron. of Mex. coyotl. cramped kreppa, to pinch. And com- ;
—
Cozen. (F. L.) To cozen is to act pare Crank.
as cousin or kinsman, to sponge upon, Crane, a bird. (E.) A. S. rraw.+Du.
beguile. —
F. cousiner, to call cousin, to kraan, Icel. trani (for kf-ani), Swed.
sponge, live on other people ; see Hamil- trana, Dan. t7'a7ie, G. kran-ich; V\'. and
ton and Cotgrave. — F. cousin, a cousin; Bret, garan, Gk. ftpavos, a crane, also a
see Cousin. crane for raising weights. Cf. L. grus, a
Crab (i), a shell-fish. (E.) A. S. crane, Lith. gar}iys, a stork. From
crabl>a.-\-\ce\. krabbi, Swed. krabba, Dan. y^GER, to cry out; cf. Gk. "yfjpvs, voice
krabbe, Du. krab, G. krabbc. Allied to (Prellwitz).
E. Fries, and Du. krabbcn, to scratch. cranberry. (Low G.) Modem; from
7
;;;
CRANIUM CREAK
Low G. kraanbere (Berghaus), G. kran- worn by the Croatians, who were calle<i
beere, lit. craneberry ; cf. Dan. tranebcer in F. Creates or Crovates or Cravates.
(from trane^krane, as above); Swed. Croat is a name of Slavonic origin cf. ;
tranbdr. Russ. Kroaf , a Croatian.

Cranium. (L. — Gk.) Med. L. cra- Crave. (E.) A. S. crafian, to crave,
nm?fi. — G]^. Kpdvlov, skull; allied to «d/)a, ask. Cf. Icel. krefja, Swed. krdfva, Dan.
head. krcBve, to demand ; Icel. krafa, a de-
Crank (i), a bend. (E.) M. E. cranke. mand.
Allied to E. Fries, krunken, pp., bent. Craven. (F.-L.?) The oldest form
Cf. Du. kroiikel, a wrinkle, kronkelen, is M.
E. cravant, with the sense of beaten,
to wrinkle, turn, wind, Teut. base *k7'ejik-, foiled, or overcome, i. Mr. Nicol sug-
variant of *kreng-. Cf. Cringe, Crinkle. gested that it is a clipped form of O. F.
crank (2), easily upset, as a boat. cravanti, pp. explained by Cotgrave by
(E.) I. e. easily bent or twisted aside. '
oppressed, foiled ' this is the pp. of ;
Cf. Du. krank, ill, poor also krengen, to; O. F. cravanter, to break, oppress = Late
careen a boat Swed. krdnga, Dan.
; L. '^crepantdre, formed from crepant-, stem
krange, to heel over see Cringe. ; of pres. pt. of crepdre, to crack, break.
crank (3), lively. (E.) The same Cf. Span, quebrantar, to crack, break.
word, from the idea of turning quickly. 2. But it seems rather to be due simply
Cf. Norw. kring, active, brisk ; Dan. dial. to the O. F. cravant, pres. participle
krceng, dexterous. of the O. F. craver, crever, to burst,
Cranny. (F. — L. ?) M. E. crany. break hence, to fail, to be overcome,
;
— F. cran, a notch ; with E. suffix -y. to yield. — L. crepant em, ace. of the pres.
Allied to Ital. ar/?«, anotch (Florio). Cf. part, of crepdre, to burst. Cf. O. F.
Late L. crena, a notch (a word of doubt- creve, dead ; Span, qiiebrar, to fail
ful authority). See Crenellate. quebrants, want of strength, great loss.
CrantS, a garland. (M. Du. — G.j M. See Phil. Soc. Trans. 1902 ; p. 659.
Du. krants, Du. krans, a garland, wreath See Decrepit.
(whence Dan. krands, Sw. krans). All Craw, crop of fowls. (E.?) M.E.
from G. kratiz, a wreath. crawe. As if from A. S. ^craga, the neck
Crape. (F.— L.) F. crepe, formerly not found; N. Fries, krage, neck, craw.
crespe, 'frizzled, crisped, crisp;' Cot. Allied to Du. kraag, G. kragen, neck,
From wrinkled
its surface. — L. crispus, collar (whence Late Icel. kragi, Swed.
curled.See Crisp. krage, Dan. krave, a collar). Note also
Crare, a small ship. (F.) In Cymb. Dan. kro, the craw of a bird Swed. krdfva. ;
iv. 2.205. M.E. crayer. O.Y. crater, — Crawfish, the same as Crayfish.
creer, a war-vessel. Of unknown origin. Crawl. (Scand.) Prov. E. craffie,
Crash, vb. (E.) Of imitative origin ; croffie, to crawl. — Icel. krajia, to paw,
closely allied to crack. Cf. clash, dash ;
crawl ; Swed. krajia, to grope ; Dan.
and see Craze. kravle, to crawl. Cf. N. Fries, krabli^
Crasis. (Gk.) Gk. Kpaacs, a mixing ;
krawli, to crawl ; Low G. kratie/n. Fre-
hence, contraction. — Gk. Kepavvvfxi, I quentative from Teut. base *ki-ab-, to
mix. scratch, claw see Crab. ;
Crass. (L.) L. crassus, thick, dense. Crayfish. iF. - O. H. G.) Altered

Cratch, a crib, manger. (F. — O.H. G.) from M. E. crevise. — O. F. crevisse, es-
M. E. crecche. — O. F. creche (creche) ;
crevisse {^crevisse). O. H. G. crebiz, G.—
Prov. crep>cha. — 0. H. G. crippea (whence krebs, a crab allied to G. krabbe, a crab
;
G krippe), a crib. See Crib. see Crab (i).
Crate. (L.) L. crates, a hurdle hence, ; Crayon, (F. — L.) F. rray^w; extended
a wicker- case, &c. from F. craie, chalk. — L. creta, chalk.
Crater. (L. — Gk.) L. crater, a bowl, Craze. (Scand.) M.E. erased, i. e.
a crater. — Gk. Kpar-qp, a large bowl in cracked. — Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to
which things were mixed. — Gk. Kipnvvvixi, crackle whence also F. êraser, to break
;
I mix. in pieces. Cf. Swed. sia in kras, Dan,

Cravat. (F. — Slavonic.) F. cravate, slaae i kras, to break in shivers.
(i) a Croatian, (2) a cravat. Cravats Creak. (E.) î.Y.. kreken. Allied to
were introduced into France in 1636, as trake, crack. Cf, Du. kriek, a cricket.
II
J +
CREAM CRIB
M. F. criqtier, to creak, allied to craquer, of European blood. — Span. — L.) F.
(F.
to crack. Of imitative origin. Creole. •~^\)z.n. a negro corruption
criollo,
Cream. (F.— L. Gk.) —
O.Y. cresvie of *criadillo, dimin. of criado, one edu-
(F. crhjic) ; really the same word as O. F. cated, instructed, or brought up hence, a ;
cresme (F. chreme), chrism (though con- child of European blood. Criado is pp.
fused with L. cremor, thick juice). Late — of criare, to create, also, to educate. — L.
L. chrisma, consecrated oil. — Gk. xp'<7/^«, creare, to create, make. Cf. Span. ^
an unguent; see Chrism. criadilla, dimin. of criada, a servant-maid.
Crease (i), a wrinkle, as in folding Creosote, a liquid distilled from tar.
paper, &c. (F,— L.) Earliest spelling (Gk.) Lit. '
flesh- preserver.' — Gk. Kpô-^
c?-cast, a ridge (later, a furrow). Variant for Kpkas, flesh ; and acur-, short for owT-ijp,
of crest, ridge (as of a roof). Cf. Walloon preserver, from ow^dv, to preserve, (in-
cress, a crest, ridge of a roof, kretle, formed.'
wrinkled (Remade) Prov. crest^ creis, a
; Crescent. (L.) The 'increasing'
ridge; and prov, E. crease, a ridge-tile of moon. — L. crescent-, stem of pres. pt. of
a roof. {Atken. Sept. 18, 1897. crescere^ to grow, increase (pp. cre-tus),
Crease (2), Creese, a dagger. (Ma- inchoative form allied to cre-dre, to
lay.^ Malay kris, 'a dagger, kris, or make see Create.
;
creese ;
' Marsden. Cress. (E.) M. E. cres, also ket'se (by
Create. (L.) From pp. of L. credre, shiftUig of r). A. S. carse, cerse, cressce.
to make.-f-Skt. kr, to make. Der. creat- + l)u. kers, M. Du. and Low G. kerse, G.
ttre, O.Y. creature, L. credtura. And see kresse, O. H. G. cressa.
Crescent. Brugm. i. § 641. Cresset. ^F. L.) M.E. cresset, —
Creed. (L.) IM. E. crede A. S. creda. a light in a cup at the top of a pole.
;
—
— L. credo, I believe the first word of O. F. cresset, craisset, a cresset (with
:
the creed. +
O. Irish cretim, I believe grease in an iron cup — O. F. craisse (F.
;
.
Skt. pad-dadhdmi, I believe. Der. cred- graisse), grease; Littre. — Folk-L. '^crassia,
ence (O. F. credence, L. credentid) ; cred- grease, from L. ciassus, thick, dense. So
ible ; credit (L. pp. creditus) ; cred-ulous also Walloon cracks, a cresset, from
(L. credttlus), &c. Brugm. i. § 539. crache, grease.
I
Creek. (E. ?) M. E. creke, a creek. Crest. (F.-L.) O. F. creste (F.

Du. kreek, M. Du. kreke; cf. Icel. kriki, a Crete. ^ — L. crista, a comb or tuft on a
crack, nook (whence F. crique^. The bird's head, crest.
orig. sense is *a bend,' as in Swtd. dial. Cretaceous, chalky. (L.) L. cre-
armkrik, bend of the arm ; krik, an angle, tdce-us, adj. from creta, chalk with suffix ;
nook. -Otis.
Creel, an angler's osier basket. (F.— Crevice, Crevasse. iF.-L.) M.E.

L.) O. F. creil, wicker-work (Ducange, crevice, crevase, crevasse. — O. Y crevasse, .
s.v. cleid). — \^.

type *crdticii him , for a rift (Late L. crepdtia). — 0. Y crever, to .
crdtictila, wicker-work, double dimin. of burst asunder. — L. crepdre, to crackle,

crates, a hurdle. See Crate and Grill. burst.
Creep. (E.) M. E. crepen; A. S. Crew. (F. — L.) Formerly <:rM^, short
creopan.-^-ViVi. kruipen, Icel. krjupa, Swed. for accrue, a re-inforcement. — O. F. ac-
krypa, Dan. kr)'be, to crawl. Teut. type crene, increase orig. fem. of pp. of ac- ;
^kreJipan-, str. vb. croistre, to increase. — L. accrescere, to

Creese ; see Crease (2\ grow to. — L. ac- (for ad , to; oescere, to
Cremation, burning. (L.) L. cremd- grow.
iionetn, ace. oi crematio; from pp. of cre- Crewel, a thin worsted yarn. Origin
?ndre, to bum. unknown.
Crenate, notched. (L.) From Late Crib, a manger. (E.^ A. S. crib.-\-
L. crena,AL Ital. crena, a notch. O. Sax. kribbia, Du. kHb, G. krippe ;
crenellate. (LateL.-F.-L.) From allied to Icel. Swed. kriibba, Dan. krybbe.

pp. of Late L. crenelldre, to furnish with Allied perhaps to M. H. G. krebe, a basket;
battlements. — O. F. rrd^«(?/, a battlement; but not to Du. korf, G. koi-b, if these are
dimin. of O. F. cren, F. C7'an, a notch, from L. corbis. Der. put by
crib, verb, to
from Late L. crena (above^. in a purloin
crib, cribb-age, where crib is
;
Creole, one bom in the W. Indies, but the secret store of cards
;'
CRICK CROP
Crick, a spasm or twist in the neck, line. — F. (L. ace. crinem), hair;
C7'in
(E.) M. E. crykke also used in the sense
; and lin, flax, hence thread, from L. llmim,
of wrench. Prob. allied to Crinkle. flax, also, a thread.
Cricket (i), an insect. (F. — Tent) Cripple. (E.) M, E. crepel, crupel ;
M. E. criket. — O. Y crequet, criquet, . O. Northumb. crypel, Luke v. 24. Lit.
cricket. — O. F. criquer, to creak, rattle, 'a creeper.' — A. S. crtip-, weak grade of
chirp. — Du. kriek, a cricket krikkrakkeii,
; creopan (pt.t. creap), to creep; with suffix
to rattle. From the imitative base krik
-el (for -ilo-) of the agent. -f-Du. kreupel,
;
cf. prov. E. cracket, creaker, a cricket. Icel. kryppill, G. kriippel. Cf. Dan. krob-
Hexham has M. Du. kricken, to creake.' ling (from krybe, to creep). See Creep.
'
Cricket (2), a game. (F. — Du.) The Crisis ; sve Critic.

game was once played with a hooked Crisp, wrinkled, curled. (L.) A.S.
stick (Cot., s. V. crosse).-^ O. F. criquet, crisp. — L, crispus, curled. Brugm. i. § 565.
'
baton servant de but au jeu de boule ; Critic. (L. Gk.) L. criticus. — —Gk.
Godefroy. — M. Du. krick, ki-icke, a crutch KpiTLKis, able to discern cf. Kpir-qs, a ;
Hexham. Cf. A. S. cricc, crycc, a crutch, judge. — Gk. Kpi-vdv, to judge. Der. crit-
staff. erion, Gk, Kpir-qpiov, a test diacritic, ;
Crime. (F. — L.) Y. crime. — 1^. crl- from Gk. diaKpcTiKus, fit for distinguishing
??ien, an accusation, fault (stem crij?iin-) between. ;
allied to cernere, to decide. Gk. Kpifxa, +

crisis. (Gk.) Gk. Kplais, a discerning,
Kpifia, a decision Kpiveiv, to judge.
; Der. a crisis. — Gk. Kpi-veiv, to judge.
crimin-al, crimin-ate hence, recriminate; Croak. (E.) Cf, A. S. cr&cetung, a
Crimp, to wrinkle. (E.) In late use croaking. Of imitative origin. Allied to
:
answering to an A.S. '^crempan, E. Fries. crake, creak.

krempen, causal deriv, of Cramp. 'i"he Crochet. (F. — LateL.) Y.c7-ochet,ix
orig. str. vb. occurs as E. Fries, and Du. little hook dimin. of croc, a. crook. — Late
;
kriffipen, O. H.G. krimfan; Teut. type L. crocciwi, ace. of croccus, a hook.

'^krempan- {krimpan-), to draw oneself Crock, a pitcher. (C.) A.S. crocca.
together, shrink up pt. t. ^ki-amp, pp. Of Celtic origin. Cf. E. Irish crocan, Gael.
;
*-krumpano-. See Cramp and Crumple. crog, Irish crogan, W. crochan, a pitcher,
Crimson. (F.-Arab.-Skt.) M.E. pot.-j-Gk. Kpajaaos (for KpwKyos), a pitcher.
cremosin. — O. F. cramoisin^ cramoisyiie So also Du. kriiik, Icel. krukka, Swed.
(see cramoisi in Littre) Low L. crauie- kruka, Dan. kriikke, G. h'tig.
;
sinus, also carmesTmis, crimson (Span. Crocodile. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. croco-

carmesi, Ital. cherf?iisi).-' Avah. qirmizi, dile.— L. crocodilus.— Gk. KpoKoddKos, a
crimson from qir7?tiz, the cochineal in- lizard, a crocodile.
;
sect.— Skt. kr/;u\s), a worm. Brugm. i. Crocus. (L. — Gk.) L. crocus. — Gk.
§ 418. KpoKos, crocus, saffron. Perhaps Semitic ;
Cringe. (E.) M. E. ci-engen causal cf. Arab, kaj'kam, W^h.karkom, saffron.
;
derivative of A. S. cringan, crincan, to Croft. (E.) A. S. croft, a fleld.+Du.

sink in battle, fall beneath the foe. krocht, kroft, a field on the downs.
Crincan is a strong verb see Crank, Cromlech. (W.) W. cromlech, a flag-
;
Crinkle. stone laid across others. — W. cro7n, fem.

Cringle, an iron ring. (Low G.) oi crwm, crooked, bent; llech, flat stone.
Low G. kringel, a ring (Lubben"); E. Fries. Crone, an old woman. (F. — L.) Tusser
kringel ; allied to Icel. kringla, a circle has crone, an old ewe. Prob. from Picard
(ci.kringar, pi., the pullies of a drag-net). caj'one, carrion whence M. Du. karonie, ;
Dimin. of E. Fries, kring, a ring. Du. kronie, an old sheep. See Carrion.
kring, a circle allied to Crinkle, Crank
; Crony, an old chum. (Gk. ?) Pepys
(i), and Cringe. has chrony (N. E. D."). Perhaps for Gk.
Crinkle. (E.) y\.Y.crittkledtrended, XpovLos, a 'long-lasting' friend as it arose ;
twisted. A
frequent, form of the causal in college slang (Skinner). Butler rimes
deriv. oi crink, which occurs in the A.S. cronies with monies.
str. vb. crijtcan, to sink in a heap ; see Crook, a hook, bend. (Scand.) M. E.
Cringe. ci'ok (Ancren Riwle). — Icel. >^r^/&r, ^wed.
Crinoline, a lady's stiff skirt. (F.— krok, Dan. krog, hook, bend, angle.
L.) Y. crinoline, (i) hair-cloth, (2) crino- Crop. (E.) A. S. cropp, the top of a
I 20
\ ;
CROUP CRUMPET
craw of a bird
plant, the ; orig. a bunch. crow (2), a bird. (E.) A. S. crdwf
[Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the (see above). +0. S. krdia, Du. kraai, G.
tops and hence crop, a
; harvest. ]4-T^"- ki'dhe. Der. croiv-bar, bar with a crow-
krop, G. kropf, bird's crop ; Icel. kroppr, like beak.
a hunch Swed. kropp, Dan. krop, trunk
; Crowd (E.) A. S.
(i), to push, throng.
of the body. Cf. W. cropa, Gael, and Ir. *ctildan tpr. s.cread), to
crydej), pt. t.
sgroban, bird's crop. [To crop otit is to push ; whence croda, gecrod, a crowd,
bunch out.] throng. +
M. Du. krxiydcn, kruyeji, Du.
croup hinder part of a horse. (F.
(2), kruien, to push a Ion;: E. Fries, kroden^ ;
— Teut. Y croupe, crupper; orig. pro-

) . kriidett. Teut. type *kr2/dan-, str. vb.
tuberance. —Icel. kroppr, a hunch (above). Crowd (2), a fiddle. (W.) M. E.
crupper. (F. Teut.) F. cronpiere — croude.^\N crwth, a trunk, belly, crowd,
.
(O. F. cropiere). — Y croupe (O. F. crope, . violin, fiddle Gael, crtiit, harp O. Irish
; ;
above;. crot, harp.

Croq,uet, a game. (F.— LateL.) From Crown. E. corone, (F. — L. — (}k.) M.
N. French croquet, a little hook, bent coroune (whence croui7e).'Ô.Y. coroue
stick the same as Y. crocket.
; See (F. conronnc)." L. corona, a wreath. — Gk.
Crochet. Kopwvrj, end, tip Kopu/vts, a wreath, gar- ;
Crosier. (F. — LateL.) M.Y. croce7', land.— Gk. Kopwvus, bent, curved. Cf.
croscr, &c. Formed, with suffix -er, from Gk. Kvpros, L. curutis, bent.
M. E. croce, in the same sense of bishop's Crucial. (F. — L. ) F. crucial, cross-
' '
staff.' — O. F. croce, 'a crosier,' Cot. mod. like ;' Cot — L. cruci-, decl. stem oi crziXy
;
F. crosse Late L. crocia. — O.Y. c?-oc, a a cross with suffix -dlis.

; ;
hook see Crochet. ^ Not from cross,

; crucify. (F.— L.) O.Y.crucifier.'-'
though early confused with ]\L E. croisier, Late L. *crucificdre, for L. ci-ucifigere
a coinage from O. F. crois, a cross. (pp. crticijixus), to fix on a cross. — L.
Cross. (L.) M. E. cros\ from Icel. criici, dative of crux; figere, to fix; see
kross, adopted from O. Irish cros.-^ L. Fix. Der. crucifix, -ion.
cruc-eifi, ace. of crux, a cross. Der. Crucible. (L.) From Late L. cruci-
a-c7'oss. a night-lamp, (2) a vessel for
bolu77i, (i)
cross, Orig. transverse,
adj. (L.) melting metals. The lamp may have
from the shape of a cross; hence, peevish. been so named from having four nozzles
Crotchet, in music. (F. Late L.) — with wicks, forming a cross (still a com-
F. crochet, a small hook, a quaver in
'
mon Ital. pattern) as if from cruci-, decl.
;
;
music Cot. (The hooked mark now
' stem of crux, a. cross with suflix -boln77t ;
called a quaver was called crochet in = -btdtwi, as in turibuhuii, a censer.

French.) See Crochet. Crude. (L.) L. C7'2idus, raw. Allied
Croton, plant. (Gk.) Gk. KpWojv, a to Raw.
tick, which the castor-berry reseml)les. cruel. (F. — L.) O. F. crziel. — L.
Crouch. (F. LateL.) yi.Y. crou- — crudelis, cruel ; allied to criidus, raw
cken, to stoop, bend. — O. F. crochir, (above
to grow crooked (Godefroy). — O. F. Cruet. (F.-Teut.) A. F. cruet, a
crocke, a crook also croc. — Late L. croc-; small vessel (Godefroy) ; dimin. of O. F.
cu)u, ace. of croccus, a hook. cruie, crue, pot. — Low L. cruga, a pitcher.
Croup ( I ), a disease. {Y.^ From Low- — O. H. G. k7ûog, G. krug, a pitcher;
land Sc. croupe, crape, to croak, make a allied to Crock.
harsh noise. Of imitative origin asso- ; Cruise. (Du. — L.) Du. kruiseti, to
ciated with crow, croak, and with North cru.se, cross the sea. — Du. kruis, a cross.
E. roup, rope, to call, shout hoarsely, from — L. ace. cr7"{C-eni, from crux, a cross
Icel. hropa, weak vb., to cry out. Cf. A. S. with lengthening of z?.
hropan ^pt. t. hreop), to cry out ; G. rufen Crumb. (E.) Prov. E. croor7i. A. S.
(pt. t. rief). crii77ia. (The final b is excrescent.) + Du.
Croup of a horse; see Crop.
(2), kruim, Dan. kru77i7/ie, G. kru7?ie, a
Crow (i), vb. (E.) A. S. crdwan (pt. t. crumb. Cf. Ital. g7-u7tio, a clot. Der.
creozv), to crow.+Du. kraaijen, G. krdhen, crumb-le, verb ; cf. Du. kruif/ielen, G.
weak verbs and cf. O. Slav, grajati, Lith.
; k7-iii7iel7t, to crumble.
groti, to crow. Of imitative origin, Crumpet, a kind of cake. (E.) Wyclif
I
; ;
CRUMPLE CUFF
has crofupid cake to render Lat. laga- Shetl. coob, to bring forth young, applied
nuin (Ex. xxix. 23) cf. prov. E. crumpy ; only to a seal ; Icel. kobbi, kopr, a young
cake, crisp cake. For crimip-ed, pp. of seal.
M. E. crtcmpen, to curl up (whence E. Cube. (F.- L.-Gk.) Y. cube.^Y..
crumple). Cf. G. kriimpen, knimpen, to ace. cubum. — Gk. kvôs, a cube, die.
crumple, curl up krumm, curved i)u. ; ; Cubeb, a spicy berry. (F.— Span.—
krommen, to crook, curve. See below. Arab.) F. Cotgrave. — Span.
cubebe, in
Crumple, vb. (E.) Frequentative of cubeba. — Arab. kabdba{f), pi. kabdbah,
obs. crump, to curl up. From crump-, cubeb, an aromatic.
weak grade of A. S. ^crimpan, str. vb. ; Cubit. (L.) L. cubitus, an elbow,
see Cramp and Crimp. bend ; the length from the elbow to the
Crunch. (E.) An imitative word. middle finger's end. Allied to L. cubdre,
Cf. prov. E. crinch, crunch, to crunch. to liedown, recline see Covey. ;
Crupper ; see Crop. Cuckold. {¥.', with G. suffix.) M.E.

Crural. L. crurdlis, belonging
(,L.) kokewold, kokeweld, cokold. — O. F. cucu-
to the leg. — L. crilr-, stem of crils, the ault, coucual (Godefroy), a cuckold. —
leg. O. F. cucu (F. coucou^, a cuckoo with ;
Crusade. (F. ^w^Span.— L.) The depreciatory suffix -atilt, -al, from G.
form is due to confusion of F. croisade -wald (Diez, Gram. ii. 346). Cf. O. F.
with Span, crnzada. — Late L. crttcidta, cucu (F. coucou^, a cuckoo ; secondly, a
sb. fem., a marking with the cross, pp. f. man whose wife is unfaithfuL (There are
of crucidre, to cross.— L. cruci-, decl. endless allusions tothe comparison be-
stem of crux, a cross. tween a cuckoo and a cuckold see Shak. ;
Cruse, a small pot. (E.) M. E. cruse. L. L. L. v. 2. 920, &c.)

W. Fries, kr'dss, E. Fries, kros. + Icel. Cuckoo. (F.) Y.coucow, from the
krus, a pot ; Swed. krus, Dan. kruiis, a bird's cry. Cf. L. cuculus, a cuckoo ; Gk.
mug ; Du. cup, pot, crucible
kroes, KQKKv^, a cuckoo ; kokkv, its cry ; Skt.
M. H. G. kruse, G. krause, mug. kokila-, a cuckoo ; Irish cuach, W. cog.
Criish. (F.-Teut.) O. F. crush; Cf. cock, cockatoo. And see Coo.
cruisir, croissir, to crack, break (Span. ; Cucumber. iL.^ The /^ is excrescent
cj'uxir, Ital. a Teut.
crosciare). From M.E. cucumer. — h. cucutnerem, ace. of
type ^kraustjan- (see Diez), causal form cuctimis, a cucumber.
from Goth, kriustan, to gnash with the Cud. (E.) M. E. cude, code, quide.
teeth. A. S. cwidu, cweodu.. cudu. Teut. type
Crust. (F. - L.) O. F. crouste (F. *k2vedwom, neut. Cf. Skt. jatu-, resin ;
croilte].'-\.. crusia, crust of bread. Cf. also Icel. kwdtsa, resin. Orig. sense,
Gk. Kpvos, frost see ; Crystal. Der. 'glutinous substance.'
C7'ust-y,hard like a crust, stubborn, Cuddle. (E ) Perhaps for '^cottthle, to
harshly curt (of people). be familiar, to fondle; from couth, adj.
Crutch. (E.) M. E. crucche from ;
familiar, well known; A. S. cU^, known,
A. S. a crutch, staff.
crycc, Du. kruk, + pp. oi ctinn an, to know. See Can(i). Cf.
Swed. krycka, Dan. krykke, G. krucke. prov. E. couth, loving cootie, to fondle. ;
Cry. (F. — L.) M. E. crzen. — F. crier. Cudgel. (E.) ^M. E. kuggel. A.S.
(Fuller forms occur in Ital. gridare. Span. cycgel in Gregory's Pastoral Care, ed.
',
gritar. Port, gritar.)—!^. quiritdre, to Sweet, p. 297. Cf. Cog.

shriek, cry, lament (Brachet) lit. 'to ; Cudweed. (E.) From r^^/ and zc.?.?^;
implore the aid of the Quirites or Roman ' '
plant being administered to cattle
the
citizens (Varro). that had lost their cud.' So also cud-
Crypt. (L.-Gk.) \.. crypta.'-GV. wort.
KpvTTir], a vault, hidden cave ; orig, fem. Cue, for an actor. (L.?) Sometimes
of KpvTTTus, hidden. —
Gk. Hpvmiiv, to hide. written q or qu in the i6th cent., and
Crystal. (F. L. Gk. ) — —
Formerly supposed to be for L. quando, when.
cristal. — O. F. cristal. — L. crystallum, Cuff (i), to strike. (Scand. ?) Cf.
— Gk. KpvoTaXXos, ice, crystal.—
crystal. Swed. kuffa, to thrust, push, M. Swed.
Gk. KpvoTaivHv, to freeze. — Gk. Kpvos, kuffa, to strike, to cuff (Ihre).
frost. Cuff (2), part of the sleeve. (L. ?)
Cub. (E.?) Etym. unknown. Cf. M. E. cuffe, coffe. Cf. Late A. S. ctiffie^ a
12
;
CUIRASS CUPREOUS
kind of cap (Leo) ; M. H. G. kupfe, Culver. (E.) A. S. culfre, a dove.
kuppe, ktiffe, a coif; see Coif. [Very Culverin. (F, — L.) Corrupt form,
doubtful.] for *culev)-ifi. — F. coulevrine, a culverin ;
Cuirass. (F. — Ital. L.) Formerly — a piece of ordnance named from its long
curace. — O. F. cuirace ( F. ctiirasse). — Ital. shape, like a snake. — O.F. couleuvrin,
corazza, a cuirass. Formed from L. adder-like; from couleuvre, an adder. — L.
coridceus, leathern.— L. coriu??i, leather colubra, coluber, an adder.
(whence F. cuir, leather). Culvert, an arched drain. (F. L.) —
Cuisses, pi. (F. —
L.) O.Y.acissaux, Of doubtful origin perhaps formed, with
;
armour for the thi^^hs. — F. ctnsse, thigh. — added t, from O. F. coulouere, a channel, '
L. coxa, hip. Brugm. i. § 609. gutter,' Cot. — F. couler, to trickle. — L.

Culdee. (C.) a Culdee, a
Irish<:^z7^r/^, coldre, to strain, drain. Compare Port-
servant of God. — Ir. ceile (O. Irish cele^, cullis and Cullis.
servant; and de, gen. of dfa, God. Cumber. (F. — LateL.)
M.'E. com-
Culinary. (L.) L. cnlmdrms, be- bren.Ô.Y. hinder (rare);
cofubrer, to
longing to the kitchen. — L. cu/wa, usual form en-cc/7ibrer. ^Yatt L, cuwbrus,
kitchen. a heap, a barrier of doubtful origin.
;
Cull, to collect, select. (F.-L.) M. E. [Cf. L. cuinuhis, a heap; but also G.

cnlUn.^0. F. coillir, cuillir, to collect.— kumvier, gritf, oppression, prov. G. ku7?i-
L. colligere, to collect. See Coil (i) and mer, rubbish. Thus cumber =^\-0 put a
Collect. heap in the way.] Der. en-cumber^ from
Cullender; see Colander. C>. F. encombrer, to encumber, load.
Cullion, a wretch. (F. — L.) coarse A Cumin, Cummin,

a plant. (L.—
word. F. conillon (Ital. cogltone).<^'L. Gk. — Heb.) V^.Y. comin. A.^. cu77tin,
coleus. cy77teit.^'L. cu77Hnu77i, Matt, xxiii. 23.—
CuUis, strong broth, boiled and
a Gk. Kvîvov. — Weh. ka77imd7i, cumin.
strained. (F. — L.)
YoxTatxXy colys. coleys. Cumulate. vL.) P^rom pp. of L.
— O. F. cole'is, couleis, later cotilis, a '
cu7tiuldre, to heap up. — L. cumulus, a
cullis,' Cot. substantival use of cole'is,
; heap.
later coulis, 'gliding,' Cot. — L. type ^cold- Cuneate, wedge-shaped. (L.) Formed,
ttcius ; from colare, to strain. Cf. Port- with suftix 'ate, from L. cu7ie-us, a wedge.
cullis. Allied to Coin. Der. cimei-for77i ; i. e.
Culm, a stem. culmus, a

(L.) L. wedge-sha])ed.
stalk ; allied to calamus, a stalk. See Cunning, adj. (E.) Orig. pres. pt. of
Haulm. M. know; hence, 'knowing.'
E. cu7i7ien, to
Culminate. (L.) From pp. of L. From A. S. cujman, to know see Can (i). ;
culmindre, to come to a top. — L. ctdniin-, cunning, sb. (E.) M. E. cu7mi7ige.

=
stem of culmen ( columen), a top. See From A. S. cu7inan, to know. Perhaps
Column. suggested by Icel. ku7i7ia7idi, knowledge ;
Culpable. (F.-L.) M. E. coupahle. from Icel. ku7t7ia, to know\

O. F. culpable^ colpable, coupahle (F". coup- Cup. (L. ) A.a cup. — Late L.
S. cuppe,
able). — L. culpdbilis, blameworthy. — L. cuppa, variant of L. cupa, a tub, in Late
culpdre, to blame. — L. culpa, a fault. L., a drinking-vessel whence also Du. ;
culprit. (F. L.) In Dryden. Not — Dan. kop, F. coupe, &c. See Coop.
orig. a single word, but due to a fusion of cupboard. {Y. a7id E.) M. E. ciip-
A. F. cul- (for culpable, i. e. guilty) and bo7-de, orig. a side-board for holding cups ;
prist or prest (i. e. ready to prove it) Allit. Poems, B. 1440; Morte Arth.
signifying that the clerk of the crown was 206.
ready to prove the indictment (N. E. D.). Cupid, god of love. (L.) L. cupido,
Culter ; see Coulter. desire. — L. cupere, to desire. Skt. ki4p, +
Cultivate. (L.) Late L. cult'ivdtus, to become excited. Der. cupid-i-ty, F.
pp. of cultivd7'e. to till. — Late L. culttvus, cupidite, from L. ace. cupiditdte7)i.
fit for tilling. — L. cultus, pp. of cole7-e, to Cupola. (Ital. — L. Ital. cupola, a
^
till. Brugm. i. § 121, dome; from its shape. — L. cupula, a small

culture. (F. - L.) F. culture. L. — cask, a little vault dimin. of L. cupa, a
;
culttlra; allied to cult-us, pp. of colere, cask.

to till. Cupreous, coppery. (L.) L. cupre-us,
123
CUR CURTAIL
of copper; with suffix -ous. — L,. ciiprwii, forced spelling, giving a wrong clue. In
copper. 1596, we find cormullion, with the same
Cur. (E.) M. E. kur-dogge (ab. 1225% sense. The first syllable seems to be cur,
-f-M. Du, korre, a house-dog; cf. Swed. a whelp and we find Lowl. Sc. murgeon,
;
dial, kurre, a dog. Named from growling. to mock, to grumble miidgeon, a grimace. ;
Cf. prov. E, curr, to purr Low G. ; Currant. (F.-L.-Gk.) formerly

kiu'fen, to snarl (Lubben) Icel. kurra, ; raysyns of cor aunt. — Y .raisitis de Corinthe,
to murmur, grumble Swed. kurra, to
;
'
currants ;" Cot. Flence, currant is a cor-
rumble. ruption of Corinth \L. Co7'inthus, Gk.
Curate see Cure. ;
Curb. (F. - L.) M. E. conrben, to Current, running, flowing. (F, — L.)

bend.— F. courber, to bend, l)OW. — L M. E. currant, O. P\ curant, pres. pt. of
curiidre, to bend ; from curuus, bent. curre, corre (F. courir), to run. — L. cur-
Curd. curd, crtid.
(E. ) Prob. M. E. rere, to run. Prob. for *curse7-e. Brugm.
from A. S. crtid-, related to crudan, 1. §§ 499, 516. Perhaps allied to Horse.
to crowd, press together. Cf. Ir. gruth, curricle. (L.) L. curriculum, a
Gael. ^^rz/M, curds. (Fick, ii. 119.) runnn:ig; also, a light car. — L. currere,
Cure. (F. — L.) 0.¥. cure.—l.. alra, to run.
attention Tprim. Ttal. *koizd). Brugm. i. Curry {\), to dress leather. (F.-L.
§ 874. ^ Xot allied to care. and Teut.) O. F. correier (Godefroy),
curate. (L.) Med. L. curat us, a earlier forms conreder, conreer, later con-
priest, curate cf. curdtum beiiefichim,
; royer, courroier, to curry, dress leather,
a benefice with cure of souls, —L. alra^ orig. to prepare. — O.F.
conrei, older form
cure. ttmreid, preparation.
gear, hybrid A
curious. - L.) O. F. curios. — L.
(F. word; made by prefixing con- { = L,. con,
cnriosus, attentive. — L. cura, attention. cuvi) to O. F. rei, order (Ital. -redo in
Curfew. (F. — L) A. F. coeverfu, arredo, array). (3. This O. F. rei is of
covrefeu,curfeu; O.F. covrefeu (F. couvre- Scand. origin from Dan. j-ede, order (also
;
feti), a fire-cover, covering of fires, time to set in order), Icel. reUji, tackle. Pre-
for putting out fires. — O.F. covrir, to cisely the same O. Y rei helps to form E. .
coy^x feu, fire {<,Vj. focum, ace. oifociis,

;
ar-ray see Array.
; To curry favour ^
hearth, fire) ; see Cover and Focus. is a corruption of M. E. to curry favel, to
Curious ; see Cure. rub down a horse Favel was a common ;
Curl, sb. (E.) M. E. end (with shift- old name for a horse.
ing of 7-); from M. E. crul, adj., cuily Curry (2), a seasoned dish. Tamil.) (^
(a. D. i.ôo\ Not in A. S. E. Fries. YxQVQ. 'i'amil kari, sauce, relish for rice
kruUa, krull, krul, a Du. krul, a curl. + (Yule).
curl, krullen, to curl Dan. krolle, a curl, ; Curse. (E.) K.'i. cursian,vtx\i; czirs,
Swed. krullig, curly G. krolle, a curl, ;
sb.,an imprecation. Cf. O. Ir. ciirsaigim,
M. 1. G. kriille. Cf. Norw. krull, a curl,
1 'I reprehend (\\ indisch). Der. accursed,
'
something rolled together krtilla, to curl, ;

from M. E. acorsien, to curse extremely,
bend or bow together. Allied to E. Fries. where the prefix a- ^ A. S. d-, very see ;
krilkn, to bend, turn, wind Low G. ; A- (4).

krellen, to turn; N. Fries, krall, c'ose- Cursive. (L.^ Med. L. cwsivus, flow-
twisted suggesting Teut. base *krellan-,
; ing said of handwriting. — L. curs-us, pp.
;
to wind, str. vb. (Franck, Koolman). of currere, to run. See Current.

Curlew, a bird. (F.) M. F. cor lieu, cursory. (L.) Late L. cttrsorius,
'a. curluej' Cot. Cf. Ital. chiurlo, a cur- hasty. — L. cursori-, decl. stem of cursor,
lew, chiurlare, to howl, Swed. kurla, to a runner. — L ctcrs-us {a.ho\e).
coo ; so that it is named from its cry. Curt. (L.) Y. curtus, short, cut short.
Curmudgeon. (E.?) Ongin unknown. curtail. (F. — L.) It has nothing to
In one instance spelt corn-niudgin (Phil. do with tail, but is an alteration of the
Holland), as if a hoarder of corn, hence, older form curtal, verb, to dock from the ;
a stingy fellow where mudgin is for ; adj. curtal, having a docked tail (All's
mudging, pres. pt. of miidge, to hoard, Well, ii. 3. 65). — O.F. courtault, later
also spelt jnooch (M. E. f?iucheti), to skulk ; courtaut, curtail, being curtailed
'
Cot. ;
'
from O. F. viucer, to hide. But this is a The same as Ital. cortaldo, a curtail, a '
;
CURTAIN CYGNET
horse without a taile,' Florio. From a L. type '^costwnne, for *cos-
Formed,
with suffix -atilt ( = Ital. -aldo, Low
tudne, shortened form of consitetudinoii,
L.
-ahiiis, < G. zvald, power), from ace. of consueludo, custom. — L. consuctiis,
O. F.
court, short. — L. cicrtus, short. pp. oi consuescere, to accustom, inchoative
Curtain. (F.-L.) M.E. cortin.- lorm of ^consuere, to be accustomed. — L.
O. F. ^cr//;/.?. — Late L. cortina, a cuitain con- {cuffi), together, very suescere (pp. ;
i,Exod. xxvi. I, Vulgate), a screen, plain suetus to be accustomed

, possibly from ;
wall of a fort, orig. a small yard. — L. suus, own; sc that suescere =^\.o have it
cort-efH, ace. of cors^ a court. See Court. one's own way.
Curtleaxe. (F. — L.) perversionA Cut. (Scand.) M. E. cutten, a weak
of cutlkax, which was a perversion of verb. Of Scand. origin, but the traces of
cuttelas, an old Sj.elling of cutlass. See it are not many. Cf. Mid. Swed. kotta^
Cutlass. to cut (Ihre) Swed. dial, kuta, kdta,
;
Curtsey. F. — L.) The same word as to cut small with a knife, also spelt
courtesy, i. e. a courtly act. kvota, k'ota, kdta ktita, or kytti, a knife
;
Curve, a beut line. (L.) Late L. (Rietz); ice\. kuti, a little knife; Norw.
curvus^ L. curuns, bent. -J- Gk, Kvpros, kyttel kytel, kjutul, a knife for barking
bent. Der. curv-ature, L. curudt/ira, trees.
from pp. of curudre, to bend from Cuticle. (L.)
; L. cutlcula, double
curuus. dimin. of cutis, hide, skin. See Hide.
curvet. (Ital. — L.) Ital. corvetta. a Der. cut-an-e-ous, from cut-is.
curvet, leap, bound dimin. from M. Ital.
; Cutlass. ( F. — L.) F. coutelas, a cut- '
co)V-o (Ital. curvd), bent. — L. curuus telas, or courtelas, or short sword Cot. ;
'
(above). (Cf. Ital. coltellaccio, a curtleax,' Florio

'
;
Cushat, the ring-dove. (E.) A. S. cu- which is the same word.) — O. F. coutel,
sceote, a wild pigeon also cuscote.
; Here cultel (F. couteati), a knife; cf. Ital. col-
sceote probably means 'shooter, darter,' tello, knife with ace. suffix -dceum. — L.
;
from sceotan, to shoot (cf. A. S. sceota, a ace. cultellum, a knife; dimin. of culler, a
kind of trout); and perhaps cfc refers to coulter. ^
The F. as, Ital. accio = 'L.
the coo of the bird.
• '
Cf. Lowl. Sc. cow- dceicni but F. coutelas was actually
;
shot, a cushat. turned into E. curtleaxe. Yet a curtle-

Cushion. (F. — L.) M.E. quisshin, axe was a sort of sword !
cusshin. — O.Y. coissin, coussin, a cushion. cutler. i,F.— L.) M.E. coteler.—
[It is supposed that O. F. coissin was the O. F. cotelier. — Late L. cultelldrius, knife-
true form, altered to coussin (perhaps) by maker. — L. cultellus, a knife above\
the influence of O. F. coute, a quilt. J — L. Cutlet. (F. - L.) F. cotelette, a cutlet
type *coxinum, a support for the hip, formerly costelette, a little rib dimin. of ;
from coxa, hip, thigh (like L. cubital, O. F. coste, rib. — L. costa, a rib; see
elbow-cushion, from cubitus, elbow). Cf. Coast.
Ital. cuscino, cushion, coscia, hip; Span. Cuttle, a fish. (E.) Formerly cudele.
cojin, cushion, cuja, hip. {^Romania, 1S92, A. S. cudele, a cuttle-fish. Cf. G. kuttel-
p. 87.) fisch (perhaps from E.).
Cusp. (L.) L. cicspis, a point. Cvcle. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. cycle.^^L.
Custard. (F. - Ital. - L.) For M. E. cyclum, ace. oi cyclus. — Gk. kvk\os, a circle,
crustade, by shifting of r. Formerly ctis- cycle. +
Skt. chakra-, a wheel, circle.
tade, crustade, and orig. used with the Allied to Wheel. Der. cyclone = Gk.
sense of 'pasty.' — F. croustade, a pasty. kvkXSjv, whirling round, pres. pt. oi kvkKooj,
— Ital. crostata, a kinde of daintie pye
'
I whirl round;
'
epicycle bi-cycle.
; ;
Florio. — L. crtistdta, fem. pp. of crustdre, Cygnet, a young swan. (F. — L.- Gk.)
to encrust. — L. crusta, a crust. Dimin. of O. Y eigne, a swan. Strangely
.
Custody. (L.) L. custodia, a keeping enough, this O. F. word is not immedi-

guard. — L. custodj.)-, stem of ciistos, ately from L. cycnus, a swan but the ;
a guardian lit. hider.' Cf. Gk. k€v6(iv, oldest O. F. spelling was cisne (as in
;
'
to hide. See Hide. (VKEUDH.) Brugm. Spanish), from Late L. cicimis, a swan,
i. § 699. variant of cycnus.'— Qi\i. kvkvos, a swan.
Custom. (F.-L.) M.E. custimie.-' Cf. L. ciconia, a stork. See Diez 4th ed. ;
O. F. cusiume, costume (F. coutume). p. 714.

125
; ,
CYLINDER DAGGER
Cylinder. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. «7- Cf, M. Du.
dabben, to pinch, fumble,
indre, later cyiindre. — 'L. cylindi'us.^QV. dabble ; G. tappen, to grope, prov. G.
a roller, cylinder.
/cuAti/tSôy, Gk./cûAtVSeti/, — tappe, fist, blow. See Dub, Tap.
to roll ; from /fuAtetj', to roll. Cf. O.Slav. dabble. (E.) To keep on dabbing;
kolo, a wheel. (-/QEL.) frequent, of dab. + M. Du. dabbelen, to
Cymbal. (F. — L. — Gk.) W^.ciinhale. fumble, dabble ; frequent, of M, Du. dabben
— O. F. cimbale. — L. cymbahcfu. — Gk. (above).
Kv/xl3akov, named from its cup-
a cymbal ; Dab (2), expert. (E.?) Prob. from
like shape. —
Gk. kvuPtj, a cup. •{ Skt. dab (i) ;
perhaps influenced by dapper ox
kumbha-, a jar. Allied to Cup and see ; by adept.
Comb (2 \ (VKEUBH.) Dab (3), a fish. (E.) M. E. dabbe.
Cynic, lit. dog-like. (L. — Gk.) L. cyjti- Prob. allied to dab, a light blow, a soft
cus." Gk. KvuLKos, dog-like, a Cynic. — Gk. mass dabbed down. See Dab (1), dabble.
KVV-, as in Kvv-6sy gen. of kvojv, a dog (E. Dabble; see Dab (i).
Aound). Dab-chick. E.) Formerly dap-chick,
cynosure. (L. — Gk.) L. cynosura, dop -ch ick C i A . S dop ^;z /(^, a o o r hen
. . .
- m
the stars in the tail of the constellation of lit. dipping duck ;' c/^//^//^«, to dip often,
'
the Lesser Bear one of these is the Pole-

; immerse Du. dobber^ a float. See Dip.
;
star (hence, a centre of attraction). — Gk. Dace. (F. — O. Low G.) Formerly
Kvvoaovpa, the Cynosure, tail of the Lesser da7'ce. — 0. F. dars, nom. case of the word
Bear lit. dog's tail.' — Gk. kvvos, gen. of
;
'
also spelt dart, meaning (i) a dart, (2) a
Kvcvu, a dog ovpa, a tail.
; dace. The fish is also called a dart or
Cypress (i >, a tree. (F.-L.-Gk.) a dare, from its swift motion. See Dare (2),
M. E. cipres. — O, F. cypres, later cypres. — Dart.
L. cttpressus, cyparissiis. — Gk. Kvirdpiacros, Dacoit, a robber. (Hind.) Hind,
cypress-tree. Cf. Heb. gopher. ddkdit, a robber belonging to an armed
Cypress (2"), a cloth of gold, a kind gang from ddkd, robbery by a gang
;
of satin, a kind of crape. (F. — L.) Pals- Wilson").

(,
Der, dacoit-y, robbery.
grave explains F. crespe by a cypres for '
Dactyl. (L, — Gk.) L. dactylus, the
a womans neck Cotgrave has crespe,
' ;
'
metrical foot marked -««. — Gk. ha.Krv\o%,
cipres, cobweb lawn which suggests '
; a finger, a dactyl.
some confusion of cypress with ci-ape. Dad. (E.) A child's word for '
father.'
The origin of cypress is doubtful but ; So also W. tad, Irish daid, Bret, tat, tad,
it occurs as cipres, cypirs in Piers Plow- father ; Gk. rara, Skt. tata, dad.
man, and as cypi-us in Sir Degrevant. It Dado. (Ital. L.) Formerly used of —
seems to have been imported from the isle the die, or square part in the middle of the
of Cyprus. pedestal of a column afterwards applied ;
Cyst, a pouch (in animals) containing to the part of an apartment between the
morbid matter. (L. — Gk.) Formerly plinth and the impost moulding. — Ital.
written cystis. — Late L. cystis. — Gk. «i'o-Tis, dado, a die, cube, pedestal. (Cf. Prov.
a bag, pouch. dat-z, a die.) — Folk-L. datum, assumed to
Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ. — mean a die lit.
'
a thing given, a lot,' —
' ;
'
Teut. — L.) Russ. tsare (with e mute a , L. datum, neut. of pp. of dare, to give.
king. O. Slav, cesari. — Goth, kaisar. — See Die (2),
L. Ccesar. ^
This has been disputed Daffodil. (F,-L.-Gk.) The ^ is a
but see Matt, xiii. 24 in Schleicher, later addition ;
perhaps from M. F. Jieur
Indogermanische Chrestomathie, p. 275, d'affrodille, translated 'daffodil-flower.'
where O.Slav, cesarstvo occurs for Russ. M. E. affodille Prompt. Parv.-M. F. as- ;
tsarstvo, kingdom &c. Der. czarowitz, phodile, also affrodille,

; th'affodill, or '
from Russ. tsarevich\ czar's son czaritsa, asphodill flower;' Cot. — L. asphodelus.—
;
from Russ. tsaritsa, empress; czar-ina, Gk. d(T</)65€Aos, a kind of lily. See As-
with Ital. sufhx -ina, from G. fem. sufhx phodel.
-in. Daft, foolish the same as Deft. ;
Dagger. ( F.) M. E. daggere allied to

;
daggen, to pierce. — F. dague, a dagger;

Dab (i), to strike gently. (E.) M. E. of unknown origin (not Celtic). Cf. Ital.
dabben ; also dabbe, a blow. Not in A. S. Span, daga, Port, adaga, dagger. The
26
\; .
DAGGLE DANDELION
Port, form suggests an Eastern origin ;
matia.) F. dalmat ique. — L. dalmalica
cf. Heb. ddkhdh, to strike. {iiestis) ; of Dalmaticus, belonging to
fern,
Daggle, wet with dew or Dalmatia.
to moisten,
spray. i^Scand.) Frequentative verb from Dam
(i), a mound, bank against water.
Swed. dag!^, Icel. dogg (gen. daggar), dew. (E.) A. S. datum, only in the derived
Cf. Icel. doggva, to bedew. See Dew. verb for-demman, to dam up O. Fries. ;
Daguerreotype. (F. and Gk.) dam North. Fries, dam. -f- D". dam,
;
Formed by adding -^-///^ to F. Dagnerre, Icel. dafnmr, Dan. dam, Swed. da?nm,
a personal name, the inventor (A. D. 1838). M. H. G. tarn, G. damtn, a dam, dike.
Dahlia. (Swed.) Named after Dahl, Cf. G oih. faiirda?nmjan, to dam up.
a Swedish botanist (A. D, 1791). Dam. {2), a mother, applied to animals.
Dainty, a delicacy. (F. — L.) M. E. (F — L.) The same word as Dame.
deintee, orig. a sb., a pleasant thing cf.
; Damage. (F.— L.) ls\.Y,. damage.-^
A. F. dcyntee^ greediness (Bozon). — A. F. damage (F. dommagc') ; cf. Prov.
O. F. daiiiiie \\.. e. daintU), agreeableness. da?nnatje, answering to Late L. '^'damndti-
— L. ace. digiiiidtcm see Dignity. cum, harm we find Late L. damndticus,
; ;
% The O. F. daintie is the true popular condemned to the mines. — L. damndtus,

O. F. form ; digniteit is a pedantic form pp. of damndre see Damn.
; ;
cf. O. F. dain, old spelling of digue, Dam.ask. Îtal. — Syria.) M.E. </^?-
worth)'. maske, cloth of Damascus. — Ital. damasco.
Dairy. (Scand.) M. E. deyerye, a — Heb. dmeseq, damask, Dammeseq, Da-
room for a deye, i. e. a mi Ik- woman, farm- mascus (Gen. xiv. 15), Der. dainask-
servant. — O. Norw. deigja, Swed. deja, a rose damask-ine, to inlay with gold {¥.
;
maid, dairy-maid, who was also the bread- damasquiner, from damasqu-in, adj.).
maker; the orig. sense is kneader of dough.'
' Dame. fF.-L.) "^l.Y.. dame.-O.Y
— Teut. type "^daig-Jon-, sb. f., as if from damey a lady. — L. domina; fem. of dofui-
(Goth.) deigan (pt. t. daig), to mould nus, a lord. See Don (2).
whence also Goth, daigs, Icel. deig, Swed. Damn,
to condemn. (F. — L.) M. E.
deg, dough see Dough.
; %
The cognate damnen, dampnen. — F. damner.-^l^. dam-
or borrowed A. S. ddge occurs once only nd}'e, to condemn, fine. — L. damnum, loss,
;
see Thorpe, D?pl. p. 64T. fine, penalty. Brug. i. § 762.

Dais, a raised floor in a hall. (F. — L. Damp.
(E.) Cf. M. E. da?npen, to
— Gk.) Now used of the raised platform suffocate; E. Fries, damp, vapour.-|-Du.
on which the high table in a hall stands. damp, vapour, steam Dan. damp, G.;
Properly, it was the table itself but was dampf, vapour ; Swed. damb, dust.
\ From
also used of a canopy over a seat of state, the 2nd grade of Teut. '^dempan-, pt. t.
or of the seat of state. M. E. deis, deys. — '^damp, pp. '^dumpano-y as in M. H. G.
A. F. deis, O. F. dois, a high table (Supp. ditnpfen, timpfen, str. vb., to reek ; of.
to Godefroy). — L. discum, ace. of discus, Swed. dial, dimba, str. vb., to reek. See
a quoit, platter; in Late L. a table. — Gk. Dumps.
SiaKos, a quoit, disc. See Disc. Dam.sel. (F. — L ) M. E. damosel. —
Daisy. (E.) M. E. dayesye (4 sylla- O.F". dameisele, a girl, fem. oi dameisel, a
bles). A. S. dceges eage, eye of day, i.e. young man, squire, page. — Late L. domi-
I
the sun, which it resembles. cdlus, a page, short for *dominicellus,

'
Dale, a valley. (E.) M. E. dale.- double dimin. of dominus, a lord. (Pages

A. S. dcel (pi. dal-ti). -f- Icel. dalr, Dan. were often of high birth.)
Swed. dal, a dale: Du. dal\ Goth, dal Dam.SOn. i,L. — Syria.) yi.Y.. da?7ia'
G. thal\ also O. Slav, dolic (Russ. doV) scene. — 1.. Damascenum {prdnum), plum
;
cf. Gk. QoKos, a vault. Der. dell. of Damascus. See Damask.

Dally, to trifle. (F.-Teut.) M. E. Dance. (F.-O. H. G.) V..E. daun-
dalien, to play, trifle. — A. F. and O. F. cen. — O. F. danser. — O. H. G. danson, to
dalier, to converse, chat, pass the time in drag along (as in a round dance).—
light converse (Bozon). Of Teut. origin O. H. G. dans, 2nd grade of dinsen, to
;
cf Bavarian dalen, to spenk and act as pull, draw allied to L. Thin.

; Cf. Goth.
children 1
Schmeller) ;mod. G. (vulgar) at-thinsan, to draw towards one.
dahlen, to trifle. Dandelion, a flower. (F.-L.) F.
Dalmatic, a vestment. (F. — Dal- dent de lion, tooth of a lion ; named from
127
;
DANDLE DASTARD
the jagged leaves. — L. dent-em, ace. of dape, a pool, a wet splotch ; whence the
deits, tooth; de, prep.; leonem, ace. of idea of splash or blot.'
'
' '
leo, lion. Dare ( I), to venture, (E.) W.Y.. dar,

Dandle. (E.) Prob. of imitative origin ;
I dare pt. t. dorste, durste.
;
A. S. ic dearr,
of. M. dodiner, dodeiine?', 'to rock,
F. I dare he dearr, he dare pt. t. dorste
; ; ;
dandle, lull,' Cot. M. Ital. da7idola7-e,

; infin. *dnrra)i. +
Goth, ga-dars, I dare,
dondolare, to dandle or play the baby,'
' -daursta, I durst, infin. -daursan O. H. G. ;
Florio; dandola, dondola, a toy. Gode- tar, I dare, infin. turran. Also Gk. Qap-
froy gives M. F. dandiner, to balance or aeiv, to be bold, Opaavs, bold Skt. drsk, ;
sway the body. Cf. E. Fries, dindannen, to dare. (yDHERS.) Brugm. i. § 502.
to walk unsteadily, sway from side to side. Dare (2), a dace. (F. — O. Low G.)
Dandrilf, scurf on the head. (E.) A new form, made by taking da7'ce (old
Formerly also dandruffe. Of unknown form of dace) as a pi. form ( = dars), and
origin but cf. prov. K.dait, scurf, dander,
;
thence making a singular dar, now dare.
a slight scurf on the skin and prov. E. ; See Dace.
hurf, tijf, scurf, from Icel. hriifa, a scab. Dark. (E.) M.E. derk. A.S.deorc,
% The W. niarzu-dojt, dandnff, is from with a broken vowel for older *derc.
;
niaj'W, dead, and ton, skin. The O. H. G. tarc/ianjaft, to hide (answer-

Dandy, a beau (E. ?). Origin unknown. ing toW. Germ. *darkn-jan) is from the
Prov. E. dandy, gay, fine. Note M. Uan. 2nd grade *dark of the same base. Cf.
dajtde, brave, excellent. Dandy is also a also O. Sax. der-ni, A. S. derne, O. H. G.
form of Andrew. [F. dajidin, '
a mea- tar-ni, secret, dark see Tarnish.
;
cock, noddy, ninny,' Cot., unsuitable.] is darkling, in the dark. (E.) Formed
Danger. (F.— L.) M. E. daungere, with adv. suffix -ling, as \njlat-ling, M. E.
power, esp. power to harm. — O. F. dan- hedling (headlong), A. S. b<zc-ling, back-
gler (F. dajiger), also dongier (XIII cent.), wards.
absolute power, irresponsible authoiity. Darling. (E.) M. E. derling. A. S.
This answers to a Late L. type *domnid- deorling, a favourite. — A. S. deor-e (in
rium, ^dominidrinm, not found, but regu- comp. deor-), dear; with double dimin.
larly formed from Late L. dom{i)niiijn, suffix -l-ing. See Dear.
power, authority. — Late L. domnus, L. Darn. (E.) XVII cent. Prob. from
do minus, a lord. M. E. dernett, to conceal, from derne, adj.,
Dangle, swing about. (Scand.)
to secret, hidden; cf. prov. E. dern, darn,
Dan. dangle, Swed. dial, dangla, to swing to hide, to stop up a hole. — A. S. derne,
about cf. Swed. and Icel. dmgla, Dan.
; dyrne, secret, hidden. O. Sax. derni, +
dingle, to swing about frequentative ; O. li. G. tarni, secret. See Dark.
forms from ding (pt. t. dang), to throw Darnel. (E.) M. E. darnel, dernel.
about. Sei Ding. From an O. F. word, now only preserved
Dank, moist. (Scand.) M. E. dank, in Walloon (Rouchi). darnelle, darnel
wet (esp. with ref. to dew). — Swed. dial. (Hecart\ Hitherto unexplained; but cf.
dank, marshy ground Icel. dijkk (stem ; Swed. dar-, ns in dar-repe. or repe., darnel
*dajikwd-), a pool. Cf. Swed. dial, ddnka, (Lowl. Sc. dornel) and O F. nielle, nelle
;
to moisten, Dan. dii^X.ddnke, dynke^ Norw. (Late L. nigella^, darnel (Godefroy). The
dynka, to wet also Dan. dial, dtinkel,
; Swed. dara means to stupefy (as with
moist, Swed. dial, dunkelhet, moisture ; lolinm temulentti77i\ cf. Dan. daare, a
;
North. PI danker, a dark cloud Swed. ; fool ; Walloon drunken

da7'nise, dau7-nise,
dial, and M. Dan. dunken, musty; G. (Grandgagnage).
diinkel, dark. Dart. (F. - O. Low G.) M. E. dart. -
Dapper. (Dn Orig. good, valiant
) O. F. dart (F. dard). Of Teut. origin cf. ;
hence brave, spruce.

fine, cent. — Du. XV A. S. darc^. a dart, Swed. dai't, a dagger,
dapper, brave.-J-O. H.G. taphar, weighty, Icel. da7ra6r, a dart, O. H. G. tai't, a
valiant, G. tapper, brave Russ. dobrui, ;
dart.
good. Brugm. i. § 563. Dash. (E.) M. E. ddsche7i. Cf. Low G.
Dapple, a spot on an animal. (Scand.) daschen, to thrash (Kerghaus) Dan. ;
Icel. depill, a spot, dot a dog with spots ;

daske, to slap, Swed. daska, to beat we ;
over the eyes is also called depill. The speak of water dasliing against rocks.
orig. sense is a little pool,' from Norweg.
'
Dastard. ^Scand. with F. siiffix.) ;
28
, ' ;
DATE DEAF
M. E. dastard \ where -ard is a F. suffix, dimin. tdhele (now G. dohle), a. daw
as in duli-ard, sltigg-ard. Vast appears whence Ital. tacco/a, a daw (Florio). Der.
to be for dazed; cf. Icel. dastr, exhausted, jack-daiv
pp. of dcrsa, to be out of breath da sad r. transport by relays of men and
; Dawk,
exhausted, weary, pp. of dasask^ to be horses. (Hindi.) Hindi ddk, post, trans-
weary; see Daze. Cf. Icel. dasi^ a lazy port, &c. (Yule).
fellow, M. Du. dasaert, a fool (whence ; see Day. Dawn
M.E. das-art (i.e. dazê)ard), a dullard, Day. (E.) M.M. day, dai, dcei. A. S.
in N. E. D.) Low G. ddskopp, a block- dceg, pi. dagas.'^Y)\x. Dan. Swed. dag. Icel.
;
head (Berghaus) . The orig. sense is ' slug- dagr, G. tag, Goth. dags. Allied to Lith.
gard.' dagaSj hot time, autumn degti^ to burn. ;
Date (i\ a given point of time. (F.— Teut. type *dagoz Idg. type *dhoghos ; ;
T.) ^\.Y..date. — Y date, date. — Late L. from -^'DHEGH, to bum; Skt. dah, to
.
data, a date L. data, neut. pi. of datiis, burn, ni-ddgha-, not season.
; Day is the
given, dated. — L. dai'e, to give.+Gk. St- hot, bright time ; as opposed to night.
8co/it, I give 3otoj, given ; Skt. daddmi,
; In no way allied to L. dies. %
I give ; Russ. date, to give. (-y^DO.) vb. (Scand.) M..Y.. dawnen; dawn,
Brugm. i. §§ 167, 168. from the older sb. daw7iing. — ^wed. Dan.
Date (2). fruit of the palm. (F. —
L.— dagning, a dawning, dawn as if from a ;
Gk. M.E. date. - O. F. date (F. datte) verb *dag-?ia, to become day, from Swed.
also datete, a date. — L. dactylum, ace. of Dan. dag, day. 2. also find M. E. We
dactylus.-'G^. bo.KTvXos, a linger; also a daiven, to dawn from A. S. dagian, to ;
date (somewhat like a finger). But it is become day, dawn. A. S. dag-, base of —
probable that baKTv\os, a date, was a word dceg, day. (Ci.fawn, vb.)
of Semitic origin, assimilated to the word dairy-woman. Daywoman,
(Scand.
for '
finger.' Cf. Aramaic diqld. a palm- and £.) In Shak. L. L. L. i. 2. 137.
tree (^see Gen. x. 27) Arab, daqal. ; The addition of W07}ian is needless. Day
Daub. (F. - L.) M. E. dauben. - O. F. = M. E. deye. = O. Norw. deigja, a maid ;
danher. to plaster answering to an older esp. a dairymaid see Dairy.
; ;
form "^dalber. — L. dealbdre, to whiten, Daze. (Scand.) M. E. âj-^;?, to stupefy.

plaster. — L. de, down, very ; albdi-e, to — Swed. dasa, to lie idle Icel. dasask, to ;
whiten, from albus, white; see Alb. Cf. be wearied, lit. to daze oneself, where -sk
^\)a.v\. Jaibegar {^*dealbicdre), to plaster. is the reflexive suffix ; dasi, a lazy man ;
Der. be-daub. dasinn, lazy; Dan. dial, dase, to be idle ;
Daughter. (E.^ M. E. doghter, doh- Low G. ddsen, dosen, to be listless ; in ''n

ter. A. S. dohtor.-^Yiw. dochter, Dan. dat- das' sein, to be in a ' daze' (Berghaus).
ter, dotter, Svved. dotter, Icel. dottir, Goth. dazzle, to confuse. (Scand.) From
daiihtar, G. tochier Russ. doche, Lith. daze; with frequent, suffix -le.
; Der. be-
dukte, Gk. Ov-yaTr^p, Pers. dukhtar, Skt. dazzle.
dtihitr. Orig. sense doubtful. De- {,1'), prefix. (L. ; orY. 'L^) L. de^ —
—
Daunt. (F. L.) M.E. daunten." down, away, trom, verv; hence sometimes
O. F. danter; also donter.^'L. doJ7iitdre, F. de-, de-, O. F. de-.
to tame, subdue frequent, of donidre, to
; He- {2), prefix. (F.-L.) F. ^^-, O. F.
tame see Tame.
; des- fiom L. dis- see Dis-. ; ;
—
Dauphin. (F. - L. Gk.) F. dauphin, Deacon. 'L. - Gk.) M. E. deken.
a dolphin see Dolphin.
; title of the A
A. S. diacon. — l^. didco/ius. ^Gk. diaKovos^
eldest son of the king of France, who took a servant, a deacon. Cf. ey-Kovioj, I am
it from the province of Daiiphiny (a.d. quick, (j-Kouis. a maid-servant.
1349', ^^^ the province had formerly had
'
Dead. (E.) M. E. deed A. S. dead, '
several lords named Dauphin. dead.+ Du. dood, Dan. dbd, Swed. do'd,
Davit, a support for ship's boats. Icel. daudr, Goth, dauths. Teut. type
(Heb. V) Formerly spelt David, as if from "^dau-boz, orig. a pp. with Idg. suffix -to-
a proper name (a.d. 1626). Also called (Teut. -do- from the vb. ^dau-jan- (Icel.
daviot in A. F., a dimin. of O. F. Davi, deyjd), to die. See Die (i).
David. Deaf. vE.) "M.Y.deef. A.S. dea/.-^
Daw. (E.^ From the noise made by Du. dooj, Dan. dov, Swed. do/, Icel. datifr,
the bird ; cf. ca-M.-if-O. H. G. tdha, a daw ; |
Goth, daubs G. ^ taiib. Orig. '
obfuscated
;
129
:
, —
DEAL DECAGON
allied to Gk. tik^j, smoke, darkness, small building, c^c ; of Teut. origm ; see
sunx>r. rtv»-.\.>s. blind. Vl^HEUBH.> Balk.
Deal ,i\ a share. ,li. M. E. flSrri. Debenture, acknowledgment of a
A. S. j'?/. a share. 4" Du. cmJ, Dan. duS. debt. i^L.^ Formerly dehcftinr (Eacon\
Sw^. dfJ, Goth, liaus. G. f/sa'I. Cf. — L. dl'bf»iur, lit. they are due.' because '
O. Slav. a part.
Ji-Ju, Brugm.i. § 379 (^2^. such receipts began with the w ords d^bcn-
deal î^, to divide, distribute. (E. iur fnjhi ^Webster'': pr. pi. pass, of
M. E. j>/^w, A.S. df/jK.-A.S. dJL a owe see Debt.
d?be^, I ;
share tâbove\ +
Du. diden^ D.an. dM, Debilitate, v'^.) From pp. of L.
Sweî. i^/j, Icel. dcita, Goth, dailjan, G. dtbih'tjff. to we.iken. — L. debiirs, weak.
ihîJm cf. the resj>ective sbs. above'.
;
'
L. uv, -iw ay, not -bi.'/s, prob. allied to

;
Deal 3\ a thiu board. (Du.N Du.^-<7. Skt. baJa~, strength ; cf. dur-buSa- (Jot
a pl.ink.+G. dUlt\ see Thill. LiMS-baJa-^, feeble. Brugm. i. § 55,^
Dean. ^F.-L.) M. E. F. ^»a-0. Debonair. vF." M.E. d^bomre, de-
ificn ;F. tiyrw^. — L. deianum, ace. of bof:.:!'^ :A. F. dt'bonaire for dc bon
,.v.-J«:/.c, one set over ten soldiers or over aire. lit. of a good stock. — L. î", of; don-us,
ten monks, a dean. — L. d^-em. ten. I good; and O. F. tM/r. place, stock, race,
Dear. (E.> M.
A. S. d?ore. E. dire. a word of uncennin origin. Diez
dyre, dear, precious. +Dan. and Swed. dyr, suggests that it represents LaL aco-
dear, costly, Icel. i/Prr, dear, precious; a^rum. field.
O. Sax . i/Z-i r; ; G. tht-tur. i
Debonch. (F.— L.^ F. dcboucJur, to
dearth., scarcity. Ê.) M. E. dfrthf^ uncork, to emerge from; hence, to march
deamess hence, dearth. Not in A. S.
; out of a narrow pass, — F. d^ \ = O.Y dts- ;
.
but formed as hâJ-th, toarm-tk, &c-+ <L. dis-^, away and bciuht, mouth, 1 ;
Icel. jT'r5. value, from dy'rr (above'^. O. opening, from L. btucj. mouth. ; ;
Sax. diunxha value, from dsuri, dear, Debris, broken pieces. ^F. — L. a»d i
precious O. H. G. fiurida, from iiuri Teut.^

: F. di-brL\ fragments. — O. F. di- I
'
briJiVr, to break to pieces. — O. F. de-,

Death. E.> lsi.^.d<eth. A.S.deaS. '
from L. dF, down ; and brisur \^. brisar)^
+Du. d.\>d, Dan. Swed.ii Goth, dauihus, i/. to break ; see Bruise.
G. tod; cf. Icel. dauî. Teui. type *daii- Debt. ,F. -L.)A bad spelling of
9u:^ formed \vith Idg. suffix -f»-. Tent. d£/f, M. E. dette. - O. F. dettg ^but in M. F.
-du-, from ihe base *dau- see Dead. : misspelt o^-^'/^V — L. d^bt'ta, a sum due;
Debar ,F.^ F. debarrcr: O. F. ^r- fern, of d^bitus. owed, pp. of d^bc~re, to
barre^. From De- ^2' and Bar, owe. D^bh-c^de-hibere Plautus), i.e. to
Debase. ,L.. and F. — L.' Formed I
have away, have on loan. — L. dc-. do\Mi,
from b:ise bv pretixing L. d^. down. j
away ; habere, to have. Der. debi-or,
Debate.' ,F.-L. M.E. d^bafen.-. \
M. E. det-tur, from O. F. ddeiir, L. ace.
O. F. d-cbjJTf, to debare. arûe. — L. tf^, dibit ore m.
down ; bjxrc-n\ to beat. See Batr-er (i \ Debut . ^F.-L. a«^fO.H.G.> A first
Debancb. ^F.-L. O. F. ^w^Teut.) appearance a play. — F. dSut. a first
in
dcsbauchar, ^F. dJbaucher), to debosh, '
stroke, first cast or throw at dice, first play
mar, seduce, mislead Cot. Diez sup- ;
' in the game of bowls verbal sb. oidi-buter, :
poses that the orig. sense was to entice '

M. F. d<sbuter, to put from the mark he
'
away from a workshop' it is certainly ; aimed at ' (at bowls), Cot. hence, to come ;
derived from the O. F. prefix d^s- L. dis-^ ' in first, be entitled to lead. From L,
away, and O. F. batuhi. explained by dis-, from and F. but, mark.
. See Butt (i \
Roquefon as a little house.' and by Cot-
"
Decade. cF. — L. — Gk.î F. decade, -a
grave as a course of stones or bricks decade.' Cot. i. e. an aggregate of ten. —
*'
;
m building.' Cf. M. F. embaucktr, to use L. de'sad-em, ace of de^\is. — Gk. beaada,

in business, employ, esbaucher, to rough- ace. of SfKos, a company of ten. — Gk.
hew, frame. Godefroy gives desbaucfur Sexa, ten ; see Ten.
only in the sense of ' rough-hew.' but his decagon. Gk.'' Named from its ten
Supp. adds —
detach from one's service,
• angles. — Gk. Se/ra. ten; -)aT-ta, a comer,
turn aside, distract.' The orig. se^se of ar.gie. allied to 7^11'. knee ; see Knee.
bauchi was prob. 'balk.' i. e. beam, hence Der. h^nJ^ca-gcn (ivb^Ka, eleven) ; dodeca-
frame of a building, course in buiidine. £vn \h(uh€Ko^ twelve).
30
;
:
.
DECAHEDRON DECOLLATION
decahedron. Gk.; Xanaed from its decem. ten see Ten^ ; ar.d uir, a man
ten ii'iî vr osjies — Gi-r. 3<«a. ten : !?-;«, ::ee Virile .
a bas^, lit. '

.=€at,' from <C'''Amu for l^ôfuu ,
Decennial, h-e'.'.nihn::; to ten year*.
I si' ; ;-ee Sit. Der, do-deca-hedron ^Gk. X ro- L d-i-iiKK-'-i:. fji *en years ;
cf. ii-enntzi . — L- aic-crn, t.n; annuz, a
decalogue. 'F. — L. — Gk-> Y. deca- 1 ^2.r.
logue, "l.. diialcgum, zee. oi d^calogu:.^ Decent. F.-L. O. F. <fe^w/. — L.

Gk. OiKaXoy(/i, the ten commandment*.— decentem. ace of pres. pt. of decere, to
Gk, 5«iea, ten ; Aôi, a speech, saying ;
oecome, decus. honour.
befit ; cf.
see Logic. Deception. F. L. O. f deception. —
decasyllabic, ha\Tng ten syllables. — L a., d<upturnem.^\.. deceptus, pp.
^Gk. fjK. ce.-ci. frn <TvkXa07i, a syllable.
;
of decipere, to deceive ; see Deceive.
Der. hke'iUJUca.yllabic (Gk. cro€«a, ele^'en .. Decide. Y. — L., ¥. decider. — L. de-
Decadence, "^êcay. F. — L.y Y.ddca- cidere. pp. decisus, to cut ofr'^ cecide. — L.
deny.e.— Me'^:. L.decadentia. — L, ^, down; <^, down; and ccBdere. to cut, Der. d^-
ccukntia, a failing ; see Cadence. cis-ion from pp. dectzus,.
Decamp, to depart. iF L.; L, </if- — Decidnons, fL.; L. /«3f-
falling off.
campir: O. F. dtzcamper, orig. to remove ciiu-u:. t.'.a.: fails down: with siffix -<?«x.
a carr;p — L. </z';-, away: and campus, a — L. deciden. to fall down.- L. d(I?, down;
field, iater, a camp. See De- ,2^ and ana cadere, to fill. .See Decay.
Camp. DecimaL F L. O. t. decimal.'— —
Decanal. ^L,^ Belonging to a dean. Late L. cUcimdli:, belong ng to tithes.—
— L. dicdn-u:. a dean with siiffix -<z/ L. ; L. decima. a titne ; fern, of duimus. te::th-
-a/z-' : -Vr'; Dean. Cf. L. aV-^/>:. ten.
Decant. F. — L. a^»^ Gk.; Y. decan- decimate. L, rrom pp. of L. d!?-
ter Span. c^/z«/ar;. — Med. L. decanthaT-e cimare, to select ever^ terith man. for
(a word of the alchemists . to pour ouc — pcniihment. — L. decern, ten.
L. de, from canthu:, the lip of a cap,
:
•
Decipher. F. a«^/ Arab. Formed
a peculiar u=e of Gk. kcuÔos, comer of the after F. dechinrer, to decipher. — F. <^-,
eye 'Hatzfe'd Der. decant-er. a \^Tne- . O F. de:-. L. i/zh-, apait ; Cipher, q. v.
ve~s>ri. Deck, to cover. Du. Lm. dekketi, to
Decapitate. L. From pp. of Ls.:e cover aV.^. a carer, a ship's deJc.
; Cog-
L. dicapitdre. to behead. — L. ^. off; and na:e .vitn F Thatch, q.v.
capit-, stem o:' caput, head. Declaim. Formerly diclame.— L.,
Decay, to fall into rain. (F. — L., L. dicidmdre, to cry alcnd, — L. <if down. ,
O. Nor-fi F. Span, decaer) vari-

dey:cur ; fully cturndre, to cry see Claim.
: ;
ant of O. F. (Uckair^ decheoir. — O. F, i/^- Declare. Y. — ll. O. F declarer. — .
and cheoir F. r/^<7fr to fall. — L. <^. down , : L. decldrdre. to make clear, deciare-— L.
and Foik-L. ci-iire. cadere, to fall, variants -r>. ful y : cldrus, clear.
o: L. cad<re. to fialL Declension. F.— L.', O.F. eUclinai-
Decea.se. F.— L.) ^^. E. di:-.:. — ::k. u-e- declension* of a nocn-
:,r :ae '
OF. ^^^(?j fF. dices., death. — L. :., — - deciindtidnem,, zee o: decittvitic, de-
deces:um. departnre. death. — L. cLi:-. :.2.rion, deciension. — L. diclindius, pp.
pp. oi decedere. to deparu — L. -' dl'.y.n-dri heiow .
cedere. to go a.vra.Y. decline. T.— L.) O.F. dediner.—

Deceive. ^F,' — L.) A-F. : .:, : L. ii:iinare. to lean or bend aside from,—
O. F. decevdr, decevair, pres. stid;. deietve. L. ii^-, from ; -ctinare (only in comp. , to
— L. decipere, to take away, deceive. — L. lean see Incline, Iteaii \\j.
:
^, away and cap)ere. to take, Der. tz'^-

; Declivity. Y.—'L. F. ddclivite.—
ceit. from O. F. deceit, pp. of decevHr. L. d^:l:ui:licmy ace of dicituitdSy a
December. L, ;^F.-L.) O. F, do";vnwaTd slope. — L. dectiuis, sloping
Deccm-Wi — L. December. 'm\_,. decern, ten downward. — L. ^, down; cuutis, a skîe,
as it -.
. 3.S :Jir tenth minth of the Roman hilL See Xjean (i).
year. Decoct. L. L. decoctus, pp. of ^-
Decemvir, one of ten magistrates. c.cuert. -.0 ">oil down. — L. di^ down,
(L.) L, decem-uir. one of the d.i^:emuiri away: ..r.ir'-r. to cook.
or ten men joined in a com mi ssJcai. — L. Decollation, a beheading. ^F.— L.)
131
DECOMPOSE DEFEASANCE
O. F. decollation. — Y.îo. L. ace. dec oild- down dicdre, to proclaim from dic-^
; ;
tidnem. From pp. of decolldre, to behead. weak grade of die-, as in dicere, to say.
— L. de, off ; colluni, the neck. (L.) Deduce.
L. deducere, to biing
Decompose. ^F.-L. a«^ Gk.)(hence, to infer). — L. de, down;
F. down
decomposer (XVI c.) from de-, prefix, and dficere, to bring. See Duke.
;
composer, to compose. See Compose. deduct. (L.) Grig, to derive from.

Decorate. (L-) From pp. oidecorare, — L. deduct-tts, pp. of deducere, to bring
to adorn. — L. decor- (for *decos-), stem of down (above).
decus, honour, ornament ; cf. L. decere, to Deed. (E.) M. E. deed. O. Merc, did,
be fit. A.S. d,£d.-\'D\x. daad, Icel. dad, Swed.
decorum. (L.) L. decorum, scemli- dad, Dan. daad, Goth, deds, G. that,
ness; neut. of decorus, seemly. — L. decor-, O. H. G. tdt. Teut. type *dcediz Idg. ;
stem of decor, seemliness, allied to decus type *dketis ; from -y'DtiE, to place, put,
(above). Der. in-decorum. do. See Do.
Decoy, a contrivance for catching wild- (E.) Deem.
M. E, demen. A. S. de-
ducks. (F. andViw.) Coined from prov. E. man, to judge, give a doom. — A. S. dom,
coy, a decoy, by prefixing the E. de- (F. a doom see Doom. Cf. Du. doejfien,
;
de-, L. de). E. coy is from Du. kooi, a Icel. dcsma (for dcemd), Swed. doma, Dan.
cage, decoy, M. Du. koye, older form domme, Goth, domjan, O. H. G. tuo??iian,
kouwe (Hexham) from L. catiea, whence Teut. type "^domjan-, from *ddmoz, doom.
;
also F. and E. cage see Cags. ; ^

The Deep, profound. (E.) M. E. deep.
prefixing of de- was probably due to con- A. S. deop. -|. Du. diep, Dan. dyb, Swed.
fusion with M. E. coyen, to quiet so that djup, Icel. djupr, G. tief, Goth, diups.
;
de-coy seemed to mean a 'quieting down.' Teut. type *deupoz ; see Dip.
—
Decrease. (F. L.) A. F. descrees, depth, deepness. (E.) From deep ;
descreis, O. K. descrois, sb., a decrease cf. Icel. dypd, depth, from dj'tipr, deep.+
;
—
from descroistre, vb., to decrease. Late L. Du. diepte Goth, diupitha. ;
discrescere, used for L. decrescere, to Deer. (E.) M. E. deer, an animal.

diminish (pp decrettis).'~'L. de, down, A. S. deor, a wild animal. +Du. dier, Dan.
away crescere, to grow.
; dyr, Swed. djnr, Icel. dyr, Goth, dius,
decrement. (L.) L. decrementum, G. thier. Teut. type *deuzom Idg. type ;
a decrease. — L. decre-ttis, pp. of decres- *dheusom, pxoh. ^ a.n\TCi2iV; from *dheus-,

cere. to breathe (Kluge). Brugm. i. § 539 (2).
Decree. (F. -L.) M. E. decree. - Der. wilder-ness, q. v.
O. F, decret.-'Y^. decretu7n. — \^. decretus, Deface. (F.-L.) M. E. defacen.-
pp. of decernere, to decree, lit. to separate. O. F. desfacier, to deface, disfigure. —
— L. away
de, cernere, to distinguish.
; O. F. des- (<L. dis-), apart; face, face;
decretal. (F.-L.) O. F. decretal. see Face.
— Late L. decretdle, a decree. — L decrettis. Defalcate, to abate, deduct. (L.)
Decrepit. (L.) L. decrepitus, noise- From pp. of Late L. diffalcdre or defal-
less, creeping about like an old man, aged. cdre, to abate, deduct, take away. — L. dif-
— L. de, away crepitus, noise, allied to ( =dis-), apart, or else de, away; Late L.
;
crepitus, pp. of crepdre, to crackle, make falcdre, to cut with a sickle, from L. falx
a noise. {stem jalc-), a sickle.
Decry, to condemn. fF. — L.) O. F. Defam.e. (F. — L.) M.E. defamen,
descrier, to cry down, disparage. — O. P\ diffa?7ien. — O. F.
diffamer, to take away a
des- (L. dis-), implying the reversal of an man's character. — L. diffdmdre, to spread
act, and here opposed to cry up crier,
'
a bad report. — L. dif- (for dis-), apart;
'
;
to cry. See Cry. fdma, a report. See Fame.

Decussate, to cross at an acute angle. Default. (F.-L.) M. E, defaute.-
(L.) From pp. of L. decussdre, to cross, O. F. defaute, a default, from defaillir, to
to put into the form of an y^. — l^. decussis, fail imitating faute from faillir.
; See
a coin worth ten asses (as-es), and there- De-(i) and Fault.
fore marked with X, i.e. ten. — L. decem, Defeasance, a rendering null. (F.-
ten ; assi-, stem o^ as, an ace see Ace. L.)
; A.F. law-term defesance, a rendering
Dedicate, to devote. (L.) L. dedicd- void. — O. F. defesant, defeisant, pres. part,
ius, pp. of dedicdre, to devote. — L. de, of defaire, desfaire, to render void. — O. F.
132
DEFEAT DEGRADE
des- (L. dis-'), apart ; faire (L. facere), to down or aside. — L. ^(?, down ;y7^(;/'^r(;, to
make. bend. Der. deflex-ion^ from deflex-us,
defeat. (F.-L.) M. E. defaiten, to pp.
defeat. — A.
F. defeterîoxm&iS. from O. F. Defiour, Defiower. (F. - L.) M. E.
defait^ desfait, pp. of defaire, desfaire^ to defiouren.'—O. F. dcfieiirer, Cotg. — Late
render void (above). L. deflordre, to gather flowers. — L. de,
Defecate. (L.) From pp. of defae- away fior-, for fids, a flower. ;
cdre, to free from dregs. — L. de, out ; Defluxion. (L.) From ace. of L. de-
faec-, stem oifaex, yA. faeces, dregs. fluxio, a flowing down. — L. de, ôv^n;
Defect. (L.) L. defectus, a want. — L. flux -lis, pp. oifinere, to flow.
defecttis, pp. of dejicere, to fciil, orig. to Deforce, to dispossess. (F. L.) —
undo. — L. de, away facere, to make. Legal.
;
A. F. deforcer, to dispossess (Med. —
Der. defect-ion, -ive. L. difforcidre).-'0. F. de-^des- (L. dis-)^
—
Defend. (F. L.) M.E. defenden. away; and Y. force. See Force.—
O. F. defendre.'^'L,. defe?idere, to defend, Deform. (F.-L.) ^L E. deformen,
lit. strike down or away. — L. de, down; chiefly in pp. deformed. — O. F. difformer,
*fendere, to strike, only in comp. defendei-e, to deform Godefroy. O. F. diffornie, ;
—
of-fendere. Cf. G. 6(iv(iv, to strike Skt. adj., deformed, ugly; Cot. — L. defortnis^
;
/lan. (y'GHwEN.) Brugm. i. § 654. ugly. — L. de, SiWd^y; forma, shape, beauty.
defence. (F. L.) M.E. defence.—— Defraud. (F.-L.) O. F. defrauder.
O. F. defense. — L. defensa, a defending — L. defraiidd7'e, to deprive by fraud. — L.
(Tertullian). — L. defens-us, pp. of de- de, away fraud-, stem oifraus, fraud. ;
fendere (above). Also M. E. defens, O. F. Defray. (F.-L. and O. H. G.) O. F.

defens, from L. defensiim, neut. desfrayer, to pay expenses Littre. — O. F. ;
Defer (i), to delay. (F.-L.) M.E. des- (L. dis-) ; fraier, to spend. Fraier
diffet-ren.'—O. F. differer, to delay. —
L. is from O. F. '^frai, *fre, X^X&x frait, mostly
differre, to bear different ways, delay. —
L. used in the pi. frais, fres (F. frais), ex-
dif- (for dis-^ apart ferre, to bear.
,
;
penses ; cf. Low L. fredtwi, a fine, com-
defer (2), to lay before, submit one- position. O. FL G. fridit (G. friede)y —
self. (F. L.)— O. F. deferer, to admit or peace ; also, a fine for a breach of the
give way to an appeal. L. defefre, to peace. — See Affray.
bring down, bring before one. — L, de, Deft, neat, dexterous. (E.) M. E. deft,
down ferre, to bear, carry.
; daft. A. S. dafte, as seen in ge-dcefte, mild,
Deficient. (L.) From stem of pres. gentle, meek ;
ge-dcBftlTce, fitly, season-
pt. of to fail ; see Defect.
defice?'e, ably ; Cf. A. S. ge-
d(£ftan, to prepare.
deficit, lack. (L.) L. deficit, it fails; daf-en, fit, pp. of a lost strong vb. *dafau;
3 p. s. pres. oideficere (above). Goth, gadaban, to befit, gadobs, fitting.
Defile (i), to pollute. (F.-L.; con- Defunct, dead. (L.) L. defiinctns,
fused with L. and E.) M. E. defonlen, to i. e. having fully performed the course of
trample under foot ; later spelling defoyle; life, pp. of defiingi, to perform fully. — L.
see Foil (i). This word is obsolete, but de, fully and fungi, to perform
; see ;
it suggested a hybrid compound made by Function.

prefixing L. de, down, to the old word Defy. (F.-L.) M.E. defyen.-O.Y.
fie, to defile (Macb. iii. i. 65) = A. S. defier, defjfier, desfier, orig. to renounce
fylan (for ^ffdjaii), to defile, make foul, one's faith. — Late L. difflddre, to renounce
formed (by vowel-change of u to y) from faith. — L. dif- (for dis-), apart ; -fJddre
A. S.fill, foul see Foul. ; (from fidus, faithful \ to trust ; cf. L.
Defile (2), to march in a file. (F.-L.) fidei-e, to trust. See Faith.
F. d^filer, to defile. - F. d^. = O. F. des- (L. Degenerate. pp. of L.
(L.) From
dis-), apart ; _îer, to spin threads, from L. degenerdre, to become base. — L. degener,
filum, thread. Der. defile, sb., F. ddfile, adj., base. — L. de, down gener- (for ;
a narrow passage orig. pp. oiddfiler.

; ^ge7tes-), stem oigenns, race. See Genus.
Define. (F.— L.) O. F. definer, to Deglutition, swallowing. (F. — L.)
define, conclude. — L. deflnire, to limit. F. deglutition. — L. de, down glutitiis, ;
— L. de down finlt-e, to end, from finis,

; pp. of glut ire, to swallow.
end. Degrade. iF. — L.) O. F. degrader,
Deflect. (L.) L. dejlectere, to bend to deprive of rank or office. — Late L. de-
133
, ;;
DEGREE DELVE
graddrc, the same. — L. de^ from gradus^ Delf. (Du.) Earthenware first made at
;
rank. See Grade. Delft, formerly Delf, a town in S. Holland,

degree . (F — L.) O F degi-e, degret, about A. D. 1 310 (Haydn). The town was
• . .
a step, rank orig. a step dozvn (used of named from its delf ox canal cf. Delve.
; ;
stairs). — L. de, down gradiis, a step. ;Deliberate, carefully weighed and

Dehiscent, gaping. (L.) L. dehi- considered. (L.) L. dellberdtiis pp. oide- ,
scent-, stem of pres. pt. of dehiscere, to libei'dre, to consult. — L. de, thoroughly;

gape open. — L. de, down kisce?'e, to llb?-dre, to weigh, from libra, a balance.
;
gape, inceptive of hidre, to yawn see Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) ; L.

Hiatus. delicdtzis, luxurious probably allied to ;
Deify, Deist see Deity. ; delicia (or delicice, pi.), pleasure, delight,
—
Deign. (F. L.) M. E. deigjzen.^ and to L. dc'licere, to amuse (below).
A. F. deign-, a stem of O. F. dig}t{i)ei', to delicious. (F. L.) M..Y. delicious. —
deign. —
L. digndre, by-form oi digndri, to — O. F. delicious. — Late L. deliciosus,
deem worthy. — L. dignus, worthy. Erugm. pleasant. — L. delicia, pleasure. — L. de-
ii. § 66. licere, to amuse, allure. — L. de, away
Deity. (F.-L.) M.E. deite.~O.Y. Iacere, to entice.

deite.'-L. deitdton, ace. of deitds, deity, delight. (F. - L.) Misspelt for delite.
Godhead. —
L. dei-, for deits^ God cf. ; M. E. deliten, verb. — O. F. deliter, delei-
diuiis, godlike. Cf. W. duw, Gael, and ter. — L. see Delectable.
delectdre ;
Ir. dia, Skt. deva-, a god Gk. hios, Skt. ; Delineate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dai7ja-, divine. See Tuesday. delinedre, to sketch in outline. L. de, —
deify. (F, — L.) M. E. deifyen. — down ; llnedre, to mark out, from linea,
Cot. - Late L.
;
O. F. deifier, '
to deifie ' a line See Line.
deificdre. — L. deijicus, accounting as gods. Delinquent, failing in duty.JL.) L.
— L. dei-, for deiis, a god; and -Jic-, for delinquent-, stem of pres. pt. oidelinquere,
facere, to make. Der. deificat-ion, due to to fail, to omit one's duty. — L. de, away,
pp. of deijicdre. from linquere, to leave.
;
deist. i,F.— L.) F, deiste. From L. Deliq.liesce, to become liquid. (L.)

de-US ; with suffix -ist. L. deltquesce?-e,io become liquid. — L. oi'^,
Deject, down. (L.) From L.
to cast away liquescere, inceptive form of liquere,
;
deiectiis. pp. of deicere {deiicere), to cast to be wet. See Liquid.

down. — L. de, down iacere, to throw. ; Delirious. (L.) coined word (with A
Delay, vb. (F.-L.) O. F. delayer, suffix -ous), from L. dellri-um, madness,
dilaier] also^^/^^r (Godefroy). It answers which is also adopted into English. — L.
in sense to L. dildtdre, to defer, delay, delirus, mad lit. going out of the
;
'
put off"; which would properly give O. F. furrow.' — L. de, from and lira, a furrow. ;
dileer. JDtldtdre is from dildttis, deferred, Cf. O. H. G. leisa, G. g-leise, a track.

put off; from L. dl- (dis-), apart /dtus, ; Deliver. (F.-L.) O.F. delivrer, to
borne, pp. of tollere, to lift, sustain, bear. set free. — Late L. deliberdre, to set free.—
^ The O.F. spelling with ai causes a L. de, from llberd?-e, to free, from liber,
;
difficulty. Der. delay, sb. O. F. delai. ; free.

Delectable. (F.-L.) Late M. E. Dell, a dale. (E.) M. E. delle. A. S.
delectable. -'Y. delectable. •^Y,. delect dbilis dell, neut. ; Cart. Sax. 547; i. ii. 71.
— L. delectdre, to delight;
delightful. fre- Teut. type *daljof}i ; see Dale.
quent, of delicej-e, to allure. See De- Delta. (Gk.) Gk. UXra, the letter A
licious. answering to Heb. daleth, the name of the
Delegate, a chosen deputy. (L.) L. 4th letter of the alphabet orig. ' a door of ;
delegatus, pp. of delegdre, to depute, ap- a tent.' Orig. Phoenician.) Der. deltoid.
^
point. —L. de, away; legdre, to depute. Delude. (L.) l^.deladere {\)T^.delusus),
See Legate. to mock at, cajole. —
L. de, down; ludere,
Delete, to erase. (L.) L. deletus, pp. to play. Der. delus-ion, from the pp.
of delere, to destroy. See below. Deluge. \F.-L.) O.F. deluge. --1..
Deleterious. '(Gk.) Late L. dele- diluuizini, a washing away. — L. diliiere,
teri-ns, with suffix -oits. For Gk. S77A.77- to wash away. — L. dl- [dis-) apart ,
TTjpios, noxious. — Gk. brjXrjTrjp, a destroyer. Itiere, to wash, allied to Lave.

— Gk. drjKeofâi, I harm, injure. Delve, to dig. (E.) M.E. deluen.
34
= ;
DEMAGOGUE DENOMINATE
A. S. delfan^ pt. t. dealf, pp. do/fen. -^Du. Demise, transference, decease. (F. L.) —
delven ; M. H, G. telben. Cf. Russ. dol- O. F. demise, des?nise, fem. of pp. of
biie, to hollow out. Biugm. i. § 521 (2). destnettre, to displace, dismiss. — L. dltnit-
Demagogue. (F.-Gk.) F. d^jna- tei'e ; see Dismiss.
gogue. — (jk. a popular leader.
8t] fj-ayaryus , Democracy. F. — Gk.) Formerly de-K
— Gk. 5^fx-os, people; d7a;7os, leading, mocraty (Milton). — M. P\ democratie Cot. ;
from d-y-€iv, to lead. — Gk. drffioKparia, popular government,

Demand. (F. — L.) F. demander^ to rule by the people. — Gk. S-rjfxo-, for Stj/xos,
demand, require. — L. deniandare, to en- a country-district, also the people and ;
trust in late L., to demand. — L. de,

;
Kponiv, to rule. Cf. O.Ir. ddtn, a retinue.
away majiddre, to commission, order.
; Demolish. (F.— L.) 0.¥. demoHss-,
Demarcation. (Span. L. ajid — inchoative stem of afew(?/?>, to demolish.—
M.H.G.) brom Span, dcmarcacion {'i^^ L. detnoliri, dlmolire, to pull down. — L.
N.E. D.); whence also F. dimarcation. de, from moles, heap, mass.
;
— L. de, down ; and Span, tnarcar, to Demon. (L. — Gk.) Y o^vcê.x\^j dcemon.
mark, a word of German origin ; see — L. ^(^w (?/;. — Gk. daifioDv, a god, genius,
Marque. spirit. CI. Saiofiai, I impart.
Demean (i), to conduct reflex., to ; Demonstrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
behave. \Y — L.) M. E. demenen. — O. F.
. dcmonstrd7-e, to show fully. — L. de, down,
demener, to conduct, guide, manage. — fully 77io7istrd7'e, to show, iioxxxi/wnsti'um,
;
O. Y .de { = L. de), down, fully mener, to ; a portent. See Monster.

conduct, from Late L. mindre, to drive Demoralise, to corrupt in morals.
cattle, conduct, from L.tniudri, io threaten. (F. —L.) Mod. F. d^77io7'aIise7'.'-Y. de-,
See Menace. O. F. des {L. dis-), apart; ?7ioral, moral;
demeanour. (F.—L.) M.E.demen- with suffix -ise ( = F. -iser, for Gk. -iûv).
ure {XV cent.) ; a coined word, from See Moral.
M. E. demeneii^ to demean, behave ; see Demur, vb. (F. — L.)
O. F. de7nourer,
Demean (i . demeu7'er, to tarry hence, to hesitate.— ;
Demean (2), to debase, lower. (Hy- L. de7Hord7-T, to delay fully — L. de, fully;
brid ; L. and E.) Made, like debase, 77iordri, to delay, from 77i07-a, delay.
from the prefix De- (i), and the adj. Demure. (F.-L.) XIV cent. Coined
7nean. See Mean (2. by prefixing de- (see De- (i)), to M. E.
Demented, mad. (L.) Pp. of the old t7iure, mature, calm, demure. — O. F. w<f«?'
verb to demenL-^1-.. denientdre, to drive (F. niur), mature. — L. indturtis ; see
out of one's mind. — L. de^ from; 77ient-, Mature.
stem of mens, mind. Demy a spelling oide77ii-.
;
Demerit, ill desert. (F. — L.) Also Den. M. E. den; A. S. denn, a

Ê.)
merit, in a good sense; Cor. i. i. 276.— cave, allied to deftî, a valley. -f- M. Du.
O. F. demerite, desert; also a fault, de- denne, a cave (Kilian).
merit.— Late L. demeritum, a fault from ; Denary, relating to tens. (L.) L.
pp. of L. demerere, deniereri, to deserve denarius, containing ten. — L. dmi ( = *dec-
(in 2i good sense). — L. de. fully; nierere, 7zi), pi. ten by ten. — L. dec-e77i, ten. Hence
mereri, to deserve. See Merit. denier, L. denarius, piece of ten (as-es).
Demesne. (F. L.) K.Y.demeine, — Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. Uvlpo-v, a tree
deniene, also demesne (with silent s) ; other -dibrj's, like, from ejSoy, form, shape.
spellings of Domain, q. v. Denizen, a naturalised citizen, inha-

Demi-, half. (F. - L.) O. F. demi, bitant. P. — L.) Formerly flfejwj-^zw.—
half. — L. ace. dimidiu7n, half. — L. <//"- A. F. and O. F. deinzein also de7izeiii),
dis~, apart medius, middle see Medium.
; ; used in the Liber Albus to denote a trader
Demijohn, a kmd of large bottle. zvithin the privilege of the city franchise,
(F.) From F. dame-Jeanne cf. Span. ; as opposed ioforeift. Formed by adding
damajuana. Much disputed, but not of the suffix -ei/t ( — L. -d7iens) to O. F. deiîz,
Eastern origin. The F. form is right as now spelt da7ts, within. L. de i7itus. from —
itstands, though often much perverted. within. —
L. de, from ; inttis, within, allied
From F. da/ne Sp. dama), lady; and i to Interior.
Jeanne (Sp. Jiiana), Jane, Joan. See Denominate. vL.) From pp. of L.
N. E. D. dmomindre, to name. — L. de, down, fully ;
35
;;; —
DENOTE DEPOSITION
nojnindre, to name, from nomin'^ stem of hang down or from. — L. de, down, from ;
nonien^ a name see Noun. ; pendere, to hang. See Pendant.

Denote. (F.-L.) Y.ddnoter.-\..de- Depict. (L.) Formerly used as a pp. —
noiare, to mark out. — L. ^c", down ;
L. depicttts, pp. of depingere, to depict,
notdre, to mark, from iiota, a mark. See lit.paint fully. — L. de, fully; pingere, to
Note. paint. Cf. Picture.
Benouement, the undoing: of a Depilatory, removing hair. (L.)
knot. (F. — L.) ¥.d^no2itment, ?,h.,ixom Formed, in imitation of M. F. depilatoire
dt!nouer, to undo a knot. — L. dis-, apart (Cot.), from a L. adj. '^depildtdrius, not
iiddare, to knot, from nodus, a knot. See found. — L. depild-re, to pluck out hair.
Node. L, de, away; pildre, to pluck away hair,
Denounce. (F. — L.) O.Y .deno77cer ixovcipilus, hair.
— L. demmtidj-e, to declare. — L. de, down, Depletion. Depletion, ?i.ntxaîY-
(L.) '
fully nuntidre, to tell, from nunthis, a

; ing;' Blount. Formed,
in imitation of
messenger. See Nuncio. Der. denunciat- repletiofz, from L. depletus, pp. of deplere,
ion, from L. pp. denuncidttts. to empty. — L. de, away; plere, to fill.
Dense. (L.) L. densus, thick. +Cjk. See Plenary.
SacriSs, thick. Brugm. i. § 85 1. Der. co7i- Deplore. (F.-L.;^rL.) O.F. de-
dense. plorer. — 'L, deplordre, to lament over.
Dent ; see Dint. L. de, fully plordre, to cry out, wail,
;
Dental. CL.) Formed with suffix -al weep. Brugm. i. § 154.

(F. -al, L. from L. dent-, stem of
-dlis) Deploy, toout, extend. (F.—L.)
open
dens, a tooth, cognate with E. Tooth.. F. ddployer, to unroll, unfold O. F. des- ;
dentated, furnished with teeth. (L ) ploier, to unfold. —

L. dis-, apart; plicdre,
L. dentdtus, toothed. — L, dent-, stem of to fold. A
doublet of Display.
dens, a tooth. Deponent,
one who testifies. (L.) L.
denticle, a little tooth. (L.) L. den- deponent-, stem of the pres. pt. oi deponere,
ticulus. double dimin. oi dens, a tooth. to lay down, also (in late L.) to testify.—
dentifrice, tooth-powder. (P\ — L.) L. de, down ponere, to lay. See Position. ;
F. dentifrice. — L.. dentifricinm (Pliny).— Depopulate. (E.) From pp. of L. de-

L. denti-, deck stem of dens, a tooth populih-e, to lay waste in Late L. to de- ;
fric-dre. to rub, prive of people or inhabitants. Orig. to

dentist. (F. — L.) Y.dentiste. Coined ravage by means of multitudes. — L. de,
from L. dent-, stem of dens, a tooth. fully populdre, to populate, fill with
;
dentition. (L.) L. dentTtionem, ace. people, ixova. popuhis people see People. ,
;
of dentitio, cutting of teeth. — L. dentitus, Deport. (F. - L.)

F. deporter, to M.
pp. oi dentire, to cut teeth.- L. denti-, bear, endure ; se deporter, to forbear, quiet
decl. stem of dens, a tooth. oneself. — L. deportdre, to carry down, re-
Denude, to lay bare. (L.) L. denii- move ; with extended senses in Late Latin.
ddre, to make fully bare. — L. de, fully; Der. deportment, O. F. deportement, be-
nfiddre, to lay bare, from nudus, bare. haviour. %
For the varying senses, see
See Nude. F. deporter.
Denunciation see Denounce. ; Depose. (F.-L. rtwoT Gk.) O. F. ^^-
Deny. (F. - L.) M. E. denien. - M. F. poser, to displace. —
O. F. de- (L. de), from ,•
denier, earlier form deneier. — Y,. denegdre, and F. poser, to place, of Gk. origin, as
to deny fully. — L. de, fully; negdre, to shown under Pose, ^f Much confused
deny. See Negation. with derivatives from 'L. pdne7'e, lo place.
Deodand, lit. a thing to be given to See below.
God. (L.) From L. deo,^2L\.. oideus, God Deposit, vb. (F.-L.) Obs. F. de-
datidum, neut. of dandus, to be given, positer, to entrust. — Med. L. depositdre, to
from dare, to give. lay down. — L. deposituvi, a thing laid
Depart. (F. — L.) O. F. departir, des- down, neut. of pp. of depdnei-e see De- ;
partir, to divide, to part from. — L. dis-, ponent.

away from partire, to part ; see Part.
; deposition. (F. - L.) O. F. deposi-
Cf. L. dispertire. tio}i.-''L. ace. depositioneni, a depositing.
Depend. (F.-L.) O. F. ^^/^«^r^, to — L. depositus, pp. of depdnere, to lay
depend, hang on ; Cot. — L. dependere, to down (above).
136
;
DEPOT DESIGN
depot, a store. (F.-L.) F. depot \ Derrick, a kind of crane. (Du.) Orig.
O. F. depost. ^V-.. depositum, a thing laid the gallows and named from a Dutch
;
clown (hence, stored) neut. of depositus,

; hangman see T. Dekker, Seven Deadly
;
pp. of deponere see Deponent.

; Sins of London, ed. Arber, p. 17. — Du.
—
Deprave. (F. L.) M. E. deprauen. — Dierryk, Dirk, Diederik answering to G. ;
O. F. depraver. "Y.. deprdudre, to make Dietrich, A. S. peodric, ruler of the '
crooked, distort, vitiate. — L. de, fully; people.'

p?'dutis, crooked, depraved. Dervis, Dervish, a Persian monk,
Deprecate. (L.) From pp. of L. ascetic. (Pers.) Pers. darvish, poor a ;
deprecdri, to pray against, pray to remove. dervish, who professed poverty. Cf. Zend
— L. de, away precdri^ to pray. See
;
driyu-, poor (Horn).
Precarious. Descant. (F. — L.) Orig. a variation
Depreciate. (L.)pp. of L. From — O. North F. descant [O. F. des-
in a song.
depretidre, to lower the price of. — L. de, chant\ a kind of song. -Late L. discantus,
down pretium, price. See Precious.
;
a refrain, kind of singing. — L. dis-, apart;
Depredate. (L.) From pp. of L. and canius, a song. See Cant (i).
deprceddri, to plunder. — L. de, fully prie- ; Descend. (F. - L.) M. F. descendre ;
ddri, to rob, from prceda, prey see Prey. ; Cot. — L. descendere, lit. to climb down.—
Depress. (F. — L.) O. F. depresser L. de, down ; scandere, to climb ; see
(Godefroy).— L. type "^depressdre from ; Scan.
L. depressus, pp. of deprimere, to press Describe. (L.) \..describere,ioviT\it
down. — L. de, down premere, to press.
;
down, describe fully pp. descriptiis ;
Deprive. (F. — L.) O. F. depriver (whence description). — L. de, down;

(Godefroy). — Late L. deprivdre, to de- scrlbere. to write. See Scribe.
prive of office, degrade. — L. de, fully; descry. (F.-L.) M..Y.. descry en, X.o
priudre, to deprive. See Private. discern. — O. F. descrire, short form of
Depth ; see Deep. O. F. descrivre, to describe. — L. describere.
Depute. (F. -L.) M. F. deptiter; Cot. % Sense affected by O. F. descrier, to pro-
— L. depiitdre, to cut off, also to impute, claim, publish from O. F. des- (L. dis-\
;
destine. — L, de, down ptitdre, to cut off, ;

and crier, to cry.
orig. to cleanse. Der. depnt-y, M. F. Desecrate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
depute, one deputed, pp. of deputer. secrdre or desacrdre, to consecrate ; (with
-
Derange. (F. L. and O. H. G.) F. change of sense due to O.F. dessacrer, to
deranger, to disarrange formerly des- ; profane, from L. dis-, apart). — L. de, fully ;
rangier, "lu. dis-, apart; O. F. rangier, sacrdre, to account as sacred ; see Sacred.
rengier, to range ; see Kange. Desert (I ), a waste. (F.-L.) O.F.
Dereliction, complete abandonment. desert, a wilderness. — L. desej-tum, neut.
(L.) L. ace. derelictionem, complete neg- of desertus, waste pp. of deserere, to
;
lect.— L. derelictus, pp. of derelinqiiere, to desert, abandon. — L. de, away (negative);

forsake. — L. de, from relinquere, to leave
; serere, to join.
behind, from re-, back, and linqtcere, to Desert (2), merit. (F.-L.) O.F.
leave. See Relinquish. desert, fern, deserte, lit. a thing deserved,
Deride. (L.) L. derldere, to laugh pp. of desei-vir, to deserve see below.
;
down, laugh at; from de, down, and deserve. (F.-L.) O.Y.desej-vir.-.
ridere, to laugh. Der. derisive, from L. desertiire, to serve fully; in Late L., to
pp. derJsus. deserve. — L. de, fully; sertnre, to serve.
Derive. (F.— L.) O. F. deriver, to See Serve.
derive, also to drain. — L. deriudre, to Deshabille, careless dress. (F.-L.)
drain off water. — L. de, from rums, a ; Y deshabille., undress.— F. d^shabiller, to
.
stream. See Rivulet. undress. — Y.des (L dis-), apart, away, un-

Derm, (Gk.)
skin. Gk. 8€pâ,skin.— habiller, to dress Habiliment.
; see
Qik.hkpdiv, to flay; cognate with £. Tear, Desiccate, to dry up. (Lj From pp.
vb., to rend. of L. desiccdre, to drain dry. — L. de, away
Derogate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. (^^r^- siccdre, to dry, from siccus, dry.
gdre, to repeal a law, detract from. — L. Desiderate ; see Desire.
de, away rogch-e, to ask, propose a law.
; Design, vb. , F. - L.) O. F. designer,
See Rogation. to denote, to design. — L. designdre, to
137
. '
DESIRE DETAIL
denote, mark down. — L. de, down; sig- to despair). -L. dS, (i) fully, (2) away;
ndre, to mark, from sig'num, sign. Der. spondere, to promise.
design-ate. Despot, a tyrant. (F.- L.-Gk.) O.F.
Desire, to long for. (F. —
L.) O. F. de- — Med. L. despotus. — Gk. SecrTroTT/y,
despot.
sirer, desirrer. — L. desiderdre, to long for, a master lit. ' master of the house.' The
;
regret, miss. Perhaps

considerdre)(like syllable Sec-Îdg. *dems, ' of a house ;
allied to sidus, a star, as if to turn the eyes cf. Skt. dani'pati-, master of the house.
from the stars, to regret, miss. The syllable ttot- is allied to Gk. 1:601%,
desiderate. (L.) l^.desjderdtus,^^. husband, Skt. pati-, lord, and to Potent.
oi desiderdre (above). Brugm. 408. i. §
Desist. (F. — L.) O. F. desister, to Desquamation, a scaling off. (L.)
cease. — L. desistere, to put away, also to From pp. of L. desqiid77idre, to remove
desist. — L. de, away; sistere, to put, also scales. — L. de, off; squdma, a scale.
to stand still, from stare, to stand. Dessert. (F.-L.) O.Y. dessert, \}^q
Desk, a sloping table. (L.-Gk.) last course at dinner. — O.
F. desservir, to
M. E. deske, desk; in Chaucer, C. T., F. do ill service to ; also, to take away the
1 128. — Med. L. desca, a desk; cf. Ital. courses at dinner. — O. F. des-, from L. dis-,
desco, 'a desk;' Florio. — L. discum, away ; servir, from sertiire, to serve.
ace. of discus, a disc, table. See Disc, Destine. (F.-L.) 0.¥. destiner, to
Dish. ordain. — L. destindre, to destine, ordain ;
Desolate, solitary. (L.) L. desoldtiis, allied to L. destina, a prop, support. — L.
forsaken pp. of desoldre, to forsake. — L.
;
de, down ; and ^standre, to cause to stand,
de, fully ; soldre, to make lonely, from derivative of stdre, to stand. Cf. Cretic
solus, alone. aravvoj, I set. Brugm.
ii. § 603.
Despair ; see Desperate. Destitute. L. destitutus, left

(L.)
Despatch see Dispatch.
; alone pp. of destituere, to place alone. —
;
Desperate, hopeless. (L.) L. dispe- L. de, away statuere, to place, causal of

;
rdtus, pp. of desperdre, to lose all hope. — stdre, to stand.

L. de, from sperdre, to hope ; from sper-,
; Destroy. (F.—L.) U.. E. destroien,
as in sper-es, O. Lat. pi. of spes, hope. destruien.'mO.Y . destruire (^ dctruire \ .
despair, vb. (F.-L.) M.E. des- Ital. distruggere). mm'h. type ^desti'ugere,
peiren, desperen. — O. F. despeir-, tonic for L. destruere, to pull down, unbuild,
stem oi desperer, to despair. — L. desperdre overthrow (pp. destructus).'-'L. de, down;
(above) struere, to pile up.
desperado, a desperate man. (Span. destruction. de- (F.-L.) O.F.
— L. ) M
Span, desperado. — L. desperdtus,
. struction. — L.
dest7'uctidnem
ace. from ;
pp. oi desperdre (above). destruct-tis, pp. oi destruere (above).

Despise, to contemn. (F. L.) M.E. — Desuetude, disuse. (L.) "L. desuetado,
despisen.'-'O. F. despis-, stem of the pres. disuse. — L. distietus, pp. of desuescere, to
part., &c., of despire, to despise. — L. de- grow out of use, opposed to con-suescere ;
spicere, to look down, look down on see Custom.
(below). Der. despic-able, from L. de- Desultory, jumping from one thing
spicdrT, to look down on, allied to de- to another. L. desultorius, orig. be-
(L.)
spicere. longing to a desultor hence, inconstant. — ;
despite, spite, hatred. (F. — L.) M.E. L. desultor, one who leaps down, or from
despit. — O.V. despit,
;'
despight, spight
' horse to horse. — L. destiltus, pp. oidesilire,
Cot. — L. despectu7n, ace. of despectus, to leap down. — L. de, down ; salire, to
contempt. — L. despectus, pp. of despicere, leap.
to despise. — L. iî?, down ; specere, to look ; Detach. (F.-L.^woTG.) Y. detacher,
see Species. — F. di-=^0. F. des- (L. dis-'),
to unfasten.
Despoil. (F.-L.) O.¥.despoiner{¥. apart F. tache, a nail, tack see Tack.
; ;
d^pouiller), to despoil. — L. despoliare, to Der. detachment. Cf. Attach.

plunder. —
L. de, fully ; spoliare, to strip Detail, a small part. (F.-L.) O, F.
of clothing, from spolium, spoil ; see detail, a peece-mealing, also retaJle, or a
'
Spoil. selling by parcels Cot. — O. F. detailler,

;
'
Despond. (L.) L. desponda-e, (i) to to cut into pieces. — O. F. de- (L. de-^,
promise fully, (2) to give up, yield (hence, down fully ; tailler, to cut ; see Tailor.
138
;
DETAIN DEVOIR
Der. verb (which is from the sb.
detail, O. F. deus (F. deux), also dous, two. — L.
in E., though
in F. it is the other way). duds, ace. of duo, two.
Detain. (F. — L.) From a tonic stem deuce (2), the devil. (LowG. — F.-
of O. F. detenir. — L. detinere, to hold L.) Low G. de dims ! the deuce ! (Bre-
back pp. detentus. — L. de, down tenn-e,
; ; men Worterbuch) G. der daus ! Orig. ;
to hold. Der. deiejttion (from the pp."). an exclamation on throwing the deuce or
Detect. (L.) From L. delectus, pp. two at dice, as it was a losing throw.—
of detegere, to uncover, expose. — L. de, O. F. dous, two (above).
away teget-e, to cover. See Tegument.
; Deuteronomy. (L.-Gk.) Late L.
Detention ; see Detain. deuteroftomiujH. — Gk. SevTfpovufiiov, a
Deter. L. deterj-ere, to frighten
(L.) second giving of the law. — Gk. devTepo-s,
from. — L. de, from; terre7-e, to frighten. second ; vufi-os, law.
See Terror. Devastate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
Deterge, to wipe off. (L.) L. deter- uastd?'e, lay waste.
to L. de, down ; —
gere, to wipe off. — L. a-?, off tergere, to ; uastdre, to lay waste, from adj. ziastus,
wipe. Der. deterg-ent, from the pres. pt. waste.
Deteriorate. (L.) L. deterioratus, Develop, to unfold, open out. (F.—
pp. oi deteriordre, to make worse. — L. L. and Teut.) F, d^velopper, O. F. des-
deterior, worse. Formed from de, away, V eloper, desvohiper. — O. F. des- (L. dis-),
from with comp. suffixes -ter-io7\ (So
; apart and the base velop- or volup-, which
;
also in-ter-ior from m.) appears also in envelope. This base repre-
Determine. (F.-L.) O. F. deter- sents Teut. zvlap-, as in M. E, wlappen, to
miner. determinare, to bound, end.—
'•'L,. wrap up ; see Lap (3), "Wrap.
\a.de, down, fully; termindre, to bound, Devest, to unclothe, (F. — L,) From
from ter7?iinus, a boundary ; see Term. M.F, desvestir, to devest, —L, dis-, off;
Der. pre- determine. and uestire, to clothe. Doublet, divest.
Detest. (F.-L.) M.F. detester, to Deviate. (L.) From pp. of L. ^1?-
loathe. — L. detestd^'i, to execrate, impre- tiidre, to go out of the way. — L. de, from ;
cate evil by calling down the gods to wit- tiia, way.

ness. — L. de, down ; testdrJ, to witness, devious. (L.) L. deui-us, going out
from testis, a witness. of the way ; with suffix -ous. — L. de,
Dethrone. (F.-L. a«^Gk.) M.F. from iiia,
; way.
desthroner, *to unthrone;' Cot. — O. F. Device, a plan. (F. L.) M. E. —
des~ (L. dis-')^ apart; L. thronus, from deiiys, deuise {devys, devise). Ô, F. devis.
Gk. Opovos, a throne. See Throne. devise, a device, also a division, — Late L.
Detonate, to explode. (L.) L. deto- dmisum, diutsa, a division; also a judg-
ndtus, pp. of detondre, to explode. L. de, — ment, device orig. neut. and fem. of
;
fully ;tondre, to thunder. pp oi diuidere, to divide see Divide, ;
Detour, a winding way. (F. — L.) F. devise, to plan. (F, — L,) M.E. ^<g-
detour, a circuit verbal sb. from F. ; uisen {devisen). — O. F. deviser. — O.F.
ditourner, to turn aside. — F. di- (L. dis-), devis or devise, sb. (above).
aside, apart tourner, to \.ViXn. See Turn.
; Devil. (,L.-Gk.) K.'6. deoful, deofol.
Detraction. (F.-L.) O. F. detrac- — L. diabohis. — GV.. Sidôkos, the slan-
tion. ^-Y^. detractiotiem, ace. oi detractio, derer, the devil. — Gk. SmjSdAAeiv, to throw
a withdrawal hence a taking away of
;
across, traduce, slander. — Gk. Std, through,
one's credit. — L. detractiis, pp. of detra- across; iSdWai', to throw; see Belemnite.
here, to take away, also to disparage. — Devious ; see Deviate.
L. de, away trahere, to draw.
; See Devise see Device. ;
Trace (i). Devoid, quite void. (F. L.) M. E. —

Detriment. (F. — L.) O. F. detriment. deuoid due to deuoided, pp. of deuoiden
;
— L. detrunenttim, loss ; lit. a rubbing

' {devoiden), to empty. — O.F. desvuidier,
away.' — L. detri-tus, pp.of deterere, to desvoidier, to empty out. — O. F. des-
rub down; with suffix -mentum.'^l^. de, (L. dis-) voidier, to empty, from voide,
;
down tei'ere, to rub. See Trite.

; vuide, adj. empty; see Void.
Detrnde. (L.) L. detrudere, to thrust Devoir, duty. (F.-L.) M.E. deuoir.
down. — L. de, down; t?'udere, to thrust. — M.F. devoir, O. F. deveir, to owe
Deuce (i), a two, at cards. (F. — L.) —
used as a sb. L. debere, to owe ; see Debt.
139
, —
DEVOLVE DIAPASON
Devolve. L. dnwluere, to roll tinctive.— Gk. SiaKpivdv, to separate."-
(L-)
down, bring or transfer to. — L. de, down Gk. 5ia, apart; Kpiveiv, to judge.
;
uoluere, to roll. %A
frequent old sense Diadem, a fillet, crown. (F. - L. — Gk.)
of devolve was to transfer.'
'
Der. devolut- M. E. and O. F, diademe. — L. diadema. —
ion, from the pp. devolutus. Gk. diddrjfxa, a fillet. — Gk. Sm, apart,
Devote, vb. (L.) L. deuotus, pp. of across; Se-w, I bind, allied to Skt. da, io
deuoue7'e, to devote, vow fully. —L. de, bind (whence ^(7wa«, a garland). (y'DE.)
fully ;uouere, to vow. See Vote. Brugm. ii. § 707.
Devour. (F. — L.) O.F. devorer (i p. Diaeresis, a mark (' ) of separation.
s. pr. devoure). — \-.. deuordre, to consume, (L. — Gk.) L. dicere sis.'^QV. dtaipeais, a
eat up. — L. de, fully ; uordre, to gulp dividing. — Gk. 5i-d, apart dlpeais, a taking, ;
down. See Voracity. from alpeiv, to take.

Devout. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. deuot {devof) Diagnosis, scientific determination of
also spelt devoute.— O.F. devot, devoted. — a disease. (Gk.) Gk. didyvojais, a dis-
L. deuotus, pp. of denouere ; see Devote. tinguishing. —Gk. Sid, between; yvivais,
Dew. (E.) M. E. deu, dew. A. S. enquiry, from yvuuai, to know.
deaxv, dew.-f-Du. dauw, Icel. d'6^ (iên. Diagonal. (F.-L.-Gk.) F, diagonal.
doggvar), Dan. dug, Swed. dagg, G. thau. — L. diagondlis, running from corner to
Teut. type *dauwo-. Perhaps allied to Skt. corner. — Gk. Sia'ôjvios (the same). — Gk.
dkdv, to run, flow Gk. OUlv, to run.
; 5ta, through, between yojvia, an angle, ;
Dexter. (L.) L. dexter, on the right bend, allied to yovv, knee; see Knee.
hand side, right. + Gk. 5f £toy, right, Skt. Diagram. (L. — Gk.) L. diagramma,
dakshina-, on the right or south, Goth. a scale, gamut (hence, sketch, plan). — Gk.
taihswa, right hand, W. dehen, right, hid'ypap.p.a, a figure, plan, gamut. — Gk.
southern, Gael, and Irish deas (the same). 5iaypd(p(iv, to mark out by lines, describe.
The Skt. dakshina- is orig. clever cf. '
'
; — Gk, did, through ypAipnv, to write. ;
Skt. daksha-, able, daksh, to be strong. Dial. (L.) M

E. dial. - Med L. didlis,
. .
Dey , a governor of Algiers. (F. — Turk .) relating to a day hence a plate for shew- ;
F. ^^y. — Turk, ddi, a maternal uncle; ing the time of day. — L. dies, day. Brugm.
afterwards, in Algiers, an officer, chieftain. i. §_223.
Dhow, a slave ship (?). Mod. Arab. Dialect, a variety of a language. (F.-
ddo, but not an Arab, word (Yule). Orig. L.-Gk.) F. dialecte. — L. dialectus, f.
language unknown. Gk. did\(KTOs, {., discourse, language,
Di- (i), prefix; apart. (L.) L. dJ-, dialect. — Gk. diaXeyoixai, I discourse. —
shorter form of dis- see Dis-. ;
Gk. did, between \iyeiv, to speak. ;
Di- (2), prefix; twice, double. (Gk.) dialogue, a discourse. (F. L. Gk.) — —
Gk. hi- (for 5is), twice. +
L. bis, bi- ; Skt. F. dialogue. — L. dialogum, ace. oidialogus.
dvis, dvi-. Allied to Two. — Gk. SiaA.070?, a conversation. — Gk. bia-
Dia-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. 5m, through, Xiyofxai^ I discourse (above).
between, apart ; allied to Di- (2, and to Diameter, the line measuring the
Two. %
In nearly all words beginning breadth across or thickness through. [ F.
with dia-, except dial, diamond, diary. — L. — Gk.) Mid, F. dia?netre, 'a dia-
Diaibetes, a disease accompanied with meter ;
'
Cot. — L. diatnetros. — Gk. hid-
excessive discharge of urine. (Gk.) Gk. ^€Tpos, f. — Gk. Sid, through ;
fxirpov, a
Sia^TjTTjs, a pair of compasses, a siphon, measure ; cf. fêrpuu^ to measure.
diabetes. — Gk. diaâiveiv, to stand with Diamond. (F,-L,-Gk.) M.Y^.dia-
the legs apart (like compasses or a siphon). viant.—0.¥. form of
diaiiiant, altered
— Gk. Slo,, apart; liaivav, to go; see adamant so also Ital. Span, diamante,
;
Come. G. diamant, demant. See Adamant.

Diabolical. (L. — Gk.) \^. diabolic -us, Diapason, a whole octave, harmony.
devilish. — Gk. diaôXiicus, devilish. — Gk. (L. — Gk.) L. diapason, an octave, con-
see Devil.
5ja/3oAo?, the devil ;
cord of a note with its octave. — Gk. hia-
Diaconal, belonging to a deacon. Tidawv, concord of first and last notes of an
(F.-L.-Gk.) F. diaconal. ^ Late L. octave, lit. 'through all the notes. — Gk. '
didcondlis from L. didconiis, a deacon

,
;
bid, through Ttdawv, gen. pi. fem. of Tray,
;
seeDeacon. all (xopdcvv being understood) see Pan-, ;
Diacritic. (Gk.) Gk. SiaKpiTiKos, dis- prefix.
140
—
DIAPER DIET
Diaper, figured linen cloth. (F. L. — bylle ; apparently formed from Dab ; see
Gk.) Cf. O. F. diapr^, diapered from ; above.
the verb diapre}-, to diaper, or ' diversifie Dice, ph of Die (2), q. V.
with flourishings Cot. The verb is
;
' Dicker, half a score. (L.) "M.Y^.diker
formed from O. F. diaspre^ later diapre, a (cf. Icel. dekr^. — L. deairia, a set often. —
fine cloth, often described as blanc Ky^\i\\Q). L. dec-e/ii, ten.
— Late L. diasprus, adj., also used as a sb. Dicotyledon, a plant with two seed-
(tunica de diaspra a/da). ^Late Byzantine lobes. (Gk.) From Gk. Si-, double;
Gk. biaairpos, adj., pure white from St-d, ; KOTvXrjSwv, a cup-shaped hollow, from
wholly, datrpos, white (see N. E. D.). kotvXt], a cup.
^ Not the same as Ital. diaspro, a jasper ; Dictate. (L.) L. dictdtus, pp. of dic-
but cf. Prov. diaspes, diaspres, diaper, tdre^ to dictate, frequentative of dtcere, to
costly cloth (Bartsch) also Late L. asperi^; say (below). Der. dictat-or.
white money (Ducange). diction, talk. (F.-L.) Y. diction.^
Diaphanous, transparent. (Gk.) Gk. Y.. dididnem, ace. of o'zV/'z'^, a saying. — L.
Sia(pai'-T)s, transparent with suffix -ous. —

; dictus, pp. oidlcere, to say, appoint ; allied
Gk. Sid, through cpav-, allied to cpaivdv^
; to dicdre,io tell, publish. -f-Gk. SuKvvpii, I
to shew. Brugm. i. § 195. shew; Skt. aJ'/f, to shew ; Goth, gateihan,
Diaphoretic, causing perspiration. to announce, G. zeigen, to accuse, point
(L. — Gk.) L. diaphorl'tiais, sudorific — out. Brugm. i. § 207. (VDEIK.)
Gk. diacpopTjTiKos (the same). — Gk. dia- dictionary. Late L. dictiond-
(L.)
(pSprjais, perspiration. — Gk. to diafpopeiv, ritun, formed from diction-, stem oidictio,
carry off (by perspiration^. — Gk. Sid, a saying, word (above).
through ; (jyopuv, to carry, allied to (pepnv, Didactic, instructive. (Gk.) Gk. Si-
to bear see Bear.
; SaKTiKvs, instructive. — Gk. SiSdoKeiv, to
Diaphragm, dividing membrane.
a teach ( = *SiSaK-(TK€iv)
; allied to SoKfiu, to
(F. — L. — Gk.) F. diaphragme.'^'L. dia- think, SeKopiai, Ionic for Se\op.ai, I accept ;
phragma.^Qik. 5ia<f>paypa, partition, mid- cf. L. discere, to learn, docere, to teach.

riff. — Gk. did, between ; (ppdaaoj (fut. Brugm. (^DEK.)
i. § 707.
(ppd^Qj), I fence in, enclose. Didapper, Divedapper, a bird;
Diarrhoea. — Gk.)
L. diarr/icea."
(L. see Dive.
Gk. didppoia, lit. 'a flowing through.' — Die (0, to lose life. (Scand.) M. E.
Gk. diappeeiv, to flow through. — Gk. Sid, dyen, deyen Late A. S. deân. — Icel.
;
through ; p^fiv, to flow. deyja', Swed. do, Dan. doe, to die.+

Diary. (L.) L. didrium, a daily M. H.G. totnven; cf. Russ. davit{e), to
allowance, also a diary. — L. dies, a day. strangle. The Teut. base is *dati, whence
See Dial. *dau'jan (Icel. dey-j'a). Cf. Dead, Death.
Diastole, dilatation of the heart. (Gk.) Die a small cube for gaming. (F.—
(2),
Gk. SiacTTokr), a drawing asunder, dilata- L.) Used as sing, of M. E. dys, more
tion.— Gk. Sia(XT€\\fiv, to put aside or usually dees, dice. — O. F. dez, dice, pi. of
apart. — Gk. did, apart; areWeiv, to put. det, a die (F. d^). Cf. Prov. dat, Ital.
Diatonic, proceeding by tones. (Gk.) Span, dado, a die. —Late L. datum, lit. a
Gk. SiaTovtKos, from Sidrovos (lit. stretched thing given or decreed ; hence applied to
out), diatonic. — Gk. Siareivuv, to stretch a die for casting lots.- L. datiis, pp. of
out. — Gk. Sid, fully ; rdufiv, to stretch. dare, to give. See Date (i).
Diatribe. fF. — L. —
Gk.) Y. diatribe. Diet ( I (F. - L.
\ regimen. Gk.^ M. E. -
— L. diatriba, a learned disputation.— diete.'-'O.Y diete, daily fare. — Late L.
.
Gk. Siarpi^T], a wearing away of time, dieta, diceta, a ration of food. — Gk. Siaira,
waste of time, discussion. — Gk. Siarpi- mode of life, diet. Brugm. i. § 650.
0(iv,to waste time, to discuss. — Gk. Sid, Diet an assembly. (F. — L. — Gk.)
(2),
thoroughly rpi^îv, to rub, waste away
; M.F. a diete, parliament;' Cot.—
diete, '
(with long t). Med.L. diceta, a public assembly; also a

Dib, to dab lightly. (E.) A
lighter ration of food, diet. — Gk. Siaira, a mode of
form of dab. Hence dibber, a dibble ; see life,diet; see Diet (i). The peculiar ^
below. use of the word was due to a popular
dibble, an instrument for setting plants, etymology which connected diata (often
by making holes. (E.) M. E. debil, de- spelt dieta) with dies, a day ; we even
14
;
DIFFER DIMITY
find di(zta used to mean a day's journey
'
ings, to ruin. (L.) From pp. of
'
L. dtla-
and dieta for '
a day's work and a daily piddre, to scatter like stones. — L.
'
'
di- (for
office or duty '
; Ducange. stem oi lapis, a stone.
dis-^, apart ; lapid-,
Differ. CF. - L.) M. F.
Dilate. differer. - L.
O. F. dilater, to (F.-L.)
differre, to carry apart, to differ — L. dif-
widen. — L. dildtare, to widen. — L. di-
(for dis-), apart ferre, to bear. Cf. Defei\
;
(for dis-), apart; ldtns,\)xo2,^. See Lati-
Difficulty. (F.-L.) W.^. difficultee. tude. Der. dilat-ory, A. F. dilatorie.
— O. F. dlfflcnIte.'-'L. difficultdtem, ace. Dilemma, a perplexity. (L. — Gk.) L,
of difficultas (.for '^difficiliias, VikQ /aai/tas dilemma.'^ G\i. dikTjfifia. a double proposi-
for_/a«7?Va/, difficulty. — L. difficilis, hard. tion, or argument in which one is caught
— L. dif- (for dis-) , apart ; facilis, easy between two difficulties. — Gk. 5i-, twice,
;
see Facile. double \Tj/j.fxa, an assumption, premiss. ;
Diffident. (L.) L. diffident'^ stem of See Lemma.

diffidenSy pres. pt. of difftdere, to distrust. Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts,
^ L. dif\ = t//^-), apart fldere, to trust, ;
(Ital.— L.) Ital. dilettante, lit. 'delight-
allied tojides, faith. See Faith. ing in.' — Ital, dilettare, to delight. — L,
Diffuse. L- diffusus, pp. oidif-
^L-) deleddre, to delight see Delectable.
;
fuiidere, to shed abroad. — L. ^z/"- {=dis-)^ Diligent, industrious. (F.-L.) O.F.

apart fundere, to pour see Fuse (i).
; ; diligent. — L. diligent-, stem of dJligens,
—
Dig. (F. Du.) F. digtier, to make a careful, diligent, lit. loving (fond); pres.
dike. — F. digue, a dike. — Flem. and Du. pt. of dlligere, to love, select, lit. choose
flfz/'^, a dike; see Dike. between. — L. di- ( = dis-), apart ; legere, to

Digest, to assimilate food. (L.) M. E. choose. See Legend.
digest, used as a pp. = digested. — L. dtges- Dill, a plant. (E.) M. E. dille. A. S.
tiis, pp. of digerere, to carry apart, sepa- dile.^ Du. dille, Dan. dild, Swed. dill, G.
rate, dissolve, digest. — L. di- (for dis-), dill,^ dille, O. H. G. tilli.
apart ;
gerere, to carry. Dilute. (L.) 'L.diliitns.-pp.oidTluere,
Dight, adorned. (L.) Dight as a pp. is to wash away, also to mix with water. — L.
short for dighted, from the obs. xQxhdight, di- ffor dis-), apart ; luere, to wash.
to arrange, prepare, M. E. dikten, to pre- Dim. M. E. dim. A. S. dim, dark.
(E.)
pare. A.S. dihtan, to set in order, arrange ; •4- Icel. dimmr, dim M. Dan. dim. Cf. ;
borrowed from L. dictdre, to dictate, pre- M. H. G. timmer, dim Swed. dimma, a ;
scribe see Dictate.

; fog, haze O. Irish deim, dark.
;
Digit, a finger, figure. (L.) L., digitus^ Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. (F.^
a finger hence a figure, from counting on
; L.) F. dime, O. F. disme^ tenth. — L.
the fingers. decinia, a tithe fern, of L. decimus, tenth,
;
Dignity. (F. — L.) M. E. dignitee. — allied to decem, ten. See Ten.

O. F. digizetc. —
dignitatem, ace. of
L. Dimension. (F. — L.) O.Y. dimen-
dignitds, worthiness. — L.
^/^wwj, worthy. sion.— \^. ace. dimensionem, a measuring.
Brugm. i. ^ 762 (3). — L. dimensus, pp. of dimetirl, to measure
dignify. (F.-L.) O.Y.digniJier.^ off. — L. di' (for dis-^, apart; metiri, to
Med. L. digniJicare,\.o make worthy. — L. measure. See Measure.
digni; for digmis, worthy ; -Jicdre, for Diminish, to lessen. (F.-L.") Coined
facere, to make. from L. dl- { — dis-), apart, and E. minish',
Digress, lit. to step aside. ^L.) L. in imitation of L. dlminnere, to diminish
dig}'essus, pp. of digredl, to go aside. — L. (below). See Minish.
di- (for dis-), apart gradi, to go. See ; diminution. fF. — L.) F. diminu-
Grade. tion.— \^. ace. diminutidne7n, diminution.
Dike, a trench, trench and embankment, p- L. diminUtus, pp. of diminuere, to
bank. (E.) M. E. dik. A. S. die, masc. lessen. — L. di- ( = c/2,y-), apart; minnere,
-f-Du. dijk, Icel. diki, Dan. dige, Swed. to lessen. See Minute.
dike, G. teich, pond, tank. Der. dig, q. v. Dimissory, giving leave to depart.
See Ditch. (L.) L. dimissorius, giving leave to go
Dilacerate. (L.) From pp. of L. before another judge. L. dimisstiSy pp. of —
dilacerdre, to tear apart. — L. di- (for dis-), dimittere. to send away. — L. di- (for dis-)^
apart lacerdre, to tear.
; See Lacerate. away; miftere, to send.
Dilapidate, to pull down stoae build- Dimity, a white stuff. (Ital — L.— Gk.)
142
; ;
DIMPLE DIRGE
Ital. dimito i^X.dimiti), a kind of course ' Icel. dyntr, a dint, dynta, to dint Swed. ;
Florio. — Late L. di7ni-

;
cotton or flanell ' dial, dunt, a stroke, dunta, to strike.
tum (pL dimitd), silk woven witli two Diocese. (F'. — L. — Gk.) M. E. dio-
threads. — Gk. difxiro^, made with a double cise.'-O.V diocise (F. dioche).^!^. dioe-
.
thread, — Gk. Si-, double ; jjlltos, a thread cesis. — Gk. hiOLK-qcns, administration, a
of the woof. province, diocese. — Gk. dioixfou, I keep
Dimple, a small hollow. (E. ?) M. E. house, govern. — Gk. di- (for Sid , through-
dympidl. Perhaps from a base *diimp-, out oiK€Q}, I dwell, occupy, from oikos, a
;
allied to dip. Cf. Dan. dial, diifup, a house see Wick, a town.
;
hollow in a field dybbel, a pool, a hollow

; Dioptrics, the science of the refraction
in the upper lip (Moll)ech) Du. doinpelen, ; of light. (Gk.) Gk. ra SiOTTTpi/rci, dioptrics.
to dive; G. diimpfel, M. H. G. tiimpfcl. — Gk. SiOTiTpiK6s, relating to the Siovrpa,
O. H. Cr. tiunphilo, a deep pool. Also an optical instrument for taking heights,
Lith. dubus, hollow dubti, to be holl jvv
; &c. — Gk. Si-d, through; base *on- (fut.
(pres. dumb-u).t. oipofxai), to see; -rpa, fern, instrumental
Din, clamour. (E.) M. E. dine, dune. suffix. See Optics.

A. S. dyne, dyn\ dynnan, to resound. -4- Diorama, a scene seen through a small
Icel. dynr, Swed. dan, Dan. don^ noise ;
opening. (Gk.) Gk. Si- (for Sid), through ;
Skt. dhzmi-, Toaiing, dAva fii- a. din, dhvan, , opafj-a, a sight, from updoj. I see.
to resound. Dip, to plunge, immerge. (E.) M. E.
Bine. (F.-L.) M. E. dinen.Ô, F. dippen. A. S. dyppan, later dippan for ;
disner, F. diner, to dine. — Late L. *dis- *diip-jan, causal form from the base dup-,
iundre, short for *disieifinare, to break weak grade of deup-, as seen in A. S. deop,
one's fast. — L. dis- ; ieiilndre, to fast, from deep see Deep. Cf. Dan. dyppe, to dip.
;
ieivnus, fasting. (Romania, viii. 95.) Diphtheria. (Gk.) From Gk. 5t<J)-
—
dinner. (F. L.) ^\.¥.. diner; from Bi:po., leather ; from the leathery nature of
O. F. disner, to dine ; the infinitive mood the false membrane formed in the disease.
being used as a sb. Cf. Gk, Se^pfiv, to make supple.
Ding*, throw violently, beat. (E.?)
to Diphthong, a union of two vowel-
M. E, dingen, pt. t. dang, jjp. dungen as sounds in one syllable. (F. — L. — Gk.)
;
a strong verb though not found in A. S. Formerly dipthong (Ben Jonson). — ]\L F.
;
Cf. Icel. dengia, Dan. dcenge,'&^&A.ddnga, diptJwngue. — L. ace. diphthongjim, i. — G.

to bang; all weak verbs. Cf. M. Dan. SiipOoyyos, wiih two sounds. — Gk. 8t- (for
dinge, to blunt an edge by beating on it 5(5), double; (pOuj-yos, sound, from (pOeyyo-
O. H. G. tangol, a hammer. From a Teut. p.ai, I cry out.
type *denga7t-. Diploma. (L. — Gk.) L. diploma, a
Bingle, a deep dell. (E. or Scand.) document conferring a privilege. — Gk.
JvL E. dingle. Cf. diinble, in a similar S'nrXojpia, a a thing folded double ; also,
sense. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Dimple. diploma (prob. orig. folded
licence,
Dingo, the native dog of Australia. double). — Gk, SnrKuos, double. — Gk. Si-
(New S. Wales.) Ne-v S. Wales dij2go, [Sis), double -ttXvos, folded. Der. di- ;
written teingo in 1798 (Morris). plomat- ic, from Snr\ojfj.aT-, stem of SinXajfia.
Dingy, dirty. (E.) Orig. soiled with Diptera, two-winged insects. (Gk,)
dung. Cf. A. S. dingiung (for *dyng'i'zing, From Gk. 81- {Sis), double itripov, a wing, ;
with g as/), a dunging from dung, dung from the weak grade of niTOfxai, 1 fly.
; ;
so also Swed. dyngig, dungy, from dyng, Diptych, a double-folding tablet. (L.
dung see Dung. For the pronunciation, — Gk.)
; Late L. pi, diptycha. — Gk. Si-
cf.stingy (allied to sting). trrvxa, a pair of tablets ; nent. pi. of Si-
Dingy (with hard^), Dingey, a small UTvxos, folded in two. — Gk. Si- (Sis),
boat. (Bengali.) Beng. dingy, a small double ; tttvxv, a fold, -mvacriiv, to fold.
boat ' it has become legitimately incor-
; Dire. (L.) L. dims, fearful.
porated in the vocabulary of the British Direct, adj. (L.) L. dlrcdus, pp. of
Navy, as the name of the smallest ship's dlrigere, to direct. — L. di-(for dis-), apart
boat (Yule\
' regere, to rule.
Dinner ; see Dine. dirge. (L.) Formerly dJrige frona ;
Dint, a blow, force. (E.) M. E. dint, the first word of the anthem dirige. Do- '
dunt ; also dent. A.S. dynt, a blow.-f minus mens,' in the office for the dead. — L.
A-h
+
DIRK DISEMBARK
diHge, direct thou (cf. Ps. v. 8) 2 p. imper, ; Disconsolate. (L.) Late L. discon-
sing, oi dirigere (above). j-JAf/wi",comfortless. — L. dis-, apart; con-
Dirk, a dagger. (,Du. ?) Spelt dork soldtiis, pp. of conscldrT, to console from ;
(a, d. 1602) also diirk. Perhaps from Du.

; con- {cum), with, soldrl, to comfort. See
dolk^ a dagger; a word of Slavonic origin. Solace.
Cf. Polish tiilich, a dagger. Irish i/z//;r, % Discord, sb. (F.-L.) O.Y.descord,
a poniard, is borrowed from E. discord, variance formed from O. F. des-
;
Dirt. (Scand.) From M. E. drit (with corder, vb., to be at variance. — L..discorddre

sliifted r). — Icel. di-it. dirt, excrement of (the same'). — L. discord-, stem of discors,
birds. Cf. Icel. (^//'v/a, to void excrement. adj. discordant. — L. dis-, apart ; cord-,
M. Du. drete, Du. dreet, sb., drijten, vb. stem of cor, heart.
TAb-,^ prefix. (^L.) L. dis-, apart: of. Discount, verb. (F. L.) Formerly —
Gk. Si-, apart ; see Di-. Hence O. F. discompt. — U. F. descompter, to reckon
which sometimes becomes dis-
des-, in E., back or off. — O. F. des- (L. dis-), away;
and sometimes de-, as in de-feat. The compter, to count see Count (2).
;
prefix dis- commonly expresses the re- Discourse. F.-L.) O. F. discours,

versal of an act, somewhat like the E. sb. — L. discttrsum. ace. of discursus, a
verbal prefix tin-. For most words be- running about ; also, conversation..- L.
ginning with this prefix, see the simpler discursus, pp. of discurrere. to run about.
forms. For example, for dis-abuse, see — L dis-, apart ctirrere, to run.
;
abuse ; and so on. Discover. (F. — L.) M.\L. discoueren

Disaster. (F. — L.) M. F. desastre, 'discovcren\. — O. F. descotwrir, to un-
'
a disaster, misfortune Cot. Lit. ill- ;
'
'
cover, disclose. — O. F. des- (L. dis-),
fortune.'— O. F. des-, for L. dis-, with a apart couvrir, to cover.
; See Cover.
sinister or bad sense and M. F. asfre, ; Discreet, prudent. (F. L.) O. F. —
a star, planet, also destiny, fortune, from disc?-et. — L,. discretns, pp. of dis-cernere,
L. astrtwi, a star. to discern ; see Discern. Der. discret-
Disburse. (F.-L. and Gk.) O. F. ion.
desbouj-ser, to take out of a purse. — O. F. Discrepant, differing, (F.-L.) M.F.
des- (L. dis-), away: F. bourse, a purse, discrepant,"h. discrepant-, stem of pres.
from Late L. bursa, Gk. ^vpaa, a skin part, of discrepare, to differ (in sound).—
(hence, a hag). See Bursar. L. dis-, apart crepare. to crackle, sound.
;
Disc, Disk, a round plate. (L. Gk.) — Discriminate. (,L.) L. discrlmind-

L. discus, a quoit, a plate. — Gk. Sictkos, a ties, pp. of discrimindre, to separate. — L.
quoit. — Gk. 5i/f€n', to cast, throw. Brugm. discrimin-, stem of discrimen, a separa-
i. § See Dish, Desk, Dais.
744. tion. — L. discernere (pt. t. discre-ui), to
Discern. (F. — L.) F. discemer.^'L. distinguish. — L. dis-, apart cernere, to ;
discernere, to separate, determine. — L. dis-. separate.

apart cernere, to separate.
; Cf. Con- Discursive. (L.) From L. discurs-
cern. us, pp. of discwrere, to run about; with
Disciple. (F.-L.î F. disciple. ^l.. suffix -ive. See Discourse.
discipulum, ace. of discipidus, a learner. Discuss. (L.) M. E. discussed, pp.
— L. discere, to learn ; allied to docere, to driven away. — L. discussus, pp. of dis-
teach see Docile.
; Der. discipl-ine, cutere, to shake asunder in Late L., to ;
O. F. discipline, L. disciplina, learning. discuss. — L. dis-, apart quatere, to shake.

;
Disclose. (F.-L.) M. E. disclosen. Disdain, sb. (F. — L.) M. E. disdeyn.

— O. F. desclos-, pres. stem of desclorre, to — O. F. desdein, sb. — O. F. desdegnier, to
unclose, open. — L. disclaudere, to unclose. disdain. — O. F. des- (L. dis-), apart degn- ;
— L. a??,y-, apart claudere, to close. See

; think worthy, from
ier (L. digndri), to
Clause. digntcs, worthy. ^
O. F. desdegnier seems
Discomfit. — L.^
E. discomfit
(F. M. to have been substituted for L. dedigndri,
(Bruce). — O. F. disconfit, discomfited, pp. to disdain (with prefix de-, down).
of desconfire, to discomfit, vanquish,' Cot.
'
Disease. (F.) O. F. desaise, want of
— O. F. des-; and confire, to preserve, make — O. F. des-
ease. (L. dis-) ; aise, ease.
ready. — L. dis-, apart; and conficere, to Disembark. (F.) M. F. desembar-
preserve, complete, from L. con- [ciini), quer. — O. F. des- (L. dis-), away embar- ;
together, facere, to put, make. See Pact. quer, to embark ; see Embark.
144
;
DISEMBOGUE DISPOSITION
Disembogue, to flow into the sea, as O. H. G. magan (G. mogen), to have
a river. (Span. — L.) Span. dese??ibocar, power, be able. Hence *desmayer and
to disembogue. — Span, des- (L. dis-), esmayer, at first used in the intrans. sense,
apart; embocar^ to enter the mouth, from to lack power, faint, be discouraged, but
em- (L. m), into, and boca (L. bticca), afterwards, actively, to discourage. Cf.
mouth. Ital. smagai-e (for *dis-magare^, orig. to
Disgorge. (F.-L.) O.F. desgorger. lose courage, also to dismay (Florio).
— O.K. des- (L. dis-)^ away; gorge, the See May (i).
throat ; see Gorge. Dismiss, to send away. (F.-L.) A
Disgrace. ^F. — Ital. — L.) M.F. <^zV- coined word suggested by F. desmettre,
;
grace.—\\sX. disgrazia.^'L.. dis-y apart; pp. desmis, to displace, dismiss

'
Cot. ;
'
gratia, grace. See Grace. The true L. form is dimittere, to send

Disguise, vb. (F.-L. ajid O. H. G.^ away. — L. di- (for dis-), apart, away;
O. F. desguiser, to disguise. — O. F. des- mitt ere, to send.
(L. dh-)^ apart; and gttise, guise; see Disparage, to offer indignity, to lower
Guise. Lit. to change the guise of.'
' ill rank or esteem. (F.-L.) M. E. des-
Disgust, vb. (F. — L.) M. F, des- parage?i.Ô. F. despaj-ager. — O. F. des-,
gotister, 'to distaste, loath;' Cot. F. — O. apart ;
parage, rank. — L. dis-, apart
des- (L. apart gousler, to taste, from
dis-'), ;
Late L. pardtictim society, rank, equality
,
L. gustare, to taste see Gust (2). ; of rank, from L. par, equal (Diez). See
Dish, a platter. (L. Gk.) M. E. - Par.
disch. A. S. disc^ a dish. — L. discus, a disparity. (F. - L.) F. disparite
quoit, platter : see Disc. (Montaignej. From L. dis-, apart and ;
Dishabille see Deshabille. ;

F./arzV/, equality; see Parity. Suggested
Dishevil. (F. — L.) M. F. discheveler by L. dispar, unequal.
(Cot.), '
i. e. to disorder the
to dischevell,' Dispatch, Despatch. (Span. — L)
hair. —O F. des- (L. dis-), apart; chevel Formerly spelt dis-, not ^/^j--. — Span, des-
(F. cheveu), a hair, from L. capilliu7i, ace. pachar, to dispatch, expedite. — L. dis-,
of capillus, hair away; and L. type *pactdre, to fasten, fix,
Disinterested. (F. L.) From - from pactus, pp. of pangere, to fasten.
Dis- (2) and interested; see Interest (2). (See N. E. D.) Cf. Ital. spaccia7'e, to dis-
Disk; see Disc. patch (Florio), answering to a L. type
Dislocate, to put out of joint. (L.) '^dispactidre.
From pp. of Late L. dislocnre, to put out Dispel. (L.) L. dispellere, to drive
of place. — L. dis-. apart ; locdre, to place, asunder, — L. dis-, apart pellere, to drive.
;
fiom loctis, place. Dispense. (F.-L.) O.F. dispenser,

Dismal. (F. - L.) Orig. A. F. dis to dispense with. — L.
dispensdre,\.o weigh
mal, unlucky days (a. D. 1256). [The out, frequent, form of dispendere, to weigh
])hrasewas misunderstood, and dismal was out. — L. dis-, apart pendere, to weigh.
;
treated as an adj., with the addition of Disperse, to scatter abroad. (F. L.) —
days and later, of other sbs.] — L. dies
; M. F disperser. From L. pp. dispersus,
mail, evil day<. Cf. F. Lnn-di— Mon-day. ])p. of dispergere, to scatter abroad. — L.
Dismantle. ^\.Y. desman-(F. — L.) di- for dis-), apart spargere, to scatter.
;
teller^ 'totake a mans cloake off his backe; Display. (F.-L.) A. F. desplayer,
also, to raze walls Cot. - O. F. des- (L O. F. desploier, to unfold, shew. — L. dis-,
;
'
dis->), apart manteler, to cloak, from apart plicdre, to fold.

;
Doublet, deploy. ;
mantel, sb. see Mantis. ; Disport. (F.-L.) W.Y.. disporten,

Dismay, to discourage. (F. — L. a7id to amuse. —O.F. se desporter, to amuse
O. H. G. O F. *desmayer, not found oneself, orig. to cease from labour later
) :
(except dis7naye, pp., in Palsgrave, p. 519). deporter, and confused with Deport. — L.
but exactly the same as Span, desmayar dis-, away, portd7-e, to carry (hence, to
(Port, desmaier. Ital. s??iagare), to dismay, remove oneself from or cease from labour).
terrify. The O. F. *desmayer was early Hence sport, q. v.
supplanted by esmayer in the same sense, Dispose. (F. — L. and Gk.) O. F. dis-
which only differed in substituting the poser, to arrange. — O.F. dis- (L dis-),
prefix es- (L. ex-) for des- {L.dis-). The apart F. poser, to place see Pose. ; ;
latter part {-mayer) of these words is from Disposition. (F.-L.) F. disposi-

I
45 F
;;;;;
,
DISPUTE DISTICH
tion.^J-,. ace. dispositionem, a setting in apart ; socidre, to associate, from socius^ a
order. — L. dispositiis, pp. of disponere, to companion. See Sociable.
set in various i>laces, to arrange. — L. dis-, Dissolute. (L.) L. dissohltus, licen-
apart ponere, to place, put.
;
tious pp. of L. dissohiere (below).
;
Dispute. (F.-L.) F, disputer.-l.. dissolve. (L.) L. dissohiere, to dis-

disputdre, to argue, — L. dis-, apart solve, loosen, relax. — L. dis-, apart; sol-
putdre, to think. See Putative. ziere, to loosen. See Solve. Der. dis-
Disquisition, an investigation. (L.) sohit-ion (from pp. dissolutus).
From L. disquTsitid, a search into. — L. Dissonant. (F. L.) M. F. disso- -
disquisiftis, pp. of disquTrere, to examine. nant Cot. — L. dissonant-, stem of pres.
;
L. dis-, apart qitm-ere, to seek.

;
pt. o{ dissond7-e, to be unlike in sound.—
Disruption. (L.) From L. disruptio, L. dis-, apart; sondre, to sound, from
diritptio, a breaking asunder. — L. disriip- sontis,sound.
tus, di}-uptiis, pp. of disrunipere, diruni- Dissuade. (F. — L.) F. dissuader;
pere, to break apart. — L. dis-^ dl-, apart; Cot. — L. dissiiddere, to persuade from.—
rufupere, to burst. L. dis-, apart; suddere,\.o persuade; see
Dissect. (L.) From L. dissect -us, pp. Suasion.
oi dissecd}-e, to cut apart. — L. dis-, apart DistaiF. (E.) A
distaff is a staff
secdre, to cut. bedizened with Jâx, ready to be spun off.
Dissemble. O. F. dis-
(F. - L.) '
I dysyn a dystaffe, I put the flaxe upon
(L. dis-), apart; sernbler, to seem, appear; it to spynne Palsgrave.
;
'
M. E. distaf,
cf. O. F. dissi/uule>\ to dissemble. — L. dis-, dysestaf. A. S. distcef. The A. S. distce)
apart, away; sitmdare, to pretend; cf. L. stands for '^dise-stcef, where staf—'E.. staff,
dissimiildre to pretend that a thing is not.
, and '^dise^'Low G. diesse, the bunch of
See Simulate. flax on a distaff (Bremen) also spelt dise, ;
Disseminate. (L.) From pp. of L. disene (Liibben) E. Fries, dissen.

; See
dissemindre, to scatter seed. — L. dis-, Dizen.
apart semindre, to sow, from semin-, for
; Distain. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. disteinen.'^
semen, seed. O. F. desteign-, a. stem of desteindre, to
Dissent, vb. (L.) L. dissentJre (pp. distain, take away colour. — O. F. des-
dissensiis), to differ in opinion. — L. ^/i--, (L. dis-), away; and teindre, from L.
apart ; senttre, to feel, think. Der. dis- tinga-e, to dye.
sens-io}i, from the pp. dissensus. Distant. (F.-L.) O.Y . distant. ^\..
Dissertation, a treatise. (L.) From distantem, ace. of distans, pres. pt. of
L. dissertdtio, a debate. — L. dissertdtiis, distdre, to stand apart. — L. dl-, apart;
pp. of dissertdre, to debate ; frequent, of stJre, to stand.
disserere, to disjoin, discuss. — L. dis-, Distemper (i), to derange the tem-
apart ; serere, to join. perament of body or mind. (F. — L.) M.E.
Dis S ever. F — L. ) O F dessevrer.
( .
.
. . — O. F. destemprer, to mix
distcmpei-en. ;
— Late L. dissepardre. — L. dis^, apart whence pp. destempr^, immoderate, exces-

separdre. to separate. sive. —O.F. (L. dis-), apart; temprer
^î--
Dissident. (L.) L. dissident-, stem (^mod. F. tremper), from L. tempe^-dre, to

of pres. of dissidere, to sit apart, to
pt. regulate. See Temper.
disagree. — L. dis-, apart sedere, to sit. distemper
; (2), a kind of painting.
Dissimilar, unlike. (F.-L.) M. F. (F. L.) O. F. destemprer, later destrem- —
dissimilaii-e.'Ô.Y dis- (L. dis-), apart; per, ' to soake, steepe, moisten, make fluid,
.
and similaire, like see Similar. ; liquid, or thin,' Cot. the same verb as ;
dissimilitude, dissimulation above.

from L. dis-, apart, and similitude, simu- Distend. (L.) L. distendere, to stretch
lation. apart. — L. dis-, apart tendere, to stretch; ;
Dissipate. (L.) From pp. of L. see Tend. Der. distent-ion (from the
dissipd7'e, to disperse. — L. dis-, apart pp. distent-tis).
and O. L. siipdre, to throw ; we find also Distich, a couplet. (L. — Gk.) L.
insipdi-e, to throw into. Cf. Skt. kship, to dzstichiis, distichon. — Gk. hLanxov, a coup-
throw. Brugm. i. § 761. let (in verse) ; neut. of SjcrTtxos, having two
Dissociate. (L-) From the pp. of L, rows. — Gk. Si- (5i'?), double; aT[x<^s, a row,
dissocidre, to separate from. — L. dis- allied to GTiiyiiv, to go. (y'STEIGH.)
146
;;
DISTIL DIVIDE
Distil. (F. - L.) O . F. distiller. - L. Dittany, a plant. (F. L. - Gk.) M.E. -
distilldre, destilldre, to drop or trickle dytane. — O. F. ditan, dietarn. — L. dic-
down. — L. de, down; stilldre, to drop, tammivi, ace. of dictamnus. Gk. b'lK- —
from stilla.^ a drop. See Still (2). TOfiuoi, diKTafxvov, dittany named from ;
Distingtlish, to mark off. (F.-L.) Mount Dicte in Crete, where it grew.

O. F. distifiguer, to distinguish the suffix ; Ditto. (Ital.-L.) Ital. ditto, detto,
-ish has been added by analogy, and cannot that which has been said. — L. dictum,
be accounted for in the usual way. — L. neut, of pp. of dicere, to say.
distinguere, to mark with a prick, dis- Ditty. (F.-L.) M. E. ditee.Ô. F.
tinguish {\)\). distinchis).^lj. di- (for dis-), dit^, a kind of poem. — L. dictdtttm,a. thing
apart; *stingtiere (not in use), to prick, dictated neut. of dictdtus, pp. of dictdre,
;
allied to Gk. orl^fiy, to prick, and E. frequent, of dicere see Dictate. ;
slic^, vb. See Instigate. Brugm. i. § 666. Diuretic, provoking discharge of urine.
distinct. (F. L.) O.F. distinct. •• — F.
i
—
L. Gk.) —
M.F. diuretique ; Cot. — L.
L. distinctus, distinguished ; pp. of dis- diureticiis.-'QtV. SiuvprjTiKos. — Gk. diov-
tinguere. pUiv, to pass urine. — Gk. hi-a, through;
Distort. (L.) L. distoiiuSf pp. of ovpov, urine ; see Urine.
distoj-quere, to twist aside. L. dis-, apart — Diurnal. (L.) 'L.dinmdUs, daily.—
iorqjia-e, to twist see Torture.
; L. diurmis, daily. — L. dies, a day.
Distract, vb. (L.) Yxom'L.distracttis, Divan, a council-chamber, sofa. (Pers.)
pp. oi distrahere, to draw apart. — L. dis-, Pers. divdn, a tribunal Arab, daywdn, a
;
apart ; trahere, to draw; see Trace (i). royal court, tribunal, council of state.
Distrain. (F.-L.) O. F. destreign-, Divaricate, to fork, diverge. (L.)
a stem of destraindre, to strain, press, vex From pp. of L. dmdricdre, to spread apart.
extremely, constrain (hence to seize goods — L. dl- (for dis-), apart ; z/rfrzVz^j-, stradd-
for debt).— L. distrijigere, to pull asunder ling, from udrus, crooked.
(see below) — L. dt- {dis-) , apart ; stringers,
. Dive. (E.) M.E. ditien, dunen (u = v).
to draw tight see Stringent.
; A. dyfan, to immerse, weak verb con-
S. ;
distress, calamity. (F.-L.) O.F. fused with dufan, strong verb (pt, t. deaf,
destresse, oldest form desirece from a ; pp. dofen), to dive. Icel. dyfa, to dip.+
Folk-L. *districtia (not used), regularly Allied to Dove, Deep, Dip.
formed from L. districtus, pp. oi distrin- didapper, a bird. (E.) Short for flfiV^J-
gere, to pull asunder (in Late L. to punish, dapper. Cf. A. S. diifedoppa, a pelican.
afflict) see Distrain.
; Here dapper (— A.S. doppd) means a
Distraught. (L.) A
modification of dipper or diver; and dive - dapper ^diwe-
distract ( = distracted) ; from L. disti'act-tis dipper, a reduplicated word.
see Distract. Diverge. (L.) Coined from L. di- (for
Distribute, to allot, deal out. (L.) dis-), apart; and verge, vb. See Verge
From distribut-tis pp. of L. distribuere,
,
(2).
to deal out, allot separately. — L. dis-, Divers, Diverse, various. (F.-L.)
apart tribuere, to assign
; see Tribute. ; O. F. divers, masc, diverse, fern., 'divers,
District, a region. (F.-L.) M. F. differing; Cot. — L. dinersus, various
'
;
district. — Late L. districtus, territory orig. pp. of diuertere, to turn asunder,

wherein a lord has power to enforce justice. separate, divert (below).
— L. disiricttis, pp. of distringere ; see divert. (F. — L.) yi..Y. divertir, 'to
Distrain. divert, alter Cot. — L. dine}-tere, to
;
'
Disturb. (F.-L.)
destorhen, M.E. turn aside. — L. dl- (dis-) apart uertere, , ;
distotirben. — O. F. destorber, to vex. — L. to turn. Der. divers-ion, from pp.

disturbdre, to disturb. L. dis-, apart — ;
ditiersus.
tnrbdre, to disorder, from turba, a tumult, Divest. (L.) Late L. dmestire, in
crowd. See Turbid. place of L. dmestire, to strip off clothes.
Ditch. (E.) M.E. diche; cf. A. S. — L. dl- (for dis-), apart, substituted for
dice, dat. of die, fem. [also masc], a dike ;
L. de-, down, away ; uestii-e, to clothe,
see Dike. from uestis, clothing. See Vest.
Dithyramb, a kind of hymn. (L. — Gk.) Divide. L. dluidere, to divide,
(L.)
L. dithy rambles. ^G\i. didvpafiôs, a hymn separate (pp. diuTsus).-'!^. di- {dis-),
in honour of Bacchus. apart and '^tiide7-e, a lost verb, prob.
;
^47
;
DIVINE DOGMA
meaning ' to
'
see "Widow.
separate ; burdock Irish meacan-dogha, a great bur-
;
(VWIDH.) Brugm. i. § 5S9, ii. 528. dock, where ineacan means a tap-rooted
Der. divis-ion (from the pp.)- plant, as a carrot. Der. bur-dock.
Bivine. (F.-L.) M.E. ^^z;/;z.-O.F. Dock (3), a basin for ships. (Du.?)
devin. —
L. diiiTmis^ divine, god-like M, Du. docke, a harbour (whence Dan.
allied to dtuns, godlike, detis, god; see dokke, Swed. docka, G. docke) \ Du. dok.
Deity. ^ History obscure.
Divorce, sb. (F, - L.) O.F. divorce. - Docket, a label, ticket. (E. ?) Orig. an
L. duwrtiicm, a separation. — L. diiiortere, abstract ;apparently allied to Dock (1).
the same as diuertere^ to turn aside, sepa- ^ History obscure.
rate ; see Divert. Doctor, Doctrine, Document;
Divulge. (F. — L.) F. divulgiier, ' to see Docile.
divulge, reveal Cot. — L. dhndgdre, to
;
' Dodecagon. (Gk.) Named from its
publish abroad. —
L. di-^ for dis-, apart; 12 angles. Formed
decagon, with like
uulgdre., to publish, from tiulgus, the Gk. SdSf/ca, twelve, instead of Se'tfo, ten.
people, a crowd see Vulgar. ; See Decagon.
Dizen, to deck out. (E.) To dizeti was Dodecahedron. (Gk.) Forrnedwith
dig. to furnish a distaff with flax, hence Gk. 5(ju5€Ka, twelve, in place oi dena, ten ;
to deck out. See Distafif. Der. be-dizen. see Decahedron.

Dizzy. (E.) M.E. dysy, diisi. A. S. Dodge, to go hither and thither, to
dysig, toolish, stupid, -f- E. Fries, dusig, quibble. (E.) XVI cent. Orig. to walk
dizzy, foolish O. H. G. ttisic.
;
From unsteadily, hence to go from side to side
Teut. *dics-, as in Low G. diisen, to loiter as if to escape perhaps allied to prov. E. ;
(Lubben) allied to Teut. *dils-, as in Du. dade, to walk unsteadily, Scotch daddle,
;
duizelen, to be dizzy. Perhaps further doddle, to waddle, dod, to jog, dodge, to

allied to A. S. dzatss, Du. drvaas, foolish jog along, dodgel, to hobble, North E.
(Franck), from Teut. stem '^dw/es-. dodder, to shake, totter, dadge, dodge, to
Do, to perform. (E.) M. E. doo7t. A. S. walk clumsily. (Very doubtful.)
don, pt. t. dyde, pp. gedon the orig. sense Dodo, an extinct bird. (Port.) Port.
;
is 'put' or ' place.'+Du. doen, O. H. G. dondo, silly, foolish the bird being of a ;
tuon, G. thun. Teut. stem *do-. Allied clumsy make. Said to be borrowed from
to Gk. Ti-Orj-fxi, I put, Skt. d/id, to place. Devonsh. dold, stupid, the same as E. doli
(VDHE.) Brugm. i. § 129. (Diez). See Dolt.
Docile. (F. — L.) F. doci/e. — L. docilis, Doe. (E.) '^l.F.doo. A.S. o'a.+Dan.
teachable. — L. docere, to teach. Allied to daa. Swed. do/-, in dofhjort, a buck, may
Disciple and Didactic. be allied to G. da^nhirsch, a buck, wherein
doctor. (F. — L.) M.E. dodoiir.^ the syllable dam- is thoi^ght to be borrowed
O.F. doctotir. '^'L. dodo rem, ace. oi doctor, from L. ddma, a deer or Celtic cf. Corn. ; ;
a teacher. — L. docere, to teach. da, a deer, Gael, damh, ox, stag.

doctrine. (F.— L.) F. doctrine. — 1.. Doff, to put off clothes. (E.) Short for
doc/rina, lore, learning. — L. doctor, a do off, i. e. put off. Cf. don, dup.
teacher. — L. docere, to teach. Dog. (E.) M. E. dogge. A. S. docga.
document. (F.-L.) ¥. document. (Du. dog, Swed. dogg, a mastiff Dan. ;
^1-,. dociiuienc'tun, a proof. —L. docere, to dogge, a bull-dog Low G. dogge, F. dogne ; ;
teach, shew. all borrowed from E.) Der. dog, verb, to

Dock (1), to curtail. (E.?) From track, follow as a dog dogg-ed, sullen ; ;
dock, sb., the stump of a tail, stump, cut dog-cheap, very cheap (see N. E. D.) ;
end. Cf. E. Fries, dokke, dok, a bundle, dog-zvood.
bunch (as of straw) Du. dok, a little ; Doge, a duke of Venice. (Ilal. — L.)
bunch (of straw) Dan. dukke, a skein, Ital. doge, prov. form of '^doce, a duke. — L.
;
short column, baluster G. docke, a skein, diic-evi, ace. of dt{x, a leader. See Duke.
;
rail, plug, peg; Low G. dokke, a bunch, Doggerel, wretched poetry. (E. ?)
stump, peg (Berghaus). M. E. dogerel, Ch. C. T. 13853. Origin
Dock (2), a plant. (E.) A. S. docce.-^- uncertain but prob. formed from dog. ;
M. Du. docke (as in docken hladeren, dock- Cf. dog-rime, poor verses (N. E. D.).
leaves, Hexham) M. Dan. a-dokka. water- Dogma, a definite tenet. (Gk.) Gk,
;
dock (Kalkar). So also Gael, dogha, a 5o7/ia, an opinion (stem So7/âT-). — Gk.
DOILY DONJON
SoKfccj I am
of opinion. Allied to Do- ace. of delphinus, a dolphin. — Gk. S(X<plv-,
cile. Der. dogmat-ic, dogmat-ise. stem of deKipis, a dolphin.
Doily, a small napkin. (Personal name.) Dolt. (E.) Cf. Devonsh. dold, a dolt.
Formerly we read of doily stuff,' and ' M.E. dult ( = dulled); from M.E. dul,
*
doily petticoats.' Said to be named after dull ; see Dull.
'the famous Doily'' Spectator, no. 283, ; Domain. (F. — L.) F. domaitze, sb. ;
Jan. 24, 1 71 2. Mentioned in Dryden's from O. F. demaine, adj., belonging to as

Kind Keeper, iv. i (1679). one's own. — L. dominicus, adj., belonging
Doit, a small coin. (Du. Scand.) Du. — to a lord (the neut. dominiaun was used
dnit, a doit. — \cQ\.J)veii, a piece, bit, small for L. dominium, lordship). — L. dominus,
coin, doit. — Icel. *J>vJta (pt. t. *J)veit), to a lord allied to L. domdi-e, to tame,
;
cut, a lost verb, but the same as A. S. subdue see Tame. Doublet, demesne.
;
Pwitan see Thwite.

; Dome. 'F. — Ital. — L.) F. dome.'-'
Dole, a portion. (E.) M. E. dol, dale. Ital. diiomo, domo, a cathedral church
A. S. ddl^ a division (Exod. viii. 23). A (house of God). — L. do7num, ace. of
variant of Deal (i), q.v. domus, a house, a building. (-^DEM.)
Doleful, sad. (Hybrid F. -L. andY..) See Timber. Brugm. i.
; § 138.
The suffix -ftcl is E. M. E. doel, duel, dol domestic. (F. — L.) F. domestique.
(Scotch doot) sorrow, grief. — O. F. doel,
,
— L. dojuesiicus, belonging to a household.
dol (F. deuil), grief; verbal sb. of O. F. — L. doin-us, a house (above).
doloir, to grieve. — l^.dolium,\x\ cor-dolimn, domicile. (F. — L.) O.Y. domicile,
grief of heart. — L. dole7-e^ to grieve. a mansion. — L. domicilium, a habitation.
dolour. (F. — L.) M. E. dolour. — — L. domi-, for domus, a house and ;
O. F. dolour. — 'L.. dolorem, ace. oi dolor, -cilitim, possibly allied to Cell.

grief. — L. dolere, to grieve. Domesday ; see Doom.
Doll. (Gk.) From Doll, for Dorothy ; Dominate. (L.) From pp. of domi-
a familiar name, of Gk. origin (see ndri, to be lord over. — L. do?nimcs, a
N. E. D.). Cf. Lowl. Sc. doroty, a doll. lord.
Dollar. (Low G. — G.) Low G. daler; domineer. (Du.-F.-L.) M. Du.
Du. daalder, a dollar. Adapted and dominei-en, luxuriously (Oude-
to feast
borrowed from G. thaler, a dollar. The mans) borrowed from O. F. do77iiner, to
;
G. thaler is short for Joachimsthaler a , govern, rule. — L. do>nind7'i, to be lord

coin made from silver found va. Joachijiis- over (above).
thal Qoachim's dale) in Bohemia, ab. dominical. (F. — L.) O.Y. do7)iini-
A.D. 1519. iTiz/. — Late L. belonging to the
do77iinicdlis,
Dolman, a kind of loose jacket. (F. — Lord's day, or to the Lord. — L. do7iii7iic-
G. — Hung. — Turk.) F. dolman. — G. dolus, belonging to a lord. — L. do7}ii7iics, a
man, dollman. — Hung, dolmany. — Turk. lord.
ddldmdn, dohmiah, a kind of long robe. dominion. (F. - Late_ L.) O. F.
Dolmen, a monument of two upright do77ii}iio7t.''V.2X& L. do77ti7jio7ie77i, ace. of
stones, with a third across them. (F. — C.) dor7ii7tio, lordship ; allied to L. do?7ii7i-
F. dolmen. — Bret, dolmen, lit. * stone- iutfi, lordship. — L. dominus (above").
table ;
Legonidec. — Bret, tol, taol, a
' domino. (F. F. dof7ii7io, a — L.)
table (from L. tabula) and j?ien, a stone
; ;
masquerade-dress orig. a master's hood.;
according to Legonidec. But (see N. E. D.) — L, do7}iinus, a roaster (above). Der.

this is due to some mistake the F. ; do77ii7ioes. sb. pi., a game.
dolmen seems to represent the Cornish Don (1)5 to put on clothes. (E.) Short
tolmen, stone with a hole beneath from ; for do on, i. e. put on. Cf. doff, dout,
Corn, toll, a hole (W. twll), and juen diip.
(W. fnaen), a stone. Don (2), a Spanish title. (Span. — L.)
Dolomite, a kind of rock. (F.) Span, don, sir. — L. do77iinu7n, ace. of
Named in 1794 from M. Dolomieu, a do77ii7tus, a lord.
French geologist (i 750-1801). Donation. (F. — L.) F. do7iatio7i.-'
Dolour ; see Doleful. L. ace. ddndtid7ie77i, a gift, from the stem
Dolphin, a fish. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. of the pp. of dondj-e, to give. — L. dd7iu7n,
dolphine.Ô. F. datdphin (now dauphin). a gift. Cf. Gk. 5upov, a gift.
— Folk-L. dalfinum, for L. delphinum, \
Donjon ; see Dungeon.
149
; ;
DONKEY DOUGH
Donkey. (C. aîd E.) Double dimin. Dory, a fish see John Dory. ;
with suffix -k-ey ( = Lowl. Sc. -ick-ie, as Dose. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. dose, a

in koi-s~ickie, a little-little horse, Banffsh.), quantity of medicine given at once. —
from dtin, familiar name for a horse, from Med. L. £/i7«^. — Gk. hoois, a giving. — Gk.
its colour (Romeo, i. 4. 41); see Dun (i). dHôjUi (stems So}', do-), I give. Brugm. i.
•ff So also M. E. don-ek, piov. E. dumzock, § 167.
a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Donkey Dot. (E.) A. S. dott, only in the sense
found in 1785) was
(first a prov. E. word, '
head of a boil.' Cf. Du. dot, a little bundle
which seems to have rimed with monkey of spoilt wool,&c.,goodfornothing(Sewel),'
(whence the spelling). Cf. Somersets. Swed. dial. doU, a little heap, small lump;
diiimg-kee, pron. oi donkey. M. Dan. dot, a bunch E. Fries, dot, dotte, ;
Donna, (Ital.-L.) Ital. dv7ina. — l.. a heap, bunch, lump. Cf. Norw. dotten,
doj?nna, mistress, fem. of domimis^ a pp. of detta, to to fall to pieces.
fall,
master. Doublet, dnenna. Dote. M.E.
dotien, doten, to be
(E.)
Doom, judgment, decision.
a (E.) foolish (Layamon).-I- M. Du. doten, to
M. E. dom. A. S. doni, lit. a thing set or dote, mope; Du. dutteji, to doze; Icel.
decided on; from don, to set, do; see Do. dotta, to nod with sleep, M. H. Q.getotzen,
4- Swed. Dan. do?n, Icel. domr, Goth. to doze, tuzeii, to mope.
doms, O. H. G. tMom. Teut. type *ddmoz, dotage. (E. with F. suffix.) M. E. ;
a statute. Cf. Gk. Oiîs, law (from TiOijfu, dotage from M. E. dot-en ; with F. suffix
;
I set). Der. deein. -age (L. -dticum). Cf. F. radotage, from

doomsday, domesday. (E.) A.S. radoter, to dote.
domes dceg, day of doom or judgment. dotard. (E. with F. suffix.) From
Door, a gate. (E.) M. E. dore^ dure. dote, with F. suffix -ard (O. H. G. hay-t).
A. duru, f. -f-
S. dor, n. ; O. Sax. dor, Goth. dotterel, a kind of plover. (E.) A
datir,G. thor, n. and Joel. dy7-r, f. pi,
; bird easily caught from dote, vb., with ;
Dan. dor, Swed. dorr, Du. deur, G. thiir, suffix as in cock-erel.

f. sing. Teut. types *dnroni, n. ; "^dnres, f. Double. (F.-L.) O. F. doble, later
pi. Cf 'L. fores, Lith. durys, f. pi.; O. dotible. - L. diiplus, lit. two-fold. — L. du-o,
Xxx'^doriis, n., W. drws, m.; Russ. dver{e), two; -plus, i.e. 'folded.'
Gk. Bvpa, Skt. dvdr, f. Brugm. 1. § 462. doublet. (F.-L.) M.E. dobbelet.^
Dormant, sleeping. (F.-L.) Y. dor- O. F. doublet, an inner (double) garment.
mant, pres. pt. of dorniir, to sleep. — L. — F. double, double; with suffix -et.
dormire, to sleep. •+> Skt. drd, to sleep ;
doubloon. (F.-Span.-L.) F. dou-
Gk. hapQavîv. blo/i. — Span, doblon, a coin, the double of
dormer-window. (F. and Scand.) a pistole. — Span, doblo, double. — L. dti-
A dormer was a sleeping-room. — O. F. pius (above).
dormeor.-'l^. dorjnitorinm (below). doubt. (F. L.) - M. E. douien. -
dormitory. (L.) L. dormUormm, a O. F. douter. — L. dubitdre, to be of two
sleeping-chamber neut. of dormitorius,
; minds allied; to dubius, doubtful ; see
adj., belonging to sleeping. —L. ^(3r7;iz7(?;-, Dubious.
a sleeper. — L. dormire, to sleep. Douceur. (F. — L.) F. doticeur, lit.
Dormouse. (F. and E.) M. E. dor- sweetness (hence, pleasant gift). — L. dul-
moHS. The prefix isperhaps short for corem, ace. oidulcor, sweetness. — L. dulcis,
North E. dorm, to doze (whence dorm- sweet. See Dulcet.
nioiise). Cf. Icel., Norw., and Swed. dial. Douche, a shower-bath. (F.— Ital.—
dorma, to doze ; all apparently from F. L.) F. douche, a shower-bath. — Ital.
dormir, to sleep see Dormant. We find
; doccia, a conduit, water-pipe. — Ital. docci-
also prov. E. dorrer, a sleeper, as if from are, to pour equivalent to Late Lat.
;
dor, to sleep. *ductidre, derivative of L. ductus, a duct

Dornick, a kind of cloth ; obsolete. see Duct.
(Flemish.) Named from Flem. Do7'nick, A. S.Dough. (E.) M. E. dah, dogh.
better known by the F. name of Dan. deig,
Tournay ddh (stem dag-). -|- Du. deeg,
(Lat. Tornaais). Swed. deg, Icel. deig, Goih.daigs, a kneaded
Dorsal. (F. — L.) F. dorsal, belonging lump, G. teig. The Goth, daigs is from
to the back. — Late L. do7'sdlis.'-'\.. dor- daig, and stem of deigan, to knead; see
sum, the back. Dike. (VDHEIGH.) Brugm. i. § 604.
150
^ ;;
DOUGHTY DRAGOON
Doughty. (E.) M. E. dohti, duhti, Dowse (3), to extinguish. The same
valiant. A. S. dohtig, earlier form dyhtig, as Dowse (i) ; sense perhaps suggested
valiant. — A. S. dugan, to be worth, be by dout, q. v.
strong. +
Dan. dygtig, Swed. dugiig, Icel. Doxology. (L. — Gk.) L. doxologia.
dygdtcgr,G. tuchtig; variously formed from — Gk. SoôKoyia, an ascription of praise.
the Taut, verb *dugan-. — Gk. 5oô-, for boâ, glory, orig. a
Douse, to immerse. (E. ?) Allied to notion ; -\oyia, from \(y€iv, to speak.
M. Du. doesen, 'to smite with violence' Doxy. (M. Du.) cant term. Cf. A
(Hexham). See Dowse (i). E. Fries, doktje, dimin. of dokke, a doll.
Dout, to extinguish. (E.) Short for do Prob. introduced from the Netherlands.—
out, i. e. put out. M. Du. docke, a doll. Cf. O. H. G, iocchd,
Dove, a bird. (E.) A. dufe, only
S. a doll, also a term of endearment (G.
in comp. diife-doppa, lit. a diver. — A. S. docke).
dilfan, plunge into, -f- O. Sax. diiva,
to Doze. (Scand.) Swed. dial, o'wi-a, Dan.
Goth, diibo, G. taube, a dove, lit. diver. dose, to doze, mope ; Icel. diisa, to doze
[So also L. columba, a dove, is allied to M. Dan. dase, to be torpid. Allied to
Gk. AToAu/i/Sij, a diver, sea-bird. First Dizzy.
applied to sea-gulls, &c.] Dozen, twelve. (F.-L.) O. F. do-
dovetail, to fasten boards together. saine i^ .douzaine),z.ôztn. — O.Y .doze (F.
(E.) From dove and tail; from the shape douze), twelve; with suffix -aine (L. -ena,
of the fitted ends of the board (c3)> as in cent-end). -m\^. duodeci7n,X.vie\\Q.'^\^.
DO'Wager, a widow with a jointure. dno, two decern, ten. See and Ten. ; Two
(F. —L.) O. F. doiiagere from dotiage, \ Drab
(i), a slut. (E.) Cf. Irish o'ra.^^^,
an endowment. Again douage is coined Gael, drabag, a slut; Gael, drabach, dirty ;
(with suffix -age) from F. dou-er, to endow. Irish drab, a spot, stain (all from E.). E.
^\^. dotare, to endow. — L. dot-, stem of Fries, drabbe, puddle-water. Also Du.
dos, a gift, dowry. Allied to do-mun, a drabbe, f. dregs, draff; allied to Draff.
gift, dare, to give. Der. en-doru, from (2), dull light brown. Drab
(F.-L.)
F. en and doner. Brugm. i. § 167. The colour of undyed cloth. — F. drap,
dower, an endowment. (F. L.) cloth. See Drape. —
M. E. doTvere.'Ô. F. doaire, later douaire. ; see Dram. Drachm
— Late L. dotdrium.^^'L.. dotdre,Xo endow Draff, dregs. (E.) M. E. draf (Laya-
(above) Der. dowr-y, short for dower-y. mon).+Du. draf, hogswash, drabbe, draff;
.
Dowdy ; see Duds. Icel. draf, Swed. draf, Dan. drav, dregs;
Dowlas, a coarse linen. (Bret.) From G. trdber, pi. [Cf. Gael, and Irish drabh,
Daoulas, S. E. of Brest, in Brittany. draff, from E.]
Down (i), soft plumage. (Scand.) Draft ; see Draught.
M. E. down, -m Icel. dunn, Swed. dun, Drag, vb. (Scand.) M.E.draggen; a
Dan. dunn, down whence Du. dons. ;
Northern form allied to Icel. draga, to
Down (2), a hill. (C.^ A. S. dim, a draw. Cf. Swed. dragg, a drag, grapnel
hill. — Irish dun, a fortified hill, fort; dragga, to drag. See Draw.
Gael, dun, W. din, a hill-fort. A. S. + Dragoman,
an interpreter. (Span.—
tiin see Town.
; Arab.) Span, dragoman [Late Gk. hpa- ;
down (3), prep, and adv. (E. and C.) yoviiavo'i], an interpreter. — Arab, tar-
A corruption of adown = A. S. ofdnne^ô'S. jumdft, an interpreter, translator; see
the hill, downwards. — A. S. of, off dune, Targum. ;
dat. of dun, a hill see (2). ; Down

Dragon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon.
dune, a low sand-hill. (C.) XVIII — L. ace. draconetn, from nom. draco.
cent. — F. du7te. — M. Du. dtine (Du. Gk. hpaK(uv, a dragon, lit. seeing from ' ;
'
duin) of Celt, origin.

; See (2). Down
his supposed sharp sight. — Gk. hpaK-,
Dowse (')• to strike in the face. weak grade of SepKOfiai, I see. Such is ^
(E. ?) Apparently the same as Douse the usual account.
(above). Cf. Norw. dtls, a push, blow; dragoon. F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon^ ;
M. Du. doesen, to strike, E. Fries, ddssen, a dragoon so called because the dragoons ;
to strike. orig. had a dragon on their standard or ;
Dowse (2), to immerse see Douse. rather, because they were armed with a
;
Prob. the same as Dowse (i). short carbine called (in F.) dragon.
151
;; ;;
DRAIN DRESS
Drain. A. S. drehnigean, dreh-
(E.) to draw. + E. Fries, draulen ; Low G.
nian, to drain away, strain off, Matt, draueln.
xxiii. 24, also spelt dreahnian orig. to ;
'
dray. (E.) A.S. drcege, that which is
become dry.' — A. S. *dreag- = Taut. drawn ; as in drcege, drceg-net, a draw-net.
*draug-, second grade of Teut. *di'et(g-an', -fSwed. d7-dg, a sledge, dray.
to be dry, Cf. Icel. draugr, a dry log. Dread, (E.) A. S. *di'^dan, in
vb.
See Dry. comp. on-drdda7i, to dread, fear.+O. Sax.
Drake, male of the duck. (L.-Gk.?) ant-di-ddnn O. H. G. ht-trdtan.
; Teut.
M. E. drake. Not found in A. S. cf. ; type *drtzda7i-.
d}-ake, a drake, in Low G. (Bremen) Dream, a vision. (E.) M. E. dreem.
M. Swed. drake, (i a dragon, (2) a drake, ) A. S. *dream, a dream; not found. [Quite
(3) a boy's kite. Supposed to correspond distinct from A.S.^r/<2w,asweet sound, har-
to the latter part of Swed. and-drake, a mony, also joy, glee, happiness.] 4"0. Sax.
drake (a form thought to be borrowed from dj'dm, dream Du. drooni, Icel. draumr,
;
Low G.). Cf. Swed. afid, duck, anddrake, Dan. Swed. </r(?>/z, G.traum. Kluge suggests
drake Low G. anderik, drake (Liibben)
; comparison with G. trug-bild, a phantom
G. ente, duck; etiterich, drake; O. H. G. if correct, the Teut. sb. was ^draiigmoz,
antrakho, a drake, p. The Swed. and, A. S. m. from Teut. *drang, strong grade of
;
ened, a duck, is cognate with L. anas Teut. *dretigan- (O. H. G. triogan, G.

(stem anat-), a duck. The M. E. drake t7-iigeti), to deceive. From the Idg. root
was suggested by A. S. draca, a dragon, *dhrengh, whence also Skt. dj'ogha{s), a
borrowed from L. draco ; see Dragon. crafty wounding; O. Pers. draiiga (Pers.
Dram, Drachm. (F. - L. - Gk.) durugh), a deceit, lie Icel. draugr, a ;
M. F. drame, dj-achme, a dram, eighth ' ghost. Brugm. i. §§ 681, 689.

part of an ounce;' Cot.— L. drach?7ia.-' Dreary, Drear. (E.) z>?rar is short
Gk. hpax\ii], a handful, a drachma, used iox dreamy. M.E. drery. A. S. dreorig, sad;
both as weight and coin cf. ^pd'yua, as ;
orig. ' gory ; formed with suffix -tg from
'
much as one can grasp. — Gk. dpcKTcrofxai, I A.S. dreor, gore. —A. S. dreosan, to drip.
grasp. Brugm. i. § 509. dreyrigr, gory, from dreyi'i, gore
-|-Icel.
Drama. (L. — Gk.) L. drama. — QV. G. traurig, sad, orig. gory, from O. H. G.
dpdfia (stem Spafxar-), an act, a drama.— tror, gore. From Teut. *dreusan-, vb.
Gk. dpdoj, I perform cf. Lith. darau, I ; Dredge (i), a drag-net. (E.) North E.
make. (-y^DAR.) Der. draviat-ic (from df-eg. Answering to A. S. *drecg, *drecge
Spafxar-) &c. ; (not found), for *d7'ag-jo- from A. S. ;
drastic, effective. (Gk.) Gk. dpaa- d7-aga7i see Draw.

; And see Dregs.
TiKos, effective ; allied to dpacrreos, verbal Dredge (2), to sprinkle flour on meat.
adj. of Spdw, I perform. (F. —
Late L. Gk.) —
To dredge is to
Drape, to cover with cloth. (F. L.) — sprinkle, as in sowing dredge (M. E. drage)
F. draper, to make cloth. — F. drap, cloth or mixed corn. — O. F. d7-agee, mixed
Late L. drappus. Of unknown origin. corn also a sweetmeat, sugar-plum.
;
Der. drap-er, drap-er-y ; and see drab (2). [Prov. d7-agea\ Ital. t7-eggea, a sugar-plum.]
Drastic ; see Drama. — Late L. dragdta, drageia, a sugar-plum ;
Draw. (K.) M. E. draiven. A. S. altered form of tragc/Jiata, pi. of t7-age7na.

dragan (A. S. -aga- becoming M.E. -azve-). — Gk. Tpdyrjixa, something nice to eat. —
+ Du. dragen, Icel. Swed. draga, Dan. Gk. rpd/yfiv (2 aor. irpayov'), to gnaw.
drage, Goth, dragan, G. tragen, to pull Dregs, (Scand.)
lees. PI. of M. E.
along, carry. Teut. type '^dragan-, pt. t. d7-eg, mire we also find M. E. dregges,
;
'^drog. dregs. — Icel. d7-egg, pi. dreggjar, dregs;

draught, draft. (E.) Draft is a Swed. d7-dgg, pi. dregs, lees. Cf. Gk.
phonetic spelling. M. E. draught, draht. Qpdaauv, to disturb. Distinct from L.
From A. drag-a7i S.with suffixed /.+ f7aces, dregs of oil; Brugm. i. § 417.
;
Du. dragt, a load, from dragen, to carry Drench, vb. (E.) M. E. dre7ichen. ;
Dan. drc^t; Icel. drattr, a draught of A. S. d7-e7ica7i, causal of d7-inca7i hence ;
fishes G. tracht, a load, from t?-agen.

; to make drink. Du. ^r^«/^^«, Icel. d7-ek- '
' +
drawl. (Du.) Frequentative of (^raw; kja, Swed. drd7ika, Goth. d7-agkja7i, G.
parallel to draggle from drag. Introduced trd7ike7i. See Drink.
from Du. drdleft, to be slow ; from dragen, Dress. (F.-L.) O.F. d7-esser, d7-escer^
152
;
DRIBBLE DROWN
to erect, set up, dress ; answering to a Late Droll. (F.-Du.) M. F. d7-ole, 'a plea-
L. form *dtrectidre. — 'L. dtrectus, pp. of santwag; Cot. — Du. d7-ollig, odd, strange
'
dtrigere, to direct ; see Direct. M. Du. drol, *a juglar Hexham. Per-;

'
Dribble. (E.) Frequentative of obs. haps from Du. d7-oll-, pp. stem of d7'ille72,
E. drib, to drip slightly ; which is a to turn, wheel, whirl about ; see Drill (i).
weakened form of drip. Cf. drib-let. See Dromedary. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.
Drip. also Dan. dial, drible.
So dro}neda7'ie. —0. F. d7-077iedai7-e (older form
Drift ; see Drive. *d7-07neda7'ie) — Late L. d7-omadd7ius. — L.
.
Drill (i), to pierce, to train soldiers. d7'ot7iad-,stem of d7-077ias, a dromedary. —

(Du.) Borrowed from Du. drillen, to drill, Gk. Spofxad-, stem of dpo/j-os, fast running.
to bore, to turn round, shake, brandish, — Gk. dpafjifiv, to run.+Skt. dra77i,\.o run.
drill soldiers, form to arms. Allied to Drone (i), to hum. (E.) M..Y.. dronen
M. H. G. drellen, to turn round (pp. ge- (also d7-otmen). Not in A. S. Cf. Icel.
drollejt), Low G. drall, twisted tight. d7y7ija, Swed. d7V7ia, Dan. d7V72e, to drone,
Teut. type *threllan- (pt. t. ^thrall), to roar, rumble, &c. Cf. Goth. d7-unjus, a
twist; cf. A. ^. pearl, strict. ^Perhaps sound, Gk. Oprjvos, a dirge Skt. dh7-a7i, ;
allied to Thrill. to sound.

Drill (2), to sow corn in rows. (E.) Drone (2), a non-working bee. (Low
The same as drill, to trickle, which seems G.) M. E. d7-a7i. A. S. d7-dn which (like ;
to be a variant of t7-ill, to trickle. E. Fries, drdiie) was prob. borrowed from

Drilling, a cloth used for
coarse O. Sax. drmi. Cf. M. H. G. t7e7io (G.
trousers. (G. — L.)
Corrupted from G. d7'o}ine being borrowed from Low G.).
d)-illick, ticking, huckaback. — L. trilJc-^ Teut. stems *d7-an-, *d7-eit- ; cf Gk. av-
stem of irilix, having three threads. — L. dpijvq, a wild-bee, Opwva^ (Hesychius).
iri-, from t7-es, three ; Itcium, a thread. % With the parallel stems Vr^;z-, *dren-,
See Three. cf. the stems of Queen and Quean.
Drink. (E.) A.S. drincan, pt. t. dranc, Droop ; see below.

pp. drzmcen.-^X^Vi. drinken, Icel. drekka, Drop, sb. (E.) M. E. drope, sb. ; hence
Swed. dricka, Dan. dHkke, Goth, drigkan dropie7i, d7-oppe7i, vb. — A. S. dropa, sb. ;
( = drinkan) G. trinken. Teut. ^dreiikaii-.

,
d7'opia7t, vb. These are from the weak
Drip. (Scand.) M. E. <^;7//.?w. — Dan. grade *d7'tip' (A.S. d7-op-) of the Teut.
dryppe, to drip (
= Teut. *drttp-jan-). vb. *d7-eiipan- (A. S. d7-eopa7i), to drop,
From Teut. '^driip-, weak grade of *dreii- drip. +
Du. d7'op, sb., Icel. d7-opi, Swed.
pan-, as seen in Ice), drjnpa, to drip, A. S d7'oppe, Dan. draabe, G. t7'opfe7i. See also
dreopan (obs. E. dreep), G. trie/en. Cf. Drip.
O. Ir. trticht, a dew-drop. See Drop. droop, to sink,
fail. (Scand.) M. E.
Drive. (E.) M. E. driuen. A.S. dri/aji d7'otipe7i. — Icel.
drupa, to droop weak ;
(pt. t. drdf, pp d7'ifen).-\-'D\\. drijven . vb., allied to d7-jilpa, strong vb., to drip =
Icel. drifa, Swed. di-ifva, Dan. drive, Goth. Teut. '^d7'eupa7i- (whence also G. t7'iefeti) ;
dreiban, G. treiben. Teut. *d7-eiban-. see above. Cf. * I am ready to d7-op^ i. e.
drift. (E.) M. E. d7-ift. Formed from I dj-oop.
d?-if-, weak grade of d7-Jfait with suffix -/. ; Dropsy ; see Hydropsy.
+ Du. drift, Icel. d7-ift, Swed. Dan. d7-ift, Droshky, Drosky, a kind of carriage.
G. t7'ift. Der. a-d7-ift = on the drift see
; (Russ.) Russ. d7-ozhki, drojki, a low four-
A- (2). wheeled carriage (the j sounded as in
drove. (E.) M. E. d7-of. A. S. d7-d/, French). Dimin. of d/-ogi, a waggon ;
a drove. From d7-a/, 2nd grade of (/r//a«. which was orig. pi. of d7-oga, a perch (of
Drivel, vb. (E.) M. E. d7'evelen. A. S. a carriage).
to dribble or nm at the nose.
d7-ejlia)i, Dross. (E.) M.E. dros. A.S. d7-ds,
Cf. M.
E. d7'avele7t, to drivel. From the dross, dregs ;also obs. E. drosen, A. S.
cf.
base draf-, as in M. E. draf, draff. See drosna, pi., lees, dregs. +
^1- E>u. droeSy
Draff. lees (Kilian) Du. di'oese7?i, dregs, lees,
;
Drizzle, to rain slightly. (E.) For- G. d7-use7i, pi. dregs; O. H. G. trusatia,

merly drisel or d7-isle, to keep on dripping. t7-tiosa7ia, husks of pressed grapes.
Frequent, form of M. E. di-esen, A. S. Drought, Drouth
; see Dry.
d7-eosa7i, to drip see Dreary.
; Cf. Dan. Drove; see Drive.
d7ysse, to fall in drops Swed. dial. d7-bsla.
; Drown. (Scand.) AL E. droujieii, d7-u-
153
, ;;
DROWSE, DROWZE DUCK

nen.^M. Dan. drukne, drougne, drovne, (F. — L. —
Gk.) F. drupe. ^1^. drupa, tan
drone, to sink, be drowned (Kalkar) Icel. ; over-ripe olive. — Gk. dpvTrnd, the same.
drukna. The -nkn- was preserved in Swed. Dry. ( E.) M. E. druje. A. S. dryge,
drunkna, A. S. druncnian, to be drunk, Cf Du. dry
droog, G. trochen, dry
;
also to sink, to be drowned. See Drun- Icel. draugr, a dry log.

ken. (E. Bjorkman.) drought. (E.) M
E. dro)te, di'ou^te ;
Drowse, Dro-wze, to be sluggish. also drouthe (P. Plowman). A. S. drugaQ,

(E.) Formerly A. S. driistan, to
^r^z^j-^. drought. —A. S. dritgian, to be dry dryge, ;
be sluggish allied to A. S, dreosan, to

; dry.-l-Du. droogte, drought; ixoxrx droog,
fail ;also to drip, to fall. See Dreary. dry. Doublet, drouth (Milton).
Der. drowz-y. Dryad, a nymph of the woods. (L. —
Drub, to beat. (Arab.?) 'Drub, to Gk.) L. Z'^ja^-, stem oi Dryas, a wood-
beat the soles of the feet with a stick, a nymph. —Gk. hpvah-, stem of ^pvas, the
punishment used in Turkey;' (Phillips). same. — Gk. Zpv-s, a tree ; see Tree.
Apparently a travellers' word. Perhaps Dual, consisting of two. (L.) L. dudlis,
from Arab, darb {zarb), a beating with a dual. — L. duo, two see Tvtro.
;
stick from Arab, root daraba {zarabd)

; Dub, to confer knighthood by a stroke.
he beat Rich. Diet. p. 952. (N. E. D.)
; (F.) M. E. dubben. A. S. dubban A. S. ;
Drudge, vb.E. druggen.

(E.) M. Chron. an. 1086. [So also Swed. dubba.']
A. S. *drycgean, not found ; but regularly Usually derived from O F. aduber, adou-
formed from drug--, weak grade of dreogan, ber, adober, to dub a knight a Romanic ;
to work, perform, endure ( = Teut. "^drett- word of unknown origin (Ital. addobbare,
gan-, Goth, driugan, Lowl. Sc. dree). Cf O.Span. and Vxov.adobar, O. Port, adubar),
Icel. drjug-virkr, one who works slowly ^ Diez derives adouber, conversely, from
but surely. The Gael, drtcgair, a drudge, dubban rather, from the cognate E. Fries.
;
is from E. (Low G.) dubben.

Drug. (F.) M. E. drogge, drugge. — Dubious. (L.) From L. dubiosus,
O. ¥. drogue, a drug. Also Ital. and Span. doubtful. — L. dubiiwi, doubt; neuter of
droga. Origin unknown ; perhaps Ori- L. dubiiis, doubtful, moving in two direc-
ental. Der. drugg-ist. tions.—L, du-o, two. See Two.
Drugget. (F.) Vi.Y dj-oguet/^Vmdi
. Ducal. (F. -L.) F. ^2^<ra/, adj. ; from
due, a duke ; see Duke
;
of stuft that'shalf silk, half wool Cot. '
Dimin. of drogue, used in the sense of - -

ducat, a coin. (F. Ital. L.) O. F.
rubbish, poor stuff from the coarseness
; ducat. — Ital. ducato, a ducat, also a duchy
of the material cf. E. ; a drug in the ' named from L. ducdttis (duchy of Apulia)
market.' %
Probably not the same word alluded to in the legend upon it ; see
as F. drogue, a drug. duchy below.
Druid, a priest of the ancient Britons. duchess. (F. — L.) O. F. duchesse
(F. -L. - C.) F. Druide. -
L. (Gauhsh) (Late L. dticissa), fem. of due, duke ; see
pi. Druides, Druidae (Lewis and Short). Duke.
Cf O. Irish druid. dat. and ace. of driii, duchy. (F.— L.) F. <///r/z/. — Late L.
a magician, sorcerer Ir. draoi, druidh,
; ducdtuni, ace. oi duedtus, a dukedom.—
Gael, druidh (whence also A. S. dry^ a L. due-, stem of dux, a duke, ^ff Also
magicia 1). O. F. duch4e, fem., as if from Late L.
Drum. (Du.") XVI cent. Imperfectly ^ducifdte/n.
adapted from M. Du. tromme, trommel, a Duck
(i), to dive, bob the head. (E.)
drum; Low G. irujume Du. trom.-^ '^l.¥..duken, douken. Not in A. S.-fDu.
\
O. H. G. trumbd, trnmpd, M. H. G. duiken, to stoop, dive G. tauchen, to ;
trumme, a pipe, trumpet Icel. trumba, plunge, dive. Teut. type ^deukan-, pt. t.
;
a pipe, trumpet. [So also Ital. tromba, "^'dauk (whence G. tauch-en) pp. *dtik-aJio-, ,
Span, iroinpa.^ Of imitative origin. From the weak grade duk- we have Dan.
Drunkard. (E. with F. suffix.) dukke, Swed. dyka\ to which the shorten-
;
From A. S. drunc-, base of pp. oi drincan, ing of the vowel in mod. E. duck may have
to drink with F. suffix -a7'd [Q. hart).
; been partly due.
drunken, drunk. (E.) A. S dmn
duck (2), bird. (E.) M. E. doke^
cen, pp. of drincan, to drink. duke. Lit. diver the suffix -e repre- ' ;
'
Drupe, a fleshy fruit containing a stone. sents the A. S. f. suffix of the agent. A. S.
154
' ;
DUCK DUMPS
duce^ a duck. From the verb above. dux.^\j. dux, a leader. — L. ducere, to
Cf. Dan dukand, lit. * diving duck
;
lead. (VDEUK.) f The L. ace. ducem
Swed. dykfagel, diving fowl.'
'
Der. would have given O F. dots, F.
doix;
duck-l-ing, with double dimin. suffix. like noix from nucem, croix from
F.
Duck (3), a pet, darling. (E.) Appa- crucem. (N. E. D.) Brugm. i. § 592.
rently the same as Duck (2). Dulcet, sweet. (F.-L.) M. F^ doticet
Duck (4), light canvas. (Du.) nauti- A (Cot.), refashioned after L. dulcis (cf.
cal word. — Du. doek, linen cloth, canvas. Ital. dolcetto).-- O.Y. dols (F. doux),
+Dan. dug, Swed. dtik, Icel. dukr, G. sweet. — L. dulcis, sweet.
tttch, O. H.G. iuoh. dulcimer. (F. -Span. — L.) Roque-
Ducty a conduit-pipe. (L.) L. ductus, fort hasF. dotilcemer (undated) cf. ;
a leading (hence, a duct). — L, ductus, pp. O. F. dotdcemele (Godefroy). — Span, dulce-

of dficere, to lead. See Duke. tfiele, a dulcimer named from its sweet
;
ductile. (F. — L.) F. ductile, malle- >o\\nd. "1^. dulce melos, sweet sound; see
able. —I., ductilis. easily led. — L. duct-us, Melody.
pp. oi ducere (above). Dull, stupid. (E.^ M. E. dul cognate ;
Dude, an exquisite, a dandy. (G.) with Low G. dull; answering to Teut.

From G. dude ; see Supplement. ^dul-Joz. Closely allied to AS. dol,
Dudgeon (i), resentment. Of unknown foolish, cognate with Du. mad, G. toll,
dol.
origin. mad, answering to Teut. *dul-oz. Both
Dudgeon (2), haft of a dagger. (Un- from Teut. "dul- {<.^divul). weak
are
known.; INI. E. dogeon, a kind of wood grade of '^dwel-an, as seen in A. S. divelan,
used for the handles of daggers. Etym. to err, to be stupid see Dwell. Cf. A.S. ;
unknown. gedzvol-god, a false god, idol Irish and W. ;
Duds, (Scand.)
clothes. Jamieson has dall, blind. Brugm. i. § 375 (6).
dudis as well as duds; the 11 was prob. !Lulse, an edible seaweed. (C.) Irish
once long. — Icel. dfidi, swaddling clothes ;
duileasg, Gael, duileasg, dulse. According
duda, to wrap up. Cf. E. dowd, a woman's to Macleod, it means '
water- leaf,' from
cap, a slut dozvd-y, ill-dressed.
; Ir. and Gael, duille, leaf, and uisg{e),
Due. (F.-L.) M. E. dezv, dewe.- water.
O. F. deu, ma.>=c., deice, fern. pp. of de-
; Dumb. M.E. dovib. A.S. dimib,
(E.)
voir, to owe. — L, dcbere. See Devoir. mule. + Du. dom, Icel. duinbr, vSwed.
Duel. (Ital.-L.) Ital. duello, a duel. dtimb, Dan. dum, Goth, dumbs, G. duvim,
— L. duelluni. a fight between two men O. H. G. tumb, tump, stupid. The orig,
(archaic form of L. ^^//2<w, war). — L. du-o. sense seems to have been stupid,' and '
two. perhaps Goth, dumbs is allied to Goth.

duet. (Ital.-L.) Ital. duetto, music daubs, deaf; see Deaf. Der. dumm-y
for two. due, two. — L. duo, two
— Ital. {^dicmb-y).
Dueuua. (Span. — L.) Span. dueJia, £um.p (i), an ill-shapen piece. (E. ?)
a married lady, duenna. — L. domina, lem. Frov. E. dtitnp, a clumsy lump, a bit
oi dominus, TiXox^. See Donna. dufjipy, short and thick. Probably a thing '
Duet ; Duel.
see thrown down in a mass' see Dump (2). ;
Duffel, coarse woollen cloth. (Du.) dumpling, a kind of pudding. (E. ?)

Du. duffel; so called from Duffel, a place A small solid ball of pudding diimp-l-itig ;
near Antv\ erp. IS a double dimin. oi dump ;i).

DufEer, a stupid person. (Scand.) Dump (2), to strike, fling down.
Lowl Sc. dozvfart, formed with sufh.x -art vScand. ?) Cf. Lowl. Sc. dump, to beat.
from the adj. dowf, stupid, dull ; lit. 'dea .' Dan. du7npe, to plump, plunge; Norw.
— Icel. dauf-r, deaf; see Deaf, dumf>a; Swed. dial, domfa. — ^wtd. dial.
Dug, a teat. (^Scand.) Perhaps allied dump-, as in dump-id, supine of str. vb.
to Swed. ddgga. Pan dagge, to suckle dimpa, to fall down plump.
Cf. Gotli. daddjan, O. H. G. tdan, to iûmps, melancholy. (Scand.) Swed.
suckle^ But Lt. Skt. duh, to milk. dial, dumpin, melancholy, orig. pp. of
DugOUg, a sea-cow. (Malay.) Malay di?nba, to steam, reek I3an. du7np, dull,
;
dfcyoizg, diiyong, a sea-cow. low.-f-Du. do77ip, damp, hazy, G. dump/,

Duke, a leader. (F.— L.) M.E. duk.— lamp, dull. Allied to Damp; cf. 'to
O. F. due, ace. formed from O. F. nom. damp one's spirits.'
155
;;
DUN DUTY
Dnn (i), brown. (C.) A. S. </«;/?/, dark. Duplicate, two-fold. (L.) L. dupH-
— Irish and Gael. ^<7««, brown; W.dwn, catus, pp. of duplicare, to double. — L.
dun, dusky. Celtic type '^donnos. duplic-, stem of duplex, two-fold (below).
Dun urge for payment. (Scand.)
(2), to duplicity. (F.-L.) Lit. doubleness.
Said 708) to be derived from the
(in 1 — F. dupliciti. — L. ace. duplicitdtem. — L.
name of Joe Dun, a famous bailiff in the dtcplici-, decl. stem oi duplex, two-fold.—
time of Henry VII. But perhaps from L. dtc-o, two ; plic-are, to fold.
the notion of noisiness. Cf. M. E. dunning, Durance, Duration see Dure. ;
a loud noise. — Icel. duna, to thunder Durbar, a hall of audience, levee.

koma einuin dytifyrir dyr7\ to make a din (Pers.) Pers. daJ-bdr, a prince's court,
before one's door Swed. dana, to make a ; levee; lit. 'door of admittance.' — Pers.
noise. Allied to Din. dar, door ( = E. door) ; and bar, admit-
Dunce, a stupid person. (Scotland.) tance, court.
From the phr. a Duns man,' i.e. a native '
Dure, to last. (F.-L.) Y. durer.-
of Dicnse, Berwickshire. m
In ridicule of L. diirare, to last. — L. dilrtis, hard, lasting.
the disciples of John Z)^^;^J Scotus, school- +Irish and Gael, dur, firm W. dur, ;
man, died A.D. 1308. ^Not to be confused steel. Cf Gk. hvvayns, force. Der. dtir-
with John Scotus Erigena, died A. D. 875. ing, orig. pres. pt. o{ dure; dur-able, &c.
Dune, a low sand-hill. ( F. - Du. - C.) durance, captivity. (F.-L.) The
F. dune. — 'M.. Du. dune (Du. dtmi) cog- ; orig. sense was long endurance of hardship.
nate with A. S. dtln, a down ; see O. F. durance, duration. — F. durer, to
Down (2). Brugm. § 112. i. last with suffix -ance see above.
; ;
Dung. (E.) A. S. <//^;z^.+Swed. dynga, duration. (F.-L.) 0.¥. duration.

dung Dan. dynge, a heap,
; mass G. ; — LateL. durdtionem, ace. oidfirdtio. A
dung. Root uncertain; it answers, in coined word from the pp. of L. durdre,
;
form, to the pp. of Ding as if it were ; to last.

'
what is thrown down or away.' Cf duress, hardship. (F.-L.) M. E.
Swed. dial. dong. (i) heap, (2) dung. duresse. — O. F. duresce. — l^.dilrtlia, harsh-
Dungeon, Donjon. (F.-L.) M. E. ness. —L. durus, hard, severe.
dongeon. — O.Y. donjon, the chief tower Durian, a fruit. (Malay.) Malay du-
of a castle —Late L. doninionem, ace of rian, a fruit with a prickly rind. — Malay
domnio, a dungeon-tower, chief-tower diiri, a thorn, prickle.
shortened from dominio, properly domi- Dusk, dim. (Scand.) Properly an adj.
nion, feudal power; see Dominion. M. E. dosk, dark, dim deosc, the same. ;
Duniwassal, a Highland gentleman, Prob. a Northern form (as the sk did not
yeoman. (C.) In Sir W. Scott's Bonny become sh). dox (for *dosc),
Cf. A. S.
Dundee. — Gael, duine nasal, gentleman. — translating Y..Vocab. 239. 36.—
flduus ',
Gael, duine, a man (W. dyri) nasal, ; Swed. dial, duska, to drizzle duskug, ;
noble, gently born (W. tichel), orig. misty, dim Norw. dusk, mist, duskregn,
;
*
exalted see Brugm. i. § 219 (4).
;
' fine rain. Der. dusk, sb. whence dusk-y, ;
Duodecimo. (L.) Induodeci/no^wiih. adj.

12 leaves to the sheet. — L. duodecimo, abl. Dust. (E.) A. S. dust. + Du. dtiist,
of duodecimos, twelfth; cf L. duodecim, Icel. dust, dust, Dan. dyst, meal G.;
twelve ; see Dozen. dunst, vapour, fine dust. All from a

Duodenum, first of the small the Teut. base *dunst- (for "^dwuns-t-), the n
intestines. Late L. duodenum, so
(L.) being lost except in G. Cf Skt. dhvams,
called because about T2 finger- breadths to fall to pieces (pp. dhvas-ta-).
long. — L. diiodenl, twelve apiece, distribu- Dutch, belonging to Holland. (G.)
tive form of duodecim, twelve see Dozen. ; Formerly applied to the Germans. — G.
Dup. (E.) Short for do up, i.e. lift up Deutsch, German belonging to the
; lit.
(a latch) to open a ; door. people; M. H. G. where the diut-isk,

Dupe, a person easily deceived. (F.) suffix and diut is cognate
-isk=^Y^. -ish,
F. dupe, a dupe. The M. F. dupe meant with A.S. J)eod, Goth, thiuda, a people,
a hoopoe whence dupe, a dupe, because
;
nation; Ir. tttath, a people; cf. Oscan
the bird was easily caught. (So also Bret. touto, a city. Brugm. i. § 218.
houperik, a hoopoe, a dupe.) Perhaps of Duty. (A. F. -L.) M. E. duete[e). -
imitative origin. A. F. diiet^, duty (O. F. has only devoir).
156
.
DWALE EARN
A coined word ; from A. F. deu^ du, due, hard to digest. — Gk. Svcr-, prefix, with a
and the suffix -/</ (L. -tateiii). See Due. bad sense TTfWTfiv, to cook, digest see
; ;
Dwale ; see Dwell. Cook. Der. dyspeptic (from Suo-TrcTrT-os).

D-warf. (E.) M..'E.dwer^,dwergh\i\\Q
/represents the guttural. O. Merc, diverg,
A. S. dzueorg, a Avi^xL-\-Y)w. dxverg, Icel.
dvergr, Swed. Dan. dverg^ G. zwerg. Teut.
type *dwerg-oz. E-, prefix; see Ex-.
Dwell. (E.) M. E. dwellen, to linger. Uach, every one. (E.) M. E. eche^ elch.
A. S. dwellan, in the active sense to retard, A.S. xlc, each, short for d-gi-lTc, i.e.
also to seduce also divelian, to go astray,
;
aye-like (ever -like or ever alike). -fDu.
err, tarry, dwell. Causal of A. S. *drvelan elk^ each O. H. G. eogalih, M.H.G.
;
(pt. t. *dwal, pp. dtuolen), to be torpid or iegeltch, G.jeglicher. See Aye.

dull, to err. 4- Icel. dvelja, to dwell, delay, Eager. (F.-L.) M. E. ^^r^.-A. F.
orig. to hinder; Swed. dvdljas, to dwell egre [F. aigre).^L,. acj-em, ace. of dc-er^
(reflexive) ; Dan. </z^<^/^, to linger; M.H.G. sharp. See Acid. Der. vin-egar.
twellen^ to hinder, delay. Teut. type Eagle, F. - L.) fM. E. egle. - A. F.
*dzvaljan, causal of the str. vb. *dwelan- egle^ O. F. aigle (F. aigle).'-' L. aqiiila. See
(pt. t. *d'wal^ pp. *d'wula}w-), to be torpid, Aquiline.
to cease, to err (A. S. ^dwelan, O. H. G. Eagre, tidal wave in a river. (F. — L.)
gi-tzvelan). Cf. Skt. dhvr, to bend aside, O. F. aigiicre, a flood (Godefroy). — Late
dhilr-ta-, fraudulent. (V'DHWEL.) And L. aquaria, a conduit cf. aqiidre, to ;
see Dull. irrigate. — L. aqua, water. See Ewer.

dwale, deadly nightshade. (Scand.) Eanling, a lamb. (E.) Eanling is
Named from its soporific effects. Dan. from the verb ean, which '\% y-ean without
dvale, stupor, dvaledrik, a soporific, the prefix J- ( = A. S.^^-). See Yean.
*
dwale-drink ' Swed. dvala, a trance.
;
Ear (i\ organ of hearing. (E.) M. E.
Cf. A.S. dwala, an error, stupefaction, ere. A. S. ^âtr^.+Du. oor, Icel. eyra, Swed.
from the 2nd grade of A. S. *dzuelan bra, Dan. ore, G. ohr, Goth. ansa. Teut.
âbove) type âuzon-. Cf. also Russ. t4cho, L.
Dwindle. (E.) The frequent, form of auris, Lith. atisis, Gk. ovs, O. Irish d.
M. E. divinen, to dwindle, A. S. dwinan earwig, insect. (E.) anA. S. ear-
(pt. t. dzvdn), to dwindle, languish. + ivicga, from
being supposed to creep
its
Icel. dvTna Swed. tvina, to dwindle,
; into the ear. Cf. A. S. wicga, a kind of
pine away ; Du. ver-dwijnen, to vanish. insect prov. E. wiggle, to wriggle.
;
Dye, to colour ; a colour. (E.) M. E. Ear (2), spike of corn. (E.) M. E. (?;-.
deyen^ vb. deh^ sb.
; A.S. deagian, vb., A. S. ear (pi.) Northumb. eher.'\-Y)\x. aar,
;
to dye ; from deah, sb., dye, colour. A. S. Icel. Dan. Swed, ax (for alts'), Goth, ahs^
deak (gen. deag-e), sb. f., answers to Teut. G. dhre. Teut. type *ahoz, 'âhiz-, cognate
type *datig-a. 9\ Not allied to l^.filcns, with L. acus (gen. aceris). Brugm. i.
which is from Gk. (pvKos. §182. Allied to Awn. (V^K.)
Dyke ;see Dike. Ear plough. (E.)
(3), to M. E. eren.
Dsrnamic, relating to force. (Gk.' A.S. erian, to plough. -j- Icel. erja, Goth.
Gk. dwafiiKos, powerful. — Gk. Swa/^t?, arjaii^ L. ardre, Lith. arii, Russ. orat(e) ;
power. — Gk. Suva/uai, I am strong; see also Irish araim, I plough, Gk. apoai, I
Dure. (VDEU.) plough. (VAR.)
dynasty, lordship. (F.-L. Gk.) — Earl. (E.) M. E. 67-1. A. S. eorl +
F. dj^nastte.— LRte L,. dynas^Ta. — Gk. dv- Icel. y^r/, O. Sax. ^r/, a man. O. Norse
vaariia^ lordship. — Gk. dvudcrrij^, a lord, (runic) type erilaR.
— Gk. Svuafxai, I am strong. Early, soon. (E.) M.F.erly. A.S.
Dysentery, disease of the entrails. adv.
(IrlTce^ from *-ierlTc, adj., not used. —
;
(L. — Gk.") L. dyse7tteria. — Gk. Ivaiv- A. S. Hr, soon lie, like. See Ere. ;
Tfpm. — Gk. Zva-, prefix, with a bad sense; Earn. (E.) '^l.F. emien. A.^.earnian.
(VTfpa^ pi., the inwards, bowels, from -|-0. H. G. arnon (cf. also G. e?-nten, co
(VTos, within, Iv, in see Interior. ; reap, from ernte, harvest). Teut. type
Dyspepsy, indigestion. (L.-Gk.) L. *az{a)nojan, to get the profit of labour ;
dyspepsia. — Gk. Svcnrcifia. — Gk. bvamiTTos^ from the sb. *az{a)7id ,Icel. <?;z«), labour;
157
—
EARNEST ECLECTIC
cf. O. H. G. arati^ Goth, asaits, a harvest. one who stands under droppings from the
(VAS.) % Others connect it with Gk. eaves, a secret listener.
dpvvfxaiy I earn. Ebb. (E.) M. E. ebbe. A. S. ebba, ebb
Earnest (i), seriousness. (E.) Properly of the tide. + Du. eb, ebbe, sb. [whence
a sb., as in in earnest.'
*
M.E. entes^, sb. Dan. ebbe, sb. and vb., Swed. ebb, sb.].
A. S. eornosf, sb.+Du, enist^ sb. G. ernst, Perhaps the Teut. type is âfjon-, with the
;
O. H. G. ermist. Teut. type *ermistiz. sense of going off see Off, ;
Earnest (2), a pledge. (F.-L.-Gk. Ebony, a hard wood. (F. — L. — Gk.—

— Heb.) The t is added. M.E. ernes; Heb.) Formerly ^(5^;z^. — M.F. ebene, ebony.
also spelt erles^ arles. Dimin. of O. F. ~L. hebeniis, ebcnus. — Gk. '4P(vos, kîvrj.
e)'7-es, arres (F. arrhes), f. pi. — L. a)'rha, — Heb. hovnini, pi. ebony wood; prob. a
arrhabo. — G\i. appa^duu, a pledge. — Heb. non-Semitic word.
^drdbon, security ; from 'drab, to give Ebriety, drunkenness. (F. L.) —
F.
security. ebri^t^. — 'L. ace. ebrietdtetH.'—Y,. ebrius,
Earth. (E.) M.E. ^r//^^. K.^.eoriie. drunken. IDev .inebriate, to makedrunken.
4-Du. aarde, lce\.Jd7'S, Dan. ^Vf^d.jord, Ebullition, a boiling over. (F.-L.)
Goth, airtha, G. erde. Teut. types *erthd, O. F. ebullition. — L.. s.cc. ebzilIitionem-, a
'êrthon-, f. Cf. Gk. epa, earth. rare word, from ebullTtus, pp. of ebulltre,
Earwig; see Ear (i). to bubble up. — L. e, out; bullire, to
Ease. i,i*'.) M. E. — O. F. aise^ ease.
ese. bujDble see Boil (i).
;
Cf. Ital. agio, ease, Port, azo, occasion. £Carte, a game at cards. (F. — L. and
Orig. unknown. Der. dis-ease. Gk.) In this game, cards may be discarded
Easel. (Du. — L.)
Du. ezel, an ass; and exchanged hence the name. — '? .icai'ti,
;
also a support, a painter's easel. [G. esel; discarded, pp. of ecarter, to discard. — L.
Goth, asihis.'l'î^. asellus, dimin. of L. ex, out, away F. carte, from Late L. carta,
;
asinus, ass. from Gk. x^P'''n, ^ leaf of paper, hence a

East, the quarter of sun-rise. (E.) M.E. card.
est. A. S. east, adv., in the east eastan, ; Eccentric, departing from a centre,
+
from the east. Du. oost, G. ost, Dan.c^j-/; odd. (F. — L. — Gk.)
F. excentriqzte.—
Svved. ostan, G. osten Du. ooster-, G. ; Late L. eccefitricus. — Gk. eKKevrp-os, out
oster-, Dan. Svved. t'ls-/^;-, Icel. austr (gen. of the centre; with suffix -icus. — Gk. Ik,
austr-s). Teut. types âiis-lo-, 'âiis-to-no- ;
out K€VTpov^ centre.
; See Centre.
also *^z/i'/-7'i7-, for ldg.*a7/J"-;'t?- (see easter). Ecclesiastic. (L. Gk.) LateL. <?f<r/^- —
Cf. L. aur-ora^ dawn, Gk. tjo;?, ea;s, aucoj, siasticzis. — Gk. (fiKKrjcriaaTifcos, belonging
dawn, Skt. tishas, dawn. Brugm. i. § 218 to the kKKKrjaia, i, e. assembly, church.
(4). Gk. (.KKX-qros, summoned. — Gk. kKfcaXioj, I
easter. (E.) yi.¥.. ester. K.^.eastor-^ call forth. — Gk, Itf, out ; KaXkoj, I call.
in comp. eastre, Lu. xxii. i, Easter.—
; Echelon. (F.-L.) F. dchelon, an
A. S. eastre, a goddess whose festivities arrangement of troops in parallel divi-
were at the vernal equinox see Beda, De ; sions orig. a round of a ladder. — F.
;
Temporum Ratione, c. 15. Cf Lith. ichelle, a ladder (O. F. eschiele).'-\..

ansz7-a, dawn Skt. usra-, m. a ray.
f. ; scdla, a ladder; see Scale (3).
Eat. (E.) M. E. eten. A.S. etan.-^ Echo. (L. - Gk.) M. E. ecco.- L. echo.
Du. eten, Icel. eta, Swed. dta, Dan. cede, — Gk. iixî ^ sound, echo; cf. r^xos, ijxVt
Goth, itan, G. essen. Teut. type 'êtan-. a ringing noise. Der. cat-ech-ise, q. v.
Cf. L. edere, Gk. eSeti/, Skt. ad, to eat. Eclat. (F.-Teut.) F. Mat, splen-
(VED.) dour ; lit. '
a bursting forth.' — F. klater,
Eaves, the clipped edge of a thatched to burst forth O. F. s'esclater., to burst. ;
roof. (E.) Also E. dial. (Essex) oavis. Origin doubtful perhaps from L. type ;
M. E. euese pi. eueses

\
i^— eaveses) *exclappita)-e, formed from Low G. klap-;
also ouese, A. S. ^j-, a (clipped) edge pen, to clap, make a noise see Clap. ;
of thatch, whence efesian, to shear, also Eclectic, choosing out hence, a ;
*oe/es, whence oefsung, Corp. gl. 474.+ philosopher who selected doctrines from
Icel. ups, Svved. dial, tiffs Goth, tibizwa, various sects. [Gk.)
\
Gk. (kX€ktik6s,
a porch, from the projection of the eaves ;
selecting; as sb. an Eclectic— Gk. !«-
O. H. G, opasa, Teut. type *obeswd. \4yeiv, to select. Gk. Itf, out ; Xiyeiv, to —
Prob. allied to Over. Der. eavesdropper, choose.
f)8
ECLIPSE EFFLUENCE
Eclipse. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.Y..ecl{p, coined word, from the sb. editor (L.
clips. — O. F. eclipse. —
L. eclipsis.^ Gk. editor^ .
(K.Keiipi?, a failure, esp. of light of the sun. Educate. (L.) From L. educdtus,
— Gk. iKKdmiv, to leave out, fail, suffer pp. of educdre^ to educate; allied to L.
eclipse. — Gk. e/c, out; Xeineiv, to leave. edilcere, to bring out. — L. t", out dilcere, ;
Eclogue, a pastoral poem. (L. — Gk.) to bring.

L. ee/oga (the F. word was eg'/oûe).— Gk. educe. (L.) L. edUcere, to bring out.
fKAoyq, a selection, esp. of poems. — Gk. Der. eduction (from pp. ediict-us).
(k\€j(lv, to choose out see Eclectic.
; Eel. (E.) M.E. <?-/. A.S. .2/. + Du.
Economy. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly ^«/, Icel. all, Dan. fi:^/, Swed. a/, G. â/.
aconouiy. — M. F. ccconomie. — L. occoiiomia. Teut. type "^lidoz.
— Gk. oiKouofJ-ia, management of a house- Eery, timid, affected by fears, melan-

hold.— Gk. oiKovofios, a steward. — Gk. choly, strange. (E.) Seejamieson. M.E.
otwo-, for of/cos, a house and ve/xnv, to; ar), ark, are^^ arê, erê^ timid spelt eri ;
deal out. in Cursor Mundi, 1 7685. — A. S. earg^ earh,

Ecstasy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. r.v- timid, cowardly. Cf. Icel. argr, ragr;
/asie (H.I. — Late L. ecsiasis, a trance.— G. arg\ Du. erg, bad.
Gk. €Karaais, displacement; also, a trance. Efface. (F.-L.) F. effacer.-Y. ef-
— Gk. Ik, out aracis, a standing, allied
; (L. ef-^ for ex^ out) TLudface, from Folk- ;
to iCTafiat, I stand. L. *facia (for 'L. faciem, ace. oi fades) ^
Ecumenical, general. (L. — Gk.) face. See Pace.

Late L. artimenicus; with suffix -a/. — Gk. Effect. (F.-L.) A. F. effect (F. effet).
ciKovixeviKos, imivcTsal. — Gk. olKovfievrj — L. effect ipn^ ace. of effectus, an effect.—
(sc. 7^), the inhabited world, fern, of L. effectus^ pp. of efficerc, to work out. —
oiKovfxevos, pres. pt. pass. oioiKioo, I inhabit. L. thoroughly facere, to do.
<?/"-, for ex^ ;
— Gk. oTkos, a house. Brugm. i. § 6ii. Effeminate. (L.) From pp. of L.

Eczema, a breaking-out of pustules on effemindre, to make womanish. — L. ef,
the skin. (Gk.) Gk. e/cCf/ô- a pustule.— lor ex, thoroughly; femina, a woman.
Gk. IkÛlv, to boil over. — Gk. e«, out; See Feminine.
iiiiv, to boil. See Yeast. Effendi, sir, master. (Turkish — Gk.)
Eddy. (Scand.) M. E. ydy {=idy). Turk, efendi, sir. — Mod. Gk. dcpevriji^ for
Icel. ida, an eddy, whirlpool cf. ida, to ; G'k.avO(VTT]s,a. despotic master, ruler; see
whirl about Swed. dial, ida, ida, Dan.
; Authentic.
dial, ide, an eddy. Perhaps formed from Effervesce. (L.) 'L.efferz/esce^r.'^'L.
Icel. id-, A. S. ed-, Goth, id- (prefix), ef-, for fernescere, to begin
ex. out ;
to
backwards. Cf. Brugm. § 574.
i. boil, inceptive oiferiiere, to boil.
Edge. (E.) M. E. egge. A. S. ecg, an Effete, exhausted. (L.) L. effet us,
edge, border. + Du. egge, Icel. Swed. egg^ weakened by having brought forth young.
Dan. eg, G. ecke. Teut. type *agjd. Cf. — L. ef-, for ex, out ;
fetus, that has
L. ar/^j, Gk. d«is, a point, Skt. ap'i-, edge, brought forth allied to L. ; ftii, I was
corner.(ÂK.) (Brugm. i. § 361 ii. § 587). ;
Edible, eatable. (L.) Late L. edibilis. Efficacy, force, virtue. (L.) L. effi-
— L. edere, to eat ; see Eat. cdcia, effective power. — L. efficdc-, stem of
Edict. (L.) L. ediduin, neut. of pp. effjcax, efficacious. — L. efficere, to effect
of edicere, to proclaim. — L. <?, out ; dicere, (below).
to speak. efficient. (L.) From stem of pres.
Edify. (F.-L.) O.Y. edifier. ^\.. pt. of effcere, to effect ; see Effect.
(Bdificdre, to build ;hence, instruct). — L, Effigy. l.F.-L.) F_. effgie.-h. effi-
adi-, stem of cedes, a building, orig. a gicjii, ace. of effigies, an image. — L. effig-,
hearth ;-fie-, for facere, to make. Der. base of effingere, to form. — L. ef, for ex,
edifice, F. edifice, L. cedificium, a building; out fingere, to form.
: See Figure.
^<fz7^, L. cedflis, a magistrate who had the Effiorescence. (F.-L.^ F. efiôre-
care of public buildings. Brugm. i. ^ 202. scence, lit. a flowering.'
'
From L. effio-
Edition. ^F. -L.) O. F. edicion (H.). - rescere, inceptive form of effiorere, to
L. ediiionem, ace. of editio, a publishing. — —
blossom out. L. ef-^ ex, out fiorere, to ;
l^.edittis, pp. of edere, to give out, publish. blossom. See Floral.

— L. <?, out; âr^, to give. Der. edit^ a Effiuence, a flowing. (L.) From the
159
;; ;
^
EFFORT ELASTIC
pres, pt. of effluere, to flow out. L. <?/-, — (eider-fowl), Swed. ejder; and cf. Swed.
for ex, out ; fluere, to flow. See Fluent. dial. ad. Der. eider-down, Icel. cedardUn.
Effort. (F.-L.) F. effort, an effort; Eight. (E.) M. I-:, eighte. A. S.
verbal sb. from F. sefforcer, to endeavour. eahta. + Du. acht, Icel. atta, Dan. otte,
— Med. L. exfortidre, to use force. — L. Swed. Goth, ahtau, G. acht; Irish
atta,
ex, out fort is, strong.
;
See Force. ocht, Gael. <?(:/^^, W. wyth, L. <?r/(?, Gk.
Effrontery. (F.-L.) XVIII cent. o/fTw, Pers. hasht, Zend ashta, Skt. ashtau.
— F. effronterie, ' impudency ' Cot. ; — Idg. type *okto[2i). Der. eigh-teen, A. S.
0. F. effrontd, shameless. — O. F. ef- (L. eahtatene, eahtatyne; eigh-ty, A. S. (Jiund)-
ef-^ for ex')^ out front, face, forehead (as
;
eahtatig; eigh-th, A. S. eahtoda.
if putting forward the forehead). Cf. F. Eisel, vinegar. (F. — L.) In Shak.
affronter, to oppose face to face. See M. E. (fzW, ^zVz7, aisil.'—O. F. <a;/jz7, ^m7,
Front. also az«, vinegar (Godefroy). Aisil ap-
Effulgent, bright. (L.) From stem pears to be a dimin. form of am. — Late L.
of pres. pt. of L. effulgere, to shine forth. acitus, bitter; closely related to L. acetuvi,
— L. ef, for ex, out fnlgej'e, to shine.
;
vinegar. The Goth, akeit, vinegar, A.S.
Effuse. (L.) L. effiisus, pp. of effun- ecid, G. essig, is due to Late L. acJtum or
dere, to pour out. — L. ef, for ex, out L. acetiun.
fundere, to pour. Eisteddfod, a congress of (Welsh)
Egg (i), the oval body whence chickens, bards. (W.) W. m/^^6^<3?, a sitting, con-
&c. are hatched. (Scand.) M. E. eg, pi. gress.— W. eistedd, to sit.
egges. "!(:.€[. egg, Dan. ceg, Swed, dgg.-^ Either. (E.) M. E. either, aither.
A.S. ag (^ ME.
ey) Du. ez, G. ; ei. A. S. cegPer^ contracted form of ^ghwceper.
Prob. allied to Irish ugk, Gael, ndk, W. Comp. of d-gi-hwceper where a = aye, gi
;
7vy, L. ouuni, Gk. wov^ egg. Brugm. i. {\'or ge-) is a prefix, and hwczj)er = yfhe\.h.er.
§ .^09 (2). +Du. teder, G.jeder, O. H. G. eohwedar.

Egg (2), to instigate. (Scand.) M. E. Ejaculate, to jerk out an utterance.
eggen. — \cG\. eggja, goad on. — Icel. egg,
to (L.) From pp. of L. eiaculdri, to cast
an edge (point). See Edge. out. — L. ^, out; iaculum, a missile, from
Eglantine. (F.-L.) F. eglantine, iacere, to cast.
M.E. aiglantine, aiglantier, sweet-briar. eject. (L.) L. eiedare, frequentative
— O. F. the same. — L. type
aiglajit, of L. eicere, to cast out. — L. e, out iacere ;
'âculent-us, prickly (not found). - L. acii-s,

to cast.
a needle; -lentiis (as in tiiru-lenttis"). Cf. (i), to augment. (E.) Eke M.Y.. ekett.
L. aculeus, a prickle, dimin. of acns. See O. Merc, ecan, A. S. tecan, weak vb.
Aglet. (VAK.) Teut. type âukj'an-, weak vb. allied to ;
Egotist, Egoist, a self-opinionated Icel. auka, Goth, atikan (neuter), str. vb.
person. (L.) Coined from L. ego, I see zi.\..augere. (-yÂUGw.) Brugm. i. §635.
;
1. Cf. F. igdiste (a. d. 1755). eke (2), also. (E.) M. E. eek, eke.
Egregious, excellent. (L.) L. egre- A. S. mr.-f-Du. ook, Icel. auk, Swed. och
gi-iis, chosen out of a flock, excellent (and), Dan. og (and), G. auch. All from
with suffix -oiis.^V., /, out; greg-^ stem of the Teut. base attk- above.
g?'ex, a flock. Elaborate. (L.) L. elaboratus, pp.
Egress, a going out. (L.) L. egj-essus. oi elabordre, to labour greatly. — L. e, out,
— L. egressus, pp. of egredi, to go out. — greatly labordre, to work, from labor-,
;
L. e, out gradi, to go.

;
stem of labor, labour.
Egret, the lesser white heron. (F.— Eland, a S. African antelope. (Du. G. —
O. H. G.) M. F. egrette, aigf-ette, dimin. — Lith.) Du. eland, an elk. -G. elend.-'
of a form *aigre (whence also Prov. aig?-- Lithuan. Înis, an elk. Cf. W. elain, a
on, O. F. hair-on, E. /z^r-^«). — O. H. G. hind, Russ. olene, a stag. See Elk.
heigir, heiger. a heron. See Heron. Elapse, to glide away. (L.) From L.
Eh ! interj.' (E.) M. E. ey. Ct. A. S. elapsi'is, pp. of eldbi, to glide away. — L. e,
ea Du. he ! G. ei ! F. eh !
;
away Idbi, to glide. ;
Eider-duck. (Swed. ««</ E.) TheE. Elastic. (Gk.) Formerly elastick.

dttck is here added to the Swed. spelling Gk. *eAa(TTi/foy, propulsive, coined from
of Icel. ceSr, an eider-duck (^ pronounced Gk. \\aoi — \\avv(xi, I drive (fut. eXdcr-a;).
like i in time) whence Dan. ederfugl Cf. Gk. lXa(JTT]s, also kkarr^p, a driver.
;
160
'
,
ELATE ELL
Elate, Hfted up, proud. (L.) 'L.eldtiis, eKeyfiov, a distich (of lament). — Gk
lifted up.— L. e, out idtus, used as pp. of (Aeyos, a lament.
; Der. elegi-ac.
ferre, but allied to tollere, to lift. Element. (F. — L.) O. F. ele7nent.~.
Elbo-W, the bend of the arm. (E.) L. elenienturn, a first principle.
M.E. elbotue. A. S. elboga, also eht-boga. Elephant. (F. L. - Gk.) M. E. -
— A. S. eln, signifying ell,' orig. * arm
'
elyphaiDit, olifaiint. — O. F. olifant, ele-
;
and boga, a bow, a bending (see Bow). fant. — L. elephantem, ace. of ehphas. —
A. S. eln is allied to Goth, aleina, a cubit, Gk. €\i(pas, an elephant. Origin unknown;
W. elin, Irish tale, L. tibia, Gk. uXivrj, some compare Heb. eleph, an ox.
Skt. aratni-, the elbow. See Ell. Du. +
Elevate. (L.) P>om pp. of L. (f/^//(7;r,
elle-boog, Icel. ohi-bogi, Dan. al-biie^ G. to lilt up. — L. c, out; leudre, to lighten,
ellen-bogen. lift, from leuis, light. See Levity.
Eld, old age. (E.) M.E. ^/^^, old Eleven. (E.) M. E. enlezun. A. S.
age O. Merc, aldo, old age
; from aid, ; en[d)leofan, Northumb.
endhifow, O.
old. Cf. A. S. ieldu, yldu from (?a/a', old. ; (sllefne.-\-T)Vi. elf, Icel. ellifti, Dan. elleve,
+Icel. elli Dan. celde. See Old.
; Swed. elfva, Goth, ainllf, G. elf, O. H. G.
elder (i), older. (E.) Both as adj. einlif. p. A compound of Teut. *ain-,
and O. Merc, ccldra (A. wS. yldra),
sb. one; and -/z/"- = Lithuan. -likaveno- (in
elder, adj.; comparative of aid (A. S. lika, eleven). Lith. -lika perhaps means
eald\. old. * remaining ' ; cf. L. linqtiere, to leave.
eldest. O. Merc. (Bldesta (A. S.

(E.) Brugm. ii. § 175.
yldesta), superl. of aid (A. S. eald), old. Eif. M. E. elf. O. Merc. alJ.-\-
(E.)
Elder (2), a tree. (E.) The d is excre- Icel. dlfr, Dan. alf; also G. alp, a night-
scent. M, E. eller. A. S. ellen, ellcern.'if mare. Der. elf-in, adj., for *elf-en', but
Low G. elloorn. ^
Distinct from alder. prob. suggested by the M. E. gen. pi.
Elecampane, a plant. (L.) A. S. elvene, of elves (in the Southern dialect).
eolone, elene, perverted from L, itiula and ; Elicit, to coax out. (L.) From pp.
'M..Y .enule-campane (Cot.) — L. inula cam- . of L. elicere, to draw out by coaxing.—
pdna, elecampane. Here cainpdna prob. L. e, out lacere, to entice.
; And see
means wild, growing in the fields; from Lace.
L. campus, a field. Elide. (L.) L. elldere, to strike out. —
Elect, chosen. (L.)
L. eledus^ pp. of L. e, out ; Icedere, to dash. Der. elis-ion
eligere, to choose out. — L. ^, out legere, ; (from pp. elis-tis).
to choose. Eligible. (F.-L.) Y. Eligible. ^lAÂ.
Electric. (L. — Gk.) Coined from L. L. eligibilis, fit to be chosen. L. elige7-e, —
electruDi, amber, which has electric pro- to choose out see Elect. ;
perties.— Gk. TjXiKTpov, amber, also shin- Eliminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ing metal; allied to QXeKTcop^ gleaming. eltmind?-e, to thrust out of. L. e, forth; —
Electuary, a kind of confection. (F. limiji-, stem of Ivnen, a threshold. See
-L.-Gk.) M
E. letuarie. - O. F. lec- Limit.
tiiaire, M.F. electuaire.'^ Late L. electud- Elision ; see Elide.
7-ium, electdrium, a medicine that dissolves Elixir. Med. L. elixir-,
(Ar.-Gk.)
in the mouth. Perhaps for *e{c)lid-dri2im, for Arab, el iksir, the philosopher's stone,
from Gk. IkXîktov, an electuary, from esp. a sort of powder (Devic) where el is ;
l/f\€tXejj/, to lick out.— Gk. tK, out; the definite article. — Gk. ^rjpiov, dry pow
Aei'xff", to lick. der, or ^rjpou, dry (residuum).
Eleemosynary, relating to alms. Elk, a kind of deer. (G.) Prob. adapted
— Gk.) Late
(Late L. L. eleeinosyndriiis from M. H. G. elc/i, an elk O.H. G. ela/io. ;
an almoner; from eleemosyna, alms. — Gk. Cf. Icel. elgr, Swed. elg, an elk Russ. ;
kXerjfioavi'Tj^ pity, alms. See Alms. olene, a stag; L. alces, Gk. olKkt]. (His-
Elegant, choice, neat. (P\ — L.) M.F. tory obscure.) F'ound in A. S. as elch, elh.
— L. elegant-, stem of elegans,
elegant. Ell. (E.) yi.Y.elle,ehie. A.S.el{i)n,
neat. — L. e, out; leg-, base of
tasteful, a cubit. +Du. elle, el; Icel. alin, the arm
legere, to choose. from the elbow to the tip of the middle
Elegy, a funeral ode. (F.- L.-Gk.) finger Swed. ahi, D^LU.olen, Goth, aleina,
;
M. F. elegie. — L. elegia. — Gk. kXeyeta. G. elle^ ell L. iibia, ell:ow, cubit

; Gk. ;
fem. sing., an elegy orig. neut. pi. of

; uj\(VT], elbow. Ell =^ elin el-how.
161
;;
ELLIPSE EMBERS
miipse. (L. — Gk.) FovmQTly el/zj^szs. maci-, base of macies, leanness
cf. macer^ ;
— L. ellipsis. — Gk.eWdipis, a defect, an lean.

ellipse of a word also, an oval figure,
; Em.anate. (L.) From L. emdnatusy
because its plane forms with the base of pp. of emdndre, to flow out. — L.^, out;
the cone a less angle than that of a para- mdndre, to flow.
bola. — Gk. lAAeirreiv, to leave in, leave Em.a2icipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
behind. — Gk. eA-, for ev, in; Xeiirtiv, to emancipdre, to set free. — L. e, out; man-
leave, cognate with L. linquere. Der. cipdre, to transfer property. — L. mancip-,
elliptic.^ adj., Gk. kWîimKos. stem of man-ceps, lit. one who takes pro-
Elm, a tree. (E.) A. S. elm.-Ô. H. G. perty in hand or receives it.— L. man-tis,
e/m cf. Icel. dlmr, Dan. ahn^ Swed. aim
;
Land capcre, to take.
; ;
also L. ulmtis (whence G. 2ilme^ Du. obn). Em.asculate, to deprive of virility.

Zilocution. (L.^) From L. elociitio- (L.) From pp. of L. e/?iasculdre.-''L. e,
nef?i^ ace. of elocuiio, clear utterance. — L. away from viasciilus, male. See Mas-
;
elocutus, pp. of eloqtu, to speak out. — L. culine.

e, out ; loqtii^ to speak. Cf. Eloquent. Embargo. (Span.) Span, ejnbargo,
Iiloign, Eloin, to remove and keep an arrest, a stoppage of ships lit. a put- ;
at a distance, to withdraw. (F. — L.) ting a bar in the way. — Late L. type
O. F. esioigner, to remove, keep away "îmbarj-icdre, to bar in. Formed with
(Law L. exlongdre). — O. F. es^ away; prefix em- ( = Lat. in) from Span, barra^
loing (F. loin), far off. — L. ex, away; a bar. See Bar, Barricade.
bnge, adv. far off. See Long. Embark. (F. — Late L.) F. embar-
Elope. (A.F. — Scand.) A. F. aloper, que?'. — Late L. irnbarcdre, to put in a
*o run away (from a husband see N. E. D.). ; bark. — L. im- (for in), in ; barca,z. bark ;
— A. F. a- prefix (perhaps for O. F. es-, see Bark (i).
away, as in E. a-bash) and M. E. lopen,
; Embarrass. (F. — Span.) F. embar-
to run (Cath, Anglicum) from Icel. hlaiipa, 7'asser, to perplex ; lit. to hinder, put a
,
cognate with E. Leap. p. Or from bar in one's way. — Span, embarazar, the
M. E. alop-en, pp. of alcpen, to escape; same. — Span, em- (L. im-, for z>z\ in;
from A. S. a-, away, and hlcapan, to ruu, barra, a bar. Cf. Embargo and Bar. ;
to leap. Em.bassy, a mission. (F. — Late L.—

Eloq,uent. (F.— L.) M. E. eloquent. C.) A modification of O. F. ambassee;
— O. F. eloquent. •^'L,. eloquent-, stem of cf. M. F. embassade, Ital. imbasciata, weak-
pres. pt. of eloquJ, to speak out or clearly. ened form of ambasciata. All from Late
— L. e, out loqui, to speak.
; L. ambascidta, sb., orig. fem. of pp. of
Else, otherwise, (E.) A. S. elles, adv. ambascidre, to send on a mission, from
stem *^^'^-, signifying other,' as in Goth. ambascia.1 a mission. See Ambassador.
'
aljis, other.-f-Svved. eljest allied to L.

; Embattle, to furnish with battle-
alias, and to Alien. The suffix -es marks ments. (F.) M. E. embattelen. - O. F.
the gen. case, neuter. em- (L. im-, for in-, prefix); and O. F.
Elucidate. (L.) From pp. of Late L. bastiller, to fortify. See Battlement.
elicciddre , to make clear. — L. <?, out, very Embellish. (F.-L.) M. E. embe-
;
lucid-iis, lucid, clear. See Lucid. lissett.'-0.¥. embeliss-, stem of pres. pt.
Elude, to avoid slily. (L.) L. elUdere oi embellir, to beautify. — O. F. etn- (L.
(pp. elilstis), to mock, deceive. — L. <?, out iri) and bel, fair. See Belle.
;
lUdere, to play. Der. ehis-ory, from the Ember-days. (E.) M. E. ymber,

pp. as in ymber-weke. A. S. ymbren-, prob.
Elysium, a heaven. (L. — Gk.) L. from ymbryne, a circuit, or period the ;
elysiu77i. - Gk. rjXvaiov, short for rjXvaiov ember- days are days that reczir at each of
nedlov, the Elysian field (Od. 4. 563). the four seasons of the year. The A. S.
"Em-fpre/ix. (F. — L.) F.em-<'L.im- ymb-ryne is lit. 'a running round.' — A. S.
(for in), in, before 3 and p. =
Hence em- ymb, round ( G. imi, Gk. d/i^t) and ;
dalm, to anoint with balm em-bank, to ryne, a run, course; see Bun.
;
Prob.
enclose with a bank, cast up a bank em- confused with L. qnattior tempora, four
;
body, to invest with a body, &c. seasons whence G. quate^nber.

;
Emaciate. (L.) From pp. of L. Em.bers, ashes. (E.) M. E. emeres.

emacidre, to make thin. — L. e, very; A. S. cemyrgean, embers A. S. Leech-
;
I 62
; ;
EMBEZZLE EMIT
doms, iii. 30 (rare). + Icel. eimyrja, Embrasure. (F.) F. embraiuT~e, an
Dan. emmer, Swed. mojy'a, O. H. G. aperture witli slant sides. î F. embraser,— .
eimwja^ sb. ember. Cf. Icel. eim-r^ vapour to slope the sides of a window. —O.F. ^;;i-
prov. E. ome ( A. S. *'at?i), vapour. iL. /;z),in; M. F. braser, 'to skue, or
Embezzle, to filch. (F.) A. F. ejt- chamfret;' Cot. '.Of unknown origin.)
besiler, to make away with (a. d. 1404).— Embrocation, a fomenting. (F.—
O. F. en- (for L. ?«-, prefix) and O.F. ; Late L. — Gk.) O. F. embrocation, — Med.
hesillier^ to maltreat, destroy, apparently L. embrocdtus, pp. of embrocdre, to foment.
from O. F. bes- (Late L. bis-, used as a — Gk. (fi^poxv, a fomentation. — Gk. fft-
pejorative prefix). Cf. O. F\ besil, ill- PpiXî^yio soak in. — Gk. €^-=zlv, in;
treatment, torture and see Bezzle in the
; lipiXî-v, to wet, soak.
N. E. D. ^
Certainly influenced, in the Embroider. (F.) From Em- and
1 6th cent., by a supposed etymology from Broider. Cf. O. F. embroder, to em-
inib^cill^ to weaken, an obsolete verb broider.
formed from the adj. imbecile, q.v. Embroil. (F.) From F. embrouiller^
Emblem. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^M. F. ^;//- to confuse. —
em- (L. im-, for m) ;
F.
bleme.— L. emblenia. — Gk. ffi^Krjixa, a brouiller, to confuse. See Broil (2) ;
thing put on, an ornament. — Gk. (fi-, for and cf. Imbroglio.
€v^ in, on pdWav^ to throw, to put. See
; Embryo. (F. — Gk.) Formerly em-
Belemnite. bryon, — M. F. embryon. — Gk. ip^pvov,
Em.blemeilts, the produce of sown the embryo, foetus. — Gk. cp- = Iv, within ;
lands, crops which a tenant may cut after Ppvov, neut. of pres. pt. of fipveiv, to be
the determination of his tenancy. (F. L.) — full of, swell out.
O. F. cjuhlaeinent, harvest. O. F. em- — Emendation. (L.) Coined from the
blae'r,emblader (F. emblavcr), to sow pp. of L. emenddre, to free from fault.—
with corn. — Late Lat. imbldddre, to sow. L. e, free from viejidum menda, a fault.
;
— L. im- (for z;z), in; Late L. bladuin Emerald, a green gem. (F. — L. - Gk.)
= L. abldtum, a crop, corn, lit. 'what is M. E. efueraude.-Ô. F. esmeraude (Span.
carried away' (F. bU). esmej-alda) also esmeragde. — L. st7ia-
;
Embolism. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. ragdum, ace. of smaragdns. — Gk. <ypa~

enibolismc'- \^. embolismns.'^ Gk. kfxjSo- pa-^hus, an emerald. Ct. Skt. marakata-,
Xifffios, an intercalation or insertion of an emerald.
days, to complete a period. — Gk. e^, for €v, Emerge, to rise from the sea, appear.
in ; ySdAAetF, to cast ; cf. iixfioXr]^ an inser- (L.) L. emejgere, to rise out of water. —
tion. — L. e, out mergere, to dip see Merge.
; ;
Embonpoint, plumpness of person. Emerods ; see Hemorrhoids.

(F. — L.) F. ei/ibojipoint, plumpness. Emery, a hard niineraL (F. — Ital.—
For en bon point, in good case. — L. m, Gk.) Formerly emeril XVII cent.— \
in bonum, neut. of bomis, good punc- F ^meri; M. F. emeril, esmeriL — Ital.

;
;
tum, point. smeriglio. — Gk. apfjpis, afxvpiSy emery.

Emboss (i), to adorn with bosses or Emetic. (L. — Gk.) L. emelicus.'^
raised work. (F. — L. and G.) From Gk. kpiTiKos, causing sickness. — Gk. kpioi,
Em-, prefix ; and Boss. I vomit ; see Vomit.
Emboss (2), to take shelter, or drive Emigrate. (L.) From pp. of L. e-
to shelter in a wood, &c. (F. LateL) — migrdre, to wander forth. — L. e, out
O F. einbosquer^ to shroud in a wood.— migrdre^ to wander see Migrate. ;
O. Y cm-
. fL. ?«), in ; O. F. bosc, a wood ; Eminent, excellent. (L.) L. eminent-^
see Bouquet. stem of pres. pt. of eminere, to project,
Embouchure. (F. L.) F. embou- — excel. — L..f, out ^minere, to project for
; ;
chure, the mouth or opening (of a river). which cf. im-minent, pro-mineni.
— F. emboucher, to put in or to the mouth. Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab.
— L. iti, in F. bouche, from bitcca, the
, am r, a nobleman, prince. — Arab, root
month. amara, he commanded. Der. admir-al.
Embrace. (F. L.) —
O.F. embi-acer, Emit, to send forth. (L.) L. emitlere,
to grasp in the arms. — O.F. em-,{ox en to send forth; pp. efuissus. — l^. e, out;
(L. in) and brace, the grasp of the
; mittere, to send. Der. emiss-ion, e/niss-
arms; see Brace. ary^ from the pp.
163
—
EMMET ENCHANT
Smmet, an ant.
E. emete, (E.) M. _Empty, void. (E.) M.E. ^w//2. A.S.
amote. A. an ant.-f-
S. iemetle^ or cemette, cejntig,ilmetig, lit. full of leisure. A. S. —
G. ajneise, O. H. G. dmeiza, or ameiza, an (emta, fcmetta, leisure, older form emota
ant. Doublet, ant. (Epin. Glos, 680). Perhaps ceinetta is for
Emuiew; seeEnew. *i£vidtjon-, from ie-, prefix, privative, and
Emollient, softening. (F. L.) M.F. — 7?idt, a meeting for business.
emollient. •'L,. emollient-, stem of pres. pt. Empyrean, Empyreal, pertaining
of emollire, to soften. — L. <f, out, very ;
to elemental fire. (L. — Gk.) Adjectives
piollire, to soften,from mollis, soft. coined from L. empyroi-ns, Gk. ^kpLirvp-
Emolument, gain. (F.-L.) O. F. aios, extended from 'ip-vvpos, exposed to
emolument. "l^. emolumentiim, what is fire. — Gk. e;ii- = €v, in TrGp, fire see Fire.
; ;
gained by labo'ir. — L.t'w^//>'/',to work out, Emu, Emeu, a bird. (Port.) Port.
accomplish. — L. e, out, greatly molTri, to ; e?na, an ostrich.
work, from moles, heap, also effort. So ^ Emulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
usually explained but the short vowels
; cEmuldri, to try to equal.— L. csmulus,
in -mdia- suggest a derivation from emo- striving to equal.
lere, to grind thoroughly. Emulsion, a milk-like mixture. (F. —
Emotion. Coined from L. e?nolics,
(L.) L.) M. emulsion
F. formed from L. ;
pp. of emoiiere, to move away or much. — emuls-us, pp. of emulgere, to milk out. —
L. e, out, much ffiouere, to move.
; L. e, out mtilgere, to milk
; see Milk. ;
Emperor, a ruler._ (F.-L.) O.F, 'Bn-, prefix. (F.-L.) Y.en-.-l.. in-,

empercor.^\-,. imperatorem, ace. of im- in sometimes used with a causal force, as
;
perdtor, a ruler. — L.
impe7'are,Xo wAq.-^ en-case, en-chain, &c. See Em-.
L. im- i^for upon, over pa?'dre to
?';;-), ; , Enact. (F.-L.) In Shak.-F. en,
make ready, order. Der. empr-ess. in (L. ifi ; and Act.
Lit. ' to put in act.'
Emphasis, stress of voice. (L. — Gk.) Enamel, vb. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.
L. emphasis. — Gk. efx(paais, a declaration, enamaile, sb., ettamelen, vb. — A. F. ena-
emphasis orig. appearance. — Gk. (jxpai-
; meller, enamailler, vb. — F. en (L. iti), on ;
vofiai^ I appear. — Gk. en- (li'), in ;
amaile, for O. F. esmail, enamel ( = Ital.
(paivofiai, I appear, whence (pncri'i, an s7nalto), from O. Low G. sjualt (Liibben).
appearance see Phase. Der. emphatic,
; See Smalt.
from Gk. kiJcpariKOi, significant. Enamour. (F. — L.) O.Y.enamorer,
Empire. F. empire. — L. im-
(F. — L.) to inflame with love. — F. en amotir, in
perinm, command.— L. im- {in-), upon, love; where F, en is from L. in, in, and
over pardre, to make ready, order.
;
amour from L. ace. amorem, love.
Empiric, a quack doctor. (F. — L. Encamp. (F.-L.) Coined from en-
Gk.) M. F. etnpirique. — L. empiricus.— (F. en, L. iti) and camp hence to ;
'
Gk. (iJ.rr(ipiK6s, experienced also one of ; form into a camp.' See Camp.
a certain set of physicians. — Gk. kî-^kv, Encase. (F. — L.) Cf. F. encaisser,
in; Trefpa { = *TT€pia), a trial, experience, '
to put into a case Cot. — F. en, in (L.
;
'
allied to Tropos, a way, and to E. Fare. in); and M.F. caisse, casse, a case; see
Brugm. i, § 293. Case (2).
Employ. (F. — L.) "^[.Y. employer, io Encaustic, relating to designs burnt
employ. — L. implicdre, to implicate (in in. (F.-L. — Gk.) F. encaristique.^Y,.
Late L., to use for, employ). — L. vn- (for encausticus. — Gk. fjKavoTiKos, relating to
in-), in plicdre, to fold
;
see Implicate, ; burning in. — Gk. h, in ; Kaico, I burn,,
Imply. See Calm.
Emporium, (L.-Gk.) L. Enceinte, pregnant. (F.-L.) F. en-
a mart.
emp07'iu?n. — Gk. hixiropiov, a mart neut. of ceinte. — Late L. incincta, ungirt, said of a
;
(IJLTTupios. commercial. —Gk. hpiropia, com- pregnant woman, fem. of pp. of cingere,
merce, epL-Topo^, a traveller, merchant.— to gird, with neg. prefix ifi-. Isidore ^
Gk. €a-— ev, in Tropos, a way see Fare. explains Late L. incincta as meaning
; ;
Emprise, enterprise. (F. — L.) M. E. ungirt ' so also Ital. incinta (Florio). '
;
emprise. — O. F. emprise orig. fem. of Enchant. (F. — L.) Y enchanter, \o

; .
empris, pp. of O. F. emprendre, to take in charm. — L. incantdre, to repeat a chant. —

hand.— L im- {in-), in; prehendere, to L. in-, upon and cantdre, to sing soe ; ;
take. See Comprehend. Cant (I'.

64
;;
ENCHASE ENEW
Encliase. (F.— L.) M..Y. enchasser^ *and-joz. Cf. O. Irish ind, Skt. ania-,
*
to enchace or set in gold Cot. Hence ;
' end, limit. %
Hence the prefixes ante-,
to emboss. — F. en, in (L. z'n) and chasse ; anti-, an- in an-s-ver.
(F. chdsse^, the same as casse^ a case ; see Endeavour, attempt. (F. - L.)
to
Case (2). Coined from the M. E. sb. dever, devoir,
Encircle. (F. — L.) From En- and duty, with F. prefix en- (= L. in).
Circle. Compare the old phrase to do his dever '
'
Uncline. (F.— L.) W.Y. endincn.-' = to do his duty (Ch. C. T. 2598) ; see
O.F. encliner.^'L. inclinare\ see Incline. Devoir.
Enclitic. (Gk.) Gk. lyKXiriKos, en- Endemic, peculiar to a district. (Gk.)
clining, dependent used of a word which ; Gk. (:vbr]p.-os, belonging to a people.—
Means' its accent upon another. — Gk. Gk. iv, in ; 877/ios, a people see Demo- ;
eyKXivfiv, to lean upon, encline. — Gk. €v, cracy.

on; KXiviiv, to lean; see Lean (i). Endive, a plant. (F. — L.) F. endive
Enclose. (F. — L.) Prom En- and (Ital. type *intihea, adj.;
rwrt'/z'/^).- Lat.
Close (1). Cf. A.F. eticlos, pp. of en- from L. intilnts, intnbiis, endive.
cloj're, to shut in. EndOgen, a plant that grows from
Encomium, commendation. (L. — Gk.) within. (F. — Gk.) F. endogene (1813).
Latinised from Gk. (yKcufxiov, neut. of From Gk. Ivho-v, within y^^v-, base of ;
eyKWfiios, laudatory, full of revelry. — Gk. y'iyvo\xai, I am born, allied to ykvo'i, race.
fv, in ; Kwfxos, revelry. Endorse. (F. — L.) Formerly (?;/^/^5J-^.
Encore, again. F. encode (F. — L.) 0. F. endosscr, to put on the back of — F,

(= Ital. again. — L. hanc
ancord), still, efi,on ; dcs, the back, from L. dorsuDi, the
horavit for iji haiic horani, to this hour back (whence the spelling with rs).
see Hour. ^
Somewhat disputed. Endow. (F. L.) —
A.F. endowcr.
Encounter, vb. (F.-L.) O.Y.ett- From F, en- and doner. — Yj. in-, in, and
contrer, to meet in combat. — F. 671, in dotdre, to give a dowry, from dot-, stem
centre, against. — L. m, in contra, against. ; of dos, a dowry; cf. dai'e, to give.
Encourage. (F. L.) Y.enconrager-, — Endue (1)5 to endow. (F. L.) An- —
from F. en (^L. in) and courage see Cou- ; other spelling oiendozv; cent. O. F. XV —
rage. endoer (later endouer), to endow (Burguy).
Encrinite, the ' stone lily *
; a fossil. — L. in, in; and ddta>-e, to endow; see
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. kv, in ; Kpivov, a above. %
Confused both with O. F. en-
lily ; with suffix -lttjs. duire, to introduce (from L. iitdilcere),
Encroach. (F.-L. a«^ Tent.) Lit. and with Endue (2) below.
to hook away, catch in a hook. — O.F. Endue (2\ to clothe. (L.) A corrup-
encrochier, to seize upon. — F. en, in; c7-oc, tion of indue as in ' endue thy ministers
;
a hook cf. F. accrocher, to hook up. — L.

; with righteousness.' — L. induere, to
in, in; and M. T)\x.kroke, Icel. krokr, &c. clothe. See Indue (2) and see above. ;
see Crook. Endure. (F. — L.) M. E. enduren.—^

Encumber. (F.— L. ?) O. F. cjicom- F. endtirer. — Y en (L. in) ; and diirer
.
brer, to block up (a way). — Late L. in- (L. durdre), to last. See Dure.
combrdre, to obstruct. — L. in-, in; and Enemy. ;,F. L.) —
M. E. enemi.^^
Late L. combrits, an obstacle. See Cum- O.F. enemi. "Y,. inimlciis, unfriendly.—
ber. L. in, not ; amicus, friendly, from L.
Encyclical, circular, said of a letter amdre, to love.
sent round (ecclesiastical). From Gk. Energy. (F. — L. — Gk.) O.Y.energie.
kyKVKXi-os, circular (said of a letter) ; with — Late L. energia.'^ Gk. kvipyna, vigour,
suffix -c-al. — Gk. hv, in kvkXo-s, a circle. ; action. — Gk. kuepyos, at work.— Gk. (v,
encyclopaedia. (L.-Gk.) Latinised in ; ipyov, work ; see "Work.
from (a coined) Gk. êyKVKXoiraiSda, for Enervate. ^L.) From pp. of L.
eyfcvKXtos natSfia, circular (or complete) enertidre, to deprive of nerve or strength.
instruction from kyKVKXios (above), and
;
— L. e, out of; nerutts, a nerve; see
TraiSfia, instruction. Nerve.
End, sb. aide. M.E.
A.S. efzde,
(E.) Enew. (F.— L.) Misspelt e?nfncw in
sb.+Du. einde, Icel. endir, Sw. dnde, Dan. Shak. read enew, to drive into the \vater.
;
',nde^ Goth, andeis, G. ende. Teut. type — F. en, in ; A. F. ezve (F. eau), water,
^65
; ;
ENFEOFF ENSIGN
from L. aqua. Cf. O. F. enetver, to soak- enhancer, enhaucier, to lift (Ital. imial-
in water (GodefroyV zare).^l.. in; and Late L. altiare, to
Enfeoff, to endue with a fief. (F. — L. lift, from alHis, high.
and O. H. G.) Thie spelling is Nornaan Enigma. (L. — Gk.) L. anigma.-^
F. ;formed from F. e7t (L. in), in; and Gk. aiviyfu-a (stem aii'iyfiar-), a riddle,
fief, a fief. See Fief. dark saying. — Gk. aiviaaofj.at, I speak in
JGnfilade, a straight line or passage. riddles. — Gk. divos, a tale, story. Der.
(F.— L.) F. enfilade, a long string (of enigmat-ic (from the stem).
things). — F. eiifiler, to thread. — F. en- Enjoin, to bid. (F.-L.) O.F. en-
(L. in), in; fil, a thread, from 'L. filiim, joindre (i p. pres. enjoin-s). — L. iniun-
a thread. See File (i). gere, to bid, ordain, orig. to join into. —
Engage. (F.-L.) O, F. engage^-, to L. in, in itingere, to join. See Join. ;
bind by a pledge. — F. en (L. in), in; Enjoy, to joy in. (F. — L.) M. E. en-
gage, a pledge see Gage. Der. dis-
; ioien { = enjoyen); A. F. enioier. — Y. en
engage. (L. iti); O. F. ioie, Y.joie; see Joy.
Engender, to breed. (F.-L.) M.E. Enlighten,
(E. ivith F. pre-
vb. ;
engendren. '~O.Y engendrer.^1^. ingen- fix.)

. Coined with F. prefix en- (L. in),
enlre, to produce. — L. in, in generdi'e, from lighten, vb.
;
see Lighten. ;
to breed, from gener- (for ^genes-), stem Enlist, to enter on a list. (F.— G.
oi genus, a race, See Genus. with ¥. — h. prefix) Coined by prefixing
Engine. (F. — L.) O. F. engin, a F. en (L. in) to List (2).
tool. — L. ingenium, natural capacity, also, Enmity. (F. — L.) M.E. emnite.'"
an invention. — L. in, in; geni-, as in A. F. enemite O. F. e}za7?iistie{t). — 0. F.;
genius see Genius.

; e?t- (L. in-), neg. prefix; and aiuistieit),
English, belonging to the Angles. (E.) amity ; see Amity.

A. S. Englisc, Ainglisc. — A. S. Engl-e, Ennui. (F. — L.) Mod. F. eitnni, an-
ALngl-e, pi., the Angles; with suffix -isc, noyance O. F. anoi. See Annoy.
;
-ish. Cf. A. S. Angel-cynn, Angle kin Enormous, great beyond measure.

{gens Anglorum). (F. — L.) Formed from enorni (obsolete) ;
Engrailed, indented with curved lines with suffix -ous. — M. F. enorme, huge. — L.
in heraldry. (F. - L. ««t^ Teut.) O. F. enormis, out of rule, huge. — L. e^ out of;
engresle, pp. of engresler, to engrail (indent norma, rule. See Normal.
as with hailstones). — O, F. en, in; gresle Enough. (E.) M. E. inoh, ejwgh ;
(F. grele), hail. — L. in, in and (perhaps) Yi\. inohe, enoghe. K.^. genoh, genog, pi.
;
G.gries, grit. See Grail (3). genoge, sufiicient allied to A.^. geneah,;
Engrain, Ingrain, to dye of a fast it suffices. -J- 1 eel. gnogr, Dan. ttok, Swed.
colour. (F. — L.) M.E, engreynen, to nog, Du. genoeg, G. genug, Goth, ganohs.
dye in grain, i.e. of a fast colour. Coined The geis a prefix. Cf. L. nancisct, to
from F. en (L. z;z) and O. F. graine, obtain (pp. nac-tus) Skt. 7ia^, to attain.
; ;
'
the seed of herbs, also grain, wherewith Enquire. (F.-L.) M.E. enqueren;
cloth is died in grain, scarlet die, scarlet altered from enquere to enquire, and later to
in graine ;
Cot.
' From Late L. grdna, inquire, under the influence of the L. form.
the cochineal berry or insect a fern. sb.
'
' — O. F. enquerre ,enquerir. — L. inquirere^
;
formed from the pi. {grdna) oi grdnum, a to search into. — L. in, in qucerere, to ;
grain. seek. Der. enquir-y, often turned into

Engrave. (F. and E.) From En- inquiry; enquest (now inquest), from
and Grave (i) imitating O. F. engraver O. F. enqueste, L. inquisita {res), a thing
;
(from L. in and O. H. G. graban, Low G. enquired into.

graven, cognate with 'Engrave). Ensample. (F. — L.) 'W.Y.. ensampk.
Engross, to write in large letters, to — A. Y .ensample, corrupt form oiessample,
occupy wholly. (F. — L.) The former exe7Jiple.^'L. exemplum, a sample, pattern.
(legal) sense is the older. A. F. engrosser. — L. eximere, to select a sample. —L, ex,
From F. en grosse,\. e. in large characters. out emere, to take. Der. sample.
;
— L. in, in ; Late L. grossa, large writing, Ensign. (F. - L.) O. F. ensigne,

from L. grossus, thick. more correctly enseigne, 'a sign, en-
Enhance, to raise, exalt, increase. signe, standard;' Cot. —Late L. insignia,
(F. — I ..,) A. F. enhanneer, a form of O. F. pi. of L. insigne,^ standard. —L. insignis^
I 66
ENSILAGE ENVOY
remarkable. — L. in^ upon; sigtium, a — Gk. ev0€os, full of the god, having a god
mark ; i. e. ' with a mark on it.' See within, inspired. — Gk. kv, in; Otos, a
Sign. god.
Xcnsilag'e, the storing of grain, &c., Entice. (F.-L.) M. E. entieen.-
underground. (F. — Span. — L. and Gk.) O. F. enticicr, enticher, to — Lat. excite.
F. ensilage. •''^Tp^n. ensilar, to store up type 'întitidre, to kindle, set on fire. — L.
underground. — Span. ej2, in; silo, a pit in; and *-titius, for titio, a firebrand. Cf.
for storing grain. —L. z';/, in; siriis, bor- F. attiser, Ital. attizzare, to set on fire.
rowed from Gk. oipos, a pit for storing Entire. (F.— L.) O.Y.entier,\\\io\t,
grain. — L. integrum, ace. of integer, whole.
Ensue. L.) (F.—
O. F. enstt-, a See Integer.
stem of ensivre, to follow after. Late L. — Entity, being. (L.) A coined word,
inseqiiere, for L. inseqiil, to follow upon. with suffix -ty, from L. enti-, decl. stem of
— L. in, on ; sequl, to follow. 'êns, a thing, a being ; Essence.
see
Ensure, to make sure, (F. — L.) A. F. Entomology. (F.— C;k.) V.entomo-
enscurer.-'Y . en (L. z'«\ in; and O. F. logie (A, D.1764). From Gk. ipro/xo-v,
seiir, sure ; see Sure. an insect neut. of evrofAo-s, cut into, so
;
Entablature. (F. - L.) Obs. F. called from the very thin middle part (see
Insect). — Gk. ku, in; Ti/xveiu, to cut;
;
entablature, an intablature '
Cot. [Cf. '
Ital. intavolattira, 'a planking,' Torriano; with suffix -Xoyia, discourse, from \eyuv,
from intavolare, to board,' Florio.] Pro-'
to speak.
perly something laid flat,' and, though
'
Entrails, the inward parts. (F.— L.)
now applied to the part of a building sur- O. F. entraille, intestines. — Lnte L. intrd-
mounting the columns, orig. applied to a lia, also (more correctly) intrdnea, en-
panel or flooring. —L. in, upon; *iabn- trails. —L. interdnea, entrails, neut. pi. of
Idre, a verb formed from the sb. tabuld- interdneiis, inward, adj., from inter,
ium, boardwork, a flooring, from tabula, within. ^ The O. F. entraille was a fem.
a plank see Table. ; sing, made from a neut. pi.
Entail, to bestow as a heritage. (F.— Entreat. (F.-L.) Orig. to treat;
L.) Orig. to convert an estate intoj"^^^- then to treat with, beseech. O. F. entraiter^
tail (^feodum tallidtum, where tallidtmii to treat of. — F. en (<L. in), in, concern-
means limited in a certain way). From
' '
ing ; F. traiter<J.. tractdre, to handle,
F. en- (L. iji) and tailler {tallidre). In treat see Treat.
;
another sense we find AI. E. entailen, to cut, Enumerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
carve. —O. F. entailler, to carve, grave.— emunerdre, to reckon up. — L. e, out, fully;
F. en- (L. itt), in and tailler, to cut see ; ; nnmerdre, vb., from numerus, number.
Tailor, Tail (2), Tally. Enunciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Entangle; from En- and Tangle, emincidre, better spelt emintidre, to utter,
q.v. declare fully, — L. e, fully nuntidre, to ;
Enter. (F.-L.) M.E.^«/rg;/. -O.F. tell, from nuntiiis, a messenger.

entrer. — L. intrdre, to go into. — L. in, in ; Envelop. (F. — Teut.) M. E. envolupen.
and *trdre, to go through (cf. pene-trdre O. P\ envoiuper, later enveloper, to wrap
and trans) ; allied to Skt. tara-, a passage. in, wrap round, enfold. — 1* en (L. z;z), in ;
.
See Brugm. ii. § 579. Der. entr-ance. and O. F. voluper, voloper,vloper, to wrap,
Enterprise. (F. — L.) O. F\ entre- from a base vlop-, to wrap. This base re-
prise, enterprinse, an enterprise. — O. F, sembles M. E. wlappen, to wrap ; which,
enterpris. pp. of enterprendre, to under- however, is not known outside English.
take. —Late L. interprendere. "L,. inter, See Lap (3). Note Walloon ervalpe', to
among pi'CJidere, short for prehendere, to
;
envelop (Remade); M. lia\. goluppare, to
lay hold of. See Prehensile. wrap (Florio), Cf. Develop.
Entertain. _(F. - L.) O. F. entre- Environ, to surround. (F. - L.) O.F.
tefiir. "Late L. intertenere, to entertain, environner, surround. — F. environ,
to
lit. 'to hold or keep among.'— L. inter, round about, — F. en (L. in), in; O. F.
among; tenere, to hold. viron, a circuit, from virer, to turn, veer ;
Enthusiasm, inspiration. (L. — Gk.) see Veer.
Late L. enthusiasmns."^^, kv6ovcnaa/j.6s, Envoy. (F.-L.) O. F. envoy, a send-
inspiration. — Gk. kvOovaidôj, I am inspired. ing. — O. F. envoier, to send. F. en voie. —
:67
—.
ENVY EPITHALAMIUM
on the way. — L. in uiam^ on the way. — Gk. l-n'i, upon ; kvkKos, sl circle ; see
Cf. Ital. inviare, to send. Cycle.
Envy, sb. (F.— L.) M. E. eitide {eit- Epidemic, affecting a people. (L.—
— O. F. envie.^'L.
vie^. imiidia, envy; see Gk.) Formed from L. epidermis, epi-
Invidious. demic. —Gk. Imhr]pi0s, among the people,
Epact. (F. -
Late L. - Gk.) O. F. general. — Gk. km, among; 8rjfjios, people.
(and F.) epacte, an addition, the epact See Endemic.
(a term in astronomy).— Late L. epada.-' Epidermis, cuticle. (L.-Gk.) L.
Gk. kiraKTri knaKTos rjîepa)^ late fern,
(for epidermis. — Gk. kmd(pij,is, upper skin. —
of fTTatfTo?, added. — Gk. h-nayuv^ to bring Gk. km, upon ; See Derm.
ZkpjJL-a, skin.
in, add. — Gk. Itt-, for Im, to; and dyav^ Epiglottis, the cartilage forming a
to lead, bring. (-y/AG.) lid over the glottis. (Gk.) Gk. kmyXcoTTis.
Epaulet, a shoulder-knot. (F. — L.— — Gk. kni, upon; yKwrris, glottis; see
Gk.! F. ipauktte\ dimin. from dpauh Glottis.
(O. F. espaule), a shoulder. — Late L. Epigram, a short and pithy poem or
spatzila, shoulder-blade L. spatula, a ; saying. (F. — L. Gk.) —
F. /pigrampie.
broad blade see Spatula.
;
— L. epigramma. — QiV. kmypa]xp.a, an
Epergne, an ornamental stand for the inscription, epigram. — Gk. kmypdcpeiv, to
centre of a table. (F.-O. H. G.) F. inscribe. — Gk. kni, upon ; ypd(p(iv, to
dpergne, commonly spelt epârgne, lit. A\rite. See Grammar.
thriftiness, sparingness. So called from Epilepsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.epi-
the method of ornamentation the F. iaille ; lepsie, *the tailing sickness;' Cot. — L. epi-
d'^pargne is applied to a sort of ornamen- lepsia. — Gk. km\T]ipia, kmKrjipis, a seizure.
tation in which certain parts are cut away — Gk. kmXapL^dviiv, to seize upon. — Gk.
and filled in with enamel, leaving the design k-ni, on Xafx^dveiy, to
; seize. Der. epi-
in relief, i. e. spared or left uncut. See leptic (Gk. kniXrjTTTiKos).
Littre, and Cotgrave (s. v. espargne). — Y Epilogue. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. epilogue.
dpa7gner; O. F. espargner, espergner, to — L. epilogtis. — Gk. kmXoyo^, a concluding
spare. — O. H. G. sparon, G. sparen^ to speech. — Gk. kni, upon; Xoyos, a speech.
spare see Spare.
; Epiphany, Twelfth Day. (F.-L.-
Ephah, a Hebrew measure. (Heb. — Gk.) O. F. epiphanie.—'L. epiphania.—
Egypt-) Heb. ephah, a measure of ;
Gk. km<pdvia, manifestation orig. neut. ;
Egyptian origin ; cf. Coptic dpi, measure. pi. of manifest, but used as
km(pdvi.os,
Ephemera, sing. ; orig. pi., flies that equivalent to kmcpdveia, sb. — Gk. km<pai~
live for a day. (Gk.) XVHcent.-Gk. v€iv, to shew forth. —
Gk. km, to, forth;
((])TjfjL(pa^ neut. pi. of ((prjfifpos, lasting for <paii'€iv, See Phantora.
to shew.
a day. — Gk. k(p- = km, for; fifxipa, a day. Episcopal. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Der. ephemer-al adj. ; ephemer-is (Gk.
, episcopal. — L. episcopdlis, belonging to a
a diary).
((pTjfXfpis, bishop. — L. episcopiis, a bishop. — Gk. kiri-
Ephod, part of the priest's habit. GKotros, an over-seer, bishop. — Gk. km,
(Heb.) Heb. ephod, a vestment. — Heb. upon ; CKonos, one that watches. See
dphad^ to put on. Scope.
Epi-,/r^x. (Gk.) Gk. em, upon, to, Episode, a story introduced into an-
besides spelt eph- in eph-emeral, epin
; other. (Gk.) Gk. kireiadhiov, orig. neut.
ep-isode, ep-och, ep-ode. oi knaaodios, coming in besides. — Gk. kir-
Epic, narrative. (L. — Gk.) L. epictis. {km), besides daobios, coming in, from
;
— Gk. k-aiKos, narrative. — Gk. fTros, word, (is. in, 6^6s, a way.
narrative, song ; see Voice. Epistle, a letter. (F. - L. Gk.) -

Epicene, of common gender. (L. O. F. epistle, also epistre. — L. epistola. —
Gk.) L. epicoeniis. — Gk. emKoivos, com- Gk. kuLOToXr}, message, letter. — Gk. km-
mon. —Gk. em, among; Koivos, common. areXXeiv, to send to. — Gk. kni, to; arkX'
Epicure, a follower of Epicurus. (L. Xdv, to equip, send.
— Gk.) L. £pi(~f?rus. —Gk. 'ETTiKovpos, a Epitaph. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.ipitaphe.
proper name lit. assistant.'
;
' — L. epitaphintn.—QV. kmrdipios, upon a
Epicycle, a small circle, with its tomb. — Gk. kni, on; rdipos, a tomb.
centre on the circumference of a larger one. Epithalamium, a marriage - song.
(L. — Gk.) L. epicyclus. — GV. WikvkKos. (L. — (ik.) L. epilhalamizwi. — Gk. km-
I 68
-
;
EPITHET ERMINE
OaXdfuov, bridal song. — Gk. €:rt, upon, Equerxy, an officer who has charge of
for ; OaXaîos, bride-chamber. horses and stables. (F.-O. H, G.) Pro-
Epithet. (L.-Gk.) L. ^/zV//^/^«. perly equerry means a stable, and mod. E.
Gk. iTTi'^f Tov, an epithet; neut. oi k-niOiTos, equerry stands for sqtiire of the equerry. —
attributed. — Gk. kiri, besides; Oi-ros, F. dcurie, O. F. escurie, a stable Low L. ;
placed, from ê-, weak grade of tiOtjui, I scUria, a stable. — O. H. G. skura, skiura
place. (G. scheuer), a shelter, stable allied to ;
Hpitonie. (L. — Gk.)

L. epitome.^ O. H. G. sknr, a shelter. Brugm. i. § 109.
Gk. eniTOfiT], a surface-incision, also an (VSQEU.) %
Altered to equerry by
abridgment. — Gk. kni, upon ; rffiudv, to confusion with equtis, a horse.
cut. Equestrian ; see Equine.
Epoch. (L. Gk.) Lsite L,. epoc/i a. "
— Equilibrium see Equal. ;
Gk. (TTOxn, a stop, pause, fixed date. — Gk. Equine. (L.) L. eqtnnus, relating to
€Tr- ((-rri), upon; €X^"'j to hold, check. orscs. — L. eqiius, a horse. Gk. 'i-n-nos, +
(VSEGH.) Brugm. § 602. i. (i'««os) ; Skt. a(â Pers. asp ; O. Irish ech ;
;
Epode. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. epode. - A. S. eoh. Brugm. i. § 116.

L. epodos.^Gli. k-ncvZoSj an epode, some- equestrian. (L.) Formed from L.
thing sung after. —Gk. kir-i, upon, after; equestri-, stem of equester, belonging
dftSeti/, to sing. to horsemen. —L. eques, a horseman. —L.
Equal. (L.) L. csqudlis, equal. — L. equtis, a horse.
a:qutis, just, exact. Equinox ; see Equal.
equanimity, evenness of mind. (L.) Equip, to furnish, fit out. (F.— Scand.)
From L. cEquanimitas , the same. — L. M. Y. equiper, O. North F. esquiper, to
cequanimis, of even temper, kind. — L. fit out ; A. F. eskipper. — Icel. skipa, to set
cBqzi-iis, equal ; animus, mind. in order, perhaps allied to skip, a ship.

equation, a statement of equality. Der. equip-age, -ment.
(L.) L. ace. cequdtionem, an equalising ; Equipollent, Equity see Equal. ;
from pp. of cequdre, to make equal. — L. Equivalent, Equivocal see ;
aquus, equal. So also equatorKX-. cequd- Equal.

tor. Era. L. cera, an era, fixed date.
(L.)
equilibrium, even balancing. (L.) From a particular sense of cera, counters
L. cBqtnlibritwi. — L. cequilibris, evenly (for calculation), pi. of ces, brass, money.
balanced. — L, cequi-, for czqtms, even ; Eradicate. (L.^ From pp. of L.
libra, a balance see Librate. ; erddicdre, to root out. — L. e, out; rddi-
equinox. (F. — L.) Y.iqtnnoxe.^Y^. cdre, to root, from rddic-, stem of radix,
cequinoctium, time of equal day and night. root. See Kadix.
— L. cequi-, for cequtts nocti-, decl. stem ; Erase. (L-) L- erdsus, pp. of erddere,
of nox, a night see Night. ; to scratch out. — L. e, out; rddere, to
eqtlipoUent, equally potent. (F. - L.) scrape.
O. F. eqttipolent. — 'L. cequipollent-, stem of Ere, before. (E.^ M. E. er. A. S.
(eqiiipollens, of equal power. — L. cequi-, for ier, soon, before ; adv. prep, and conj.+
cBqutis : pollens, pres. pt. of pollere, to be Du. eer, O. H. G. er, G, eker ; Goth.
strong. airis, sooner, comp. of air, Icel. dr, adv.,
equity. (F.-L.) O.F. equite.-^l.. early, soon. % The two last are positive,
crqtiitdtem, ace. of cBqtiitas, equity. L. — not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. "qpi,
ceqtius, equal. early.

equivalent. (F,-L.) M.F. equi- early, soon. (E.) M. E. erly. A. S.
valenl.-^'L. aqiiiualent-, stem of pres. pt. SrlTce, adv. ; from *xrlic, adj., not used. —
of ceqniualere, to be of equal force.— L. A. S. cer, soon ; lie, like.
ieqni-, for cequus ; ualere, to be worth ; see erst,soonest. (E.) M. E. erst. A. S.
Value. cerest,superlative of ^r, soon.
equivocal. (L.) Formed from L. Erect, adj. (L.) L. eredus, upright;
(zquiuoc-us, of doubtful sense. — L. cequi-, pp. of erigere, to set up straight. —L. e,
cequus uoc-, stem of uocd7-e, to call
; out, up regei-e, to make straight, rule.
;
see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate, to speak Ermine, a beast. (F. — O. H, G.)

doubtfully. %
So also equi-angular, equi- M. E. ermine. — O. F. ermiite (F. her-
multiple, &c. mtne).^0. H. G. harmin, ermine-fur (G.
169
; ;
ERODE ESCUTCHEON, SCUTCHEON

hej-meliii). —
O. H. G. harmo, an ermine. (L. — Gk.) L. ejysip&las. — Gk. epvaineXas^
'^h^.'SJiearma lAXâyx-asi. szarmUy a weasel.
; redness on the skin. — Gk. kpvcri-^ allied to
^But Hatzleld supports the derivation irom ipv9-p6s, red ; ttcAAo, skin. Cf. ipvai^ri,
Armenius mus, an Armenian mouse ; cf. red blight on corn.
Pontictis mus, supposed to be an ermine. Escalade, a scaling of walls. (F.—
—
Erode. (F. L.) F. ^roder. — \^. ero- Span. L.)— F. escalade. — Span, escalado,
dej-e, to eat away. L. e, out —
roJere, to ; escalada, a scaling from escalar, to scale.
;
gnaw. Der. eros-ion (from pp. eros-us). — Span, escala, a ladder. — L. scala, a
Erotic. (Gk.) Gk. epojTiKos, relating ladder see Scale (3).
; Cf. Ital. scalata^
to love. — Gk. kpojTi-, crude form of epcos^ an escalade Florio also has * Scaladuy
;
love allied to epa/xat, I love.

;
an escalado,' from Spanish.
Err, to stray. (F. — L.) M..E. erren.-^ Escape. (F. — L.) M. E. escapen,^
O. F. errer.'^h. errdre, to wander (for O .'NonhY .escaper (F. ^^/ia//^;'),toescapej
'êrs-dre).-^Qf. irren^ to stray, Goth, airz- lit. to slip out of one's cape; ^\c2ad Reaper.
jan, to make to stray. Brugm. i. § 878. — L. ex cappd, out of one's cape; see
erratum, an error. (L.) L. erra- Cape (i).
tum, neut. of pp. of errdre, to make a Escarpment. (F.-Ital.-Teut.) F.
mistake. escarpement. Formed from F. escarpe, a
erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for L. scarp with suffix -ment (L, -mentum) ;
;
e7'rdne-us, wandering ; with suffix -qus. — see Scarp.

L. errdre (above). Escheat. (F. — L.) M. E. eschete
error. (F. — L.) M. E. erroiir. — (also ckete), a forfeit to the lord of the fee.
O. F. ^rr<3;/r. — L. erroj-em, ace. of error, — O. F. eschete, rent, that which falls to
a mistake — L. errdre (above). one, orig. fem. pp. of escheoir (F. ^c/ioir).
Errand. (E.) M. E. erende. A. S. — Late L. excadere, to fall to one's share.
&rende, a. message, business. +0. Sax. — L. ex, out and cadere, to fall. Hence
;
drundi, O. H. G. drunti, a message cf. ; cheat.

Icel. eyreruli, orendi, Swed. drende, Dan. Eschew, to shun. (F. - O. H. G.)
(Erende. Usually connected with A. S. dr, M. E. esckewen.''0. F. esckiver, eschever,
Icel. drr, Goth, airus, a messenger; which to shun. — O. H. G. sciiihan, to frighten,
is hardly possible. also to fear.-O. H. G. ''scioh, M. H. G.
Errant, wandering. (F. — L.) F. er- schiech, shy, timid. See Shy.
7'ant, pres. pt. of O. F. etyer, eirer, to Escort, a guide, guard. (F. — Ital.— L.)
wander. — Late L, iterdre, to travel. — L. M. F. î"r^^/^. — Ital. scoria, a guide; fem.
iter, a journey. %
It sometimes repre- of pp. of scorgere, to see, perceive, guide
sents the pres. pt. of errdre, to wander. (orig. to set - L. eXy entirely
right).
Doublet, arrant. corrigere, to correct see Correct. ;
Erratum, Erroneous, Error Escrow, a deed delivered on condition.

see Err. (F. — Teut.) A. F. escrouwe, M. E. scroue^
Erst see Ere.
; sci-owe the orig. word of which scro-ll is
;
Erubescent. (L.) L. erubescent-, the diminutive. — O. F. escroe, a slip of

stem of pres. pt. of erubescere, to grow red. parchment. — M. Du. schroode, a shred, slip
— L. e, out, much; rubcscere, to grow red, of paper (Kilian) cf O. H. G. scrot, a
;
inceptive form of rubere, to be red. See shred. See Shred and Scroll.
Bed. Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in
Eructate. From
pp. of L. eruc-
(L.) lieu of feudal service. (F. — L.) O. F.
tdre, to belch — L.
out; ructdre,
out. e, escuage <
Late L. scutdgium. Formed
to belch allied to e-rugere, to belch
; cf. ; with suffix -age from O. F. escu, a shield ;
Gk. epevyeaOai. Brugm. i. § 221, because escuage was first paid in lieu of
Erudite, learned. (L.) L. erudttus, service in the field. — L. scutum, a shield.
pp. of erudlre, to free from rudeness, to Esculent, eatable. (L.) 'L. esculentus,
teach. — L. e, from rudis, rude. ; fit for eating. — L. esca,iood. For *ed-sca.
Eruption. From
L. emptidnem,
(L.) — L. edere, to eat. Brugm. § 753. i.
ace. of eruptio, a breaking out. — L. eruptus, Escutcheon, Scu-teheon, a painted

pp. of erumpere, to break out. — L. i, out; shield. — L.) Formerly escochon\
(F.
rumpere, to break. See Rupture. XV A. F. escuchon.''0. North F.
cent.;
Erysipelas, a redness on the skin. escuchon, O. F. escusson, the same; answer-
170
ESOPHAGUS ETHNIC
ing to a Late L. ace. *scutionei7i^ extended O. F es- (L. ex), away ; and Low L.
from L. scuttwi, a shield. sunnia, O. G. sunne H (for *sund/d,
Esophagus, K" II *;t- (L.-Gk.) Late iiraune, xiv. 9), lawful excuse. Cf. Goth.
"L..(Esophagus. •^<j\.. olao(pdyoi, the gullet, sunjon sik^ to excuse oneself, ga-sunjon^
lit. conveyer of iood —
Gk. olcro- (of doubt- tu justify, from sunja, truth ; Skt. satja-,
ful orifjin) ; <fay-, liase of (payuv, to eat. tuie. lirugm. i. § 285-.
ZiSOteric. (Gk.)
Gk. kacvTepiKus, Establish. (F.-L.) M. E. establis-
inner; hence, secret. — Gk. knurepos, inner, sen. — O.F. establiss-, base of pres. pt. of
comp. of eVcu, adv., within; from €j=€ts, establir,to establish. — L. siabilire, to
into, prep. Opposed to exoteric. establish.— L. stabilis, firm; see Stable
IiSpalier, Irame-work for training trees. (2).
(F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) M.F. espallier ; Estate. (F.-L.) O.F. estaL~-U
Cot. — Ital. spalliera, back of a chair, sup- statuvi, ace. of status, state ; see State.
port, espalier. — Ital. spalla, shoulder. —L. Esteem, to value. (F.-L.) O.F.
spatula ; see Epaulet. O. L. cestumare, to
estif?ier.^'L. cestimare,
Especial. (F.— L.) O. F. especial.^ value. Allied to Goth, aistan, to regard.
L. specialis, belong to a special kind. — L. Brugm. ii. § 692.
species, a kind. Doublet, special. estimate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. ^j/z'-
Espionage ; see Espy. mdre, to value (above).
Esplanade, a level space. (F, Ital. — Estop, to bar. (F. — L.) The same as
— L.) AL F
esplanade, 'a planing, level- Stop.
ling, evenning of ways Cot. Formed ; ' Estovers, supplies of various neces-
from O. F. esplaner, to level the suffix ; saries. (F. — L.)
A. F. estovers, M. E.
being due to an imitation of Ital. spianata, stovers, \\. oi stover see Stover. \
an esplanade, a levelled way ; from spia- Estrange, to make strange. (F. — L.)
nare, to level. —L. expldndre, to level.— O. F. estra7iger, to make strange. — O. F.
L. ex, out; pldndre, to level, iiom planus, estrange, strange. —L. extrdneu7n, ace. of
flat. See Plain. ext7'd7teus, foreign, on the outside. L. —
Espouse. — L.)
O. F. espouser, to
(F. extra, without; see Extra.
espouse, wed. —L. sponsdre, to betroth.— Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F. L.) —
L. sponsus, pp. of sponde9'e, to promise. Lit. extract.'
'
A. F. est7-ete, fem, of pp.
See Spouse, Sponsor. of est7-ai7-e, to extract. — L. ext7-acta, fem.
Espy, to spy, see. (F. — O.H. G.) M. E. of pp. oi extrahere; see Extract.
cspyen.'-O. F. espier.^0. H. G. spehon Estuary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)
(G. spahen), to spy see Species. Der.; L. (Zstndriu7n,Xh.e same. — L. cestudre, to
espi-on-agc, F. espiomiage, from ISI, F. surge, toam as the tide. — L. cestzis, heat,
espion, a spy, borrowed from Ital. spione, surge, tide. Allied to Ether.
a spy, from O. H. G. spehon, to spy. Etch, to engrave with acids. (Du. G.) —
Esquire, a shield-bearer.
(F. L.) — Du. etse7i, to etch, — G. dtze7i, to corrode,
M. E. squycr. — O. F. escziyer, escuier, a etch orig.
; to make to eat
'
;
causal of '
squire. —Late 'L.sciitdrius, a shield -bearer. G. esse7t, to eat. See Eat.

— L. scUt-um, a shield, cover (F. ^czi). Eternal. (F.-L.) eternel.^ ME.
(VSQEU.) Brugm. i. § 109. Doublet, O.F ete7'7ul.''\^. ceterndlis, eternal. — L.
squire. cete7-mis, lit. lasting for an age for aui- ;
Essay, Assay, attempt, trial. an te7-nus. — L. csui-, for ceuui7i^ an age. See
(F. — L. ; — L. exagiuni,
O. F. essai, a trial. Age.
a trial of weight cf. exdmen, a weighing,
; Ether, pure upper air. (L.-Gk.)
a swarm. — L. ex, out ag-ere, to drive, ; L. cether. — Gk. aWrjp, upper air ; from
impel, move. (y'AG.) its brightness. — Gk. aWeiv, to glow.
Essence, a quality, being. (F.-L.) (VAIDH.) Brugm. i. § 202.
— L. essentia, a being. — L. *es- Ethic, relating to
F. essence morals. (L. — Gk.)
sent~, fictitious stem, of pres. pt. of esse, L. ethicus, moral. — Gk. rjOiKos, moral.—
to be. Der. esse7iti-al; and see entity. Gk. TfOos, custom, moral nature cf. Iôs, ;
Essoin, an excuse for not appearing in manner, custom. -f- Skt. svadhd-, self-will,
court. (^F.-L. awt/ Teut.) 0.¥. essoifie, strength, from sva, self, dhd, to place ; cf.
M. F. exoine, an essoine, or excuse ' Cot.
'
; Goth, sidus, G. sitte, custom.
— O. F. essonier, to excuse (Godefroy).— Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L. — Gk.)
17
— ;; ;
ETIOLATE EVENT
L. ethnicus.'^Gk. kOviKos^ national. — Gk, €v<ppatv€iv, to delight, cheer ; cf. (vcppwv,
llOvos,a nation. cheerful. Allied to Gk. cS, well; <ppfv-,
Etiolate, to blanch plants. (F. L.) — stem of (ppqv, midriff, heart, mind.
F. itioler with suffix -ate. From a
; Euphuism, affectation in speaking.
dialectal form answering to s'iteuler, to (Gk.) So named from a book Etiphues,
grow into haulm or stalk, like etiolated by J. Lyly (1579). — Gk. cu^vi??, well-
plants. — F. iteule, O. F. esteule, a stalk. grown, excellent. — Gk. tS, well <pvri^ ;
— Late L. stupula, for L. stipiila, straw. growth, from (pvoixai^ I grow. (^BHEU.)
See Stubble. EurOClydon, a tempestuous wind.
Etiquette, ceremony. (F.-G.) F. (Gk.) Gk. fvpoKXvSwv^ supposed to mean
itiquette^ a label, ticket, also a form of a storm from the east.' — Gk. evpo-s, S.E.
'
introduction cf. M. F. etiqtiet (O. F, wind; k\v8ojv, surge, from k\v^(iv, to

;
estiquef)^ a little note, such as is stuck surge, dash as waves.

'
Only in Acts %
up on the gate of a court,' &c.; Cot. xxvii. 14; where some read (vpatevXcov,
G. stecken, to stick, put, set, fix causal i. e. Eur-aquilo from L. Eur-us, E. wind,
; ;
of G. stechen, to stick, pierce. See Stick and Aquilo, N. wind.

(i). Doublet, ticket. Euthanasia, easy death. (Gk.) Gk.
Etymon, the true source of a word. evOavaaia, easy death: cf. cvBai/aros, dying
(L. — Gk.) L. eiyjuon. — Gk. ervfiov neut. well. — Gk. tS, well
; 6av(iv, to die. ;
of cTVfios, real, true. Evacuate. (L.) From pp. of L.

etymology. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. ety- euacuare, to empty. — L. e, out ztacuus, ;
mo/ogie.-'L. etymologia.i-Gk. kTVfJio\o'yia^ empty.

etymology. — Gk. ervpio-s, true; -Ao7m, Evade, to shun. (F. — L.) F. ivader.
account, from \4y€iv^ to speak. — L. euddere (pp. eudsus), to escape. —L.
Eu-, prefix, well. (Gk.) Gk. eu, well #, away uddere^ to go. Der. evas-ion ;
neut. of €1/?, good. Cf. Skt. vasu, wealth. (from the pp.).
EucailyptllS, a genus of trees, includ- Evanescent. (L.) From stem of
ing the blue gum-tree. (Gk.) Latinised pres. pt. of L. etidnescere, to vanish away.
from Gk. ev, well ; KaXwros, covered, — L. <f, away iidnescere^ to vanish, from ;
surrounded. The reference is to the hood liditus, empty, vain.

protecting the stamens. Evangelist, writer of a gospel. (F. —
Encliarist, the Lord's Supper, lit. L. — Gk.) O. F. evangeliste. — L. euangel-
thanksgiving. (L. — Gk.) L, eucharistia, ista.^QV.. €ua77€A.£(rTi7S. — Gk. 6ua77€At-
— Gk. (vxaptfyrla, a giving of thanks. — ô/xat, I bring good news. — Gk. eu, well
Gk. ev, well x^/^'CoA'"', I show favour, d77€Ata, tidings, from a77cA.os, a mes-
;
from x<^P'^j favour. Cf. Yearn. senger see Angel. ;
Eulogy, praise. (L. — Gk.) From L. Evaporate. (L.) From pp. of L.

eulogitim. — Gk. €i»Ao7ta, praise, lit. good euapordre, to pass off in vapour. — L. <?,
speaking ; with suffix suggested by L. out tiapor^ vapour. ;
ilogium, an inscription. — Gk. 6u, well Evasion ; see Evade.

Kk'^div^ to speak. Eve, Even, the latter part of the day.
Eunuch, one who is castrated. (L.— (E.) Eve is short for even. (For evening^
Gk.) L. eunuchus. — Gk. evi/oCxo?, a see below.) M. Y.-cueêuen. A. S. ^fen,
chamberlain one who had charge of efen.'\-0. Sax. diand^ Du. avond, G. abend.
;
sleeping apartments. — Gk. eu?/?;, a couch Of doubtful origin. Der. even-tide, A. S.;
€X€ti', to keep, have in charge. &fentid. Brugm. i. § 980.

Euphemism, softened expression.
a evening, even. (E.) M-.Y.. euening.
(Gk.) Gk. the same as eu- A. S. &fnung\ formed from &fnian, to
ev(pT)ij.i(Tfi6s,
^T]iJ.ia the use of words of good omen. — grow towards evening, with suffix -ting)
Gk. €u, well (prjui, I speak. (y'BHA.)
; from a/en, even (above).
Euphony. (Gk.) Gk. (ixpcovia, a Even, level. (E.) M. E. euen {even).
pleasing sound. — Gk. cvcpcvvos, sweet- A. S. efen, e/n.-^Du. even,lce\.Ja/n, Dan.
voiced. _— Gk. fu, well (pojvr}^ voice. j'cevn, Swed.j'dmn, Goth, tdns, G. edefi.
;
(VBHA.) Event, result. (L.) L. euenttis, euen-

Euphrasy, the plant eye-bright. (Gk.) tuvi, sb. — L. eiienttts, pp. of euenire, to
Supposed to be beneficial to the eyes lit. come out, result. —L. e, out; uenire, to
;
*
delight.' — Gk. (v(ppaaia^ delight. — Gk. come, allied to Come.
172
; ;
EVER EXCHEQUER
Sver. (E.) M. E. euer {ever). A. S. exaggerdre, to heap up, amplify. — L. ex^
^fre^Qver. Related to A.S. «, Goth, ahv^ very agger, a heap, from ag- = ad, to ;
;
ever. Der. ever-lasting^ ever-more. gerere, to bring.

every, each one. (E.) M. E. ejie7'i^ Exalt. (F.-L.) Y. exalter.^'L.exal-
euerich. — A. S. cefre^ ever and celc^ each. tdre, to lift out, exalt. — L. ex, out altus^
; ;
Ever-y = ever-each see Each. ; high.

everywhere. (E.) ]\I. E. eueri- Examine, to test. (F.-L.) F. ^x-
hwar.'^K.'^. cefre, ever; gehw&r, where. affiiner.-'L,. exdmindre, to weigh care-
The word really stands for ever-ywhere, fully. — L. cxdmin-, stem of exdmeii, the
i. e. ever-where j/- is a prefix (=ge-).
;
tongue of a balance, for *exdgmen cf, ;
Evict. (L.) From L. eiiict-tcs, pp. of exigere, to weigh out. — L. ex, out agere, ;
euincere^ to evince also, to expel. See to drive, move.

; Brugm. i. § 768.
Evince. Example. (F.-L.) O.Y. example,
Evident. (F.-L.) O. F. evident.^ F. exe7?iple.^'L. exemphim, a sample. — L.
L. euideni', stem of euidens, visible, pres. exim-ere, to take out with suffix -him ;
;
pt. of etiidere^ to see clearly. L. <?, out, — for the inserted / cf. the pp. exem-p-tiis. —
clearly uidere, to see.
; L. ex, out ; eiiiere, to take, procure.
Evil. (E.) U.^.etiel. A.S.j)//^/, adj. Exasperate, to provoke. (L.) From
and sb.+Du. envel^ G. iibel, Goth, ubils. the pp. of cxasperdre, to roughen, provoke.
Teut. type *ubiloz. Prob. allied to over — L. ex, very asper, rough. ;
(G. iiber), as meaning 'excessive.' Excavation. (F. — L.) F. excava-

Evince. (L.) L. /«/«a'r^, to conquer, tion. ^\^. ace. excaudtidnem, a hollowing
to prove beyond doubt — L. e^ out, ex- out. — L. excaiidtus, pp. of excaudre, to
tremely iiincere. to conquer.
; hollow out. — L. ^x. out caudre, to hol- ;
Eviscerate, to gut. (L.) From pp. low, from cainis, hollow.

of L. euiscerdre^ to gut. — L. e, out Exceed. (F.-L.) O. F. ^x^^^^;^. — L.
uiscera, entrails. excedere, lit. to go out. — L. ex, out
—
Evoke. (F. L.) Y. dvoqicer.—l.. euo- cedere, to go.
care, to call forth. —
L. ^, forth; uocare^ to Excel, to surpass. (F. — L.) O. F. ex-
call. See Vocal. celler. —
L. excellere, to rise up, surpass.
Evolve. (L.) L. eiiohiere^ to unroll, — L. ex, out ; *cellere, to rise, only in
— L. e^ out
disclose zwluere, to roll. Der.
; comp. ante-, ex-,prce-cellere, and in cel-sus,
evolut-ion, from pp. enoluhcs. high, orig. '
raised.' Cf. Lithuan. ki^lti,
Ewe. (E.) M. E. ewe. A. S. ewe, to raise ; see Hill.

633. Brugm. i. §
Laws of Ine, 55 eowti^ a female sheep. -f-

; Except, to exclude. (F. — L.) Y. ex-
Du. ooi, Icel. (2r, M. H. G. ouwe Lithuan. ; cepter, to except Cot. — L. exceptdre, ;
az;/j-, a sheep, Russ. ovtsa, L. ^wzj, Gk. oi'?, frequent, of excipcre, to take out. — L. ex,
O. Irish ^z Skt. avi-^ a sheep. Cf. Goth.
; out; capere, to take. Der. except, prep.;
azvi-str, a sheep-fold. except-ion.
Ewer. (F. — L.) M. E. ewer.-" K.Y. Excerpt, a selected passage. (L.) L.
ewer^ *eweire spelt ewer, Royal Wills,
; excerptnni, an extract neut. of pp. of ;
pp. 24, 27. —L. aqudriiun, a vessel for excerpere, to select. — L. ex, out; caipere,
water; cf. A. F. ezve, water; mod. F. eaii. to cull. See Harvest.
— L. aqua, water. Excess. (F. — L.) O. F. exces,--!..
Ex-, E-, prefix. (L.) L. ex, e, out. + ace. excessum, lit. a going out or beyond.
Gk, €K, f^. out; Russ. zV, Lith. isz. — L. excess-, as in excesstis, pp. of exec-
Exacerbate, to embitter. (L.) From dere see Exceed.
;
pp. of exacerbdre, to irritate. — L. ex, very; Exchange. (F.-L.) O.Y.esdmnge,

acerbiis, bitter see Acerbity, sb. eschangier, yh., to exchange. — O. F.
«
; ;
Exact (i), precise. (L.) From L. ex- es- L. .?a') and O. F. change, sb.,;
actiis,pp. of exigere, to drive out, weigh changier, to change. See Change.

out. — L. ex, out; and agere, to drive. Excheq.1ier, a court of revenue. (F. —
exact (2), to demand. (F.— L.) From Pers.) M. E. eschekere.^'O. F. escheqtiier,
M. F. exacter; Cot. (obsolete). — Late L. a chess-board; hence, a checkered cloth
txactdre. —
L. ex, out ; and actus, pp. of on which accounts were reckoned by means
agere (above). of counters (Low L. scaccdrium).Ô.Y.
Exaggerate. (L.) From pp. of L. eschec, check see Check. ;
73
, ;
EXCISE EXHALE
Excise, a duty, tax. (Du.-F.-L.) excusdre, to release from a charge. — L. ex,
A misspelling of M. Du. aksiis or aksys^ out; and causa, a charge, a cause.
excise. [Qi. G. accise^ excise.) — O. K. Execrate. (L.) From pp. of L. exe-
acceis, a tax, given in the N. E. D. allied
; crdri, for exsec7-drT, to curse greatly.
to Low L. accTsia (Ducange) ; also spelt — L. ex, greatly ; sacrdre, to consecrate,
exsisa (id.). — Late L. accensiis^ a payment, also to declare accursed. L. sacr-wn, —
rent; cf. accensdre, to tax. — L. ac- (for neut. of sacer, sacred ; also, accursed.
ad,^ to; and census, a tax. ^
For the Execute. (F. L.) 0.¥. executer.-'—
sound-change, cf. Du. spij's, food, from L. execiitus, exsecutus, pp. of exsequt, to
Late L. spensa (for dispensa), a larder, follow out, pursue, perform. — L. ex, out;
a spence. sequi, to follow.
Excision. (F. — L.) F, excision, 'a Exegesis, exposition. (Gk.) Gk. 1^^-
destroying;' Cot. — L. ace. excisionefn, a. 'y-qcns, interpretation. — Gk. i^rj-yeiadai, to
cutting out, a destroying. —L. excisus, pp. explain. — Gk. «£, out; rjîiaOai, to guide,
of excidere, to cut out. — L. ex, out and ; perhaps allied to Seek. Brugm. i. § 187.
cadere, to cut. Exemplar. (F.-L.) M.E. exe??i-
Exclaim. (F. — L.)V. exclamer,~.l^. plai7'e.—0.¥. exe77iplaire.^Y,. exeinpld-
exc/dmdrc, to call out. — L. ex, out; cld- riu7n, late form of exe77iplar, a copy (to
mdre, to call. See Claim. which the mod. E. word is now conformed).
Exclude. (L-) L' excliidere, to shut — L. exe77ipld7'is, adj., serving as a copy.
out. — L. ex, out ; claudere, to shut. See — L. excmpliwi see Example. Der. ex-
;
Clause. e/}iplar-y, from L. exe77ipldris.

Excommunicate. (L.) From pp. exemplify, to shew by example. (F.
of L. excojumfiiiicdre, to put out of the — L.) A
coined word; as if from F. 'êx-
community. —L. ex, out of; comnnmis, e7nplifier. — Late L. exe77iplificdre, pro-
common. See Communicate. perly 'to copy out.'— L. exc7)ipli-, for ex-
Excoriate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- e77iplu77i, a copy Jic-, ioi facei'e, to make. ;
coridre, to strip off skin. — L. ex, off; Exempt, freed. (F.-L.) 0,Y.ex-
coriiim, hide, skin. See Cuirass. e/7ipt whence exe/7ipter, to exempt, free.
;
Excrement (i). (L.) L. excremen- — L. exe7nptus, pp. of exii7ie7'e, to take

turn, refuse, ordure. —L. excre/us, pp. of out, deliver, free. — L. ex, out; e7nere, to
excei-nere, to separate, sift out. — L. ex, take. Cf. Lith. i77i-ti, to take.
out cernere, to sift.
; Exequies. (F.-L.) O.F. exeques,
Excrement (2), out-growth. (L.) In exequies, 'funerals;' Cot. — L. exsequids,
Shak. From L. excrementtim.'-\j. excre ace. pi. of exseqtticE, funeral obsequies, lit.
tus, pp. oi excrescere, to grow out (below). followings.' — L. exsequl, to follow out
'
excrescence. (F.— L.) O. F. ^x- — L. ex, out sequi, to follow. ;
crescence.-^'L. excrescentia, an outgrowth. Exercise, sb. (F. L.) M.E. exe7'' —

— L. excrescent-, stem of pres. pt. of excise. — O. F. exe7'cice. — L. exe7'citiu77z, exer-
crescere, to grow out. — L. ex, out crescere, cise. —L. exe7'citus, pp. of exercere, to
;
to grow. See Crescent. drive out of an enclosure, drive on, set at

Excretion. (F. — L.) M. F. excretion work. — L. ex, out; arca'e, to enclose;
;
formed (.with suffix -ion^, from L. excretiis, see Ark. Der. exercise, vb.
pp. oi excerne7-e\ see Excrement (i). Exergue, the small space left beneath
Excruciate, to torture. (L.) From the base-line of a subject engraved on a
pp. of L. excriicidre, to torment greatly.— coin. (F. Gk.) — The final -ue is not
L. ex, very ; crucidre, to torture on a pronounced cLp7'ologue, &c. — F. exe7'gue,
;
gibbet, from cj-iici-, deal, stem of crux, so called because lying out of the work.' '
a cross. — Gk. 1^, out of; epyov, work.

Exculpate. (L.) From pp. of Late Exert. (L.) Lit, to 'put forth.' L.
L. excuipdre, to clear of blame. — L. ex, exerttis, belter spelt exsertus, thrust forth
out of culpa, blame. pp. oi exse7-e7-e, to thrust out. — L. ex, out;
Excursion. (L.) L. excursionem se7'ere, to join, to put.
ace. of excursio, a running out. — L. ex- Exfoliate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
cursus, pp. of excii7'rere, to run out. — L. folid7-e, to strip off leaves from ex, off, ;
ex, out ; currere, to run. ^\\i\ foIiu7n, a leaf.
Excuse. (F. — L.) F. excuser.^'L. Exhale. (F.-L.) Y .exhaler.'^X^.ex-

^lA
EXHAUST EXPERT
hdldre îo breathe out. — L. ex^ out; hdldre, cfzdre. ^Gk. fôpKi^dv, to drive away by
to breathe. adjuration. — Gk. e^, away; opKi^nv, to
Exhaust. From
L. exhanstus,
(L.) adjure, from opito^, an oath.
pp. of exhaurire, to draw out, drink up. — Exordium. (L.^ L. exordium, a be-
L. ex, out haiu'ire, to draw water.
; ginning. —L. exordlrl, to begin, to weave.
Exhibit, to show. (L.) From L. — L. ex; and ordiri, to begin, weave.
exhibit-US, pp. of exhibere, to hold forth. Exoteric, external. (^Gk.) Gk. f^cure-
— L. ex, out; habere^ to have. piKu'i, external. — Gk. (^wTtpoj, more out-
Exhilarate, to cheer. (L. - Gk. with ; ward, comp. of adv. eô;, outward, from
From pp. of L. exhilardre, to
L. prefix.) e£, out.
gladden greatly. —1.. ex, very; hilaris, exotic, — Gk.) L. exdti-
foreign. (L.
hilartis, glad, cheerful, from Gk. iXapus, ats.-^Gk. outward, foreign.—
fôjTiKus,
cheerful. See Hilarity. Gk. e^cu, adv., outward, from e^, out.
Exhort. (F.-L.) O.F. ex{h)orte}'.^ Expand. (L.) L. expanders (pp. ex-
L. exhortdrf, to encourage greatly. — L. pansus), to spread out. — L. ex, out; pand-
ex, out, very horidri, to encourage
; see ere, to spread out causal from patere, to
; ;
Hortatory. lie open. Cf. Gk. ttItvtjijii, I spread out.

Exhume, to disinter. (F.-L.) F. Der. expanse, from the pp.
exhiitner. — Late L. exhumdre. — L. ^.^, Expatiate. (L.) From pp. of L.
out of htimiis, the ground.
; expatidrt, better exspatidrl, to wander.—
Exigent, exacting. (L.) From the L. ex, out spatidri, to roam, from ;
stem ot pres. pt. of exigere, to exact. —L. spatium, space.

ex and agej-e, to drive.
; Expatriate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Exile, banishment. _(F. - L.) O. F. L. expatridre, to banish. — L. ex, out of;
essil; later exit, 'an exile, banishment;' pairia, native country, from pater, father.
Cot. — L. exilium, better exsilium, banish- Expect. (L.) L. expectdre, better ex-
ment cf. exsiil, a banished man.— L. ex, spectdre, to look for anxiously. — L. ex,
;
out of; and (perhaps) sed-ire, to sit, abide. thoroughly spectdre, to look, frequenta-
;
Cf. Consul. Der. exile, verb; hence, tive of specere, to see.

exile, sb. ( = one who is exiled). Expectorate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Exist, to continue to be. (L.) L. ex- expectordre, to expel from the breast. — L.
istere, better exsistere, to stand forth, arise, ex, out of; pector- (for *pectos), stem of
be. — L. ex, out sistere, to set, stand, from pectus, the breast.
;
stare, to stand. Expedite. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-

Exit. (L.) L. exit, i. e. he goes out,' pedlre, to extricate the foot, release, get
'
used as a stage direction 3rd pers. s. pres. ready. — L. ex, out ped-, stem oi pes, foot.
; ;
oi exTre, to go out. — L. ex, out; ire, to Der. expedient, from the stem of the pres.
go. %
Exit, departure, is from L. exit- pt.
us, sb. Expel. (L.) L. expellere, to drive out.
Exodus, departure. (L. - Gk.) L. — L. ex, out; pellere, to drive. Der. ex-
exodus. — Gk. eôSos, a going out. — Gk. 1^, pulsion, O. F. expulsion, L. ace. expul-
out oSo?, a way, a march.
; (-y'SED.) sionem, from pp. cxpuls-tis.
Exogen, plant that increases out-
a Expend, to spend. (L.) L. expendere^
wardly. (F. — Gk.)
F. exogene (iSis"). to weigh out, lay out. — L. ex, out pen- ;
From Gk. e^-cu, outside, from l£, out; and dere, to weigh. Der. expense^ from A.F.
7f v-, base of -yiyveaOai, to be born. expense, L. expensa, money spent, fem. of
Exonerate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- pp. expensus expendit -twe, from Late L. ;
onerdre, to free from a burden. — L. ex, expenditus, a mistaken form of the pp. ex-
away onerdre, to burden, from otier- pensus.
;
(for *ones-), stem oi onus, a burden. Experience, knowledge due to trial.

Exorbitant, extravagant. (F. — L.) (F. — L.) O.Y. experience. — L. experientia,
F. exorbitant. -^l^. exorbitant-, stem of a proof, trial. — L. experient-,?XQTCi of pres.
pres. pt. of exorbitdre, to fly out of a pt. of expertri, to make a thorough trial
track. — L. ex, out; orbita, a track of a of (below). Der. experi-ment, M. F. ex-
wheel, from orbi-, stem of orbis, a wheel, periment, L. expe7-lmentum, a trial.
with suffix -ta. expert, experienced. (F. — L.) O. F.
Exorcise. (L. — Gk.) JâteL. exor- expert. •'l-,. expertus, pp. of experu'i, to
;. ;
EXPIATE EXTINGUISH
make full trial of. — L. ex, thoroughly; but was suggested by the form of the O. F.
and an obs. vb. of which the pp. infinitive.
*pertrT, M. E. expounen. — O. F. es-
peritus is common.
See Peril. pondre, to explain. — L. exponere, to set
Expiate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- forth, explain. — L. ex, out; ponere., to
pid7-e, to atone for fully. - L. ex, fully put. See Exposition.
pidre, to propitiate, from pius, devout. Express, adj., exactly stated. (F. — L.)
Expire. (F. — L.) O.F. expirer. — \.. O.F. expres.'^L,. expressus, distinct; pp.
expTrdre, exspTrdfe, to l)reathe out, die.— of cxprimere, to press out. — L. ex^ out;
L. ex, out spirdre, to breathe.
; premere, to press see Press. ;
IiXplain. (F. — L.) M. F. explaner, Expulsion ; see Expel.

Cot. — L. expldndre, to make plain. — L. ex, Expunge. L. expungere, to
(L.)
thoroughly pldndre, to make plain, lit. to
;
prick out, blot out. [In MSS., expunction
flatten, from planus, flat. See Plain of a word is denoted by dots under zV.]- L.
Expletive. (L.) L. expletluns, filling ex, out ptmgere, to prick.
;
Der. ex-
np. — L. expletus, pp. of explere, to fill punct-ion, from the pp. expunctus.
up. — L. ex^ fully pie re, to fill. See; Expurgate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Plenary. expurgdj-e, to purify thoroughly. — L. ex,
Explicate, to explain. (L.) From thoroughly purgdre, to purge, purify ; see
;
pp. of L. explicdre, to unfold, explain.— Purge.

L. ex, out; plicdre, to fold. Exquisite, sought out, excellent. (L.)
explicit. (L') L- explicitus, old pp. L. exqutsittis, pp. of exquirere, to seek
of explicdre, to unfold, make plain (above) out. — L. ex, out ; qticerere, to seek.
Cf. F. explicite. ExsequieS see Exequies. ;
Explode, to drive away noisily, burst. L. ex- Extant, existing. (L.) Late
(F. — L.) M.
exploder, 'to explode, tant-, stem of extans, for exstans, pres. pt.
F.
;
publicly to disgrace or drive out ' Cot. —
of exstdre, to stand forth, exist. — L. ex,
L. explodere (pp. explosus), to drive off out ; stdre, to stand,
the stage by noise (the old sense in E.l. ; see Ecstasy. Extasy
— L. ex, away; plodere, plandere, to (L.) From L. ex tem- Extempore.
clap hands. Der. explos-ive, -ion, from pore, at the moment. — L. ex, from, out of;
the pp. tempore, abl. oitempus, time.
Exploit. (F.— L.) E. esploit, %ViZ- M. Extend. (L.) M. E. extenden. — 'L.
cess, Gower, C. A. F. esploit,ii. 258. — O. extendere, to stretch out ; pp. extentus,

revenue, profit later, an exploit, act. — L.
; extensus. — L. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch.
explicitum, a thing settled, ended, or dis- Der, extens-ion, ~ive (from the pp.).
played; neut. ol explicitus; see explicit. extent. (F,-L.) O. F. extente,
Cf. Late L. explicta, revenue. commonly estente, extent. — Late L. ex-
Explore. (F. — L.) F. explorer.'—!., tenta, fem. of extentus, pp. of extendere
explordre, to search out, lit.to make to flow (above^.
out. — L. ex, out plordre, to make to flow.
; Extenuate. (L.^) From pp. of L. ex-
Cf. de-plore, implore. Brugm. i. § 154. tenudre, to thin, reduce, palliate. — L. ^x,
Exponent. (L.") L. exponent-, stem out, very tenu-is, thin.
; See Thin.
of pres. pt. of exponere, to expound, indi- Exterior, outward. (F. — L.) For-
cate. —L. ex, out; ponere, to put. merly exteriour. — M. F. exterieur. — L. ex-
Export. (L.) L. expoiidre, to carry tcriorem, ace. of exterior, outward, com-
away. — L. ex, away portdre, to carry. ;
parative of extents or exter, outward. — L.
Expose. (F. — L. and Gk.) O. F. ex- ex, out; with compar. suffix -tero-.
poser, to lay out. — O. F. ex- (L. ex), out Exterminate. From pp. of L.
(L.)
¥. poser, to place, lay. See Pose (i"). exterinindre, put or drive beyond
to
Exposition. (F.-L.) F. exposition. bounds. —L. ex, out; /^rw/«// J, boundary.
— L. ace. expositidnem. — 'L. expo situs, pp. External, outward. .L.) From L,
of exponere, to set forth, expound. See extern-Its, outward, extended form from
Expound. extej'tis, outward. See Exterior.
Expostulate. (L.î From pp. of L. Extinguish. (L,) C( ined, with suffix
expostuldre, to demand earnestly. — L. ex, -ish,ivova L. extinguere, hetier exstinguere
fully postuldre, to ask.
; (pp. extinctus, exstinctus), to quench.—
Expound. (L.) The d is excrescent, L. ex, out ; '^stinguere, to prick, also to
76
;
EXTIRPATE FABRIC
quench. Ti&r. extinct (from ^]).exti)!Clus). Exude. Yxova L. exuddre, better
(L.)
Cf. Distinguish. exsuddre, to sweat out, distil. — L. ex, out;
Extirpate. (L.) From pp. of L. exsuddre, to sweat. See Sweat.
lirpdre, to root out, better spelt exstirp- Exult, to leap for joy. (F.-L.) F.
are, to pluck up by the stem. — L. ex, out; exulter. — L. exnltdre, better spelt exsul-
stirp-s, stirp-es, the stem of a tree. tdre, to leap up, exult. — L. exsjiltns, pp.
Uxtol. (L ) L- extollere, to lift or of exsilTre, to leap out. — L. ex, out; satire,
raise up. — L. ex, out, up ; iollere, to lift. to leap. See Salient.
lEiXtort. (L.) L. extort-us, pp. of ex- Exuvise, cast skins of animals. (L.)
torquere, to twist out, wring out. — L. ex^ L. eximicE, things stripped off. — L. exuere,
out torqtieie, to twist.
; to strip off. Cf. induiiice, clothes.
Extra. (L.) L. extra, beyond, beyond Eyas, a nestling. (F.-L.) Yoxnias;
what is necessary O. L. extrdd, allied to
; by substituting an eyas for a nias.^Y.
L. exter see Exterior.
; niais, a nestling Cot. He also gives
;
extraneous. (L.) L- extrCxne-tis, niard, whence /atilcon niard, a nias faul- '
external, with suffix -ous ; extended from con.' Cp. Ital. nidiace, or nidaso falcone,
extra (above). Cf. Strange. •
an eyase-hawk, a young hawk taken out
Extract, vb. (L.) L. extract-tis, pp. of her nest; Torriano. Formed as if from
'
of extrahere, to draw out. — L. ex^ out; Late L. '^niddcem, ace. of *nidax, adj.
trahere, to draw. from L. nidus, a nest. See Nest.
Extraordinary. (L.) \.. extra- ordi- Eye. (E.) M.E. eye, eighe; pi. eyes,
vdrius, beyond what is ordinary, rare. — L. eyen (whence tyiie). O. Merc, ege; A. S.
extra,beyond ; ordindritis, ordinary. auga, Dan.See cage, pi. eagan.-^-X^Vi. oog, Icel.
Ordinary. Swed. oga, Goth, augo, G. atige. 01 e,
Extravagant. (F. — L.) F. extra- Perhaps allied to Russ. oko, L. oculus

vagant. —Y^t^X^ L. extravagant-, stem of (dimin. of *ocus) Gk. oWe (dual) Lith. ; ;
extrdvagans extravagant, lit. wandering akis, Skt. akshi. Brugm. i. § 68 1. Der.

,
beyond.— L. extra, beyond; ztagans, pies. dais-y, q. v. window, q. v. ;
pt. of uagdrf, to wander. Eyelet-hole. (F.-L.; and Y.,^

Extravasate, to force (blood) out of Eyelet is for M. E. oilet^ from M. F.
its (proper) vessel. (L.) Coined from oeillet, a little eye, an oilet hole,' Cot. '
;
extrd, beyond Jicfs, a vessel

; with suffix dimin. of O. F. oeil, from L. oculum, ace.
;
-ate. oi oculus, eye.

Extreme. (F. — L.) O. F. extreme. — Eyot, a little island. (E ) Also spelt
L. extremus, superl. of extents, outward ait, eyet, eyght. Late A. S. yget (Kemble,
see Exterior. Cod. Dipl. V. 17, 1. 30); for A. S. igotS,
Extricate. (L-) From pp. of L. ex- igeoQ, a dimin. from Tg, leg, an island ; see
tricdre, to disentangle. L. ex, out of — Island.
triccE, impediments, perplexities. Eyre, a circuit. (F.-L.) M.E. <fzVr,
Extrinsic, external. (F. — L.) It should circuit, of a judge. — O. F. eire,
esp.
rather be extrinsec.'-O. F. extrinseque, journey, Avay. — O. F. eirer, to journey,
outward. —Late L. ace. extrinsectim, adj.; wander about. — Late L. iterdre, to journey
alliedtoL. extrinsecus, adv., from without. (for L. itincrdre) from L. iter, a journey.
;
— L. extrin { = 'êxti'iiH), adverbial form See Errant.

from exter^ and sectis, beside;
outward ; Eyry, a nest ; see Aery.
so that extrinsecus — on the outside; cf.
interim. Secus is allied to secu7idum,
according to, from sequT, to follow see ;
Sequence.
Extrude. (L.) L. extrudere, to
out. —
tiirust L. ex, out trudere,
; to Pable, a story. (F.-L.) Y.fable.^
thrust. Cf. Intrude. l^.fdbula, a narrative. — L./^-rz, to speak,
Exuberant. (L.) From stem of pres. tell. See Fate.
pt. of L. exicberdre, to be fruitful or Fabric. (F.-L.) F. fabrique.^l..
luxuriant. — L. ex, very ; and uberdre,
to be fabrica, workshop, — L. fabri-, forfabric.
from
fruitful, uber, fertile, allied to uher, faber, a workman. From L. base fab-,
an udder, fertility ; see Udder. to be skilful ; cf. Lith. dab-init, 1 adorn,
77 G
— ; '
FA9ADE FALCHION
clean Goth, ga-dab-ith, it is fit
;
Russ. fuur, cleansing fire,
; purgatory. See
dob-ruii, good. See Deft. Der. fabric- Fair.
ate, from pp. oil^.fabricdrt, to construct; Faeces. (L.) L. fceces, dregs; pi. of
ixom fabrica (above). Brugm. i. § 563. fcBx, the same. Der. fec-ulent, L. fac-u-
Facade, face of a building. (F. — Ital. letittis, adj. iromfcEX.
-L.) M. ¥. facade (Cot.). - It^X.facciata, Fag, to drudge. (E. ?) 'To fag, defi-
face of a building. — Ital. _/^^t:/^, face. cere Levins (1570^ The orig. sense was
;
'
YoYk-L,. facia, for L,. fades (below). 'to droop.' Perhaps a corruption oiflag;
face. (F. - L.) F. face. - Folk-L. see Flag (i) and see below. ;
facia, for Y,. fades, the face, appearance. Fag-end, remnant. (E. ?) In Mas-
Facetious. (F.-L.) F. facetieux singer, Virg. Mart. ii. 3. Perhaps for
(Cot.). — M. Y.facetie, witty mirth,' id. — fag-end =\oose end; see above.
' Cf. 'the
L. facetia, wit common in pi. — L. face- fagg or the faggfeder is (feathers) ; Book
;
'
tus, witty, courteous orig. ;fine.' 'of St. Albans, fol. B i a.

Facile, easy to do. (F\ L.) F. —
Faggot, Fagot. (F.-Ital.-L.?)
facile. — lu.facilis, i. e. do-able. — 'L.facere, F. fagot, a fagot, a bundle of sticks ' ;
to do. Der. facility faculty. ;

Cot. Of doubtful origin perhaps bor- ;
fac-sixnile. (L-) ôx fac simile, rowed from Ita.\. fagotto, 'a faggot,' Florio;
make thou like. — L./af, imp. s. oi facere, or (\\ke fagotto) from 'Norw. fagg, a bundle
to make simile, neut. of similis, like
; (Ross).
see Similar. ^ We
also find factum Fail. (F. -L.) F. faillir cf. Ital. ;
simile, i. e. made like. /a///r^. - Folk-L. fallire, ioxL.fallere, to

fact, a deed, reality. (L.) L. factum, beguile, also, to be defective falli, to err. ;
a deed ; orig. neut. oifactus, pp. oifacere, Brugm. i. § 757.

to make, do. Fain. (E.) M.E.fayn. A.S.fcsgen,
faction. — L.)
Y. fact ion, a sect.
(F. glad.+O. Sax. fagan, Icel. feginn, glad.
— f
L. actionem, ace. of actio, a doing, f Cf. A. S. gefeon (pt. t. gefeah), to rejoice.
taking part, faction. — L. factics, pp. of Teut. root *feh-., as in A. S. ge-feon (for
facere, to do. *-feh-an); cf. Goih. fah-eths, ]0y.
factitious. (L.) 'L.factlti-us, artifi- Faint. (F.-L.) M. E. >?«/.- O. F.
cial ;with suffix -ous.Îj. f
actus, pp. of feint, weak, pretended orig. pp. of ;
facere, to make. feindre, to iti^.^-l.. fingere, to form,

factotum. (L.) A
general agent.— feign. See Figure.
'L.fac{ere) totum, to do everything. Fair (i), pleasing, beautiful. (E.)
faculty, facility to act. (F.-L.) M. E. fayr, A. S. fceger, fair. + 1 eel. fagr',
M. E. facultee.'-Y. faculte.'-'L. facultd- Dan. "SweCL. fager,Goi\\. fagrs, fit,O.H.G.
tern, ace. oi facultas {—facilitas), Teut. type *fagroz. Cf. Gk. 7r^7-
facility. fagar.
— L. facilis, easy see Facile.
;
Brugm. i. §§ 200, 701.
vvpn.1 I fasten.
Pad, a folly. (F.-Prov.-L.) Ap- Fair (2), a holiday. (F.-L.) M. E.

parently shortened from Y .fadaise, fiddle- feh-e. — A. F. feire (F. foire). — l^.feria, a
faddle; cf.'y^<3'^j'(?j', follies, toyes, fooleries ;' holiday, later, a fair; commoner as pi.
Cot.-Prov. fadeza, folly (Hatzfeld).- ferice, for *fes-icB, feast-days; allied to
Frov.fat (Gasconyij:^), foolish. — L,.fatuus, Feast. Brugm. ii. § 66.
foolish. Fairy. (F. — L.) M-.Y. faerie, fay rye,
Fade,vb. (F.-L.) O.Y. fader; from enchantment. [The mod. use of the word
F. fade, adj., tasteless, weak, faint. — L. is new fairy = enchantment, the old ;
uapidum, ace. of iiapidus, vapid. See word for 'elf hdug fay.'] ^ O.Y. faeriej
Vapid. % Vade, ioxfade, is from M. Du. enchantment. -O. Y.fae, a fay; see Fay.
vadden; irora. O. Y. fader. Faith. (F.-L.) M. E. feith; also
Fadge, to fit, suit, be content with, fey. Slightly altered from O. Y.feid,fei,
succeed. (E.) Formed, in some unex- faith. -L.7fr/<?w, ace. oifides, ia.\\.h.; allied
plained way, from the Teut. ha.se fag-, to to fidere, to trust. Cf. Gk. mans, faith.
suit, whence also O. Sax. fogian, A. S. (VBHEIDH.) Allied to Bide. Brugm.
fegan, to join, suit, M. E. fe)en, to adapt, i. § 202.
fit, G. fiigen, Du. voegcn (see Kluge and Falchion, a sword. (F. — Ital. — L.)
Franck). Cf. Goth, fulla-fahfan, to M. E. fauchon. - O. F. fauchon. - Ital.
satisfy, O. H. G. gifag, content, Du. vage- falcione ici pron. as t/^). — Late Y.. falcio-
I 78
FALCON FARCE
ncni, ace. oi falcio, a bent sword. — L. guish, &c.) from L. favi-es, hunger; cf.
falci-, decl. stem oifalx, a sickle. Allied O. F. afai7ier, to die of hunger.
io Jiectere, to Lend. Fan, an instrument for blowing. (L.)
falcon. (K.-L.) M.E. faucon.^ A. S. /aw;/. — Late L. vannus, L. tianmis,
O. F./aucon./atdcou.'-'La.te L. falconem, a fan (whence also F. van); see Van (2).
ace. oi faico, a falcon, so named from its Ih-ugm. i. § 357.
hooked claws.— L. /a/;:-, stem oi falx, a Fanatic, religiously insane. (F. L.) —
sickle. Y fanatiqtie.'~\.. fdndticiis , (1) belonging
.
Faldstool, a foldino^-stool. (Low L. — to a temple, (2) inspired by a divinity,

O. H. G.) Low l^.faldistolium. - O. H. G. enthusiastic. — L. yiz;/?^;//, a temple; see
fald-an^ to fold stuol kG. sitihl), a stool. Fane.
;
Cf. Y .fatiteuil. See Fold. Fancy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for M.E.

Fall, to drop down. (E.) M. Y.. fallen. fantasie. — O. F. J'antasie. — Late L. phan-
O. Merc, falian A. S. fea/lan.'^Dn. val- tasia. — GV. (pavraoia, a making visible
;
len, lce\.falla, T)ax\.falile (for/a//^),Swed. (hence, imagination). — Gk. (\)avTa^(:iv, to

falla, G. faliejt. Teut. */a//an-. Cf. Lith. display ; see Phantom.
piilti^ to fall and perhaps L. fallere, to
; Fandango, a Spanish dance. (Span.)
deceive, falll, to err. Brugm. i. § 757. Span, fandaiigo, a dance used in the W.
'
Der. bc-fall, from A. S. be-fealian^ to fall Indies ;Pineda (1740).

'
out, happen fell ;

(l). Fane, a temple. (L.) L. fdmim, a
Fallacy, vl"- — LO Formed by adding temple shortened from an earlier form
;
-y to E. fallace, a fallacy, deceit. — F.

M. fasnom cf. Oscan fisnain, a temple
; ;
fallace.—Yj. falldcia, deceit. —L. fallac-, allied to 'L.festus,feria. Brugm. ii. § 66.
stem oifallax^ deceitful. —L. fallere^ to Fanfare, a tlourish of trumpets. (F.—
deceive. See above. Span. ?) F. fanfare. Prob. of imitative
fallible. (L.) L. fallibilis, liable origin, or borrowed from ^pan. fa nfarrza,
to err. — L. falli, to err; fallere, to de- bluster, vaunting, which is of similar for-
ceive. mation. JiQX.fanfarr-on-ade, bluster.
Fallow (i), orig. '
harrowed ;
' of land, Fang, a talon, claw. (E.) A. 'S.fajig;
(E.) A. 'î. fcelging, fallow-land. —A. S. lit. a seizing. — A. S. ^fohan, to seize, only
fealh, a harrow. Cf. E. Fries, falgen, to used in the contracted form fon, pt. t.
fallow land O. H. G.felgd, a harrow.
; feng, pp. gtfangen the pp. form having ;
Fallow (2\ used with reference to alone survived, evolving an infin. mood
colour. (E.) O. Mere, fain A. S. feahi, ; in dialects.+Du. vangen, to catch; Icel.
fealo, pale red. yellowish. -f-Du. vaal, Icel. fd (cf faiJgi sb., a catch of fish), Dan.
y^/r, pale, G. fahl, pnle, also falb Lith. faae, Swed. y'a, Go\h. fdhan, G, fangen ^
;
palvas cf. also L. pallidns^ Gk. TroAtoy,

; to catch, fang, sb., a catch, also a fang.
gray, ^kt. pallia-, gray. See Pale. Allied to h. pangere Erugm. i. § 421. ;
False. CF.-L.) M. E. fals. - O.F. Fantastic. (Gk.) Gk. cpavTaariKos,

fals {¥ faux).^!^. falsus, false; j^p. of able to represent or shew. — Gk. (pavrd^dP,
.
fallere, to deceive. to display. See Fancy.

Falter, to totter, stammer. (E. ?) Fantasy, older form of Fancy, q. v.
M. E. faltren, to totter frequentative Faquir, Fakir, an Oriental religious
;
from a base fait-. Of obscure origin. mendicant. (F. — Arab.) Y .faquir fakir.
Perhaps connected with Icel. refl. vb. ^ Ar^h.faqtr, one of a religious order of
faltra-sk, to be cumbered, to be puzzled. mendicants; lit. 'poor, indigent;' Richard-
Fame, report. (F. - L.) F. fame. - L. son's Diet. p. 1096.
fdma, report. — L. fari^ to speak see Far. (E.) U.Y.fer. A.^.feor.-^-T^w,;
Fate. ver, \cQ\.fjarri, S>-wtd. fjerra^t, adv., Dan.

Family. (F.-L.) fern, G. fern; G oih.. fairra. a.(l\. Allied
F. famille.^l..
familia, a household. — L. fanmlus^ a to Gk. vipav, beyond Skt. paras, beyond, ;
servant, Oscan famel cf. Oscan faamal, para-, far. ;(y'PER.") The conxp. farther
he dwells. Tiev.fainili-ari^.famiiidris'). [for M. E. ferrer (i. e. far-er)~\ is due to
Famine. (F. - L.) F. fa7nme. - Late confusion V{\i\\fti7-ther, comp. of Forth.
L. famina, unrecorded, but plainly an Farce. (F. — L.) The orig. sense is
extension from L. fames, hunger. Der. '
stuffing '
; hence, a jest inserted into a
fam-ish^ formed (by analogy with lan- comedy. — F. farce, stuflBng, a farce. — F.
179
.
FARDEL FATIGUfe
farcif, to stuff. — L,. /arc D'e, to stuff.-|-Gk. Fashion. (F. L.) O. F. faceon, -
(ppaoodv (for *(ppaK-yHv), to shut in. fachon, make, shape. — L. factionem, ace.
Fardel, a pack, bundle. (F. — Arab.) of actio, a making see Faction. f ;
M. E. fardel. "O. F. fardel (F. fardeaii). Fast (I), firm. (E.) A.S. /^.y/. Du. +
Dimin. of O. F. farde, a burden. Prob. vast, Dan. Swed. /a j/, \c&\. fastr, G.fest;
from Arab, fardah, a package (Devic). Armen. hast. i)er. fast (2), fast (3).
Perhaps borrowed through Spanish ; of. Brugm. ii. § 79.
fardel, fardo, a bundle.
S)Y)zn. fast (2), to abstain from food. (E.)
Fare, to travel, speed. (E.) A. S. A.S. fcsstan, orig. to make fast, observe,
faran, to go, travel. 4* D"' varen, Icel. be strict from fcest (above). 4-Du. vasten,
;
Swed. fara, Dan. fare, G. fahrett, Goth. Dan. faste, Swed. and Icel. fasta, G.
faran, to go; Teut. farait- (pt. t. *fdr). fasten Qo\h.. fastan, to observe, fast.
;
Cf. Gk. TTo^fuo/xat, I travel L. experior^

; fast (3), quick. (Scand.) peculiar A
I pass through, Skt. pr, to bring over. use of fast (i) above this use is Scand. ;
(
VPER.) Der. fare-well, i. e. may you Cf. Icel. drekka fast, to drink hard, sofa
speed well thoroughfare, a passage fast, to be fast asleep, fastr i verkum,
;
through tvelfare, successful practice or hard at work, fylg/'a fast, to follow fast, &c.
;
journey. It means firm, close, urgent, quick.

Farina, ground corn. (L.) 1.. farina, fasten. (E.) A.S.fcestjtian,\.om2ke
meal. — L. far, a kind of grain allied to fast or firm. — A. S.fsst, firm.
;
Barley. Ttev. farinaceous, from l^.farmd- fastness. (E.) ^LE. festnes, fast-
ceus. Brugm. i. § i8o. ness, orig. strength.' — A. S. fastness, the
'
farrago. L. fan-ago, mixed

(L.) firmament, a fastness; orig, that which is
food for cattle, a medley. — L. ^/izr (gen. firm. — A. S.fcest, firm.
farr-is), grain (above). Fastidious. (L.) L.fastrdiosus, dh-
Farm. (F. L.) - [A. S. feorm\ dainfuh — L./astrdittm, loathing; perhaps
A. F. and O. F. fer?/ie, a farm. — Late for *fastutidinm (Vanicek). — L. fastu-s,
1.. fir ma, a feast, farm, tribute; fem. of L. arrogance tcBdinm, disgust so fh^tfasti-
; ;
firmiis, durable. (From the fixed rent ;

diiim = arrogant disgust.
also food, from its support?) See Firm. Fastness
Fast. ; see
Farrier. (F. — L.) Formerly /^rr/Vr. Fat M.E.fatt,fet,fat.
(
I ), gross. (F.)
a worker in iron. — O. F.ferrier (the same) A. S. fett, orig. a pp., contr. from *fated,
"la.ferrarius, a blacksmith. — L./^rrz^w, fattened, enriched.+O. H. G. feizit (G.
iron. feist), pp. of a Teut. vb. *faitjan-, formed
Farrow, to litter pigs. (E.) From the from Teut. adj. *faitoz, which is represented
sb. farrow, a litter of pigs. — A. S. fearh, by Icel. feitr (Swed. fet, Dan. feet), fat.
a pig pi. fear as.
; +
M. H. G. vajxh, a Cf. Gk. 77 tW, Skt. pivan, fat.
pig; G.ferk-el: 'L.porcus; see Pork. Fat (2), a vat see Vat. ;
Farther ; see Far. Fate, destiny. (F. -L.) M. E. fate. -

Farthing, fourth part of a penny. O. F. fat, fate (not common). — L. fdtum,
(E.) M. \L.ferthing. A. ^.ferring, fcor- what is spoken; neut. of pp. of far!, to
ding, older form feorpiing.-' A. S. feord-a, speak. +
Gk. cp-qi-d, I say. Perhaps allied_to
fourth; with dimin. suffix -ing or -l-ing. Boon (i). Brugm. i. § 187. (yBHA.)
Allied to A. S. feoiver. four. Father. (E.) M. E. fader. A. S. _
Farthingale, Fardingale, a fxder. The pron. with th is due to dialectal

hooped petticoat. (F. — Span. — L.) M.F. influences. Icel. y^5zV, Du. vader, Dan. +
Cot. — Span. Swed. fader, Goth, fadar, G. vater, L.
;
verdugalle, 'a vardingall '
verdugado, a farthingale, lit. provided pater, Gk. var-qp, O. Irish athir, Pers.
'
with hoops.' — Span, verdiigo, young shoot pidar, ^ki. pitr. Idg. type '^pater-.
of a tree, rod, hoop. — Span, verde, green. Fathom. "(E.) "^l.E. fadme. A. S.
— L. tiiridis, green. See Verdant. fcE6?Ji, the space reached by the extended
Fascinate. (L.) From pp. of L. arms, a grasp, embrace. +Du. vadein, Icel.
fascindre, to enchant. — L. fascinu??i, a faQmr, a fathom, Yi^n.favn, ^wed. fa?)in,
spell. an embrace, G. faden. Allied to Patent.
Fascine, a bundle of rods. (F. — L.) Fatigue, sb. (F.-L.) O. Y. fatigue;
F. fascine. — h. fascina, a bundle of twigs. from fotiguer, to vfeo.xy. — 'L. fatigdre, to
— h.fascis, a bundle. weary.
80
— ;
FATUOUS FEEBLE
Fatuous. (L.) L. fatu-tis, silly, the peril of travelling.- A. S. far-, 3rd
feeble ; v\ ith suffix -ous. Der. in-fatuate, stem of faraji, to go, travel. Icel. far, +
from pp. of L. infatiidre, to make a harm, G. gefahr, Du. gevaar, danger. Cf.
fool of. L. perJailufii, danger.
Fauces. (L.) L.yaz<r<?'j-, pi., the upper Feasible, easy to be done. (F.-L.)
part of the throat. [Alio feisable.']~-'b,\..¥. faisihle, faisable,
Faucet, a spigot, vent. (F. - L. ?) 'feasible, doable;' Cot.
F, /«?>-, as — O.
F. fausset, a faucet faulset, Cot. ; \n fais-ant, pres. pt. oi faire, to do. — L.
Origin unknown but of. M. F. faidser,; facere, to do. See Fact.
to falsify, forge also faulser tin escu, to
; Feast. (F. - L.) M. E. feste. - O. F.
pierce a shield hence, to pierce. — L.
; feste (F.y?/^). — Late Y.festa, fem. sb.— L.
falsdre, to falsify. — L.yi7/jz/.r, false. fcsta, lit. festivals, pi. of festum. See
Fault. (F. — L. ) Pormerly fatit. Festal.
M. Y.. fautc— 0.¥ faute, a fault. (Span, . Feat, a deed well done. (F.-L.) M.E.
and Ital./a/M, a defect.) - Folk-L. *fallita, feet, fete. - A. F. fet O. F. fait. - L. fac-
;
a defect, fern, of *falliijis, new pp. of tum, a deed; see Fact.

fallere, to deceive cf. F. faillir. See ; Feather. (E.) "^.Y. fether. A.S.
Fail, Fallible, False. Hence also O. F. felier. -f-Du. veder, Dan. feeder, Swed.
fauter. Span, faltar, Ital. faltai'e, to be fader, Icel. fjodr, G. feder\ L. penna
lacking. (for ^pet'Sna), Skt. patra-, Gk. v7f puv, a
Faun, a rural (Roman) deity. (L.) L. wing. See Pen. (y'PET.)
faunus. — l^. faiia'e, to be propitious (?) Feature, make, form. (F. - L.) M. E.
Fauteuil, an arm-chair. (F. — Low L. fetiire. — A. Y. fettire-, O. F. faiture,
-O. H. G.) F. faiiteuil, O. F. fatddc- fashion. — L. y«c/z?ra, work, formation.—
Hteil (Cot.). — Low \-,.faldistdlhan, a fald- h.factus pp. oi facere, to make.
^
stool Faldstool.
; see Febrile, relating to fever. (F.-L.)
Favour, sb. (F.-L.) O.Y. favow. Y .febrile. — L. febrilis. — Y.febri-s, fever.
— \-..faudrein^ ace. of yizz^^^r, favour.
(L.) — L.
L. februaritis, the February.
faiiere, to befriend, orig. to venerate.' expiation. — L. /^/^rzâ, neut. pi.,
' month of
favourite. (F. - Ital. L.) M. F. a festival of expiation -
on Feb. 15. — L.
favorite cf. Y.favori, pp. of O. Y.favorir, febrztum, purification \febrndre, to expiate.
to favour. But the final / is really due to Of Sabine origin.
borrowing from ItdiX.favorilo, pp. and sb. ; Feckless, ineffective. Also fectless ;
orig. pp. of favorire, to favour. — Ital. short for effect-less ; see Effect.
favore, {avouT. — 'L./azwrem (above). Feculent, foul. (F.-L.) Y. feculent.
Fawn (i), to cringe to, re:joice servilely — L. fceculenttis, full of dregs. — L. fceces,
over. (E.) A. 'i. fahnian fagnian, to re- ,
dregs. See Faeces.
joice variants oi fcegcnian, to fawn, from
; Fecundity. F.-L.) M.Y . fecondite
fcegen, fain, glad.-f-Icel. /a^wa, to rejoice, (Cot.). — L. 2LCC. fectmditdtem, fruitfulness.
welcome one allied to feginn, fain. See
; — L. feciindus, fruitful ; allied to fetus,
Fain. offspring. See Fetus.
Fawn (2), a young deer. (F.-L.) Federal. (F. - L.) F. fidiral.
O. F. fan, faon, earlier feon, a fawn Pôrmed, with suffix -al, from L. fceder-
answering to a Late L. form *fetdnem (for '^fcedes-" , stem of fcedus, a treaty.
fnot found), ace. of *felo, a young one. Akin io fides, faith.
Y.fetns, foetus, offspring. Fee, a lordship, a payment. (F. —
See Fetus.
Fay, a fairy. (F.-L.) F. /^^, O. F. O. H. G. ?) A. Y.fee, O. Y.fiu F. fef), 1
fae, a fay, Cf. Port, fada, Ital. fata, a a fee, fief. — Late L. fevuvi a fief (Du- ,
fay. — Late L. fata, a fate, goddess of cange). Prob. from O. H. G. fehu, pro-
destiny, a fay. — L. fata, pi. of L. fdtitm, perty.-!- Du. vee, Icel. fe, Dan. fee, Swed.
fate. See Fate. Dev. fai-ry. fa, Goth, faihu, L. pecus Skt. paû-, ;
Fealty, true service. (F.-L.) O. F. cattle. (VPEK.) So also A.S. feoh,

fealt3,feelteit, fidelity. - l^.fideHtatem, ace. cattle, whence M. E. fee, cattle, property,
oi fidelitds, fidelity. — L. Jj'^^/zi-, faithful; now obsolete. also find Late L. % We
irovsx fides, faith. feudum see Feudal.
;
Fear. E. feer.
(E.) M. A. S. f<£r, a Feeble. (F.-L.) ls\.Y..feble.-A.Y.
sudden peril, danger, fear. Orig. used of feble, M. Y. foible, O. Y.feble (Godefroy) :
;;;
FEED FERN
cf. {<flevole)^ feeble [since fjdll, a fell.
Ital. fievole Allied to G. fels, a rock
Ital. fi<,Jl].~\.. Jiebilis, doleful; hence, (Kluge).
weak. — L. flere, to weep. Brugm. ii. Fellah, a peasant. (Arab.) Vl.fellahm.
§59°- — Arab, fellah, falldh, a farmer, peasant.
Feed, to take food, give food. (E.) —
Arab, root falaha, to plough, till.
M.E. feden. A. S. fedan ; for ^fodian Felloe ; see Felly.
;
with vowel-change from <? to ^. A. S.foda, —

Fellow, a partner. (Scand.) M. E.
food. + Du. voeden, Icel./^â, Swed./^V/a, felawe. "'IceX. felagi, a partner in a * felag.'
Dan./>'^/<?, O. H. G.fuotan, Goth, fodjan ; — \ce\.felag, companionship lit. a laying ;
Tent, type ^fodjan-. See Food. together of property. — Icel. fe, property
Feel. (E.) M. E./^/^«. K.S.felan.-^- lag, a laying together, a law ; see Law.
Du. voelen, G. fiihlen. Teut. *foljan-; The Icel. fe is cognate with A. S. feoh,
from Teut. base fal- (2nd grade, fol-), cattle, property, L. pcctis, cattle.
whence also Icel. fahna, to grope, A. S. Felly, Felloe, part of a wheel-rim.
folvi, palm of the hand (L. palma). Allied (E.) M. E. fekve. A. S. felg, felge^ a
toPalm (i). felly.+Du. velg, Jy^n.fczlge, G. felge.
Feeze, Feaze, Fheeze. Pro- Felon, a wicked person. (F. — LateL.
(E.)
perly to put to flight, drive away, chase -L. ?)
' M.E. felun.Ô.Y. felon, a
away, harass, worry ; often misexplained traitor. — Late l^.felonem, ace. oifelo, fello,
'
by 'whip.' \!i.M. fesen; O.Merc, fesian, a traitor, rebel. See Fell (3).
A. S. fysian, to drive away quickly, Felt. (E.) M. E. >//. A.^. felt.-\-
chase. Cf. 'ôxvf. foysa ( = Icel. *feysa^, Du. vilt, Low G., Swed., Dan. filt, G.
Swed. fosa, to drive. From Teut. base filz. Teut. type '^feltoz, n. allied to G. ;
yatis- (sense unknown). ^

Distinct from falzen, to groove, join together. Der.
A.S.fysan, to hurry, from//7i', prompt. filter, fenter.
Feign. (F.-L.) M. E./^m^«.-O.F. a ship. i,Ital. — Arab.)
Felucca, Ital.
feign-, as feign- ant, pres. pt. oifeindre. feluca. — Ax7\b.fnlk, a ship.

va. (See Devic.)
^'L.fngere, to form, feign. See Figure. Female. (F. — L.) For /^?«^//, by con-
IDev. feint (from F. -p^)- feint). fusion with male. M.E. fefnelle.Ô.Y.
Feldspar, a kind of mineral. (G.) femelle. — L. femella, a young woman
Corrupted from G. feldspath, lit. field- dimin. oifeinina, a woman (below).
spar. feminine. (F.-L.) O.Y. feminin.
Felicity. (F.-L.) q.F./^//aV/.-L. — L. feminimis, womanly. — L. femina, a
ace. fellcitdtem. — L. felici-, decl. stem of woman. Ci.felare, to suckle Gk. OrjXvs, ;
felix, happy, fruitful allied to Feline.

; female, OtjXt], the breast; Skt. dhdtrl^ a
Feline. (L-) L. fellnus, belonging to nurse.
cats. — L. feles, a cat ;
Femoral, belonging to the thigh. (L.)
perhaps allied to
Gk. female.
0T]Kvs, L. femordlis ; adj. from fenior-, stem of
Fell (i), to cause to fall. (E.) O.Merc. femur, thigh.
fcBllan, A. S. fjd/an, causal of O. Merc. Fen, a bog. (E.) M. E. fen. A. S.
fa//an, A. 'î.feallan, to fall. So also Du. fenn.'\-V>\x. veen, Icel. fen, Goih. fani,
vellen, Dîu.fcelde, Swed. fdt/a, Icel. felia, mud. Teut. type '^fanjon, n.
G. fallen all causal forms. Teut. type
; Fence ; short for defence; see Defend.
*fa//jan-, causal of fallan-, to fall. See ; Fend
short for Defend, q. v.
Fall. ; Fender
short for defender.
Fell (2), a skin. (E.) M. E./^/. A. S. Fennel, a plant. (L.) M. E. fenel.
fel, /^//.+Dn. vel, Icel. fell, Goth, -fill, A. S.finol,flmigle. — Y.faeniculwn, fennel
M. H. G. vel\ L. pellis, Gk, -nkXka, skin. double dimin. oifaenum, hay.
D oublet, pell cf fil-m.
; Fenugreek, a plant. (F.-L.) F.
Fell (3), cruel, dire. (F.-Late L.- femcgrec. — L. faennm GrcBCum, lit. Greek
L. ?) M. E./^/. - O. F./^/, cruel (cf. Ital. hay.
fello, cruel). — Late 1^. fello, felo, a male- Feoff; see Fief.
factor, felon, traitor. Perhaps from L./^/, Ferment. (L.) L. fermentum (shotc
gall (N. E. D.) cf. Du. dial, fel,
;
sharp, for ferui-ment7i??i^, leaven. — Y,.ferue7-e, to
biting, acrid (Molema). See Felon. boil. See Fervent.
Fell (4), a hill. (Scand.) M. E./^/.- Fern. (E.) A.^. fear7^.^\'T)^x. varen-,
Icel. fjall, fell, a hill ; Dan. feld, Swed. G. farn{kraut) ; Skt. parna-, a v^îng,
82
—;; ;;;
FEROCITY FETTER
feather, leaf, plant, the orig. sense beinq; (F. — L.) O.Y. fesse (Roquefort); mod.
'feather.' Brugm. i. § 973. Cf. also Y.fasce, a fess. — L.yai-^m, a girth; allied
Lith. papartis, Russ. paporot{e), Irish to fascis^ a bundle see Fascine.
;
raith, W. rhedyji, fern; Gk. irrepis, fern, Festal. -F.-L.) O.Y. festal. Formed
vrepov, a wing, feather, (with F. suffix -a/<L. -alls from Y,. fest-
Perocity. (F.-L.) M.F. /eroa'U'.~ twi, a feast, orig. neut. of festus, festive,
L. 2lZZ. ferocitdtem, fierceness. — L. /^r(?«'-, joyful. Allied to Fair (2) and Fane.
decl. stem of ferox, fierce. — L. ferus, festival. (F.-Late L.-L.) Pro-
fierce, wild. Brugm. i. § 319. perly an ?i(S].'-'O.Y festival, festive.— .
Ferreons. (L.) L. ferreus, made of Late Y,. festTvdlis.'^'L. festnius (below).

iron ; with suffix -oiis.~»l^.ferrtim, iron. festive. (L.) 'L.festluus, belonging
ferruginous. (L.) L./erntgin-us, to a feast. — L./î-/^/;/, a feast.
same as fcrruiîneus, rusty ; with suffix Fester, a sore. (F. — L.) O.Y.festre^
-ous,"!^. ferrtlgiti-, stem oi ferriigo, rust also spelt fistle, an ulcer whence festrir, ;
of iron. — V^.ferriim, iron. to fester (Godefroy'. — L._/fj/«/tz, a running

Ferret (i\ an animal. (F. — LowL. sore. See Fistiila.
L. ?) O. ¥.fu7'et, a ferret. - Late 'L.fure- Festival, Festive ; see FestaL
tus,fi7rectus, a ferret. A\?,ofurd\ said to Festoon. F. — Ital. — L. Y.feston, a
( )
be the same as Late L. fUrOy a thief, from garland, festoon. — Ital. festone, a garland.
Y,. fi'ir, a thief. Cf. Gk. <â;/>, a thief; Usually derived from 'L.festuni, a feast.
from the strong 5-grade of (pfpeiv, to bear, Fetch. (E.) M. E. fecchen, pt. t.
carry off. fehte, fcehte. A. S. feccan, to fetch, Gen.
Ferret (2), a kind of silk tape. (Ital. xviii. 4; Luke xii. 20. Yxoh. fecc'f)an is
— L.) From Ital. fioretti^ 'little flowers, a later form oifetian, to fetch iÂnglia, vi.
flonrishings ; also foret or ferret silke,' 177). Allied to K.^. feet, a pace, step,
Florio. PI. oi Jioretto, dimin. oi fiore, a. journey Icel. fet, a step, foot-measure
;
flower. — L. florem, ace. oi Jios, a flower and to L. pes (gen. ped-is), a foot.
;
Cf ^
see Flower. Cf. F. Jleiiret, ferret from A. S. gefeccan, O. E. T., p. 178.
; Der.
Jleicr, flower. fetch, sb., a stratagem.
Ferruginous ; see Ferreous. Fdte. (F.-L.) Mod. F./^/^, the same
Ferrule, a metal ring at the end of a as O. F. feste see Feast.
;
stick. (^F. — L.) Corrupted spelling (due Fetich, Fetish, an object of super-
to confusion with fcmim, iron) of the stitious dread. (F. Port. — L.) —F.
older form virrol; XVI cent. — O.F. vifol fetiche. — Port.7^?/?f^,sorcery, lit. artificial
(F. virole), a ferrule ; Late L. virola, the also, a name given by the Port, to the
same. From L. uiriola, a little bracelet roughly made idols of Africa. — L._/^<r/z7/«i",
dimin. of *utria, an armlet, only found in artificial. — L. fact-tis, pp. of facere, to
pi. ui7-iiE. (Diez.) Doubtful. make.
Ferry, vb. (E.) M.E.yi-rzVw. A. S. Fetid. (F.-L.) O.Y. fefide.-l..
ferian, to convey across causal of A. S. fetidus, fcetidus, stinking. — L. fetere, to
;
faran, to go. + Icel. ferja^ to carry stink.

'
causal of fara, to go ;Goth, farjan, to Fetlock. (Scand.^ As if the lock '
travel by ship. See Fare. (N. E. D.l or tuft of hair behind a horse's pas-
Fertile. (F.-L.) Y.fertile,~\..fer- tern-joint. Cf. Low G. fitlock (Lubben)
tills, fertile. — L. ferre, to bear. See M. H. G. vizzeloch (Kluge). The syllable
Bear (i"). -l-ock is due to a double suffix, but was
Ferule, a rod or bat for punishing thought to refer to Icel. lokkr, A. S. locc^
children. (L.) Formerly ferula. — L. a lock of hair. Fet- is prob. allied to
ferula, a rod ; orig. the plant '
giant- \c€i. fet, a pace, step,/^/?', a pacer (used
fennel.' of horses); and to \ct\. fotr, a foot; cf.
Fervent, hot, zealous. (F.-L.) O.F. G. fessel, pastern and see Fetch., Foot, ;
fervent. "L,. fenient-, stem of pres. pt. of (Kluge, s. v. Fjiss.')

feruere, to boil. Allied to O. Irish berb- Fetter, a shackle. (E.) M. E. feter.
aim, I boil. Der. fervour, from O. F. A, S. fetor, a shackle for the foot from ;
fervotir<X" 2icc. feruorem, heat; fetvid, *fet-, d'^grade oifot, foot.+Du. veter, Icel.
from l^.feruidus. fjbtiirr; cf. L. ped-ica and com-pes, Gk.
Fess, a horizontal band in heraldry. iribri, a fetter. J^qx. fetter, vb.
S3
;
.
FETUS FIELDFARE
Tetus, offspring. L. fetus, a break down. See Flask.
(L.) (Origin of
bringing forth, offspring. — L. *fiiere, an phrase unknown.)
obsolete verb, to generate, produce Fiat, a decree. (L.) L. flat, let it be
allied to fu-i, I was see Future, Be. done. — L. fJo, I become
; used as pass, of ;
Brugm. i. § 361, ii. § 587. facere, to do, but really allied to fiii, I
Feu, a fief; a variant of Fee. was. Cf. A. S. beo, I am. Brugm. i.
Feud (t), hatred, perpetual hostility. § 282.
(F.-O.H. G.) M.E. fede, feid. od i - M
Fib. (Low G.) Allied to fob, fnb off,
fied in spelling in some unexplained way, to delude (Shak.) cf. G.foppeji, to banter ;
perhaps by the influence of/i?^. — O. F. (formerly, to lie) Westphal. fip-ken, a ;
feide^ faide, fede, perpetual hostility. — small lie, fib (WoesteV

O. H. G. fehida (G. fehde), enmity Fibre. (F.-L.) F. fibre. ^"L. fibra,
;
cognate with A
S. fiehS, enmity, from a thread.
A. S.fdh, hostile. See Foe. Fickle. (E.) Isl.Y.. fikel. A.^.ficol;
Feud (2), a fief. (Low L. - F. - from *fician, to deceive, in comp. be-fician,
O. H. G.) Low L. feudiim, a Latinised to deceive ci.fic, sb., ixQ.\xA,facne, deceit- ;
form allied to O. F. fin, also spelt fief ful fdcen, fraud. ;
see Fee, Fief. (The intrusive d is un- Fiction. (F.-L.) Y. fiction. ^l..fic-
explained.) "D&v.fcud-al, adj. tidnan, ace. oifictio, a feigning. — L.y?^/z/i^,
Feuter, to lay spear in rest. (F. — pp. oifingere, to feign. See Figure.
Teut.) From M. E. feuter, a rest for a Fiddle, a violin. (L.) M. E.fithel;
spear. — O. F. /(??^/;r, older y^//r<?, a piece A. S.fidele cf. IcaX.fidla, D^n.fiddel, Du. ;
of felt, also a rest fprob. at first felted) for vedel, G.fiedel. Apparently borrowed from
the lance. Cp. \V2X.feltr0, felt. Of Teut. Late L. uitula, uidula, a viol see Viol. ;
origin; from LovV G. filt, felt. See Fidelity. (F. - L.) M. Y.fidelite - L.
Felt. fdelitdteni, ace. oifidelitds, faithfulness. —
Feuterer, a dog-keeper. (F. — Low L. \^. fideli-, stem oi fidelis, faithful. — L.
— C.) In Ben Jonson, Every Man out fides, faith. See Faith.
of his Humour, ii. i see Nares. ;
Older Fidget. (Scand.) dimin. form of A
spelling vewter, for vetitr-er. — O. F. fidge, to be continually moving up and
ventre^ mod. F. vantre, a mongrel between down, Y^^fike in North of England, M. E.
a hound and a mastiff. — Low Lat. ace. fiken, to fidget, to hasten. Cf. Icel.yf/'a, to
vdtriim for L. vertagns, veriagra, ver- climb up nimbly, as a spider ; Swed.yfâ,
;
traga, a greyhound. Said to be Celtic. to hunt after, 'ôrw.fika, to take trouble,

Perhaps from Celtic ver-, intensive prefix, fika etter, to hasten after, pursue.
and trag-, to run see Fick, ii. 136, 283.
; Fiducial, shewing trust. (L.) From
Fever, a kind of disease. (L.) M. E. Late Y.. fiducidlis, adj. ^L,. fidiicia, trust.
feuer {fever). A. i^.fefer,fefor see Matt. — L. frdere, to trust.
;
viii. 15 ; A. Y-fevre. — L.. feh-is, fever. Fie. (F.-L.) M.E.fy.-Y.fi.-L.ff.

feverfew, a plant. (L.) K.'&.fefer- Cf. lce\. ff, D^n. fy, Swed. fy, G. pfui,
fuge A. F. fevcrpie. — Late L. febrifiiga, Lat. p/m, phy, Skt. phttt, expressions
;
for L. febrifigia, fever-dispelling.' — L. of disgust.

'
febri-s, fever ftigdre, to put to flight.

; Fief, land held of a superior. (F.—
Few. (E.) Vi.M.fewe. A. S. i^X.feaive. O. H. G.) O. F. fief formerly spelt fin
-f-Icel. far, Dan. faa, Swed. fa Goth. (Roland). See Fee. TieT. feoff, vb., to
;
fawai, pi. ; cf. L. patictis, Gk. iravpo's, put in legal possession from A. Y.feoffer, ;
small. to endow with z.feof 01 fief. A\so feoffee,

Fey, doomed to die. (E.) K.S. fSge, A. Y.feoffe, pp. oifeoffer.
doomed to dit.'^lc&\. feigr, Du. veeg; G. Field. (E.) 'b,YY. field. A. S. field. -^
feige, cowardly; Swed. feg, Dan. feig, Du. veld. G. field (whence Dan. fielt,
cowardly. Swed. fidlt). Allied to A.S. fiolde, earth,
Fez, a red Turkish cap, without a brim. land. Teut. t}pe *felt/mz. Cf. Russ. pole,
(F. — Morocco.) F. and Turk. 7^0,' a cap ;
a field Skt. prthivi, earth.
; Brugm. i.
so called because made at Fez, in § .S<^2.
Morocco. fieldfare, a bird. (E.) K.S. felde-
Fiasco, lit. 'a bottle.' (Ital.) Ital. fare [miswritten feldeware'\, lit. field- '
far fiasco, to make a bottle, also, to fail, traveller see Fare.

:
'
84
; —
FIEND FIN
Piend. (E.) M.E./rm/. A.9>.fwtid, (E.) A. S. fylan, Pile (3), to defile.
feond, lit. '
a hating one,' an enemy, the *fulian.^ k.^. ful, to make foul; for
enemy orig, pres. pt. of feogie/an, to foul.
; See Defile ''i) and Foul.
hate. +Du. vijand, Dan. Swed. fiende Pilial. ''L.) From 1.. fili-us, a son, ;
\ce\.fjdndt, pres. pt. oifjd, to hate Goth. /f/?fl, daughter orig. infant cf \../eldre,
; ; :
f.jands,{xov(\Jijan.\.o\\-M^\ Q.feind. Cf. to suck. Cf. Feminine. (^l)l{V..)

Skt. /fj/, to hate ^Fick). See Foe. Pilibnster, a freebooter. (Span. — Du.)
Pierce. (F.-L.) M. E, fers.Ô.Y. Span, filibuster, a mere corruption of Du.
fers, Jiers, old nom. of O. F. fer, fier^ vrijbuiter, a freebooter, — Du. vrijbuiten,
fierce {Y.fier, proud). — L.y^r«i-, wild. to rob, plunder. — Du. vrij, free; buit,
Pife. rF.-O. H.G.-L.) F. fifre.^ booty, plunder. See Booty.
O. H. G.p/tfa, G. ffeife, a pipe. -OUT;. Piligree. (F. — Ital. — L.) Formerly
pft/e7i, to blow, whistle. — Late \.. pipdre, fidigratie XVII cent. — Yfiligram. — Ital. ;
to pipe L. pipdre^ to chirp (as a bird;, \filigrana, filigree-work, fine wrought work.
;
iiee Pipe. — Ital. filo, a thread or row, filare, to

Pig. fF.-Prov.-L.) Y.figite.^Vxow spin grano, grain or texture so called ; ;
/??«. — Folk-L. 'yifra, used for Y..ftcus, a because the chief texture of it was wrought
fig. (Cf. O. F. Jie, a fig immediately in silver wire. From L. filum, thread
;
;
from jFica.) grdnum, grain. The ^'pz.n. filigrana is ^

Pight. Ê.) U.Y..Jihien,fehte7t,\h. merely borrowed from Italian Monlau;.
O. 'hltrc.fehiaii, to fight fehte, v fight.+ Pill, vb. (E.;
;
A. S. fyllan formed ;
Du. vechteyi, G. fechten, to fight fwhence irom. ful, i. e. full, by vowel-change from u
Dan./<^/^, Swed./rt-^/<7j. Teut. *fehtan-. to y.-^-Dw. vullen, Icel. fylla, Dan. fylde,
Pigment. L.) 'L. ^gmenttun, an in- Swed.fylla, Goth, full/a7z, G. fallen.
vention. —L.y?^-, base oi fingere. to feign PiUet. (F.-L.) Vi.Y. filet. ~0.Y.
{^Y>\^.fic-tus, for *fig-ttiS). filet, dimin. oi fil, a thread. — L. /f/z/w, a
figpire. (F. — L.) F. figtire. - L. thread. See File ''i).
figura, a thing made. — L. ^«^<?r^ Tbase Pillibeg, Philibeg, a kilt. ^Gaelic;

yf§'-)j to make, fashion, feign. + Goth. Gael, feilcadh-beag, the modern kilt.
deigan, to knead, Skt. dih, to smear. Gael, feileadh, feile, a kilt, prob. from L.
(yDHEIGH.) 589. Der. Brugm. i. § ueluin, a veil (Macbain) and beag, little,
;
dis-figtire, prefigure, trans-figure. small. Cf. W.^ bach, little.

Pilament. (F. L.) F. filament. - — Pillip, to strike with the finger-nail,
I-ate L. fildmentum, thin thread. — Late when jerked from the thumb. (E.) Another
L. fildre, to wind thread. — L. /tlu??i, form oifiip see Flippant.
;
thread ; see File (i). Pills, used for thills. (E.) See Thill.
Pilbert, fruit of hazel. (F.-O. H. G. Pilly, a female foal. (Scand.) Icel.
Formerly philiberd 'Gower; short for fylja, a filly, allied to foli, a foal
; cf. ,
Philiberd or Philibert nut, from the Dan. Swed. /6>/, G. fallen. See Foal.
proper name Philibert; (,S. Philibert's Pilm, a thin skin. (E.j A. S. filmen
day is Aug. 22) North F. noix de filbert {fybnen), neut., membrane (O. Fries, yf/-
;
(Moisy). - O. H. G.filu-berht, \er\ bright mene, f., skin;. For W. Teut. *filmin-jo-,
horn filu (G. viel), greatly, ber/it, bright. from *felinen, -mon-, as in A. S. agerfelma,
% Called in Germany Lambertsjtuss, i. e. skin of an egg. Extended from the base
nut from Lombardy (Weigand;. fel- in A. S./k/, skin, Goth, fill, skin. See
Pilch. (E.) Etym. unknown possibly Fell (2). ;
related to M. Y../elen, to conceal. Cf. Icel. Pilter, to strain. (F.-O. Low G.) F.
fela, to hide, bury; Goth. fil/ia?i, to hide. filti-er, orig. to strain through felt. F. —
Pile (i), string, line, order. (F. L.j filtre, a strainer, orig. felt (Littre). — Low —
Partly from O, Y.file, a file, {rom filer, to G.filt, felt; see Felt.
thread; from Late L. fildre (see Fila- Pilth, foul matter. (E.) A. S./F/J.-
ment) partly from F. fil, thread, from A. S. fill, foul (by vowel-change of u to
;
'L.ftlufii, a thread. y So also O. Sax. fulithd, filth, from .
Pile (2). a steel rasp. (E.) O.Merc. ffiL foul. See Foul.
frl ; A. S./^W. +
Du. vijl, O. H. G.fihala, Pin. Ê.) K.^.finn, a fin.+Du. -uin,
G. feile as if from a base *fenh-. The Swed. fena, Dan. finjze
; L. pinna. See ;
Icel. form is///, as if from a base *thenh-. Pin.
il
FINAL FIST
Final. (F. - O. F.
L.> p:;:aL - L. j
vt'ur,O. H. G. /«/>. Tent, ty^ê *//7-»;-.
fffiLis, tiiial. — L. /?>/;>, end. Cognate with Gk. in>p. Cf, Skt. /<ft'a^<;-
FinaJlce, revenue. ;F. — L^ O, F. from /•;/>, purifying, .ilso fire. (y^PC^
i^
/fw.j.'.w. — Lv\te L. /:r:an/ia. payment.— Firk, to conduct, drive, beat. (E.)

Late L. /ynJra, to pay a fine. —Late L. A. S. unicifi, to conduct, support. Prob.
/This, a settled payment, a. finis or end, from A.S./i?r. a journey; allied to Fare,
^: |
i. e. final arrangement L./Twif, end. ; Pirkin, the fourth part oi a barrel.

j
Pinch, a bird. (E.^ M. E. >;r/i. ,M. Du.> M. E. /h-J^km. From Du.

I
A.S. /?/r\+Da. vinJ^. Dan. /f;t^^, Swed. Z'U'rdi', fourth with suftix -Jtifi ,as in Xv7-
|
:
and G. A";ic. Cf. \V. //«<", a chaffinch; M'r-kin^ answering to the M. Pu. double \
Gk. crriyyos, ffvi'â, a finch prov. E. dimin. suffix -i-in ^G. -ch-en in f/::uichtn^.
;
spini. Der. chitf-jituhj

" q. v., bull-finch^ Vicrdc is from Du. vier, four see Four, ;
c^c, Pirm CO, adj. *^F. — L.) M. E. /cvvav.

Pind. 'E.^ A. S. /f//</a«.4-Du. T'lVwVw. —O. F. and F. /<rrwc\ — L. y?V/;/«,s-, stead-
Dan, /fw-^*, Swed. and Icel. /r«;;<z —finjki^^ , fast. 'Der.farm.
Croih.n»s':i:n,G.fifui£n. Teut. */c fit /:-a/i-: firm iv-;? ^ Partnership. (Span. — L.")
Idg. base *jVnf-, whence O. Lish Ft-ai'm. The older sense was signature of the '
'
I find. Perhaps allied to L. pctere, to house or (as we call it> the firm. — Span,
seek after see Petition.
; Brugm. 11. firma. a signature. — Span. /xrma?\ to
j 634. confirm, sign. — L. firmare, to make firm.
Pine (i^. ;F.
exquisite, L.) thin. — — L. /frv.-.v.c. firm ,above^.
O, F. ri«, witty, perfect. E. finus, — Late firmament, celestial sphere. (F. — L.)
fine: used in place of L. ftnuûs, well O. F. Jirmanwnt.'m'E. firmamefitum^ a
rounded or ended, said of a sentence support also, expanse of the sky ^Vul-
;
vBrachet^, orig. pp. oi /Itiire, to end. — L. gate^. — L. finncire, to strengthen; from

ftnis, end. ^
Finus is a back-formation /ir'Wis. firm.
from /}«;><;. ! Pirman, a mandate. (Pers.) Pers.
fine (2% a tax. (Law L.) Law
L. \fermdn, a mandate, order; O. Pers. /ra-
frnis^ a fine, a final arrangement; L. /;z.fw<j ;Horn) cf. Skt. pfamatja-, a
i
ffnis. end. See Finance above\ decision, from pra, before i^Gk. irpo) and
Pinger. ;E.> A. S. yfwîrr.+Du. rfia. to measure.
z'i)i^(Cr. Icel. fiff^. Dan. Swed. G. fifigtr, First. (E.) A. S. fyrsi, the superl. of
Goth, fig^'s {=/ini;rs^. Teut. tj'pe *jifi- fo?-e, with vowel-change of u (A. S. o) to
^t>3 orig. sense unknoAvn.
:
,y. +Icel./3''''-y''^: Dan./t?r.y/«? ; 'ii>yvt<l.fi:rsta.
Pinial. ^L. A coined word from L. Teut. type */unstos, superl. from the base
;
/Tm's. end. Ci.fi/!jJ. */"vr- ; see Fore.

finical. iF. — L> A coined word ; "Firth ; seeFrith.
exter-devi from Fine j") above. Fiscal, pertaining
the revenue. to
finish, vb. ;,F.-L.) 'Sl.E. fim'scA^f!. ,^F. — L.) L. fiscdlis. —
O. F. fiscal. — Late
— O. F. fifiiss-. base of pres. pt. oifinir^ to h.fisius, a basket of rushes, also a purse.
finish. —L. ff/iTre, to end. E./THiJ, end. — Pish. (E.) A. S./i.-.+Du. vtsc/i, Icel.
finite, limited. (L.) L./fni/us, pp. fjsi'r.Dan. and Swed. fisk, G.fisch Goth. ;
oifimri (above . /isks. Tent, type "^fiskoz. Cognate with

Fiord, a sea-loch, deep inlet of the sea. L. piscis, Irish and Gael, iasg, O. Ir. iasc
(Scand.^ Norw. fjord. Dan.
fi^rd. fjord; Avith loss oi initial />. \
Icel. /}»<?''. See Frith. Fissure. (F. — L.) O.F. _/f-<-.r«r<f. — L

Fir, a tree. Scand. M. E.yfr; answer- fissurci. — L. jissus. pp. of fituicre, to
ing to a mutated form due to A.S. fiurh, cleave. +Skt. f)/:id. to cleave; A. S. /-/"/jw,
|
which occurs in furhwuJu, a pine-tree to bite. .y^BHEID/i And see Vent

:
|
but prob. of Scand. origin. Cf. Icel. (i"^. Brugm. i. § 567. }
^rr'-.f,6t^, a fir-wood 'written ^/[rWj->t<^' Fist. {E^ ^\.E. fist, est, fust. A.S.
;
,
f
from Icel./wra, a fir; cf. Dan./>r. Swed. /J-f/.+Du. vidst, G. faust. O. H. G. fiist.
j
fura.'\'G.f6hre. W.pyr. Cognate with L. Teut. *flsth. If the orig. Teut. form ^
quercus, an oak and O. Lombardic/irrcV/a, was *fu)ihstiz, it may be identified with
;
•
aesculus.' Russ. piaste, fist, O. Slav, p^ti; from an
Pire. (E.> A. S. ;5?r.+Du. r«7/r, Icel. Idg. base *p?nksti-, which is allied to
fyri, Dan. and Swtd.'fyr, G. finer, M.H.G. Five.
186
,
FISTULA FLAMINGO
Fistula, a deep, narrow abscess. (L.^ Fla^ Plagstone, a pavin^-Htone. Vj
. the shape 1.. fistula, a pipe.
rri ; -Scand.y Icei. y^-'^-i'. a tiag^ cr slab of
Fit I', to suit; as adj., apt. ''.Scand.) stone. This migrit gave E, dial. yfcw (see
'. ]-.. filten, to arrange. — IceL and Norw. Flaw) but cf. Icel. Jiagna. to flake off,
?
,
ftja, to knit together Swed, dial, fittja, Dan. dial, flag-torv, .S j. y?<z^, a cut turf.
;
to bind toffether cf. (j./itzen,

; to bind into weaker. ea form of Fiaxe. A
skeins, ixomfitze, a skein. From Icel.yf/, Flagellate. (L.^ From pp. of L.
a hem, also * web ' of a bird's foot ; cf. \Jlagelldre, to scourge. L. fiagellum, —
M. Dan.yf<f<5^, to knit ; Dan. fid, a skeLn riimi.n. rAfiagrum. a scourge. .See Flail.
Perhaps allied to Fit (2^. Influenced ^
Flageolet, a sort o; flute. F.— Prov.^
as to sense by M. Y^.fete, well done ; from ^L \: .fiaêolit, dimin. ol flageol, with the I
O. Y .fait, \j3X. foetus see Feat. ; same sens-r. — Viov .fiaj'ol: .fiaujols, a flage-
j
Pit 2 a part of a poem, attack of ill- olet ; which cannot repreient a Late L.
5
ness. (£.; M.E.fit. A.S.fitt, i^ a song, *fiautiolui. a little flute, as stiergested bv I
(2; a struggle; which perhaps are ttue Diez. I
same word. Cf. Fit d]. Flagitious. L. L. fidgitids-us,

Pitch, the same as Vetch, q. v. shamelul with suffix -cms.
I
I
L. fidgitium, ; —
Fitchet, Pitckew, a pole-cat. ^F. -
a disgraceful act ; cf. 'L.fidgitdre. to act
I
M. Du.; fitche-LU is from Yxzzxd ficheux with violence. Perhaps allied to Flagrant-
'Sl.F.fissau, a polecat; older form, /fi-j^Z. Plagon. ''F.-Late L. O.Y.fiacon,
— M. Jju.fisse. a polecat from the smell. another form of fiasco n.^La-te h. fiasco-
;
Cf. Icel. fisa, to make a smell. fiem. ace of fiasco, a .tiask. — Late L.
j
Pitz, son. A. F. L.) —

Formerly yfz fiasca, a flask. See Flask.
(with 2 as ts), A.Y. fiz (with z 3lS ts Flagrant, glaring, as a fault. fF. — L.)
;
also O.F.fi/z,fi/s.-''L.fT/zus, a son. O. r fiugrant, properly burning. . L. —

Pive. E.^ M. E. yf/"; sometimes yfz^^. fiaqrant-, stem of pres. pt. oi fiagrdre, to
as a plural. A. S. fif ''for */?////" Fju. . +
bum.-f-Gk. <p\i'/€iv, to btim Sk. Mra/ ;
Z7_)y", Dan. Swed. /^^, Icel. fimm, Goth. VE!HLEG. Brugm. i. § ^39 (2,.
yf;;//", G. ftinf; \V. pump, O. Ir. ^<7zV. L. FlaiL (L. ^L E. /zV. fiejl, fleil.
quinqzie, Lith. ptiiki. Gk. Wvre (ôl. O. Y fiael'>Y fiiau l^Si^tT.fiayel (.from .
.
,
'_
jTffiirf), Skt. pancha. fiagellum, a whip, in Late L.,

Idg. type *penqe. From 'L.
Tier, fifth, K.^.fifta; fifteen, X.6.frf a flail dimin. oifiagrum, a scotirge. See
"
thie fifty, A,S.fftig.

;
Flagellate.
Pix. (F.-L., O. F. >:, fixed. - L. Flake, a thin slice. (Scani) Norw.
fixus, fi.xed pp. oifigere, to fix.
; flak, a slice, an ice-floe cf. Icel. fiakna, :
Fizz. (Scand.") Imitative; cf. Icel. fiagna, to flake off. Swed- fiaga, a flake.
/frc, Dan.yfj-^, with the sense of h. pedere. Perhaps allied to Flay. ,
Plabby ; weakened form oiflappy see Plambeail. T.-L. Y. flambeau, 2. ;
Flap. Cf. Low G fiabbe, a. hanging lip; torch; dimin. oiO.Y.fiambe below). '
fiahbsio, flabby Danneil). 1
flame, sb. (F.-L., O.Y. fiame,

Placcid. '^F.-L.) Y. flaccide.~\. \fiamme ; also fiamhe. — L. fiamma *fiag-
I
fiaccidus, limp. ^Y.. fiatcus flabby. ma ? ., a flame perhaps from the base
. ! :
Flag 'i), to droop, grow wear}'. TE. \ficLg-, to bum. See Flagrant.
Weakened form oi fiack, to hang loosely Plamen. L. 'L. fid men. a priest of
; j
M. E. fiakken, to flap about. From the Rome. Prob. for *fiag-men, he who
I
base^ff^- of A.^. fiac-or, flying, roving. bums the sacrifice: c:. fiagrare. to bum.
!
4-IceL fiakka, to rove fiaka. to flap;

Or ehe alliec to Goth, blotan. to sacrifice.
:
fibkra. fiogra, Dan.fiagre, to flutter; G. Flamingo. 'Span.— Prov. —L.i Span.

_/?a<r;^^r?z. to flutter. All from the imitative !y?^>w«M<:^, a flamingo: but said to be a
base fiak-, allied to fiap, fiicker. And Provencal word ; the Prov. form is
partly from O. Y.fiaquir, to be limp from flamenc, where the suffix -enc is supposed
;
O. Y.fiaque, limp, l^.fiaccus. to be an adaptation of the Tent, suffix

flag 2\ an ensign. 'Scand.?) IDan. -ing. The F. form is ;?flziâ«/, lit. 'flaming.'
.
fiag, Swed. fiagg, a flag from base of but it seems to have been confused with F
;
\z^\. fiogra, to flutter (above). Flamand, a Fleming, whence the peculiar

flag 3 . a reed ;
the same word zsfiag form of the Prov. form may have arisen :
(2) ; irom its waving in the wind. Palsgrave has Flemmvng, fiammant.' •
187
;
FLANGE FLEDGE
Still, the etymology certainly from L.
is Flaunt, to display ostentatiously.
Jlamma, a flame ; from the flame-like (Scand.) It seems to have been particu-
colour of the bird. larly used of the display of fluttering
Flange, a projecting rim. (F. - Teut.) plumes, &c. Norw. flanta, to gad
The same as prov. Y,.Jlanch, a projection about,; Dan. flane, to flirt. Somewhat
;
cf. Jlanch in heraldry, an ordinary on each similar is Swed. dial, flatikt, flutteringly,
side {ox flank) of the shield. — O. Y. flanche loosely, from flanka, to waver perhaps ;
(A. Y.Jianke^, fem. sb. allied to F.Jianc, allied to flakka, to waver, answering to
side. See below. M. E.flakken see Flag (i). ;
flank, the side. (F.-Teut.) M. E. Flavour. (F.-L.) The form seems

flanc. — F. Jia7ic, side. — O. H. G. hlancha^ to have been influenced by that of the
lanka, hip, bend, loin cf. Mid. Du. de word savour.
; O. Lowl. Sc. fleivoure,
*
;
La?icke, the flancks Hexham. Allied flewer.-'O. F. fl'eur, fleitir, flatir, smell.
'
to A. S. hlanc, slender see Lank. (Dis- Cf. Ital. flato7'e, a bad odour
; answering ;
puted but probable ; see Kluge, s. v. to Late L. ace. '^fldtorem. — L. flatus, pp.
;
Gelenk.^ oiflare to blow. (Korting, § 3316.)

.^
Flannel. (W.) Prov. Y. flannen, a Flaw, a crack. (Scand.) M. E. flawe.

better form. — W. gwlanett, flannel, from — Swed. flaga, a crack, flaw, also a flake
gwlan^ wool. Allied to 'Wool. see Flake. Cf. prov. E. flaiv, a flake
Flap, to beat with the wings. (E.^ (as of snow) also, a gust of wind, like ;
M. E. Jlappen, to beat not in A. S. Du. vlaag.

;
Y. ¥ Tie's,. Jlappen. Imitative; like_/?a^/^, to Flawn,akind of custard. (F.-O.H G.)

beat ; see Flag {\^.-\-T)\!l. Jlappen, to flap. M. E. flaun. — Y .flan, O. Y.flaon, a flawn ;
Hbx. flabby (flappy) flap^ sb. ;
(cf. Span, flaon, Ital. fladone).'-0. H. G.
Flare ; see below. flado, a broad flat cake G. fladen. ;
Flash, to blaze, E.) M. E. flaschen, Allied to Gr. vKarvs, broad.

f
to dash cf. Swed.

; dial, flasa, to burn Flax, a plant. (E.) A. S. fleax.-ifYiw.
violently; Icel. flasa, to vnzh, flas, a swift vlas, G. flachs. Perhaps allied to Goth.
rushing. flah-ta, a plaiting, Gk. TrXiK-iiv, to weave.
flare. (Scand.) Norvveg. flara. to Flay, to strip off skin. (E.) M. E.
blaze apparently a variant of Swed. dial. flean. A. S. flean, to flay.+Icel. fld, pt.
;
flasa (above "1. t. fld, pp. fleginn. Teut. type 'flahan-

Flask. (Late L.?) A. S. flasce, flaxe (p't. t. *fldh), to strike. Cognate with Lith.
;
we also find \c€i. flaska, Da.n.flaske, Swed. plaku, I strike cf. Lat. pldga, a stroke. ;
flaska, Q.flasche but it is hardly a Teut. See Plague.

; Brugm. i. § 569.
word. — Late L. flasca, a flask cf. also Flea. (E.) M. Y.flee, ^X.fleen. A. S.
;
W.fllasg, Gael. flaso- (from E.). Remoter fleah, a flea.+Du. vloo, Icel. fld, G. floh.
origin uncertain. See Flagon. Teut. base *flazih-, or perhaps *piauh-,
Flat. (Scand.) M. E. flat.- Icel. flair, allied to the verb to flee. See Flee.
Swed. flat, Dan.flad. Fleam, a kind of lancet. (F. — L. — Gk )
Flatter. (F.-Teut.; ^r E.) M. E. O. Y. flierne, Y. flaninie, a fleam; Hamil-
flatcren. a frequentative form. Either, ton.— Late L. fletoina, a lancet (Vocab.
with suffix -(?;'-, from O. ¥. flal-er, mod. F. 400. 11); shortened from Late L,. flevo-
flatter, to flatter or formed from an E. toniuni, phlebotomiim, a lancet. — Gk.
;
base flat-, of imitative origin cf. M. Du. (pXeôToiJiov^ a lancet. — Gk. (pXiô-, decl.
;
flatt^ren, to flatter (Hexham) from O. F. stem of <pX€ip, a vein rofx-, o-grade of ;
flater, which is from \ze\..flat-r, flat ; from Te/xveii', to cut. Hence also M. H. G.
the notion of making smooth. Cf. the base fliedeme, G.fliete, Du. vlijm^ a fleam.
flak-.^ seen in AL Swed.fleckra, to flatter, Fleck, a spot. (Scand.) M. E. flek.—
Swed. dial, fleka, to caress also M. E. \ce\.flekkr, a spot flekka^ to stain
; Swed. ;
;
flakken, to move to and fro, and G. flach, flack, a spot. Du. vlek, G. fleck. +
flat; see Flag (i). The sb. flattery is Flection ; see Flexible.
plainly adapted from O. F. flaterie, F. Fledge, to be furnished with feathers.
flatterie. (E.) The pp. fledged is now used in the
Flatulent, windy. (F.-L.) M. Y. fla- place of M. E. flegge, adj., ready to fly.
tulent. — Late L. fldtulentzis. — 1^. flatus, Flegge is a Kentish form of M. E. flygge,
breath. — L. yP^z^df, to blow; see Blow (i). ready to fly. From A. S. '^flycge ; found
188
;; ;;
FLEE FLIPPANT
in the compound tinjlycge, as in inplumes, ' — L. flexus, pp. of
flexibilis, easily bent.
unfligge,' Academy, 2 June, 1894 (Napier). bend. Der. inflexible. flectere, to
E. Fries, flugge. -|- Du. vlug (M. Du. flection, a bending. (L.) Better
vhigge) ; O. H. G. flticchi. Teut. type flexion from L. ace. flexionem, a bend- ;
*Jlugjoz, adj. from *Jlug-, weak grade of ing. —L. y^^jrwi', pp. oi flectere.
; So also
yieugaji-, to fly. See Fly. flex-ot\ flex-ure. (Cf. Y. flexion.)
Flee, to escape. (E.) M. Y^.Jieen, pt. t. Flick, a light blow, (E.) Imitative
Jleh,Jleih. [The M. E. pt. t, also appears ci.flip. E. Yuts.flik, a flick flikflakken, ;
diS Jledcie, whence mod. Y.. fled, of Scand. to strike lightly.

origin.] K.'^.fleoii (pt, t.y^^fl/^).+0. Sax. Flicker, to flutter. E.) M. Kflikeren. (
fliohan, G. flieken; also Icel.y?^"^ (pt. t. — A. ^.flicorian, to flutter. Imitative a ;
flo, also flyGa) Swed. fly (pt. t. flydde]

; weakened form o^flacker, frequent, of M. E.
;
Goth, thlhihan. Teut. type *ihleu/ian- flakke7i, to flap about. Cf. A. S. flacor,
(pt. t. thlaith) so that _/? was orig. //^/, and adj., flying; G. flacker 7i, to flutter.
; See
there was no orig. connexion with the Flag (I).
verb to fly. which has from an early date Flight, act of flying. (E.) K.^.flyht,
been confused with it. allied to flyge, flight. -|-S\ved. flykt, G.
Fleece. (E.) ^\.Y.. flees. K.S.fleos, flucht, Du. vlucht. Teut. fluhti- from ;
e3.x\\eT fllus ^hoflys.-\-Ti\\. vlies, M.H.G. fltig-, weak grade of '^fletigan-, to fly. See
\
vliiis cf G.fliess
;
also O. flans, a woollen Fly.
;
coat, M. H. G. vliis, a sheep-skin. Teut. Flimsy, weak, slight. (E.) Modern ;
stems fleusi-, *flet{S0', fluso- ; possibly first recorded in 1702 fKersey). Prob,
allied to l^.ph'i-fna. See Plume. imitative, and suggested hy fllm note E, ;
Fleer, to mock. (Scand.) M. E. YriQs.fleni,flwi, a film; Dan, didil.flems,

fletien. — Norw. flira, to titter, giggle flims, a skim on milk, For the ending, '
also spelt flisa Dan. dial, flire, to jeer

; cf, tipsy, binnpsy; also limpsy, given by
Swed.y?m«, to titter. Webster as a U. S. svnonym of flimsy '

;
Fleet (1% a number of ships. (E.) N. E. D.

M..¥.. flete, fleote. A S.fleot, a ship; or Flinch. :F,-Teut. ?) XVI cent.-
(collectively) a number of ships. — A. S. O. F, flenchir, flaivchir, flechir, to turn
fleotatt, to float. -}- O. Sax. fliotan, Du. aside, bend. Of unknown origin perhaps ;
vlieten, to flow O. H. G. fliozzan, to from O. H, G. *hlencan, answering to G.

;
float, flow, G. fliessen, to flow; Icel. lenken, to turn, bend. The G. lenken is
fljoia, Swed. flyta, Dan. flyde. Teut. from O. H. G. hlanca, the side (Kluge)
fleutan- (pt. t. flaiit, pp. fltdanoz) Idg. see Flank, Flange.;
f| The initial
fl
base *pleud, as in Lith. piildts, a float of would then be accounted for precisely as
a fishing-net. (VPLEU.) Cf. Gk. TrA^'fir/, in the case oiflank, viz. from O. H. G. hi.
to sail, Skt. plu, pfii, to swim, float, Cf. Link (I).
flow. Fling. (Scand.) Cf. Swed, fldnga, to
fleet (2), a creek. (E.) A.S.fleof, a use violent action, romp, race aLout; i
creek, a place where water flows fleote, fldng, at full speed (taking one's fling)
; ;
a stream. — A. S. fleotan, to float, swim; M, Swed, y^^w^Tz, to strike; \ct\.flengja,

see Fleet (i). Cf. O. Fries, y?^/, stream. to whip; l}?a\. flenge, to slash; i fleng,
fleet (3), swift. (E.) Cf. A. ^.fleotig, indiscriminately. These forms presuppose
swift; IceX.fljdtr, swift. From the verb; a strong verb flinga, which the E, form
see Fleet (i). perhaps represents,
fleet (4), vb., to move swiftly. (E.) Flint. (E,) A.^.flint.-\-T>a.n. flint;
From A. ^.fleotan see Fleet (i). Swed. flinta. Perhaps cognate with Gk,
;
Flesh. (E.) yi.'^.flesch. A.^.fl^sc, nXivOos, a brick. Brugm, §§ 575, 704. i.
flesh. + Icel. flesk, bacon Dan. flesk.^ Flip (i), vb., to fillip, jerk lightly. (E.)
;
Swed. flask, bacon Du. vleesch G. Of imitative origin, like flick. Cf. Flap,
; ;
fleisch. Teut. type *flaiskoz, n. Flip (2), a mixture of beer and spirit
Fleur-de-lis, flower of the lily. with sugar, heated. (E.) Prob. iromflip,
'F.-L.) O.Y.fleiiK de lis. Here lis = to beat up. Moisy (Diet, of Norman
Late L. Iilius, corrupt form of L. liliiwi, patois) spells it phlippe, as if from F,
a lily see Flower and Lily.
; Philippe but wrongly.
;
Flexible. ( F. - L. ) M. Y. flexible. - L. Flippant. (Scand.) Flippant is for

189
; ;
FLIRT FLOUNDER
flippaud, the North. M. E. pres. pt. flif)- flordlis, belonging to Flora, goddess of
;
fand^ prattling, saucy. Or else, the suffix dowers. — T^. flor-, as the stem oi flos,
-ani imitates the French (heraldic) suffix a flower cf. florere, to flourish, allied to ;
in ramp-ant &c. Cf. prov. Y-Jiip, nimble,

J
Blow^ (2) and Bloom.
flippant from the base flip-, as in Icel.
; florid. (L.) \j. floridus, lit. abound-
fleipa, to prattle Swed. dial, flepa, to ing with flowers; hence, rosy. — L._/fw7'-,
;
talk nonsense cf. Swed. dxaX.flip, the lip.

; decl. stem oiflos, a flower (above).
Flirt. (E.) Often wxititnflurt mean- florin, a coin. (F. — Ital. — L.) M. E.
,
ing to mock, gibe, scorn the oldest sense floreii (about A. D. I303\ — O. Y. florin, a
;
of flirt was to jerk lightly away. Of florin. — Ital. _/z^r/Vz(7 {—florino), a coin of
imitative origin; cL flip, flick. So also Florence, so called because it bore a lily,
E. Yrifi.flirr, flirt, a light blow ; flirtje, the symbol of that town. — Ital. flore, a
a giddy girl. flower. — L.y7(J;v;;z, ace. oiflos, a flov/er.
Flit, to remove from place to place. floscule. (L.) \^. flosctihis, a little
(Scand.) M. Y.. flitten.-\z(t\. flytja, to flower double dimin. oiflos. ;
cause to flit Swed.y?^///^, to flit, remove;

; Floss, rough silk as in floss-silk. ;
Dan. flytte causal of Icel. fljota, Swed. (F.-L.)

; From Isl.Y. flosche; Cot. has:
flyta, T>2j\.flyde, to float. See Fleet (i), soye flosche, sleave silke.' [So also Ital.
'
Float. floscio, Venetian Hosso, soft, weak ; floscia

Flitch, of bacon. (E.)
side M. E. seta, floss-silk.] An adj. formation from
flicche. A. S.y?zV^^.+Icel. flikki, a flitch O. Y.flocher, to form into '
flocks '
or tufts.
flik, a flap, tatter. Perhaps allied to G. — Y.floc; see Flock (2).
flick-, a patch and to E. Fleck.
; Flotilla. (Span.-TeiTt.^
Span. yZ^-
Float, to swim on a liquid surface. tilla,a little fleet dimin. oiflota, a fleet,
;
(E.) M.'E. floien, flotien. K.S. flotian. cognate with O. F. flote, a fleet of ships,
-Îcel.flota, Du. viotten. Teut. '^flittojan-, a crowd of people. This O. Y. flote (fem.),
wk. vb.; from '^fliit-, weak grade of *fleu- Y.flotte (whence G.flotte) is from a Teut.
ian-, to float, wlience mod. E. fleet. See source cf. Du. vloot, Icel. floti, a fleet,
;
Fleet (i). % Confused with F. flatter A. S.flota, a ship. From the base */?z//-
(O. F. floter), to float, from the same see Float. Cf. M. Y. flote, a fleet. (Kdr-
Teut. base *////-. tini?. § 3349-)
Flock (i\ a company of sheep, &c. flotsam, goods lost in shipwreck, and
(E.) M. 'E..flok. A. S.flocc.-i-Icel.flokkr, floating on the waves. (Law F. — E.) An
1)^X1. flok, Swed. flock. A. F. law-term, ioxm.Qr\y flotson (Blount).
Flock (2), a lock of wool. (F.— L.) A. F. floteson O. F. flotaison, a flooding
;
O. F.y?<7r. — L. floccus, a lock of wool. of fields (Godefroy\ — Low L. type ^flot-

Floe, a flake of ice. (Dan.) Dan. tdtionem, from ''^flottdre, to float, to flood
flage as in iisflage, an ice-floe, lit. ' ice-
; {Y.flotter). From the Teut. base ""flut- (as
flake.' Cf. Norw. isflak, isflok, the same. above). Cf Jetsam.
See Flake. Flounce (i), to plunge about. (E.)
Flog, to beat. (L. ?) A late word ; and Cf. Swed. dial, and M. Swed. flunsa, to
(in 1676) a cant term. Ci. flack; or pro- plunge. Of imitative origin.
bably suggested by flagellate, q. v. Cf. Flonnce (2), a plaited border on a
Low G.flogger, a flail, variant of G.flegcl, dress. (F. — L. ?) Changed from M. E.
a flail, from Late \a. flagelhwi, a flail; see frounce, a plait. — O. Y .fronser .froncer, to
Flail. gather, plait, wrinkle fronser le front, to ;
Flood. (E.) A. S. flod, a flood fromknit or wrinkle the forehead.

; Prob. from
flozuan, to flow. +
Du. vlocd, Icel. flod,
Late L. '^frontidre, not found, but regu-
Swed. Jyaxi. flod, Goth, flodus, a river, G. larly formed from fronti decl. stem of ,
fluth. Teut. '^flo-duz, act of flowing, also frons, forehead see Front. (Korting, ;
a flood from Teut. base yio-

; see Flow. § 3477-)
;
Floor. (E.) A. S. yfJr.+Du. vloer, G. Flounder (i), to flounce about. (E.

flur. Teut. ^floruz cognate with W. or Scand.) XVI cent. Imitative. Perhaps
;
llawr, Bret, leur, Irish Idr. Idg. *pldrus, from Norw. Jiiindra^ to sprawl. Cf.
a floor from *pld-, to spread out, whence Du. flodderen, to dangle, nap, splash
;
also L. pld-nns, plain. See Plain. through mire; Swedi.fladdj-a, to flutter.
Floral, pertaining to flowers. (L.) L. Flounder (2), a fish. (F.- Scand.)

190
, ;
FLOUR FLY
h.Y. fionndre.Ô.Y Jiondre (in Nor- meal boiled and
. jellied. Cf. W. llymus,
mandy).— Swed. fliindra, Uan. Jlynder, sharp, tart.
IceX.Jiydra ; E. ^x\Q%.flunder. Flunkey, a footman. (F. — O. FLO.)
Flour, finer part of meal. (F. — L.) Modern. Lowl. Sc fliinkie, a servant in
Short tor 'flower of wheat.' — F. Jleur, livery. Apparently Irom 1* flanqjteur, a .
%h.orX. {or Jleur defaj'ijie, flour; see Flower scout (see Fiafiker in N. E. D.). — F. flan-
below (which is a doublet). quer, to flank, to be at one's elbow for
'
—
flourish, vb. (F". L.) M.E.Jôris- a help at need Cot. — F. flaiic^ side
;
'
;
shen.Ô. ¥. Jloriss-, stem of pres. pt. of see Flank.

Jlorir, to flourish. —
Folk-L. Jidrh'e, for Fluor, Fluor-spar, a mineral. (L.)
L. Jlorere, to blossom ; cf. L. Jlorescere, The \.. fluor (.lit. a tlowing) was foimerly
inceptive form oijidrere. See Floral. term in alchemy and chemistry.
in use as a
Flout, to mock. (F.) Prob. from M. E.
^'L. fluere, to flow.
Jiouten^ to play the flute. Similarly, M. Du.
Flurry, hurry. (E.) Swift hasyfwrrj/,
fluyten (Du. fiiiiten), to play the flute, a gust of wind. From flurr, to whirr
also had once the meaning to mock, jeer '; (N. E. D.).
'
Imitative cf. Swed. dial. ;
Oudemans. See Flute. flurig, disordered (as hair) flur, dis- ;
Flow, to stream. (E.) M. E. Jlozven ordered hair, whim Norweg. flurtiit, ;

;
A. ^.Jiowan, pt. t.Jieow; cf. Du. vloeijen shaggy, disordered. And cf. ¥. flutter.
to flow; \ct\. floa, to flood. Tent, base Flush, (i), to inundate. (E.) Appa-
*Jio- cognate with Gk. TrAclifti/, to float. rently of imitative origin ci. flush, to fly
; ;
See Flood. up quickly (N. E. D.). Perhaps influenced

Flower, sb. (F. - L.^ M. E. flour. - by ¥ .flux, 'a flowing, a flux also, ^fltish ;
O. F. flour (F. fleiir). — L. florem, ace. ol at cards; Cot. See Flux. Qi.flusck, a '
flos, a flower. See Floral. pool of water (G. Douglas) M. T>\x.fluy- ;
Fluctuate, to waver. (L.) From pp. sen, to gush or break out violently (Hex-
oi fluctudre, to float about. — L.yfz/<:/«.y, a ham) Dan. ^\:i\. fluse, to gush out. ;
wave. — L. fluctus, old pp. oi fliiere, to Flush (2), to blush, to redden. (E.)
flow. XVIIIcent. Perhaps thesameasFlush(i),
Flue (i\ a chimney-pipe. (F. — L. ?) but much influenced by Flash. Cf. Swed.
Of doubtful origin. \^Flue, in Phaer's d\a.\. flossa, to burn, flare Norweg. yf^j^,
;
Virgil, X. 209, is prob. a misprint for passion, vehemence. And see Fluster.
flute.~\ Prob. from M. E. fluen, to flow, Flush (3), level. (E.?) This is a
as the pipe conducts the flow of the smoke; derived sense ; it meant in full flow,
*To ^\xfi,fluere; Cath. Ar\g\.^¥. fluer, abundantly full hence, level.
; From
*to flow, glide;' Cot. — Y..fltiere, to flow. Flush (i).
Flue (2), light, floating down. (E.?) Fluster, to heat with drinking, con-
Cf. prov. E. fli(ff, flue. Perhaps a deri- fuse. (Scand.) Icel. flaustra, to be flus-
vative of the verb Fly (cf. A. S. pt. t. pi. tered ; flaustr, fluster, hurry cf. E. Fries. ;
flug-oti). We find Low G.flog, E. Fries. fldstern,flustern, to rustle (âs wind). Cf.
flu;^.,flog, flue G.fltig, flight.
; cf. Flush (2) and Flash.
Flue2lt. (L.) From stem
of pres. pt. Flute, a musical pipe. (F.) M. E.
of L. fluere, to flow. flo-ivtc, floite. — O. Y.flaute.fleute,flahtite,
fluid. (F. L.) -
O. F. fluide. -
L. flehute, a flute (mod. F'. fliiie). Prov.
fluidtis, iiowing. —
L.flziere, to flow. flauta. Of uncertain origin. They? may
Fluke (i\ a fish. (E.) M. E. floke, have been suggested by 1.. flare to blow. ^
fluke. K.^. floe, a kind of plaice. -f-Icel. Flutter, to flap the wings. (E.) M. E.
floki, a kind of halibut. Lit. '
flat ' fish. floteren, to fluctuate. A. S. floiorian, to
The base *floc- is the strong grade of Teut. float about; cf. K.S. flat, the sea; flota,
*flac-, as seen in G. flack, flat. a ship. — A. S. flot-, stem o{flot-en, pp. of
Fluke (2"), part of an anchor. (E. ?) fleotan, to float. Cf. E. Fries. fli(tte7-/:.
Also spelty?^^?^. Perhaps the flat end '
' ; Flux. (F.-L.) O.F.flzix, a flux.-
and the same word o.s fluke {\). Appa- L. flilxum, ace. of fluxtis, a flowing
rently distinct from G.flu7ike,ikQ hook of from the pp. oi fluere, to flow.
an anchor. Fly (ij, to float in air. (E.^ M. E.
Flummery, a light food. (W.) W. fleien,fliên. K. '^. fleogan \>i. fleah ',
X..
llymru, llymruwd, flummery, sour oat- |

pp.y?^^^«. + Du. z'/zV^'-^w, Icel.y^w^^, Dan.
191
FLY FOLLOW
flyve, S-^Q^. fyga, Q. Jliegen. Teut. type (F.-L.) M.
F. feiiille, a leaf, 'also the
yietigan-. Cf. L. plilma, foyle of precious stones,' Cot.
a feather. Norman ;
(VPLEUGH.) Not allied to Flee. Der. foille, fem. cf. Ital. foglia, Span, hoja, ;
Jly, an insect, A. S. fleoge^flyge Q.Jiiege. a leaf. — L. folia, pi. oi folium, a leaf;

;
Fly (2), a vehicle. (E.) A

name given afterwards used as a fem. sing. See
to a kind of four-wheeled vehicle drawn Foliage. A.\%o O.Y.fieil, foil, m.; from
by men at Brighton, in 18 16. Calledy?^- Y.. folium.
coach in 181 8 (Scott, Heart Midi. ch. i). Foin, to thrust with a sword. (F. — L.)
Fiomy?>', vb. See above. Obsolete. Lit. * to thrust with an eel-
Foal. (E.) M. E.>/^,A.S.>/a.+Du. spear or Xxx^tTiX..^ Ô.Y. foine, foisite, an
veulen, Icel. foli, Dan. fole, Swed. fdle, eel-spear. — L. fuscina, a trident, the
Goth, fula, G. fohlen. Teut. *fulon-. weapon used by a retidritis, or gladiator
Cognate with L. pulhts, young of an with a net.
animal Gk. vuKos.
; Poison, plenty. (F. — L.) O.Y.foison^
Foam. (E.) M. E. fome. A. S. fdm. abundance. —
Folk-L. ficsidne7n, for L.
+Prov. G. faim O. H. G. feim. Teut. fusionem, ace. of fusio, a pouring out,
;
*faimo-. Cognate with Russ. plena, foam hence profusion. — \u.filsus, pp. oifundere,
;
Skt, phena, foam ; and prob. with Lat. to pour. See Fuse.
spfima (Jot *spo/m j^, foam, and Lat. //?- Foist, to palm or put off, to intrude
mex, pumice. Allied to Spume. surreptitiously. (Du.) XVI cent. Du. —
Fob, watch-pocket. (O Low G.) An vuisten, to take in the fist or hand; see
O. Low G. word, only preserved in the N. E. D. (Low G. vusten, to take in the
cognate H. G. (Prussian)/////^, a pocket; hand) hence, to ' palm a die, to cheat.
;
'
for which see Bremen Wort. i. 437. — Du. vnist, fist ; see Fist.
Focus, a point where light-rays meet. Fold (I), to double together. (E.) M. E.
(L.) L. focus, a hearth ; hence, a centre f
olden, O. iAtvc.faldan, A. ?>.fealdan (pt.
of fire. t.feold), to fold. +
Dan. >/^^, Svftd. filla
Fodder, food for cattle. (E). M. E. {=fdlda), 1cq\. fa Ida, GoWi. faltha}i, G.
fodder. A. S. fodor, foddor extended fallen. Teut. type '^falthan-. Allied to Gk.
;
form oifoda, food.+Du. voeder, 1cq\. fodr, St-TrXdcTioj, doubled irXdaaeiv, to form, ;
Dan. Swed. foder, G. futter. Teut. type mould. See Plaster. Der. fold, sb.,
*fodro}n, neut. Allied to Food, q. v. a plait -fold, suffix, as in twofold, &c.
;
Poe. (E.) M. E. foo. A. S. fdh, adj. Fold (2), a pen for sheep. (E.) A. S.
hostile. Teut. type '^faihoz Idg. *poiqos fald, also falod, falud. Not connected
;
f whence Irish oeck, a foe, with loss of wWhfold (i), but with Ti^n. fold, a sheep-
p). From the weak grade "^piq- we have pen Du. vaalt, a dung-pit Low Q.faal.
; ;
( ik. TTiKpos, bitter, Lith. piktas, unkind. Foliage, a cluster of leaves. (F. — L.)
Brugm. i. § 646. Modified from M. V.fueillage, from M. F.
Foetus see Fetus.
; fiieille, a leaf. — L. /(?/za, pi. o{ folium, a
Pog. (E.) Tn several senses M. E. leaf; used as fem, sing.
; Gk. (pvWov, +
fogge is ' coarse grass hence foggy, leaf. Cf. Foil (2).
'
;
mossy, boggy, murky (whence perhaps folio. (L.) From the L. phr. in folio,
tne sb. fog, a mist). Cf. Norw. fogg, where folio is the abl. oi folium, a leaf,
long-strawed, weak, scattered grass in a sheet.
moist hollow (Ross). Perhaps allied to Polk, a crowd of people. (E.) A. S.
A. S.fuht, damp, moist. fole. +lce\. folk, Dan. Swed. folk Du. G. ;
Poible, a weak point in character. z'olk. Teut. type */^//6^z«, neut. ^Lithuan.
(F.-L) 0.¥. foible, ¥. fubie, weak, pulkas, a crowd, Russ. polk\ an army,
feeble see Feeble.
; were probably borrowed (at an early date)
Poll (I), to defeat. (F.-L.) M. E. from Teutonic.
foylen, to trample under foot, — O. F. Follicle, seed-vessel. (F, L,) F. —
fouler^ to trample on, also to oppress, follicule,\\i\\e h2Lg.'-''L. folliculiis, double
foil, over-charge extremely (Cot.). — Late dimin. oifollis, a bag.
L. fulldre, foldre, to full cloth see Full Follow. (E.) M. E. folwen. A. S.
;
(3). JieT.foil, a blunt sword, for practice folgian, isX'sofylgan, weak verb, to follow.
m foiling, i. e. parrying foil, a defeat.
; +0. Fries, folgia, ftilia, O. Sax. folgon,
Foil (2), a set-off, as in setting a gem. Du. volgen lce\. fylgja, T>z.n.fdlge, Swed.
;
192
- .
FOLLY FORBEAR
folja ; G. folgen. We also find A. S./«/- ped-is) ; Gk. (/Eolic 7ra;?\ foot (gen.
ttoi'j
gaiigaji, (pt. t. ful-eode), with the same 7ro5-os), TTfô? { = TT(hyus\

on foot; Skt.
sense, but derived from A. S.ful, full, and pad, a foot (gen. pad-as). Cf. Fetter,
gaiigan, to go; and, in like manner, Fetlock, Fetch. Brugm.
578. i. §
O. H. G. follegdn. Hence the orig. sense Footy, paltry, mean. variant
[¥..)
;'
A
was, perhaps, to go in full numbers,' to
'
oifotighty, musty (N. E. D.). Orig. * damp
go in a crowd, to accompany and it is a ; from A. ^.fiiht, damp, with suffix -j/.-f-Du.
derivative of Teut. *fulloz, full. See Full. vochtig, damp; '^wtA. fHktig,\)QX\..fugtig.
Cf. A.S. Jjy/sân, to assist, /zt/^nm, assis- Cf. G.fcucht, O. H. G.fi4hti,flht. Yxova.
tance also from A. S./z(//.
; a Teut. type *ffihtuz, damp; from Teut.
Folly. (F.-L.) M.P:. folye. -O.F. base *feuk, as in Icel. fjiika, to drift as
folic, folly. OY.fol, SeeFool (i ). snow or dust, whence also Norw. fiik,
foolish.
Foment. (F. — L.) M.Y.fomcufer.— vapour (Franck).
L. fomentdre.'^'L. fomentum, short for Pop, a coxcomb. (E.) M.E. fop, a
*fouimentum, a warm application, lotion. fool. Cf. Du. foppen,
to prate, cheat ;
— 'L.foiiere, to warm. fopper, a fopperij, cheating ( — E.

wag;
Fond, foolish. (E.)
commonly fonn-ed, pp. oi fonnen, to be
M. E. /^;/^, more foppery).
For
Cf.7^<^ ^
to delude (Johnson),
(i\ prep, and conj. (E.) Orig.
weak, to act as a fool from the M. E. sb.; a prep. A. S. for, fore, before, for ; see
fon, fonne, a fool. The sb. answers to Fore.+Du. voor, Icel. fyrir, Dan. for,
O. Fries, famne, fo??iiie, Fries, /one (see Swed. /£>>-, G.fiir. Cf. L. pro, for; Gk.
Hettema), E. ¥v\Qs.fone,fon, a maid, girl, irpo, before, napa, near.
weakling, simpleton (see Koolman). All For- {2),p7'efix. (E.) For- has usually
allied to K.^. fcei7ine, a virgin. Der. an intensive force, or preserves something
fo7id-le, vb. of the sense oif'om, to which it is related.
Font (i), basin of water. (L.) A. S. (Quite distinct from fore-, though ulti-
fo)it.'-''L. jfontemy ace. oi fons, a fount. mately allied to it.) A. S.for- Icel.^r-, ;
See Fount. Dau. for-, Swed. /or-, Du. ver-, G. ver-^

Font (2),Fount,an assortment oftypes. Goth, fra-, fair-, Skt. pard-. The Skt.
(F.— L.) Y.fonte, a casting of metals. — para is an old instrumental sing, oi para-,
¥.fondre, to melt. See Found (2). far; perhaps the orig. sense was away' '
Food. M.E. (E.) A. S. foda, fode. or forth.'

*
Der. for-bcar, for bid, for-
what one eats. The A. S. fdd- is the fend, for-go (mis5pelt_/^;'^-^(5» for-get. for- ' ,
strong grade of the base *fad, corresponding give, for-lorn, forsake, forswear; see
to Gk. Trar- in -naT-UaOai, to feed. From Bear, Bid, &c.
the Idg. root pa-, to feed, whence L. pa- For- (3),/râ-. (F. — L.) Onlyin/?r-
nts, bread, pd-buliim, food, and pd-sce7'e, close (misspelt foreclose), for-feit, which
to feed. See Pasture. Hev. fodder; feed. see.
Fool (i), a jester. (F.-L.) M. E. fol, Forage, fodder, chiefly obtained by pil-
sb. and adj. .Y fol {Y foti) a fool. — L. lage. (F. — Low L. Teut.) M. Y. forage,
O . . , —
folleni ace. oifoUis, a wind-bag
, pi. folles, foni-age. — O. F. fottrage. — O. F. fon-er, to
;
puffed cheeks, whence the term was easily forage. — O. Y.forre [Y .feurre), fodder.—
transferred to a vain or foolish person as Low L. fodrutn, fodder. — Teut. type
;
in Late l^.follis, a fool. Der. be-fool. *fddrom, fodder; see Fodder.

fool (2), a dish of crushed fruit, &c. Foraminated, perforated. (L.) From
(F. — L.) From Fool (i) named like L. fordmin-, stem of foramen, a small
;
trifle. Florio has: ^ Mantiglia, a kind hole. — \-..fordre. to bore see Bore. ;
of clouted creame, called afoole or a trifle Foray, Forray, a raid for foraging.
in English.' (F. — Low L. — Teut.) Foray, forray are
fools-cap, paper so called from the old Lowl. Scotch spellings, with the sense
water-mark on it. of ' foraging expedition.' Apparently
Foot. (E.) M. E. fat, foot, y>\. fef feet coined from the M. E. forrier, forreyer,
,
A. S. fdt, pi. fet. +

bu. voet, Icel. fotr, a forager. — O. F. forrier, a forager ;
Dan. fod, Swed. fot, Goth, fottis, G.ftiss. from O. Y.fo7-rer,to forage see Forage. ;
Teut. type *fdt (consonant-stem), corre- Forbear (t~), vb. (E.) From For- (2)
sponding to Idg. type *pdd, with the and Bear. A. S.forberatt.
variants */<?df, */<?</. Of. L. pes, foot (gen. Forbear (0, sb., an ancestor. (E.)
193
«
FORBID FORJUDGE
M. E. forbear (Wallace). For fore-be-er, Forejudge (2) ; see Forjudge.
one who is before. See Fore and Be. Foremost, most in front. (E.) A
Forbid. (E.) From For- (3) and double superl., the old superl. form being
Bid (2). A. '&.forbeodan.-\-Y)\x. verbieden, misunderstood. For M.¥^.fo7'77iest, through
Goih.. faurbuida7i, G. verbieten. secondary influence o{ most. — A.S.fo7y77est,
Force (O- strenc^th. (F. L.) — M. E. by-form of the regular fyr77iest {<J^fur-
force y fors. — O. F. force. — Late L. fortia, ?/iistoz), through the influence of A. S.
strength. — L. y^r//-, decl. stem oi fortis, for77ia, which is cognate with Goth.
strong; O.'L.forctis. Allied to Borough. frtitna, first, Gk. 7rpd/xos, trpofxos, first.
Brugm. i. §§ 566, 756. Cf. Fort. Further allied to Gk. vp6, before. Brugm.
Force (21, to stuff fowls see Farce. ;
i. § 518.
Force (as FOSS, waterf-xll. (Scnnd.) Forensic, belonging to law-courts.

Dan. fos, Swed. fors, Icel. fors, foss, a (L.) Coined from L. forejzs-is, belonging
waterfall. to the forum. — L. font 771, market-place,
Forceps, pincers. (L.) L. forceps, meeting-place orig. a vestibule or door- ;
orig. used for holding hot iron for *for- way. ; Allied to L. foi'es, doors, and E.
miceps (Vanicek). — L. fortmis, hot door. ;
capere, to hold. forest. (F. - L.) O. Y,fo7-est. - Late

Ford. (E.) M. E. ford; alio forth. \j.forestis, free space of hunting-ground ;
+
A. ^.ford, a ford, passage. G./z<r/. Teut. foresta, a wood (medieval writers oppose
type '^furdtiz. From Idg */^;-, weak grade the fo7'estis, open hunting-ground, to the
of -y^PER, to go see Fare. Allied to L. parens, enclosed park). — L. /t^rfj-, out of
;
portus, a harbour, O. Welsh {p)rit, Welsh doors adv. allied to L. fo7-es, doors.
;
rhyd, a ford, and io frith ; see Frith, and Der. fo7-est-er, zX'io forster foster. ,
Pore. Brugm. ii. § 108. Forfeit, a thing forfeited or lost by

Fore, in front, coming first. (E.) A. S. misdeed. (F. — L.) M. E.y^^^/i?; whence
fore, for, before, prep. fore,foran, before, forfeten, vb. — A. F. forfeit, O. F. offait,
; f
adv. -f-Du. voor, G. vor, Goth, faura cf. a crime punishable by fine, a fine also a
; ;
Icel. fyrir, Dan. for, Swed. for. Allied pp. of O. Y forfaire, forsfaire, io trespass. .
to Gk. wapos, before; Skt. puras, before, — Late \j.forisfactu77i,ti. trespass, fine orig. ;
in front, Skt. purd, formerly. Also to pp. (neut.) oi forisfacere, to trespass, lit.
For- (i), prefix, q. v. Der. fore-arm, to do beyond.' — L. forls facere, to do or
'
-bode, -cast, -castle, -date, -father, -finger, act beyond or abroad; from foris, out
-foot, -front, -go (in the sense to go of doors ; and facere, to do.
*
See Fore-
before ' only), -ground, -hand, -head, close.
-judge, -knozv, -land, -lock, -man, -noon, Forfend, Forefend, to avert. (Hy-
-ordain, -part, -rank, -run, -see, -ship, brid; E. a«^/ F.) ^.^. fo7fe7tden. An
-shorten, -show, -sight, -stall (A. S. fore- extraordinary compound of E.y^r-, prefix,
stealL sb. lit. a position in front '), -taste, vi'x'Cii. fend, a familiar abbreviation of de-
'
-tell, -thought, -token, -tooth, -top, -xvarn fe7id. See For- (2) and Defend; also
;
all easily understood. Fend, Fence.

Foreclose, to preclude, exclude. (F.— Forge. (F. — L.') O. F. forge, a work-
L.) Better spelt forclose. — O. F, forclos, shop. — Folk-L. '^faurga, for '^favrega
pp. of forclorre, to exclude, shut out. — (Schwan) for L. fabrica, a workshop. ;
O. F. for-, from L. forts, outside and See Fabric. "Dbt. forge, vb.
;
clorre. to shut, from L. claudere. See Forget. (E.) From For- (2) and
Forfeit and Close. Get. A. )^.forgeta7i (E. E. T.), forgitan.
Forego, to relinquish see Forgo. ; -f-Du. ve7gete7i, G. verges sen.
Foreign. (F. — L. ) The g is wrongly Forgive. (E.") From For (2) and
inserted. M. E. fo7'ai7ie, foreyne.'-O. F. Give. A. S. fo7'gefan.'^'D\i. vergeven, G.
fo7'ain, alien, strange. — Folk-L. *ford7itis ;
vergebe/i ; Goth, f-agib a 7Z, to grant.
for Late \^. ford7ieus, adj., from Y,.fo7'ds, Forgo, Forego, to give up. (E.)
out of doors, adv. with ace. pi. form, allied A. S. fo7gdii, to pass over.
Better y^r^^?.
to h. fores, doors cf. l^.foriwi, a market-
; From For- (2) and Go.
place, and E. door. Forjudge, to deprive of by a judge-
Forejudge (1), to prejudge. From ment. ( F — L.) O. V .fo7-jugier. — Low L.
.
Fore and Judge. forisju die d7'e. —L./i7;7"j-, outside and iildi- :
194
FORK POTHER
care, to judg See Forfeit and {
decl. stem oi fortis, strong; -ficare, for
Judge. facere, tomake.
Fork. (L.) A. S. farea. — \^.furea, a fortitude. (F.-L.) Y. fortitude.^
fork. Der. bi-furcated. E.fortitiido, strength. — L. forti-s, strong ;
Forlorn, quite lost. (E.) M. E. for- with suffix -tudo.

lorn. A.'S. forloren, -pY*- oi for /eosan, io Forth, forward. (E.) M. E. forth.
lose utterly from for-, prefix, and leosan,
;
A. S. for), adv. related to fore, be-
;
to lose see For- (2) and Lose.

; So also fore see Fore.
; +
Du. voort, from voor ;
Dan. forlorcn, Du. and G. verloren, simi- G. fort, M. H. G. vort, from vor; cf,
larly derived. Golh. fatirthis, further, from faiir-a, be-
Form. O. F. forme, - L.
(F.-L.) fore. Teut. type fur-J}o- ; Idg. type */pr-
forma ,shaipe. Brugm.ii.§ 72. (^^DHER.) to-. See Further.
^ O. F. fo7-me also means a bench,' like '
Fortify, Fortitude ; see Fort.
'E.for/n. T)ev.form-2e/a. Fortnight, two (E.) M. E.
weeks.
Former, more in front. (E.) Not fotirtenight fotirten «z^^/. — M. E.
',
di\%o
early XII cent.
; a false formation, to
; foiirten, i. e. fouiteen night, old pi., i. e.
;
suitM. E. formest, i. e. foremost see ; nights. A. S. fcowertyne niht. So also

Foremost. Formed by adding -er to the sennight = seven night.
base form- of A. S. form-a, first, really a Fortress. (F.-L.) VL.Y.. fortresse.
superl. form, where -///- is an Idg. superl. — O. Y .fortercsce, fortelesce. — Late L. for-
suffix. Cf 1.. pri-mus, first. talitia, a small fort. — Late L. fortis
Form.ic, pertaining to ants. (L.) For {domits), a fort; "L. fortis, strong. See
formic-ic ; from V.. formica, an ant. Fort, Fortalice.
Formidable, causing fear. (F. — L.) Fortune. (F. L.) O. F. fortune. - L. -
F. formidable. — L. fonniddbilis^ terrible. fortuna, chance. — E.fortu-, allied toforti-,
^'L.for/nTddre, to dread formido, fear. decl. stem of fo7-s, chance
;
orig. ' that ;
Formula, a prescribed form. (L.) L. which is brought,' or 'an event'; from

fon?i2ila, dimin. of forma, a form. See fei're, to bring see Fertile, ;
Form. fortuitous. (L.) L. fortuit-iiSy

Fornicate. pp. of L./i?r-
(L.) From casual ; with suffix -otis. — L. fortu- (as
nicdrJ, to commit lewdness, seek a brothel. above).
— E. fornic-, base oifornix, a vault, arch, Forty; see Four.
brothel. Hardly allied to Furnace ; A. S.
cf Forward. (E.) 'isl.Y.. forward.
rather L. for-tis, strong, and Skt. dhr, to foreweard, adj. — A.S._/^r^, before; -weard,
bear, carry, support. suffix see Toward. Der. foi-ward-s, ;
Forsake. (E.) M.^. forsaken. A. S. M. E. forzva7des, where -es is the suffix of

forsacan, to neglect, orig. to contend gen. case, used adverbially. And see
against, or oppose iromfor-, prefix, and Further.
;
sacaii, to contend, whence the E. sb. sake. Fosse. (F.-L.) Y .fosse.^\u.fossa,2.

See For- (2) and Sake. So also Swed. ditch. —L. fossa, fern, oi fossus, pp. of
fdisaka, V>:\.v\. forsage, Du. verzaken. fodere, to dig. Brugm. i, § 166.
Forsooth. (E.) M. E. for sothe, for fossil, petrified remains obtained by
a truth. A.S. y^r sdi)e where y^r^- for, digging, i,F. — L.)
\ M. Y fossile, 'that .
and soQe is dat. of s56, truth see Sooth. may be digged;' Cot. — L. fossilis, dug
;
Forswear. (E.) From For- (2) and up. — L./ipj-j-z/j, pp. oifodere (above).
Svp-ear. A. ^.forsiverian. Fosset, a spigot see Faucet. ;
Fort. (F.-L.) O. Y.fort, sb., a fort Foster, to nourish, E. A. S.fdst}-ian, ;

i
'
a peculiar use of F. fort, adj., strong. — L. \h.-' \.^.fostor, nourishment; Teut. type
ace. fort-em, from nom. fortis, strong. fdstrom, for *fdd-trom, neut. allied to ;
See Force. fdda, food.-flcel. fdstr, nursing, whence

fortalice, small fort. (F.-L.) O. F. fdstra, to nurse ; Swtd.fostra, Dz.n.fostre,
fortelesce Late L. fortalitia
; see For- to rear, bring up. ;
tress (below). Fother, a load, heav3''mass. (E.) A.S,

forte, loud. (Ital.-L.) Ital.>r/^.- foder.-^M. Du. voeder, Du. voer; O. H. G.
L. 2izz. fort-em., strong (above). fnodar, G.fuder. Teut. XyY>Q'^fdJf-7-om,n.
fortify. (F.-L.) O.Y. fortifier, io From *fdj)-, strong grade of *f(iP- see ;
make strong. — L. fortificdre.^Yu. forti-. Fathom.

195
. ;
FOUL FRAME
Foul. (E.) A.S./Z7/.+
Isl.YL.fotiL Fox. (E.) A. S. fox. Du. vos, G. +
Du. tniil, \cq\. fiill, Dun. fHill, Swed./w/, fuchs. Teut. type '^fuh-s-, masc. We also
Goth, fills, G. faul. Teut, type ^fu-loz find Icel. foa, Goth, fauho, fem. a vixen
; ;
cf. Icel. fii-inn, rotten. Akin to Putrid. Teut. type *fuhd. A connexion with Skt.
(VPU.i Brugm. i. § 113. piichchha-y tail,' is doubtful. Der. vix-en. '
foumart, a polecat. (E.î M-E./til- q. V.

marl, fulmard; comp. of M.JL. ftil, foul foxglove. E.) A. S. foxes glofa, i. e. (
(as above), and A. S. meard, a marten. fox's glove a fanciful name. Cf. Norw. ;
See Marten. revbjoUa, a foxglove lit. fox-bell.' ;

'
Found to lay the foundation of.

(i), Foy, a parting entertainment, by or to
(F. -
L.) M. E. founden. - O. F. fonder, a wayfarer. (Du. — F.) From Du. fooi
^h. fiinddre, to io\\n<\. — 'L,. fundus, a (in Hexham, y%/, 'a banquet given by one
bottom, foundation. See Fund. Der. at parting from his friends').— F./t>/, lit.
found-ation. faith, from L. ace. fidetn cf. Late L. ;
Found (2), to cast metals. (F. — L.) fides, in the sense of 'payment.' (So
O.Y. fojidre. — 'L. fiindere, to pour, cast Franck.) But rather from F. voic, a way
metals. VGHEU.) See Fuse (i). L. Mia. Cf. Voyage.
D er. found- >y F fond-erie , .
Fracas. ( F. - Ital. - L.) F. fracas, a
Founder, to go to the bottom. (F.— crash. — F. fracasser, to shatter. — Ital.
L.) M. K.foundren,said of a horse fall- fracassare, to break in pieces. — Ital. fra^
ing. — O. F. fondrer, chiefly in comp. prep., among, and cassdre, to break: (imi-
afondrer (obsolete), effondrer, to fall in tated from L. interriunpere^ Jtzl. fra is .
(still in use); orig. to sink vn.."'? fond, . from L. infrd, below. Cassare = L. quas-
bottom.- 'L.. fundus, bottom. See Found sd'e, to sliatter; see Quash..
(0. Fraction. ( F. - L. F. fraction. - L. )
Foundling, a deserted (E.)

child. ace. f?'actidneiH, a breaking. — L. fractus,
M. E. fundling; formed with suffix -l-ing f
pp. oi ranger e, to break. Cognate with
from A. S. fund-, weak grade of findan, break see Break.
;
to find. +
Da. vondeling. See Find, fracture. (F.-L.) 0.¥. fracture.
Fount ( \ a spring. (F. — L.) Formed,
I mm\j. fractHra, a breach. pp. — L. yr^tr/z/j-,
by analogy with mount, from F. font. — l^. f
oi rangere, to break.
fontem, ace. of fojis, a fountain. Der. Fractious, peevish. (E. and¥. l..) ; —
fount-ain, O. F. fontaine, Late L. fon- A prov. E. word, as if from North. JL.fratch,
tdna. to squabble, chide ; the same as M. E.
Fount (2), Font,
an assortment of f race ken, to creak as a cart. But it also
types. (F. — L.)
O. F. /^;«/^, a casting of occurs in 1705) in the sense oi refractory,
I
metals. — O.F fondre, to cast. — L. fun- being formed from f) action, in the sense
dere, to pour, cast metals. See Found (2\ of dissension,' a sense now obsolete ; see
'
Four. (E.) 'Sl.Y..feowur,fo7ver,four. N. E. D. See Fraction.

A. S. feower. +
Icel. fjorir, Dan. fire, Fragile. (F. L.) -
F. fragile. - L.
Swed. fyra, Da. vier, Goth, fidwor, G. fragilis, easily broken. — L. /roo-, base of
vicr; also W. pedwar, Gael, ceithir, O. frangere, to break. See Fraction.
Irish cethir, L. quatuor, Gk. Tirrapes, Doublet, /raz7.
T€crcrap(s, Russ. chetvero, Lith.
iriavp€s, fragment. (F.-L.) Y.fragment —
keturi, Pers. chehar, Skt. chatvdras. Idg. 'L.fragmentum, a broken piece. — L.y^rt'^-,
type, *qelwer-. J)ev.four-ih, A.^.feorpa ;
base oi franoere with suffix -juentum.
;
four-teen, A. S. feoivertene for-ty, A. S. ; Fragrant. (F.-L.) Y. fragrant.^

feozvertig. 1^. frdgrajttcm, ace. oi fragrans, pres. pt.
Fowl (E.l M. E. foul, A. S. fugol, a oifrd^rdre, to emit an odour.

bird.+Du. vogel, Icel. fugl, Dan. fngl, Frail. (F.-L.) ^l.Y. freel, frcyl-
Swed. fogel, Goth, fugls, G. vo§-el. Teut. O. Y fraile, brittle. — l.. fragilem, ace. of .
type *fugloz, masc. prob. for *flug/oz, by fragilis see Fragile,

: ;
dissimilation ; the form fiuglas, pi. occurs

to construct, (E.) M. E. fra- Frame,
in Matt. xiii. 32 (Rush worth gloss\ and
also fre7nien. A. S. framian, tomien ;
cf. the adj. Jlugol, flying. From *flug-, be profitable, avail cf. also freniien, ;
weak grade of Teut. *fieug-on-, to fly. frefuinan, to promote, effect, do, lit. to
See Fugleman and Fly. Brugm. i. § 491. further.— A.S. fram, strong, good, lit.
196
;
FRAMPOLD FRECKLE
forward; cl.fmui, prep,, from, away; ste iik, shorter ioim. frentik. — O.Y. frena-
"Ftovo.. 'ÎctX. frama, fremja, to further, tiqne.'-E. phreneticus, phremticus, mad.
from frajnr, adj., forward, frani, adv., — Gk. (ppfviTLKus, mad, suffering from
forward, allied iofrd, from. Cf. G.fro)fifn, (ppeviTis, frenzy. See Frenzy.
good. TiQv.fravie, sb. Fraternal. (F.-L. O.Y.fratemel.
Fraxnpold, quarrelsome. (Low G.) — Late L. f
dtcrndlis, the same as L.
Obsolete. K\s>ofravipald,fronipalL Allied frdterniis, brotherly. — L. rater, cognate f
to prov. E. rantipole, a romping child. Cf. with E. Brother.
E. Fries, frante-pot, wrante-pot^ a peevish fraternity. fF.-L.) O.Y. frater-
man M. Du. wranten^ to chide, Dan. nitee.—E. 2icc. frdtemitd/efii, brotherhood.
;
vrante, to be peevish, vranten, peevish. — L. frdterniis^ brotherly. — L. frdter,

Cf. also Dan. vrampet, warped; Low G. brother. Der. confraternity.
zurajiipachtigh, morose (Liibben); E. Fries. fratricide ( 1 \ murderer of a brother.
franieuy wranten, to be cross. Note also (F. — L.) O. Y. fratricide. — E.frdtricTda,
'^c. frample, to disoider, and 'E. frtifup. a brother-slayer. — L. fi'dtri-, stem of
The second element is prob. from E. poll, frdter, brother; -cida, a slayer, from
head. ccedere, to kill see Caesura. ;
Franc, a French coin. (F. — G.) M. E. fratricide (2, murder of a brother.

fratik.Ô.Y. franc; said to be short for (F.-L.) O. F. fratrecide (Uiixi). - L.
FrancoritDi Kex [on a coin of 1360). See frdtricTdiinn, the killing of a brother. — L.
Frank. frdtri-, stem of /"ra/^r, brother -cidiuni, ;
franchise. (F.-G.) ^.E. fran- a slaying, from ccedere, to kill.

chise. — O. F. franchise., privileged liberty. Fraud. (F.-L.) O.F. fraude.Ê.
— O.F. franchis', stem of pres. pt. of frandem, ace. oifrans, deceit, guile.
frafichir, to ixee. — O.Y. f?-anc, free; see Fraught, to lade a ship. (Low G. or
Frank. Der. disfranchise, enfi-anchise. Friesic. ) We now use fraught only as a
Frangible. (L. ) Late L. frangibiUs, pp. ^l.E. frahten, fragten, only in the
breakable; a coined woxd.-Ê. frangere, "1^1^. fraught. Cf. '&\yitA.frakta, to fraught or
to break. See Fraction. freight, from frakt, a cargo Dan. fragte, ;
Franion, a dissolute person. (F. — L.) from fragt, a. cargo ; E. Fries, fracht,
O. Y. fraigfiant, one who infringes (law) fragt, (i) a cargo, (2) charge for trans-
;
pres. pt. oi fraindre, to break, hence to port also Du. bevrachten, from vracht',
;
infringe. — L. frangere, to break. See G. fracht en, from fracht. See further
Fragile. under Freight.
Frank, free. (F.-Low L.-0. H. G.) Fray (i\ an affray. (F. — L.) Short
O. F. fratic. — Low L. franciis, free for affray, or effray. orig.
;
terror,' as *
orig. a Frank. — O. H. G. franko, a Frank shewn by the use oi fray in the sense of
;
perhaps named from a weapon cf. A. S. terror, Bruce, xv. 255. See Affray.
;
franca, a javelin. The Franks were a fray :», to terrify. (F.-L.) Short
Germanic people. for affray see Affray. ;
frankalmoign, the name of the Fray (3, to wear away by rubbing.

tenure by which most church-lands are (F. — L.) O. F. freier ;also froier), to
held. (F.-O. H. G. fl«r/L.-Gk.) Lit. rub (Godefroy). — L._/)7V(7;-^, to rub.
'free alms.' — P\ franc, free; Anglo-F. Freak (0- ^ whim, caprice. (E.) A
al})ioine = O. F. abnosjie, alms. See Frank quick movement from M. E. frek, quick,
;
and Almoner. vigorous. —A. S. free, bold, rash ; whence

frankincense. (F. —
G. a^td L.) frician, to move briskly. Icel. frekr, +
O. F. franc enccns, pure incense see voracious ; Swed. frdck, impudent, Dan.
;
Frank (above) and Incense. frcek, audacious; G.frech, saucy, O. H. G.

franklin, a freeholder. (F, — G.) freh, greedy Goth, faihtcfriks, covetous. ;
^L E. frankelein. — A. F. frannkelayn, Freak (2), to streak. (E.) A coined

Langtoft, ii. 212; Eovf E. francaldnus, word to streak capriciously (Milton)
;
franchildnus. — Low L. francus, free see from Freak (i).

;
Frank (above). The suffix is possibly Freckle, a small spot. (Scand.) We

from O. H. G. -line ( = E. -l-ing as in find hoWx frekell freken ox frakin.-
a.r\A
dar-ling) ;
precisely as in chamberlain. lctX.freknur, pi., freckles ^wed. frdkne,
;
Frantic. —
(F. L. -Gk.) ÊE.frene- E)d,n.fregne, a freckle. Cf. Fleck.
I
97
;
FREE FRIEND
Free. (E.) M. E./r^. A. S./r^^.+ entirely. + Goth, fra-itan, to devour
Du. vrij ; Goth, freis Teut. ; G. frei. entirely, from/r^z-, entirely, and itan, to
type ^fnj'oz allied to '?ik.t. priya- beloved,
; , eat; Du. vreten, Qs.jressen { = ver-esseji).
agreeable; also to E. Friend. Orig. sense See For- (2) and Eat.
' dear, beloved ' hence applied to those
; Fret (2), to ornament, variegate.
of the household who were children, not (F. — L.;
atid E.) M. E. fretten, to adorn
slaves cf. L. liberi, free, also ' children.'
; with interlaced work. — O. F. freter, to
Der. f7'eedom, A.S. freodom ;
free-stone, strengthen (as with iron), also to adorn;
transl. of F. pierre fra7iche. also spelt ferter.'-'O.Y frete, a ferrule
.
Pree-booter, a rover, pirate. (Du.) (Cot.), also Q.fret (in heraldry) see Fret ;
Borrowed from Du. vHjbuiter, a free- (3)- %

Not influenced by M. Y.fretien,
booter, robber. — Du. vrijbuiten, to rob; A. S. frcBtwan, to adorn from frcetwe,
;
vrijbuit, plunder, lit. free booty.' Du. ornament.

'
vrij =^Y..free. And see Booty, p. 56. Fret (3), a kind of grating. (F. — L.)
Freeze. (E.) M. E. fresen. A. S. Common in heraldry. — O. F. frete, a
'
freosan pp.
;
/r<?r^;2.+Icel. frjosa, Swed. ferrule ; frettes, pi., an iron grating (Diez) ;
frysa, Dan. fryse, Du. vriezen, O.frieren. fretter, to hoop ; frettd, fretty (in heraldry).
Teut. type "^freusan-. L. pnlrlre, to itch, [Cf. Span, fretes, frets (in heraldry) allied ;
originally to burn (cf. pruma, hoarfrost), to ItaL ferriata, an iron grating.] — F.y^r,
^Vt.plosha-, a burning. Brugm. i. § 562 ; iron. '^'L. ferrtim, iron.
ii. § 657. (VPREU.) fret (4), a stop on a musical instru-
Freight, a cargo. (F.-O.H.G.) M.E. ment. (F. L.) Frets are bars across the —
freyte ;later freyght an altered spelling neck of the instrument ; probably the same
;
of F. fret, the freight of a ship, the gh word Oisfret (3). See N. E. D.

being inserted by (a true) connexion with Friable, easily crumbled. (F. L.) —
fraught, q. v, — F. fret^ * the fraught or M. ¥. friable. L. fridbilis. — L. fridre^ to —
freight of a ship, also, the hire that's paid rub, crumble.
for a ship;* Cot. — O. H. G.frekt, 'earn- Friar. (F.-L.) M.E. frere.-O.Y.
ings,' hire. This O. H. G.freht is thought frere, frsire^ lit. a brother. — L. frdtrem,
to be the same as G.frackt^ a cargo; and ace. <Afrdter^ a brother. See Brother.
freht has been supposed to represent a Fribble, to trifle. (W. Flem.-Du.)
Teut. type yra-aihtiz; iromfra-, prefix From W. Yltm.fribbclen, wribbelen, to rub
(see Fret), and âihtizy-A.S. aht, ac- (as a thread) between finger and thumb. —
quisition (from dgan^ to own). See Own. Du. wrijven, to rub, rub away.
Frenzy. (F. — L.— Gk.) yi.Y..frenesye. Fricassee, a dish of fowls cut up.
— O. F. fretzisie.'-la. phrenesis. —
Late (F.) ¥. fricassee, a fricassee; fem. ofpp.
Gk.</)/)ei'77crt?,for Gk. (ppeviris, inflammation oifricasser, to fricassee, also, to squander
of the brain. — Gk. (ppev-, base of (pprjv, money. fricassee is made of chickens, A
midriff, heart, senses. See Frantic. &c. cut up into small pieces. Of unknown
—
Frequent. (,F. L.) yi.Y. frequent. origin. Some have suggested L. frtgere,
— 'L.frequentem, ace. oifreqitcns, crowded, to roast, or Y.. fricdre, to rub (Korting).
frequent; pres. part, of alostvei-b ^rcquere, Friction. (F. - L.) Y-friciioji.-- L.
to cram, allied to farclre, to cram see ace. frictionem, a rubbing. — L. frictus,
;
Farce, iirugm. ii. § 713. contr. pp. of fricdre, to rub ; allied to

Fresco. (Ital.-O. H. G.) A
painting fj'idre, to rub see Friable. ;
oxi fresh plaster. — Ital. /;-<?.5-(r^, cool, fresh. Friday. (E.) A.S. frlge-dag, trans-
— O. H. G. frisc {G.frisch). See below. lating L. dies Veneris where frige is gen. ;
fresh. "(E. ajidY.-Tewt.)

; M.E. of Frig, the wife of Woden. Teut. type
fresh s.\'s>o fers?i, representing A. S.fersc. frij'd, fem. of frijoz, dear, beloved, also
;
The form fresh is from O. F. fres, freis 'free Skt. priyd, wife, loved one.
'
; See
{itm. fresche) cf. mod. F.f'azs, fresh.—
: Free, Friend.
O. H. G. fn'sc (G. frtsch), fresh. Teut. Friend. (E.) M.E. frend. A.S.
type friskoz. Allied to Lith. freskas, freond, orig. ' loving,' pres. pt. oifreogan,
sweet, unsoured, i. e. unleavened (applied to love.+Icel./r^^/^z, Dan. /r^«r/(?, Swed.
to bread) Russ. priesnuii, fresh.
;
frdnde, only in the sense of kinsman ' '
Fret (i), to eat away. (E.) A.S. also Du. vriend, Gfreund; Goth.fHJonds,
fretan, for Teut. *fra-etan, to devour a friend, pres. pt. of frijon, to love. Cf.
98
-
FRIEZE FRIZ
Skt. pri, to love. Allied to by a fripier. - M. F.
Free. (F. - L.) Stuff sold
I
Brugm. i. § 567. Der. friendships A
'a fripier, or broker, trimmer up
S. fripicr,
freond-scipe. of old garments, and a seller of them so
Frieze (i), a coarse woollen cloth. (F. mended ' Cot. — O. F. frepe (also ferpe, ;
— Du.?) M. F. frize, frise, frise Cot. felpe), frayed out fringe, old clothes.
' ;
'
Perhaps due to drap de frise, i. e. cloth of Prob. from L,.fibra, fibre (Korting).
Friesland with which Cotj^rave identifies
; Frisk, to skip about. (F.-Teut.)
it. — Du. Vrieslaiid, Friesland, Fries, a From frisk, brisk. — M. ¥.frisque,
the z.d].
Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So '

Cot. O. V.frique.
friske, blithe, briske;' ;
also cheval de Frise, a horse of Friesland ;

"O.H. G. frise, G. frise h, fresh, brisk,
whence chevaiix de Frise, spikes to resist lively see Fresh.
; Cf Norm. dial, fris-
cavalry, a jesting term. Hence O. F. % quet, frisky.
friser, to cover with a nap, to curl hair, Frith (1), an enclosure, forest, wood.
to frizz. See Korting. (E.) Obsolescent ; M. ¥. frith, peace, also
Frieze (2), part of the entablature of a enclosure, park. Cf \N .ffridd, park, forest,
column. (F.) M.¥. frize, ' the broad and which is borrowed from M. E. — A. S.frid,
flat band that's next below the cornish peace ;
peace, security, asylum.
fridti,
;'
[cornice^, or between it and the architrave Cf, Icel. fridr, Dan. Swed. fred, Du.
Cot. Span, friso, a frieze ; allied to Ital. vrede, G. friede^ peace. Teut. type
fregio, a fringe, lace, border, ornament. *frithuz from *fri-, base of *jri-joz, free.
;
The Ital. fregio represents L. Phrygium See Free. %

The M. E. frith is also
{opus), Phrygian work. '
wooded country.' Îhis is prob. a different
Frigate. (F.-Ital.) M.Y. fregate, word A. S. gefyrhde (Birch, iii. 120).
;
'
a frigate ; Cot. 'Îtal. freâ/a, a frigate.
' Frith (2), Firth, an estuary. (Scand.)
Origin uncertain. M. E. frth.^lcQ\. fjorQr, a firth, bay;
Fright. (E.) M.E.fyg/t^. O. North- V)zx\. fiord, ^wQ^.fjara, the same. Allied
umb. fryhto, A. S. fyrhto, fyrhtu, fright, to Ford. Brugm. ii. 108.
allied to/^r/^/, timid. +O.Sax./o;'/^/fl!, Dan. Fritillary, a plant. (L.) So named
frygt, Swed. fruktan, G. ftircht, Goth. because the chequered markings on the
faurhtei, fright allied to O. Sax. forht,
; corolla were in some way associated with
O. H. G.foracht, Goth, faiirhis, fearful. difritillus. — \a. fritillus , a dice-box.
Frigid. (L.) L./r/:^zV/z^j-. cold, adj. Fritter (i\ a kind of pancake. (F.—
'L.frigere, to be cold. ^\j frigus, cold, sb. L.) M. E. frytowre, fritotire. [Cf. F.
4-Gk. pl'ios, cold. Brugm. i. § 875. friteau, *a fritter,' Cot.^ — 0. Y.friture,
Frill, a ruffle on a skirt. (Low G.) a frying, dish of fried fish. — O. F. frit,
\_Frill, vb., was a term in hawking a hawk ; (ned. —h.fricttts, pp. oifrlgere, to fry.
that shivered, from feeling chilly, was said Fritter (2), afragment; Shak. (F. — L.)
to frill. "O.Y. friller, to shiver with 0.¥. freture.'^\j. fractilra, a fracture.
cold. Hence some have deduced the See Fracture.
fritter away, to diminish, waste.
sense of a hawk ruffling his feathers but ;
for this there is no authority.] The sb.-L.) A derivative {rova. fritter {2), (F.
answers to W. Flem. frtd, frulle, a a fragment whence fritter, vb., to cut ;
wrinkled plait De Bo cites frullen as up into fragments. See above.

;
being round the bottom of a dress. Cf. Frivolous, trifling. (L.) From L.
also Swed. dial. />(?'//, a wrinkled or curled friuol-us, silly with suffix -ous. The orig. ;
strip, as on a woman's cap, whence fryllig, sense seems to have been rubbed away ; '
'
wrinkled. De Bo also gives W. Flem. hence friuola meant broken potsherds,

frullen, vb., to hang in pleats; hullen eti &:c. — L. fridre, fricd7-e, to rub see ;
frullen, ribbons and trimmings. Hence Friable.

perhaps a verbal form *fryllan. Friz, Frizz, to curl, render rough.
Fringe, a border of loose threads. (F. (F. — Du. ?) M. F.frizer, to frizle, crispe, '
- L.) M. E. fringe. - O. F. fretige (Pals- curie Cot. [Cf. Span, frisar, to frizzle, ; '
grave), oldest form of F. range, fringe f

raise the nap on frieze, homfrisa, frieze.]
;
the Wallachian form is fritnbie, for *fim- Similarly the F. friser is {Tom frise, frize,
brie (by metathesis).— H. frnbria, fringe frieze see Frieze (i\ Dev.frizz-le, fre-
; ;
allied to fbra, a fibre see Fibre. ; quent, form, in commoner use cf. O. Fries. ;
Frippery, worn-out clothes, trash. frisk, fresle, a lock of hair.

I
99
. ;
.;
FRO FRUMP
Fro. (Scand.) The Scand. form of
frost. (E.) M. E. frost, forst A. S. ;
fi-07u — IcgX. See forst (for frost).-\'V)rx. vorst, Icel, Dan.

fro, Dan, fj'a, from.
From. Swed. Q. frost. Teut. types *frustoz, m.
Frock. (F.-LovvL.) M. E. /r^/^.- frzistom, n. From frus-, weak grade of
O. Y.froc Low 'L./rocctis, a monk's frock, *fracsa?t-, to freeze. See Freeze.
;
also spelt Jlocais (Ducange). Prob. so Froth. (Scand.) lA.Y. frothe. — \ce\.
called because woollen see Flock (2). f-oda, fraud 'Da.n.fraade [Swed. fradga'],
; ,
Cf. Port, froco, a snow-flake, from L. froth, foam on liquids. From the Teut.
Jlocais. ^
So Diez but Brachet derives verb *freuthan-, to froth up as in A. S.
; ;
it from O. H. G. Ju-och (G. rocU), a coat, dfi'eoSan.

in which the initial h is unoriginal. Frounce, to wrinkle, curl, plait.
Frog (i), an animal. (E.) Nl.'E.fro^ge. (F. — L.) The older form oi flounce; see
A. S. frogga, frocga. Also A. .S. fi'ox, Flounce (2).
a frog. 4" It;t;l- froskr, Du. vorscli, G. Froward, perverse. (Scand. and E.)
frosch. M. E. froward, commonly fraward
Frog a substance in a horse's foot. (Northern).
(2), From Icel. frd, fro and ;
(L. ?) It is shaped like a fork perhaps ward. Cf. K.S. fromwea)'d, only in the
;
a corruption oi fork, q. v. the F. name is sense; about to depart but we still

'
' ;
fourchette. In any case, it has been con- keep the orig. sense of from-ward, 1. e.
formed to Frog (i\ averse, perverse. (Cf. wayward, i. e.
Frolic, adj sportive. (Du.) XVI cent. away-ward.) And see Toward.
,
Orig. an adj. — Du. vrolijk, frolic, merry. Frown. (F. — Teut.) 'Î.Y.froiinen.—
Ô.frdhlich, merry. Formed with suffix O. F. frongnier, whence Y refrogner, .
-lijk (= E. like, -ly) from the O. Sax. to frown, look sullen. Cf, Ital. in-
J7-o- (as in fro-liko, adv.), O. Fries, fro frigno, frowning, Ital. dial. (Lombardic)
( = G. froh), merry. Der. frolic, sb. and frignai-e, to whimper, make a wry face.
verb. Of Teut. origin. From Teut. ^frtotjan-^
From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. from, as in Swed. dial, fryna, Norw. froyna, to
fravi. +
Icel. f-d, from O. H. G. fram, make a wry face.
; (Korting, § 3324.)
forth Goth, fram, from.
; Cf. also Icel. Fructify. (F.-L.) Y.frnctifer.'-Y..
fram, adv. forward (Swed. fram, Dan. frUctificdre, to make fruitful. —L. /r/?^/?-,
fre/n) Goih.. framis , adv., further. Allied for friictus, fruit ; ficdre^ for facere, to
;
to Frame. make. See fruit.

Frond, a branch. (L.) 1.. frond-, stem frugal, thrifty. (F.-L.) Y frugal.
.
o{ frons, a. leafy branch. — Y.. fruga lis, economical; lit. belonging

Front. (F.-L.) M.E. fronf, fore- to fruits. — L. friig-i, frugal ; orig. dat. of
head.— O.F. front, forehead, brow. — L. frux (pi. fruges), fruit of the earth.
frontem, ace. oifrons, forehead, brow. Allied to fruit.
frontal, a band worn on the forehead. fruit. (F. - L.) M.E. fruit. - O F .
(F. — L.) O. F. frojiteL — L. frontdle, an fruit. — Y. frilctum, ace. oi friictus, fruit.

ornament for a horse's forehead. — \^. front-, — L. friictus, pp. of frui, to enjoy
stem oifrons, forehead, allied to Brook (i). (VBHREUG.)
frontier. (F. — L.) O.Y frontiere, Brugm. i. § III § 532.
. ; ii.
fern.— Late Y,.fronteria,frontdria, border- fruition. (F. - L.) O.F. fruition,

land. — L front-, stem of frons, front enjoyment. — Late L. fruitiotiem, ace. of
(hence, border"). fruitio, enjoyvaent. —
Y. fruit-US, the same
frontispiece. (F.-L.) Y or frontis- sisfructus, pp. oifrui, to enjoy.
pice ; piece. — F.
through the influence of frumenty, furmety, wheat boiled
frontispice, the frontispiece or fore-front
'
in milk. (F, — L.) O.Y. fromentee, f .
;
of a house ; ' Cot. — Late Y.. frontispicitan, 'furmenty, sodden wheat;' Cot. Lit.
a front view. "l^. fro7iti-, decl. stem of made with wheat the suffix -ee = L. -dtUf
;
frons specere, to see ; see Species.

; made with. — O. Y foment wheat. — Late
. ,
frontlet. (F. - L.) O. F. frontel-et, Y. friifjietitum Y.frHmentum, corn; allied

;
dimin. of O. F. frontel; see frontal to Y.frilges, fruit.

(above). Frump, an ill-tempered person, (E.)
Frore, frozen. (E.) A. S. froren, pp. Of doubtful origin but cf. fra?npold.
; A
oifreosan, to freeze. See Freeze. frump formerly meant a 'sneer,' or
; ;
FRUSTRATE FUN
expression of contempt. Cf. Low. Sc, sus, sooty. '•L,. f
7 iFgin-, stem oi ffiligo,
frample, to disorder /rumple, to crease ; ;

soot. Cf. Skt. dhii-li-, dust. Allied to
Jrjimp, an unseemly fold Dan. vrampct, : Fume. Brugm. § 481. i.
warped. Full (I), complete. (E.) A. S. /«/.+

Frustrate, to render vain. (L.) From Du. vol, IctX.fullr, T)2ix\.fuld {iox full),
pp. L. frustrdrt, to render vain.— Swed. full, Goth, ftdls, G. voll.
of Teut.
L.fruslrd, in vain orig. abl. fem. of obso- type *fulloz Idg. type *p9bios.
; Cf. Lith. ;
lete î\]. frusiros [ = */rtld-^ros), deceittul. pilnas, full, filled Russ. polnuii, full ;
Allied to Fraud. O. Irish Idn (<*pldn), full; W, llawn ',
Frustum, a piece of a cone or cylinder. Skt. puma- Pers. ///r; cf. Gk. -nXrip-qs, L. ,
(L.) Y,. frustiun a piece cut off. , Cf, Gk. plenus. Idg. root */?/, *ple,\.o fill. Brugm.
$pav(r/j.a, a fragment, from 6pav€iv, to break i- §§ .^93> 461. TieT.Jill, fulfil, fulsojne.
in pieces. Prellwitz Brugm. i. § 853. ; Pull (2), to full cloth, felt. (F.-L.)
Pry (i^, to dress food. (F.-L.) M. E. O. F. fuler, ¥. fouler, to full, or thicken '
frien. — O. F. frire. — L. frlgere, to roast. cloath in a mill;' Cot. Also *to trample
Cf Gk. (ppvyeiv, to parch; Skt. bhrajj, to on.' — Late L. fulldre, (1) to cleanse
fry. clothes, (2) to iv\\. — \..fullo, a fuller.
Pry (2), spawn (F. L.) of fishes. — fuller, ableacher of cloth. (L.)
A. F. fry ; M. E. fri, also used in the A. S. fullere, a bleacher. — L. fullo, a
sense of 'offspring.' — O. P\ *fri, variant fuller, bleacher. (See above.)
oi froi (F. fray), spawn ; see Supp. to Fulminate, to thunder, hurl lightning.
Godefroy ; cf. O. ¥. frier, froier, to spawn. (L.) Fiom pp. of ¥,. fuli7iindre, to thun-
^l^.fricdre, to rub. der. — L. /^//wzVz-, iox fulmen, a thunder-
Fuchsia, a flower. (G.) Named after bolt { = *fulg-men).'^'L.f2tlgere, to shine.
L. Fuchs, German botanist, ab. 1542. Fulsome, cloying. (E.) M. Y.fulsum,
Pudge. (F.) Picard fttche ! feuche ! from M. with suffix -su7n ( = E.
Y..ful, full ;
an interjection of contempt (Corblet). -some as in witisome). See Full (i).

Fuel. (F.-L.) M.E.>a;^// (Barbour). Fulvous, Fulvid, tawny. L.) From (
A. ¥. fewaile, O. F. fotiaille (Low L. \u. ftiluus, tawny Late L,.fuluidus, some-

;
foallia), fuel. — Late L. focdlia, pi. of what tawny. Cf. Yellow ; Brugm. i.
focdle, fuel. — L. focus, a hearth. See § 363-
Focus. Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI
Fugitive. (F.-L.) O.Y.fugitf^ cent. — Du. fommelen, to fumble. 4- Swed.
L. fugitiuus, fleeing away. — L. fugit-ufn, fumla (also fainla) Dan. famle. Ap- ;
supine oi ftigere, to flee. Gk. (pevyeiv, + parently jnl is for Im cf, Icel. fdlma, to ;
to flee; Skt. dAzij, to bend, turn aside. grope about, from the sb. appearing as
Allied to (i). Bow
Der. centrifugal, A. S. fohn, the palm of the hand, allied
q. v. ; febrifuge, feverfew. to L, palma see Palm.
;
Fugleman, the leader of a file, (G.) Fume. (F, - L.) O. F. fum. - L.

YoT fugleman. — G.fugelmann, the leader fiimiim, ace. of fUmus, smoke. -4- Skt.
of a wing or file of men. — G.fiiigel, a wing, dhilma-, smoke; Gk. Ovôs, spirit, anger.
iVom flug, flight, from fliegen, to fly (VDHEU.) Allied to Fuliginous.
inann, a man. See Fly. fumigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Fugue, a musical composition. (F. — fumigdre, to fumigate. — L. film-, for
Ital. — L.) Y .fugtie. — \\.2\.fuga, a fugue, fumus, vapour; -igdre, for agere, to drive
lit. a flight. -L. fuga, flight. See Fugi- about.
tive. fumitory, a plant. (F. L.) Formerly —
Fulcrum., a point of support. (L.) fufniter. — F. fumeterre, fumitory (for
l^.fttlcriim, a support. — 'L.foilcTre, to prop. fujue de terre). — Late L. fiimus terr(2,
Fulfil. (E.) M. E. fu Iflien. A. S. smoke of the earth so named from its ;
fulfyllan, to fill full, fulfil. - A. S. >/, abundance (and perhaps its curly appear-
full fyllan, to fill.
; See Full, Fill. ance). Cf. G. erdrauch, fumitory, lit.
Fulgent, shining. (L.) From stem of earth-smoke W. cwd y mwg, lit. bag
'
'
;
'
pres. pt. of L, fulgere, to shine. Gk. of smoke.' +

<p\iyiiv, to burn Skt. bhrdj, to shine.
; Fun, merriment. (E.) XVIII cent. It
Der. ef-fulgent {ef- = l^. ex) refulgent. orig. meant
; a trick from an obs, vb. '
'
;
Fuliginous, sooty. (L.) 'L.filligind- fun, to cheat, hoax prob. from M. E. ;

;
FUNAMBULIST FURTHEST
fon, fonne^ a foolish person. See Fond. in a bundle. From fardel, a bundle see ;
Cf. Irish yip««, delight, pleasure, song; FardeL Cf. F. fardeler, *to truss, to
Q^^. fomi prob. borrowed from E.
;
make into fardles;' Cot. \Y ferler, to .
Funambulist, a rope-dancer. (Span. furl, is from E.]

— L.) Formerly ftmambulo. — Span, ftm- Furlong, ith of a mile. (E.) A. S.
ambido, a funambulist. — h. fun-is, a rope furlang, orig. a furrow-long, or the length
ambul-dre, to walk see Amble.; of a furrow. — A. S. furh, a furrow ; lang,
Function, performance, office. (F.— long.
L.) M. V —
function (Y.fonciion). L. ace.
. Furlough, leave of absence. (Du.—
functionem, performance. — L./««c/z<i-, pp. Scand.) Orig. vorloffe. — Du. verlof,
oi fungi, to perform, orig. to use. +
Skt. leave, furlough the same as Dan. forlov,
;
bhuhj, to enjoy. Brugm. ii. § 628. Swed. forlof leave. Cf. G. urlaub, fur-
Fund, a store. (F.-L.) Vl.Y. fond, lough Dan. orlov. p. As to the prefix,
;
'
a bottom, a merchant's stock ;' Cot. — Du. ver-, Dan. for-, Swed. fd7'-, are the
L. fundus, bottom ; cognate with E. same as Y..for- whilst Dan. or-, G. tir- —
;
Bottom. Goth, us, out. The syllable lof leave, is

fundament, base. (F.-L.) M. E. shortened from -Idf-, the equivalent of G.
fundement.'Ô. ¥.fondement, foundation. -laub', as seen in G. er-laub-en, to permit,
— lu.funddmentum, foundation. — 'L. fund- and in A. S. leaf, permission. See Leave
are see Found (i).
; (2); also Believe, Lief.
Funeral, relating to a burial. (F. - L.) Furmety ; see Frumenty.
O. F. funeral. — Late L. fUnerdlis, adj., Furnace, an oven. (F.— L.) M. E.
from Y^.fliner- (for 'filnes-), stem oifUnus, forneis. — O. F. fornaise. — L. forndcem,
2l burial. Dev-funere-al, {xoxaYu.funere'Us, ace. of fornax, an oven. — L. fornus, an
funereal. oven allied to formus, warm. Cf. Skt.
;
Fungus, a spongy plant. (L.) L. gkarma-, warmth, glow. See "Warm.

fungus. +
Gk. a-iToyyos, a sponge ;see Brugm. i. § 146.
Sponge. Furnish, to fit up, equip. (F. - O.H.G.)
Funnel. (Prov.-L.) M. E. fonel. O.¥ fourniss-, inceptive stem oi fournir,
.
Due to the Bourdeaux wine-trade. — Prov. to furnish, of which an older spelling is

founil, enfounilh. — Late L. fundibulum fornir, the same word as Prov. formir,
(Lewis and Short) ; L. infundibuhim a fromir. — O. H. G. f'umfati, to provide,
,
funnel. — L. infuitdere, to pour in. — L. itt, furnish; cf O. H. G.fruma, utility, profit,

in fundere, to pour.
;
Hence also Span. gain G.fromm, good. Allied to Former,
;
fonilf Foii.funil, and even BtqI. founil. Frame. And see Veneer.
Fur. (F.-O. LowG.) M. E./?rr^.- Furrow. (E.) M. E. fo^-we. A. S.
O. F. forre,fuerre, a sheath, case, whence furh, a furrow.+Du. voor, Icel. for, Dan.
the vb. fo?'rer, to line with fur Chaucer fu7-e, Swed. fare, G. furche, a furrow.
;
translates forree by furred,' R. R. 408.

'
Teut. type *furh-, f. Cf. W. rhych, a
[Cf. Span, forro, lining for clothes, Ital. furrow ; L. porca, a ridge between two
fodero, lining, fur, scabbard.] — Goth. _/i7f/;', furrows. "Dev. fur-long.
scabbard, orig. 'protection;' Icel. fodr, Further. (E.) Probably the comp.
lining ;allied to G. fitter, a case, lining, of fore, but also explained as comp. of
fur.-f Skt. /<7/m(w), a receptacle; cf. Gk. forth. M. E. furder. A. S. furdra, adj.
TTtti/xa, a cover. Brugm. i. § 174. m. furdor, further, adv.+Du. vorders,
;
Furbelow, a flounce. (F.) Prov. F. adv., further O. Fries, fordera, adj.; ;
farbala, a flounce, in the dialect of O. Sax. forthora, adj. O. H. G. fordar,

;
Hainault (Diez) ;the usual form is F. G, vorder, adj. Teut. type *furthero- (i. e.
Span. Ital. Vovi. falbala, a flounce. Origin *fur-ther-o-^ answering to Gk. irpo-rep-os,
unknown. comp. of TT/jo. 9\ In this view the comp.
Furbish, to polish, trim. (F.-O.H.G.) suffix is -tker (Gk. -rep-). Der. further,
O. F. forbiss-, inceptive stem of forbir, vb., A. S. fyrdran, formed from fiirdor
to furbish, polish. — O. H. G. ''^furhjan, by vowel-change of u to y.
M. H. G. fUrban, to purify, clean, rub furthest, a late form, made as the
bright. superl. of forth, and due to regarding
Furl, to roll up a sail. (F. — Arab.) further as the comp. of the same. The
Formerly spelt furdle, farthel, to roll up true superl. oi fore i% first.
— ;'
FURTIVE GABARDINE
Furtive. (F.-L.) M. Y.furtif, fern. fust, a cask; orig. a stock, trunk, log.
furtive. furtiuus, stolen, secret. — L. L.fustem, ace. oi fust is, a cudgel.
— !-,
furtufti, theft. — L. filrdri, to steal. — L. fust (2), the shaft of a column. (F.—
filr, a thief. +Gk. ^wp, a thief, allied to L.) In Kersey (i7i5).-0. F. fust, a
<pkpii.v^ to bear, carry (away). (y'BHER.) Xrwnk. — lj. fustem. ace. oifustis, a cudgel,
Brngm. ii. § 160 (3). thick stick.
Pury. (F. — L.) Y. furie. — 'L. ftnia^ Fustian, a kind of coarse cloth. (F. —
ro.ge.''lj.furere, to rage. llal. —Low L. —Egypt.) M. E. fustane ;
Furze. (E.) M.E./;-j^. k.S.fyrs; also fustian A. F. fustiaiie, fustain ; ;
older iormfyt-es. O. F. fustaiiie. — Ital. fusiagno Low L. ;
Fuscous, brown. (L.) L. fusc-tis, fustdneum. — Arab, fustdt, a suburb of

brown with suffix -otts.
; Cairo, in Eg^'pt, whence the stuff first
Fuse (i); to melt by heat. (L.) A late came. ^
Introduced through Genoese
word. Due to fus-ible (in Chaucer), commerce.
fus-ion, in Sir T. Browne. — L. fnsiis, pp. Fustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From
oifundere, to pour, melt. Allied to Gk. pp. of L. fustigdre, to cudgel. — L. fust-,
Xeeti' (for *xf/^-^"')> Goth, giutan, to pour. stem oifustis, a cudgel ; -igdre, for agere,
(VGHEU.) Der. ftis-ibie (from O. F. to drive, wield.
fusible) fus-ion.;
See Gush. Fusty; see Fust (1).
Fuse (2) see Fusee (i).
; Futile, vain. (F.-L.) Y. futile. -I.,
Fusee (i) Fuse. (F.-L.; <?rital.- fntilis, futtilis, that which easily pours
L.) '
Fuse, fusee, a pipe filled with wild- forth, also vain, empty, futile. From L.
fire, and put into the touch-hole of a y??-, allied Xo fundere, to pour; cf. Gk.
bomb;' Kersey (1715). i. T^r/J-^? is from Xe'fJi'. See Fuse (i).
Ital.y>/J^, a spindle, a shaft (of a column) Futtocks, certain timbers in a ship.
;
also, a fuse. — l^.fiisus, a spindle. 2. Fusee (E.) Futtocks, the compassing timbers
'
;
is from F. fusê, a fusee, i. e. a spindle- in a ship, that make the breadth of it
shaped pipe see below. ; Kersey (1715). Called foot-stocks in
^see (2), a spindle in a watch. (F.— Florio, s. V. staviine. The first syllable
L.) O. F. fusee, orig. a spindleful of is for foot futtocks is thought to be for
;
thread. — Late L. flsdta, the same fem. ;foot-hooks, and was so explained in 1644 ;
of pp. of ftisdre, to use a spindle. — L. hook referring to the bent shape of the
fiisus, a spindle. timbers. Bailey gives the iorxn. foot-hooks.
Fusil (i), a light musket. (F.-L.) Future, about to be. (F.-L.) O. F.
Orig. not the musket itself, but the steel futur, i&nx. future. — \.. futurus, about to
against which the flint struck. From F. be fut. part, from fu-i, I was allied to
; ;
fusil, * a fire-steele for a tinder-box; Cot. Be.

' (VBHEU.)
Also in mod. F., a fusil. [Cf. Span, fusil, Fuzzball, a spongy fungus. (E.) Cf.
a fusil.] — L.yâV^, a steel for kindling fire. prov. E. fuzzy, fozy, light and spongy
^L.. focus, a hearth; see Focus. Der. Low G. fussig, loose, weak Du. voos,
;
fusil-ee?', pisillade. spongy.

Fusil ,2\ a spindle, in heraldry. (L.) Fylfot, a peculiarly formed cross. (E.)
A. F. fusel (see O. F. fuisel in Godefroy). Modern; and due to a mistake. MS.Lansd.
Dimin. oil., fiisus, a spindle. 874, leaf 190, hiSLS fylfot, meaning a space
Fusil (3), easily molten. (L.) 'L.filsilis, in a painted window at the bottom, that
easily molten. — L. //7j«j-, pp. oi fundere, flls the foot. Erroneously connected with
to pour. See Fuse (i). the * gammadioa.'
Fuss, haste, flurry. (E.) Probably of
imitative origin, descriptive of spluttering
and puffing. Cf. fuff, i. e. to puff, and G.
hiss. ^cannot be connected with
It
M. E. /wj, adj., eager; K.S. ftis, eager, Gabardine, Gaberdine. (Span.-
prompt. Teut.) Span, gabardina, a coarse frock.
Fust (i), to become mouldy. (F. — L.) We also find M. E. gawbardyne which is
;
In Hamlet, Coined from fusty

iv. 4. 39. from O. F. galvardine, gualvardine, a
(a. D. 1398), answering to 0.¥. fusti. loose frock. Perhaps a ' pilgrim's frock ;
'
* fusty, tasting of the cask,' Cot. — O. F. from M.H.G. waifart (G. wallfahrt),
203
+
—
; ;
GABBLE GALAXY
pilgrimage. — M. H. G. wa//en, to wander (
I)
;
a pledge. (F. - Teut.)
Gage , E. M .
farf, travel, {lom/aran, to go (E./are). gage. — F.gage, a pledge (Low L. uaditini).

Gabble, to prattle. (E.) Frequent, of — Teut. *wadjom, n., a pledge; as in Goth.
gad, to prattle. Of imitative origin ; cf. 7vadi, A. S. wed, a pledge. See "Wed ;
jabber. %The M. E.gabben, to mock, is and see "Wage. From the same source
from O. F. gabcr, to mock, which is also are Ital. gaggio, Span, and Port, gage,
perhaps of imitative origin, or is allied to a pledge.
gape. Gage
(2), to gauge see Gauge. ;
Gabion. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. gabion, Gaggle, to cackle as geese. (E.) A

a gabion, large basket iiUed with earth. — frequent, form from the imitative base .îrz^.
Ital. gabbioiie, a gabion; augment, of Cf. cackle, gabble; also Icel. gagl, a wild
gabbia, a cage, also sY>^\t gaggia and allied goose ; gagg, the cry of a fox
, Lith. ;
to Span, gavia, a cage (for madmen). gag'eti, to gaggle.

— L. cauea, a hollow place, cage, den, Gaiety. (F.-Teut.) F. gaiete.^Y.
coop see Cage.
; gai, gay. See Gay.
Gable, a peak of a house-top. (F. Gain (i), profit. (F.-Teut.) O.F.
Scand.) M. E. gable. -O. ¥. gable. ~lct\. gain, ¥. gagne, from the verb below. [It
gajl, Dan. gavl, Swed, gafvel, a gable. partly displaced the M. E. gain, advantage,
A. S. geafel, a fork Du, gaffel, a fork
; which was of Scand. origin from Icel. ;
G. gabel, a fork. Further allied to O. Irish gngti, gain, advantage Swed.â^w, profit, ;
gabul, a fork, gallows W. gajl, the fork Dan. gavn.'\

;
of the thighs. With a different gradation, gain (3), to win. (F. — Teut.) 'Yea,
we find Goth, gibla, pinnacle, G. giebel, though he gaine and cram his purse with
Du. gevel, gable O. H. G. gebal, head, crunes
; and again, To get a gauie by
;
'
*
Gk. «€âAT7, head (root- form *ghebh-). See any trade or kinde Gascoigne, Fruits ;
'
Gaff. of War, St. 69 and st. 66. — O. F. gaigner,

Gaby, a simpleton. (Scand.) M. Dan. F. gagner, to gain. This F. gagfier, O. F.
gabe, a fool Dan, dial, gahenar, a sim- gaagnier (Ital. guadagnare), is from
;
pleton, allied to Dan. gabe, to gape (Dan. O. H. G. weidenon weidenen, to pas- >
nar means fool ').
'
Cf. Icel. gapi, a ture, which was the orig. sense of the F.
heedless man ; gapamuQr (lit. gape- word; from O. H. G. weida (G. weide),
mouthed), the same Icel. gapa, to gape ; pasture-ground. Cognate with G. weide are
;
Norw. gapa, stupid. A. S. ivaQ, Icel. veihr, hunting, the chase.

Gad (ij, a wedge of steel, goad. (Scand.) Cf. L. ue-ndri, to hunt. Der. regain.
M. E. gad, a goad. — Icel. gaddr, a goad, Gainly ; see Ungainly.
spike, sting; cognate with Goth, gazds, Gainsay, to speak against. (Scand. anti
a rod, Irish gath, L. hasta, a spear. E.) The prefix is Icel. ^(?^«, against; cf.
gad (2), to ramble idly. (Scand.) In A. S. gegn, gean see Against. ;
Levins. The orig. sense was to run about. Gait, manner of walking. (Scand.) A
— Icel. gadda, to goad. — Icel. gaddr particular use of M. E. gate, a way ; see
(above). Cf. on the gad, on the move. Gate (2). See also Gantlet (2).
Gaff, a light fishing-spear, a sort of Gaiter, a covering for the ankle. (F.-
boom. (F. — Teut.) A
ship's ^«îs named Teut.) F. giietre, {oxTnerly guestre (Cot.).
from \^ forked end against the mast the The spelling w.th gn shews the word to
;
fishing-spear is hooked. — O. F. gaffe, a be Teutonic (^z/<G. 7a). Origin doubt-

gaff, iron hook. — Low G. gaffel, a two- ful; possibly allied to M. H. G. %vester,
pronged hay-fork E. Fries, gaffel, a fork, a child's chrisom-cloth, lit. a covering
;
a ship's gaff; Du. gaffel, a pitchfork, Goth, wasti, clothing see Vest. ;
ship's gaff. Allied to G. gabel, a fork. See Gala. (F.-Ital.-M.H. G.) F. gala,
Gable. borrowed from Ital. gala, festive attire ;
Gaffer, an old man, grandfather. (F. — whence di gala, merrily cf. galante, gay, ;
L. atid E.)
;
From gj-anifer, West E. lively. See Gallant.
form oi grand-father. See Gammer. Galaxy, the milky way. (F.— L. Gk.) —
Gag. (E.) yi-E. gaggen, to suffocate. M. E. galaxie.'Ô.Y. galaxie. — l.. ga-
Apparently of imitative origin ci. gaggle, ;
laxiaJH, ace. of galaxias. — Gk. yaXaîas,
guggle. Also, W. cegio, to choke; ccg, milky way. — Gk. yaXaKS-, for yakuKT-,
the mouth. stem of fdXa, milk. See Lacteal.
204
;
GALE GALLOW
Gale (i)> a strong wind. (Scand.) lively Spanish
dance ; perhaps through
XVI cent. Of doubtful origin but cf. galop gaillard, 'the galliard;'
; F. ; cf.
Dan. gal, furious; Norweg, ein galen — Span, gal/ardo, Cot.
gay, lively. M. F.
itorm, a furious storm, eit galet veer, gaillard meant valiant or bold perhaps ;
stormy weather. Cf. Icel. galinn, furious, of Celtic origin cf. Bret, galloud, power, ;
from gala, to cry out. See Yell. Note W. gallad, able, gallu, to be able; O.
F. galerne, a north-west wind. Irish gal, boldness (Thurneysen).
Gale (2), the bog-myrtle. (E.) A. S. Gallias, a sort of galley. (F. - Ital. —
gagel.-^V)\\.gagel. Late L.) O. F. galeace.'^Viîi. galeazza, a
Galeated, helmeted. (L.) l^.gakatus. heavy galley. — Ital. and Late L. galea ;
— L. galea, a helmet. see Galley.
Galingale, the pungent root of a Galligaskins, large hose or trousers.
plant. b. — Span. —Arab. — Pers.)
,
M. E. (F. — Ital. — L.) Corruption of F. gar-
galingale. — O. F. galingal, ga7-ingal. — gtiesqiies, gregnesques, ' slops, gregs, gallo-
Span, galanga, galingale. — Arab, kha- gascoins, Venitians;' Cot. — Ital. Grechesco,
lanjdn. galingale. — Pers. khiilanjan, galin- Greekish. — Ital. Greco, a Greek. — L.
gale said to be of Chinese origin.
: Grcecus, Greek. The name was given
Galiot ; see Galliot. to a particular kind of hose worn at
Gall II), bile. (E.) ^l.Y..galle. O.Merc. Venice.
galla. +
Du. gal, Icel. gall, Swed. galla, Gallinaceous. (L.) L. galllnace-ns,
Dan. galde (for galle), G. gallc, \j. feL belonging to poultry; with suftlx -ous.'^
Gk. X0A77. Allied to Yellow. Cf. Russ. L. gallina, a hen. — L. gallus, a cock.
jelch{e), gall {j=zh) jelHiii, yellow. ; Galliot, small galley. (F. — Late L.)
Gall (2\ to rub a sore place. (F. — L.) O. Y .galiote; 1-ate L galeota, small galley;
M. Y.galler M. F. galle, a galling, itching.
; dimin. oi galea; see Galley.
Cf. Ital. galla, gala, a disease called a
'
Gallipot, a small glazed earthen pot.
windgalle ' Florio.
;
Also Late L. galla, (F.) From galley and pot, as being
a. soft tumour ; app. the same word as L. brought over in galleys. So also galley-
galla, a gall-nut ; see below. But also % tile cf. galy-halfpeny, a galley-halfpenny,
;
partly E. cf. A. S. gealla, (i) gall, bile,

; coin brought over by galley-??ien. who
(2) a gall on a horse. So also Du. gal. landed wines at a place called Galley-key
See above. (Thames Street).
Gall (3), a gall-nut. (F.-L.) O. F. Gallon. (F.^ M, E. galon, galun. —
galle. — Y.. galla, a gall-nut, oak-apple. O. Y. gallon, jalon, a gallon orig. 'a large ;
Gallant, gay, splendid, brave. (F.— bowl ; augmentative form of the word
'
M. H. G.)O. F. gallant, better galant, which appears as mod. F. Jale, a bowl.

with one /. Orig. pres. part, of O. F. Orig. unknown.
galer, to rejoice. — O. F. gale, shows, mirth, Galloon. (F.-M. H. G.) F. galon,
^
festivity. (Cf. Ital. Span. Port, gala, '

galoon-lace,' Cot. cf. O. F. galoner, to
;
festive attire.) Perhaps from M. H. G. adorn the head (with ribbons, &c.). [Also
wallen, O. H. G. wallon, togo on pilgrim- Span, galon, galloon.] — O. F. gale, Span.
age. gala, festivity see Gallant. ;
Galleon, a large galley. (^Span.) Span. Gallop. (F.-Teut.) -\l.Y. galope7i\

galeon, a galleon. — Late L. galea, a galley. also spelt walopen. — O. F. galoper, vb.
See Galley. galop, ivalop (Bartsch), sb. [Hence was
Gallery. (F.) lsi.Y.gallerie,galerie, borrowed O. H.G. walopieren, to gallop;
a gallery to walk in.— Late V.. galeria, a so that it is not of O. H. G. origin.]
long portico, gallery. Of unknown origin ;
The sb. seems to have been due to Low G.
possibly from Gk. koXov, wood, timber elements; and meant 'Celtic running.' —
(Korting\ See below. O. Sax. Walk, a Celt and hlopajt, to run, ;
Galley, a low-built ship. (F. — Late L. to leap. See further under "Walnut and
- Gk. ? M. E. galeie. - O. F. galie Late
) ; Leap. ^ The Norw. vallhopp, a gallop,
1.. galea, a galley Late Gk. 'âXka, -yaXaia.
; is only a modem adaptation ; as if '
field-
Orig. unknown. Korting suggests Gk. bop.'
kolXov, wood, also sometimes a ship. Gallow, to terrify. (E.) King Lear,
Galliard, a lively dance. (Span. - C?) iii.2. 44. M. E. galwen. A. S. gcelwan,
Span, gallarda (with // as lyi), ^ kind of to terrify ; in comp. dgcelwan.
;, . ;
GALLOWAY GANNET
Galloway, a nag, pony. (Scotland.) Gambol, a frisk, caper. (F. — Ital. - L.)
Named iroin Galloioay. Scotland. Formerly gambo/d, gavibaidd, gavibaud. —
Gallowglas, Galloglas, a heavy- M. F. gambade, *a gamboll ;' Cot. — Ital.
armed fool-soldier. (Îrish.) Irish gallo- gambata, a kick. — Ital. gamba, the leg ;
glach,^ servant, a galloglas. — Irish gall. the same as F. jainbe, O. F. gambe. Late
a foreigner, an Englishman oglach, a ; L. gamba, a joint of the leg. Cf. Gael,
youth, servant, soldier ^from og, yoiing, and W, cam, crooked, answering to O.
b. Ir. cac, cc, cognate with E. Foung). Celt. *kambcs (fern. *kambd), crooked
It meant an English servitor,' as explained Stokes-Fick, 78.
'
by Spenser, View of the State of Ireland, Gam,e. (E.) M. E. game, also gamen.
Globe ed. p. 640. (See N. and Q. 6 S. x. A. S. gamen, sport. Icel. gaman. Dan. +
145' gaf?imen, M. Swed. gam man, O. H. G.
Gallows. (E.) M.E.^^/tiVj, pi. A.S. gaman, joy, mirth. See Garnmon (2).
galga, gealga, cross, gibbet whence mod. Gam.mer, an old lady, grandmother.
;
E. gallow, the s termina- (F. — L. and E.)

V>eing the pi. For grammer, \Ve3t. ;
tion.+Icel. galgi, Dan. Swed. galge, Du. E. form oi grand-mother.

galg, Goth, galga, a cross, G. galgen. Gam.mou \J , the preserved thigh of a
Teut. type ^galgofi- cf Lith. ialga, a hog.
; (F. — L.) M. E. gambon. A. F.
pole \i=^zh''~. gatnboji i^F. Jafnboti), a gammon; from
Galoche, a kind of shoe. (F. — Late L. O. F. gambe, leg. See Gambol.
— Gk.) F. galoche, answering to a Gam.m,On (2), nonsense orig. a jest. ;
Romance type *galoJ>2a, *caloJ;ia formed Ê.) M. E. gamen, a game ; see Game.
;
from '^calopus, sing, of Late L. calopodes, And see Backgammon.

wooden shoes we also find Late L. Gam.ut. vF. — Gk,; and 1.) Comp.
;
calopedia (see Brachet\ a clog, wooden of O. F. game, gamme, and ut. Here
shoe, and calopodiiini. Gk. KaXoirohiov — gavime represents the Gk. 'ydfxij.a (7),
dimin. oi koKutiovs, KaXanovs, a shoemaker's because the musical scale was represented
last. — Gk. kolXo-v, wood ; irovs, a foot. by a, b, c, d, e, f, g, the last being g=y.
Galore, in plenty. (C.) Irish goleor, Ut is the old name for do, the 1st note in
gu leor, gu Icoir, sufficiently. Formed
Gael, singing, because it began an old h}Tnn to
from Irisli and Gael, kor, sufficient, by St. John, L'i queant laxis,' &c., used in
'
prefixing go or gu, lit. ' to,' but used to learning singing. Ga/Jiut is the scale,
turn an adj. into an adverb. from 7 '{g) to ut (a).
Gait Gault, clay and marl.
U\ Gander. (E.) ;M. E. gandre. A. S.
(Scand.) Norweg. gald, hard ground, gandra, also spelt ganra i^the d being, in
a place where ground is trodden hard fact, excrescent). Du. gander. Cf also +
Icel. gald, hard-trodden snow. Low G. gante, a gander (see ganta in
Gait V2\ a boar-pig. (Scand.) M. E. Pliny). Teut. type *gajiron-, m. Allied
gait. — Icel. goJtr^ galti to Gannet and Goose.
Swed. Dan. gait, ;
a hog. Cf O. H. G. galza, a sow. Gang (i), a crew of persons. (E.)

Galvanism. (Ital.) Named from A. S. gang, a going, progression but the ;
Galvani of Bologna, Italy about A. D. sense was affected by the related word
;
179J. genge, a gang.

Gambado, an E. substitution for F. gang (2), to go. (Scand.) Icel. ganga,
ga??ibade ; see Gambol. path,
to go ; cf. A. S. ga72g, a going,
Gam.bit, an opening course (^whence E. gang-way) ; see Go.
at chess. vF.—
Ital. — L.) F. ga»ibit. — lloX. gambetto, a Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L.
tripping up. — Ital. gamba, the leg ; see — Gk.) L. ganglion. '^Q\^. 'ya.'yyXiov
Gambol. Gangrene, a mortification of the flesh.
Gam.ble. (E.) late word, put for (F. — L. — Gk.)
A M. F. gangrene. — L. gan-
ga?nm-lc or gam-le, a frequent, form which grcena. ^Gk. ydyypaiva, an eating sore.
has taken the place of ^L E. game7ien, to Allied to yip-ccv, an old man, from
play at games. — A, S. gatfienian, to play at y^7€/3, to grow old; cf Skt jaras, old
games ; from gamen, a. game. See Game. age, jaray a, to consume (see Prellwitz).
Gam.boge. (, Asiatic.) A corruption of Gannet, solan goose, a sea-fowl. (E.)
Cambodia, in the Annamese territory, A. S. ganot. Jf-l^Qw G. gante, Du. gent, a
whence it was brought after a. d. 1600. gander M. H. G. gauze, O. H. G. ganazo,
;
ao6
,;
GANTLET GARNER
a gander. From a base gan- ; see beller (see N. E. D.), the same ^'S, grabelhr
Gander. to garble or sort out spices, orig. to sift.
Gantlet (i) ; see Gauntlet. The same as Span, garbillar, Ital. garbe I-
Gantlet (2), Gantlope, a military lare, to garble or sift wares. — Span, gar-
punishment. (Swed.) Formerly gant/o/>e ;
billo, a coarse sieve. — Pers. _^/?ar3z7, Arab.
corrupted by confusion \vith gauntlet. ghirbdl, a sieve Arab, gharbalat, sifting,
;
Again, gatitlope is a corruption of Swed. searching. Rich. Diet. p. 1046.

gatlopp, lit. a running down a lane
' to ;
'
Garboil, a commotion. (F.) M. F.
'run the gantlope' is to run between tuo garbouil, a garboil, hurliburly ; ' Cot.
'
files of soldiers, who strike the offender as Cf. Span, garbullo, a crowd Ital. gar-
;
he passes. — Swed.
gaia, a lane, street see hvglio, a garboil, disorder. Of unknown
Gate (2)); and lopp, a running, from I'opa^ origin. Prob. imitative. Florio has Ital.
to run, cognate with E. Leap. garabiillare, to rave.
Gaol, Jail, a cage, prison. (F.-L.) -
Garden. F. O. Frankish.) M.E.
A. F. gaok, geiole (F. geoU), a prison, gardin. — A.Y., O. Noith F. and Picard
birdcage. — Late L. gabiola, caveola, a gardui, F. jardi7i. — O. Frank, gardin
cage, dimin, of L. cauea, a den, cave, O. H.G. gartin), gen. and dat. of gardo,
cage. — L. cauus, hollow; see Cage. a yard, cognate with E. Yard, q. v. Cf.
Gap. (Scand.) M. E. ^<7//^. — Icel. and O. H. G. gartin-dri, a gardener.
Swed. gap, a gap, abyss. — Icel. and Swed. Garfish; see Gar (i).
gapa, to gape (below). Gargle. (F.-LateL.-Gk.) Modified
gape. iScand.) yi. E. gapen. "Icel. from F. gargouiller, ' ' Cot. —
to gargle ;
and Swed. gapa, Dnn. gade.-^-E.. Fries, and F. gargotdlle, the weasand of the throat,
Du. gapen, G. gaffen. Cf. Skt. jabh^ also a gargoyle, or mouth of a spout. So
Jambh, to gape. also Span, gargola, a gargoyle Ital. gar- ;
Gar (
I
),'
Garfish, a fish. (E.) A fish gozza, the gullet. From an imitative base
with slender body and pointed head. garg-, as seen in 'L.garg-arizdre, to gargle,
From A. S. gdr^ a spear ; cf. Garlic. So from Gk. yapy-apiâv, to gargle cf. Gk. ;
also pike, ged. yapyapcojv, the uvula. Hence also Ital.

Gar (2', to cause. (Scand.) Icel.^/r«a gargag/iare, to murmur, gargatta, the
(Noreen), Swed. gbra, Dan. gjore, to throat. The parallel L. base is gu7'g-
make, cause; lit. to make ready. —Icel. see Gorge, Gurgle.
g^rr^gbrr, readv see Yare. ; gargoyle, a spout. (F.-L.) F.gar-
garb (i\ dress. (F. -O. H.G.) In gouiiU (abovej.
Shak. — O. F. garbe, a garb, good fashion. Garish, staring, showy. (E.) Also
— O. H. G. garawT, garwi, dress, prepara- formerly spelt gau?-ish. Allied to M. E.
tion ; cf. O. H. G. garawen, M. H. G. gatiren, to stare Chaucer). Cf. M. E. i
garwen, to get ready. — O. H. G. garo, gaiven, to stare Icel. gd. to heed, mark. ;
ready cognate with E. yare see Gear.

; Garland. (F.-Teut.?) '^l.Y. gerlo7td.
;
Garb a wheatsheaf, in heraldn.'.

(2), "O-Y garlrnde.
. Cf. Span, guirnalda,
(F. — O. H. G.) A. F. and Picard garbe. Ital. ghirlanda (whence Mod. F. guir-
F. gerbe, a sheaf. — O. H. G. garba G. ( la}ide), a garland. Prob. formed, with
garbe, a sheaf. Lit. 'what is grabbed' suffix -aude, from M. H. G. îvierehn,
or caught up into a bundle by grasping. frequentative of wieren, to adorn, from
Cf. Y.. grab, Swed. grabba, to grasp; Skt. O. H. G. iviara. M. H. G. tviere, refined
grak, Vedic grabh, to seize. Brugra. i. gold, fine ornament, crown. Cf. Wire.
§ 531- Garlic, a plant. (E.) A. S. gdrleac,
garbage, - O. H. G.
refuse. (F. lit.•
spear-leek.' — A. S. gar., a spear leac, ;
M. E. garbage, of fowls. This

entrails a leek, plant. See Gore (3) and Leek.
agrees in form with O. F. garbage, gerbage, Garment. (F. - O. Low G.) M.E.
a tax paid in garbs or sheaves. Prob. garnement. — O. F. garnenient, garniment,
similarly formed from O. F. garbe, in the a robe (defence). — O. F. garnir, to pro-
sense of 'handful,' small bundle, a sense tect see Garnish.
:
which occurs for Low L. garba. Garner. ,F.-L.) M.E. garner.'^

Garble, to select for a purpose hence, ; O. V gernier. variant oigrenier, a granary.
to corrupt an account. (F. — Span. — Arab. — L. grdndriurn, a granary. — L. ^w/.v//;,
Orig. to pick out, sort, sift out. - O. Y .gar- corn see Grain.
;
; ;
GARNET GAUGE
garnet. (F. — L.) M. E. ^^;v/«?/, also Gash, to hack, cut deeply. (F. — Late L.
spelt granat. — O. F. gi-anate M. F. — Gk.) Formerly garsh, garse. — O.Y.
\
grenat, a precious stone called a granat garser, to scarify, pierce with a lancet.—
'
or garnet,' Cot.; Late L, grdndttis. So Late L. caraxdre, short for incaraxdre,

called from its resemblance to the seeds of incharaxdre, to pierce, incise. Cf. Late L.
the pomegranate, or via In in granat uni. garsa, scarification, by making incisions
lit. seeded apple. — L. grdmtr?i, a grain, in the skin, called in Gk. 67xapa^(s
seed. whence the Late L. vb. was formed. See
Garnish. (F. — O.LowG.) Alsow^r- Character.
nish. — O. F. garnis-, warnis-, stem of Gasp. (E.) M. E. gaspen, gaispeti.
pres. pt. oi garni)', warnir, to defend one- The latter answers to Icel. geispa, Swed.
self, fortify, garnish. —
O. Frank. *want- gdspa, to yawn i^cf. Dan. gispe). The
Jan ; cf. G. -umrnon, M. H. G. former represents the cognate A.S. *gds-
'O. 11.
zvarnen, to guard against, provide one- pan (not found). Icel. geispa is for *geip-
self with cf. O. H. G. warna, foresight,
; sa cf. Du. gijpen, to gasp
; A. S. gipung, ;
care. See "Warn. a gaping.

garniture. (F.-O. Low G.) F. Gastric, belonging to the belly. (Gk.)
garniture, garnishment. — Low L. gai'nJ- Coined from Gk. yaarpo-, from yaarrjp,
tfira. — Low L. garnJtus, orig. pp. of the belly.
garmre. to adorn, which is merely a Gate (0, a door, hole, opening. (E.)
Latinised form of O. F. garnir (above). \l.E. gate,yate. A.S. gtst, geat, a gate,
Garret. (F. G.) M.E.- âr/V^.- opening (whence M. E. j'ate) pi. gatu ;
O. F. gaHte (^F. gii^rite), place of refuge, (whence M. E. gate). F)u- ^^^, a hole, +
watch-tower. — O. F. garir, warir, to opening, gap O. Fries., O. Sax., Icel.;
preserve. — O. H. G. ivarjan, to defend. gat, an opening.

Allied to "Weir. Gate (2), a street. (Scand.) Common
Garrison. (F.— O.LowG.) Confused in the North; it also means 'a way.' —
with M. F. garisonn, xvarisonn, a reward Icel. gata, Swed. gata, a way, path, street,
;
but the true form is ISL E. garnison, xuar- lane Dan. gade cf. Goth, gatwo, G.
; ;
nison, defence, stores, supply. — O. F. gasse. Perhaps allied to Gate (i), and
garnisett, store, supply. — O. ¥.garnis-ani, also to the vb. Go. p. Gate (i) answers
pres. pt. of garnir, to supply, garnish to Teut. type *gatom, n., but gate (2) to
see Garnish.. And see "Warison, Teut. type *gativdn', f. See Gait and
Garrote, Garrotte. (Span. - C.) Gantlet (2).
S^^n.gan-ote, a cudgel, tying a rope tight, Gather. (E.) M. E. gaderen. A.S.
strangling by means of an iron collar. gaderian, gcrdrian, to collect, get together.
Formed, with dimin. sufhx -ote, from Span. — A.S. gader-, together; also gador-,
garra, a claw, talon, clutch, grasp. — geador. •\-T)\x. gaderen, to collect, from
Eret., W., and Corn, gar, the shank of (Je^gader, together. Cf. A. S. g(sd, a com-
the leg (Diezt. See Garter. pany, society (whence also A. S. gcede-
Garrnlons. (L.) L. gamdus, idiWi- ling, a comrade ge-gada, a companion) ; ;
zX\\e. — 'L. garrire, to chatter. Brugm. i. Du. gade, a spouse, G. gatte, a husband ;
§ 638. GoXh.gadiliggs, a cousin. Perhaps allied

Garter. (F.-C.) A.¥. garter; O.F. to Good.
gartier North of France, Hecart), spelt Gaud, a show, ornament. (L.) M. E.
jartier in Cotgrave (Y.Ja7-7-etiere).-'0. F. gaude. — L. âwa'/;/;;/, gladness, joy hence, ;
and "^ orm. garet (F /arret) the ham of

.
, an ornament. — L. gaudere, to rejoice (base
the leg; a dimin. form. — Bret, gar, W. gdiiid-, as in gduTsns sum, used as pt. t.).
gar, shank of the leg Celt, type *garris.; 4-Gk. ^T]Qkuv, to rejoice ;
allied to yaUiv
Gas. (Du.) The Belgian chemist Van (^= yaf-ieiu), to rejoice; yavpos, proud.
Helmont ,died a. d. 1644) invented two Brugm. i. § 589 ; ii. § 694. Der. gaud-y,
terms, gas and d/as; the latter did not adj.
come into use. He tells us that gas was Gauge, Gage, to measure the content
suggested by the Gk. xaoj. See N. E. D. of a vessel. (P\ — Low L.) Spelt gage in
Gasconade, boasting. (Gascony.) F. Shak. — O. North F. ganger, F. jauger, ' to
gasconnade, boasting said to be a vice of; gage,' Cot. - O. North F. gauge, F.
Gascons ; at any rate named from them. jauge, a gage, instrument wherewith a
'
208
;;
GAUNT GENEALOGY
cask is measured,' Cot. Low L. gangia ; a magpie, dimin. of gazza, a magpie,
(a.d. 1446). Of unknown origin. whence it may have meant tittle-tattle '
'
GaiUnt, thin, lean. (Scand. ?j An East- or (2) a vejy small coin (perhaps paid for
Anglian word perhaps Scand. Also spelt
;
the privilege of reading the news), from
gant (1691). Cf. Norweg. gand, a thin Ital. gazzeita, a coin less than a farthing,
stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown probably from Gk. 7aC«j ^ treasury.
stripling (Aasen) Swed. dial.^(7«-^, a lean,
; Gear, dress, harness, tackle. (Scand.)
half-starved horse (Rietz). Doubtful. M. E. ge7-e. — Icel. gervi, gorvi, gear,
Gauntlet. (F.— Scand.) O.Y gante- apjjarel. Cf. gd7-}-, geyrr, skilled, dressed,
.
let, a double dimin. of gatit, a glove. — O. pp. of gora, to make. A. S. gcarwe, fem. +
Swed. wante, a glove; Dan. vante, a pi., preparation, dress, ornament; A. S.
mitten, Icel. w//r stem z;a«/M-), a glove. ^âr^, ready; see Yare.! And see Gar
Cf. Du. want, a mitten (prob. borrowed (2), Garb (1 I
from Scand ). Prob. from "Wind, verb Geek, a dupe. (Du.) In Tw. Nt. v.
(Noreen) cf. G.gewajid, a garment Low 351. — iXi. gek, formerly geek, a fool, sot;
; ;
G. watif, cloth (Liibben). cf. G. geek, the same Dan. gjek, fool ; ;
Gauntlet; see Gantlet (2). Icel. gikkr, a pert, rude person. Not %
Gauze, a tliin silken fabric. (F.— to be confused with A. S. geac, cuckoo ;
Palestine.; '^l.Y. gaze Span. âxa. Cf. nor with gozvk nor with gatvky.
; ;
Low L. gazzdtuni, gauze gazetwn, wine Gecko, a nocturnal lizard. (Malay.)

;
from Gaza. Said to be from Gaza, in Also F. gecko. — Malay gekoq, a gecko;
Palestine, whence it was first brought. so named from an imitation of its cry.
Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. (E.) Ged, the fish called a pike. (Scand.)
}s\.'E. gaiiclkynde; answering to an A.S. Icel. gedda, Swed. gddda, Dan. giedde, a
form ^gafol-cynd. —A.S. gafol, tribute, ged allied iogaddr, a goad see Gad (i ).
; ;
payment and cynd, kind, sort, condition. Named from the sharp, thin head hence
; ;
The A. S. gaf-oi {whence. Low L. gabidurn) al-o called pike.

is from Teut. *gab, 2nd grade of Give, q. v, Gelatine. ( F. - Ital. - L.) Y. gelatine,
Gavial, the crocodile of the Ganges. kind of jelly. — \tdi\. gelatina. — L. geldtiis,
(F. — Hind.) ¥.gavml(a. corrupt form). pp. of geldreî to freeze. — L. gelu, frost
^ Kind, g/iariy a/, a crocodile. see Gelid.
Gavotte, a dance. (F.) M. F. gavote, Geld, to emasculate. (Scand.) M.E.
orig. a (lance of the Gavots. Gavot is a geidt-n. — Icel. gelda, Dan. gilde, Swed.
sobriquet, in Provence, of the moun- gdlla (for gdlda) cf. Icel. geldr, Swed. ;
taineers of the Alps (see Hatzfeld). gall, barren. Perhaps related to Goth.
Gawk, Gawky, awkward. (F.- giltha, a sickle. Cf. Gait (2). Der.
Scand.) From E. dial, gawk-handed, geld-ing, from lce\. gelding, the same.
gaulick- handed, left-handed gawk, clumsy. ; Gelid, cool. (L.) L. gelidus. — L. gehi,
Here gawk is short for gaul-ick, where frost. Allied to Cool. Brugm. i. § 481.
-ick is a suffix. Of F. origin ; cf. Burgund. Gem. (F. — L.) M. E. gem me. — F.
gole, numb with cold, said of the fingers. gemme. — L. gemjna, a bud also a gem, ;
— Swed. Dan. valen, benumbed; whence jewel. ^Brugm. i. § 413 (4).

Swed. dial, val-hiindt, Norw. val-hendt. Gemini. (L.) L. geminl, twins pi. ;
having numbed hands. ^ Prob. not from oi geminns, double.

Y. gauche (N. E. D.). Gender (i\ kind. (F.-L.)^ M.E.
Gay. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F. gai. - gendre (with excrescent a'). — O. F, genre,
O. H. G. wdhi, fine, beautiful. kind. — h. gen ere, abl. case oi genus, kind,
Gaze. (Scand.) M. E. ^rt-j-^;;.- Swed. kin. ^ The unusual deriv. from the abl.
dial, giisa, to gaze, stare at. case is due to the common phrases genere
Gazelle, an animal. (F. — Span. — ndtns, hoc genere, omni genere so also ;
Arab.) Formerly gazel. — O. F. gazel, Ital. genere, kind.

gaze//e.— Span, gacela.-' Arab, gliazdl, a gender (2), to produce. (F. — L.)
wild goat, gazelle. M. E. ge7tdi-en. — O. F. gendrer (Gode-
Gazette. (F. - Ital.) O. F. gazette, an iio'^). — '[_.. generdrc, to beget. — L. ^^«<fr-,
abstract of news, issued at Venice. — Ital. for *gcnes, stem of genus (above). And
gazzetta, a gazette the orig. sense is
; see Engender.
either (i) a magpie, from Ital. gazzeita. Genealogy. F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
20Q
—
GENERAL GERUND
genealogie. —
O. F. genealogie. — L. gened- gentle. (F.-L.) O.Y. gentil {ôv€).
logza. — G\^. yeveakoyia, an account of a gentry. F. — L.) M. E. gentrie, high
(
family, pedigree (i Tim. i. 4). — Gk. yevea, birth; shortened from M.E. gentrise, the
birth (allied to yevos, see genus) ; and same. — O. F. genterise, another form of
Xoyia, an account, allied to \6yos (see gentilise, rank ( = Late L. *gentilitid).'-'
Logic). see GenteeL
L. gentllis ;
General, relating to a genus, common. Genuflection, Genuflexion,

a
(F. — L.) O. F. general. generdlis, bending of the knee. (F.-L.) M.F.^^«?^-
-^ L,.
belonging to a genus (stem gener-, for jftexion.^'LdiiQ L. ace. genfiJlexidne?n.^'L.
'^genes') ;see genus. Hence general, sb., genu, knee ; Jlex-us, pp. of flectere, to
a leader general-issimo, from \\.2\. general' bend.
;
issimo, a supreme commander, with superl. Genuine. (L.) L. gemumis, of the

suffix -issimo. true genus or stock ; allied to L. genus
generate. (L.) From pp. of L. (below).
generdre, to produce. — L. gener-, decl. genus, kin. (L.) L. genus (gen.
stem oigemts. generis, for ^geneses), kin, race. Gk. +
generic, pertaining to a genus. (L.) yevos, race A. S. cyn, kin. See Kin. ;
Coined from L. gener-, decl. stem of rVGEN.) Brugm. i. § 604.

gemis. Geography. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.
generous. (F.-L.) O.Y. generens, geographie. — L. geographia. — Gk. 7€a;-
later g^nereux."!^. gejierostis, (properly) ypa<pia, lit. earth-description. — Gk. y€aj- =
of noble birth. — L.^^;/^r-, as above. 7770-, a combining form of yrj, earth;
Genesis, creation. (L. — Gk.) L. -ypatpia, description, from ypa(peiv, to
genesis. — Gk. ykvâis, origin, source; write.
related to ykvos, race ; see genus. geometry. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Genet, an animal. (F. - Span. — Arab.) geometrie. — L. geometria. — Gk. yea/nerpia,
;
F. gcnette, 'a kind of weesell ' Cot. land-measurement.— Gk. yccu- (as above) ;
Span, gineta. — Krah.Jarneit (Dozy). -fieTpia, measurement, from fxcTpea}, I
Genial. (F.-L.) O. F. ge^zial.^l.. measure, nirpov, a measure ; see Metre.
_
genidlis, pleasant adj. from ;genius see georgic. (L.-Gk.) ; L. georgicus^

genius. relating to husbandry. — Gk. yôipyiKos,
Geniculate, jointed. (L. ) In botany. the same.— Gk. yeojpyia, tillage. — Gk. yecu-
From L. geniculiim, a little knee, joint in (as above) *€pyeiv'p-epd€iv, to work. See ;
a plant; double dimin. oi genu, a knee. Work.

Allied to Knee. Geranium, a plant. (L.-Gk.) L.
Genie, a demon see Jinn. ; geranium, Latinised from Gk. yepdviov, a
Genital, F. - L.) O. F. genital. - L. geranium or crane's bill (from the shape
l
genitalis., generative. — L. genit-iwi, supine of the seed-pod). — Gk. yepavos, a crane;

oi gignere, to beget. allied to Crane.
genitive. (F.-L.) O.Y. genitif.^ Gerfalcon ; see Gyrfalcon.
L. genetiuus, belonging to birth, applied Germ,a seed. (F. — L.) Y.germe.^
in grammar to a certain case of nouns.— L. germen (stem germin-), a sprout, germ.
'L,. genitum (above). Der. germin-ate (from the stem).
genius, inborn faculty. (L.) L. german, germane, akin. (F.— L.)
genius, the tutelar spirit of any one ; also CoHsins-german are cousins having the
wit, lit. inborn nature.' Allied to genus.
'
same grandfather. Formerly spelt germain.
Gennet ; see Jennet. — M. F. germain. — L.. germdmwi, ace. of
Genteel. (F. L.) - XVI cent. ; F. germdmis, closely akin. Allied to Germ.
gentil. — L. gentllis,
belonging to the same Germander. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.ger-
clan, a gentile (afterwards applied to mean mandree, germander; O. F. germandree,
well-bred, &c.). — L. genti-, decl. stem of gemandree (Godefroy, Supp.) cf. G. ga- ;
gens, a clan, tribe. Allied to genus. viander. — Late L. gamandria, a popular

Gentian, a plant. (F, — L."l O. F. gen- alteration of Late Gk. xaA'ci^Spi'a, ger-
tiane. — L. gentidna named after Gentius,
; mander.- Gk. x'^l^^'^^P^^} germander; lit.
an lUvrian king, abt. B.C. 180. 'ground-tree,' i.e. low tree. — Gk. xcfA*"'.
Gentile. (F.-L.) O.Y. gentil. ^\.. on the ground 8pvs, tree. ;
gentllis, gentile see Genteel.; Gerund, a part of a Latin verb. (L.)

2 10
;y;
GESTATION GIBLETS
i L. gerundhtm, a gerund. — L. gerimdus, cucumber
Pol. ogiirek, ogorek, ogorka, a
I
that which is to be done or carried on ; Bohem, okurka. — M. Ital. angiiria, a
1
a verbal adj. from gerere (pp. ges-itis), to cucumber (Florio) Low L. angiirms, a
;
I
carry on, perform, bring. (y'GES.) water-melon. — Byzantine Gk. a-^'ôvpiov,
gestation, the carrying of the young a water-melon. — Pers. aiigdrah, a melon,
in the womb. (F. - L.) M. ¥. gestation.'- a cucumber; Rich. Diet., p. 194.
L. Z.ZQ.. gestdtionejfi, a carrying. — L. gestd- Ghost, a si)irit. (E.) yi.Y.. gost,goost.
tiis,pp. oigestdre, to carry, frequent, form K.'S. gdst.-^-Yiw. geest, G. geist. Teut.
oi gerere {\)'p. gest-zis), to bring. \.^'^^&*gaisioz. Of uncertain origin; perhaps
gesticulate, to make gestures. (L.) allied to Icel. geisa, to rage (.like fire),
From pp. of gesticiildi-J, to make mimic and to Goth, us-gais-jan, to terrify.
gestures. -L. gcstiadus, a gesture, double Brugm. i. § 816 (2).
dimin. oi gesttis, a gtsimt. ^'L. gestus, pp. Ghoul, a kind of demon. (Arab.) Pers.
oi gere}'e. ghol, an imaginary sylvan demon ; Arab.
gesture. (L.) Late L. gcstilra, a ghiiwal, a demon of the woods; from Arab.
mode of action. — L.^t'j-^«J, pp. oi gerere. ghawl, attacking suddenly.
Get. (Scand.) M. E. geten, pt. i.gat, Giant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. giant
pp. geten. ~-Icq\. geta, pt. i.gat, Y>Y>'getinn. geant, geaunt.'Â.Y. and O. F. giant,
+A. S. -getan, pt. t. -gcet, pp. -geten, to geatit.-^'L. giga7itetn, ace. oi gigas.'-'Gk.
get, obtain ; Goth, -gitan cognate with yiyas (stem 'yiyavr-), a giant.
; Der.
L. -hendcre (base hed), in prehendcre, to gigant-ic, from L. gigant-, stem oi gigas.
seize; Gk. xai'Sdi'eti' (base X"^)> to seize; Giaour, an infidel. (Pers.) Giaonr is
Russ. gadate, to conjecture. (y'GHwED.) an Ital. spelling usual among the Franks
Der. be-get,for-get. Brugm. i. § 632. of the Levant (Byron). Pers. gawr, an
Gewgavr, a plaything, specious trifle. infidel, a fire-worshipper variant of Pers. ;
(F.) Formerly î^âzy, (perhaps) answering gabr, a Gueber see G-ueber. ;
to M.E. ginegoue, Ancren Riwle, p. 196. Gibberish, unmeaning talk. (E.) The
The pron. of M. Yj. ginegoue is uncertain. hard g separates it from the verb gibber,
Origin unknown; prob. F. One sense of to gabble, which is the frequentative of
Y.. gewgaw is a Jew's harp ; cf. Burgundian jibe, and allied to jabber. Fuller has
gazve, a Jew's harp (Mignard). Cf. Swed. Geberish, and Camden Gebrish', apparently
dial, giiva., to blow ; Norw. giiva, gyva in allusion to Gebir, an Arabian alchemist
(pt. t. ganv). of the 8th century, and to the jargon of
Geysir. (IceL) \cQ\.ge}>sir,\\i.'- gn'^h.Qx.'' alchemy. But the word is imitative like ;
^lce\. geysa, to gush allied to gj'osa (pt. gibble-gabble. See N. E. D.

;
X.gatis), to gush. See Gush. Gibbet. (F.) M.E. gibbet, gibet.^

Ghastly, terrible. (E.) 'M.'E. gastly. O. F. gibbet (F. gibet), a gibbet. Prob.
Formed from ISL E. gastcn, A. S. gUstan, allied to O. F. gibet, a large stick, perhajDS
to terrify; allied to Goth, usgaisjan, to a dimin. of O. F. gibe, gibbe, a sort of
terrify. See Aghast. Allied words are stick shod Mdth iron, an implement for
gasted, terrified, K. Lear, ii. i. 57; gast- stirring up earth. Or is gib-et a dimin.
ness, Oth. v. i. 106. See G-host. from RL Du. wippe, ' a gibbet,' in Hexham ?
Ghaut, a landing-place, quay, way Gibbon, a kind of ape. (F.) F. gibbon^
down to a river mountain-pass. (Hind.) in Buffon of unknown origin.
; ;
Hind, ghat, Bengali ghat. See Wilson. Gibbous, humped, swelling. (L.)
Ghee, boiled or clarified butter. (Hind. From L. gibbdsiis, humped (whence also
- Skt.) Hind. ghl. - Skt. ghrta, clarified gibbose). — l^.gibbns, gibba, a hump, hunch
butler; orig. pp. oighr, to sprinkle. cf. gibbus, bent.
Gherkin, small cucumber. (Du. — Gibe, Jibe, to mock. (E.) Of imitative
Slav. — Low L. — Gk. — Pers.) Short for origin cf. E. Fries, gibeln, to mock, Du.
;
'âgherkiJi. — Du. agurkje, a gherkin (of gijbelen, to sneer. Note also Icel. geipa,
which an older form was doubtless to talk nonsense, Icel. geip, idle talk;
*agn}'ken ( = agurk-ken), because M. Du. Norw. geipa, to make grimaces.
used the dimin. suffix -ken where mod. Giblets, the internal eatable parts of
Du. uses -j'e in fact, the form atigurken
; a fowl, removed before cooking. (F.)
is preserved in E. Friesic). Without the M.E. gibelet.'Ô.Y. gibelet, which, ac-
final n, we have Du. agorke (Sewel).— cording to Littre, answers to mod. F.
21
;
;;
GIDDY GINGER
gibelotte, stewed rabbit. Of unknown Gillyflower, a flower. (F.-L.-Gk.)
origin perhaps related to F. gibier, game.
; Formerly ^z7(7/^r, gerafottr. Formed (by
Giddy. (E.)_ M. E. gidi, gedy, adj.; confusion vf\i\\.Jlowe}'\ from M. F. giroflee,
late A. S. gidig, insane, answering to earlier '
a gilloflower ; ' Cot. From F. clou de
^gydig, which would mean possessed by '
girofle, the same. — Late L. caryophylhim^
a god ' cf. A. S. gydeii, a goddess.
; From Iâtinised from Gk. KapvocpvKXov, a clove
A. S. god. tree, lit. nut-leaf.' — Gk. Kapvo-v, a nut;
'
Gier-eagle, a kind of eagle. (Du. and (pvKKov, leaf.

F.) The is from Du. gier,
hrst syllable Gimbals, a contrivance for suspending
a vulture ; G. geier, M. H. G. gir, a
cf. a ship's compass, to keep it horizontal.
vulture. (F. — L.)
Allied to G. gier-ig, greedy, and YorvnexXy gifnmals also called ;
to E. Yearn. getmnozu or genimoxv-ring, a double ring,

Gift. (E.) U.Y..gifi,yifi...\.S>.gift, with two or more links. The forms gem-
a gift (rare) common in the pi. gtfla, mow and gimmal correspond to M. F.
;
nuptials E. Fries, gift. — A. S. gifan, to gemeati, and O. F. gemel, a twin. — L. gemel-

;
give.+Icel.^z})/, Du. gift, G. -gift (in mit- lus, a twin, a dimin. form of L. gemimis^
gift, a do wry j. %
The hard g is due to double.
Scand. influence. See Give. "Dbt. gift-ed. Gimlet, Gimblet. (F.- Teut.) M.F.
Gig, a light carriage, light boat. (Scand.) gimhelet, a gimlet or piercer ' Cot. ;
'
In Shak., a gig is a boy's top. M. E. gigge, guimbelet, Godefroy {Y.gibelet) Norman ;
apparently a whirling thing, Ch. Ho. dial, giiinhlet. Of M. H. G. origin

Fame, iii. 852 (whence E. zvhirligig). formed from a base wind-, to turn or
Prob. of Scand. origin cf. Icel. geiga, to wind
; cf. mod. G. wendel-bohrer^ a
;
take a wrong direction, to rove at random. wimble. Note also Icel. vindla, to wind
Cf. Jig. Prob. of imitative origin. up, vindill, a wisp. See "Wimble, of
Gigantic ; see Giant. which gimlet is the dimin.
Giggle, to titter. (E.) Of imitative Gim.m.al-rillg ; see Gimbals.
origin ; cf gaggle. Cf. E. Fries, gic/ieln, Gim.p, a kind of trimming, made of
Low G. giggeln (Danneil), G. kichern, to twisted silk, cotton, or wool. (F. — O.H.G.)
giggle. See Bailey's Diet. vol. ii., ed. 1731. Named
Giglet, Giglot, a wanton woman. from a resemblance to some kind of
(E. ?) Dimin. of gigle, a flirt, used by wimple. — M. F.^/«'w/^, a nun's wimple;
Cotgrave (s. v. gadrotiillette) from M.E, also gui7?iple (see index to Cotgrave, s. v.
;
gigge, the same, Plowm. Tale, 759. Per- wimple). "O. H. G. wi^npal, a light robe,
haps allied to Gig or Giggle. a fillet for the head; G.wimpel,^ streamer
Gild, to overlay with gold. (E.) M. E. see Wimple. ^
Prob. confused with F.
gilden. A, S. gyldan, to gild cf. A. S. guipure, a thread or silk lace. See Gui-
;
gylden, golden. P'ormed (with vowel- pure.

mutation from Teut. ti (>A. S. d) to j/) Gin (i), to begin. (E.) Obsolete often ;
from gold, gold. See Gold. needlessly written 'gin, as though be- were
Gill (1)' organ of respiration in fishes. omitted. M. E. ginnen. A. S. ginnan,
(Scand.) M
E. gille. — lâ.n. gi^slle, Swed. to begin, commonly on-ginnan (pt. t.
.
gal, a gill M. Dan. gtelle, M. Swed. gel. ongann, pp. otigunnen). •^GoX]\. ginnan^
;
Gill (2), a ravine, chasm. (Scand.) Also in the comp. du-ginnan, to begin. Brugm.
§'hyll. — Icel. gil, ravine Norw. gil. ; i. § 376.
Gill (3\ with g soft, a quarter of a pint. Gin

(2), a trap, snare. (F.-L.) M. E.
(F. - -
Late L.) M.E. gille. O. F. gelle, a gin, short for M. E. engin, a contrivance.
sort of wine-measure. Late h.gella cf. Late See Engine. ;
L. gillo, a wine-vessel. Gin (?,), a kind of spirit. (F.-L.) Short

Gill (4), with ^ soft, a woman's name, for geneva, corruption of M. F. genevre^
a pitcher, ground-ivy. (L.) Short for juniper. — L. ace. iiiniperum', see Juni-
Gillian, from L. lu liana, a fem. name per.
due to L. Itiliiis see July. Der. flirt-
; Ginger, the root of a certain plant.
gill or gill-flirt, jilt. (F. - L. - Gk. - Skt.) M. E. ginger, gin-
Gillie, a boy, page. (C.) Gael, gille, geuere {=gitigevere).Ô.Y gengibre (F. .
giolla, Irish giolla, boy, lad O. Irish gingembre)." Late l^.gingiber\ L. zingiber.
;
gilla. a servant. - Gk. ^t77t)86/)tj. — Skt. frfigavera, ginger

;. —
GINGERLY GLAIR
lit. ' horn-shaped,' from the horns on it,— the waist; Dan. giord. -^Goih.. gairda, a
Skt. frnga, a horn vera, a body.
; girdle. Teut. type *gerdd. See Gird (i).
Gingerly, with soft steps. (F. — L.) Gist, the pith of a matter. (F. L.) —
From the adj. ^ginger, soft, delicate (with The gist is the point wherein the matter
soft g). Apparently adapted from O. F. lies. — O. F. gist (mod. F. git), it lies;
genzor, gensor, more delicate, comp. of whence the proverb c'est la que git le
'
gent, fine, delicate, noble ; orig. well- '

lievre,' that is where the difficulty is, lit.
born.' — Folk-L. *genti(tn, L. genittDU, '
that's where the hare lies.' From the F.
ace. oi genittis, born .well-born), pp. of verb ^^5/r {now ge sir), to lie. — L. iacere,
gignere, to beget. (N.E.D.) to lie. \0.Y .gist='L.iacet.) See Jet (i).
G-ingham, a kind of cotton cloth. Gittern ; see Cithern.
(F. — Malay.) F. guingan. — Malay ging-
iScand.) M. E. ^z]^ (Northern),
Give.
gang, striped cloth, gingham. — Malay and
getien. yeuen (Southern) pt. t. gaf (N.), ;
Javanese ginggang, striped (C. P. G. Scott). ya/\^.), ])Y>.gifen (^.),yiiien, youeti iS.)-
Gingle ; the same as Jingle. — Icel. gefa, Dan. give, Swed. gifva. +
Gipsy; the same as G-ypsy. A. S. gifan, pt. t. geaf, pp. gifen Du. ;
Giraffe, a long-legged animal. (F.— geven; G oVh.. giban, G.gebefi. Teut. type
Span. — Arab.) M. F. giraffe (F. *geban-, pt. t. *gab. Cf. O. Irvih gab-i/n,
girafe). — Span, gij-afa. — Arab, zardf, I give, I take.
zardfa{t). Gizzard. (F. — L.) M.E. giser i^the
Gird (i), to enclose, bind round. (E.) d being added). — O. F. gezier, jugier,
M. E. gtirden, girden. A. S. gyrdan, to jtiisier (F. g^sier).'~'L. gigeriiun, only in
gird.+O. Sax. gurdian, Du. garden, Icel. pi. gigeria (Late L. gizeria), cooked
gyrda, to gird, Dan. giorde, G. giirten. entrails of poultry.
Teut. type *gtirdjan- from *gHrd-, weak ; Glabrous, smooth. (L.) From L.
grade of Teut. *gerdan- (pt. t. *gard), to glaber, smooth. Idg. stem ^gladh-ro- ;
enclose ; cf. Goth, bigairdan, to begird. see Glad. Brugm. i. § 589.

Allied to Gaxth, Garden, and Yard. Glacial, icy. (F.-L.) Y.glaciaL"!..
Gird(2),tojestat,jibe. (E.) A
peculiar glacidlis, icy. — L. glacies, ice.
use oi M. E. girden, gurden, to strike, cut. glacier, a mountain ice-field. (F. — L.)
To gird at^lo strike at, jest at; a gird F. glacier (a Savoy word). — Y .glace, ice. —
is a cut, sarcasm ; Tam. Shrew, v. 2. 58. YoW-\^.glacia, for Y.. glacies, ice.
Girdle. (E.) A. S. gyrdel, that which glacis, smooth slope. (F. — L.) F.
girds. — A. gyrdan, to gird
"Si. ; see Gird (
i ). glacis. ^Vl. F. glacer, to cover with ice.
+Du. gordel, Icel. gyrîll, Swed. gordel, F. glace (above).
G. giirtel. Glad. (E.) A. S. glced, shining, bright,
Girl. (E.) M.E. girle, gerle, giirle, cheerful, glad.+Du.
glad, smooth, bright,
often used to mean a child '
a boy '
; Icel. glaQr, bright, glad,Dan. Swed. glad,
Answering to an A.S. form *gyrel-, Teut. G. glatt, smooth, polished. Cf. Russ.
*guril-, a dimin. form from Teut. base gladkii, even, smooth ; L. glaber, smooth ;
*gur-. Allied to N. Fries, gor, a girl see Glabrous.
Low G. gor, gore, a child. Cf. Swiss Gladden, Gladen, a plant ; Iris
gurre, giirrli, a depreciatory term for a pseiidacortis. K.S. glcedene; altered
(L.)
girl (Sanders, Ger. Dict.l. from L. gladiolus, a sword-lily. Dimin.
Giron, Gsrron, in heraldry, the eighth of L. gladitis, a sword see Gladiator.
;
part of a shield, made by drawing a dia- Glade, an open space in a wood. (E.)
gonal line from the top comer to the centre, The orig. sense was prob. an opening for
and from the centre horizontally towards light, passage through a wood from A.S. ;
the same side ; a right-angled triangle. glced, bright, shining. Cf. Swed. dial.
(F. — O. H. G.) Y. giron, a giron (Littre). glad-yppen, completely open, said of a
— O. H. G. ^(Frww, ace. oi gero, a lance, lake whence the ice has all melted away.
spear M. H. G. gere, a gore or gusset in
; Gladiator, a swordsman. (L.) L. gla-
a garment, a triangular piece. — O. H. G. diator. — L. gladius,
a sword.
ger, a spear, cognate with A. S. gar, a Glair, the white of an tgg. (F, — L.)
spear. See Gore (2), ^Diez, Schade.) M. E. gleyre. — O. F. glaire. — L. cldra,
Girth. (Scand.) M.E. gerth. — \zt\. fem. of cldrtis, bright ; Late L. cldj'a oui,
gjord, a girdle, girth gerS, girth round
;
the white of an ^gg.
. ;
GLAIVE GLINT
Glaive, a sword. (F. — L.) A.¥. glaive, M. E. glede. A. S. glida, a kite, lit.
a sword O. F. glaive, a sword, lance.—

;
'glider,' from its smooth flight. — A. S.
"L.gladium, ace. oi gladius, a sword. glid-, weak grade of glidan, to glide ; see
Glamour ; see Gramarye. Glide. Cf. Icel. gleQa (the same).
Glance, a swift dart of light, quick Glede (2), Gleed, a glowing coal.
look as a verb, to glide off or from, to (E.) A. S. gled (where e is from 0, by
;
graze, to flash. (F. — L.) The sb. is from vowel-change). — A. S. glowan, to glow;
the verb. A
nasalised form (influenced see Glow. Cf. Dan. Swed. gldd, the same.
by M. E. glenten, to glance) of O. F. Glee, joy, singing. (E.) A. S. gleo,
glacer, glacier, to glide, slip, glance.— F. earlier gliu, joy, mirth, music. Icel. gly, +
glace, ice; see Glacial. 2. M.Y^. glenten glee, gladness Swed. dial, gly, mockery.;
answers to the causal form of the strong Cf. Gk. x^^^V, a jest. Brugm. i. § 633.
verb glinta, to shine, still found in Swed. Gleek (i), a scoff, jest. See Nares.
dialects (Rietz). See Glint. Prob. a particular use of Gleek (2).
Gland, a fleshy organ in the body, Gleek (2), a game at cards ; in which
secreting fluid. (F. — L.) M. F. and F. a gleek meant three cards alike (as three
glande, a gland O. F. glandre.~-l^. glan- kings). (F. - Du.)
; See Nares.- O.F.
dula, a gland; dimin. of glans (stem glic, a game at cards ; also spelt ghelicque
gland-), an acorn. +Gk. PdKavos, an acorn. (Godefroy). — M. Du. gelijck, alike.— M.
Brugm. i. § 665. Du. ge-, ghe-, Du. ge-, prefix ( = A. S. ge-,
glanders, glandular swellings. (F.— Goth.â-) M. Du. -lijck, Du. -lijk, cognate;
L.) M. F. glandres, pi. —

Lat. pi. ace. with E. like see Like. Hexham has
; ^
glandulds, swollen glands ; from L. glans gelijk ofte ongelijk spelen, to play at even
(above) or odds.
Glare, to shine brightly. (E.) M. E. Glen, a narrow valley. (C.) Gael, and
glaren cf.
; A. S. gl&r, amber. +
Low Irish gleann, O. Irish glenn W. glyn, a ;
G. glaren, to glow. Perhaps allied to valley, glen. Celtic type *glennos.

Glass. Cf. Dan. glar, Icel. gler, glass Glib (i), smooth, voluble. (E.) Cf.
(below). E. Fries. gltbbe?'ig, slippery ; glippen, to
Glass. (E.) A. S. glees. +
Du. glas, '^v^.'\'T>\x. glibber ig^ slippery, glibberen, to
G. glas cf. Dan. glar, M. Swed. glczr, slide
; Du. and Low G. glippen, to slip
;
Icel. gler, glass. Orig. sense prob. ' shin- away.

ing.' See above. Glib (2), a lock of hair. (C.) Irish and
Glaucous, grayish blue. (L. — Gk.) Gael, glib, also Ir. clib, a lock of hair.
Y,. glaiic-ns with suffix -ous.'^GV.. y\av-
; Glib (3), to castrate. (E.) The same as
Kos, gleaming, bluish. lib, with prefixed ^- = A. S. ge-, a common
Glaze, to furnish with glass, (E.) prefix. Cognate with Du. hibben, to cas-
M. E. glasen. — M. E. glas, glass \ see trate, M. Du. lubben. See Left.
Glass. Glide. (E.) M. E. gliden, pt. t. glood.
Gleam, a beam of light. (E.) A. S. A. S. glidan. Du. glijden, Dan. glide, +
glce7?i ;Teut. type '^glaiDiiz. +
O. Sax. Swed. glida, G. gleiten. Teut. type '^glei-
glimo, brightness O. H. G. glimo, gleiino, dan-, pt. t. '^glaid, pp. ^-glidanoz.
;
a glow-worm (from base '^gleitn-^. Allied Glimmer, verb. (E.) M. E. gli-

to Gk. -^Ki-apos, wârm. See Glimmer. meren. +
Low G. glimmern, frequent, of
Glean. (F.) M. E. glemn. - O. F. gli7mnen, to shine ; Dan. glirm-e, vb., cf.
glener,glaner (F. glaner), to glean Low glhnmer, sb., glitter Swed. dial, glimmer,
; ;
L. gletidre (a.d. 561) ; cf. Low L. glena, vb., glimtner, sb., glitter. Frequent, of
gelifta, geli7?ia, a handful. Of unknown Dan. glimme, Swed. glimma, to shine. Cf.
origin. The A. S.gil?n, a handful, whence Swed. dial, glim, a glance, A. S. gleomu
prov. E. yelm, to provide handfuls of straw (for '^glifjiti), splendour from *glim-, ;
ready for a thatcher, will not account for weak grade of *gleim- see Gleam. ;
the O. F. form. ^ We
also find the form g^limpse, a slight gleam. (E.) For-
to gleame (Levins) also spelt gleme. , merly glims e M. E. glimsen, to glimpse;
Glebe, soil. (F. L.) -

M. F. glebe, formed with suffix -s- from *glim (above).
Glint, to shine, glance. (Scand.) M. E.
'
*
glebe, land belonging to a parsonage ;
Cot. — L. gleba, soil, a clod of earth. glenten. — Swed. dial, gldnta, glinta, to
Glede {^), a kite, a bird so called. (E.) shine nasalised from Icel. glita, to shine.
;
214
GLISTEN GNARL
{yiM.G.glinzen, to glint, Swed. glmdra. mouth of the windpipe. — Gk. Âcurra,
See Glitter. Attic form of yKuaaa, the tongue. Der.
Glisten, Glister, to glitter. (E.) epi-glottis.
Extended from base g/z's- of M. E, glisien, Glove. (E.) A. S. ^/^, a glove ; cf.
to shine. A. S. glisian whence also ; Icel. glofi, prob. borrowed from A. S. glof.
glisnian^ to shine. We also find M.
Possibly from g- (for ge-), prefix; and
E.
glisteren^ glistren, to Icel. loji., Goth. IdJ'a, the palm of the hand.
glitter. Cf. Du.
glinsteren, to glitter Swed. dial, glisa.
; Ji&x. fox-glove.
Glitter. l,E.) M. E. gUteren, to shine. Glow. (E.) M. E. glowen. A. S.
A. S. glitinian, to shine extended from gldwan, to be ardent, to shine brightly.
;
+
A.S. gliiian, to shine. +Icel. glil?a, to Icel. glda, Dan. gloe, to glow, stare, Swed.
glitter, frequent, oi giita, to shine; Swed. glo, to stare, Du. gloeijen, G. glUheti,
glittra, to glitter ;
glitter, sb., a sparkle. Brugm. i. § 156. Hqx. glede (2).
Cf. Goth, glit-munjan, to glitter. From Glower, to look frowningly. (E.) E.
*g/it-,weak grade of *g/eit-, as in O. Sax. Fries, gluren. Cf. Low G. gluren, M. Du.
glitan, G. gleissen, to shine. gloeien, to look awry, to leare,' Hex- '
Gloaming, twilight. (E.) A Scot, ham ; Du. gluren. ^ M. E. gloren, to

word for even-glow, the time of becoming stare, is allied to glare.
(]usk ; A. S. afcn-glonummg, glow of eve, Gloze, to interpret, flatter. (F.- L.-
Hymn. Surtees, i6. i6. See Glow. Gk.) V^.Y.. glosen, to make glosses.—
Gloat, to stare, gaze with admiration. M. E. glose, a gloss ; see Gloss (2).
(E.) Formerly glote (XVI cent.). + Icel. Glue. (F. - L.) O. F. glu. Late L. -
glotta, to scornfully; Swed.
grin, smile ghitem, acc. of gltcs ,gen. glutis), glue;
dial, glotta, gliitta, to peep G. gtotzen, to
; allied to L. gluten, glue, glutus, tenacious.
stare. Cl. Russ. gliadiet{e), to look at. + Gk. yKoios, mud, gum. Allied to Clay.
Globe. (F.-L.) O. F. globe. - L. Brugm. i. § 639.
globicj/i, acc. oi globus, a ball ; cf. glomus, sullen. (E.) Glum,
M. E. glommen,
a ball, clue. glotnben, glournen, to look gloomy. E.
Glomerate. (L.) From pp. of glo- Fries, glumen, glfanen, to look sullen. +
nierdre, to collect into a ball. — L. glomer-, Low G. gluiun, a sullen look, glummen,
for *glomes, stem of glomtis, a ball or to make turbid Norw. glyme, a sullen ;
clew of yarn. See Globe. look, glynia, gloma, to look sullen. See
Gloom. (E.) M. E. glotwieti, to lower, Gloom.
as if from A. S. *gluniian cf. room from
; Glume, a bracteal covering, in grasses.
A. S. rum; and prov. E. gluTfij overcast. (L.) L. gluma, a husk, hull. — L. glubere,
+Norw. glyma, an overcast sky ; Low G. to peel, take off the husk. See Cleave (1).
glufu, turbid. See Glum. Glut, to swallow greedily. (F. — L.)
Glory. (F. - L.) M. E. glorie. - A. F. M.E. glotien.^0. F. glotir, gloutir. — l^.
and O. F. glorie (F. gloire). — L. gloria. glut ire, gluttire, to swallow; ci.gula, the
Gloss (I), lustre. (Scand.) \c€i, glossi, throat. Der. glutton.
a blaze, glys, finery Swed. dial, glossa,
; Glutinous, gluey. (L.) I., glutinosus,
to glow ôvw.glosa, to glow.+M. H. G. stickv.'mL. glu tin-, (or gluten, glue.
;
glosen, to glow, glos, lustre Du. gloren Glutton. (F.-L.^

; M.E. gloton.^
(Franck), E. Fries. glo7-en. O. F. gloton. — L. gluttotiem, gliltdnem^
Gloss (2), a commentary, explanation. acc, a glutton. — L, glutire, to devour.
(F. _ L. - Gk.) M. E. glose. - O. F. glose, Glycerine, a viscid fluid, of sweet
*a glosse;' Cot. — L. glossa, a difficult taste. (F. Gk.) Y glycerine from Gk. — . \
word requiring explanation. — Gk. yXaicraa, y\vK(p6s, sweet from Gk. yXvKvs, sweet. ;
the tongue, a language, word needing ex- Gl3rptic, relating to carving in stone.
planation. Der. gloss, vb., gloze. (Gk.) Gk. yXvTTTiKos, carving, — Gk,
glossary. L.-Gk.) L.glossdf-izim, yKvTTTos, carved. — Gk. y\v<p€Lv, to hollow
a glossary formed with suffix -drium out, engrave. See Cleave (i).
;
from L. gloss-a (above). Gnarl, to snarl, growl. (E.) Frequen-

gloSSOgrapher. (Gk.) Coined from tative oi guar, to snarl, an imitative word.
glosso-, from Gk. -yXuaaa, a hard word; Cf. A. S. g7iyrran, to creak ; E. Fries.
ypd(pfiv, to write. gnarren, to creak, snarl. -f-Du. knorren^
glottis. (Gk.) Gk. yKuTTii, the Dan. kmirre, to growl, Dan. knarre^ to
5
';
GNARLED GOD
creak ; Swed. knoTra, G. kma-reit, supposition arises that Teut. *gaiin, ^^gais,
to
I
growl, G, knarren, to creak. '^gaith are contracted from the verbal

I
Gnarled, knotty, twisted. (E.) Gnarled particle ga- and the inherited Ini, iz, ith =
j
is full of gnarls, where gnar-l is a dimin. Skt. end, eshi, eti\ cf. Gk. cT/xi.' — Kluge.
of gnar or knar, M. E. knarre, a knot in But this is mere conjecture.
wood. See Knurr. Goad. (E.) M. E. gode. A. S. gad.
Gnash. (E.) M. E. gnasten, to gnash Teut. type *gaidd, f.+Lombardic gaida,
the teeth. E, Fries, gnastern, gndstern, a gore (Due.) ; from the base ^gai-, Idg.
to gnash. +
Swed. knastra, to crash (be- *ghai-, whence also A. S. gd-r, Icel. gei-rr,
tween the teeth) Dan. knaske, to gnash
; O. Irish â?, a spear; see Gore (2).
;
Icel. gnastan, sb., a gnashing, ^«^j/a (pt. t. Goal, the winning-post in a race. (E.)
gnast), to crack ; G. knastern, to crackle. M, K.gol, Shoreham, p. 145. Answering
;
Imitative so also Dan. kjtase, to crackle
; to A. S. *gdl, prob.
;
an impediment '
Icel. gntsta, to gnash, E. Fries. gnJsen. whence A. S. gielan, to impede. Goal

Gnat. (E.) A.S. gncsU. Said to be may have meant stopping-place.' '
named from the whirring of the wings; Goat. (E.) U.¥..goot. A. S.^^/.-f
cf. Icel. gnafa, to clash, gnat, clash of Du. geit, Dan. ged, Swed. get, Icel. geit,
weapons. G. geiss, geisse; Go'&\. gaits. Teut. base
Gnaw. (E.) M. E. gnawen, pt. t. gneiv, *gait- allied to L. hcedus. ;
gnoiv. A. S. gnagan, to gnaw, pt. t. gnoh, Gobbet, a mouthful, a small piece.

+
pp.^«a^^«. Du. knagen, Low G. gnanen, (F. — C.) M. E. gobet, a small piece.—
O. Icel. knaga, mod. Icel. naga, Dan. O. F. gobet, a morsel of food (see Littrd)
gnave, Swed. gnaga. Without the g, we allied to M.F. gob, a gulp (in swallowing).
have G. nagen also Dan. nage, to gnaw, — O. F. gober, to devour. — Gael, gob, beak,
;
Swed. nagga, whence prov. E. nag, to bill, mouth Irish gob, mouth, beak. ;
worry. gobble (0, to devour. (F.-C.) Fre-

Gneiss, a rock. ^G.) G. gneiss; from quentative, with suffix -le, from O. F.
its sparkling. — O. H. G. gneistan, to gob-er, to devour see Gobbet. ;
sparkle gneista, a spark.

;
A. S. gndst, + Gobble (2), to make a gabbling noise.
Icel. gneisii, a spark. (E.) Imitative a variant oi gabble. ;
Gnome, a kind of sprite. (F. — Gk.) Gobelin, a French tapestry. (F.)

F. gnome, a gnome a word due ; to Para- Named from Giles Gobelin, wool-dyer of
celsus ;from the notion that gnomes could Paris, in the i6th cent.
reveal secret treasures. — Gk. 'yuujfjLTj, intelli- Goblet. (F. L.) F. gobelet, ' a -
;
gence.— Gk. yvcvvai, to know. (-^GEN.) goblet Cot. Dimin. of O. F. gobel, a '
gnomon, index of a dial. (L. — Gk.) cup. — Late L. alfellum, ace. of cupelhis,
L. gnomd/t.-^Gk. yvuixajv, an interpreter a cup dimin. of L. cupa, a vat ; see ;
(one who knows) the index of a dial. — Coop.

; Cf. Picard gobe, a great cup.
Gk. -yvwi/ai, to know. Goblin. (F.-L.-G.) O.F. gobelin.
gnostic, one of a certain sect. (Gk.) — Low L. gobellmis, a goblin ;
properly
Gk. yi^caaTiKos, wise, good at knowing.— '
a household-god '
; cf. A. S. cof-godas,
Gk. yvojaros, from yvooTos, known. — Gk. ' penates.' — M. H. dimin.
G. kobel, a hut ;
yvajvai, to know. of M. H. G. cognate with

kobe, a stall,
Gnu, a kind of antelope. (Hottentot.) Icel. koji, a hut, A. S. cofa, a chamber

Found in S. Africa. belong to the
wSaid to (Kluge). See Cove.
Hottentot language. See Supplement. Goby, a fish. (L. - Gk.) For l^.gobms,
Go, to move about, proceed, advance. orig. applied to the gudgeon. — Gk. kojîos,
(E.) M. E. gon, goon. A. S. gdn.-^-Dw. a kind of fish, gudgeon, tench. Der.
gaan, Dan. gaae, Swed. ga G. geheii ; ;
gudgeon.
O. H. G. gdn.gen. The Teut. gai- ( =
^ '
God. (E.) A. S. god.-^-Bn. god, Icel.
A. S. gd-, O. H. G. ge-) supplanted the god, gud, Dan. giid, Swed. gad, Goth.
Idg. y'l, to go, in Lat. tre, Gk. Uvai, gift A, G. gott. Teut. type *gut/iom Idg. ;
Skt. i. Since Teut. gai- has no old primi- type *g/mtom, perhaps the being wor- '
tive noun-derivatives in Teut., and takes shipped,' a pp. form from Idg. root ^ghu,
;
the place of Idg. y'l (the Goth, aorist to worship, as in Skt. hu, to sacrifice
iddja = K. S. eode still remains), and as it (to), whence huta-, one to whom sacri-
is inflected after the -mi- conjugation, the fice is offered. ^ ISfot allied to good, adj.
2 16
;' ,;
GODDESS GOOSEBERRY
goddess. (E. Y suffix.) M. E. banner. (F. — M. H. G.) '^l.Y.gonfanon.
; with .
goddesse {godesse). Made from god by — O. F. gonfail oil. ^W. H. G. gundfano,

adding the O. F. suffix -esse ( = L. -issa = lit. 'Lattle-tlag.' — M. H. G. gitiid, guiit,
Gk. -laaa). battle; fano [G. fahne), a banner, flag.
godfather. (E.) M. E. godfader, Here gunt is cognate with A. S. gild (for
father in baptism from ^<?(^ and ^^/?r.
; *gunth), battle, war cf. Skt. haii, to kill, ;
godhead. (E.) M. E. godhed, also Fano is allied to Vane.

godhod the suffix answers to A. S. had,
\ Gong. (Malay.) Malay ogong or gong,
office, state, dignity; see -hood (suffix). the gong, a sonorous instrumtnt.
Godwit, a bird. (E.) Origin un- Good. (E.) M.Y.good. A.S. god.-^
known. Can it mean good creature ? Du. goed, Icel. godr, Dan. Swed. god,
' '
A. S. god wiht, a good wight, good crea- Goth, gods, G. gul. Teut. tyjê *godoz\
ture {wiht being often applied to animals from "^god-, strong grade of *gad-, 'fit:'
and birds). See ^*ight. Gather. Allied to Russ. godnuii,
see
Goffer, Gauffer, to plait or crimp suitable, O. Slav. godH, fit season. Der.
lace, &c. (F. — O. Low G.) M. F, gattf- good-s, sb. pi., i. e. good things, property
frer, to goffer orig. to mark like the good'tvill, &c.
; Also ^^ci^-wcz;/, i. e. master
edges oi^s2iiQ.x?,.'^M..Y gauffre, goff7-e, a of the house, good-wife, misuess of the
.
wafer see "Wafer.

; house.
Goggle-eyed, having rolling and Goodbye, farewell. (E.) A famdliar,
^
staring eyes. (,E.) yi.Y..gogil-eyid. 'They but meaningless, contraction of God be

gogle with their eyes hither and thither ; with you, the old form of farewell
Holinshed, Descr. of Ireland, c. i. Cf. very common; often written God b'w'y.
Irish and Gael, gogshitileach, goggle-eyed, ^ Not ior God be by you: the form God
having wandering eyes, from gog, to move buy you = God be-with-you you {
you re-
slightly, and stiil, eye. But gog seems to peated).
be from E., and of imitative origin. Cf. Goodman ; see Good.
prov. E, coggle, Bavar. gageln, to be un- Goose, a bird. (E.) A. ^. gos, pi. ges
steady. (lengthened caused loss of n, and gds =
—
Goitre. (F. L.) F. ^^//r^, a swelled '^gons <^'^gans).'\'T)'a.. gans, Dan. gaas,
throat ; from O. F. goitron, the same, esp. Swed. gas. Icel. gas, G. gans. Teut. type
in Savoy. — Late L. ace. type '^gtitt7-idnem, *gans ; Idg. type *ghans- cf. L. anser, ;
from L. gnttur, throat. Gk. )(j]v\ Skt. hainsa, a swan; O. Irish

Gold. (E.) A.S, gold.-^-TtVi. goiid {{or geis, a swan Lith. zqsis, a goose.
;
gold), Icel. gtcll, Swed. Dzxx.gtild, G. gold, Gooseberry. (E. cf. F.- M. H. G.) ;
Goth, gulth. Teut. type '^gtil-thom, n. In Levins. From goose and berry, cf.
Idg. type '^ghsl-tom ; cf. Russ. zoloto, Skt. goose-grass, &c. a. We also find North.
hdtaka-, gold also Pers. zar, gold, Zend
; E.grosers, gooseberries Burns ha-sgrozet, ;
zaranya-, Skt. hiranya-. Named from its a gooseberiy. Apparently from O. F.

colour. Allied to Yellow. (VGHEL.) *grose, *groise, a gooseberry, not recorded,
Der. mart-gold, gild. but occurring not only in the O. F. dimin.
Golf, a game. (Du.) Mentioned A. D. form groisele, grosele,^. gooseberry, but also
1457 (Jam.). The name is from that of a in Xrviîgrois-aid, Ga.e\. grois-eid,\\' .grzuys
Du. game played with club and ball. — Du. a gooseberry, all borrowed from M.K. The
kolf, a club used to strike balls with.+ spelling groisele is as old as the 13th
Low G. kulf, hockey-stick Icel. kolfr, ; century (Bartsch) ; and answers to the
clapper of a bell, kylfa, a club Dan. kolbe, ; form crosela in the dialect of Como
butt-end of a weapon, kolv, bolt, shaft, (Monti). p. TheO. F. *groise or
orig.
arrow, Swed. kolf, butt-end, G. kolbe, club, *grose was borrowed from M. H. G. krfis,
mace, knob. curling, crisped, whence G. kransbeere, a
Golosh the same as Galoche.
; cranberry, a rough gooseberry. Cf. Swed.
Gondola. (Ital.-Gk.-Pers.?) Ital. krusbdr, a gooseberry, from krus, crisp,
gondola, dimin. of gonda, a boat. — Gk. curled, frizzled. The name was first given
Kovhv, a drinking-vessel from the shape ; to the rougher kinds of the fruit, from the
(Diez). Said to be of Pers. origin; cf. curling hairs on it similarly, Levins ;
Pers. kandu, an earthen vessel. gives the Lat. name as uua crispa ( frizzled
Gonfanon, Gonfalon, a kind of grape).
217
— ;
; \
GOPHER GOSSIP
Gopher, a kind of wood. (Heb.) Heb. — Gk. yopyos, fearful. + O. Ir. garg,
gopher, a wood. fierce.
Gorbellied, having a fat belly. (E.) Gorilla, a kind of large ape. (O. Afri-
Compounded of E. gore, lit. filth, dirt (also can.) An
old word revived. In the Peri-
the intestines) ; and belly. So also Swed. plus of Hanno, near the end, some creatures
dial, garbdlg, a fat paunch, from gar, dirt, are described which the interpreters called
'
contents of the intestines, and bdlg, belly. Gorillas —

in Greek, yopiWas.
'
See Gore (i). Gormandise ; see Gourmand.

gorcrow, carrion-crow. (E.) I.e. Gorse. (E.) Formerly ^^r^-/. A. S. -
gore-o'ow ; see above. gors^, gorse. Cf. Skt. Ars/z, to bristle.
Gordian. (L.-Gk.) Only in the phr. Goshawk. (E.) Lit. 'goose-hawk.'
Gordian knot,' i. e. intricate knot. Named
' A. S. goshafuc. — A. S. gds, goose ; haftic,
from the Phrygian king Gordius (rojoStos), hawk.
who tied
it. An oracle declared that who- gosling. E.) Formed from A. S. '
ever undid it should reign over Asia. gds, goose {^^.Y,. gos), with double dimin.
Alexander cut the knot, and applied the suffix -l-ing.
oracle to himself. Gospel, the life of Christ. (E.) M. E.
Gore 1 1), clotted blood. (E.) It for- gospel. A. S. godspell." K. S. god, God,
merly meant filth. A. S. gor, filth, dirt.+ i. e. Christ spell, a story. Lit. ' narrative ;
Icel gor, gore Swed. gor, dirt M. Du. goor; of God,' i. e. life of Christ.
; ; «^ Orig. god
O. H. G. gor, filth. Origin uncertain. spell, i. e. good spell, a translation of Gk.
Gore v2), a triangular piece let into a evayyeXiov but soon altered to godspell; ;
garment, a triangular slip of land. (E.) for the E. word was early introduced into
M. E, gore. A. S. gdra, a gore, project- Iceland in the form guQspjall (where gti^-
ing piece of land from gar, a dart, a = god, as distinguished from ^^df- = good
;
spear-point. Named from the shape. [So and into Germany as O. H. G. gotspell
also Icel. geiri, a triangular slip of land, (where ^^/ = god, as distinguished from
from geirr, a spear G, gehre, a wedge, giiot, good).
;
gusset, gore Du. geer, a gusset, gore.]

; Gossamer. (E.) M. E. gossomer,
p. The A. S. gar (Icel. geirr, O. H. G. gosesomer, lit. ^goose-summer' The prov.
ger') is from Teut. type '^gaizoz, ni. E. name (in Craven) is summer-goose.
allied to Gaulish L. gaesuvi, a javelin, Named from the time of year when it is
O. Irish gai, a spear. most seen, viz. during St. Martin's summer
Gore (3), to pierce. (E.) From A. S. (early November) geese were eaten on ;
gar, a spear-point (with the usual change Nov. II formerly. Cf. Lowl. Sc. go-
from a to long 0). summer (popular variant), Martinmas. %
Gorge, the throat, a narrow pass. (F. Also called stmimer-colt (Whitby) also ;
— L.) O. F. gorge, throat. — Late L. gorga, Slimmer-gauze. Cf. G. somjnerfdden (lit.

variant of L. gurges, a whirlpool, hence summer -threads), gossamer Du. zomer- ;
(in Late L.) the gullet, from its voracity. draden, Swed. sommertrdd, the same. [But
Cf. L. gurgulio, gullet. +Skt. gargara-, a in G. it is also called mddchensovimer^
whirlpool. lit. Maiden-summer, der allweibersommer,
—
gorgeous, showy, splendid. (F. L.) the old women's summer which also ;
O. F. and M. F. gorgias, 'gorgeous;' Cot. means St. Martin's summer.] It would

The O. F. gorgias also meant a gorget appear that summer is here used in the
the sense of gorgeous was orig. proud, sense of 'summer-film,' so that<^^j-j-a/;/^r =
' '
from the swelling of the throat in pride. goose-summer-film. (Better spelt gossomer
Cotgrave gives F. se rengorger, to hold or gos summer.)
'
down the head, or thrust the chin into the Gossip. (E.) a crony formerly Now ;
neck, as some do in pride, or to make a sponsor in baptism. M. E. gossib, also

their faces look the fuller we say, to godsib, lit. ' related in god.' — M. E. god,
;
bridle it.' Hence the derivation is from god sib, related, from O. Northumb.
;
¥. gorge, throat (above). sibbo, pi. relatives, allied to Goth, sibja,

gorget, armour for the throat. (F. relationship, G. sippe, affinity, sippen,
L.) From gorge, i. e. throat. kinsmen. Cf. Skt. sabhya-, fit for an
Gorgon, a monster. (L. — Gk.) L. assembly, trusty, from sabhd, an assembly,
Gorgon, Gorgo. — QV. Topyou, the Gorgon. Brugm. i. §§ 124 (4), 567.
. '
GOUGE GRAMERCY
Gouge, a hollow-bladed chisel. (F. — gradudle, a service-book of portions sung
Low L.) F. gouge. — Low L. *gobia, in gradibt(s, i. e. on the steps (of the
^giibia, only recorded in the form guvia choir). — L. gradu-s, a step.
(Span, gtibia). Cf. Ital. sgorbia, gouge; graduate. (L.) Late L. gradudtus,
Ciascon goujo. one who has taken a degree ; pp. of Late
Gourd. (F. — L.î F. gourde, formerly L. gradudre. — L. gradti-s, degree.
gouhotirde and cougourde (Cot.). — L. cu- Graft, Graff, to insert buds on a stem.
curbtia, a gourd. (F. — L. — Gk.) Graft is a later form of
Gourmand, a glutton. (F.) F. gour- graff, and due to confusion with graffed,
ffiand, '
a glutton, gormand, belly-god ;
pp. Shak. has pp. graft. Rich. Ill, iii. 7.
Cot. Etym. unknown. Der. gorniandise 127. M. E. graffen, to graff, from graffe,
(for gour??iand-ise) sb. — O, F. graffe, a sort of pencil, also a
Gout (i), a drop, disease. (F. — L.) slip for grafting, because it resembled a
M. E. goiite, a disease supposed to be due pointed pencil in shape. — L. graphium, a.
to defluxion of humours. — O. Y. gouie, style to write with. — Gk. ypa<piov, ypa •
goiitie, a drop. — L. giitta, a drop. (peioy, the same. — Gk. ypa.(pfii', to write.
Gout (2), taste. (F.-L.) F. goiU, Grail (i), a gradual, a service-book.
taste. — h. gnstns, taste; see Gust (2). (F.-L.) M.E. graile, grayle. - O. F.
Govern. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. goiter- gra'e'l. — Late L. gradate, also called gra-
nen. — O.F. governer.—lu. guberndre, to dudle see gradual.
;
steer a ship, rule. — Gk. Kv^fpvdv, to steer. Grail (2), the Holy Dish at the Last
Cf. Lith. ktwibriti, to steer. Supper. (F. — L. —
Gk.) The etymology
Gowan, a daisy. (Scand.) North. E. was very early falsified by an easy
gowlan, 'Scyellozo gozvan, corn marigold. change from San Great i^Holy Dish) to
Named from the colour. — Icel.^«/r, Swed. Sang Jêal (Royal Blood, strangely taken
gul, Dan. gtiul, Norw. gi{l, gaul, yellow. to mean Real Blood). — O. F. graal^ great,
See Yellow. grasal, a flat dish; with numerous other
Gowk, a simpleton. (Scand.) Icel. forms, both in O. F. and Late L. It
gazikr.^ a cuckoo, Svre^. gok.-Ô. gattch, a would appear that the word was corrupted
cuckoo, simpleton. in various ways from Late L. type *cratdlis
Gown, a loose robe. (C.) M. E.goune. (cf. Late L. gradate, a bowl) ; from Late
— W. gzvn, a loose robe. [Lish gtmn, L. crdt-ns, a bowl, equivalent to L. crater,
Gael, and Com. gun, Manx goo^z, are from a bowl see Crater. ; (Diez.)
E. O. F, goune is Gaulish.] Stokes- Grail (3), fine sand. (F.-L.) In
Fick, p. 281. Spenser, F. Q. i. 7. 6 Vis. Bellay, st. 12.
;
Grab, to seize. (E.) Cf. E. Fries. — O. F. graisle, graile (F. gr^te), thin,
grabbig, greedy ; grabbeleti, to grab at small.
;
— L. gradient, ace. of gracilis,
Du. grabbed a scramble, grabbeleii, to slender.
scramble for Low G. grabbeln, to grab
; Grain. (F. - L.) M. E. grein. - O. F.
at; Swed. grabba, to grasp. +Skt. gmh^ grain. — 1.. grdnum, a grain, com.-f-Irish
O. Skt. grabh, O. Pers. and Zend grab, grdn^ W. gronyn. Cognate with E. Corn.
to seize. See Garb (2). Cf. Grasp. Grallatory. (L.) A
term applied to
Grace. (F.-L.) _ O. F. grace. - L. wading birds. — L. gralldtor^ a walker on
gratia, favour. — L. grdtiis, dear, pleasing. stilts. — L. ^ra//^ (for '^gradlce), stilts. — L.
Brugm. i. §§ 524, 632. gradus, a step gradi, to walk.
;
-
Grade, a degree. (F. L.) F. grade, Gramarye, magic. (F.-L.-Gk.)
a degree. — L. gradum, ace. oi gradus, a M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, and
degree, step. — L. gradi (pp. gressus), to hence skill in magic — O. F. grajiiaire,
step, walk, go. (VGHREDH.) Brugm. grammar see Grammar.
; Cf. O. F.
i. § 635 ;.ii- § 7°7- gramaire, (i) a grammarian, (2) a ma-
gradient, a gradually rising slope. gician. %
The word glamour is a mere
(L.) L. gradient-, stem of pres. pt. of corruption of gramarye or grammar,
gradi, to walk, advance. meaning u) grainmar, (2) magic.
gradual, advancing by steps. (L.) Gramercy, thanks. (F.-L.) For-
Orig. gradual, sb., a service-book called merly graund mercy, Chaucer, C. T.
in Lat. gradtidle, and in E. gradual or 8964. — F. grand merci, great thanks ; see
^rayl. "La.te L. gradudlis, only in neut. Grand and Mercy.
219
'
GRAMINEOUS GRATUITY
Gramineous. (L.) From 'L.^-rdmm-, fruit. -M. H. G.
krapfe, O. H. G. krapfo,
for grdmcn, grass ; with suffix -e-ous. a hook. Allied to Cramp. The senses
Grammar. (F. L. -Gk.) - M. E. of ' hook and ' cluster result from that
'
'
grammere.—O. F. gramaire (XIII cent.). of clutching.'

'
— Late l^.grammatica, grammar(Schwan). Graphic, descriptive, pertaining to

— Gk. ypafx/j-aTLKij, grammar. — Gk. ypa/x- writing. (L. —
Gk.) L. gt-aphicus, belong-
fiariKus, knowing
one's letters ; see below. ing to painting or drawing. Gk. ypacpiKos, —
grammatical. (F. - L. Gk.) M. F. - the same. —
Gk. ypacpeiv, to write. Allied
grammatical; from \^.granimaticus, gram- to Carve.
matical. —Gk. ypaiJiiaTLKus, versed in one's Grapnel, a
grappling-iron. ( F. —
letters. — Gk. ypafx/xar-, stem of ypd/xfxa, M. H. G.) M.
E. grapenel. Dimin. of
a letter. — Gk. ypdcpeiv, to write. See M. F. grappin, a grapnel. — O. F. grappe,
Graphic. a hook. — O. 11. G. krapfo, a hook; see
Grampus, a large fish. (F. — L.) Spelt Grape.
grampasse, a. D. 1655. — A. F. grampats ; grapple, to clutch. (F. — M. H. G.)
BIk. Bk. Adm. i. i^2. — l^. grandem pisccm, Properly to seize with a grapnel. — M. F.
;
ace. oi grandis piscis, great fish. g7'appil, sb., * the grapple of a ship Cot. '
Granary, store-house for grain. (L.) — O. Y. grappe, a hook (above).

L. grdndria, — L. grdmim, corn.
pi. See Grasp. (E.) M. E. graspen, used in
Garner. the sense to grope.''
Also grapsen, in
Grand, great. (F.-L.) O.Y. grand. Hoccleve. Prob. for *grab-sen, closely
— L. grandem, ace. oi grandis, great. allied to Grab, q. v. Cf. E. Fries.
grandee, a Spanish nobleman. (Span. grapsen, to clutch Low G. grapsen ;
;
— L.) Span, grajide, great also, a ; E. Fries, graps, a handful ; also Lith.
nobleman. — L. grandem, ace. oi grandis, grop-ti, to grab (Kluge).
great. Grass. (E.) M. E. gras, gres, also
grandeur, greatness. (F.-L.) F. ge7-s. A. S. gcers, grces.-^T>u. Icel. Goth.
grandeur; formed with suffix -eiir (L. G. gras Swed. gras, Dan. grces. Teut.
;
-or em), irom grand, great. type ^gra-som, n. from '^gra-, the sense
;
grandiloquent, pompous in speech. of which is doubtful cf. grow. ;
(L.) Coined from L. grandi-, decl. stem Grate (0' ^ framework of iron bars.
of grandis, great and loqtient-, stem of
; (Late L. - L.) M. E. grate. - Late L.
pres. pt. of loqui, to speak see Loqua- ; grdta, crdta, a grating. — L. crates, hurdles.
cious. The true L. form is grandi- See Crate.
loqmis. Grate (2), to rub, scrape. (F.-Teut.)
Grange, a farm-house. (F. - L.) O. F. O. F. grater (F. ^rfl;//^r). — Swed. kratta,
grange, a barn, a farm-house. — Late L. Dan. kratte, to scrape ; O. H. G. chrazzon
grdnea, a barn. — L. ^ra«?/w, corn. (< ^krattoti), to scrape.
granite, a hard stone. (Ital. L.) — Grateful, pleasant. (Hybrid; F.-L.
Ital. graniio, granite, speckled stone. — and E.) The first syllable is from O. F,
Ital. granito, pp. of granire, to reduce to grat, pleasing, from L. grains ; with E.
grains (hence, to speckle). — Ital. graîo, suffix -////.
a grain. — L. grdnutn, a grain see Grain. ; gratify. (F. —

L.) M.Y. gratijier.^
Grant. (F. — L.) M. E. graunten.^ L. grdtijicdre, grdtificdrl, to please. — L.
O. F. graanter, graunter, later spelling of grdti-, for grdtus, pleasing and -ficdre, ;
crdanter, creanter, to caution, assure, iox facere, to make. Der. gratific-at-ion.

guarantee ;whence the later senses, to gratis, freely. (L.) L. gratis, adv.,
promise, yield ; Late L. cr'eatitdre, for freely; for grdtiis, abl. pi. of gratia,
*credentdre. — L. credent-, stem of pres. grace ; see Grace.
pt. of credere, to trust. See Creed. gratitude. (F.-L.) F. gratitude.
Granule, a little grain. (L.) L. grd- — Late h. gratitudine7}t, ace. oi grdtittido,
milum, dimin. oi grdniim, a grain. thankfulness. — L. grdtus, pleasing.
Grape. (F.-M. H. G.) A. F. grape, grattlitous, freely given. (L.) L.
M. F. grappe, bunch, or cluster of grapes;
'
grdtuit-us, freely given with sufitix -ous. ;
Cot. [In E., the sense has changed, from From grdtus.
cluster to single berry.] The orig. sense gratuity, a present. (F.-L.) O. F.
a free gift ' Cot. — Late L.
;
of g)-appe was 'a hook,' then clustered gratuite, *
; =
GRATULATE GRIDDLE
gratuTtatem, ace. of gratuJtds.^'L. grd- greve, Picard greve, the shank, shin.
tuitiis (above). Origin unknown.
gratulate, to congratulate. (L.) Grebe, a bird. (F.) F. grebe. Cot.
From pp. of L. grdtulari, to wish a per- gives griaibe, a sea-mew,' as a Savoyard
'
son joy. As if for ^grdti-tuldrl; from word. Of unknown origin.

L. g> dtiis^ pleasing. Brugm. i. § 986. Greedy. (E.) A. S. gradig, gn'd/g.^
Grave (Oj to cut, engrave. (E.) M. E. Du. gretig, Icel. grddi/gr, Dan. graad/g,
graiten. A.S. grafan, pt. t. grd/.-\-'D\.\. Goth, gredags cf. Skt. grdhra-, greedy,
;
graveti, Y)zcl\. grave, Icel. gf 'a/a, M. Swcd. from grdh, to be greedy. The sb. greedy
grafva, Goth, giaban, G. graben. Teut. hunger, answers to Icel. grdSr, Goth.
type *graban-, pt. t. *grob. Cf. Russ. gredus, hunger Teut. type *grdduz.
;
gyob\ a tomb, grave. Der. grave, sb., a Green. (E.) M. E. green. A. S. grene.
thing cut or dug out A. S. graf.
; 4" Du. groen, Icel. grann^ Dan. Swed.
Grave (2), sad. (F. — L.) F. g?'ave.<~ gr'dn, G. griin. Teut. type *grdnJoZy
\j. graiiem, ace. oi grains, heavy. -f- Goth. earlier type *grd-niz (^Sievers). Cf. A. S.
kaiiriis; Gk. fiapvs, Skt. gurtc-, heavy. gro-zvan, to grow. Allied to Grow.
Brugm. i. § 665. Green is the colour of growmg herbs.
Gravel. (F. - C.) ^^. E. grauel.^ Der. greens, pi. sb. See Sward.
O. ¥.gravele, dimin. of O. ¥. grave, gravel. Greengage, a green plum. Named
Of Celtic origin; from Celt, base *gravo-, from Sir W. Gage, of Hengrave Hall,
as in Bret, groiian, gravel, Corn, grow, near Bury, before a. D. 1725. There is
gravel, W. gro, pebbles. also a bhte Gage., a yelloiv Gage, and a
Gravy. (F. — L.) M. E. graui, mistaken purple Gage.
form of O. Y grane, a broth with powdered
. Greet (i), to salute. (E.) M. E. greten.
almonds (like grains). — L. grdndtum, full A.'S.gretan, to visit, address.+Du.^r^^/^w,
of grains. — L. grdnum, a grain. G. griissen O. Sax. grotian. Teut. type
;
Gray. (E.) M^.E. gray, grey. O. *grot-Ja?i- from the sb. *grdt-, as in Du.
;
Merc.^r^, A. S. gr&g.-\'Y)\x. graaiiw, Icel. groet, G. gruss, a salutation.

grdr, Dan. graa, Swed. grd, G. gran, Greet (2), to cry, weep. (E.) M. E.
O. H. G. grd (gen. grdzu-es). Teut. stems greten. A. S. gnetan, gretan. 4-Icel. grdta,
*gr^g-, *gra-cv-j <i*grcegwoz. Dan. grcede, Swed. grata, Goth, gj'etan.
Graze (t\ to scrape slightly, (E. ?) Gregarious. (L.) L. gregdrius, be-
Formerly grase. Apparently a peculiar longing to a flock. — L. greg-, stem oi grex,
use of graze, to crop grass ; +
used of a flock. 0. Irish graig, a herd of horses.
cannon-balls that rebounded from grass. Grenade, a war-missile. (F. — Span.—
So also G. grascn. L.) Formerly also granado, which is like
Graze (2), to feed as cattle. (E.) M. E. the Span. form. Named from its likeness
grasen, vb. A. S. grasian.^ K. S. grces, to a pomegranate, being filled with com-
grass ; see Grass. Der. graz-i-er (cf. bustibles as that is with seeds. — Y. grenade,
bow-y-er, law-y-er). '
a pomegranet, a ball of wild-fire ; Cot.
'
Grease. (F. - L.) M. E. grese, grece. •^Span. grana da, the same; granado, full
— A. F. greisse, craisse, fatness, Ps. xvi. of seeds. — h. grdndtzts, full of seeds. — L.
10. — Late L. type *crassia.'~\^. crassus, grdniun, a grain; see Grain. Der.
thick, fat. See Crass. grenad-ier.
Great. (E.) M. E. gret, greet. A. S. Grey ; the same as Gray.
great. •{'Dxx. groot, G. gross. Teut. type Greyhound. (E.) "Sl.Y.. greihoimd,
*grautoz, ( grehound. A.'6. grighund; where grig-
Greaves (1), Graves, sediment of grieg- (Icel. grey-), for Teut. *gratiJo-.
melted tallow. (E.) E. Fries, grdfe; pi. Cf. Icel. greyhnndr, a greyhound, from
grdfen, greaves. -j-M- Swed. grefzvar, dirt Icel. grey, a dog, htmdr, a hound; grey-
Ijus-grefwar, lit. light-dirt,' refuse of tal- baka, a bitch.
'
^
Not allied to gray,
low in candle-making Swed. dial, grevar, which is represented in Icelandic by grdr.
;
pi., greaves ; Low G. greven, greaves; G. Griddle, a pan for baking cakes.
griebe, O. H. G. griubo, grhipo. (F. — L.) Also girdle. M. E. grediL —
Greaves (2), leg-armour. (F.) O. F^. O. F. gredil (Moisy, Diet, of Norman
greves, 'boots, also greaves;' Cot. Cf. patois), gr'eil (^Godefroy) ; cf. grediller,
Span, grebas, greaves, pi. of greba. — O. F. vb., to grill (same). — Late L. *crdtictilum.
. ;
GRIDE GRISLY
for L. crdtJcula, a gridiron, dimin. of Grimalkin, a cat. (E. partly O.H.G.) ;
crdtis, a hurdle. Dor. Hence M. E. Prob. for g7'ay Malkin, the latter being a
gredire, a griddle, afterwards turned into cat's name. Malkin = Maid-kin, dimin.
gridiron.) by confusion with M. E. ire = of A. F. Mald= Matid, i. e. Matilda from ;
E. iron. See Grill and Creel. O.H.G. Mahthilt. Here ;«a//^ = might;
Gride, to pierce, cut through. (E.) See hilt means battle. Cf.Macb. i. i. 8.
Spenser, F. Q. ii. 8. 36. metathesis of A Grime. (Scand.) Swed. dial, gj-ima, a
gird, M. E. girden, to strike, pierce see ; smut on the face; Dan. grim, grii^n,
Gird (2). lamp-black, soot, grime. Cf. Low G.
Gridiron ; see Griddle. grimmeln, to become smutty; E. Fries.
Grief. (F.-L.) M.E. grief, gref.^ gremen, to begrime.
O. F. g^^f burdensome, sad, heavy.
gj'ief, Grin, to snarl, grimace. (E.) M. E.
— 'L.g}'anis,\\ita.\y;
see Grave (2). Der. grenncn. K.&. grejznian, to grin. Icel. +
grieve, vb., O. F. grever, L. graudre, to grenja, to howl. Perhaps cf. Du. gi'ijnen,
burden from grains.
; to weep, fret Dan. grine, to grin, simper, ;
Griffin, Griffon. (F. - L. - Gk.) SwQ(\. grina, G.greinen (Noreen, § 149).

Better ^rz^«. M. E. griffon. — F. griffon ;
See Groan.
formed from Late L. griffiis, a griffon. — Grind. (E.) A. S. grindan, pt. t.
L. gryphus, extended form of gryps, a grand, pp. grunden. Allied to L. fren-
griffon. — Gk. '^pvip (stem ypvir-), a griffon, dere, to gnash.
a fabulous animal supposed to have a Grip, sb. (E.) M. E. gripe. A. S.
hooked beak. — Gk. "ypv-rros, curved, hook- gripe, a grip from the weak grade of ;
beaked. <f]" Confused with Gk. 'yvip, a grtpan (below).

vulture. gripe. (E.) A. S. gripan, pt. t. grdp,
Grig, a small eel, a cricket. (E.) pp. gripen, to seize. Du. grijpen, Icel. +
App. of imitative origin. Cf. crick, si ill gripa, Swed. gripa, Dan. gribe, Goth.
preserved in crick-et Lowl. Sc. crick, a greipan, G. greifen. Teut. type *greipan-,
;
tick, louse; Du. kriek, a cricket. ^

In pt. t. *graip, pp. '^gripanoz. Cf. Lith.
phr. 'as merry as ^ grig^' grig is for G7-eek gi-aibyti, to grasp at.
(Troil. i. 2. 118) Merygreek is a character
; Grise, Grize, a step. (F.-L.) Also
in Udall's Roister Doister from L. gi'ce- spelt greece, greese, &c.
; The proper
cdrT, to live like Greeks, i. e. luxuriously. spelling is grees, and the proper sense is
Grill, to broil on a gridiron. (F. — L.) a flight ot steps,' though often used as
'
F. griller, to broil. — F. gril, a gridiron,' meaning a single step.

'
Grees is the pi. of
Cot.; O. F. greil, ^;'ai7. — Late L. ^crdti- M. E. gree, gre, a step. — O.F. gre, a step
cuhtm, for crdtlcula, a small gridiron (Roquefort) cf. F. de-gre, E. de-gree.'-'I^. ;
(whence F. grille, a grating). — L. crdtis, gradus, a step. Der. Prov. E. (Norf.)

a hurdle. See Crate, Creel, and Griddle. g>'issens, steps =gree-s-en'S, a treble plural.
Grilse, the young salmon on its first Grisette, a gay young Frenchwoman
return from the sea to fresh water. (F. — of the lower class.' (F. - M. H. G.) F.
Teut.) Ox\^. grills, pL — O. Y.grisle, grille, grisette named from the cheap gray dress
;
grayish. — O. F.^^'w, gray. See Grizzly. which they used to wear. — F. gris^ gray
Grim, fierce. (E.) A. S. gj'im allied see Grizzly. ;
to gram, fierce, angry, furious. Icel. +

Griskin. (Scand.) The lit. sense is
grimmr, grim, gramr, angr}' Dan. grim, ; little pig,' now spine of a hog.
'
Dimin.
grim, gra?n, angry G. grimm, fury, gram, from M.E. gris, a pig. — Icel. griss, a
;
hostile. From Teut. root *grevi- (2nd young pig Dan. griis, Swed. gris, pig. ;
grade, '^grat?i-). Allied to Gk. XPÎ^^' '% Or is it for "^gris-skin, where skin
Ti'êtv, to neigh, XP^M, XP^H-^^^ noise. represents Dan. skinne, a splint? Cf.
Brugm. i. § 572. Grizzly.
Grimace. (F.-Teut.) F. grimace, Grisled ; see Grizzly.
;
' a crabd looke Cot. Of uncertain origin
' Grisly, terrible. (E.) A. S. grisUc,
Perhaps from Icel. grimvir, Dan. grim, terrible. Formed with suffix -lie (like)
grim, angry (above) cf. E. Fries, and ixoxn gris-an (pt. 'i.grds), to shudder.
; E.
Low G. grimlachen^ to laugh mali- Fries, griseltk, terrible, from grtsen, to
ciously. Derived by Diez from Icol. grima, shudder. L)u. af-grijsselijk, +horrible ;
a mask. af-grijzen, horror.

22
. ,;;
GRIST GROUNDS
Grist, a supply of corn to be ground. upper part of the shoulder-blade.' and
(E.) A. S. grist. From the base of groin, snowt of a hog.'
'
The O. F.
Grind groin also means 'extremity, headland.' —
gristle. (E.) A. S. gristel, cartilage ;
Late L. type *grunnii(m, from L. grtin-
allied to gHst, and A. S. gristbitian, to nire, to grunt.] But groin is a variant of
gnash the teeth. From the base oi grind, grine {\n Cotg., s. v. Aines) fuller form;
with reference to the necessity of crunch- grinde {grynde in Palsgrave). — A. S.

ing it if eaten. So also Du. knarsbeen, grynde, abyss hence, depression.
; Allied
gristle, from knarsen, to crunch. to Ground. Der. grain-ed, having angular
Grit, coarse sand. (E.) Formerly ^r^*?/, curves that fork off.
A. S. greot, grit. + O. Fries, gret, Icel. Grouiwell, a plant. (F. -L.) For-
grjot, G. gries. Allied to Grout, Groat merly ,4^r^w<?//^, grume lie, gromel, griimel.
— O. 1'. greinil, grenil, 'the herb gromil,
Grizzly, Grizzled, grayish. (F. — M, or graymil ;' Cot. Prob. from L. gramwi,
H. G.) From M. E. griscl, a gray-haired a grain from its hard seeds.
;
man. — F. gris, gray. — M. H. G. grls, gray Groom. (Low G. or F. — Low G.)

of. G.greis, a gray-haired man.-f-Du.^rz;^, M. E. grome. Either from M. Du. gram,
O. Sax. gris, gray. Icel. groinr, a boy, lad (Egilsson) ; or
Groan. (E.) M. E. gronen. A. S. from O. F. *gj'0fne, in the dimin. gromet,
grdniaii, to groan. Teut. type *graindja}t- a lad, boy, servant, valet (whence F.
from *grain, 2nd grade of *greinan-, as gour??iet), which is prob. from the same
in O. H. G. grJnan, G. greinen, to weep, M. Du. grain. And see Bridegrooiru
grin ; Du. grijnen, to weep. Perhaps Der. grtiviinct.
allied to Grin. Groove. (Du.) Du. graef, groeve, a
Groat (i), a particle, atom. (E.) M. E. trench, a channel, a groove. — Du. graven
grot. A. S. grot. From *grtit-, weak (pt. t. graef), to dig; see Grave (i).+
grade of *greut- (as in A. S. greot\ See I\I. E. grofe, a cave.
Grit, Grout. Grope. (E.) A. S. grdpian, to seize,
Groat (2), a coin worth 4^. (Du. — Low handle; hence, to feel one's way. — A.S.
G.) M.E. grate.—'Isl. Du. groote. — O. grdp, 2nd grade of gripan, to seize. See
Low G. grate, a coin of Bremen meaning Gripe.
;
'great,' because large in comparison with Gross. (F.-L.) O. F. gros (fem.

the copper coins {Schivaren) formerly in grosse), gross, great. — L. grossus, fat,
use there ; cf. Du. graot, great, cognate thick.
with E. great. Grot. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Y.graite,
Groats, grain of oats. (E.") M. E. a cave. — Ital. grotta. — 'L. crypta. — Gk.
grotes, lit. bits. — A. S. grot, an atom. — A. S. KpvTrTT], a vault ; see Crypt.
*gri(t- ; see Groat (i) above. grotesque. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.)
Grocer. (F.— L.') Formerly ^r^j^^^r or F. grotesque, ludicrous. — Ital. grotesca,
engrosser, a wholesale dealer. — O. F. gras- curious painted work, such as was em-
sier, a wholesale dealer. — O. F. gros, great ployed on the walls of grottoes. — Ital.
see Gross. Der. grocer-y, formerly gros- grotta (above).
sery. grotto. (Ital. - L. - Gk.) Better
grog, spirits and water. (F. — L.) grotta. — Ital. grotta (above).
Short lor gragram it had its name from
; Ground. (E.) A. S. gi-und. + Du.
Admiral Vernon, nicknamed Old Grog, grand, G. grund ) Goth, grundu-. Teut.
from his gragram breeches (ab. a. d. type *grundtiz also ^griinthuz, whence
;
1745); he ordered the sailors to dilute Icel. gJtinnr, Dan. Swed. griind.
their rum with water. groundling, a spectator in the pit
grogram, a stuff. (F. — L.^ Formerly of a theatre. (E.) From ground, with
grogran, so called from its coarse grain. — ;uffix
M. F. grosgraiii, grogram. — O. F. gros, temptuous force.
coarse grain, grain.
; grounds, dregs. (E.) So called
Groin, the depression of the human from being at the bottom. Cf. Gael.
body in front, at the junction of the thigh grtinndas, lees, from grunnd, bottom,
with the trunk. (E.) [Confused with ground Irish gruntas, dregs, from grunnty
;
F. Cot. gives 'groin de pore, the head or the bottom.
223
GROUNDSEL GUANO
gfroundsei, a small plant. (E.) Also grobben. Cf. E. f>ies. griibbeln, to grope
groiindswell (Holland's tr. of Pliny). A. S. about. 4- Low G. grubbeln, the same;
gi'un.ieswelge, as if ' ground-swallower,' G.griibeln, O. H. G. grzibilon, to rake, dig,
but really from the older ioxm gundeswelge, grub. Allied to Grave (i).
lit. '
swallower of pus,' from its supposed Grudge, to grumble. (F.) M. E.
healing qualities from A. S. giind, pus.
; grochen^ grticchen, to murmur. — O. F.
groundsill, threshold. (E.) From groiicier, groticher, to murmur; Low L.
ground and sill, q. v. Also spelt grunsel groussd?-e, A. D. 1358. Probably ^r?/-^<?,
(Milton). grn-nt, grow-l are all from the same imi-
Group. (F.-Ital.-G.) F. groups.^ tative base cf. Gk. 7/)G, a grunt. ;
Ital. groppo, a knot, heap, group. — O.H.G. Gruel. (F.-O. Low G.) O. F. gruel
kropf, a. crop, wen on the throat, orig. a (F. gniau). •^lôvf L. *griitellum, dimin.
bunch Low G. kropp see Crop.
; ; of grutum, meal. — O. Low G. griit, Du.
Grouse, a bird. (F.— Celtic?) Grotise griiit, grout, coarse meal see Grout. ;
appears to be a false form, evolved from Gruesome, horrible. (Scand.) Dan.

an old pi. g7'ows (1531). In 1547, the pi. grusovi, cruel. —Dan. gru, horror; with
was grewes. Of unknown origin, though suffix -som, as in virk-som, active. Cf.
the form seems to be French. Giraldus Dan. grue, to dread, grtielig, horrid. +Du.
Cambrensis, Topographia H
ibernica (Rolls grtnvzaam ,G. grausaui M. H. G.grilsam, ;
Series, v. 47) has gallinse campestres, gruwesam, from M. H. G. grfnve, horror.

:
*
quas vulgariter grutas vocant.' •[[ Cot- Allied to O. S3.\.gruri, A.S.gryre, horror,
grave, s. V. griesche, has the hen of A. S. be-greosan, to overwhelm with terror.
'
the grice or moorgame.' This must Gruff, rough, surly. (Du.) Du. grof,
be a mistake, as the word grice is big, coarse, loud, blunt. G. grab, coarse +
otherwise unknown. Perhaps gruta re- (whence Swed.^r^, Dan. grov) O. H. G. ;
presents a Celtic word, allied to E. gerob E. Fries, grufig. ;
a-ow. Grumble, to murmur. (F. — G.) F.

Grout, coarse msal; GroutS, dregs. grommcler (Cot.). — Low and prov. G.
(E.) M. E. grut. — A. S. gnit, coarse grumtnelen, to grumble, frequent, ot
meal. Cf. Da.^§-/'«/; lce\. graulr, porridge, grujnmen, grotnmen, to grumble M. Du. ;
Dan. grod, Swed. griil, boiled groats G. gro7nmelen, frequent, of grommen. From
;
griitze, groats allied to Lithuan. griidas,

; *gruinm-, weak grade of Teut. *gremman-,
corn L. rudus, rubble.
; Cf. Grit. to rage, as in M.H.G. and A. S. grimman^
Grove, a collection of trees. (E.) M. E. to rage. Cf. G. gram, anger, and E. Grim.
groue (with u =e;). — A. S. graf, a grove. Grum.e, a clot of blood. (F. L.) —
Grovel, to fall flat on the ground. Rare. M
Y .grume, a cluster. — L. grumus,
.
(Scand.) Due to M. E. groveling, pro- a little heap.

perly an adv., signifying flat on the ground; Grumm.et, Gromet, a ship-boy, a
also spelt grojiing, grqflinges, where the cabin-boy. (F. — Teut.) O. F. gromet,
suffixes -ling, -linges are adverbial cf. a. serving-boy ;cf. Span, grumete, a ship- ;
head-long, darkling. •'\ct\. gnlfa, in phr. boy. —M. Dn. grom, a boy; see Groom.
^^'^S'i^ ^ S^^'^f^î to lie
grovelling, syjuja a Grunsel ; see GroundsilL
griifu, to swim on the belly; cf. also Grunt. (E.) M.E. grunten. A. S.
gnlfa, grujia, to grovel Swed. dial. grunnettan, extension of A. S. grunian,
;
gruva, flat on one's face, ligga a gruve, to to grunt. +

Dan. ^;j;z/i?, Swed. gry^nla, G.
lie on one's face. grunzen so also L.grunmre, Gk. ypvêiv.
;
Grow. (E.) A. S. gro-cvan, pt. t. greow, All imitative cf. Gk. ypv, the noise made
;
pp. growen.'^'Tiw. groeijen, Icel. groa, Dan. by a pig.

groe, Swed. gro. Esp. to produce shoots, Guaiacum, a kind of resin, from lig-
as herbs: allied to Green. 'Dqx. grow-ih', num vitae. (Span. — Hayti.) Span, guay-
from Icel. groSr, growth. aco, guayacan, lignum vitae. From the
Growl, to — Low G.)
grumble. (F. language of Hayti.
Picard gronler. — E.
grttUen cf. Fries. ; Guanaco, a kind of Peruvian sheep.
Du. grollen, to grumble G. grollen, to ; (Span. — Peruv.) Span, guanaco (Pineda).
rumble Norw. gryla, to growl. (See
; — Peruv. huanacu, a wild sheep.
grol in Franck.) Guano. (Span. — Peruv.) Span.^«a;w,
Grub, to grope in dirt. (E.) M. E. //«a?z^. — Peruv. huanu, dung.
224
;
GUARANTEE GULF
Guarantee, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) For- a stranger, also an enemy. Allied to
merly guaj-aniy or garanty, which are Hostile.
better spellings. — O. F. garantie, garran- Guide. (F. Ital. Teut.) M. E. - -
tiCy a warranty fern, of pp. of garantir, gyden (also gyen). — F. guider, to guide. —
;
to warrant. — O. F. garaftt, zvarant, a Ital. gutdare cL O.F. gui'er, Span. guz'ar.

;
warrant see "Warrant. Der. guarantee, The gu (for iv) shows the word to be of
;
vb. of. F. garaiitir.

; Teut. origin. — O. Sax. wJtan ( A. S. wJtan),
Guard, vb. (F.-O. LowG.) O. F. to pay heed to ; O. H. G. wTzan. Allied
gai-der, earliest form wardej-, to guard. — to "Wit. Cf. Guy-rope.
O. Sax. 7uardd}i, to watch cognate with
; Guild, Gild. (Scand.) The spelling
A. S. zveardiau, to watch, from lueard, guild indicates the hard g. M. E. gilde.
sb. ; see "Ward. Der. giiard-ian see — Icel. gildi, a payment, a guild; Dan.
;
"Warden. gilde. ^\zt\. gjalda (pres. t. geld), to pay;

Guava. (Span. — W. Ind.) Span, guay- cognate with A. S. geldan, to pay, yield;
aba borrowed from the native name in see Yield. -f-Du.^z7</; whence i^. gilde.
;
Guiana. Guilder, an old Dutch coin. (Du.)

Gudgeon. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E. go- Adajjtation of M. Du. gulden, a gilder,' '
ione. — b'. goujoji. — l^. gobioneniy ace. of Hexham. From Teut. adj. type '^gulthJ-
gobio, a by-form oi gobiiis.^QV. k(x}î6s, a noz, golden, from Teut. *gulth-ofii, gold.
gudgeon, tench. See Gold.
Gueber, Gheber, a fire-worshipper. Guile^ a wile. (F. - O. Low G.) O. F.
(F. — Pers.) F. Cicebje.^Vevs. gabr, a guile.From a Low G. form see ; further
priest of fire- worshippers ; Rich., Diet., under "Wile. Der. beguile, vb., with E.
p. 1228. prefix be- ( = by).
Guelder-rose. (Du.) Here guelder Guillotine. (F.) Named after a
stands for Gueldre, the F. spelling of the French physician, /. I. Gziillotin, died
province of Gelderland in Holland. First used, 1792.
A. D. 1814.
Guerdon, recompense. (F. — O. H. G. Guilt,
crime. (E.) M. E. gilt. A. S.
and L.î O. F. guerdon (Ital. guidar- gylt, a trespass also, a fine for a tres- ;
«(£7«(?). — Low L. widerdojium, a singular pass. Teut. type *gultiz, m. ; perhaps

compound of O. H. G. widar, back, again, related to A. S. geldan, to pay, yield ; see
and L. domifn, a gift. The word is really Yield.
a half-translation of the true form O. FI. G. Guinea. (African.) First coined of
widar/on, a recompense. Here zaidar =- African gold from the Guifiea coast, A. D.
G. wieder, back again and Ion (G. lolin) is 1663. Der. guinea-foxvl (from Guinea).
;
cognate with A. S. lean, Du. loon, a %

The guinea-pig is from S. America
reward, allied to L. lucrum, gain Brugm. so that it may mean Guiana pig.
;
i. § 490. So also A. S. wider-leati, a Guipure, a lace of cords, kind of gimp.

recompense. (F, — Teut.) F. guipure. — Teut. *ii>ip-ajt,
Guerilla, Guerrilla, irregular war- to wind, weave as in Goth, weipaii, to ;
fare. (Span. — O. H. G.) Span, guerrzlla, crown (whence waz/j-, a wreath) G. iueife?t, ;
a skirmish, lit. 'little war;' dimin. of to reel, wind.

guerra, war. — O. H. G. tvei'ra, war; see Guise, way, wise. (F. — O. H. G.)
"War. M. E. gise, guise. — O. F. guise, way, wise,
Guess. (Scand.) M. E. ^î-j-^;/. — Dan. manner. — O. H. G. wtsa (G. weise), a
gisse, Swed.^ma, to guess.-fE. Fries, and wise; cognate with "Wise (2).
Du. gissen, Icel. giska N. Fries, gezze,
; Guitar. (F. — L.-Gk.) Y.guitare.—
gedse. Allied to Dan. gjette, to guess L. cithara. — Gk. KiOapa, a lyre;
;
see
the Icel. giska may be for *git-ska, a deno- Cithern.
minative vb. from a base *git-isko-, in- Gules, red. (F.-L.) ISI. E. gouhs.^
genious, acute, from geta, to get, also, F. giteules, gules, red ; answering to Late
to guess. See Get. L. gulce (pi. of gula), meaning (i) moulh,
Guest. (Scand.) M. E. gest. — Icel. (2) reddened skin, (3) gules. (See Gula
gestr, Dan. giest, Swed. â'jA+A. S. î^j-/, in Ducange.) — L. ^?^/«, the throat.
giest; Du. gast, Goth, gasts, G. gast. Gulf. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) Formerly
Teut. type *gastiz ;Idg. type *gkostis goulfe. — F. golfe. — Ital. golfo. — Late Gk.
;
cf. Russ. gostie), a guest, alien L. hostis, icuXcpos, a variant of Gk. koXttos, the bosom,
;
22
;; —
;
GULL GUY-ROPE
also, a deep hollow, bay, creek. Der. M. F. grongnard (F. grognard), grunt-
en-gulf. ing, grunter, whence M. F. gouriiauld,
Gull (Oj ^ î'^^' (C-) Com. gullati^ a grougnaut, gurnard {Cot.). — yi.¥. grogn-
gull W. gwylan Bret, gwelan O. Irish
; ; ; er, to grunt with suffix -ard ( = G. hart),
;
foilenn, '
alcedo.' — L. grunmre, to grunt see Grunt.
;
Gull a dupe. (C.)

(2), The same Gush. (E.) M. E. guschen. E. Fries.
from the notion that a gull was a stupid gflsen, to gush out.+M. Du. guysen, to
bird. ^
But cf. Du, ^«/, soft, good- gush out (Kilian) Icel. ^?^j^, allied to gjosa
;
natured M. Du. guile, a great wench

;
'
Norw. gjosa, to gush. Allied
(pt. t.gatiss),
without wit,' Hexham. to Icel.gjota, to pour, Goth, giutan,
Gullet, the throat. (F.-L.) M. E. L. fiindere. Cf. Du. gudsen, to gush.
golet. — M.F. goulet(Cot.) dimin. of O. F. (VGHEU.)
; See Gut, Geysir.
gole, goule (,F. gueule), the throat. — L. Gusset. (F.) F. gousset, a gusset,' '
^z//^, the throat. Brugm. i. § 499. Cot. Also the piece of armour by which '
gully, a channel worn by water. (F. —

the arm-hole is covered,' id. Named from
L.) Formerly gullet. — M. F. goulet, 'a its supposed resemblance to a husk of a
gullet, a deep gutter of water Cot. The bean or pea ; dimin. of F. gousse, husk of
;
'
same word as Gullet (above). bean or pea; cf. Ital. gusdo, a shell, husk ;
Gulp. (E.) M. E. gulpen, gloppen, of unknown origin.
gluhben. Cf E. Fries, and Du. gulpen, Gust (i), a sudden blast, gush of wind.
to swallow eagerly; Du. gidp, a great (Scand.) Icel. gustr, a gust. — Icel. ^z/.y-,
billow, draught, gulp. Prob. of imita- weak grade of gjosa, to gush see Gush. ;
tive origin. Cf. Swed. glupa, to devour. So also Swed. dial, gust, stream of air
Gum (1)7 flesh of the jaws. (E.) M. E. from an oven, Norw. gust, a gust.
gome. A. S. goina, jaws, palate. -4- Icel. Gust
(2), relish, taste. (L.) L. gustus,
gomr, Swed. goni cf G. gaumen., Lith. a tasting; cf.^z/.r/'cfr^, to taste. (y'GEUS.)
;
gomiwys, the palate. Brugm. i. § 196. Allied to Choose. Der. dis-gust.

Gum (2), resin of certain trees. (F. L. —
Gut, the intestinal canal. (E.) (The
— Gk.) —
M. E. go?nme.—Y. gommc l-,. word IS allied to M. E. gote, prov. E. gut,
gummi. — Gk. kuixjxi, gum. (Prob. of a channel.) M.E. gutte. A. S. gut', pi.
Eg}'ptian origin Coptic kovie, gum.)
; guttas; orig. a channel.' Mone, Quellen, '
Gun. (Scand.) M. E. ^<?/z«^ from an p. 333» L 1 98- -A. S. gut-, weak grade
;
engine of war named Gtmilda in 1 330-1. of Teut. ^geutan-, A. S. geotan, to pour.

From Icel. (VGPIEU.)
GunnhiUr, a female name. Dan. gyde, a lane, M. Du. +
Gunny, kind of sacking. gote, a channel, G. gosse, a drain. See
a coarse
(Hind.-Skt.) Hind, and Mahratti ^^«, Gush.
goni, a sack, sacking. — Skt. goni, a sack Gutta-percha. (Malay.) The spell-
(Yule). ing gtitta is due to confusion with L.
Gunwale, upper edge of a ship's side. giitta, a drop, with which it has nothing
(E.) See gunwale or gunnel in Kersey to do. "M.alsiy gatah,gtiiah, gum, balsam;
(1715). A wale is an outer timber on a percha, the name of the tree producing it.
ship's side and the gun-wale is a 7vale
; Gutter. (F.-L.) M.E. gotere.-
from which guns were pointed. A wale A. F. guttere O. F. gutiere, goutiere ;
is a ' beam see "Wale.

'
; (Littre, s. v. gouttiere, a gutter). Esp.
Gurgle, to purl. (Ital. — L.) In Spen- used for catching drops from the eaves of
ser, Thestylis, 3. Imitated from Ital. a roof — F. goutte. — L. gutta, a drop.
gorgogliare, to purl, bubble, boil gorgo- Guttural. (F.-L.) Y guttural.-!.,
;
.
glio, gurgling of a stream. — Ital. gorgo, a guttur-alis, belonging to the throat. — L.

whirlpool. — L. gu>ges, whirlpool cf gur- guttur, the throat.
;
gulio, gullet. See Gorge. So also Du. Guy, a hideous creature, fright. (F.
gorgel, G. gurgel, throat from L. gur- Ital. — Teut.) Orig. used of an effigy of
;
gulio. Brugm. i. § 499. Guy Fawkes. — F. Guy. — Ital. Guido of ;
Gurnard, Gurnet, a fish. (F.-L. Teut. origin. Cf. Guide.

with Teut. sujffix.) Gurnard is the better Guy-rope, Guy, a guide-rope, used
and fuller form. The word means 'a to steady a weight in heaving. (F. — Teut.)
grunter,' from the sound which the fish O. F. guie, a guide. — O. Y.guzer, to guide
makes when taken out of the water.— see Guide. Cf. Span, guia, a guy-rope.
226
,
GUZZLE HACKNEY
Guzzle. (F.) Apparently suggested Habiliment, dress. (F.-L.) Y.hab-
by O. F. goziller, gosillier, to vomit illcment, clothing. — F. habiller, to clothe,
(Godefroy), understood to mean to swal- * orig. 'to get ready.'- F. habile, ready, fit.
low greedily.' The O. F. desgosiller had — L. habilis, easy to handle, active. — L.
both senses (Godefroy). Cf. O. Y .gosillier, habere, to have see Able. ;
the throat, allied to F. gosier, the throat. Habit, practice, custom, dress. (F.-L.)
Remoter source unknown. O. F. habit, a dress, a custom. — L. habituf/i,
Gymnasium. (L.-Gk.^) \.. gymna- ace. of habitus, a condition, dress. — L.
sitim. -^ Gk. an athletic school,
yvfj-ydaiou, habitus, pp. of habere, to have, keep. See
where men practised naked. — Gk. 'yv/xva- Brugm. i. § 63S.
êiv, to train naked, exercise. — Gk. -yvfxuos, habitable. (F. - L.) F. habitable. -
naked. Der. gyvuiast — yv^vauTqs, a L. habitdbilis, that can be dwelt in. — L.
trainer of athletes ;
gyninast-ic. habitdre, to dwell, frequent, of habere, to
Gypsum. (L.-Gk.-Arab.) L. gyp- have.
S7{?>i, chalk. — Gk.
chalk. Prob.
yvipos, habitant. (F.-L.) F. habitant,
from Pers.y<2/w//, lime, Aiah.yil>s, plaster, pres. pt. of habiter, to dwell. — L. habitare,
mortar ;
Rich. Diet., p. 494. frequent, oi habere (above).
Gypsy. (F.-L.-Gk.- Egypt.) Spelt habitat, the natural abode of a plant.
gipsen, Spenser, M. Hubbard, 86. Short (L.) L. habitat, it dwells (there) ; 3 pres.
for M. E. Egypden.-'O.Y. Egypiien.— s. of habitare, to dwell (above).
Late L. ALgyptidnus ; from L. /Egyptius, habitation, abode. (F.-L.) F.

an Egyptian. — Gk. AiYVTrrtoj. — Gk. Ai'- habitation. — L. ace. habitdtionem. L. —
fvTTTos, Egypt. The supposition that^ habitdtus, pp. of habitare, to dwell,
they came from Egypt was false their ;
frequent, of habere, to have.
original home was India. habitude. (F. - L.) F. habitude,
Gyre, circular course. (L. Gk.) L. — custom. — \..habitudo,Q,ovi^\\.\Q)n. — L. habit-,
gyrus. — Gk. yvpos, ring, circle. Der. as in habitus, pp. of habei-e, to have.
gyr-ate. from pp. of L. gyrare. Hacienda, a farm, estate, farm-house.
Gyrfalcon, Gerfalcon,
of bird (Span.— L.) Span, hacienda, an estate,
prey. (F. —
Teut. and L.) Eoimerly ger- orig.employment. [The c is pronounced
faulcon also ;girefaucon (used by Trevisa as th in thin^ O. Span. facienda. — 'L.
to translate 'L.gyrofalcd). — O. Y.gerfattcon. facienda, things to be done; gerundive
-M. H. G. gTrvalke.--0. H. G. gir-, for neut. pi. oi facere, to do.
giri, greedy (whence also G. geier, a Hack mangle. (E.) M. E.
(i), to cut,
vulture) and L. falco, a falcon.
; L. % hakken. A. S. haccian, to cut. in the
gyrofalco is a mistaken form. zoxi\T^,to-hacciait.'\-V)\x.hakken, Dan. hakke,
Gyron ; see Giron. Swed. hacka. G. hacken, to chop, hack.
Gyves, fetters. (F.) M. E. gities, Teut. types '^hakkon-, ^hakkojan-.
gyties.'-X. F. gives, fetters (Godefroy). Hack V2 ; see Hackney.
Cf. O. H. G. be-wifen, to fetter. Hackbut. (F.-LowG.) Also hagbut.
— M. F. haqtiebute, a haquebut, a caliver''
a sort of musket) Cot. A corruption

(i. e. ;
of Low G. hakebusse (Du. haakbus), an

arquebus due, apparently, to some con-
;
Ha, interj.exclamatory sound.

(E.'j An fusion with O. F. buter, to thrust. Lit.
Cf. O. Fries, haha, to denote laughter; ' hook-gun so called from the hook on
;
'
G. he O. F. ha !
; the gun, by which it was hung on to a
Haberdasher, a seller of small wares. support. - Low G. hake, (Du. haak),
(F.) So named from his selling a stuff hook ; busse (Du. bus), a gun. See
called hapertas in A.F. see Liber Albus, ; Arquebus ; and see Hook.
ed. Riley, pp. 225, 231. The name of Hackle (i), Hatchel, an instrument
this stuff is of unknown origin. for dressing flax ; see Heckle.
Habergeon, armour for neck and Hackle (2), long shining feathers on
breast. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. habergeon, the neck of a cock. (E.) Probably allied
haubergeoun. — O. F. hanbergeon, hauber- to Hackle (i).
jott,a hauberk; deriv. (treated as dimin.) Hackney, Hack, a horse let out for
of O. F. ha%iberc\ see Hauberk. hire. (E.) M.E. hakeney. O .Y . haquenee
227
;
HADDOCK HAKE
which was merely borrowed from the A. F. (Scand.) Frequent, of North E. hag, to
hakeney (1340), hakenei (1307), Low L. cut as hackle is of hack, to cut.
; The
hakeneiiis (i 292) all from M. E. Hakeney,
; form hag is from Icel. hoggva, to hew,
i.e. Hackney in Middlesex, spelt Hakeneia cognate with E. hew; see Hew. Cf.
in 1 199; from A. S. Haccanleg, Hacca's Norman hack.
dial, hagiier, to
island. %
Hack is short for hackney, and Haggle be slow in making a
(2), to
quite a late form hence hack, verb, i. e. to
;
bargain. (E.) In Cotgrave, s. v. harceler.
use as a hack or hackney. Cf. Du. hakkelen, to hackle, mangle,
'
Haddock, a fish. (E.) M. E. haddok faulter,' i. e. stammer (Sewel) hakketeren^ ;
;XIV cent.). Orig. doubtful ; the Irish for to wrangle, cavil. It is probably the
*
haddock ' is codog. same word as Haggle (i), Cf. also
Hades, the abode of the dead. (Gk.) higgle, to bargain.
Gk. abrfs, aidr]s (Attic), atdrjs (Homeric), Hagiographa, holy writings. (Gk.)
the nether world ; in Homer, the god of Gk. dyioypacpa [^liixia, books written by
the nether world. Of unknown origin. inspiration. — Gk. dyio-s, holy; ypdf-eiv,
Hadji, Hajji, one who has performed to write.
the pilgrimage to Mecca. (Arab.) Arab. Ha-ha, Haw-haw, a sunk fence. (F.)
ka/7, a Christian who has performed the
' From F. haha, an interjection of laughter
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, or a Muham- hence a surprise in the form of an un-
medan [who has performed] that to expected obstacle (that laughs at one).
Mecca ; Rich. Diet., p. 549. Orig. the
' The F. word also means an old woman
latter. of surprising ugliness, a caution.' '
Haematite, Haemorrhage ; see Hail (1), Irozen rain. (E.) M. E.

Hematite, Hemorrhage, haghel, hay I. A.S. hcegl, hagol.-\'\z^\.
Haft, handle. (E.) A. S. hc^/f, a hagl, Du. Dan. Swed. G. hagel. Teut.
handle. — A. S. ha/-, base of hebban, to types */^^z^(^)/£'3, Ts\.,*hag(a)lo?fi,n. Cf Gk.
lift; see Heave. Du. heft, Icel. hepti + Kax^^T]^, a round pebble.
(pron. hefti), G. heft, a handle. Lit. Hail (2), to salute, greet. (Scand.)
'
that which is caught up.' M. PI heiUn; a verb coined from M.E.
Hag. (E.) M. E. hagge with same ;
heil, hail, sb. which is an adaptation of
;
sense as A.S. hcBgtis, a fury, a witch, Icel. heill, prosperity, good luck, a sb.
a hag.+G. hexe, M. H. G. hecse, a witch, formed from the adj. heill, hale, sound,
O. H. G. hazissa, also hagazussa, a fury. fortunate. Cf. A. S. heel, safety, luck.
Perhaps connected with A.S. //«^(a!,ahedge, SeeHale (i).
enclosure ; but this
uncertain. is hail (3), an exclamation. (Scand.)
Haggard (i), wild, said of a hawk. sound used in greeting.
Icel. heill, hale, ;
(F. —G.) M. F. hagard, wild; esp. used This word is common in greeting persons,
of a wild falcon ; see Cotgrave. Perhaps dAfar heill— farewell, koni heill, welcome,
the orig. sense was hedge-falcon formed, ; hail The Scand. verb is Icel. heilsa,
!
with suffix -ard (<0. H. G. hart), from Swed. helsa, Dan. hilse, to greet. See
M. H. G. hag (G. hag)^ a hedge; see Hale_(i).
Haw. Hair. influenced by F.) The true
(E. ;
Haggard meagre. (F.-G.)

(2), lean, E. form E. heer. From A.S. hcer,
was IM.
Really the same as the word above (Cot.). her. +
Du. liaar, Icel. har, Dan. haar,
We also find hagg-ed, i, e. hag-like, from Swed. har; G. haar, O.H. G. hdr. Teut.
hag. The ghostly prudes with hagged
'
type *hiei-o}n, neut. Further related to
face,' Gray, A Long Story, near end. Icel. haddr, hair, Teut. type *hazdoz and ;
% Mod. G. hager may be from M. F. to Lith. kassa, plaited hair also to Russ. ;
hagard; for G. hagerfalk means a haggard chesat{e), to comb out, L. ca7'ere, to card
hawk. wool. p. But the mod. E. form is due
Haggis, a dish of sheep's entrails, to confusion with A. S. h&re, hair-cloth,
chopped up, seasoned, and boiled in the which was replaced by M. E. haire,
sheep's maw. (F.) M. E. hagas, hageis. borrowed from O. F. hai7-e, with the same
A. F. hagiz, hageis from the verb hag, ', sense and this O. F. haire was from
;
to cut up,chop up. Of Scand. origin cf. ; O. H. G. hdrra (for *hdrjd), haircloth, a
Swed. dial, hagga, to hew, Icel. hoggva. derivative of O. H. G. hdr, hair.
Haggle (0> to hack awkwardly, mangle. Hake, a fish. (Scand.) Cf. Norw.
.
HAKIM HALT
;
hakefisk, hook-fish ' from the hooked 759).

lit. ' So also Du. heilbot, halibut, from
underjaw. See Hatch, (i). hcilig, holy, bot, a plaice ; Swed. helgc-
Hakim, a physician, doctor. (Arab.) fiindra, a halibut, from helig, holy,
Arab, hakim, wise also, a doctor, physi- Jlyndra, a flounder; Dan. helleflynder,
;
cian.— Arab, root hakama, he exercised a halibut, from hcilig, holy, fiynder,
authority. flounder. See Butt (4).
Halberd, Halbert, a kind of pole- Halidom, a holy relic. (E.) M. E.
axe. (F. - M.
H. G.) O. F. halebarde. - halidom, halidam. A. S. hdligdd?n, holi-
M. H. G. kelmbarte, mod, G. hellebarte ;
ness, a sanctuary, a holy relic. — A. S.
sometimes explained as an axe with a hdlig, holy -dom, suflix, orig, the same as
;
long handle cf. M. H. G. halm (?), a helve

; dd>n, doom. See Holy and Dooin.-|-Du.
(helm), or handle. But it has been better heiligdom Icel. helgidomr, Dan. hellig-
;
interpreted as an axe for splitting a helm, dom, G. heiliglhum. By my halidam ^

i.e. helmet, p. The O. H.G. barta, G. (with -da/)i for -dom) was imagined to
barte, a broad axe, or axe with a broad refer to Our Lady (da??ie).
blade, is from G. bart, a beard. [Similarly Hall. (E.) m! E. halle. O. Merc.
the Icel. skeggja, an axe, is from skegg, hall; A. S. heall, heal, a hall, orig. a
a beard; and see Barb (i).] Cf. Icel. shelter. + Du. hal, Icel. hall, hbll, Swed.
tarda, halberd. hall, Dan. hal. Teut. type *halld, for
Halcyon, a kingfisher as adj. serene. ; *halnd, fem. ; from *hal, 2nd grade of
(L. — Gk.) Halcyon days = calm days; *helan-, to cover (A. S. helan). Allied to
it was supposed the weather was calm
tliat Helm (3), Hell.
when kingfishers were breeding. L. — Hallelujah, Alleluia, an expression
halcyon, alcyon, a kingfisher. — Gk. oKkvwv, of praise. (Heb.) Yieh. haleluJah,Y>TSiiiQ
oKkvoiv, a kingfisher. Allied to L. alcedo, ye Jehovah. — Heb. halelu, praise ye (from
the true L. name. ^
The incorrect aspirate hdlal, to shine, praise) jdh, Jah, Jehovah.
;
in Gk. was due to a fanciful etymology Halliard; see Halyard.

from oK-s^ sea, and «vW, conceiving. Halloo, Hallow, to shout. (F.)
Hale (i), whole. (E.) M. E. hale, hal. M. E. halowen. — O.Y. halloer, to pursue
O. Northumb. hdl, which became hale, with shouts. Of
imitative origin.
while the A. S. (Wessex) hdl became Hallow, (E.) M. E. hal-
to sanctify.
M. E. hool, now spelt whole. Cognate wen, halewen, halowen. A. S. hdlgian, to
with Goth, hails. See "Whole. make holy, from hdlig, holy ; see Holy,
Hale ( 2) Haul, to drag, draw violently.
, So also Icel. helga, G. heiligen.
(F.-O. H. G.) M. E. halien, halen.^Y ballowmass, feast of All Hallows,
haler, to haul a boat, &c. (Littre). — i. e. All Saints. (Hybrid E. and L.) ;
O. H. G. halon, holon (whence G. holen). Short for All Hallows' Mass, mass (or
+ O. Sax. halon, Du. halen, O. PVies. feast) of All Saints. Here hallo'vs' is the
halia, E. Fries, halen, Low G. halen, to gen. of hallows, pi. due to M. E. halowe or
pull, haul ; cf. also A. S. geholian, to halwe, a saint = A. S. hdlga, a saint, def.
acquire, get ; L. caldre, to summon Gk. ; form of the adj. hdlig, holy; see Holy
KoKfTv, to summon. (.^KAL). <([ Hale and Mass.
dates from the XIV cent. ; hmcl is later, Hallucination, wandering of mind.
appearing as hall in 1581. (L.) From L. halliicindtio, a wandering
Half, adj. (E.) M. E. half. O. Merc. of the mind. — L. hallfccindrT, better allu-
half, O. Fries, half; A. S. healf Du. + cinari, aliicindri, to wander in mind, dream,
half Icel. hdlfr, Swed. half Dan. halv, rave, -j- Gk. aXvav, aKvdiv, to wander in
Goth. halbs,G.halb. 2. Allied iohalf sb., mind ; cf. Âeos, distraught.
from O.Merc, half A. S. healf sb.+Icel. Halm ; see Haulm.
hdlfa, Goth, halba, G. halb in all these ; Halo, a luminous ring. (F. — L. — Gk.)
languages the oldest sense of the sb. is F. halo.'^'L. ace. halo, from nom. halos.—
'side.' Der. halve, vb. ; be-half. Gk. aKojs, a round threshing-floor, in
Halibut, Holibut, a fish. (E.) So which the oxen trod out a circular path.
called because excellent eating for holi- Halser ; see Hawser.
days the lit. sense is holy (i. e. holiday)
;
'
Halt, lame. (E.) M.E. /;^//. O.Merc.
plaice.' From M. E. hali, holy (see halt; A. S. healt .-^-Icti. haltr, Dan. Swed.
Holy), and butte, a plaice (Havelok, 1. halt, Goth, halts, O. H. G. halz. Teut.
229
''; ;
HALT HANDSEL
type ^haltoz. Cf. L. claudiis, lame. Der. hafuaca. A West Indian (Caribbean)
halt, vb. A. S. healtian.
, word.
Halt! (F.-G.) F. halte.-Q. halt, Hamper (i), to impede. (E.) M. E.
hold! SeeHold(i). ha??ipren ; from the same root as Icel.
Halter. (E.) M. E. /^^//^r (an / has haffila, to stop, hinder, Norw. hamla, to
been lost). A. S. hcelftre^ a halter.+M. strive against; cf. Swed. dial, hamla, to
Du. and G. halfter, O. H. G. halftra\ be awkward, to grope about. Perhaps
O. Low G. haliftra (Schade). Teut. types further allied to Icel. hefnj'a, to restrain, G.
"^halftr-, ^haliftr- (Franck). F'rom the hemjnen, to check. See Hein (i). 2. Or
base '^haW-^ app. signifying 'to hold'; a nasalised form allied to Low G. hapern,
;
see Helve. I. e. something to hold by
' E. Fries, haperen, to stop short ; cf. Swed.
cf. L. capistrum, a halter. dial, happla, to stammer, happa, to back
Halyard, Halliard, a rope for hoist- a horse ; Dan. happe, to stutter. See
ing sails. (F.-O. H. G.) As if for hale- Hopple.
ox haul-yard, because it hales or hatils Hamiper (2), a kind of basket. (F.—
the yards into their places but really aG.) Formerly spelt haiiaper. — O. F.
;
perversion of M. E. halier, meaning simply hanapier, Low L. hanaperium, orig. a

'
that which /ia/<?j-.' See Hale (2). vessel to keep cups in. — O. F. hanap
Ham. (E.) W..Y.. hamme. A.S.ha>nm. (Low L. hanapiis), a drinking-cup. —
+Du. ham, M. Du. ha??ie, Icel. h'dni (gen. O. Frankish ""hnapp-, Du. nap, O. H. G.
hamar) prov. G. hanwie
;
O. H. G. hnapf, M. H. G. napf, a cup.+A. S. hncep^
;
hamma. Brugmann (i. § 421) connects a cup, bowl.

these with Gk. fcvrjfxt], the lower part of hanaper, old form of Hamper
the leg. (above). Hence Hanaper office, named
Hamadryad, a wood-nymph. (L.- from the basket in which writs were
Gk.) L. hamadryad-, stem of hamadryas. deposited.
— Gk. a\iahpva^, a wood-nymph the life ; Hand. (E.)
S. hand, hond.-^-
A.
of each nymph depended on that of the Du. hand, Dan. haand, Swed.
Icel. hoitd,
tree to which she was attached. — Gk. hand, Goth, handtis, G. hand. Teut. type
OAia, together with hpv-s, tree. ; '^handuz, fem. Root unknown.
Hame; Hames, pi., the bent sticks handcuff. (E.) A cuff for the hand.
round a horse-collar. (E.) M. E. hame. % XVIII cent. too late for connexion
;
+Du. haam. Cf. Mid. Du. hamme, a ' with A.S. handcops, a handcuff.
cratch of wood to tie beasts to, or a yoke ;
handicap, a race for horses of all
Hexham. See Hem (i). ages. (E.) From hand { cap, hand in
Hamlet. (F.-Teut.) "^.Y.. havielet, the cap, a method of drawing lots hence, ;
dimin. of O. F. hamel (F. hameati), a a mode of settlement by arbitration, &c.

hamlet. Formed, with dimin. suihx -el, handicraft. (E.) A. S. handcrceft,
from O. Fries, ham, hem, O. Sax. hem, a a trade the i being inserted in imitation ;
home, dwelling see Home. ; of handiwork (below).

Hammer. (E.) A. S. hamor. Icel. +
handi"WOrk. (E.) W.Y.. handiwerc,
hamarr, Dan. hamjuer, Swed. hamf?iare, A.S. handgetaeorc. — K.S. hand, hand;
Du. hamer, G. ha?nmer. Thought to be geweorc, from weorc, O. Merc, were, work.
allied to Russ. kamen{e), a stone as if The / is due to A. S. ge. ;
;
orig. ' a stone implement Icel. hamarr handle, vb. (E.) A. S. handlian
'
;
also means a rock.' '

formed from handle, a handle (below).
Hammercloth. (jy\x.andY..'>) For- Cf. Du. handelen, Icel. hondla, Dan.
merly hamer-cloth (1465). The cloth handle, Sw. handla, G. handeln, to handle,
which covers a coach-box. Origin un- or to trade.
known. Perhaps orig. a cover-cloth handle, sb. (E.) A. S. â«^/<? ; Cp.
adapted from Du. hemel, heaven, also Glos. 1904. — A. S. hand, hand.
a cover, tester, canopy. Den hemel van handsel, hansel, first instalment of
*
;
een koetse, the seeling of a coach Hex- a bargain. (Scand.) Icel. handsal, the
'
ham. Cf. M.Du. hemelen, ' to hide, cover, conclusion of a bargain by shaking hands
adorne Hexham.
;
' lit. ' handgiving,' expressed by * hand-
Hammock, a slung net for a bed. sale so also Dan. handsel, Swed. handsol, ' ;
(W. Ind.) Formerly hamaca ; Span. a handsel. See Sale. The late A. S. %
230
;
HANDSOME HARDOCK
kandsekn, glossed ' mancipatio,' occurs Hansel see Handsel. ;
but once ; but cf. O. E. Texts, Charter 44, Hansom, a kind of cab. (E.) From
1.8. name of
the the inventor (no doubt the
handsome. (E.) M. E. handsum, same word as handsofne). A. D. 1834.
orig. tractable, or dexterous. — A. S. hand, Hap. (Scand.) ^l.Y.. hap. ^lce\. happ,
hand ; as in 7vyn-suin, win-
-sum, suffix, hap, chance, good luck cf. A. S. gehdp, ;
some.+Du. handzaam, E. Fries, haiidsdm, fit. [The W. hap must be borrowed from
tractable, serviceable. E.] Der. happ-y, i. e. lucky ; hap-less,
handy (0, dexterous. (E.) From i. e. luckless ; by luck {happi/y is
hap-ly,
hand, with suffix -y. The M. E. form % used in the same sense) mis-hap ; per- ;
was hendi (never handi) ; A. S. hendig, haps.

skilful formed from hand, hand, with
; happen. (Scand.) M. E. happenen,
suffix -zând vowel-change. -j-Du. handig, Jiapnen, extended from happen, i. e. to hap.
Dan. hcBJidig, hehcEndig, Svved. handig, From the sb. above.
dexterous. Hara-kiri, suicide by disembowel-
handy (2), near. (E.) From hand, ment. (Japanese.) From Japan, hara,
with suffix -y. The M. E. form was ^ belly ; kiri, to cut (Yule).
kende A. S. gehende, near, at hand. —
; Harangue. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F.
A.S. hand, hand. harangue, an oration ; Low L. harenga.
Hang, to suspend, to be suspended. as Span, arenga, Ital. aringa.The same
(E.) The history of this vb. involves that Orig. a speech made in the midst ot a
of two A. S. and one O. Norse vb. viz. ring of people as shown by Ital. aringo,
; ;
(i) the A. S. hon (for *-hanhan-), pt. t. an arena, lists, also a pulpit. — O. H. G.
heng, pp. hangen (2) the A. S. weak vb., ;
hrinc (G. ring), a ring, ring of people, an
hangian, pt. t. hangode; and (3) the Icel. arena, circus, lists. Cognate with A.S.
causal vb. hengja, from hanga (pt. t. hekk, hring, a ring. See Ring.
for *henk, pp. hangimi). Cf. G. hangen, Harass. (F.) F. harasser, to tire
weak vb,, from G. hangen (pt. t. hing, pp. out, vex, disquiet; Cot. Perhaps from
gehangen^. Allied to L. ainctdri, to delay, O. F. harer, to set a dog at a beast.—
Skt. (ânk, to hesitate. Brugm. i. § 420. O. H. G. haren, to call out, cry out (hence
Hanger, a short sword. (E.) So cry to a dog).
called because hting from the belt. Harbinger, a forerunner. (F. —
Hangnail ; for ang-nail, a form of O. H. G.) M. E. herbergeour, one who
Agnail, q. v. provided lodgings for a man of rank. —
Hank, a parcel of skeins of yarn. O. F. herberg-er, to lodge, to harbour
(Scand.) Icel. honk, a hank, coil hanki, with suffix -our (L. -dtdrem). — 0. F. her-
;
a hasp, clasp Swed. hank, a string, Dan. berge, a lodging, harbour. — O. H. G.

;
hank, a handle, ear of a vessel. Cf. also heriberga (below \

Low G. hank, a handle (Liibben), G. harbour ( I ), shelter. (Scand.") M. E.
henkel, a handle, ear of a vessel. Prob. hereberje, herberwe. — Icel. herbergi, a.
allied to G. hakcn, a hook, A. S. haca, harbour, lit. army-shelter.' — Icel, herr, '
fastening of a door. See Hatch, (i). an army barg, 2nd grade of bjarga, to ;
Hanker, to long after. (E.) Cf. prov. shelter. So likewise O. H, G. heriberga,

E. hank, to hanker after, of which it is a a camp, lodging, from O, H. G, heri {G.
frequent, form cf. the phr. ' to hang heer), an army, bergan, to shelter (whence
;
about.' From the verb to hang. Verified F, auberge, Ital. albergo). Cf. Harry and
by M. Du. hengekn, to hanker after Borough. Der. harbour, vb.
(from hangen^ honkeren ( Du hiinkeren) to
, HarboTir (2), see Arbour.
. ,
hanker after (Sevvel) also Dan. hang, bias, ;Hard. (E.) A.S. heard; O. Fries.
inclination, E. Fries, hang, hank, bias. herd. Du. hard; Icel. harQr, Dan. +
Hanseatic, pertaining to the Hanse haard^ Swed, hard, Goth, hardus, G.
towns in Germany. (F. — O.H.G.) O. F. hart. Teut. type *harduz, Idg. type
hanse, the hanse, i. e. society of merchants *kartiis cf. Gk. nparvs, strong. Brugm.
; ;
with L. suffix -dticiis. — O. H. G. hansa i. § 792.

(G. hanse), an association; cf. Goth. Hardock, Hordock, the com-blue-
hansa, A. S. has, a band of men. (From bottle Centaurea cyanus. (E.) Plardokes, ;
about A. D. 1 140.) pi., is the reading in K. Lear, iv. 4. 4, ed.
23 I
;
HARDS HARPY
1623 the quartos have hordocks.
; The Teut. type *herkan- can hardly be related
same as haudod^ used in Fitzherbert's to Hear.
Husbandry to mean the corn-bluebottle ; Harlequin. (F. — Ital.) Y.arlequin,
see Glossary, and pref. p. xxx. Mr. Wright harlequin, a harlequin. arlecchino, — Ital.
(note to K. Lear) shows that hardhakc a buffoon, jester. The Ital. word seems to
meant the Centatirea nigra. Both plants correspond to the O. F. Hellequin, Herle-
were called, indifierently, knobweed, knot- kin, Hierlekin; the usual O. F, phrase
7veed^ and loggerheads. Named from the was la maisnie hierlekin (Low L. harle-
hardness of ttie head of the Centaiirea quTnl familias), a troop of demons that
nigra for which reason it was also called
; haunted lonely places at night. popular A
iro}i weed, iron- heads., &c. See Plant- etymology connected the word with Charles
names, by Britten and Holland. Qnijit Max Miiller, Lect. ii. 581. Prob.
\
Hards, fibres of flax. (E.) M. E. of Teut. origin ; cf. O. H.G. hella cunni,
her-des. A. S. heordan, pl.+M. Du. heerde, the kindred of hell which may have been
;
herde, hards (Kilian), later hede (Hex- confused with O. F. herle, hierle, tumult.
ham) ; E. Fries, hede. Teut. type "^hizdon- Harlot. (F.) Orig. used of either sex,
or *hezddn' ; cf. Meed. Distinct from ^ and not always in a very bad sense ; equiv.
hat'd. to mod. E. 'fellow;' Ch. C. T. 649.—
Hardy, stout, brave. (F. — Teut.) O. F. hcrlot, arlot, a vagabond ; Prov.
M. E. hardi.'mO.Y. kardi, brave; orig. arlot, a vagabond ; Ital. arlotto (Baretti),
pp. of hardir, lit. to harden. — Teut. Low L. ar lotus, a glutton. Of disputed
*hartjan, as in O. H. G. hertan. to harden, origin. ^ W. herlod is from E.
make strong. — O. H. G. harli (G. hart), Harm, (E.)
sb. M. E. harm. A.S.
hard ; see Hard. hearni, grief, also harm. 4- Icel. harjnr,
Hare. (E.) A. S. //am. Dan. Swed. + grief, Dan. harme, wrath, Swed. harjn^
hare, Icel. heri (formerly here) Du. haas, ; anger, grief, G. harm, grief; Teut. type
G. hase. Teut. types *hazon-, *hason-, Idg. *harf?ioz. Cf. Russ. srame, shame. Brug.
type *kason- ; cf. O. Pruss. sasins (for ii. § 72. Der. harm, vb.
*kasins), W. cein-ach, fem. (Rhys), Skt. Harmony, concord. (F.-L. — Gk.)
(a fa, for âsa, a hare. The Skt. word M. E. harmonie.'^Y harmonie.'^Y^. har-.
means 'jumper,' from âg (Idg. kas-), to monia.^QfV. dp/xovia, a joint, proportion,
jump, leap along. harmony. — Gk. ap/jLos, a joining. — Gk.
harebell. From hare and bell.
(E.) *dp€iv (dpaplcTKeiv), to fit. (-ÂR.)
HareiU, apartments for females.
set of Harness. (F.) The old sense was
(Arab.) Also haj-am. — Arab. hara??i, '
armour.' O. F. harneis, harnois, armour ;
women's apartments, lit. 'sacred,' or pro- '

whence Bret, harnez, old iron, armour
hibited.'— Arab, root harama, he prohi- (Thumeysen). Of unknown origin ; the
bited (because men were prohibited from G. harnisch is from F.
entering). The initial is the 6th letter of Harp. (E.) M. E. harpe. A. S.
the Arab, alphabet. Rich. Diet., p. 563. heai'pe. -|- Du. harp, Icel. harpa, Swed.
Haricot (,i), a stew of mutton, (2) harpa, Dan, harpe, G. harfe. Teut. type
kidney bean. (F.) F. haricot, 'mutton '^harpon-, fem. whence F. harpe.
;
sod with little turneps,' &c. Cot. The ; Harpoon. (F.— L.-Gk.) Formerly
sense ol * bean is late that of ' minced
'
; also harpon, the F. spelling. — F.
which is
mutton with herbs,' O. F. hericot, is old. harpon, a cramp-iron, a grappling-iron
Origin imknown. whence also Du. harpoen.'-'O. F. harpe, a
Hark, Hearken. (E.) M. E. herken, dog's claw or paw, a clamp, cramp-iron
also herknen. Herknen is from A. S. cf. se harper, to grapple. — Late L. harpe,
hercnian, heorcnian, to listen to. Herken a sickle-shaped sword. — Gk. dp-nri, a
corresponds to a shorter type, A.S. '^heorcian sickle. Cf. also Span, arpon, a harpoon,
(not found), O. Fries, herkia also O. Fries. ;
arpar, to claw, rend.
harkia (from the 2nd grade), E. Fries. Harpsichord. (F. — Teut. and Gk.)
harken. Teut. type "^herkan-, pt. t. *-hark, Also harpsechord', with intrusive s. —
pp. "^'htirkanoz. The O. H. G. horecheit, F. harpechorde, a harpsichord
'
Cot. ;
'
M. H. G. horche^t, with long o, must have From Teutonic and Greek see Harp ;
been associated with O. H. G. horjan, G. and Chord. Cf. Ital. arpicordo (Florio).
horen, to hear cf. G. horchen.
; But the Harpy. (F. -L.-Gk. ) O. F. harpie.
232
—
HARQUEBUS HATCHET
— L. harpy'ta, usually in pi. harpyia. — Gk. Hashish, Hasheesh, an intoxi-
pi. apTTviai, lit. spoilers or snatchers.'
' ' ' — cating drink. (Arab.) See Assassin.
Gk. apn-, base of dpTrd^dv, to seize ; allied Haslets, Hastelets, Harslets,
to L. I'opere. See Rapacious. the inwards of a pig, &c., for roasting.
Harquebus Arquebus. (F. — L.") From O. F. hastelet, meat roasted
; see
Harridan, a jade, a wom-out woman. on a spit. — O. F, haste, a spit. — L. hasta,
(F.) A variant of M. F. haridelle, a poor a spit see Hastate. '
;
tit,leane ill-favored jade,' Cot. ; i. e. a Hasp. (F.) A. S. hcEpse, a fastening,

wom-out horse also used in the sense of; clasp, catch of a door.-|-lcel. hespa, a hasp,
a gaunt, ugly woman (Littre). The form a skein (of wool), Dan. Swed. G. haspe,
remains unexplained. hasp ; cf. M. Du. hasp, haps, a skein of
Harrier (i), a hare-hound. (E.) For- wool. Cf. Low G. happen, hapsen, to
merly harier\ from hare. Cf. boiu-yer snatch, clutch ; F. happer, to lay hold of.
from bow. Hassock. (E.) M. E. hassok, orig.
Harrier kind of buzzard. (E.)
(2), a coarse grass or sedge which the old ; of
I. e. harry-er, because it destroys small hassocks were made. A.S. hassuc, a tuft
birds ; see Harry. of coarse grass. Not from W. hesg, %
Harrow, sb. (E.> M. E. hat-we. sb. pi., sedges.
North Fries, harwe. Not found in A. S. Hastate, spear-shaped. (L.) L. hastd-
+Icel. Dan. ha!-v, a harrow; Swed. ttis, spear-like. — L. hasta, a spear. Allied
her/i,
/larf, a harrow. Apparently allied to M. to Gad.
Dan. harge, Du. haj-k, Swed. harka, G. Haste, sb. (F.-Teut.) M. E. hast,
hatke, a rake. Base har-J. Cf. L. carrere^ haste. ~0.¥. haste, haste (F. hdte).-\\\
to card wool. Germanic *hai{/)sti-, violence as in O. ;
Harry, to ravage. (E.) '^l.Y.. hai-wen, Fries, haest (Richtofen, s. v. hast),0. H. G.

herien, herîen. A. S. hergian, to lay heisti, adj., violent A. S. hdst, violence. ;
waste, as is done by an army.+Icel. herja, Cf. Goth, hai'fsts, fem., strife. % Du. haast,
to ravage, Dan. hcBJ-ge, O. H. G. harjon. G. Dan. Swed. hast, haste, are all borrowed
Teut. type *harj5n-, to harry from Viar- from F. Der. haste, vb. ; hast-en, XVI ;
;'oz, an army (A.S. here, Icel. hej-r, Dan. cent.

hcEr, O. H. G. hart, G. heer, Goth, harj'is). Hat. (E.) A. S. hcEt. Icel. hott, a +
Allied to O. Pruss. karj'is, an army Lith. hood, later hattr, Swed. hatt, Dan. hat.
;
karas, war. Teut. type '^hat'uz, m. If it is related

Harsh. (Scand.) M.E. /;(Zrj->^. — Dan. to hood, it stands for an earlier form
harsk, rancid Swed. hdrsk, rank, rancid, *hadnuz.
; See Hood.
rusty. + G. harsch, harsh, rough. Cf. Hatch (I), a half-door. (E.) M. E.
Lithuan. kartiis, harsh, bitter (of taste) ;
hacche a hatch also corresponds to North
;
see Hard. E. heck. A.S. hac (gen. hcBcce), a hurdle

Hart. (E.) M. E. hert. A. S. heor^, (?).+ Du. hek, fence, rail, gate, Swed.
heorot, hertit.-^-Yiyx. hert, Icel. hj'drtr, Dan. hack, coop, rack. Teut. '^hakjd, f. Prob.
hiort, Swed. hjort, G. hirsch, O.H.G. hiruz ; so named as being lightly fastened with
Teut. stem *herut-. Allied to L. ceriais, a hook. Cf. A.S. hac-a, a fastening of a
W. car7v, a hart, homed animal; Russ. door; see Hake, Hook. Der. hatch-es,
serna. a chamois cf. Gk. Kkpa%, a horn. ; pi. sb., a frame of cross-bars over an
See Horn. opening in a ship's deck hatch-way. ;
Harvest. (E.) A. S. hcerfest, autumn ; Hatch (2), to produce a brood by in-

orig. '
crop.' + Du. herfst, G. herbst, cubation. (E.) M.E. hacchen.'\-'^v}t^.
autumn haust, Dan. Swed. host
; Icel. hdcka, to hatch Dan. hakkebuur, a
;
(contracted forms). Allied to Gk. Kapnus, breeding-cage. Origin unknown.

fruit L. carpere, to gather, Lith. kerpu,
; Hatch (3), to shade by minute lines,
I shear. Brugm. i. § 631. And cf. Gk. crossing each other. (F. — G.) ¥. hacher,
Kfipfiv, to shear. to hack, also to hatch or engrave; see
Hash, a dish of meat cut into slices. Hash.
&c. [O. F. hachis, hash.] -
(F.-G.) Hatches ; see Hatch (i).
F. hacher, to hack. — F. hache, an ax. Hatchet, a small ax. (F.-G.) F.
O. H. G. *happjd, whence O. H. G. heppa, hachette, dimin. of hache, an ax. See
M. H. G. hepe, a bill, a sickle. Hash.
233
;'
HATCHMENT HAWSER
Hatchment, escutcheon. (F. — L.) Swed. hamn. Du. haven, G. hafen, a
-f*
Shortened from achievement, an escut- harbour. M. H. G. habe, haven ;
Cf. also
cheon; which was contracted to dtchea- which seems to be allied to M. H. G. hab,
ment (Feme, 1586), hachement (Hall, Icel. Swed. haf, Dan. hav, A. S. heaf, sea.
1548) &c.
; Haversack, soldier's provision-bag.
Hate, sb. (E.) M. E. hate. A. S. hete, (F. — G.) havresac. — G. habersack,
F.
hate ; the mod. E. sb. takes the vowel hafersack, oat-bag.' — G. haber, hafer,
lit. *
from the verb hatiajt, to hate.+Du. haat, oats sack, a sack.

;
Icel. hair^ Swed. hat, Dan. had, Goth. Havoc, destruction. (F.) Cf. A. F.
hatis, G. hass, hate. Cf. Gk. /crjdeiv, to cf'ier havok where havok is for O. F.
;
vex ; W, cawdd, displeasure. Der. hate, vb. havot. — O. F. havot, plunder whence crier ;
hatred. (E.) M. E. hatred, hatreden. havot, E. 'cry havoc' (Godefroy). Cf.

The suffix is A. S. rccden, law, mode, con- O. F. haver, to grapple with a hook
dition, state, as in hTw-neden, a house- (Cot.) and G. haft, seizure.
; Prob.
hold ; and see kindred. from G. heben, to lift. The W. hafoc, %
Hauberk, a coat of ringed mail. (F. destruction, is borrowed from E.
- O. H. G.) M. E. hauberk. O. F. - Haw, a hedge also, berry of hawthorn.
;
hauberc. —
O. H. G. halsberc^ lit. neck- (E.) M. E. hawe, a yard. A. S. haga, an
defence.— O. H. G. hals, neck; bergan, to enclosure, yard.+Icel. hagi, Swed. hage,
protect. See Collar and Bury. enclosure; T>2in. have, garden; Du. haag,
Haughty. (F.-L.) For M. E. /z^z^- G. hag, hedge. Teut. base *hag- Idg. ;
tein, arrogant Hawty, haiiltain

;
'
Pals- ;
' base *kagh-, as in W. cae, an enclosure;
grave. Cf. booty, from butin. — O. F. see Quay. Der. haw-thorn. See Hedge.
hautain, '
Cot. — O. F. haut
hauty ;
' Hawk (0, a bird of prey. (E.) M. E.
oldest form halt, high. — L. altus, high; hauk, hauek ( = havek). A. S. hafoc, heafoc,
see Altitude. a hawk.-f-Du. havik, Icel. haukr, Swed.
Haul; see Hale (2). hok, Dan. hog, G. habicht, O. H. G. hapuh.
Haulm, Halm, stalk. (E.) A. S. Prob. a seizer
'
;
allied to E. heave, L.'
healm. +
Du. halvi, Icel. halnir, Dan. capere see Heave. So also Low L. ;
Swed. halm; Russ. soloma, straw; L. capus, a falcon, from capere ; and L. ac-
culmus, stalk, Gk. KaXa\io's, reed W. calaf, cipiter, a hawk.
;
stalk. Brugm. ii. § 72. (2), to carry about for sale. Hawk
Haunch, hip, bend of the thigh. (F. (O. Low G.) A verb formed from the sb.
- O. H. G.) F. hanche; O. F. hanche, haivker ; see Hawker.
hanke; Low L. hancha (1275). Of Teut. Hawk (3), to clear the throat. (E.)
origin from Frankish '^hatikd, represented
; Imitative. Dan. harke, Swed. harska,
Cf.
by M. Du. hancke, haunch or hip '
;
to hawk; W. hochi, to hawk, hoch, the
Hexham. See Korting, § 3872. throwing up of phlegm.
Haunt, to frequent. (F.) M.Y.. hanten, Hawker, pedlar. (O. Low G.) Intro-
haunten. — O. F. hauler, to haunt, frequent. duced from abroad Du. heuker, a hawker, ;
Origin disputed. M. Du. hoecker, hucker cf. heukeren, to ;
Hautboy, a musical instrument. (F. — hawk, sell by retail. So also Dan. hoker,
L.) F. hatttbois. — F. haut, high bois, ; a chandler, huckster, hbkre, to hawk;
wood. — L. alius, high Late L. boscus, ; Swed. h'okare, a chandler, huckster. See
btiscus,!^. huxus, box-tree; see Box (i). further under Huckster.
It is a wooden instrument with a high Hawse, Hawse-hole. (Scand.)
tone. Hence Ital. obo^, E. oboe, borrowed Hawse a round hole through which a
is
from F. hautbois. ship's cable passes, so called because made
Have. (E.) M. E. hauen, pt. t. hadde, in the neck ' of the ship. — Icel. hdls, hals,
'
pp. had. A. S. habban, pt. t. hcefde, pp. the neck; also, part of a ship's bows.-f-
gehcefd. Ar Du. hebben, Icel. hafa, Swed. O. Merc, hals, A. S. heals Du. G. hals ; ;
hafva, Dan. have, Goth, haban, G. haben. allied to L. collum, neck.

Teut. stem *habe-. If cognate, as usually Hawser, a tow-rope. (F. — L.) Cf.
supposed, with L. habere, to have, the Idg. F. haussiere, a hawser. But hawse-r is
base must be *khabh-. from M. E. hawse, to lift. — O. F. halcier,
Haven, harbour. (Scand.) A. S. F. hausser, to lift, raise. — Late L. altidre,
hcefen, hafene. — Icel. hbfn, Dan. havn, to elevate. — L. alius ^ high. See Altitude.
234
; ;
HAWTHORN HEAT
Cf. M.Ital. alzaiiiere, ' a halsier [hawser] make whole formed from ;hdl, whole, with
in a ship' (Flcrio) from a/zare, to raise.
; i-mutation of « to <? see "Whole. So also ;
«ff Not allied to Hoist. G. heilen, from heil; Goth, hailjan, from
Havrfchorn ; see Haw. hails.
Hay (i). {E.^ M. E. A^y. O. Merc. health. (E.) A. S. hrelQ, health (Teut.
/ieg;A. S. Atg: +
Du. /looz, Icel. /ley, Dan. type *hailithd, f.), from hdl, whole see ;
Swed. /lo, Goth, hawi^ grass; G. heu. Heal (above).

Teut. type *ha2i-jo??t, n. Properly 'cut Heap, sb. (E.) M.E. keep. A. S.
grass from the verb to hew see Hew.
' ; ; heap, a heap, crowd, -f- Du. hoop (whence
Hay (2), a hedge. (E.) A. S. hege, m. Icel. hopr, Dan. hob, Swed. hop, O. H. G.
Teut. type *hagiz. Allied to and Haw houf) ; cf. also G. haufe, O. H. G, hufo.
Hedge. Der. hay-ward, i. e. hedge- + Lith. kaupas, O. Slav, kupii, a heap.
warden. Brugm. i. § 421 (7). Der. heap, vb.
Hazard. (F. - Span. - Arab.?) F. Hear. (E.) M.E. heren,^'i.\.. herde,
— Span, azar, a hazard; orig.
/^^.Tttrof. an pp. herd. O. Merc, heran A. S. hyran, ;
unlucky throw (at dice) cf. M. Ital. zara, ; pt. hyrde, pp. gehyred. -|- Du. hooren,
t.
a game at dice. — Arab, al zahr, lit. the Icel. heyra, Dan. hare, Swed. hoi'a. Goth.
die (Devic) al being the Arab. def. art.
; hausjaii, G. horeii. Cf. Gk. a-Kovnv, to
But Arab, zahr is of doubtful authority. hear. (Not allied to Ear.)
Haze, a mist. (E.?) Ray has; * it Hearken ; see Harken.
hazes, it Etym. unknown. We
misles.' Hearsay. (E.) From hear and say,
may perhaps compare the Lowl. Sc. kaar, the latter being in the infin. mood. Cf.
a sea-fog, a mist. A. S. ic secgan hyrde = I heard say
Hazel. (E.) M. E. hasel. A. S. h(2seL (BeowtUf, 1346).
+ Du. hazelaar, Icel. hasl, hesli, Dan. Hearse. (F. - L.) M. E. herse, hearse.
Swed. hassel, G. hasel; Teut. type ^haselo- ;
The orig. sense was a triangular harrow,
from the Idg. type "^koselo- we have L. then a triangular frame for supporting
corulus (for *cosuhis\ W, and O. Irish lights at a church service, esp. at a funeral,
coll (for *cosl), a hazel. then a bier, a carriage for a dead body.
He. (E.) A. S. he; gen. his, dat. ///;;/, All these senses are found. — M. F. herce,
ace. hine. Fem. sing. nom. heo, gen. dat. a harrow, a frame with pins on it. (Mod.
hire, ace. hu, hi; neut. sing. nom. hit, F. herse, Ital. erpice, a harrow.) — L. hir-
gen. his, dat. him, ace. hit. PI. (all gen- picem, ace. of hirpex, a harrow. Der.
ders), nom. ace. hie, hi, gen. hira, heora, rehearse.
dat. him, heovi. +
Du. hij, O. Sax. he, hi ; Heart. (E.) M. E. herte. A. S. heorte.
Goth. neut. hita. Allied to Lith. szis, Uiis, +Du. hart. Icel. hjarta, Swed. hjerta,
L. ci-trd, on this side, Gk. k-K€i, there, Dan. Goth, hairto, G. herz; Teut.
hierte,
Kf:Lvos, that one. Brugm. i. §§ 83, 604. type ^hcrion-. Further allied to Lith.
Der. hence, her, here, hither. szirdis, Irish cridhe, W. craidd, Russ.
Head. (E.) M. E. hed, heed, heued serdtse, L. r^r (gen. cordis'), Gk. Kaph'ia, Krjp.
{= heved). A. S. heafod. •^'Dvi. hoofd, Hearth. (E.) M.E. hert/i, herthe.
Goth, haubith, G. haupt, O. H. G. houbit A. S. heor^.^^'D^x. haard; Swed. hard,
also O. Icel. haufod, later hofud, Dan. a hearth, a G. herd; Teut. type
forge,
hoved, Swed. hufvud, M. Swed. havitd. '^hej-thoz, Goth, haiirja, pL, Icel.
m. Cf.
Teut. types ^haiibud-, ^haubid-, neut. ;
hyrr, embers, burning coals. Idg. base
answering to Idg. types *koupot-, '^koupet-, '^ker- cf. L. crerndre, to burn.
;
which are not exactly represented. The Heart's-ease, a pansy. lE.) Lit.
L. caput (with short a) does not correspond ease of heai't, giving pleasure.
i. e.
in the vowel-sound, but is allied to A. S. hearty. (E.) M. E. herty also ;
hafela, heafola, head. (The difficulties as hertly from M. E. herte see Heart.
; ;
to this word are not yet cleared up.) Heat. (E.) M.E. hete. A. S. hcetu^
headlong, rashly, rash. (E.) M. E. hceto, from ^haititi, for *haitjd-, f.
hedling, heuedlhig, hedlinges. Thus the formed from hat, hot, with the usual
suffix is adverbial, answering to A. S. suffix vowel-change. -4- Du. hitte, Dan. hede,
-l-ing, really a double suffix. Cf. A. S. Swed. hetta, Icel. hiti, G. hitze all from ;
bcec-ling, backwards, 7^2 r-?'w^tz, suddenly. the weak grade hit- see Hot. We also ;
Heal. (E.) yi.Y^.helen. K..'$>.halan,\.o find A. S. hieta7i, verb, to heat.
235
;
HEATH HEIFER
Heath. (E.) M. E. heth. A. S. hceQ. -{-Du. hekel, a heckle ; Dan. hegle Swed. ;
4-Du. G. heide, Icel. heiSr, Dan. hede, hdckla G. hechel, a heckle. Teut. type
;
Swed. hed, Goth, haithi, a waste Teut. ; *hakild; from a base hak-, to pierce, bite,
type *haiihi, fem. Cf. W. coed, O. W. as in O. H. G. hecchen, M, H. G. hecken
coit, a wood. (for *hakjan), to pierce, bite as a snake ;
heathen, a pagan. (E.) A. S. h^dejt, cf. A.S. hacod, a pike (fish), from its
adj. So also Icel. heiSenii, G. heiden, a sharp teeth. Cf. Hack (1).
heathen Goth, haithno, a heathen woman.
; Hectic, continual, as a fever. (F.—
Lit. a dweller on a heath, orig. ' wild '
Gk.) F. hectiqiie (as if from Late L.
cf. Goth, haithiwisks, wild (Mk. i. 6) * hectic us). '^QiV. (.ktikos, hectic, consump-
A. S. hceSen. a wild creature (Beow. 986). tive. — Gk. €£ir, a possession
also, a ;
From A. S. hM, a heath (above). [Simi- habit of body. — Gk. e£-a;, fut. of e'xcii',
larly L. pagdnus meant (i) a villager, (2) to have, hold. (VSEGH.)
a pagan.] Hector, a bully. (L.-Gk.) From L.
Heather. (E.) Usually associated Hector.'— QfV. "EKTOJp, the celebrated hero
;
with heath but the Nhumb. form hadder
; of Troy. Lit. ' holding fast from exîv, '
points to some different origin. to hold (above).

Heave. E. hnun ( = heven).
(E.) M. Hedge. (E.) A.S. hecg, f. (dat.
From A. S.a pres. stem of A. S.
he/-, hecge) Teut. type *hag-jd, allied to haâ,
;
hebban, pt. t. hof, pp. hafen. Du. heffen, + a haw.-f-Du. hegge, heg, allied to haag,
Icel. hefja, Swed. hdfva, Dan. hcBve, Goth. a haw G. hecke, f., a hedge. See Haw.
;
hafjan, G. heben. Teut. type '^hafjan-, Heed, vb. (E.) M. E. heden. A. S.

pt. t. *hof', corresponding to L. capio, hedan, pt. t. hedde. Formed as if from
I seize cf. Gk.
; /fcOn-?;, handle. (Distinct sb. '^hod, care (not found); though we find
from have.) the corresponding O. Fries, sb. hode, hude^
Heaven. (E.) l^l.'E. heuen { = heven). and the G. sb. hut, O. H. G. hiwta, care.
A.S. heofon, he/on. '\-O.Sa\. heban. [Icel. -|-Du. hoeden, from hoede, care; G. hiiten,
himinn, Goth, hiinins, G. himf?tel,0.}ri..G. from hut (O. H. G. huotd), care, guard.
himil, O. Sax. himil, Du. hemel, heaven, Brugm. i. § 754. Prob. allied to Hood.
may be from a different source.] Cf. Heel (I), part of the foot. (E.) A.S.
A. S. hus-heofon, a ceiling, so that the and O. Fries, hela, heel (whence Du. hiel).
sense may have been canopy.' ' -|- Icel. hccll, Dan. hcEl, Swed. hdl. The
Heavy. (E.) Hard to heave, weighty. A. S. hela prob. contracted from *hdh-ilaj
is
M. E. heiii {—hevi). A.S. hejig, heavy, dimin. of A. S. hoh, heel. Sê Hough.
hard to heave. — A. S. haf-, stem of hebban Heel (2), to lean over, incline. (E.)
(pt. t. hof), to heave with z-mutation ; Modified from M. E. heiden, hilden, to in-
of a. +Icel. hofugr, hbfigr, heavy, from cline on one side. A. S. hieldan, hyldan,
hefja, to heave Low G. hevig; O. H. G.
; to tilt, incline cf. niQer-heald, bent down-
;
hebig. See Heave. wards. -j-Du. hellen (for *heldan, O. Sax.

Hebdomadal, weekly. (L.-Gk.) L. af-heldian), to heel over; Icel. halla (for
hebdomaddlis. — Gk. k^ôjxdb-, stem of *halda), to heel over (as a ship), from
e^dofjias, a week. — Gk. (nrd, seven; see hallr {<,*halth-), sloping; Dan. helde, to
Seven. tilt, cf. held, a slope Swed. hdlla, to tilt.
;
Hebrew. (F.- L.-Gk. -Heb.) F. The adj. is A.S. -heald, O. Fries, hald,
hebretc {h3rieu in Cotgr.). — L. Hebj-aus. Icel. hallr, O. H. G. hald, inclined, bent
Gk'. 'E^pafoj. — Heb. 'ivri, a Hebrew (Gen. forward Teut. type "^halthoz. Allied to
;
xiv. 13), a name given to Israelites as A.S. hold, G. hold, faithful, true (to a
coming from E. of the Euphrates. — Heb. master), Goth, hiilths, gracious.
'dvar, he crossed over. Heft, a heaving. (E.) In Wint. Tale,
Hecatomb. (F.-L.-Gk.l^ U.Y.he- ii. I. 45. Formed from heave, just as haft
catombe. —
hecatojnbe.-'G\i. kKaro^^rj, a
l-,. is from have.
sacrifice of a hundred oxen. — Gk. exarou Hegira. (Arab.) Arab, hijrah, sepa-
a hundred ; 0qvs, ox. See Hundred and ration esp. used of the flight of Moham-
;
Cow. med from Mecca the era of the Hegira ;
Heckle, Hackle, Hatchel, an in- begins on July 16, A. D. 622. Cf. Arab.
strument for dressing flax or hemp. (E.") hajr, separation.
M. E. heche/e, hekele^ E. Fries, hdkel, hekel. Heifer. (E.) M. E. hayfare, hekfere,
,6
—; ;
HEIGH-HO HEMLOCK
A. S. heahfore, a heifer ; also spelt heahfre, Goth, hilms. Teut. type *hel-moz, m.
heahfrii. The form is still unexplained. lit.'a covering;' from *helan', to cover.
Heigh-ho. (E-) An exclamation ;
Allied to Skt. (arman-, slielter, protection.
heigh, a cry to call attention ho, an ex- ; Lith. szalmas, a helmet, O. Slav, shlcmii,
clamation. are prob. borrowed from Teut. Brugm. i.
Height. (E.) variant of highth A § 420. Der. helm-et, dimin. form. Allied
(Milton) we find M. E. highte as well
; to Hell.
as he^^Pe {heghthe). A. S. hiehSit, heahdti, Helminthology, history of worms.
height. — A. S. heah, heh, high. Du. + (Gk.) Coined from Gk. iKpivQo-, decl.
hoogie, Iccl. hitS, Swed. hojd, Dan. hbide, stem of (\puvs, a worm -\oyia, a dis- ;
Goth, hauhitha. See High. course, from Xeydv, to speak. The sb.
Heinous. (F.-O. Low G.) M. E. €kpivs, also eXpis, means '
that which curls
— O. F. hdinos,
heinous, hainous. odious ;
about ; allied to Helix.
'
formed with suffix -os (L. -osus) from Helot, _a_ (Spartan) slave. (L.-Gk.)
O. F. hdi7ie (F. haine^, hatred. — F. âir, L. pi. Heloies, from Gk. €t'Aa;Tej, pi. of
to hate. From an O. Teut. form, such a helot, bondsman
ft'Aojj, fabled to have ;
as Goth, hatjan, O. Fries, hatia, to hate meant an inhabitant of Helos (a town of

see Hate. Laconia), enslaved by the Spartans.
—
Heir. (F. L.) VL.Y.. heire, heir, 2X^0 Help, vb. (E.) M. E. helpen, pt. t.
eyr. — O. F. heir, eir. — Late L. herein, for halp, pp. holpen. A. S. helpan, pt. t.
L. heredem, ace. of heres, an heir. Cf. Gk. healp, pp. holpen. +
Du. helpen, Icel.
XnP'^f ^ widow (relict). Der. heir-iooni, hjdlpa, Dan. hielpe, Swed. hjelpa, Goth.
where Zoom signifies '
a piece of propeity,' hilpan, G. helfen. Teut. type *helpan-.
but is the same word as E. Zoom. See Allied to Lithuan. szelpti, to help. Der.
Loom (i). help, sb., A. S. help, helpe ; help-mate,
Heliacal, relating to the sun. (L. suggested by help meet (Gen. ii. 18).
Gk.) From Late L. he/iaa(S. — Gk. ^\ia- Helve, a handle. (E.) M. E. hehie
Kos, belonging to the sun. — Gk. Âtos, (= helve). A. S. hielf, also' helfe, a
sun see Solar.
; handle.+ M. Du. helve, handle. Low G.
heliotrope, a flower. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. H. G. halp, handle
helft, allied to ;
F. heliotrope. — L. heliotropittm. — Gk.Âto- Halter and Helm (i).

rpomov, a heliotrope, lit. 'sun-turner;' Hem (i), border.A. S. hem. (E.)
from its turning to the sun. — Gk. rfkio-s, Orig. '
an enclosure O. Fries, ham,
;
' cf.
sun rpon-, 2nd grade of Tpe-neiv, to turn ;
; hem (dat. hemme). North Fries, ham, an
see Trope. enclosure (Outzen) prov. G. hamme, a
;
Helix, a spiral figure. (L. — Gk.) L. fence, hedge (Fliigel, 1861). Der. hem,
he/ix, a spiral. — Gk. cAt^, a spiral, a twist. vb., to enclose within a border, hem in;
— Gk. kXlaauv, to turn round. Allied to cf. G. hemmen, Swed. hd7nma.
Volute. Hem (2), a slight cough to call atten-

Hell. (E.) M. E. helle. A. S. hei, tion. (E.) An imitative word allied to ;
gen. helle; orig. 'that which hides,' from Hum. + M. Du. hifnmeti, hemmeti, ' to
Teut. *helan-, A. S. helan, (pt. t. heel), to call one with a hem,' Hexham.
hide. + Du. hel, Icel. hel, G. holle, Goth. Hexnatite, an oie of iron. (L. - Gk.)
halja. Teut. type *haljd, fem. Allied to Named from the led colour of the powder.
Cell, Conceal. — L. hcematJtes.^Gk. a'lpaTiTrjs, blood-
Hellebore. (F.-L.-Gk.) Also elle- — Gk.
like. aifiar-, stem of atpa, blood.
— O. F. ellehore. — L. helleborxis. — Gk.
bore. Hemi-, half. (Gk.) From a Lat.
kWeôpos, the name of the plant. transcription of Gk. ^^t-, half, cognate with
Helm (i), an implement for steering a I^. semi-, half; see Semi-. Der. hemi-
ship. (E.) Orig. the tiller or handle. sphere, &c.
A. S. helma.-^lceh hjdlm (for ^helm-), a hemistich, a half-line, in poetry.
rudder E. Fries, helm.
; The prov. E. (L. — Gk.) L. hemistichium. — Gk. rjpu-
helm means handle so also M. E. halm
'
' ; arixiov, a half- verse. — Gk. 77^4- , half;
(Gawain, 330). Prob. allied to Helve. oTixos, a row, verse. '
Helm (2), armour for the head. (E.) Hemilock. (E.) M. E. hemlok, hum-
M. E. helm. A. S. -^^//;/. Du. hebn Icel. + ; lok. A. S. hemlic, hymlice ; also hymblicce
hjdlmr, Dan. hielm, Swed. hj'elm, G. helm, (Ep. Gl.). The origin of hym- is unknown;
237
— ; ;;
HEMORRHAGE HERESY
the second syllable is perhaps an unstressed Hep, hip; see Hip (2).
form of A. S. Ik, like. Hepatic, relating to the liver. (F. L. —
Hemorrhage, a great flow of blood. — Gk.) M. F. hepatiqiie. — L. hepatic us. —
(F. - L. - Gk.) M
F. hemori'hagie. - L.
. Gk. qirariKos, belonging to the liver. — Gk.
hcEniorrhagia. — Gk. aiixoppa-yia, a violent stem of rjirap, the liver.-|-L. iecta-,
i]TTaT-,
bleeding. — Gk. alfxo-, for alfxa, blood Skt. yakrt, the liver. See Liver. Der.
pay-, a stem of prjyvvpii, I burst, break ; the hcpatica, liver-wort, a flower.
lit. sense being a bursting out of blood. Heptagon, a plane seven-sided figure.
Hemorrhoids, Emerods, painful (Gk.) Lit. seven-angled.' — Gk. kirra.,
'
bleeding tubercles on the anus. (F. — L. seven ;

yojvla, an angle, allied to yow,
Gk.) M. F. heworrhoide, sing., a flowing knee. See Seven and Knee.
of blood. — L. hce?norrhoida, pi. oi hcemor- heptahedron, a solid seven-sided
rhoida. — Gk. atfioppotSes, pi. of alixoppots, figure. (Gk.) From Gk. eTrrd, seven;
adj., liable to a flow of blood. — Gk. aip.o-, 'idpa,a base, seat (allied to E. Sit).
for alp-a, blood po- (as in po-os, a stream),
; heptarchy, a government by seven
allied to peeiv, to flow, cognate with Skt. persons. (Gk.) XVII cent.-Gk. Ittt-,
srtc, to flow ; see Stream. for eTTxa, seven ; and -apxia, from apx-îv,
Hemp, a plant. (L. - Gk.) M. E. to rule.
kem^ for henep).
(short A. S. kenep, Her. (E.) M. E. hire from A. S. hire, ;
hcEuep. Borrowed at a very early period gen. and dat. of heo, she, fem. of he, he
from some Eastern language, whence also see He. Der. hers, M. E. hirs, hires (XIV
L. cannabis, Gk. KavvaQis, Pers. kanab, cent.) ; her-sclf.
hemp, so that the word suffered consonantal Herald. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. heraud.
letter- change. Cf. Skt. <âna, hemp (prob. — O. F. heralt (Low L. heraldus) O.H.G. ;
not an Idg. word). So also Du. hejinep, herolt (G. herold) a herald note also
, ;
Icel. hampr, Dan. hainp, Swed. hampa, G. O. H. G. Heriold, Hariold, as a proper

hanf; all of foreign origin. name, Harold. |3. The proper name is
Hen. (E.) A. S. henn, hen, keen ; a for "^hari-wald, i.e. army-rule. — O. H. G.
fern, form (Teut. type *ha7z-Jd) from A, S. hari, an army (G. heer^ wald, wait, rule, ;
hana, a cock, lit. a singer," from his '

power (G. gewalt). % The precise histoiy
crowing; cf. L. canere, to sing.+Du. hen, of the word is very uncertain.
fem. oihaan, a cock G. henne, f. oihahtz; ; Herb. (F. - L.) M. E. herbe. - F.
Icel. h(zna, f. of hani Dan. hone, f. of ; herhe. — L. herba, grass, fodder,, herb
hane Swed. hona, f. of hane. (-y/KAN.)
; prob. allied to O. L. forbea, Gk. (pop^rj,
See Chant. pasture.
Hence. (E.) M. E. henne s,
older form Herd (i), a flock. (E.) M. E. herde.
henne (whence henne-s by adding adv.
A. S. heard, hiord, a flock. -{- Icel. hj'ord,
suffix -s). A. S. heonan, for ^hinan, adv., Dan. hiord, Swed. hjord, G. heerde, Goth,
closely allied to A. S. hine, masc. ace. of hairda. Teut. type herdd, i. Cf. Skt.
he, he. See He. cardha(s), a herd, troop. Brugm. i. § 797.
Henchman, a page, servant. (E.) herd (2), one who tends a herd. (E.)
Formerly hengestman, henseman, hensh- Usually in comp. shep-herd, cow-herd, &c.
vian ; cf Hinxman as a proper name. M. Fl herde. A. S. hierde, hirde, keeper
For hengest-vian, i. e. groom from M. E. of a herd from A. S. heard, a flock.
; ;
+
hengest, A. S. hengest, a horse. Cf. Du. Icel. hirdir, Dan. hyrde, Swed. herde, G.
and G. hengst. Dan. hmgst, a horse, Icel. hirte, Goth, haij'deis all similarly derived. ;
hestr, a horse. Cf. Lith. kerdztis, shepherd.

Hendecagon, a plane figure having Here. (E.) M. E. her, heer. A. S.
eleven sides. (Gk.) Named from its eleven her, adv. related to he, he. -f- Du. hier,
;
angles. — Gk. euSe/ca, eleven; yojvia, an Icel. her, Dan. her, Swed. hdr, G. hier,
angle ; see Decagon. Goth. her. Cf. L. cis, on this side.
Henna, a paste used for dyeing the Hereditary, adj. (L.) 'L.hereditdrius.
nails, of an orange hue.
&c., (Arab.) — L. hereditdre, to inherit. L. heredi-, —
Arab, hinnd-a, hind, or hinna-at, the deck stem of hcres, an heir. See Heir.
dyeing or colouring shrub {Lawsonia in- Heresy. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.Y.. here-
ermis) Rich. Diet., p. 582.
\ sye. — O. F. heresie. — L. type ^hceresia ;
Hent, a seizure ; see Hint. for L. hceresis. — Gk. dipiais, a taking,
238
— ; ;
HERIOT HEW
choice, sect, heresy. — Gk. alpeiv, to take. with suffixed -on (Ital. -one). Svved. +
Der. heretic^ L. hcEreticus, Gk. alpcTLicos, hdger, Icel. hegri, Dan. heire, a heron.
able to choose, heretical (from the same ^ Distinct from G. hdher, a jackdaw.
verb). heronshaw, hernshaw, a young
Heriot, a tribute paid to the lord of a heron also (by confusion) a heronry.
;
manor on the decease of a tenant. (E.) (F. — O. H. G.) 1. Spenser has herneshaw,
A. S. heregeatu, lit. military apparel a heron M. E. heronsewe, a young heron
;
hence, equipments which, after the death (still called heronsew in the North). From
of a vassal, escheated to his lord; after- O. F. heroiinêau, later form of herouncel,
wards extended to include horses, &c. a young heron (^Liber Custumarum, p.
A. S. here, an army geatic^ geaizue, ; 304) dim. of hairon (above
, cf, lionceau, "i ;
apparel, adornment. See Harry. lioncel, a young lion. The usual form is
Heritage. (F.-L.) O.Y. heritage. F. heronneau, O. F. haironnean. 2. But
Formed, with suffix -age ( = L. -dticum), heronshazu, a heronry, is due to a (false)
from O. F. heriter, to inherit. — L. heredi- popular etymology from heron, a heron,
tdre, to inherit. See Heir. and shaw, a wood Cotgrave has hairon ;
'
Hermaphrodite, an animal or plant niere, a heron's neast, a herneshaw, or

of both sexes. (L. —
Gk.) 'L. hermaphro- shaw of wood wherein herons breed.'
diius. —
Gk. kpfiUiPpoSiTos coined from ; Herring, a fish. (E.) M. E. heering.
'Epfxfjs, Mercury (representing the male) A. S. hiring. [Sometimes said to be
and Â(ppodiTT}, Venus (representing the connected with A. S. he?-e, a host, army;
female principle). which seems impossible.] -f-Du. haring,
Hermenentic, explanatory. (Gk.) G. hdring\ O. H. G. hdring (Kluge).
Gk. epfj.T]ViVTiK6s, skilled in interpreting. — Hesitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Gk. ipnT]vevTr]s, an interpreter ; also €piJ.r)- hasitdre, to stick fast intensive form of ;
vevs, the same. Allied to L. sermo (stem harere, to stick. -{- Lithuan. gaiszti, to
sermon-^ ; see Sermon. tarry. {^GHAIS.) Erugm. i. § 627.
Hermetic. (Gk.) Low L. hennetiais, Hest, a command. (E ) M. E. hest.^
relating to alchemy coined from Hermes, ;
the final t being excrescent, as in 7ohils-t,
from the notion that the great secrets of amongs-t, &c. A, S. hies, a command
alchemy were discovered by Hermes Tris- Teut. type *haittiz, f. (>*haissiz, with ss
megistus.^Gk. 'EpfxTJs, Mercury. ^ Her- {oT tt).~-A.S. hdtan, to command; Teut.
7netically was a term in alchemy a glass ; type *haitan-. Cf. Icel. heit, a vow, from
bottle was hermetically sealed when the heita, to call, promise O. H. G. heiz (G. ;
orifice was fused and then closed against geheiss), a command, from heizan (G.
any admission of air. heissen"^, to call, bid, command. Cf.
Hermit. (F. - L. - Gk.) [M. E. here- Goth, haitan, to call, name. Der. behest.
mite, directly from L. heremita.'] — F. See Hight.
hermite. — lâXQ L. heremita, more com- Heteroclite, irregularly inflected. (L.
monly erem'ita. — Gk. kpr]ijurr]s, a dweller — Gk.) L. heteroditus. — QiV. eTepoKXiroSj
in a desert. — Gk. (p-qpiia, a desert. — Gk. otherwise (i.e. irregularly) inflected. — Gk.
epijuos, deserted, desolate. Der. hermit- €T€po-s, another kXltos, formed from ;
age. KXiveiv, to lean (hence, to vary as a case

Hern ; see Heron. does) Lean (i).
; see
Hernia. (L.) L. hernia, a kind of heterodox, of strange opinion, heret-
rupture. ical. (Gk.) Gk. 'irfpo-s, another; 86^-a,
Hero. (F. L. Gk.) - - M. F. heroe. - opinion, from doKfiv, to think.
L. hero'em, ace. of herds, a hero. — Gk. heterogeneous, dissimilar in kind.
r\pQ3's, a hero, demi-god. Der. hero-ic, (Gk.) Gk. erepo-s, another; 76V-o?,kind,
M. F. hero'iqzce, L. heroicus. kin, sort ; see Kin.
heroine. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.F. heroine. Hetman, a captain. (Pol. - G.)
L. heroine. — Gk. -qpojivrj, fem. of rjpojs, a Polish hetman (Russ. ataman'), a cap-
hero. tain ôf Cossacks). — G. hauptmnnn, a
Heron, Hern, a bird. (F.-O.H.G.) captain. — G. haiipt, head mann, man. :
M. E. heroitn, heiron, hern. — O. F. hairon Hew. (E.) M. E. he-cven. A.S. hea-

(F. heron, Span, airon, Ital. aghirone).— rvan, to cut.+Du- honwen, Icel. hdggva,
O. H. G. heigir, M. H. G. heiger, a heron ; I
Swed. hngga, Dan. hugge, G. hauen\
=
39
'
;
HEXAGON HIEROPHANT
Russ. kovate, to hammer, son of something,' a son to
forge ; Lith. sheu). Lit. '
kauti, to fight ; cf. Lith. kowa, battle. left an estate. — Span. whom a father has
Brugm. i. § 639. hijo, son; de, of; algo, something. — L.
Allied to L. ciidere, to
beat. Der. hay, q. v. ilium, ace. oifilius, son (whence O. Span. f
Kexagfon, a plane six-sided figure. Jigo, later hijo) de, of; aliqîo, something. ;
(L. — Gk.) L. hexagonuin. — Gk. 1^(170)7/0?, (So Korting. The explanation from fllius
six-cornered. — Gk. e^, six; -ycavia^ an Italicus is baseless.)
angle, from fovv, a knee see ; Knee. Hide (i), to cover. (E.) M. E. hldejt,
hexameter. (L. -Gk.) L. hexa- huden. A. S. hydan. <4- Gk. KfvOeiu, to
meter.— G\i. (^d/j.€Tpos, orig. an adj., i.e. hide ; cf. W. cuddio (base ^koud-), to
having six measures or feet. — Gk, t^, six; hide. (VKEUDH.)
/xfTpov, a measure, metre. Hide (2), a_ skin. (E.) M.E. hide,
Hey, interj. (E.) M. E. Aei, hay\ a hude. A. S. hyd, the skin. Du. huidy +
natural exclamation. +G. and Du. hei. Icel. huS, Dan. Swed. hud, O. H. G. hut^
heyday (i), interj. (G. 07- Du.) Also G. L. cutis, Gk. kvtos, okvtos, skin,
hajil ;
heyda (Ben Jonson). Borrowed either hide. (VSi<ÊU.)The roots of hide %

from G. heida, hey there hallo or from ! ! (i) and hide (2) are prob. connected.
Du. hei daar^ hey there The G. da and ! hide (3), to flog. (E.) Colloquial;
Du. daar both mean '
there.' to skin by flogging.
* '
So also Icel. hyda,
Heyday (2), frolicsome wildness. (E.) to flog, from had, skin.
The heyday of youth means the high
'
'
'
Hide (4), a measure of land. (E.)
day of youth.' The spelling hey is a pre- Estimated at 120 to 100 acres, and less.
servation of M. E. hey, the usual spelling (Low L. hida.) A. S. hid, a contracted
oi high in the I4lh century. form the full form is higid. Hlgid and
;
Hiatus, a gap. (L.) L. hidttis, a gap ;

hiwisc were used in the same sense, to
from pp. of hidre, to gape. Allied to mean enough land for one family or house-
Yawn and Chasm. hold. They are probably closely allied
Hibernal, wintry. (F.-L.) Y. hiber- words, and therefore allied to hind (2);
nal. —1.. hiberndlis, wintry (Vulg.). L. — for hiwisc is merely the adj. formed from
hibenius, wintry ; allied to hienis, winter. hiw-a, a domestic, one of a household;
Also to Gk, xf'/^fp"'Os, wintry, Gk. xi-ojv, see Hind (2). Not connected with^
snow, Skt. hi-nia-, frost. Der. hihern-ate. Hide (i).
Hiccough, Hiccup, Hicket, a Hideous, ugly. (F. - L. ?) M. E.
spasmodic inspiration, with closing of the — O. F.
hidotis. hidos, hidus, later hideux^
glottis, causing a slight sound. (E.) The hideous ; the earliest form is hisdos. Sup-
spelling hiccough seems to be due to a posed by some to be i'rom L. hispidosus^
popular etymology from cough, certainly roughish from hispidus, rough, shaggy.
;
wrong no one ever so pronounces the

;
(See Korting, § 3363.)
word. Properly hiccup, or, in old books Hie, to hasten. (E.) M. E. hien, hyen,
hicket and hickock, which are still better hi-,en. A. S. higian {Jiigian'i), to strive
forms. Hick-et^ hick-ock, are diminutives after, be intent on. Cf. Du. hijgen, to
of hick or hik, a catch in the voice, imita- pant and (perhaps) Skt. pgh-ra-, quick.
;
tive of the sound. Cf. a hacking cough; '

Hierarchy. (F.-L. - Gk.) M. F.
and see Hitch. +
M. Du. huck-tip, the ' hierarchic; Cot. — Late L. hierarchia.—
hick, or hock,' Hexham M. Du. hick, ;
Gk. Upapxia, power of a Upapxrjs, a
'the hick-hock,' Hexham; Du. hik, the steward or president of sacred rites. — Gk.
hiccup, hikken, to hiccup Dan. hikke, ; Up-, for hpos, sacred ; and dpx^^v, to rule.
sb. and vb. Swed. hicka, sb. and vb.
; *[[Milton has hiei-arch - GV. hpdpxv^'
Bret, hik, hak, a hiccough W. ig, a sob, ; hieroglyphic. (L. - Gk.) L. hiero-
igio, to sob. And
cf. Chincougli. glyphicus, symbolical. — Gk. Upoy\v(piK6s,
Hickory, a N. American tree. (Americ. relating to sacred writings. — Gk. lepo-s,
Indian.) Formerly pohickery from the ;
sacred ; yXixp-au, to hollow out, engrave,
American-Indian (Virginian) name. incise. See Glyptic.
Hidalgo, a Span, nobleman of the hierophant, a priest. (Gk.) Gk.
lowest class. (Span. — L.) ^\iz.x\. hidalgo ;
Upo(pduTT]s, teaching the rites of worship.
O. Span, fidalgo. Port, fidcilgo, a noble- — Gk. Upo-s, sacred ; (paiveiv, to shew,
man; sometimes written hijodalgo (Min- explain. See Phase.
240
;
HIGGLE HIP
Higgle, to bargain. (E.) Merely a |
A. S. *hTna, a domestic, unauthenticated
weakened form of HaTgle. as a nominative, and really a gen. pi., so
that hfna stands for hFna man = a. man of
I
High. (E.) M.E. heigh, hey, hy. j
A. S. /teak, heh. hdr,

-f- Du. hoog, Icel. '
ihe domestics; cf. hfna ealdor = chiei oi

Swed. hog, Dan. hoi, Goth, hanks, G. hoch the domestics, a master of a household.
Teut. type *haiihoz. See (2) ; and How I/fna -= hTgna, gen. pi. of hhaaji, domestics
cf. G. hiigel, a bunch, knob, hillock ; also cf. hnven, a family, hiwrieden, a house-
Lith. kaukaras, a hill katikas, a boil, ; hold also G. heirath, marriage, Goth.
;
swelling Skt. kucha-, the female breast.

; heizva-fratija, master of a household. Cf.
(VKEUK.) L. chiis, a citizen. Brugm. i. § 609.
highland. (E.) From high and Hind (3), adj., in the rear. (E.) We
laud; ci. up-land, low-land. now say '
hind feet ' ; but the older form
Hight, was or is called. (E.) The
even find M. E. hyn- is
•'
hinder feet.' We
only passive vb. found in E. he hight — derere (as if hinder-er). — A. S. hindan,
;
he was named. }s\.)L. highte\ also hatte, adv., at the back of, hinder, adv., back-
hette. A. S. hdtte, I am called, I was wards. (ôth. hindar, prep., behind; +
called pr. and pt. t. passive of A. S. hdtan^ hindana, beyond; G. hinter, prep., behind,
;
to call. So also Icel. heiti, I am named, hinten, adv., behind O. H. G. hintaro, ;
from heita, to call G. ich heisse, I am comp. adj., hinder. We also find Goth.
;
named, from heissen, to call, bid. p. Best hinduTiiists, hindmost. In O. H. G. hin-

illustrated by Goth, haitan, to call, 3 p. taro, the comp. suffix is like the Gk. -npo- ;.
pres. tense (passive) haitada as in and in Goth, hin-dum-ists, the superl..

;
'
Thomas, saei haitada Didymus' = suffix is like the L. -tim-itis) in op-tijuuSy.
Thomas, who is called Didymus, John followed by -ists = E. -est. Extended from
vi. 16. A. S. hin-, as in hin-, heon-an, hence;,
Hilarity, mirth. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. from hi-, base of -^^; see Hence.
hilaritL — L. ace. hilaritdteni from hinder, vb. (E.) M. E. hindren. A. S-.
;
hilaris, adj., cheerful also hilarus. — Gk. hi)idrian, to put behind, keep back. — A. S.
;
iKapos, cheerful. ^
Hilary Term is so hinder (above). +Icel. hindra, G. hindern;
called from the festival of St. Hilary (L, similarly formed. Der, hindr-ance (for
Hilarius), who died Jan. 13, 367. hinder- ance^.
Hilding, a base wretch. (E.) Also hindmost. vE.) From hind and^
heldijig; XVI cent. Prob. from M. E. most; a late formation. The M.E. form
helden, to incline, bend down. Cf. M. E. was hinderest; cf. A.S. hin-dejua, hind-
heldinge, a bending aside Dan. helding, most, a superl. form with suffix -dema (cf.
;
bias ; A. S. hylding, a bending see Heel L. op-timus). -4- Goth, hindtiviists, hind-
;
(2). most { = hin-dum-ists, with double superl.

Hill. (E.) M. E. hil, hul. A. S. hyll. suffix).
+ M. Du. hil; L. collis, a hill Lithuan. Hinge. (E.) M. E. heitg, that on
;
kalnas. a hill, kelti, to raise Gk. koXwvos, which the door hangs ; from M. E. hengeny ;
a hill. Brugm. i. § 633. Allied to Holm to hang, a later variant of M. E. hangien

and Culminate. Der, do7vn-hill, 7ip-hilL (A.S. hangian^, to hang; suggested by
Hilt, sword-handle. (E.î A. S. helt, A. S. hengen, a hanging, or by Icel. hengja,
hilt. +
Icel. hjalt, Dan. hialte, N. Fries. to hang. Cf. A. S. henge-clif, a steep
heelt, O. H. G. helza. Cf. O. F. helt, from cliff; and Stone-henge; Dan. dial, hinge,
Teut. ^ Not allied to hold; rather, to hcB)tge, a hinge (Dan. hcengsel). For the
helve. Cf. Low G. helft, ax-handle. sound, cf. singe, swinge. See Hang.+
Him ; see He. hengetie, a hinge. M. Du. henge,
Hin,a liquid measure. (Heb.) Heb. a slight allusion. (E.) Hint is-- Hint,
hln, a hin said to be of Egyptian origin.
; apparently a thing taken or caught up; ' '
Hind ij, female of the stag. (E.) cf. Lowl. Sc. hi7it, an opportunity
A. S. in a ;
hind. +
Du. hinde Icel. Dan. and Swed. hint, in a moment
; hint, to lay hold of. ;
hind, M. H. G. hitide, O. H. G. hint a, a Yxom. M. E. hen/en, to seize. — A. S. hentan,

doe. Perhaps allied to Gk. Kfji-ds, youngto seize. Allied to Hunt, and to Goth.
deer. fi a-hitithan, to seize.
Hind (2\ a peasant. (E.) The final d (i), the haunch. (E.) M.E. hipe, Hip
is excrescent. M. E. hine, a domestic. htipe. A. S. hype.'\-ViM. heup, Icel. huppr,
241 I
;! ;
HIP HOB
Dan. hofte, Swed. hoft^ Goth, htips, G. Hitch, to move by jerks, catch slightly.
O. H. G. huf. Perhaps allied to
hiifte, (E.) M.
E. hicchen, to move, remove.
Gk. Kvôs, the hollow near the hips of Cf. Lowl. Sc. hatch, hotch, to move by
cattle. jerks; hitch, a motion by a jerk ; prov. E.
Hip Hep, fruit of the dog-rose.
(2), hike, to toss, hikey, a swing. It describes
(E.) M.
E. Aepe. A. S. /leope, a hip; a jerky movement ; cf. Low G. and E.
heopbremel, a hip-bramble. +0. Sax. hiopo, Yvies. hikken, to peck. Not allied to ^
M. H. G. hiefe, O. H. G. hiufo, a bramble- hook.
bush. Hithe, Hythe, a small haven. (E.)
Hippish. (Gk.) Equivalent to hypo- M. E. hithe. hyd, a haven. A. S.
chondriacal, adj. of Hypochondria, q. v. Hither. (E.) M. E. hider, hither.
Hence hippish = hyp-ish. The contrac- A. S. hider. From the base of he, with
tion hipped = hyfd) was prob. suggested
{^ Idg. suffix -/(g)r. — So also Icel. heSra,
by hipped, lamed in the hip (an older O. Icel. hiSra^ Goth, hidre, L. citrd.
word). Hive, a house for bees. (E.) A. S. hyf,
Hippopotamus. L. - Gk.) L. hippo- fem. ;Teut. type '^hufiz.J^-Viw.. huif, a hive
potamus. — Gk. 'nrnoiruTa/xos, the river-horse (see Franck) Dan. dial, hyve cf. L. ciipay
; ;
of Egypt. — Gk. iTTTTo-y, horse iroTafio-s, ; a tub, cup. Allied to Cupola.

river. Gk. tWos is cognate with L. eqmts ; Ho, Hoa, a call to excite attention.
see Equine. (E.) A
natural exclamation. Cf. Icel.
Hire, sb. (E.) M. E. hire. A. S. hyr, ho ! ho hoa, to shout out ho
! !
hire, wages. +Du. hiiiir, Swed. hyra, Dan. Hoar, white. (E.) M. E. hoor. A. S.
hyre, prov. G. heuer, hire, rent Low G. ; /^^r.+Icel. hdrr, hoar G. hehr, exalted, ;
hiiren, to hire. Teut. type hur-jd, f. O. H. G. her, proud, lofty, orig. reverend.' '
Hirsute. (L.) L. hirsutus, bristly, Teut. type *hairoz lit. shining,' hence, ;
'
rough. Cf. L. horrere, to bristle; see white = *hai-roz. The base "^hai- occurs
:
Horrid. in Goth, hai-s, a torch, G. hei-ter, orig.

His ; see He. '
bright,' Icel. hei-d, brightness ; cf. Skt»
Hiss. (E.) M. E. hiss hen. -^ hissen, ketti{s)^ a sign, a meteor (Kluge).
M. Du. hisschen Low G. hissen, to say; Hoard, a store. (E.) A. S. hord,-\r
hiss ! in setting on dogs Gascon hissa, ; Icel. hodd, G. hort, Goth. huzd. Teut.
to hiss (Moncaut). An imitative word type "^huzdo-, due to Idg. '^kudh-dho-, 'a
like G. zischen, to hiss. thing hidden from the weak grade of
;
'
llist, an interjection enjoining silence. VKEUDH, as in Gk. k^vQ-uv, A. S. hyd-

(E.) Also ist, 'si. Cf. Dan. hys, silence an; see Hide Brugm. i. § 699. (i).
hysse, to hush. Milton has hisi = summon Hoarding, a kind of fence. (F. - Du.
silently, 11 Pens. 55. or Du.) Not old. Either from T>\i.horde^
Histology, the science treating of the a hurdle, or from M. F. hourd, a scaffold
minute structure of tissues of plants, &c. (Cot., index), which is the same word
(Gk.) Gk. tero-s, a web (hence, tissue) ; (borrowed). See Hurdle.
-Xoyia, discourse, from Keyeiv, to speak. Hoarhound, Horehound, a plant.
Gk. laro-s (also a mast) is allied to 'iarrmi, (E.) The true hoarhound is the white,
to set, place. (^STA.) Marrubium vtilgare. The final d is ex-
History. (L. Gk.) M.HL. historic." — crescent. M. E, hor{e)houne. A. S. hdr^
L. historia. — Gk. laropia, a learning by hune, also called simply hune. — A. S.
enquiry, information. — Gk. larop-, stem of hdr, hoar ; hiine, hoarhound, the origin of
i'aTMp, iffTwp, knowing ; for *ld-TOjp. — which is unknown.
Gk. fiS-, base of eidevai, to know. Hoarse, having a rough, harsh voice.
(VWEID.) Allied to ^Wit. Doublet, (E.) The r is intrusive, but sometimes
story, q. v. occurs in M. E. hors, also spelt hoos^
Histrionical, relating to the stage. hoarse. A. S. hds, hoarse. H- Dan. hces,
(L.) From L. histrionicus , relating to an Swed. hes, Du. heesch, G. heiser. % Icel,
actor. — L. histrion-, stem of histrio, an hdss seems distinct (Noreen).
actor. Hoary ; see Hoar.
Hit, to light upon, strike, attain to. Hoax. (Low Short for hocus, i. e.
L.)
(Scand.) M. E. hitten. -'Icel. hitta, to hit to juggle, cheat. See Hocus-pocus.
upon Dan. hitte Swed. hitta, to find.
; ; Hob (i), Huh, the nave of a wheel.
242
' '
HOB HOIST
part of a grate. (E.) The true sense is river Main, whence the wine comes. It
* projection ; the hob of a fire-place was means high home.'
'
'
orig. a boss or mass of clay behind the

'
Hockey, a game. (E.) Also called
fire-place ; N. E. D.
'
E. Fries, hobbe, a hawkey; because played with a hooked ?,X.\c\i
rough tump of grassy land rising out of so called. See N. E. D.
water Jnibbel, a projection.
; +
Du. hobbel, Hocus-pocus, a juggler's trick, a jug-
knob; G. hiibel, O. H. G. hubel, a hil- gler. (Low L.) As far as it can be said
lock. Cf. Lith. ktip-stas, a tump of grass to belong to any language, it is a sort of
;
Du. keuvel, a hill A. S. hofer, a hump. Latin, having the L. termination -us. But
;
Der. hob-nail, a nail \Aith a projecting it is merely an invented term, used by

head. a juggler (temp. James I) in performing
Hob (2), a clown, rustic, a fairy. (F. tricks see Todd's Johnson and N. E. D.
;
— O. H. G.) 'Elves, hobs, and fairies;' Cf. L. iocus, a game. Der. hocus, a
Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas, juggler, a trick hocus, vb., to trick, to ;
iv. 6. Hob was a common personal name, hoax.

a corruption of Robin (like Hodge from Hod, a kind of trough for carrying
Roger). The name Robin is F., and is bricks. {¥.) Modified from M. E. hotle,
a form of Robert, a name of O. H. G. F. hotte, a basket, dosser influenced by ;
origin. Der. hob-goblin see Goblin. ; hod, a prov. E. form of hold; see Hold.
Hobble, to Ihnp. (E.) M. E. hobelen. In Line, and York, hod means hold '
Equivalent to hopp-le frequentative of or * receptacle

; as in (Whitby) powder-
'
;
hop.'^TiVi. hobbelen prov. G. hoppeln.

;
hod, powder-flask cajinle-hod, candlestick.
;
Hobbledehoy, a lad approaching Hodge-podge ; see Hotchpot.

manhood. (E.) Of unknown origin, Hoe. (1*.— G.) Formerly >^(?7f^. — F.
Prob. an invention, perhaps for hobbledy, houe, a hoe Norman dial. hoe. — O. H. G.
;
founded on hobble (above), with the addi- houwa ,G. haue), a hoe, lit. a hewer.—
tion of hoy, an unmeaning suffix. The O. H. G. houzvan, to hew; see Hew.
Scottish hoy means * shout,' both as sb. Hog. (E.) M. E. hogge, maialis, est '
and vb. enim porcus carens testiculis Cathol. ;

'
Hobby (i), Hobby-horse, a toy like Anglic, p. 1 87. Cf. hog-sheep, one clipped
a horse, ambling nag, a favourite pursuit. the first year. A. S. hogg, Cambridge
(F.-O. H. G.) Corruption of M. E. Phil. Soc, 1902, p. 13, 1. 2 ; cf. also
hobin, a nag [whence F. hobin, ' a hobby Hocges-tun, Cod. Dipl. Moisy gives Nor-
;
Cot.]. Hobin is a variant of Robin see man dial, hogge, a six-months' lamb, a pig
; ;
Hob (2). Cf. Dobbin, a name for a and hogastre, a two-year-old sheep but ;
horse. these are prob. from E. Not borrowed ^

Hobby (2), a small falcon. (F. — from Corn, hoch, W. hwch, a sow for ;
O. Low G.) M. E. hobi, hoby. From O. F. which see Sow.

hobet, a hobby; allied to F. hobreaii Hogshead. (E.) Of E. origin; for
{ = hob-e}'-el), 'the hawke tearmed a hog's head; but the reason for the name
Cot. — F. hober, to stir, move is imcertain.
;
hobby ' Hence M. Du. hockshoot,
about. — M. Du. hobben., to toss, move up okshoofd, oxhoofU, a hogshead; M. Dan.
and down. Cf. Hop (i). hogshoved also Dan. oxhoved, Swed. oX'
;
Hobgoblin; see Hob (3). hufvud, a hogshead, but made to seem

Hobnail; see Hob (1). to mean ox-head.' '
Hobnob, Habnab, with free leave, Hoiden, Hoyden, a romping girl.

at random. (E.) Compounded of /i«<^ and (M. Du.) Formerly applied to males, and
nab, to have or not to have, hence applied meaning a rustic. — M. Du. hey den (Du.
to taking a thing or leaving it, implying heiden), a heathen also, a gipsy. See ;
free choice, and hence a familiar invitation Heathen. ^

The W. hoeden is bor-
to drink, as in to hob-nob together.' Hab rowed from English.
'
is from A. S. habban, to have nab is from

; Hoist, to heave. (M. Du.) The final t
A. S. nabban, for ne hcsbban, not to have is due to the pp. hoist, used for hoised.
;
see Have. Cf. willy-nilly. The verb is really hoise; spelt hyce in
Hock (i) see Hough.
; Palsgrave. (Cf. graft for graff?) - M. Du.
Hock (2), a wine. (G.) YxovaHochheim, hyssen, Du. hijsschen, to hoise {y sounded
the name of a place in Germany^ on the as E. long i) ; cf. Dan. heise^ hisse Swed. ;
543
'
; !
HOLD HOMER
hissa, to hoist (cf. F. kisser, from Teut.). Holm, an islet in a river, flat land by a
9^ Not allied to F. hatisser, to elevate. river. (Scand.) M. E. y^(?/;//. — Icel. //^/wr,
Hold (i), to keep. (E.) O. Merc. holmi, holmr^ an islet, flat meadow Dan. ;
haldan A. S. healdan.-\'V>\x. houden, Icel.

;
holm, Swed. holme whence G. holm,
;
halda, Swed. halla, Dan. holde, Goth. island. Cf. A. S. holm, billow, sea; L.
haldan, G. halten. Teut. type *haldan- ;
ciilmen, hill-top. Allied to Hill and
pt. t. *he-hald. Der. y^c»/ic^, sb. also
; <^^- Culminate.
^t7/(3^, with prefix be- (E. /y/) ; up-hold. Holm-oak,
the evergreen oak. (E.)
Hold (2), the cavity of a ship. (Du.) a corruption of M. E. holin,
Plere holm is
;
Pôr hole, with excrescent d, due to Hobne, or holy [holly]
a holly. '
confusion with the verb to hold. — Du. Prompt. Parv. and see Way's note. The ;
hoi, a hole, cave, esp. used of the hold of Qiierciis ilex, an evergreen plant the ;
a ship (Sevvel). See below. leaves of which resemble those of holly.

Hole. (E.) M. E. hole, hoi. A. S. hoi, Holocaust. (L. — Gk.) L. holocaus-
a cave. +
Du. hoi, Icel. A<?/, Dan. htil, tum. Gen. xxii. 8. — Gk. oKoKavarov, a
Swed. h^l. Teut. type ^hulofii, n. orig. sacrifice burnt whole neut. of oXoKavaros,
; ;
neut. of *-huloz, adj., hollow, as in A. S. burnt whole. — Gk. '6\o-s, whole and ;
hoi, Du. hoi, Icel. /z^/r, Dan. hiiul, G, Ka'uLv, to burn. See Caustic.
-^<?^/. Cf. Goth, tis-hulon, to hollow out, Holster, a leathern case for a pistol.
hul-undi, a cave. p. Prob. A. S. hoi is (Du.-O. H. G.) Du. holster; Low G.
from iî?/-, weak grade of str. vb. helan, to holster^ a pistol-case. — G. holfter, a pistol-
cover ;see Hell. Not allied to Gk. case (with change oi ft to st^ M. H. G. ;
Koikos, hollow. hulfter, a quiver from O. H. G. hulft, a ;
Holibut ; see Halibut. cover, case (Kluge). Cf. M. Dan. holfte^

Holiday, a festival. (E.) For holy day. a gun- case. So Franck who rejects ^ ;
See Holy. the connection with Icel. hulstr, A. S.

Holla, Hallo, stop! wait! (F.) Not heolster.
the same word as halloo, to shout; but Holt, a wood. (E.) M. E. and A. S.
differently used in old authors. See 0th. holt. +
Du. hoict, M. Du. holt; Icel. holt,
i. 2. 56; As You Like It, iii. 2. 257. — F. G. holz. Teut. stem '^hulto-, Idg. stem
hol^, an interjection, hoe there
'
Cot. — *k3ldo-. ;
Allied to O. Irish catll, coill
'
F. ho, interj. and /^, there ( = L. iliac). (for '^caild), a wood W, celli, a grove,
; ;
^ The form hallo is due to a confusion Russ. koloda, a log, Gk. itXados, a twig.
with halloo. Holy, sacred. (E.) [This word is equi-
Holland, Dutch linen. (Du.) From valent to the M.E. hool, whole, with suffix
Holland, the name of the province. So -y; and therefore closely allied to whole.~\
also hollands, spirits from Holland. M. E. holi, holy. A.S. hdlig, holy.4-Du.
Hollow. (E.) M. E. holwe, adj. A. S. heilig, holy, Icel. heilagr, helgr, Dan.
holh, sb., a hollow place, also spelt holg. hellig, Swed. helig, G, heilig; Goth.
Cf. O. H. G. htiliwa, a pool, puddle. hailag, neut. (in an inscription). Teut.
Perhaps extended from A. S. hoi, hollow ; type *hailagoz, a deriv. of *hailoz (A. S.
see H0I9. hdl) whole, or of *hailoz- or *hailiz-, sb.,
,
Holly. (E.) M. E. holin so that nn good omen. Cf. Irish c^l, W. coel, an
;
n has been dropped. A. S. holen, holegn, omen. See "Whole.

holly. +
W. celyn, Corn, celin, Bret, kelen, (F. L.) Homage.
M.Y.. homage. '- —
Gael, citilionn, Irish ciiileann, holly Idg. O. F. homage, the service of a vassal to his
;
type ^kolenno-. Cf. also Du. hulst, G. lord. — Late L. homdticnm, homindtictwi,
hiilst, holly, O. H. G. hulls (whence F. the service of a vassal or man. — L. hom-o
houx). (stem homin-), a man. See Human.
Hollyhock, a kind of mallow. (E.) (E.) Home.
M. E. hoof?i. A. S. ham.
M. E. holihoc, i. e. holy hock. Com- +Du. heim, heem Icel. heimr, an abode; ;
I
pounded of holy, and A. S. hoc, mallow.' Dan. hiem, Swed. hem, G. heim ; Goth.
'
[We also find W. hocys, mallows, hocys haims, a village. Teut. base *hai7?io-, |
bendigaid, hollyhock, lit. blessed mallow,' *haimi-

' cf. Lithuan. k'emas, a village ;
where bendigaid =1^. benedictus. W. hocys and perhaps Skt. kshema-, safety, from|
is from A. S. hoccas, pi. of hoc^ In A. S. kshi, to dwell.
the mallow is also called hocleaf. Homer,
a large measure. (Heb.) Heb.
244
HOMICIDE HOP
khomer, a homer, also a heap (with initial honeysuckle. (E.) Lye gives A. S.
chetK). — Heb. root khdffiar, to surge up. hiinigsiule, unauthorised ; but we find
Homicide, man-slaughter, also a man- A, S. htitiigstlce, hufiigsiige, privet, simi-
slayer. (F. — L.) F. Jiojiia'de, meaning larly named. From A. S. siccati, to suck.
(i) manslaughter, from L. ho??iicTduii>i ; Honour. (F. — L.)
A. F. hontir.^
(2) a man-killer, from L. hoinicida. — \-.. L. ko7iore7/i, ace. of Jionor, ho7JOS, honour.
kof)i-o,a man -ctditan, a killing, or -cida,
; Hood, covering. (E.) A.^. hod.^Dw.
a slayer, from ccedere, to kill. hoed, G. /ltd, O. H. G. huoi, hot, a hat.
Homily. (L. Gk.) L. homllia. —— Allied to Heed and Hat,
Gk, bynX'ia, a living together also con- ; -hood, -head, suffix, (E.) A. S.
verse, instruction, homily, —Gk. ofxiXos, a had, state, quality; cognate with Goth,
throng, concourse. — Gk. o/x-os, like, same, haidiis, manner, way. Cf. Skt, ketti{s),
together, cognate with E. Same and ; a sign by which a thing may be recognised ;
(possibly) i'A.77, f'iXrj, a crowd, from dXnv, from kit, to perceive, Brugm, ii. § 104,
to compress, shut in. Hoodwink. (E.) To make one wmk
!Hom.ixiy, maize prepared for food. (\V. or close his eyes, by covering him with a
Indian.) W. Indian au/iihuinea, parched hood.
corn (Webster" Trumbull gives appzi-
; Hoof. (E.) M.E. hoof, huf; pi. hovcs.
minionash, with the same sense. A. S. hdf.-^-Tivi. hoef, Icel. hofr, Dan. hov,
Homm.OCk ; see Hummock. Swed. hof, G. hztf. Teut. type *hdfoz, m.
HomCBOpathy. (Gk.) Englished from Allied to Russ. kopidto, Skt. âpha, hoof.
Gk. ufioiuvdOeia, likeness in feeling or con- Hook. (E.) M.Y.. hok. A.'6. hdc.-{-
dition.— Gk. ofxoio-s, like; naO-eiv, aorist l)u, hoek ; also '^with a-grade) Du, haak^
infin. of ndax^^^: to suffer. See Same and Icel. haki, Dan. hage^ Swed. hake, A. S,
Pathos, Jiaca, a hook. Allied to Hake.
Hom.Ogeneous, kind
of the same Hookah, Hooka. (Arab.) Arab.
throughout. (Gk.) from Gk.
Englished huqqa{t), a vase, water-pipe for smoking.
6iJ.oy(u-r]s, of the same race. — Gk. o/xo-s, Hoop (1)5 a pliant strip of wood or
same (cognate with E. Same\ and yh-os, other material bent into a band. (E.)
a race (cognate with E. Kin). So also M.E. hoop, hope. A. S. hop. -{-Du. hoep;
ho7no- logons^ corresponding, from A070S, a E. and N. Fries, and O. Fries, hop.
saying, Xiyeiv, to say. Hoop (2), Whoop,
to call out, shout.
IIom.OXi3rm.OUS, like in sound, but (F.) M. E. honpe7i, to shout. - O. F.
differing in sense. vL- — Gk.) 'L. hotfidny??i- hoiiper, to hoop unto
'
Cot. Of imita-
;
'
ns; with suffix -oiis. — Gk. dfxuivvfj.os, having tive origin ; from hoiip ! interj. ; cf. Goth.
the same name. — Gk. 6fi6-s, same; ovv/xa, hzvopafi, to boast.
ovofia. name. See Same and Name. hooping-cough, a cough accom-
Der. ho77iony7n, F. ho77ioityi7ie. panied by a hoop or convulsive noisy catch
Hone. (,E.) A. S. hdTz, a stone (with in the breath. (Formerly called chin-
change from a to long ^, as in bd7i, bone); coz/gh.)
Birch, ii. 458. -f Icel, hein, Swed. keti. Hoopoe, of a bird. (F. — L.)
the name
Teut. stem *hai7td, f. Cf, Skt. fi, to Formerly houpe, hoope.-^F. huppe, ap-
sharpen. Brugm. i. § 200. parently confused with O. Y. pupu, another
Honest. (F.-L.) O. F. hoTteste (F. form of the same word. — L. ziptipa, a
homi'ete — L. hoiieshis,
. honourable ; hoopoe the E. initial h is due to the F.
;
for ho7ies-Hcs, related to honos, honour huppe. 4* Gk. €770!/', a hoopoe. Of imita-
See Honour. tive origin. ^
The F. huppe, a tuft of
Honey. (E.) M.E.hmi. A.S./itmzg. feathers, is from htippe, a. hoopoe .from
+Du. hoTiig, Icel. hu}iaitg, Dan. hoitni77g, its tufted head) not vice versa.
;
Swed. honi)ig, G. honig. Hoot. (Scand.) M. E. houte7i.''0.

honeycomb. (E.) K.^.hunigca77ib, Swed, huta, to hoot. — Swed, hut I interj.
a honey-comb where co77tb is the usual
; begone of onomatopoetic origin.
! So
E. word, though the likeness to a co77ib is also Norm. dial, houter, to hoot ; W. hwt !
rather fanciful. Irish ut ! expressions of dislike. See
honeymoon. (E.) Wedded love was Hue ^2).
compared to the full moon, that soon Hop (1)1 to leap on one leg. (E.) M.E,
wanes; Huloet, 1^22, SeeN. E. D. hoppen, hnppe7i. A. S, hoppian, to leap,
!45
;
HOP HOSE
dance. + Du. happen, Icel. hoppa, Swed. horn, %
It is strange that G. homisse^
hoppa, Dan. hoppe, G, hiipfen. Brugm. i. O. H. G. hornaz (without vowel-change) is
§ 421 (7). Der. hopp-er (of a mill) ;
referred to a Teut. type *hurz-natoz (cf.
hopp-le, a fetter for horses hop-scotch,; Du. horz-elen, to buzz), allied to L. crdbro
a game in which children hop over (for *cras-ro), a hornet, Lith. szirszu
scotches, i. e. lines scored on the ground. (gen. szirsz-ens)y a hornet; see Brugm. i.
Cf. Hobble. § 626.
Hop (2), a plant. (Du.) Introduced Horologe, a clock. (F.-L. -Gk.)
from the Netherlands; XV cent. — M. Du. O. F. horologe (later horloge). — !^. horolo-
hoppe (Du. hop), hop. +
G. hopfen, hop. gium. — Gk. wpoKo-^tov, a sun-dial, water-
We also find A. S. hymele, Icel. huniall, clock. — Gk. wpo-, for wpa, hour -koyiov, ;
Swed. Dan. hwnle, M. Du. hommel teller, from Xiyav, to tell.

(whence Late L. humulus) also F. horoscope. (F.-L, -Gk.) F. horo-
;
houblon, which can hardly be allied words. scope. — L. horoscopus, a horoscope, from
Hope (i)' expectation. (E.) M. E. horoscoptis, adj., observing the hour. — Gk.
hope. A. S. hopa, hope whence hopian, wpooKoTTOs, observing the hour (also as sb.).
;
to hope. Du. Jioop, Dan, haab, Swed. — Gk. wpo-, for (hpa, hour; CKoneiv, to
+
hopp, M. H. G. hoffcy sb. whence Du. consider, allied to a/f^rrTo/zat, I consider
;
hopen, Dan. haabe, Swed. hoppas, G. hoffen, see Sceptic.

to hope. Horrible. (F.-L.) O.F. horrible.
Hope (2), a troop. (Du.) Only in the — L. horribilis, dreadful. — L. horrere, to
phr. 'a forlorn hope/ i.e. troop. — Du. dread (below).
verloren hoop = lost band, where hoop=^ horrid. (L.) Spenser has it in the
E. heap see Heap.
;
' Een hoop krijghs- sense of 'rough'; F. Q. i. 7. 31. — L, hor-
volck, a troupe or band of souldiers,' ridus, rough, bristly, — L, horrere (for
Hexham verloren hoop (Kilian). (Now *hors-ere), to bristle; also to dread, with
;
obsolete in Dutch.) reference to the bristling of the hair through

Horde, a wandering tribe. (F. — Turk. terror. Cf. Skt, hrsh, to bristle, esp, as a
— Tatar.) F. horde. — Turk, ordil, a camp. token of fear or of pleasure,
— Tatar Urdu, a royal camp, horde of horrify. (L,) Coined, by analogy
Tatars (Tartars) see Pavet de Courteille, with F. words in -fy, from L, horrificdrey
;
P- 54- to cause terror. — L. horri-, for horrere, to

Hordock ; see Hardock. dread -ficdre, iovfacere, to make. ;
Horehound ; see Hoarhound. horror, dread. (L.) L. horror. •^'L,

—
Horizon. (F. L. - Gk.) F. horizon. horrere, to dread (above).
— L. horizon (stem horlzont-). — Gk. Horse. (E.) M. E. hors.~K. S. hors,
6pi^ct}v, the bounding or limiting circle pi. hors, it being a neut. sb.+Icel. hross,
;
orig. pres. pt. of opi^dv, to limit. — Gk. hors, Du. ros, G. ross, O. H. G. hros. Prob.
;
opos, a boundary. Der. horizont-al. a runner cf. L. currere (sup. curs-uni)
'
'
,
+
Horn. (E.) A. S. /z^rw. Icel. Dan. to run. Brugm. i. § 516, ii. § 662.
Swed. G. horn Du, horen, Goth, haurn
; Hortatory, full of encouragement.
;
W. Gael. Irish corn, L. cornu. Allied to (L.) As if from L. *hortdtdrius, coined

Gk. Kip-as, a horn, and to Hart. from hortdtor, an encourager. — L. hortdrl,
K
Hornblende, a mineral. (G.) blende to encourage; prob. allied to L. horior,
named from its horn-like cleavage. G. I urge, and to E. Yearn.
hornblende. — G. hor7i, horn blende, a Horticulture, gardening. (L.) Coined
;
* deceitful mineral, yielding little ore

' from L. horti, g^w. case of hortus, a gar-
;
from blenden, to deceive, blind, dazzle; den ctdtiira, cultivation see Culture.
; ;
from blind, blind. L. hortiis is allied to E. yai'd (i).

Hornet, a kind of large wasp. (E.) Hosanna, an expression of praise.
So called from its resounding hum. A. S. (Gk. — Heb.) Gk. waavva. — Heb. hosht
hyrnet, a hornet. — A. S. horn, a horn, to -ah nnd, save, we pray. — Heb. hoshta,
which the word was later conformed. Cf. save (from ydshd) and ttd, a particle ;
O. Sax. horno-bero, a hornet, lit. 'horn- signifying entreaty.

bearer;' A. S. horn-bo7'a, a trumpeter, Hose. (E.) M. E. hose, pi. hosen. A.S.
Hexham has M, Du. horener, hornte, a hosa, pi. hosany hose, stockings. Du. +
hornet, horentoren, a wasp, from horen, a hoos, Icel. hosa, Dan. hose, G. hose (whence
246
;
, ;
HOSPICE HOUND
O. F. hose). Der. hos-i-er (cf. bow-yer, host (i). So Korting. The words may
law-yer^. have been confused.
Hospice. (F. -L.) F. hospice. ^1.. Hostel, an inn. (F. — L.) O. F. hosted.
hospitiiim, a house for guests. —L. hospiti-, — Late
L. hospitdle see hospital. ;
decl. stem of hospes, a host ; see host hostler, ostler. (F.-L.) Grig.
CD- the innkeeper himself, and so named from
hospitable. (F.-L.) -W.Y. hospit- his hostel {,^Qs€].
able. From Late L. hospitare, to receive Hot. (E.) M. E. hcot (with long d).
as a guest. — L. hospit-^ stem of hospes, A. S. hat, hot. +
Du. heet, Icel. heitr,
a host. Swed. het, Dan. hed, G. heiss. Teut. type
hospital. (F.-L.) hospital.'^ U.Y. *haitoz. Allied to Icel. hiti, G. hitze, heat,
O. F. hospital. — Late L. hospiidle, a large Goth, heito, fever ; and cf. Goth, kais, a
house, a sing, formed from L. pi. hospitdlia, torch, Lithuan. kaitra, heat. Der. heat.
apartments for strangers. — L. hospit-, Hotch-pot, Hodgepodge. (F. -
stem of hospes (below). Du.) Hodgepodge is a corruption of
host (i^) one who entertains guests. hotchpot, a confused medley. — F. hochepot,
(R - L.) M. E. F. hoste. a medley. — F. hocher, to shake; and poty
host, hoste. -O.
Cf. Port, hospede, a host, guest. — L. pot (see Cot.). Imitated or borrowed
hospitem, ace. of hospes (i) a host, (2) a from M. Du. hutspot (lit. shake-pot),
,
guest. ^ Some make L. hospit- short for hodgepodge, beef or mutton cut into small
"^hostipot- where hosti- is the decL stem of -^\&zt'i,.'''}A.T)\x. htitsen, hotsen, to shake;
,
hostis, a stranger, enemy, see Host (2) pot, a pot. Cf. E. Fries, hotjen, to shake.
;
and -pot- means lord,' being allied to L. See Hustle and Pot.
*
potensy powerful; cf. Skt. /a/i-, a master, Hotel, an inn. (F.-L.) Mod. F.
governor, lord see Possible.
; Thus hotel, the same as O. F. hostel; see
hospes ^*hostipotis guest-master, a master Hostel.
,
of a house who receives guests. Cf. Russ. Hottentot, a native of the Cape of
gospode, the Lord, gospodare, a governor, Good Hope. (Du.) name given them A
master, from goste, a guest, and -Jwde by the Dutch, in derision of their speech,
( = Skt. pati-), lord. Brugm. i. §§ 158, which sounded like stammering, or a repe-
340. Der. host-ess, from M. F. hostesse, tition of the syllables hot and tot. is En
* an hostesse,' Cot. F. hotesse. ; Dutch for 'and'; hence Du. hot en tot—
Host (2) an army. (F.
, L.) The orig. —
hot' and 'tot.' Cf. M. Du. hateren, to
'
sense is 'enemy' or 'foreigner.' M. E. stammer, Du. lateren, to stammer.

host, ost.—O.F. host, a host, army. — L. Houdah, Howdah,
a seat fixed on
hostem, ace. of hostis, an enemy (orig. a an elephant's back. (Hind. Arab.) Hind. —
stranger, a guest) ; hence, a hostile army, haiidah. — Arab, hawdaj, a litter carried
a host. + Russ. goste, a guest, stranger; by a camel, a seat placed on an elephant's
A. S. gast see Guest.
; Doublet, guest. back.
Host (3), the consecrated bread of the Hough,
Hock, the joint in the hind-
eucharist. (L.) L. hostia, a victim in a leg of an animal, between knee and fetlock
sacrifice ;O. Lat. fostia, lit. ' that which in man, the back part of the knee-joint.
is slain.' —L. hostire, O. Lat. *fosttre, to E. usually hock formerly hough.
( 1 Now ;
strike. M. E. hotigh. A. S. hoh, the heel; Teut.

Hostage. (F.-L.) O. F. hostage, a type *hanhoz. Icel. hd-, the hock, in +
hostage (F. otage, Ital. ostaggio, O. Prov. hd-sin, hock-sinew. See Heel. Hock is
ostatje). We
also find Ital. statico, a a later form and prob. arose from the ;
hostage; and (according to Diez), both comp. 'hough-sinew,' spelt hoksinu in

ostaggio and statico answer to a Late L. A. S. and hdxene, hdxite in O. Fries.
,
form *obsiddtictts, from Late L. obsiddtits (A. S. hs>x). See G. hechse (in Kluge) ;
the condition of a hostage. — L. obsid-, and see Hox. Der. hoiigh, vb. box, ;
stem of obses, a hostage, one who rem.ains q. v.

behind with the enemy. — L. obsidere, to Hound, a dog. (E.) A. S. htind.-^
stay. — L. ob, at, on, near; sedere to %\\.. Du. hond, Icel. htindr, Dan. Swed. G.
,
^ Another explanation is from Late L. hund, Goth, hunds. Teut. type '^hnn-doz,
'^hospitdticum a receiving as a guest
, m. Allied to L. canis, Gk. kv6jv (gen.
from L. hospit- for hospes, a host
, see Kvvos) Skt. ân-, a dog ; also to Irish cu,
; ,
247
;
HOUR HUDDLE
W. ci, a dog, Russ. suka, a bitch, Lith. Bohemian haufnice, orig. a sling for cast-
szu (stem sztm-), a dog. Brugm. i. § 609. ing a stone Jungmann, Bohem.
;
Diet. i.
The final -d may have been suggested by 662. from the same.
Cf. F. obiis,
confusion with Teut. '^henthaii-, to catch. Howl. (E.) M.E. hoiilen.^yi.T>M.
See Hunt. huylen Dan. hyle G. heiilen, to howl.
; ;
Hour. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. hore ( F. Of imitative cf. L.origin

nhildre, to ;
heure). — 'L. hora. — Gk. wpa, a season, howl, whence O. F. huller.

hour. Allied to Year. Hox, to hamstring. (E.) For /zo<:ij-, which
Houri, a nymph of Paradise. (Pers. — is from hock-smew, sb., O. Fries, hoxene,
Arab. ) Pers. htiri, one virgin of Paradise, hdxne, A. S. hoh-shiu, hough-sinew. —

/mrd, kilr, a virgin of Paradise, black- A. S. /;<7/i, hough sinti, sinew; see Hough. ;
eyed nymph. From Arab, hazvrd, fern. Cf. E. Fries, haksetie, lit. heel-sinew,' but '
oi ahwar, having fine black eyes. also the hamstring (of a horse).
House. (E.) M. E. hous. A. S. hils. Hoy (1)5 a kind of sloop. (Du.) Du.
+ Du. huis, Icel. hus, Dan. huus, Swed. heu, heude, a flat-bottomed merchant-ship
hus, Goth, hils, G. haus. Teut. type M. Du. hode^ heude Flemish hid, a hoy. ;
^husom, n. Possibly allied to Hut, Hoy(2), stop! (E.) M.¥..hoy. Cf.Du.

Hoard from; VKEUDH,to hide. See hiii ! hoy come well Allied to Ho.
! ! !
Hoard, Hide (i). Brugm. i. § 796. Hoyden Hoiden.

; see
Housel, the eucharist. (E.) The orig. Hud, a projection the same as Hob ; (i).
sense is ' sacrifice.' M. E. housel. A. S, Hubbub. Imitative. Cf. Gael.
(E.)
/^^7J^/.+Goth. hunsl, sacrifice. Allied to tib, interj. of aversion. Formerly also
Liih. szwentas, holy, consecrated ; Zend whoobub, a confused noise. Hubbub was
spputa-, holy. Brugm. i. § 377. confused with hoop-hoop, reduplication of
Housings, trappings of a horse. (F. — hoop ; and whoobub with whoop-hoop. See
Teut.) The old form was hotis -ings ; Hoop (2), Whoop.
has been added. — F. housse, a coverlet, Huckaback, a sort of linen cloth.
* a foot-cloth for a horse ; ' Cot. (Low L. (Low G. ?) The orig. sense was prob.
hucia, husia, hussia, the same). Low L. '
pedlar's ware ;
' cf. Low G. hukkebak, G.
type *Au/stza. Ô. 11. G. hulst, a cover. huckebak, pick-a-back. See Huckster.
-j- Icel. hulstr, a case, sheath A. S. ; Huckle-berry. (E.) The same as
heolstor, Goth, hulistr, a covering. From hurtle-.) zuhorile-, hu7-t-,hart-berry. A.S.
*/ncl-, weak grade of Teut. ^helan- (A. S. heo7'ot-berge i. e. hart-berry.
,
heiajt^, to cover, hide; cf. O. H. G. and Huckle-bone, the hip-bone. (E.) A

Du. hullcn, to cover. huckle is a small joint.' Cf. E. Fries.
'
Hovel, a small hut. (F.-Teut.?) M.E. hukken, to bend, stoop, crouch see below. ;
Jiovel, hovil, a shed. Perhaps from O. F. Huckster. (O. Low G.) M. E. huk-
*huvel-, as in huvelet, a penthouse. — stere, hucster. Formed with the fem.
O. H. G. hiiba (G. haube), a hood ; M. Du. suffix -ster (for which see Spinster), from
htiyve, a tilt of a cart. M. Du. hucker. Low G. hdker, a hawker,
Hover. (E.) A
frequentative of M. E. also a stooper, bender, one who stoops.
houen { — hoveji), to be poised, to stay, p. The hazvker or huckster was so named
tarry, wait. Origin uncertain cf. heave. ;
from his bowed back, bent under his
^ The W. hofio^ to hover, is borrowed burden ; from M. Du. hucken, to stoop
from M. E. hotien. under a burden. Cf. Icel. hokinn, bent,
How (1). (E.) M.E. hou, hu; A. S. pp. of a lost strong verb (Teut. *heukan-) ;
hii. Closely related to A. S. hwd, who see ;
also Icel. htlka, to sit on one's hams, Low
AATho. + O. Fries, hfi, O. Sax. h7uo, Du. G. hdken, to crouch. See Du. heiiker,
hoe. Cf. Goth, hxvaizva, how ; Gk. ttws. huiken in Franck.
How (2), a hill. (Scand.^ M. E. hogh. Huddle. (E.) M. E. hoderen, hodren,
haugr, a hill
Icel. ; Swed. hog, a mound ;
which is an equivalent form, meaning to
Dan. hoi, a hill. Allied to Icel. hdr^ huddle together, as under a covert or
Swed. hog, Dan. hoi, high : see High, shelter. Frequentative related to M. E.
Howdah ; see Houdah.. huden, to hide see Hide (i\ ;But the %
Howitzer, a short cannon. (G. — mod. E. sense of huddle seems to be due
Bohemian.) Borrowed from G. haubi/ze, to Du. hoetelen, to doe a thing unskilly,'
'
a howitzer; formerly spelt haufftiitz.— Hexham; cf. G. hudeln, to bungle.

248
; ;
HUE HUMID
Hue show, appearance, colour. (E.)
(i)j hiilUf a husk, lit. 'covering;' from the
M. E. heive. A. S. hiw, heozu, hed, appear- same root as G. hiilse, a husk, viz. Teut.
ance. 4-Swed. hy, skin, complexion Goth. ; *hul-, weak grade of Teut. *helan- (A. S.
hiwi, form, show. hela7i), to cover. See Hell. "^,
Hue (2), clamour, outcry. (F. — Teut.) Hull (2), body of a ship. (Du.) 'From
;
In the phr. hue and cry '
A. F. Jm et ' Du. hoi, hold. Ilet hoi vaii een sckip,
*
cri. M. E. hue, a loud cry. — O. F. hu, a the ship's hold or hull;' Sewel. See
cry; huer, to hoot. — M.H.G. hu, interj. Hold (2). Or the same as hull (i).
huzen, to hoot; M. Swed. huia, to hoot; Hum (i), to buzz. (E.) M. E. hununen ;
see Hoot. an imitative word, -f* O. htuumen, Du.

Huif, to puff, bluster, bully. (E.) The ho/ufnelen, to hum. Cf. (2). Hem
old sense is hence to
to puff,
; blow hard hum (2\ to trick, cajole. (E.) par- A
bluster, vapour. An
imitative word, like ticular use of htwi, to buzz it also meant ;
puff. Cf. Lowl. Sc. hauch, a forcible puff, to utter a sound expressive of contempt
heck, to breathe hard G. hauchen, to ; (Cor. V. I. 49) also to applaud; see ;
breathe. ^
To huff, at draughts, simply Richardson, and Todd's Johnson. Hence
means to blow '
it was customary to
'
; it meant to flatter, cajole, trick. So also
bloiv upon the piece removed cf. Lowl. ; Port, zumbir, to buzz, zonibar, to jest
Sc. blaw, to blow, also to huff at draughts ; Span, zuviba}-, to hum, also to jest. Der.
Dan. blase en brikke, to huff (lit. blow) a hum, sb., a hoax.
man at draughts. Hum.an. (F. — L.) Y oxmtxX^ humaim.
Hug, to embrace closely. (Scand. ?) — F. htunain, 'humane, manly;' Cot.—
XVI cent. Perhaps of Scand.
Uncertain. L. ace. hunidnu7n, human. —L. homo, a
origin cf. Icel. hugga, to soothe, comfort
; ;
man lit.
; a creature of earth,' from
'
hugga barnid, to soothe a child, huga, to humtis, ground see humble, -f- A. S.
;
mind hugna, to please M. Du. heuge,

; ; gum a, a man.
joy- humane. (L.) Directly from L. hu-
Huge, vast. (F.-Teut. ?) ^\.Y..huge, mdmis, human, (2) kind (above).
(i I
houge. An initial a has dropped. — A. F. humble. (F.-L.) F. himible.~\..

ahoge; O. F. ahuge, ahugue, huge, vast humilem, ace. of humilis, humble, lowly,
(i 2th cent.). Of unknown origin perhaps ;
near the ground. — L. hzwius, the ground.
allied to Icel. haugr, a hill, whence O. F. Cf. Gk.x^f^^'h on the ground, Russ.
hoge, hogiie, a hill; see (i). How zemlia, earth, land. Brugm. i. § 604.
Huguenot, a French protestant. (F. Humble-bee, a humming-bee. (E.)
— G.) F. huguenot; as if from the per- From the verb humble, for liummle, fre-
sonal name Huguenot. This name was quentative of htwi. Cf. Du. hommel, a
in use two centuries at least before the humble-bee, from hof?wielen, to hum G. ;
Reformation, and is a dimin. of F. Hugon, htimmel, a humble-bee, from hu7nmen, to

ace. case from the nom. Hugues, Hugh. hum ; Swed. hu77ila, a humble-bee.
-M. H. G. Hiig, Hugh. 2. But this form Humbug, a hoax, piece of trickery.
was due to popular etymology. The orig. (E.) Hu??ibug, a false alarm, a bugbear,'
'
form was G. eidgenoss, a confederate, Dean Milles MS, (cited in Halliwell).

appearing as Swiss Romance eingeîot, '
Drolleries, bonmots, and humbugs about ;
'
i%?^M(?;/£>, a protestant (Wedgwood). Prom A. D. 1740. Compounded of hujn, hoax,

G. eid^ an oath (see Oath), and genoss = and bug, a spectre, ghost, bugbear; the
A. gcneat, a companion.
S. ^15 false orig. sense being sham bugbear see
'
'
;
etymologies of this word are noted by hum (2) and Bug. Der. hinribug, vb.
Scheler. humdrum, dull, c'roning. (E.) Com-
Hulk, a heavy ship. (Late L. Gk.) — pounded of hum, a buzzing noise, and
M. E. hulke. A. S. hulc. - Late L. hulka, drum, a droning sound; see Drum.
also hulcum, holcas, a kind of ship. — Gk. Humeral, belonging to the shoulder.
oKkols, a ship which is towed, also a heavy (L.) Late L. humerdlis, belonging to the
ship, merchantman. — Gk. (K/tfiv, to draw, shoulder. — L. hu??ierus, the shoulder;
drag. Cf. L. sulcus, a furrow. Der. better tivierus.-\-(^\i. w/xos, Goth, amsa,
hulking, i. e. bulky, unwieldy, iff Distinct Skt. aiiisa-, the shoulder. Brugm. i. § 163.
from M. E. hulke, A. S. hulc, a hovel. Humid, moist. (F. — L.) F. httmide.
Hull (I), hnsk. (E.) M. E. /i/^/^. A. S. "V.. humidus, better umidns, moist — L.
249
HUMILIATE HURRY
kUmere, umere, to be moist cf. iiuens, ; cf. htmt, sb., a hunting. Related to
utddus, ildiis, moist Gk. vypos, moist.
; Teut. "^hunth-, weak grade of '^henthan-,
Humiliate. (L.) From pp. of L. to seize; see Hent. Cf. Brugm. i. § 701.
htiviilidre^\.o humble. — L. humilisûvahXa; Hurdle. (E.) M. E. hurdel. A. S.
see Hurable. hyrdel a dimin. from a Teut. base
;
humility. (F. — L.) yi.'E.. humilitee. *hiirth- also early A. S. hyrpil.

; Du. +
— O. F. humilileil, humility. — L. Jmmili- horde, Icel. hurQ, G. hiirde, M. H. G.
tdtem. ace. of humilifds, humility. L. — hurt, a hurdle; Goth, haurds, a door.
htimi/is, humble. Allied to L. crates, a hurdle, Gk. Kap-
Humm.ock, Honimock, a mound, raXos, a (woven) basket. Cf. Skt. krt,
hillock, rounded mass. (E.) It appears to spin. The
sense is a ' plaited thing. '
to be a variant of hujup or hunch. Brugm. §§ 529, 633.

i. (VQERT.)
Humour, orig. moisture. (F. — L.) Hurdygurdy, a kind of violin, played
See Trench, Select Glossary, and Study of by turning a handle. (E.) From Lowl.
Words. The four humours, according to Sc. hirdygirdy, a confused noise; also
Galen, caused the four temperaments of hirdum-dirdttm the same. , Cf. Lowl.
mind, viz. choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic, Sc. hurr, to snarl, ^«rr, to growl. Som '
and sanguine. — O. F. humor (F. hume7ir\ vsejj strange wlaffyng, chytering, harryng
— L. fimorem, ace. of timor, moisture.— and garryng' — zovae people use a strange
L. ujnere, to be moist see Humid. ; babbling, chattering, snarling and growl-
Hump, a lump, bunch, esp. on the back. ing ;Spec, of English, ed. Morris and
(E.) Hump^ a hunch, or lump,' West-
' Skeat, p. 241, 1. 163. Formed on the
moreland;'' Halliwe!l. Not found in model of hurlyburly. See Hurry.
M. E. Cf. E. Fries, humpe, hump, a bit, Hurl. (E.) M. E. hurlen, horlen. Not
lump.+Du. homp, a lump, bunch Low G. ; in A. S. perhaps of Scand. origin. Cf.
;
hu7npel, a heap. Cf. Lithuan. kumpas^ E. hurleblast, a hurricane, hurlepool,

hunched. Parallel to hunch, q. v. whirlpool, hurlewind, whirlwind. Also
Hunch, a hump, round mass. (E.) A E. Fries, hurrel, a gust of wind hurreln, ;
palatalised form of prov. E. hunk, a lump. to blow in gusts; hurrel-wind, a whirl-

Apparently a parallel form of hump ;
wind. Explained by Swed. dial, hurra^
with nk for mp. Cf. W. Flem. hunke to whir, whirl round whence hurrel,
;
brood, a hunk of bread (De Bo) and ;

a whirl, hurrel-zuind a whirlwind. , Of
perhaps Du. honk, a starting-post, orig. imitative origin; cf. Dan. hurre, to buzz,
'
a stump see Franck.
; ' Icel. hurr, a noise. So also M. H. G.
Hundred. (E.) M. E. hundred. A. S. hurren, to move quickly from the sound. ;
hundred; a compound vkôrd. — A. S. hund, Cf. Hurly-burly, Hurry.

a hundred and -red, with the sense of
; Hurlyburly, a tumult. (F.-L.) A
'
reckoning or rate, to denote the rate of
' reduplicated word, the second syllable
counting. Cf. Icel. hund-rad, orig. 120; being an echo of the first. [Cf. M. F.
G. hund-ert. This suffix is allied to Goth. hurluberlu, tumult, in Rabelais (v. prol.).]
rapjo, number, L. ratio; see Rate (i). The short iform htirly also occurs see K. ;
p. The A. S. htmd is cognate with L. John, iii. 4. 1 69. — O. F. hurlee, a howling,

centufu, answering to an Idg. form *^pw- outcry, great noise orig. fem. pp. of
;
t6m, perhaps for *dek9mt6m, a decad, hurler, to howl. — L. ululdre, to howl.

allied to Goth, taihunte-hund, a hundred, Prob. confused with Hurl.
which Brugmann explains as 5e«aSa;i/ deKo.^. Hurrah. (G.) From G. hurra,
Cf. also Gk. kKarov, Skt. catam, Pe' s. sad, M. H. G. hurra. Of imitative origin ;
Lith. szitnfas, Russ. sto, Irish cead, W, see Hurl.
a hundred. Brugm. i. § 43i,ii. §179.
fa/«/, Hurricane, whirlwind. (Span. —
See Ten. Caribbean.) Span, huracan. — Carib.
Hunger. (E.) A. S. hunger. leel. + huracan (Oviedo).
hujigr, Swed. Dan. htmger, Du. honger, Hurry. (E.) Not allied to harry.
G. hunger Goth, huhrus, hunger. Teut.
;
Formed from an older base hurr- like ;
types Vitmgruz, '^htmhruz, m. Allied to scurr-y from skir. M. E. horien, to hurry

Lith. kanka, suffering. Brugm. i. § 639. (Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 883). +
Hunt, to chase wild animals. (E.) M. Swed. hurra, to swing, whirl round;
M. E. hunten. A. S. huntian, to capture ;
Swed. dial, hurra, to whirl, hurr, sb.,
250
;;; —;
HURST HYDRAULIC
hurry, haste. Cf. Dan. hiirre^ to hum, Hustings. (Scand.) The mod. use
whir; Icel. hurr, a noise; M, H. G. is incorrect ; properly hustings sing.,
it is
hurren, to move swiftly. See Hurl and means a council, an assembly for the
and cf. whir, whiz, of similar imitative choice of a candidate. M. E. hiisting.
origin; whence whjirry, to hurry (Nares). A. S. husli7ig,^\ce\. husping^ a council,
liurst, a wood. (E.) M. E. htirst; meeting. —Icel. hfis, a house ;/w^, a thing,
A. S. hyrst. + M. H. G. hiirst, a shrub, also an assembly see House and Thing.
;
thicket ; G. horst ; E. Fries, h'orst. Cf. Swed. Norw. and Dan. ting, the same
Hurt, to dash against, to harm. (F.) as Icel. ping.
M. E. hnrten^ hirten, (i) to push, dash Hustle, to jostle. (Du.) For hutsle.
against; (2) to injure. — O.F. hurter (F. — Du. htiisclen, to shake up and down,
heiirter\ to strike or dash against. Of huddle together; frequent, of M. Du.
unknown origin. Hardly from Celtic htitsen, Du, hotsen, to shake. See
(Thumeysen, p. 81). The Ital. form is Hotclipot. Cf. Du. hotten, to curdle
urtare, possibly from L. 'ûrhim^ unused hot., curds; prov. G. hotze., a cradle, a
supine oi nrgere, to press on (Korting). swing ; Lowl. Sc. hott, to move by jerks,
hurtle, to dash. (F.) M. E. hurtlen, hotter, to jolt.
frequent, oi hurten (above). Hut. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. hotte.^Y.
Husband. (Scand.) Icel. htisbondi, hittte, a cottage; Cotgrave. — O. H. G.
the master of a house, the goodman hutta (G. hiitte), a hut. Swed. hydda, +
short for kHsbilandi. — Icel. hus, house ; a hut. Perhaps related to Hide (i).
biiandi, dwelling in, pres. pt. of biia, to Hutch, a box. (F.-Low L.) M. E.
dwell ; see Boor. So also Swed. hns- htcche, hzicche.''¥. hnche, a hutch, bin.
bonde, Dan. husbond. Der. htisband-nian, Late L. hfitica, a hutch, box of unknown ;
hiisband'ry. origin. Perhaps Teutonic; cf. O. H. G.

Hush. husht, whist,
(E.) M. E. htiotan (G. hiiten), to take care of. See
silent ;
be a pp.
prob. taken
Cf. to Heed.
Swed. hyssja, Dan. hysse, to hush; Dan. Huzzah, Hurrah. (E.) Huzzah is
hys, hush A purely imitative word, allied
! also written huzza. G. hussa, huzzah
Cf. I
to kiss. M. H. G. hurra, hurrah So also Swed.!
Husk, shell. (E.) M. E. huske. The and Dan. hurra, hurrah Cf. M. H. G. !
-k is a dimin. from A. S. hiis, a

suffix ; hurren, to move quickly; Dan. hurre, to
house. G.Cf. Low
a little house hum, buzz. See Hurry.
hiiske,
E. Fries, hiiske. a little house, core of an Hyacinth, a flower. (F. -L.-Gk.)
apple, small case M. Du. huysken, a F. hyacinthe. — L. hyacinthiis. — Gk. va-
;
little house, a case, a husk of fruit (Kilian). KLvOo?, an iris, larkspur (not our hyacinth).
See House. Doublet, jacinth.
Husky, hoarse. (E.) Apparently allied Hyaena ; see Hyena.
to prov. E. hzisk, dry, parched with Hybrid, mongrel. (L.) L. hibrida, ;
reference to the dryness of husks. hybrida, a mongrel, a hybrid. Some

Hussar. (G. — Hungarian. — Servian. connect it with Gk. v^pid-, stem of v^pis,
— Gk. — L.) 'Hussars, Husares^ Coles insult, wantonness, violation; but it may
(i 684) — G. Husar. — Hung,
. Huszar. — be Latin.
Serv. xusar^ hussar, robber, sea-robber Hydra, a water-snake. (L. — Gk.) L.
(Popovic'). — Late Gk./coupcrapfos, a corsair, hydra. — Gk. v8pa, water-snake. — Gk.
pirate (Ducange). — Late L. cursdritis, a vd-ojp, water. Cf. Skt. tedra-s, a water-
corsair. — L. curstiSy a course see Corsair. animal, otter, A. S. oter.
; Doublet, otter.
% The word is older than the story about And see Water. Brugm. i. § 572.
Mathius Corvinus (1458); see N. and Q. hydrangea, a flower. (Gk.) A coined
8 S. ii. 156; Miklosich, p. 148. name, referring to the cup-form of the
Hussif, Hussy. (E.) Short for capsule, or seed-vessel. From Gk. v8p-,
huswife, i. e. house-wife cf. hus- in for v8<vp, water dyytiov, a vessel.
; ;
husband see Husband and House.

; hydraulic, relating to water in
% In the sense of case for needles, thread, motion. (F. — L.— Gk.)
' F. hydraulique.
&c.,' it OLUSt m'Can house- wife's compan- — L. hydrauliais. — Gk. vSpavXinos, belong-
'
ion'; it is, however, remarkable that ing to a water-organ.— Gk. v8pav\is, an

Icel. hUsi means a case.* '
organ worked by water. — Gk. v8p-, for
251
;;
HYDRODYNAMICS HYSON
vScop, water
av\6s, a pipe, tube (allied to
; L. hyphen, for Gk. v(pev, lit. * under one.'
drjfxi, I blow;
see Air). — Gk. for vTTu, under; eV, neut. of efs,
v<p-,
hydrodynamics, the science relating one (allied to L. simin simplex; see

to the force of water in motion. (Gk.) Simple).
Gk. v8po-, for vdojp, water and E. ; Hypo-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. v-no, under;
dynamics, a word of Gk. origin ; see cognate with L. sub.
Dynamics. Hypochondria, a mental disorder in-
hydrogen, a very light gas. (Gk.) ducing melancholy. (L. — Gk.) Named
The name means '
generator of water.' — from the spleen (which was supposed to
Gk. v8po-, for vdojp, water and the base ; cause it), situate under the cartilage of
'yev-, to produce; see Genesis. the breast-bone. — Late L. hypochondria,
hydropathy, the water-cure. (Gk.) fem. sb. for L. hypochondria, s. pi. — Gk.
;
Gk. v8po-, for vSojp, water; vdO-os, suffer- xjTToxovbpLa, sb. pi., the parts beneath the
ing, endurance of treatment ; see Pathos. breast-bone. — Gk. vno, under x'^^Spos, a ;
hydrophobia, fear of water. (L. - corn, grain, gristle, cartilage of the breast-
Gk.) Late L. hydrophobia. Coined from bone (cognate with G. grand, gravel, and
Gk. i/5/)o-,for uScup, water; (p6l3os, fear, allied to E. grind). Der. hipp-ish, q. v.
fright, allied to cpefSoîai, I flee. (-/BHEG.) Hypocrisy, pretence to virtue. (F. —
hydropsy, dropsy. (F. - L. - Gk.) L. — Gk.) M. F. hypocrisie. — L. hypocrisis,
Formerly dropsie or ydropsie ; the form I Tim. iv. 2. — Gk. vno/cpicns, a reply,
dropsie being due to loss of jj/-. — M. F. answer, playing a part on a stage, acting
hydropisie. — L. hydropisis, hydropisJa. — of a part. — Gk. vvoKpiuopiai, I reply, play
Late Gk. *v5pu)mais, not found, from Gk. a part. — Gk. vno, under; Kpivo/xai, I con-
vdpoo^, dropsy, extended from v8po-, for tend, middle voice of Kpivoj, I judge. See
v8wp, water. Der. dropsi-c-al. Critic. Der. hypocrite, F. hypocrite, L.
hydrostatics, the science which hypocrita, Gk. vTioitpirr\s, a dissembler,
treats of fluids at rest. (Gk.) Gk. vZpo-, Matt. vi. 2.
for vlwpf water and Statics, q. v.
; Hypogastric, belonging to the lower
Hyena, Hyaena, a hog-like quad- part of the abdomen. (F. — L. — Gk.)
ruped. (L. Gk.) —
[M. E. hyene\ from M. F. hypogastrique. — Late L. hypogas-
O. F. hyene.'\ L. hycena.-îjV. vaiva, a tricus, belonging to the lower part of the
hyena; lit. 'sow-like.' — Gk. i;'-?, a sow, belly. — Gk. v-no-^daTpiov, lower part of the
cognate with E. Sow; with fem. adj. belly ;see Hypo- and Gastric.
suffix -aiva. Hypostasis. (L.-Gk.) L. hypo-
Hymen. (L. — Gk.) L. hymen. — Gk. stasis.— GV. vTioaraais, a standing under,
the god of marriage.
v/jLTjy, Cf. Skt. siv, groundwork, subsistence, substance, a
to connect, lit. to sew see Sew. ; Person of the Trinity. — Gk. v_ii6, under;
Hymn. ( F. — L. — Gk. ) M. E. ympne ardai'i, a standing, from -y^STA, to stand.
(with excrescent /). — O. F. ymne (later See Statics.
hymne). — L.. hymniun, ace. of L. hymnus. Hypotenuse. (F.-L.-Gk.) Also
— Gk. vnvos, a song, festive song, hymn. hypotheiiuse ( badly) — F hypotenuse. — L.
. .
Hypallage, an interchange.^ (L. - Gk.) hypotenusa. — Cjk.. vn or civ ova a, the sub-
L. hypallage. — Gk. viraWayrj, an inter- tending (line) fem. of pres. part, of v-no-
;
change, exchange. — Gk. vn-o, under Tciveiv, to subtend, lit. to stretch under.
dWayrj, change, from dWdaafiv, to change (VTEN.)
from dWos, another. See Alien. Hypothec, a legal lien on property.
Hyper-, denoting excess. (L.—
prefix, (F.- -L. Gk.) Englished from M. F.
Gk.) L. hyper-, for Gk. vnep, above, be- hypotheqiie, a mortgage.- L. hypotheca
yond, allied to L. super. Hence hyper- (the same). —
Gk. vTtoQ-qKri, lit. 'support;'
baton, a transposition of words from a pledge, mortgage. —
Gk. vtto, under ; Or]-,
natural order, lit. a going beyond ' (from
'
as in Ti-Orj-fiL, I (^DHE.)
place.
IBaiveiv, to go) hyper-bole, exaggeration,
; hypothesis, a supposition. (L. - Gk.)
Gk. vvepPoXr) (from 0d\\€iv, to throw, L. hypothesis. — Gk. xjuoOtais, a placing
cast) hyper-borean, extreme northern
; under, supposition. — Gk. vtro, under ; Oeais^
(from ôpias, north wind). a placing from the same root as the above.
;
Hyphen, a short stroke (-) joining See Thesis.

two parts of a compound word. (L. — Gk.) |
Hyson, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In
25 2
—
HYSSOP IDIOT
the Amoy dialect called chkiin-ie, lit. hekely isjcikel. 2. Icel.yc>^«//is thedimin.
'
spring tea,' from chkun, spring, and te, of Icel. jaki, a piece of ice, cognate with
tea. Said to have been orig. from hi Irish aig, \V. ia, ice. Brugm. i. § 305.
chhun, lit. ' blooming spring,' i. e. early (L.-Gk.)Ichneumon.
L. ichmu-
crop. From Chin, hi, blooming chhun, 7iion. — Gk. \\viv\xo^v, an ichneumon
;
spring. (lizard) lit. 'a tracker,' because it tracks

;
Hyssop, a plant. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) out (and devours) crocodiles' eggs. — Gk.
M. K. ysope.-Ô. F. hyssope.-'Y^. hyssopns. Ixvf^viiv, to track. — (Jk. i'xJô?, a footstep.
— Gk. vaaanroi, an aromatic plant (not Ichor, the juice in the veins of gods.
our hyssop). — Heb. vzo^h, a plant (it is ^^Gk.) (ik. Ixwp, juice.
not exactly known what plant). Ichthyography, description of fishes.
Hysteric, convulsive, said of fits. (F.— (Gk.) Gk. IxQvo-, from t'xûs, a fish ;
L. — Gk.) M. F. hysteriqtie. — L. hystericus. -ypa<pia, from ypd(p(iv, to describe. So
— Gk. varfpiKu's, suffering in the womb; also icJitJiyology, from A070J, a discourse,
hysterical. — Gk. varepa, the womb. Prob. Kiynv, to speak.
from Gk, varfpos, latter, lower, compara- Icicle ; see Ice.
tive from the Idg. base ud-, out see Iconoclast, a breaker of images.
;
Uterine and Out. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. ukovo-, from

eiKcjv, an image Kkaar-q's, a vine-pruner ;
(but lit. a breaker), from KXaeiv, to break.

Icosahedron, a solid figure with
twenty equal faces. (Gk.) From Gk.
I, nom. case of first pers. pronoun. (E.) (iKoai, twenty edpa, a base, lit. a seat,
;
M. E. (Northern) ik, i (Southern) ich, ;

from the base I5-, to sit see Sit. ;
uch, i. A. S. zV.-f-Du. ik, Icel. ek, Dan. Idea. (L. — Gk.) L. idea. •'Gk. Idea,
jeg, Swed. j'ag, Goth, ik, G. ich, Lith. asz, the look or semblance of a thing, species
Russ. ia, L. eô, Gk. eyw, eydiv, Skt. aha/u. (hence, notion). — Gk. Ideiu, to see, {^
Idg. base, EGH- and EG- ; Brugm. ii. WEID.) See Wit.
§ 434. ^
Ale is from a different base. Identical, the very same. (L.) For-
I-, neg. prefix; see In- (3). merly identic, identick. Formed as if
Iambic, a certain metre, a short and a from Med. (^scholastic) L. identiciis, adj.
long syllable (w -). (L. — Gk.) L. iambi- suggested by identi-tds see below. :
cus. — Gk. ia/AîKos. — Gk. lafxôs, an iambic identity, (F. — LateL.

sameness.
foot, iambic verse, lampoon. (Origin L,) F. z^^«///(?. — Late L. ace. identitd-
doubtful.) tem, sameness. — L. identi-, occurring in
Ibex,a genus of goats. (L.) L. idex. identidein, repeatedly with suffix -tas. —
;
Ibis, (L.- Gk.- Egypt.)

a bird. L. L. idem, the same. — L. i-, and -dem ; from
ilns.--Gk. IPis, an Egyptian bird. Of Idg. pronominal bases I and DE.
Egypt, origin cf. Coptic hippen (Peyron).
; Ides, the 15th day of March, May,
Ice. (E.) M. E.jj'j-, m.
A. S. fj-. Du. + July, October; 13th of other months.
ijs, Icel. iss, Dan. iis, Swed. is, G. eis. (F. — L.) F. ides. — L. idiis, ides.
Teut. type *Tsom, neut. Der. ice-berg, Idiom, peculiar mode of expression.
quite a modern word the latter element
; (F. —
L. — Gk.) F, idiome. — L. ididma. —
is the Du., Norw., Swed., and G. berg, Gk. IdiojiJia, an idiom, peculiarity of lan-
a mountain cf. Du. ijsberg, Norw. and
; guage. —Gk, 161600, I make my own.—
Swed. isbjerg, Dan. iisbjerg, G. eisberg, an Gk. idios, own.
iceberg (prob. a Norw. word).
;
Also idiosyncrasy, peculiarity of tem-
ice-blink, Dan. iis-blink, a field of ice, perament. (Gk.) Cf. F. idiosyncrasie.
from Dan. blinke, to gleam. From Gk. 'ihio-s, own; avy-Kpaais, a
icicle. (E.) M. E. isikel, iseyokel; blending together, from ovy- ( = crvi'', to-
from M. E. ys, ice, and ikel, a point of ice. gether, Kpaais, a mingling. See Crasis.
— A. S. ts-gicel, an icicle; also written idiot. ^F, -L.-Gk.) F. idiot. ~L.
Tses gicel, where Tses is the gen. case. an ignorant, uneducated person,—
idiota,
Gicel, O. Merc, gecile (Sweet, O. E. T.), Gk, idicjTTjs, a private person hence, one ;
means 'a small piece of ice.'+Icel. tss- who is inexperienced î Cor. xiv. 16).—
jokull though j'okull is gtn. used by
; Gk. Idtoct}, I make my own. — Gk. iSios,
itself in the sense of icicle ; Low G. is- own.
253
;; ;
IDLE ILLUSTRIOUS
Idle. (E.) M.E. idd. A.S. tdd, logical ; for which see legal, legible, &c.
vain, empty, useless. Du. ijdel, vain + ;
And see illicit.
Dan. idel, Swed. idel^ mere G. eiiel, ; Iliac, pertaining to the smaller intes-
vain, trifling. Origin doubtful. tines. (F. — L.) F. iliaque, belonging to the
Idol. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. idole.-l.. flanks. Formed from JL. ilia, sb. pi., flanks,
tdolum. — Gk. eidaiXov, an image, likeness. groin. See also Jade (2).
— Gk. dSofxai, I appear, seem iSeTv, to ; Iliad, an epic poem. (L. — Gk.) L.
see. (VWEID.) T>er.zdo/atry,O.V.zdo- Iliad-, stem of Ilias, the Iliad. — Gk.
latrie, Late L. idolatria, shortened form of lAidS-, stem of 'IA.mj, the Iliad. — Gk.
zdololatrta, from Gk. dScoko-XaTpeia, ser- "lAios, Ilios, commonly known as Troy
vice to idols (where Karpfia, service, is said to have had its name from (a m}i:hical)
from Xarpls, a hired servant, Karpov, hire). Ilus, grandfather of Priam, and son of
Hence idolater, &c. Tros (whence Troy).
idyl, idyll, a pastoral poem. (L.— Ill, bad. (Scand.) M.E. z7/^.-Icel.
Gk.) L. idyllhun.^GSa. eidvWiov, a short illr (later illr), ill, adj. ; Swed. ilia, Dan.
descriptive poem. — Gk. eJdos, form, shape, ilde, ill, adv. % Not allied to Evil.
figure. — Gk. eidofxai, I appear (see above). Illapse, a gliding a sudden entrance.
in,
If, conj. (E.) M. E. ?y, A. S. ^^/.+Icei. (L.) L. illapsus, sb., a gliding in. — L.
ef, if, O. Fries, ief, gef, ef, O. Sax. ef\ il- (for in), in ; lapsus, a gliding, from pp.
Goth, ibai, interrog. particle. /a^ô:?", if; with of IdbT, to glide. See Lapse.
which cf. Du.^ if, whether, G. ^/^, whether Illation, an
(F. L.) F. inference. —
also O. H.G. ibn, if, lit. on the condition,' illation. -^Y^. ace. illdtionem, a bringing
'
dat. oiiba, condition, doubt. Cf. also Icel. in, inference. — L. il- (for in), in; Idtus
if, cf, sb., doubt. See Kluge, s. v. ob. ( =tldtus), borne, broiight ( = Gk. tXtjtus).
Ignition, a setting on fire. (L.) F. See Tolerate.

ignition. As if from L. *ignttio.'—'L. ig- Illicit, unlawful. (F.-L.) F. illicite,
tiitiis, pp. of ignire, to set on fire. — L. 'illicitous,' Cot. — L. illicitus, not allowed.
ignis, fire. +
Skt. agni-, fire, base 'êgni- — L. il- (for in-), not; licitus, pp. of
;
cf. Russ. ogone, Lith. ugms, fire, base lie ere, to be allowed. See Licence.
*ogni-. Brugm. i. § 148. Hence also ignis Illision, a striking against. (L.) From
fattens, a vain fire igne-ous, adj.
; L. illisio, a striking against. L. illTsus, —
Ignoble. (F.-L.) F. ignoble, not pp. of illidere, to strike against. — L. il-
noble. — L. i-gnobilis, where i- = in, not (for iii), upon; Icedere, to strike. See
see Noble. Lesion.
Ignominy, disgrace. (F. — L.) F. Illude, to deceive. (F. — L.) Y.ilhider,
Cot. — L. ilhldere, to mock
;
ignominie.-^L,. ignomittia.^l^. i- (for in), to illude '
'
not ;
gnomin-, for gnomen, old form of at. — L. il- (for in), upon, at; Indere, to
nomen, name, fame see Noun. ; jest, play. See Ludicrous.
Ignore, to disregard. (F. — L.) F. Illuminate, to enlighten. (L.) From
ignorer. — L. ignordre, not to know. -^ L. pp. of L. ilhmiinai'e, to throw light upon.
i- (for ill), not; and base gno-, as in gno- — L. il- (for in), upon Ifwim-, for lumen, ;
scere ^noscere, toknow; see Know. Der. light see Luminary. ;also use ^ We
ignor-ant, -ance also ignot^dnms, lit. we illumine, illume, from F. illuminer<X'.
;
'
ignore' that, an old law-term. ilium indre.

Iguana, a kind of American lizard, Illusion. (F. — L.) F. illusion.^!..
(Span. —W. Indian.) Span, iguana. Of ace. ilblsidnem. L. illUsus, pp. oiilliidere ; —
West Indian origin. — Hayti iuanna,yMana see Illude (above).
(Eden.). Illustrate. (L.) From the pp. of
iguanodon, a fossil dinosaur, with illustrdre, to throw light upon. — L. il-
teeth like an iguana. From igttan-a, and (for in), upon lust rare, to shine (below). ;
Gk. 6bov-T-, stem of oBous, tooth, illustrious. (F. -I..; or L.) badly A
II- (l), for in-, prefix, from L. in, coined word eitlier from F. illustre, or ;
prep., when / follows. Exx. il-lapse, il- from the

: L. illustri-s, bright, renowned.
lusion, &c. (Imitation of industrious.) p. In L.
II- (2), for m-, negative prefix when illnstris, the prefix il- ( = in) upon
, ; -lilstris
/ follows. Exx. il-legal, il-legible. il-legiti- stands for *lou-c-stris, from the base liic-,
mate, il-liberal, il-lijnitable, il-literate, il- as in Lucid, q. v. See Brugm. i. § 760.
2SH
IM- IMMUNITY
Xm- (i)) prefix. (F. — L.) In some I'tal. — Ital. imbrogli-
itnbroglio, perplexity.
wirds, hn- stands for ^w-, the O. F. form are, entangle. — Ital. im- (for in),m\
to
of L. im-, prefix. Or for L, z«, in, before broglio, a broil, confusion see Broil (2).;
h, vi, ox p. Imbrue,Embrue, to moisten, drench.

Xiu- (2), prefix. (E.) For E. in ; as in (F. — L.) ISI. F. cJiibriier s'embruer, to ;
'
i/n-bed, for in-bed. imbrue or bedable himself with ; ' Cot.

Im- (3), prefix. (L/ L. iin- (for hi), in, Variant of O. Y. embevrer, embreuver, to
when b, m, or p follows. moisten. — F. etn- (L. in, in) ; and a causal
Im-(4), prefix. (F. L. orl..) Nega-— ; verb -bevrer, to give to drink, turned into
tive prefix for L. in-, not.
; Exx. iin- : -brever in the i6th cent., and then into
inaUrial, im-ffiature, immeasurable, im- -bruer; see F. a^r^z^z/^r in Hatzfeld. O.F.
jueniorial, im-moderate, i?n~modesf, im- bevrer answers to a L. type *biberdre, to
moral, im-jHoytal, iin-J>iovable,im-miitable, give to drink from L. bibere, to drink.
;
im-palpable, i?n-pari(y,im-partial, im-pass- See Beverage.

able, im-passive, im-patient, ivi-pcccable, Imbue, to cause to drink in, tinge
im-penetrable, im-penitent, it/i-percepiible, deeply. (F. L.) —
O.F. imbicer.^L,. im-
im-pcrfect, i}n-perishable, i?n-personal, im- bnere, to cause to drink in ; where -buere
pertinent, im-perturbable^ im-piety, im- is a causal form, apparently allied to
pious, im-placable, it)i-poIite, im-politic, bibere, to drink.
im-ponderable, im-possible. im-potent, im- Imitate. (L.) Frompp.ofL. /wz/^?>f,
practicable, im-probable, im-proper, im- to imitate ; irequentative of îmdre, not
provident, iiii-prudent, im-piire\ for which found ; cf. L. ifud-go. See Image.
see material, mature, &c. Im.maculate. (L.) 'h.im-maculdtus,
Image, a likeness, statue. (F.— L.) F. unspotted. — L. zVw- (form-), not; macu-
image. — Y.. i?)idginem, ace. of imago, a Idtus, spotted. See Maculate.
likeness. Formed, with suffix -ago, from Im.mediate, without intervention or
the base im- in im-itdri, to imitate ; see means, (i*". — L.) M. F. immediat. — L.
Imitate. im- (for in-'), not; medio tus, pp. of L.
imagine. (F. — L.) F. imaginer, to 7)iedidre, to be in the middle. — L. meditis,
think.— L. imdgindri, to picture to oneself, middle. See Medium.
imagine. — L. imdgin-, stem of imago, an Immense. (F. — L.) F. immense.—
image, picture see above. ; Der. imagin- L. immensus, immeasurable. — L. im- (for
ary, imagi)i-ation. in-), not mensics, pp. of metirt, to
;
Imam, Im.aum, a Muhammedan measure. See Measure.

priest. (Arab.) Arab, imam, a leader, Immerge, to plunge into. (L.) L.
chief, prelate, priest. — Arab, root amma, imtnergere (pp. im-uiersus), to plunge
'
he tended towards.' Rich. Diet., p. into. — L. im- (for in), in; viergere, to
163. plunge. See Merge. Der. ivimers-ion.
Imbecile, feeble. (F.-L.) Formerly Immigrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
rare as an adj. ; but the verb imb^cil, to immigrdre, to migrate to. {Itn-^în, in.)
enfeeble, is found, and was confused with See Migrate.
embezzle. —
F imbecile; M. F. imbecille,
. Imminent, near at hand. (L.) L.
'
feeble ' Cotgrave.
; —
L, imbecillum, ace. imjjiinent-, stem of pres. pt. of im-minere,
of imbecilius (also imbecillis), feeble. to project over. — L. im- (for in), upon;
(Root unknown.) miner e, to project, as in e-minere.
Imbibe, to drink in. (F. L. or L.) — ; Immit, to inject. (L.) In Kersey
F. imbiber (i6th cent,). — L. imbibere, to (1715). L. im-mittere, to send into (pp.
drink in. — L. im- (for m-), in; bibere, to i7?i?nissus). — L. im- ( ^ m), in ; mittere, to
drink. send. See Missile. Der. immiss-ion.
Im.bricated, bent and hollowed like Immolate, to offer in sacrifice. (L.)
a gutter-tile. (L.) Botanical. From pp. From pp. of L. imtnoldre, to sacrifice, lit.
of L. imbricdre, to cover with gutter-tiles. to throw meal upon a victim. — L. im- (for
— L. imbric-, stem of imbrex, a gutter- in), upon; mola, meal, cognate with E.
tile. — L. if?ibri-, decl. stem of i?nber, a Meal (i).
shower of rain.-fGk. dippus, foam; Skt. Immunity, freedom from obligation.
abhra-, a rain-cloud Brugm. i. § 466.
; ,F. — L.) iinmnnit^, immunity. — L.
't .
Imbroglio, intrigue, perplexity. (Ital.) immiiniidtem, ace. of imfnunitds, exemp-

255
— ;'
.
IMMURE IMPORT
tion. — L. iinmunis, exempt from public impiiigere (pp. impactus), to bind, fasten;
services. — L. tin- (for hi), not; munis, see Pact. See Dispatch.
serving, obliging (whence also cotjumlnis, Impede, to obstruct. (L.) From L.
common). See Comraon. ivipedire, to entangle the feet, obstruct. —
ImiUUre. (F. — L.) For em77nire. — L. im- ( i}i), in =ped-, stem of pes,
;
M. F. emmiirer, to shut up in prison, lit.

foot. Der. ijjipedi-ment.
to enclose with a wall. — L. im- = in), Impel. (L.) L. i7npellere,Xo urge on.
(^
m ;jfiilrus, a wall. — L. im- (for iii), on; pellere, to drive;

Imp, a graft, offspring, demon. (Late see Pulsate. Der. impulse, L. impulstis,
L. — Gk.) Formerly in a good sense, sb., from the pp. itnpiilsus.
meaning a scion, offspring. M. E. ifnp, Impend,
to hang over. (L.) L. im^
a graft on a tree (A. S. impe) ii?ipen, pendere, to hang over. — L. i77i- (for in),
;
to graft. — Late L. impotus, a graft (Lex on, over penda-e, to hang. See Pen-
;
Salica) [whence also Dan. ympe, Swed. dant.

;
ympa, G. impferi, O. H. G. impiion, to Imperative. (F.-L.) F. i77iph-atif,

graft J. — Gk. €fj.(pvTos, engrafted James imperious. — L. i7npe7-dtmus, due to a com-
;
i. 2 1.— Gk. e/xcpveiv, to implant. — Gk. mand. — L. imperdtu77i, a command neut. ;
l/x- (for h), in; (pveiv, to produce, from olhnperdtiis, pp. o{i77ipe7'd7-e, to command.
VBHEU, to be see Be.
; See Emperor.
Xinpact, a striking against. (L.) L. imperial. (F.-L.) O.Y. e77iperial,
impact-US, pp. of iinpingere, to impinge. later i77ipi7'iaL — L. i77iperidlis, belonging
See Impinge. to an empire. — L. i77iperium, an empire.
Impaiir, to make worse, injure, weaken. See Empire.
(F. —
L.) M. E. empeiren. — O. F. etn- Impertinent. From Im- (4) and
peirer, later empirer, to impaire;' Cot.
'
Pertinent.
Late L. impHordre, to make worse. — L. Impervious. From Im- (4) and
im- (for hi), prep., with intensive force Pervious.
and peior, worse, a comparative form from Impetus. (L.) L. i7npetus, lit. ' a fall-
a lost positive. Cf. Pessimist. ing on a rush, attack, — L. h7i- {in), on ;
;
'
Impale, to fix on a stake. (L.) Late pete/'e, to fall, fly, seek. See Petition.
L. impdldre (whence F. empaler). — !^. im- Impinge, to strike against. (L.) L.
(for i}t\, on pa his, a stake. See Pale (i). i77ipinge7'e, to strike against. — L. z'w- (in),
;
—
Im.part. (F. L.) yi.Y. itupartir.^ on, upon pange7'e, to fasten, also to ;
L. impartire, ifiiperth'e, to give a share to. strike. See Pact.

— L. im- ( = zw), to, upon partire, to part,
; Implement, a tool. (Late L.-L.)
from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part. Late L. i77iple7ne7ttti77i, an accomplishing ;
See Part. hence, means for accomplishing. — L. im-
Impassive. From Im- (4) and Pas- plei-e, to lill in, execute. — L. i77i- (for in),
sive. in plere. to fill. See Plenary.
;
Im.pawn. From Im- (3) and Pawn

(i ) Implicate. (L.) From pp. of L. i77i-
Im,peach, to charge with a crime. (F. plicdre, to involve. — L. i77i- (iî), in;
— L.) The original sense was to hinder ' plicd7-e, to fold.
' ; See Ply.
as. 'to impeach and stop their breath,' implicit. (F. L.) F. h7iplicite.'-' —
Holland, tr. of Pliny, b. xi. c. 3.-O. F. L. i77iplicitiis, old pp. of implicd7'e (above).
empescher, to hinder, stop, bar, impeach
' Implore. (F. — L.) F. imploj-er.^'L.
;
Cot. Older spelling empeescJier, where the i77iplord7'e, to implore. — L. if?i- ( = in), on,
s is adventitious. [Littre and Scheler con- upon pldrd7-e, to wail. ; Cf. de-plore.
nect the mod. F. empecher with Prov. ej?i- Imply. (F. — L.) Coined from L. i77i-
pedegar, from Late L. iynpedicdre, to fetter. iin), aDd p/y; as if from a F. *i77iplier;
— L. im- (for iii), on, upon; pedica, a but the F. form was i7npliquer, still
fetter, from ped-, stem of pes, a foot.] earlier e77iploier (whence E. e77iploy). See
p. At the same time the usual sense of E. Ply.
impeach and some (at least) of the senses Import. (F.— L. ; or L.) In two
of O. F. empescher above are due to O. F. senses (i) to signify. — M. F. i7/ip07'ter, to
:
empacher, ^T^SiXv.empachar, Ital. impaccia^x, signify. — L. i77iportdre, to import, bring

to delay from a Late L. frequent, form in, introduce, cause (2) to bring in from
; :
{împacticdre, in Korting, § 4110) of L. abroad directly from the same L. hn-

;
2 56
—
IMPORTABLE IMPROVISE
tortdre. — L. im- {in), in p07'idre, to bring. ;
I not ;F. prendre, from L. prehendere, to
Der. import-ant^ i. e. importing mucli. take, seize. See Prehensile.
See Port (i). Impregnate, to render pregnant. (L.)
importable, intolerable; obsolete. (F. IVom pp. of L. imprcegndre, to impreg-
— L. ) M. F. importable. — L. importdbilis, nate.— L. im- (for ill), in; ^pragndre,
that cannot be borne. — L. im- {in-), not; only used in the pres. pt. p}-crg?tans see ;
portare, to bear. Pregnant.

Importune, to molest. (F. L.) From — Imprese, an heraldic device, with a
M. E. importune, adj., troublesome. F. — motto. (F.-Ital.-L.) In Rich. II. iii.
importun, 'importunate;' Cot. — L. im- I. 25. Also spelt impresa (Nares). — O. F.
portHnus, unfit, unsuitable, troublesome. imprese.-'\\.z\.. impresa, an imprese, an '
Orig. * hard of access from L. im- {in- ; '

,
enibleme also, an enterprise
; Florio. ;
'
not portus, access, a harbour. See Port

;
Fem. of impreso, undertaken (hence,
(2). Der. itnporticti-ate, from pp. of adopted), pp. oi imprendere, to undertake.
Late L. importundri, to vex, dep. vb. — L. in, in prehendey-e, to lay hold of.
;
Impose. (F. L. and Gk.) F. i7n- — Doublet, emprise, an enterprise, Spenser,

poser, to lay upon. — F. im- (L. in), upon ;
F. Q. ii. 4. 12 from F. emprise, fem. pp.
;
V. poser, to lay. See Pose (i). of emprendre, to undertake (Cotgrave) =

Imposition. (F. L.) Y. imposition. — Ital. imprendere. Der. impresario, an
— L. ace. impositionem, a laying on. L. — undertaker, stage-manager ; from impresa
impositus, pp. of impdnere, to lay on. — 1.. an undertaking.
im- {in), on ponere, to lay.
; Impress. (L.) L. impressdre, fre-
impost. (F. L.) O. F. impost, a — quent, of imprimere, to press upon. — L.
tax. — L. pp. neut. impositum (above), a im- {in), on ; premere, to press. See
thing imposed. Press.
Imposthnme, an abscess. (F. — L.— imprint. (F. — L.) The verb, in Sir
Gk.) Belter apostume, as in Cotgrave. T. More, is formed as if from im- and
M.F. apostume, an apostume, an inward
' print but we also find M. E. einpreinten.
;
swelling full of corrupt matter.' still A — O. F. einpreinte, a stamp, print;' Cot. '
better spelling is M". F. aposteme, also in Orig. fem. of pp. of empreindre, to print, '
Cotgrave. — L. apostema. — Gk. dnvaTrjfxa, stamp id. — L. imprimere, to impress,

;
'
a standing away from hence, a separation ; press upon (above). See Print.
—
of corrupt matter. Gk. dv6, away ctttj-, ; Imprison. (F. — L.) For emprison. —
base of 'larrjfu, I set, place, stand. O. F. emprisonner, to imprison. — O. F.
CVSTA.) etn- (for L. in) in ; prison, a prison. See,
Impostor. (L.) L. impostor, a de- Prison.

ceiver;from L. impdnere, to impose, also, Impromptu, a thing said off hand.
to impose upon, cheat. See Imposition. — L.)
(F. impromptn. — L. in projitptii,
i* .
Impotence. iF.-L.'j F. (and O. F.) in readiness where promptu is abl. of

;
impotence. — !.,impotentia, inability. — L. promptus, a sb. formed from promere, to

impoteiit-, stem of impotens, powerless. bring forward see Prompt. ;
See Im- (4) and Potent. Impropriate, to appropriate to private

Impoverish. (F. — L.) From O. F. use. (L.) Coined from L. im- {in), in ;
empovris-, stem of pres. pt. of etnpovrir, propridre, to appropriate, from proprius,
to impoverish. — F. ein- (=L. in), ex- one's own. See Proper.
tremely O. F. povre, poor, from Lat.
; Improve. (F.— L.) Y oxvatxXy empi-ove,
pauperem, ace. of pauper, poor. See for late M. E. enproiven (Skelton), which
Poverty and Poor. was itself an alteration of M. E. approwen,
Imprecate. (L-) From pp. of L. im- to benefit. —O.P\ aproer, approzver, to
precdrT, to call down upon by prayer. — L. benefit. — O.F. a (for L. ad, to), and
im- {in^, upon precdri, to pray. See Pre- proit, sb., profit, answering to Ital. prode,
;
carious and Pray. sb., benefit. Cf. Ital. prode, adj., good,
Impregnable. (F.-L.) The gn valiant see Prowess. The O. F. ; ^
orig. represented the sound of « followed sb. emprovement, improvement, occurs in
by a slight glide cf. M. E. regne, pron. Godefroy.
:
(ren'ya), whence E. reign. — F. imprenable, Improvise. (F. — Ital.— L.) F. im-

'impregnable Cot. — F. iin- ( = L. in-). proviser.—lt.a.l. improvvisare, to sing ex-
;
'
257
,:
IMPUDENT INCESSANT
temporaneous verses. — Ital. improvviso^ Inaugurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
sudden, unprovided for. — L. improuisiis in-augurdre, to practise augury, to con-
unforeseen. — L. im- (for in- ), not ; pro, be- secrate, begin formally. — L. in, in, upon ;
fore ;uisus, pp. of tiidere, to see. See augiir, an augur ; see Augur.
Vision. Inca, a royal title. (Peruv.) Peruv,
Impudent, shameless. (F.-L.) F. inca, a title. Cf. Peruv. âpay kapac
— L.
iinpiident. i?nptident-, stem of im- Inca, king of Peru {âpay = only kapac ;
ftidens, shameless. — L. z>«- (for in), not; = lord). Inca was orig. the chief of a
pudens, modest, pres. pt. of pudere, to tribe (Oviedo).
feel shame. Incandescent, glowing hot. (L.)
Impugn. (F. L.) —
Y.impugner.^l.. From stem of pres. pt. of itt-candescere, to
impugndre, to fight against. L, im- (for — glow; where candescere is the inceptive
m), against piigndre, to fight, homptigna,
;
form of candere, to glow. See Candid.
a battle of. pugfzzis, a fist.
; Incantation. (F. — L.) F. incanta^
Impulse ; see impel. lion. — L. incantdtid)iem,B.cc.oiincantdtiOy
Impunity. (F.-L.) F. impuniti. - an enchanting. — L. incantdre, to enchant.
L. ace. impanitdtem, ace. of ir/ipnnitas, — L. in, on, upon cantdre, to sing, ;
impunity. — L. impuni-s, without punish- frequent, of canere, to sing. See Enchant

ment. —L. im- ( ^ in-), not ; poena, punish- and Cant (i).
ment. See Pain. Incarcerate, to imprison. (L.) L.
Impute. (F. — L.) F. impnter. — l^. in, in and carcerdtns, pp. of carcerdre,
;
impuidre, to ascribe. — L. i?n- (m), towards; to imprison, from career, a prison.

putdre, to reckon. See Putative. Incarnadine, to dye of a red colour.
In, prep. (E.) A. S. in.-^Dw. in, Icel. (F. — Ital. — L.)F. incarnadin, carnation
z", Swed. Dan. i, Goth, in, G. iji, V^.yn, colour (Cot.). — Ital. ificarnadino, carna-
O. Irish in, L. in, Gk. kv, Ivi. L. in is tion colour (Florio) ; also spelt incarna-
for O. L. en (as in en-do) = Gk. kv. Der. tifW. "Ital. incarnato, incarnate; also, of
inn-er, A. S. innera; in-most, A. S. inne- flesh colour. — L. incarndtus, pp. of incar-
mest (i. e. inne-m-est, a double superl. ndre, to clothe with flesh (below).
form). The form innermost is also a cor- incarnation. (F.— L.) Y.incama-
ruption of A. S. innemest. Also in-ward, tioti. — L. ace. incarndtionem, embodiment
there-in, where-in, with-in, in-as-miich, in flesh. — L. incarndtus, pp. of incarnare^
in-so-much, in-ter-, in-tro-. And see Inn. to clothe with flesh. — L. in, on ; and carn-f
In- (i), prefix. (E.) In some words, it decl. base of caro, flesh. See Carnal.
is only the prep, in in composition. Exx. Incendiary. L. imendidriuSy(L.)
in-born, in-breathe, in-bred, in-land, &c. setting on fire. — L.
incendium, a burning.
And see Im- (i). — L. incendere, to set on fire. — L. /«,
In- (2), prefix. (L.) In some words, it upon and '^candere, to burn (not found),
;
is the L. prep, in in composition. Exx. : allied to Skt. chand, to shine.

in-augurate, in-carcerate, 8cc. Sometimes, incense (i), to inflame. (L.) From
it has passed through French as in-dica- ; L. incensiis, pp. of incendere, to set on
tion, &c. %
It becomes il- before /, zV;/- fire see above.
;
before b, ?n, and p, ir- before r. incense (2), smell of burnt spices.
In- (3), negative prefix. (L. or F. — L.) ; (F. — L.) F. encens, incense, burnt spices.
From L. neg. prefix in-, cognate with E. — L. incensum, that which is burnt; neut.
neg. prefix tin- see Un- (i). An-, A- (q).
: of pp. of incendere, to set on fire (above).
<([ It becomes i- before gn, as in t-gnoble ; Incentive. (L.) L. incentluus, strik-
il- before /; iin- before /;, m, and p\ ir- ing up a tune, inciting. — L. 'încentus,
before r. Der. in-ability, in- accessible, unused pp. of incinere, to sound an instru-
See, &c. for which see able, access. Sec.
; ment. — L. in, into and canere, to sound,;
Inane, empty, silly, useless. (L.) L. sing. See Chant.

itidnis, void, empty. Root unknown. Inceptive. (F.-L.) O. F. imeptif,
Der. inan-i-ty. adj., beginning (Godefroy). — Late L. *in-
exhaustion from lack of ceptivus (not found). — L. incept-us, pp. of
inanition,
food. (F.— L.)
F. if lajiilion, an em-pty- incipcf-e, to begin
'
see Incipient. ;
ing;' Cot. From the pp. of indnire, to Incessant, ceaseless. (F. — L.) F.
empty from indnis (above).
; incessant. ^L,. incessant- stem oiincessans.
2
,;
INCEST INDEMNIFY
unceasing. — L. in-, not ; cessans, ceasing, can, I know (how) j cf. Icel. kunnigj\
pres. pt. of cessare, to cease, frequent, of knowing, wise.
cedere, to yield. See Cease and Cede. Incorporate. (L.) L. incoipordtus,
Incest, impurity. (F.— L.)
E. /;?- M. pp. incorpordrc, to furnish with, a
of
cest.'-Y. inceste, sb. m, — L. incestus (gen. body; hence to form into a body. — L. in,
-wj-), incest. — L. incestus^ unchaste. — L. in corpor-, stem of corpus, a body.
; See
in-, not castus, chaste.
; See Chaste. Corporal (2).
Inch (i), the twelfth part of a foot. (L. Increase. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. incresen,
— Gk.) M.E. inche. A. S. ynce. — L. encresen. — F. en (L. in) and A. F. creiss-, ;
uncia, an inch also an ounce, one-twelfth

; stem of pres. pt. of A. F. C7'eistre, O. F.
of a pound. — Sicilian ovyKia, the same.— croisti-e (F. croftre), to grow, from L.
Gk. oyKos, bulk, weight. Doublet, vunce crescere, to grow. See Crescent. Der.
(i). And
see Uncial. increase, sb. ; A. F. encrees.
Inch an island. (Gael.)
(2), Gael. increment. L. incrementum,
(L.)
innis, an island. +
Irish inis \ W. ynys ; an increase. L. in, in, used intensively
Bret, enez ; Corn. enys. ere-, as in cre-tum, supine of crescere, to
Incident. (F. L.) Y. incident,^ ^n — grow, with suffix -mentum. Cf. de-cre-
incident;' Cot. — L. incident-, stem of 7nent.
pres. pt. of iftcidei-e, to fall upon. L. i7i, — Incubate. (L.) From pp. of Lat.
on and cadere, to fall. See Cadence.
; incubare, to sit on eggs to hatch them. —
Incipient. (L.) L. incipieni-, stem L. in, upon cubdre, to lie down, to sit.
;
of pres. pt. of incipere, to begin. L. in, — incubus. (L.) L. incubus, a night-

upon ; capere, to lay hold of. See Capa- mare.— L. in-cubdre, to lie upon (above).
cious. Inculcate. (L-) From pp. of L. in-
Incise, to cut into. (F.— L.) F. culcdre, lit. to tread in, hence, to enforce
inciser.-^\j. incTsus, pp. of in-cTdere, to by admonition. — L. in, in ; calcdre, to
cut into. —
L. in, in ; ccedere, to cut. See tread. See Calk.
Caesura. Inculpate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Incite. L.)(F. —
F. inciter. L. — L. incu/pdre, to bring blame upon. — L.
incitdre, to urge on. — L. in, on; citdre, in, upon ; cidpdre, to blame. See Culp-
to urge. See Cite. able.
Incline, to lean towards. (F. L.) — Incumbent. (L.) L. incumbent-,
F. inclitiej'.^l^. inclindre. — L. in, to- stem of pres. pt. of incumbere, to recline
wards ^clindre, to lean, cognate with E.
; on, rest on or in (remain in) where ;
Lean (i), q. v. Doublet, encline. *cumbe7'e is a nasalised form allied to

Inclose. (F. L.) —
For enclose. — cubdre, to lie down. So oXio pro-ct{7)iient
O. F. enclos, pp. of enclorre, to include. — prostrate re-cM7nbent lying back upon ;
; ,
L. include f-e, to shut in. L. iî, in ; — suc-cu77ib, to lie under, yield to.
clatidere, to shut. See Clause. Incur. (L.) L. incurre7-e, to run
include. (L.) From L. inclUdere into, run upon. — L. i7t, upon; currere, to
(above). run. See Current.
Incognito, unknown. (Ital.— L.)
lit. incursion. (F. — L.) W..Y .iruui-sion.
Ital. incogtiito, unknown. — L,. in-co^nitits, — L. iticursidne77i, ace. of ificu7'sio, an
not known. — L. in-, not cognitus, known. inroad. — L. incursus, pp. of incur7'ere,
;
See Cognition. to run into, attack (above).

Income, gain, revenue. (E.) Properly Incurvate, to crook. (L.) From pp.
that which comes iJt; from in and come. of L. incurud7'e, to bend into a curve. —
So also ont-come, i. e. result. L. i7i, in; curzidre, to bend. See Curve.
Incommode. (F. — L.) F. incom- Indeed, truly. (E.) For in deed, i. e.
vioder, to inconvenience. — L. incommodare, in fact see Deed.
;
to inconvenience. — L. in, not; commodtis, Indelible. (F.—L.) For^ i7id€leble.

fit ; see Commodious. — M. F. i7idelebile, indelible ' ;
' Cot. — L.
Incony, fine, delicate, very dear. (E.) i7idelebilis , indelible. — L. ?«-, not ; delebiHs,
In For in-cottny
Shak. where inis ; destructible, from delerc, to destroy. See
intensive, as in M. E. in-ly, very ; and Delete.
conny (also canny') is North E., meaning Indemnify, to make damage good.
skilful, gentle, pleasant, &c. From E. (L.) HI coined; from L. i7tdemni-s, un-
259
;
; —
INDEMNITY INERT
harmed, free from loss ; and F. -fur, for Indite. (F.-L.) Yoxendite. M.F.
L. -Jic-dre, for faccre, to make (as in endicter, O. F. enditer, to indict, accuse;
niagni-fy). L. indeninis is from L. hi-, also spelt inditer. —
Late L. indictdre, to
not ; and dammim, loss. See Damn. point out, frequent, of indicere, to appoint.
indemnity. (F, — L.) F. indemniti. See Indicate. Doubtless confused with
— L. ace. inde7iinitdtem.'^\j. in-demni-s, the closely related L. indicdre, to point out.
unharmed, free from loss idantnurti). Indolence. (F. — L.) Y. indolence.
Indent (i), to cut into points like L. indolentia, freedom from pain; hence,
teeth. (Law L.) A law term. — Law L. ease, idleness. — L. z«-, not; dolent-, stem
indentare, to notch. —L. in, in; dent-, of pres. pt. of dolere, to grieve. See
stem of dens, a tooth. Der. indenture Doleful.
(F. endentnre) so called because duplicate
; Indomitable. (L.) Coined from in-,
deeds were cut with notched edges to fit not ;domitdre, to subdue, frequent, of
one another. doindre, to tame. See Daunt.
Indent (2), to make a dint in. (E.) Indubitable. (F.— L.) M..Y. indubi-
From E. in, prep. and dent, a dint. ; table. — L. induhitdbilis, not to be doubted.
See Dint. Suggested by ijident (i), but — L. in-, not dzibitdbilis, doubtful, from
;
quite a distinct word. dubitdre, to doubt; see Doubt.

Index. (L.) L, index (stem indie-), a Induce. (L.) L. huhlcere, to lead to.
discloser, something that indicates. — L. — L. in, in, to ; ducere, to lead ; see
indicdre, to point out. — L. in, in, to Duke.
dicdre, to appoint, declare, allied to induct. (L.) From L. induct-us, pp.
dicere, to say see Diction.
; of inducere, to bring in (above).
indicate. (L.) From pp. of L. in- Indue (0, to invest or clothe with,
dicdre, to point at, point out (above). supply with. (L.) In Spenser, F. Q. iii.
indict. (F. — L.) For indite (which 6. 35. — L. induere, to put into, put on,
is the French spelling), and so pronounced. clothe with. The prefix is ind-, not
See Indite. ill- (for this prefix see Indigent) ; cf.
indiction, a cycle of fifteen years. ex-uuice, spoils, ind-uuice, clothes. See
(L.) O. F. indict ion, an appointment of Exuvis3.
tributes arranged for fifteen years; the lit. Indue (2), a corruption of Endue, q.v.
sense is merely appointment.' — L. in-
'
Indulgence. (F.-L.) ¥. indulgence.
dictionem, ace. of indictio, an appointment, — L. indulgentia. — L. indulgent-, stem of
esp. of a tax. — L. indicttis, pp. of ijidicere, pres. pt. of indiilgere, to be courteous to,
to appoint, impose a tax. — L. in, upon indulge. (Of unknown origin.)
dicere, to say. See Diction. Indurate, to harden. (L.) From pp.
Indigenous, native. (L.) Late L. of L. indilrdre, to harden. — L. in, inten-
indigen-us, native with suffix -ous. — L.
; sive dilrdre, to harden, from durus, hard.
;
indi- = O. Lat. indu, within (cf. Gk. See Dure.

'ivhov) and gen-, as in gen-i-ttis, born, pp.
; Industry. ( F. L. ) —
F . industrie. —
oi gignere, to beget; see Genus. L. industria. — L. industrius, diligent.
Indigent, destitute. (F. -L.) M.F. Origin uncertain.
indigent. — L. indigent-, stem of pres. part, Inebriate. (L.) From L. inebriatus,
of indigere, to be in want. — L. ind-, for pp. of inebridre, to make drunk. — L. in,
indu, an O. Lat. extension from in, in in, very; ebridre, to make drunk, from
(cf. Gk. 'ivôv, within) egere, to want, be ; ebriiis, drunk. See Ebriety.
in need cf. L. indigus, needy.
; Cf. Gk. Ineffable. (F.-L.) F. ineffable.^
o-x^v, poor, needy (Theocritus). L. ineffabilis, unspeakable. — L. in-, not;
Indigo, a blue dye. (F.-Span. — L. ef- (for ex), out fd-ri, to speak ; with
;
— Gk. — Pers. — Skt.) F. indigo. — Span. suffix -bills . See Fate.

indico. — L. indictwi, indigo neut. of ; Inept, foolish. (F.-L.) XVII cent.
Indicus, Indian (hence Indian dye). — Gk. — M. F. —
ineptus, improper,
inepte. L.
IvhiKov, indigo neut. of 'I»'5t«os, Indian. —
; foolish. — L. in-, not; and aptus, fit. (Also
Pars. Hind, India a name due to the ; inapt, from in-, not, and apt.) See Apt.
river Indus. — Skt. sindhu-, the river Indus Inert. (L.) L, inert-, stem of iners,
a large river, — Skt. syand, to flow. The % unskilful, inactive. —L. in-, not ; ars, skill.
Persian changes initial s into h. See Art (2).
260
; . — ;
INEXORABLE INGLE
Inexorable. (F. — L.) ¥. inexorable. to blow into, puff up. — L. in, in ;
fldre, to
— L.inexordbilis, that cannot be moved blow. See Flatulent.
—
by intreaty. L. in-, not exorare, to ; Inflect, to modulate the voice, &c.
gain by intreaty, from L. ex, out, greatly, (L.) L. inflectere, lit. to bend in. — L.
and ordre, to pray. See Oration. in, in flectere, to bend.
;
See Flexible.
Infamy. (F.— L.) F. infamie. — L. Inflict. (L.) From L. inflictus, pp. of
infdniia, ill fame. — L. infaiin-s, adj., of infllgere, to inflict, lit. to strike upon. — L.
ill fame. — L. in-, not, bad; fama, fame. in, upon ; and fllgere, to strike. See
See Fame. Afflict.
Infant. L. infant-, stem of in-
(L.) Inflorescence, mode of flowering.
fans, not speaking, hence, a very young (P\ — L.) Y. inflorescence. From the
babe. — L. in-, not ; fans, pres. pt. of pres. pt. of L. inflorescere, to burst into
fart, to speak. blossom. —
L. in, into ; and fldrescere,
infantry. (F. — Ital. — L.) Y.infan- inceptive form oi florere, to bloom. See
terie. — Iia\.
infanteria, foot-soldiers; orig. Flourish.
a band of infants,' as young men were
'
Influence. (F. — L.) 0.¥. inflnertce,
called. —
Ital. infante, an infant. — L. a flowing in, esp. used of the influence of
infantein, ace. oi i?ifa?is (above). planets. — Late L. inflzientia. — L. influent',
Infatuate. (L.) From_ pp. of L. stem of pres. pt. of infinere, to flow into.
infatudre, to make a fool of. — L. in, in, — L. /;/, into fluere, to flow. See ;
greatly; jfatnns, foolish. See Fatuous. Fluent.

Infect, to taint. (F.-L.) M. E. influenza. (Ital. — L.) l\.^\. influenza,
infect, as pp. also infecten, vb. — O. F. influence, also used of a severe catarrh.
; A
infect^ infected. — L. infectns, pp. of in- doublet of Influence (above;
ficere, to put in, dye, stain. — L. in, in influx. (F. — L.) O. F. influx. — L. m-
;
facere, to put. See Fact. fluxtcs, a. flowing in. — L. in, in; flnxus,
Infer, to imply. (F. — L.) M. F. z«- pp. oifluere, to flow.
ferer; F. inferer.^^-.. inferre, to bring in, Inform, to impart knowledge to. (F.
introduce. — L. in, in ferre, to bring. — L.)
;
F. informer. — h. informdre, to
See Fertile. put into form, mould also, to tell, inform. ;
Inferior. (F. — L.) M.F. infericur.— — L. in, into fortna, form. See Form. ;
L. inferiorem, ace. of inferior, lower, Infraction, violation of law. (F.—

comp. of infenis, low, nether. Strictly, L.) F. infractio}i. — Y,. ace. infractionem,
inferus is itself a compar. form, which a weakening, breaking into. — L. infractus,
some connect with Skt. adhara, lower pp. of in-fringere (below).
which is doubtful. See Brugm. i. § 589 infringe. (L.) L. infringere, to
(note). break into, violate law. — L. in, into
infernal. (F. — L.) F. infernal. — 1.. frangere, to break. See Fragile.
inferndlis, belonging to the lower regions. Infuriate. (Ital.-L.) \\.2\.inftiriato,
— L. infernns, lower; extended from in- pp. of infu7-iare, to fly into a rage. — Ital.
ferus (above). in furia, in a fury, ragingly Florio. —
' ;
'
Infest, to harass. (F. — L.) F. infester. L. in, in furia, rage. See Fury. ; Or ^
— L. infest are, to attack. — L. infestus, from Late L. pp. infuridtus (Ducange).
attacking, hostile ; orig. unsafe. Origin Infuse. (F. — L.) Y. infuser. — 1.. in-
doubtful. fiisus, pp. of infundere, to pour in. — L.
Infidel. (F.-L.) yi.Y.infidele,'m- in, in fundere, to pour. See Fuse (i). ;
fidell;' Cot. — L. infidelis, faithless. — L. Ingenious. (F.-L.) ls\.Y.ingenieux

in-, not fidelis^ faithful, ixovcifide-s, faith.
;
Cot.). — L. inge7iidsus, c\e\er. — 'L. ingen-
See Faith. iuni, natural capacity see Engine. ;
Infinite. (F.-L.) O.Y.infinit {Y. ingenuous. (L.) \.. ingemi-us,\Xi-

infini). — L. infinitus, unended. — L. in-., born, free-born, frank; with suffix -^^wy.
not; finltus, pp. oi ftnire, to end, from L. in, in gen-, as in gen-i-tus, born, pp. ;
finis, end. See Final. oi gignere, to beget. See Genus.

Infirm. (L.) L. infirmus, not strong, Ingle (i), fire. (C.) Lowl. Sc. ingle,
weak. — L. in-, not; firmus, firm. See fire. Perhaps from Gael and Irish aingeal,
Firm. Der. infirm- ar-y., infirm-i-ty. fire. Allied to Irish ong, Russ. ogone, fire.
-Inflate. (L.) From pp. of L. itjfldre. See Ignition.
261
;;
INGLE INN
Ingle (2), a darling, paramour. (Du. Inhibit, to check._ (L.) From L. in-
or Fries. -L. — Gk.) Also
engle (Nares). hibit us, pp. of inhibere, to keep in, hold
M. Du. an angel (hence, a
ingel, engel, in.— L. in^ in; habere, to have, keep.
term of endearment). Koolman notes E. See Habit.
Fries, engel, an angel, as being commonly Inimical. (L.) L, inimTcalis, ex-
used as a term of endearment and as a tended from inimiais, hostile. — L, in-^
female name. —
L. angelus. —
Gk. a.-^'^cXos, not ; and amicus, friendly. See Enemy
See Angel. and Amiable,
Ingot, a mass of unwrought metal. Iniquity, vice. — L,) M, E, in-
(F,
(E.) M. E. ingot, Chaucer, C. T. 16677, iquitee. — F. iniquite. — L. inlquitdtem,
&c., where it means a mould for molten ace, of iniquitds, injustice. — L. ?'«-, not
metal. But the true sense is ' that which (zqtiitas, equity. See Equity.
is poured in,' a mass of metal. — A. S. in, Initial, pertaining to the beginning.
in and got-ett, poured, pp. of geotan, to
; (F. — L.) F, i)iiiial.-''L. initidlis, adj.
pour, fuse metals. Cf. Du. ingieten, Swed. from initium, a beginning. — L, inituniy
ingjtita, to pour in. Also Du. gieten, G. supine of in-Ire, to go in, to enter into or
giessen, Icel. gjota (pp. gotitzn), Dan. gyc/e, upon. — L. in, in ire, to go. ;
Swed, gjuta, Goth, giutan^ to pour, shed, initiate, to begin. (L.) From pp.
fuse; cognate with.'L./tmde re. (^GHEU.) of L. itiitidre, to begin, — L, initiu77i
Hence F. Vingot.
lingot, G. ein-
for + (above).
gtiss, a pouring in, also an ingot ; Swed, Inject. (L.) From iniectus, pp. of
ingote, the neck of a mould for metals. L. inicere, to cast in, throw into. — L. iti,
Ingrain, to dye of a fast colour. (F. — in ; iacere, to throw. See Jet (1).
L.) M, E. engreyncn. — M. F. engrainer Injunction, command, ^L.) From
(Palsg,). — F. en graine, in grain, with a L. iniunctio, an order. — L. iniunctus, pp.
fast colour. — F. en, in (L. in)\ Late L. of iniungere, to bid. See Enjoin.
grdna, cochineal dye, from grdnntn, a Injure. (F- — L.) F. inJurier.'^'LaXe
grain. See Grain and Cochineal. L. iniiiridre for L. iniiiridrt, to harm. —
;
Ingrate, ungrateful, (F. L.) —

F, in- L. iniuria, harm. — L. iniHrius, wrong. —
grat."!^. ingrdtus, not pleasing. L. in-, — L. in-, not mr-, for iUs, law, right. See
;
not ; grdtus, pleasing. See Grateful. Just.

Ingratiate, to commend to the favour Ink. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.-K. enke.~
of. (^L.) Coined from L. in, in ; gratia, O. F. enque (F. encre).'-'La\.Q L. incaus-
favour, grace. See Grace. tu?n L. encaustum, the purple-red ink
;
Ingredient, that which enters into a used by the later Roman emperors ; neut.
—
compound. (F. L.) F. ingredient (the of encaiistus, burnt in. — Gk, eyKavaroSy
same). — L. ingredient-, stem of pres. pt. burnt in. — Gk. €v, in ; Kaioo, I bum. (Cf.
of ingredl, to enter upon, begin hence to (^ Ital, inchiostro, ink,) See Encaustic.
enter into). — L. in, in ; gradi, to go. See Inkle, a kind of tape. (Origin un-
Grade. known.) Perhaps from M. Y)\x..enckel, Du.
ingress.(L.) L. ingressus, an enter- enkel, single, as opposed to double ; but
ing. —L
ingressus, pp. of ingredi (above). there is no obvious connexion.
Inguinal, relating to the groin. (L.) Inkling, a hint, intimation. (Scand.?)
L. ingziindlis Uhe same). — L. inguin-, M. E. inkling, a whisper, murmur, low
stem of inguen, the groin. speaking. Alexander, when in disguise,
Inhabit. ^F. - L.) M. F. inhabiter. — feared he was discovered, because he herd '
L. inhabitdre, to dwell in. — L. in, in; habi- a nyngkiling of his name AUit. romance '
;
tdre, to dwell. See Habitation. of Alexander, 2968 where a nyngkiling ;
Inhale. (L.) L. inhalare, to breathe stands for an yngkiling. 'To incle the
in, draw in breath.— L. in, in; hdldre, to tmthe'=to hint at the truth, Alisannder
breathe. Cf. Exhale. (in app. to Wm. of Palerne), 616. Origin
Inherent. (L.) L. inhcerent-, stem unknown ; perhaps allied to Swed. enkel,
of pres. pt, of i7i-hcerere, to stick in. Hence single cf. et enkelt ord, a single word
;
inhere, as a verb. See Hesitate. M. Du. enckelinge, ' a falling or a dimin-

Inherit. (F. — L.) 0.¥. enheriter.'^ ishing of notes Hexham. ;
'
Late L. inkeredit are. — L. in, in hered-em, ; Inn, sb. (E.) M. E. in, inn. ^h,^.
ace of heres, an heir. See Heir. inn, in, sb., room, dwelling. A. S. in, —
26;
;
INNING INSTEP
inn, adv., within, indoors. — A.S. in, prep., sectum, lit. a thing cut into,' i. e. nearly
'
in.+Icel. z««z, an inn inni, adv., indoors.

; divided, from the shape. — L. insectus, pp.
See In. of insecure, to cut into. — L. in, into;
inning. (E.) Properly the securing secdre, to cut. See Secant.
or housing of grain, from inn, vb., due to Insert. (L.) From L. insertus, pp.
inn, sb. (above). Also innings, at of inserere, to introduce, put in. — L. w,
cricket, invariably used in the plural, in serere, to join, put.
; See Series.
because the side which is in consists of Insidious. (F.-L.) F. insidieux^
several players. deceitful. — L. insidiosus, treacherous. — L.
Innate, in-born. (L.) L. inndtus, in- insidice, pi. troops of men who lie in wait,
born. — L. in, in ndtus, born ; see Natal, also cunning wiles. — L. insidere, to lie in
;
Innocent. (F. — L.) Y .innocent. "V.. wait, lit. 'to sit in.' — L. in, in; sedere, to
innocent-, stem of innocens, harmless.— sit. Sec Sedentary.
L. in-, not nocens, pres. pt. of nocere, to
; Insig'nia. '^L.) 1^. ijtsignia^vazxk'&oi
hurt. See Noxious. office pi. of insigne, which is the neuter
;
innocuous. (L.) L. innocn-us, harm- of insignis, remarkable. — L. in, upon;

less with sufhx -ous. — L. in-, not
; nocere, signuvi, a mark.
; See Sign.
to hurt. Insinuate. (L.) From pp. of L. in-
Innovate, to introduce something new. sinudre, to introduce by winding or
(L.) From pp. of L, innoudre, to renew, bending. — L. z«, into simis (gen. simls), ;
make new. — L. in, in nouns, new. See a bend. See Sinus.

;
Novel. Insipid. (L.) L. insipidus. ^L. in-,

Innuendo, an indirect hint. (L.) Not not; sapidus, savoury. See Sapid.
to be spelt inuendo. From L. innuendo, Insist. (F. - L. F. insister. - L. in- ")
by intimating gerund of innuere, to nod sistere, to set foot on, persist. — L. in, in;
;
towards, intimate. — L. in, in, at nnere, sistere, to set, stand, from sidre, to stand.
;
to nod. See Nutation. See State.

Inoculate. (L.) In old authors it Insolent. (F.-L.) M.Y. insolent.
means to engraft.' — L. ifwciildtiis, pp. of — F. insolent, saucy. —I^. insolent-, stem
'
inoculdre, to engraft, insert a graft. — L. of insolens, insolent ; of doubtful origin.

;
in, in ; oculus, an eye, also a bud of a Perhaps swelling against from L. in-,
'
'
plant. See Ocular. against, and sol-, weak grade of vb. to swell.
Inordinate. (L.) L. inordinatus.-^ Inspect. (L.) L. inspectdre, to ob-
L. in-, not ordindtiis, ordered, controlled, serve ; frequent, of inspicere, to look into.
;
pp. of ordindre ; see Ordain. And see — L. in, into; specere, to look. See
Order. Species.
Inquest. (F. L.) —
Later spelling of Inspire. (F.-L.) O. F. enspirer^
M. E. enqueste. O. F. enc/neste.'-hsite L. M. F. inspirer (Cot.).— L. inspirdre, to
inquesta, sb., from inquesta, fern, of Late breathe into. — L. in, into ; spirdre, to
L. inquestus.^1^, inquJsTtiis, pp. of in- breathe. See Spirit,
quirere, to search into. — L. in, into Inspissate, to make thick, (L.)
quaerere, to search. See Query. From pp. of L. inspissdre, to thicken.—
inquire, late spelling of Enquire, L. in, in; spissus, thick, dense.
q.v. Instance. (F. — L.) Y. instance, ''m-
inquisition. (F. L.) F. mqmsi- — stance, urgency;' Cot. — L. instantia, a
tion. — L. ace. inquisTtionem, a search being near, urgency. — L. instant-, stem
into. — L. inquTsitus, pp. of inqulrere ;
of pres. pt. of instdre, to be at hand, to
see Inquest (above). urge. — L. in, upon, near; stare, to stand.
Inscribe. (L.) L, inscribere, to See State.
write in or upon; pp. inscriptns (whence Instead. (E.) For iti stead, i.e. in
inscription). — L. iji, upon scrihere, to ; the place. See Stead.
write. See Scribe. Instep, the upper part of the foot,
Inscrutable, that cannot be scrutin- where it rises to the front of the leg. (E.)
ised. (F. — L.) F. inscrtctable.'^'L. in- Formerly instup and ins top (Minsheu).
scrutdbilis, — L. in-, not ; scrutdri, to These forms may be related to A. S. stop-,
scrutinise. See Scrutiny. as seen in stop-el, a footprint, O. Sax.
Insect. (F. — L.) Y. insecte.-^l^. in- stop-o, a step (cf. Du. stoep, a set of steps,
263
— . - ;
NSTIGATE INTERCOURSE
G. stufe, a step, stair) ; from— L. in, upon ; tegere, to
stop, strong a covering, skin.
grade of stapan, to advance (whence the cover see Tegument. ;
secondary verb steppan, to step). The Intellect. (F.-L.) Hi. Y. intellect.

reference seems to be to the movement of L. intellectus, perception, discernment.—
the foot in walking. See Step. L. intellectus pp. of intelligere, to dis- ,
Instigate, to urge on. (L.) From cern. — L. ifttcl-, for inter, between legere, ;
pp. of mstigdre, to goad on. — L, in, on to choose. See Legend. ;
and base "^stJg-, to prick, allied to L. intelligence. (F. — L.) F. intelli-

stinguere, to prick ; see Distingmsh. gence. — L. intelligentia, perception. — L.
See Brugm. i. § 633. intelligent-,stem of pres. pt. of intelligere,
Instil. (F.-L.) F. in stiller. -\.. to discern, understand (above).
instillare, to pour in by drops. — L. in, intelligible. (F.-L) F. intelli-
in ; stilldre, to drop, from stilla, a drop. gible.— L. intelligibilis, perceptible to the
See Still (2). senses. — L. intelligere, to discern (above)
Instinct. (F.— L; ^rL.) Y. instinct, with suffix -bilis.
sb. — L.
instincttim, ace. of instincttis, an Intend. (F.-L.) M.Y. entenden.—
—
impulse. L. instinctus, pp. of instingnere, Y entendre. '^Y.. intendere, to stretch to,
.
to goad on. L. in, on —

stinguere^ to ; bend or apply the mind to, design. — L. in,
prick. See Distinguish. to ; te7idej-e, See Tend (i).
to stretch.
Institute. (L.) From L. institilfus, intense. (F. — L.) O. F. intense.—
pp. of institzici'e, to set, establish. — L. in, L. intens-us, stretched out, pp. oiintendere
in stattiere, to place, from statti-s, verbal
; (above).
sb. from stare, to stand. See State. intent, design. (F. L.) — M. E. en-
Instruct. (L-) From L. instructus, tente. — F. entente, intention ;
participial
pp. of instrue7-e, to build into, instruct. — sb. from F. entendre, to intend; see Intend.
L. in, in strnere, to pile up, build. See
; And see below.
Structure. intent, adj. (L.) L. intentus, bent
instrument. (F. L.^ F. instru- — on pp. of intendere see Intend,
; ;
ment. -'Y., instriiinenttim, an implement, Inter. (F. — L.) M. E. enterj-en. — Y.

tool. —
L. inst7'nere (above) with suffix ; enterrer, to bury. — Late L. interrdre, to
-mentttm. put into the ground. — L. itt, in te^-ra, ;
Insular. CL.) L. zw^w/ar/j', insular. ground. See Terrace. Der. inter-ment,

L. insula, an island. Cf. Isle. F. enterrement
Insult, vb. (F. - L.) F. instdter. — L. Tutev-fpf'ejix, amongst. (L.) L. ijtter,
insultdre, to leap upon, scoff at, insult; among a comparative form, answering to
;
frequent, of insillre^ to leap upon. — L. in, Skt. antar, within closely allied to In-
;
on ; satire, to leap. See Salient. terior, q. V. Also Intel- (before /).

Insurgent. (L.) L. insurgent-, stem Intercalate, to insert. (L.) From
of pres. pt. of insurgere, to rise up or on, pp. of L. intercaldre, to proclaim that
to rebel. —L. in, on surgere, to rise. See
; a day has been inserted in the calendar,
Surge. to insert. — L. inter, amongst; caldre, to
insurrection. (F.-L.) F. insur- proclaim. See Calends.
rection. — L.acc. insurrectioftem, froumom. Intercede. (F. L.) F. interdder. —
—
insurrectio.'^L. insurrectus, pp. of in- L. intercedere, lit. to go between hence, ;
surgere, to rebel (above). to mediate. — L. inter, between ; cedere, to

Intaglio, a kind of carved work. (Ital. go. See Cede. Der. inter cessioji, from
— L.'i Ital. intaglio, a sculpture, carving. the pp. intercess-us.
— Ital. intagliare, to cut into. — Ital. iti Intercept. (F.-L.) Y .intercepter.—
( = L. z«), in tagliare = Late L. talidre,
; L. interccpt-us, pp. of intercipere, lit. to
taledre, to cut twigs, to cut, allied to catch between. — L. inter, between ; capere,
tdlia, tdlea, a slip, twig. to take. See Capacious.
Integer, a whole number. (L.) L. Intercourse. (F. - L.) Formerly
integer, whole, entire lit. untouched, i. e. ; cntercourse. — F. entrecours, intercourse,
unharmed. — L. ijt-, not *tag-, base of ; commerce. — Late L. intercursus, com-
tangere, to touch. See Tangent. Brugm. merce lit. a running amongst. — L. inter,
;
i. 244 (3); ii. § 632. amongst ctirsus, a running, course, from

;
Integument. (L.) L,.integitme7ttum, the pp. oicurrere, to run. See Course.

264
— '
INTERDICT INTERSPERSE
Interdict, sb. (L.) Law L. inter- L.) F. interner.'-'Y. interne, internal,
dictum, a kind of excommunication ; in kept within. — L. intermis, inward; from
Latin, a decree. — L. intej-dictzis, pp. of inter, within, and suffix 'nns. See Inter-.
interdicere, to pronounce a judgment internal. (L.) Cf. O. F. interne!.
between two parties. — L. inter^ between; From L. intcrn-us (above) with suffix ;
dicere, to say. See Diction. -al {l..-diis).

^
Interest (i), profit, advantage. (F.— Internecine, thoroughly destructive.

L.) AL F. interest (F. interet), an interest (L. L. internecTfizis, thoroughly destruc-
I
in a thing, interest for money (Cot.). — L. tive— L. internecio, utter slaughter. — L.

interest, it is profitable 3 pers. sing, of inter, thoroughly (see Lewis)
;
and necdi-e, ;
interesse, to concern, lit. *be among.' — L. to kill, from nee-, stem of nex, death. Cf.
inter, among; esse, to be. See Inter- Gk. ueicvs, a corpse. Brugm. i. § 375.
and Essence. Interpellation. (F. — L.) Y.ijtter-
interest (2), to engage the attention pellatiojt. — L.interpelldtionem. — L.
ace.
of another. (F. — L.) A
curious word ;
interpelldtus, pp. of interpelldre, to drive
formed (by partial confusion with the verb between, to hinder, interrupt. — L. inter,
above) from the pp. interess'd of the between pellere, to drive. See Pulsate. ;
obsolete verb to interess, used by Massinger Interpolate. (L.) From pp. of L.

and Ben Jonson. — M. F. interesse, in- interpoldre, to furbish up, patch, interpo-
'
teressed, or touched in;' Cot. — L. in- late.— L. interpohts, interpolis, polished

teresse, to concern (as above). Der. up. — L. inter, in, between ; polire, to
Hence dis-interested, from the verb dis- polish. See Polish.
interest, orig. a pp. and spelt disinteressd. Interpose. (F.-L. aw^/Gk.) Y.in-
Interfere. (F. — L.) Formerly ^«/^r- toposer, to put between. — L. inter, be-
feir, to dash one heel against the other tween Y. poser, to put see Pose (i).
; ;
(Blount). O.F. entrefej'ir, to exchange

s"" Interposition. iF.-L.' F. inter-
blows. — F. entre, between ferir, to strike. position. — L. ace. inierpositid72em.^\iX\iX.mg
;
— L. inter, between; ferirc, to strike. between. — L. interposittts, pp. of iîterpo-

See Ferule. nere, to put between. — L. inter, between ;
Interior. (F. — L.) O.Y. interior.^ ponere, to put. See Position.

L. interiorem, ace. of interior, comp. of Interpret, to explain. (F.— L.) M.E.
interns, within. In-terns itself was orig. interpret en. — IVI. F. interpreter. — L. inter-
a comparative form, answering to Skt. pretdri, to expound. — L. interpret-, stem of
antara-, interior. The positive is the L. interpres, an interpreter, properly an agent,
in in
; see In.
; Brugm. i. § 466, broker. The latter pnrt of the word is
Interjacent. (L.) From pres. pt. of perhaps allied to L. pret-itmi, price; see
L. interiacete, to lie between. — L. inter, Price.
between iocere, to lie.
; See Jet (i). Interregnum. (L.) From L. inter,
interjection. (F.-L.) Y. interjec- between regnum, a reign, rule, from
;
tion, an interjection, a word throzvn in to regere, to rule. See Begent.

express emotion. — L. ace, inter iectionem, interrogate. (L.) From pp. of L.
a throwing between, insertion, interjection. interrogdre, to question. — L. inter,
— L. interiectus, pp. of L. intericere, to thoroughly rogdre, to ask. See Hoga- ;
cast between {^-icere — iacere, to cast).

;
tion.
Interloper, an intruder. (Du. — F. — L. Interruption. (F.-L.) Y. interrup-
and Du.) Low G. and Du. enterloper tion. —Y.. ace. intcrruptidne7n, a breaking
(Brem. Wort.). Lit. *a runner between into. — L. intei-ruptus, pp. of interrumpere,
;
coined from F. entre (<L. z'/z/^r), between to break into. — L. inter, amongst ; rumpere^
;
and Du. looper, a runner, from loopen, to to break. See Rupture.

run, cognate with E. leap see Leap.; Intersect. (L. From L. intersectus, )
Intermit, to interrupt, cease awhile. pp. of intersecdre, to cut between or apart.

(L.) L. intermittere, to send apart, inter- — L. inter, between secure, to cut. See ;
rupt pp. intermissns. — L. infer, between

;
Secant. ;
mittere, to send. See Missile. Der. in- Intersperse. (L.^ From L. inter-
termiss-ion, F. intermission, L. ace. in- sperstis, pp. of intetspergere, to sprinkle
termissionem from the pp.
; amongst. — L. inter, among; spargere, to
Intern, to confine within limits. (F. scatter. See Sparse.
265
; '
INTERSTICE INURE
Interstice. (F. — L.) Y. interstice,'- Intricate, perplexed, obscure. (L.)
L. interstitium, an interval of space. -"L. From the pp. of L. intricdre, to perplex, —
inter, between status, pp. of sistere, to
; L. in, in ; trlcce, pi. sb,, hindrances, vexa-
place, from stare, to stand. See State. tions, wiles. See Extricate.
Interval. (F. — L.) M.Y.intervalle, intrigue, to form secret plots. (F.—
interval. — L. interuallum, lit. the space Ital. — L.) F, intriguer, (also M, F. in-
between the rampart of a camp and the triquer, to intricate, perplex, insnare ;
'
soldiers' tents. — L. inter, between uallum, ; Cot.). — Ital. intrigare (also intricare), to '
intricate, entrap ' Florio. — L. intricare

;
rampart. See Wall.
Intervene, to come between. (F. — L.) (above).
F. intervenir; Cot, — L. iniernemre, to Intrinsic, inherent.
(F. L.) For —
come between. — L. inter, between; uenire, M,
'întrinsec, F. intrinseque, ' inward ;
to come. See Venture. Cot. — L. intrinsecus, lit. ' following in-
Intestate, without a will. (F. — L.) wards.' — L. întri/n, allied to intra,
M. F. intestat. — L. intestdtus, that has within (cf. interim) sec-us, lit. following,
;
made no will. — L. in-, not testdtus, pp. ; from seqtef, to follow. See Sequence.
of testdri, to make a will. See Testa- Intro-, prefix^ Mathin. (L.) L. intro;
ment. an adv. closely allied to L. intrd\ from
Intestine. (F.-L.) Y.intestin.^d:]., intertis, inner. See Interior.
'intestine,inward;' Cot. — L. intestimis, Introduce. (L,) L. intrddilcere, to
inward. Formed from L. intus, within, bring in. — L. intro, within; dilcere, to
cognate with Gk. kvros, within extended ; bring. See Duke, Der. introduct-iou
from L. in, in. Cf. Entrails. (from the pp, introduct-us\
Intimate (i), to announce, hint. (L.) Introit, an antiphon sung as the priest
From pp. of L. intitndre, to bring within, approaches the altar. (F. — L.) F. introit.
to announce. — L. intinms, inmost, superl. — L, ace, introitum, from introitus,
corresponding to comp. interior see In- ; lit. 'entrance.' — L, intr-oitus, pp, of
terior. introire, to enter. — L. intrd, within ; tre^
intimate (2), familiar. (L.) This to go.
form is due to confusion with the word Introspection. (L,) ^
Coined from
above. It is really founded on M. F. in- L. introspect-us, pp. of introspicere^ to
;'
time, inward, * secret deer, entirely affected
, look into (with suffix -ion).-mL. intrd^^
Cot. ;from L. intitmis (above). within specere, to look. See Species.
;
Intimidate. (L.) From pp. of Late Intrude, to thrust oneself into. (L.)
L. intimiddre, to frighten. — L. iti, inten- L. int7-udere, to thrust into. — L. in, in,
sive prefix timidtis, timid.
; See Timid. into ; trudere (pp. trilszis), to thrust. Al-
Into, prep. (E.) M.Y.into; orig. two lied to Threaten. Der. intrus-ion, from
words. A. S. in to, in to, where i7t is the pp.
used adverbially, and to is a preposition Intuition. (F. — L.) F. intuition.
see In and To. Formed, by analogy with tuition, from L.
Intone, to chant. (Late L. L. and — intuitus, pp. of intueri, to look upon.
Gk.) Late L. intondre, to sing according — L. in, upon ; tuerj, to watch. See
to tone. — L. in tonum, according to tone Tuition.
where tonnm is ace. of tonus, borrowed Intumescence, a swelling. (F.-L,)
from Gk. twos ; see Tone. F. intumescence. From stem of pres, pt.
Intoxicate. (Late L. L. and Gk,) — of L, inttimescere, to begin to swell,—
From pp. of Late L. intoxicdre, to make L, in, very ttimescere, inceptive form of
;
drunk. — L. in, into; toxicum, poison, tumere, to swell. See Tumid.

borrowed from Gk. toîkov, poison for Inundation. (F.-L.) Imitated from
arrows. Gk. to^lkov is der. from toôv, a F, inondation.-'lu. inunddtionem, ace. of
bow, of which the pi, roâ is used to mean inunddtio, an overflowing, — L. itiunddre,
arrows. With Gk. toôv cf. Gk. Tex-vrj, to overflow, — L. in, upon, over ; unda,
art, or perhaps L. taxus, a yew-tree. a wave. See Undulate.
See Technical. Inure, to habituate. (F. — L,") Also
Intrepid. (L.) L. intrepidns, fear- spelt entire, en tire the word arose
i. e. ;
less, not alarmed. — L. iti-, not; trepidns, from the phrase in (F, en) ure, i. e, in
alarmed. See Trepidation. operation, in work, in employment, for-
266
NVADE IPECACUANHA
merly common. Here in is the E. prep. inuesttre, to clothe in or with. — L. in,
in ure is from O. F. eitre, also spelt nevre,
;
in; tiestire, to clothe. Sec Vest.
ovre, work, action from L. opera, work.
; Investigate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(Cf. man-ure = man- a uv re!) See also ijniestlgdre, to track out. — L. in, in, upon ;
manure, mana:uvre. See Operate. uestlgdre, to trace, allied to tiestigium,

Invade. (F. — L.) M. F. invader.— a foot-track. See Vestige.
L. inuddere (pp. i?ttidsus), to enter, in- Inveterate. (L.) L. inueterdtus, pp.
vade. —L. i7i, in; nddere, to go. Der. of iftucterdre, to retain for a long time. —
invas-ion, from the pp. L. in, in; tieter-, for *2ietes-, stem of
Invecked, Invected, in heraldry, uctiis, old. See Veteran.
indented with successive cusps, with the Invidious. (L.) From L. inuididsus,
points projecting inwards. (L.) Lit. causing odium or envy. — L. inuidia, envy.
'carried in.' — L. w//'^6"/?/i", pp. of inuehere, — L. inuidcre, to envy, lit. to look upon
to carry inwards. —L. in, in; tiehere, to (in a bad sense). — L. in, upon; uidere, to
carry. See Vehicle. look. See Vision.
Inveigh, to attack with words, rail. Invigorate, to give vigour to. (L.)
(F. — L.) From Y ,envahir, O.F. cnvdir, As if from pp. of Late L. *inuigoi-dre, to
enve'tr, to invade, from L. imiadere (see give vigour to. — L. in, towards uigor, ;
Invade) but popularly connected with L.

; vigour; see Vigour. Cf. Ital. invigorire.
inuehere, to carry into or to, to introduce, Invincible. (F.— L.) Y . invincible.
attack, inveigh against. — L. m, against; — L. inuiiicibilis. — L. in-, not ; uinci-
7/^-^(?;<?, to bring. j3. The latter etymology bilis, easily overcome, from uincere, to
was suggested by the use of E. invective, conquer; see Vanqnish.
borrowed from F. invective, 'an invective;' Invite. (F. L.)- F. i7iviter. - L.
Cot. ; from L. inuectmus, adj., scolding, imiitare, to ask, request, invite. Allied
due to inuectns, pp. of imiehei'e. Hence to 'ûtiiis, willing, in in-7iiius, unwilling.
Cot. has * invectiver, to inveigh.' Brugm. i. § 343. Doublet, vie, q. v.
Inveigle. (F.-L.) In Spenser, F. Q. Invocation. (F. — L.) Y . invocation.
i. 12. [Indirectly from F. aveugler,
32. — L. inuocdtionem, ace. of inuocdtio, a
to blind; cf. E. aveugle,\.o cajole, seduce, calling upon. — L. intiocdtus, pp. of in-
A. D. 1547, in Froude's Hist. v. 132; and uocdre, to call upon. — L. in, upon ; uocdre,
A.D. 1543, State Papers, ix. 287.] It to call. See Vocation.
precisely answers to Anglo-F. enveoglir, invoke. (F. — L.) F. invoquer. — l..
to blind, in Will, of Wadington's Manuel inuocdre, to call upon (above).
des Peches, 1. 10639 > spelt also enveogZer Invoice, a particular account of goods
in N. Bozon. These are mere (ignorant) sent out. (F. — L.) A
corruption of <?«z^^/j-,
variants of F, aveugler, to blind (like zV;/- pi. of F. envoi, O.F. envoy, a. sending;
posthnme for aposit{?ne), from F. aveugle see Envoy. Cf. E. voice, from O. F. vois.
(A. F. enveogles in Bozon), blind. — Late Involve. (F. — L.) F. involver, < to
L. *aboculum, ace. of *abocnlus, blind involve;' Cot. — L. inuoluere, to roll in,
(Ducange has avocu /us, also aboctilis, adj.). roll up. — L. iji, in; noluere, to roll. See
— L. ab, without ; ocuhis, eye. Baret % Voluble. Der. involut-ion, involute^
(1580) has: ' inveigle ones minde, occczcare from the pp. inuolHttis; also involucre,
aniimmi^ from L. inuolucrttm, an envelope.
Invent. — L.)
F. inventer, to de-
(F. Iodine, an elementary body. (Gk.)
vise. Formed, with -er (L. -dre^,
suffix Named from the violet colour of its
from L. imient-tis, pp. of inuenire, to vapour. [Cf. F. iode, iodine.] — Gk. iajb-
come upon, find out. — L. in, upon uenire, ; r]s, contr. form of toeiS^s, violet-like; with
to come. See Ventxire. Der. iftvent- suffix -ine. — Gk. 'io-v, a violet; efS-oj,
ion, &c. appearance. See Violet.
Inverse, opposite. (F. L.) M. E. — Iota. (Gk.-Heb.) Gk. twra, a letter
invers.-'lsl.Y. invers.'^h. inuersus, pp. of the Gk. alphabet. — Heb. yod, the
of iniiertere (below). smallest letter of the Heb. alphabet,
invert. (L.) L. inuertere, to turn with the power of y. (Of Phoenician
towards or up, to invert. — L. in^ towards; origin.) See Jot.
uertere, to turn. See Verse. Ipecacuanha, a medical root. (Port.
Invest. (F. — L.) F. investir, -^1.. — Brazilian.) Port, ipecacuanha (Span.
267
; ;
ISOLATE
ipecacuand). From the Brazilian name of Irrigate, to water. (L.) From pp. of
the plant Guarani ip&kaa-gtiana. IpS=
; L. irrigdre, to flood. — L. in, upon ; rigdre^
peb, small; kaa, plant; guana, causing to wet, moisten.
sickness. Irritate. (L.) Frompp. ofL.zyr/7Jr^,
Ir- (i), prefix. (L. or F. L.) For ; — to incite, excite, provoke, tease. App.
L. in, in, prep., when r follows. related to irrjre, hirrire, to snarl as
Ir- (2), prefix. (L. or F.-L.) For
; a dog ; which is prob. an imitative
L. neg. prefix in-, when r follows. word.
Ire. (F. — L.) F. zV'^. — L. Ira, anger. Irruption. (F.-L.) F. irruption,
irascible. (F. L.) F. irascible.-^— 'a forcible entry;' Cot — L. ace. irrup-
L. trascibilis, choleric from irascT, to ; tionein, a breaking into. — L. ir- (for hi),
become angry ; with suffix -bilis. — L. tra, into rupt-us, pp. of riimpere, to break.
;
anger. See Rupture.

Iris, a rainbow. (L. Gk.) L. Iris.^ — Is. A. S. is from VES, to be. The ;
Gk. Tpis, a rainbow. Der. irid-esc-ent, general Idg. form is ES-TI, as in Skt.
irid-iutn from irid-,
; stem of tris. And as-ti, Gk. ka-Ti, L. es-t, G, is-t\ also
see Orris. O. Icel. es, E. is. See also Be, "Was.
Irk, to weary. (E.) M. E. irken, erken, Isinglass, a glutinous substance made
to tire also irk, erk, adj. weary.
;
back A from a fish. (Du.) A corruption of M. Du.
formation from M. E. *irkth, for *irgth, huyzenblas (mod. Du. huisblad), isinglass,
later form of A. S. sb. ie7-gP, sluggishness ;
lit. sturgeon-bladder,' whence isinglass is
'
from earg, sluggish. obtained; see Sewel. — M. Du. huys, stur-

Iron, a metal. (E.) M. E. iren, also geon blaese, bladder (Kilian). Cf. G. hau-
;
ire. A. S. Iren, older forms tsem, j'^«<^/ai'^, sturgeon-bladder, isinglass; from
isaern, adj. and sb. +

lû- ijzer-, O. Icel. G. hausen, a sturgeon, blase, a bladder,
tsarn ;O. H. G. Jsarn, G. eisen Goth. ;
from blasen, to blow. Cf. O. H. G. hilso,
eisarn, sb. (whence eisarneijts, adj.). And a sturgeon.
cf. W. haiarn, Corn, hoern, Irish iarann, Islam, the religious system of Muham-
O. Ir. iarn, Bret, hoitarn, iron. p. The med. (Arab.) Arab. zV/^w, lit. * submis-
Celtic forms answer to an O. Celt, form sion.' — Arab, root salama, he was resigned.
*tsarnO' iêisarno-, Stokes, in Fick, ii. 25) See Moslem.
from which the Germanic forms may have Island. (E.) The s is inserted by con-
been borrowed. At any rate, Icel. jam fusion with F. isle. M.E. Hand. A. S.
and Dan. Swed.y^r;^ are from O. Ir. iarn. igland. — A. S. ig, an island ; land, land
Remoter origin unknown. perhaps by confusion of A.S. Ig, island,
ironmonger, a dealer in iron goods. with A.S. ea-land, island, lit. 'water-land.'
(E.) From iron and monger ; see Monger. The A. S. tg is also leg, O. Merc, eg (cf.
iron-mould. (E.) See Mould (3). Afzgles-ey) cognate with Icel. ey, Dan.
;
Irony. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. ii-onie Swed. 0, island; G. atte, meadow near

(Minsheu). — L. ironia. — Gk. elpwueia, water. The orig. Teut. form was 'âgwid^
dissimulation, irony. — Gk. ('ipcouj a dis- fem. of *agwioz, belonging to water, an
sembler, one who says less then he thinks adj. formed from *ahwa, water, represented
or means. Allied to Ionic dpofxai, Attic by A. S. ea, O. H. G. aha, Goth, ahwa, a
ipofxai, I ask, enquire, seek out (cf. dpojTeoj, stream, cognate with L. aqua, water.
Ion. for kpooTCLa}, I ask), epfwa, enquiry, Isle, an island. (F. - L.) O. F. isle
search (base *reu Prellwitz).
; (F. He). — L. insula, an island. See
Irradiate. (L.) From pp. of L. irra- Insular.
didre, to shine upon. — L. ir-, for in, on; Isochronous, performed in equal
radidre, to shine, from radius, a ray. See times. (Gk.) Gk. 'iao-s, equal xP'^'ôs, ;
Radius. time (see Chronicle). Brugm. i. § 345 c.

Irrefragable, not to be refuted.^ (F. isosceles, having two equal legs or
— L.) F. irrifragable.'^'L,. irrefrago bilis, sides as a triangle. (L. — Gk.) 'L.isosceles.
not to be withstood. — L. ir- {=în-, not) — Gk. laoaKfKrf'i, isosceles. — Gk. iVo-s,
;
refrdgdri, to oppose, thwart, from re-., equal CKeK-os. a leg, side of a triangle. ;
back, and (probably) L. frag-, base of Isolate, to insulate. (Ital. — L.) Sug-
frag-or, a noise. (For the long a, cf. L. gested by Ital. isolate, detached, used as
suffrdgiuin, prob. from the same root.) a term in architecture (whence also F.
268
— —
ISSUE JACKET
zW/). — Ital. isola, an island. — L. insula, know; see "Wit. (-^WEID.)
in 7£/zV-rt«, to
an island. See Insular. % The M. E. prefix i- (A. S. ^^-) is
Issue, progeny, result. (F. — L.) M. E. sometimes written apart from the rest of
issue, sb. — F.
issue, O. F. issue (eisszie), the word, and with a capital letter. Hence,
;
'
the issue, end, event Cot. P'em. of issu, ' by the mistake of editor?, it has been
pp. of issir, to depart, go out. — L, exire, printed / wis, and explained as ' I know.'
to go — L. ex, out zre, to go.
out. ; This is the origin of the fictitious word
Isthmus, a neck of land connecting a wis, to know, given in some dictionaries.
peninsula with the mainland. (L. — Gk.)
L. isthmus. — Gk. laOfios, a narrow passage;
allied to lOfxa, a step. (V^^j t° S^-)
It. (E.) M. E. /lit. A. S. /lit, neut. of Jabber, to chatter. (F. ?) Formerly
Ae, he. +
Icel. Ait, neut. oi/iinn; Du. 7^^^, jabemwd fable, of imitative origin similar ;
neut. of /lij; Goth. -^//rt. The old gen. to gabber and gabble. Godefroy gives
case was /lis, afterwards it, and finally its O. F. Jaber as a variant of gaber, to mock.
(XVII cent.). See He. Cf. Du. gabbcren, to jabber Sewel. See
;
Italics, a name for letters printed Gabble.

thus ill sloping type. (L.) Named from Jacinth, a precious stone. (F. — L.
Aide Manuzio, an Italian, about A. D. Gk.) — L. /lyacint/ius, a
F. facint/ie.
1 501 . — L. Italicus. — L. Italia, Italy, jacinth. — Gk. vaKivdos, a jacinth; Rev.
itch. (E.) North E. yu/te. M. E. xxi. 20. See Hyacinth.
iken, icc/ien, fuller form )i/ien, îc/ien. Jack (i), a saucy fellow, sailor. (F.—
A. S. giccati, to itch, for *gyccan cf. A. S. ; L. -Gk. - Heb.) M. E. Jacke, Ja/e/ce,
gy/ida, an itching, -j- E. Fries, joken, Du. often used as a term of reproach, as in
Jeuken, G. JuckeJi, to itch; O. H. G. '/aKv fool,' Chaucer, C. T. 3708. Gen-
jucc/ian. Teut. type *jukjan-. erally used formerly (as now) as a pet
Item, a separate article or particular. substitute for Jo/in, and perhaps due to
(L.) L. item, likewise; in common use the dimin. form Jan/cin. Jo/in is from
for enumerating particulars ; closely allied A. F. Jo/ian. — L. lo/iannes. — Gk. 'loiawri'i.
to ita, so. Cf. Skt. itt/iam, thus, zVz.thus. — Heb. Ye/io/i/iandn, Yo/c/idndn, lit. 'God
iterate, to repeat. (L.) From pp. of is gracious.' |3. Apparently confused with
Y.. iter are, to repeat. — L. iterum, again; F. Jacques, a common name in France.
a compar. form (with suffix -ter) from the Jaques is from L. lacobus. — Gk. 'la/cw/Sos.
pronominal base I, as in i-tem, i-ta. Cf. — Heb. Ydaqdb, Jacob; lit. one who
Skt. i-tara{s), another. seizes by the heel. — Heb. root 'dqab, to
Itinerant, (L.) travelling. From seize by the heel, supplant. ^ The name
pres. part, of O. Lat. itinerdre, to travel. was extended to denote various implements,
— L. iiiner-, stem of iter, a journey. — L. such as a smo/icfac/i, a boot-fac/i so also ;
it-um^ supine of ire, to go. (VÎ, to go.) Jac/i-o -lent, Jac/i-o -lantern, Jacfz-pudding,
Ivory. (F.— L.) 'M.'E.iztorie{=îvorie). Jac/i-an-apcs ( =Jack on apes, with on=of).
— O. F. ivurie, later ivoire. — 'L. eboj-eus, jack (2), a coat of mail. (F. — L. — Gk.
adj., made of ivory. — L. ebor-, stem of — Heb.) O. F. Jaque, James, also a Jack, '
ebur, ivory. Perhaps allied to Skt. ib/ia-, or coat of maile Cot. Cf. Ital. giaco, a ; '
an elephant. coat of mail, Span.yar^, a soldier's jacket,

Ivy, an evergreen. (E.) A.S).iJig; also G.facke, a jacket. Of obscure origin but ;
tf^g'i- +
O. H. G. eba/iewi (G. ep/ieu) prob. due to i\\e Jacquerie, or revolt of the
;
Kluge. The A. S. i/-ig seems to be peasantry u\ckna.med Jacques Bon/iommes,

a compound word. The syllable if- is A. D. 1358; and hence due to F. Jaques,
equivalent to Du. ei- in ei-loof, ivy (where James see above. ;
loof^ E. leaf) and to ebai^/i)- in O. H. G.

; Jackal, a kind of wild animal. (Turk.
ebah- but the sense is unknown.
;
— Pers.) 'I'urk. c/iakdl. — Pers. s/iag/idl.
Iwis, certainly. (E.) Vi..Y.. y'wis,iwis. Cf. Skt. frgdla-, a jackal, a fox.
A. S.gewis, adj., certain {whence gezaislTce, Jackanapes. For Jac/: on apes, i. e.
adv., certainly). +Du.^^7w>, adj. and adv.; Jack of apes. See Jack (i).
G. gewiss, adv. Cf. Icel. viss, certain, Jacket, a short coat. (F. — L. — Gk. —
sure. From
Teut. type *iuissoz (for *wit- Heb.) O.¥.jaquette,vi]o,cke\.; dimin. of
toz, Idg. *zvid-tos), pp. from the base wit- O. Y. Jaque, a jack of mail see jack (2).
;
169
— ;,;
; —
;
JACOBIN JAR
jacobin. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) M.E. prov. E. champ, to mash, crush, also to
jacobin. — Y .jacobin. — Late \.2X. Jacoblnus chew so also champ, hard, firm, 1, e.
;
adj., formed from lacobus, and applied to a chammed or pressed down. See Champ.
friar of the order of St. Dominick. See ^ But Ashe (1775) has: Jamb, to confine ^
;
Jack (i). p. Hence one of the Jacobin as between two posts as if from Jamb '
club in the French Revolution, which first q.v.

met in the hall of the Jacobin friars in jam (2), a conserve of fruit. (E.) A
Paris, Oct. 1789. Also the name of a soft substance, like that which is chewed.
hooded (friar-like) pigeon. 'And if we have anye stronger meate, it
Jacobite, an adherent of James II. must be chammed afore by the nurse, and
(L. — Gk. — Heb.) From L. lacob-us, ;
so put into the babes mouthe Sir T. '
James (above). More, Works, p. 241 h. See above.

Jade (i), a- sorry nag, an old woman. Jamb, side-post of a door. (F. — L.)
(Scand.) M. E. iade (Ch.) The initial Y.jambe, a leg, also a jamb (see Cotgrave).
/ is perhaps from y. Cf. Lowland Sc. — Folk-L. gamba, a leg. See G-ambol.
yaud,yawd, a.]a.dLQ\ Dunbar has ja;/i£/. Of Der. (perhaps) y<?;«(^, vb. see Jam. (i). ;
Scand, origin borrowed from Icel.

; Jane, Jean, a twilled cloth. (F.
jalda, a mare; prov. Swtd.jdiddf a mare Ital.) Also 'gene fustian,' 1580; cf. M.E.
(Rietz). Gene, Genoa. — M. F. Genes. — Ital. Genova,
Jade (2), a hard dark-green stone. F. Genoa.
— Span. — L.) Y.jade. The jade brought Jangle, to sound discordantly. (F. —
from America by the Spaniards was called Scand.) M
E. janglen. — O. F. jangler,
piedra de ijada, because it was believed to to jangle, prattle. Of Scand. origin. —
cure pain in the side for a similar reason
; Swed. dial, and Norw. jangla, to quarrel
it was called nephritis (from Gk. vecppSs, cf. Du. jangelen, to importune, frequent,
kidneys). — Span, ijada, also ijar, the flank of janken, to howl, yelp. An imitative
cf. Port, i/ka/, ilharga, the flank, side. word cf. L. gannire, to yelp.
;
L. the flanks.
Ilia, pi., Janizary. (F. Ital. Turk.) -
F. -
Jag, a notch, tooth. (Scand.) Hardly Janissaires, 'the Janizaries;' Cot. M. —
a variant of dag. IcLgge, or dagge of a Ital. ianizzeri, 'the Turkes gard,' Florio.
'
garment ; ' Palsg. ' I iagge, or cut a gar- Of Turk, origin it means new soldiery '; ; '
ment ' ib. From Norw. jak, a notch from Turk. yefii, new; and cheri, soldiery
;
jaka, to notch (Ross). (Devic). And cheri is from Pers. charik,

Jaggery, a coarse brown sugar. (Cana- auxiliary forces (Zenker).
rese — Skt.) A corruption of Canarese January. (L.) Englished from L.
sharkare, unrefined sugar H. H. Wilson. Idmidrius, a month named from the god
;
— Skt. ârkard; see Sugar. Idnus, who was supposed to have doors
—
Jaguar, a beast of prey. (F. Brazil.) under his protection ; cf. L. idniia, a
^
Jagua in the Guarani [Brazilian] lan- door,
guage is the common name for tygers and Japan, a name given to certain kinds
dogs ; the generic name for tygers is of lacquered work. (Japan.) Named from
jaquarete * Clavigero, Hist, of Mexico, the country. T>ev. japan, vb., to polish.
:
tr. by CuUen, ii. 318. It should be written Jape, to mock, jest, befool. (F.)
yagoar for there is no j in Tupi-Guarani Obsolete. M.'E.japen. Apparently from
;
(Cavalcanti). The spelling jaguar is F. O, Y.japer (Y.japper), to yap (as a dog).

(in Buffon). The Diet, of Trevoux has Imitative cf. E. yap. ;
janouare (error for jauouare) for Brazil. ; Jar (i), to make a harsh noise. (E.)
ydudrUy a dog. Spelt /aâ^'a, Hist. Nat. Imitative cf. M. E.garren, to chide, M. E.
;
Brasilise, p. 235. )irren,K. S. georran, to creak T)vl. gieren, ;
Jail; see Gaol. to cry ; Bavar. garren, to jar. Parallel

Jalap, the root of a plant. (Mexican.) to prov. E. char, to chide, M. E. charken,
Named from Jalapa or Xalapa, in Mexico. to creak (Prompt. Parv.) cf. A. S. ceorian, ;
Orig. Xalapan, sand by the water.' — cerian, to murmur; M. Du. karren, kcr-
'
Mex. xal(Ji\ sand a{tl), water pan, on, ren,

; ;
to crake [creak] like
' a cart,'
near where -li, -tl are suppressed.
;
Hexham O. H. G. kerran, to give a loud
;
Jam (i), to press, squeeze. (E.) Prob. harsh sound. Cf. Jargon and G-arrulous.
a variant of cham, to chew, to champ Jar (2), an earthen pot. (F. — Arab.)
a*;©
; '
JARGON JEOPARDY
M. Y.Jare, a jarre,' Cot. ; F. Jarre. [Cf. Korting.)
'
%
Perhaps influenced by chaw,
Span, jarra, jarro, Ital. giara.']^ hxoh. chew ; Palsgrave has chawe-bone for Jaxu-
a
Jarruy jar (Devic). bone.
•TargOU, a confused talk. (F. — L. ?) Jay, a bird. (F.) O. F. Jay, a jay (F.
J'. Jargon, orig. the chattering of birds, geai). Cf. Span. ^^jt7, a jay. Of doubtful
jargon O. F. gargon, gergon. Cf. Span. origin perhaps from O. H. G. wdhi, fine,
; ;
gerigonza, jargon ; Ital. gergone. Prob. beautiful, whence Y.gai. See Gay.
from an imitative base garg (cf. garg-le, Jealous. (F. -L. — Gk.) yi.Y.Jalotis,
gurg-le) cf. L. garrirt\ to prate, croak. gelus. — O. F. Jalous (later Jaloux). — Late
;
Cf. M. E. charken, to creak. See Jar (i). L. zelosus, full of zeal. — L. zelus, zeal.—
Jargonelle^ a kind of pear. (F. — Ital. Gk. CÂoj, zeal. See 25eal. Dev.Jealous-yf
— Pers. ?) V Jargonelle, a kind of pear, Y Jalousie.
. .
very stony (Littre) ; formed (ace. to Littre) Jeer. (Du.) Doubtful; perhaps from
from F. Jargon, a yellow diamond, small M. Du. phrase den gekscheeren, lit. to shear
stone. — Ital. giargone, a sort of yellow the fool, hence to jeer at one whence the ;
diamond. Perhaps from Pers. zargun, word gekscheeren, or simply scheeren, to

gold-coloured (Zend zairi-gaona-) ; from jeer. Now spelt scheren. Cf. G, scheren,
;
zar, gold, and gun, colour (Devic). to shear, fleece, cheat, plague, tease
'
Jasmine, Jessamine, a plant. (F. FlUgel E. Fries, scheren, the same. ;
— Arab. — Pers.) F. Jasmin. (So also Jehovah. (Heb.) Heb. yahovdli, or,
Span. Jazmin.) — h.x2ih. ydsemin (Devic). more correctly, yahweh, a proper name,
^ Feis. /ydsmin, jasmine ; ydsamln, jessa- rendered in the A.V. by the Lord.' *
mine. Jejune, hungry, meagre. (L.) 'L.ieiil-

Jasper, a precious stone. (F. — L. — Gk. nus, fasting, hungry, dry.
— Arab.) O. F. Jaspre (Littre), an occa- Jelly. (F. — L.) Formerly gelly.'~-Y.
sional spelling oi Jaspe, a jasper. — L. ias- gelie, gelly ' Cot. Orig. fern, of pp. of
' ;
pideni, ace. oi iaspis.^GV.. i'acrTTis, — Arab. geler, to freeze. — L. geldre, to fieeze. See
yasb, yasf, yashb, jasper whence Pers. Gelid.
;
yashp, yashf, ]a.s^QX. Cf. 'iHob. ydshpheh, Jennet, Gennet, a small Spanish
a jasper. horse. (F. — Span. — Arab.) M. F. genet te,
Jaundice. (F. — L.) M. E. iazinis the 'a genet, or Spanish horse ; ' Cot. — Span.
;
d being excrescent. — F. Jaunisse, yellow- ginete, a nag ; but orig. a horse-soldier.' '
ness; hence, the jaundice. — F.yai^;?^ (old- Of Moorish origin ; traced by Dozy to
est spelling y«/w^), yellow. — L. galbinus, Arab, zendta, a tribe of Barbary celebrated
greenish yellow. — L. galbus, yellow (per- for its cavalry.
;
haps of Teut. origin cf. G. gelb, yellow).

; Jenneting, a kind of early apple.
Jaunt, a ramble. (F.) Yxoxi\Jaunts,-^\.y (F. — L. — Gk. — Heb, ) Prob for Jeanne- .
for Jaunce, toil.''

Cf. M. F. Ja7icer tin ton a dimin. from F. pomme de S. Jean,
;
cheval, to stirre a horse in the stable till an early apple, called in Italian melo de
'
he swart [sweat] withall ; or (as our) to Saji Giovanni, i. e. St. John's apple. So
jaunt (an old word) Cot. ;
'
called because, in France and Italy, it
Jaunty, Janty, fantastical. (F.-L.) ripened about June 24, St. John's day.
Also Janty, Janice, variants oijantyl, old So also, there is an early pear, called A^Jtire
spelling oi gentle or genteel. Cf. Burgundy Joannet ox Jeanette, ox petit St. Jean G. ;
Jantais, gentil '

Mignard.
;
'
Johannisbirne. Y.Jean<ihat. ace. loJian-
_
Javelin. (F. - C. ?) M. Y. Javelin, a neni; from Gk. 'Icoaj/i/T/j, John. — Heb.
'
javeling,' Cot. ; allied to Javelot, 'a gleave, Ydkhdttdn, the Lord is gracious.
dart,' id. Perhaps Celtic. Cf. O. Irish Jeopardy, hazard. (F.-L.) M. E.
gabul, a fork ; gablac/i, pointed, Irish Jupartie, later Jopardye, Jeopardie. — O, F.
gab/ila, a spear, gabhlan, a fork of a tree Jeu parti, lit. a divided game; a game in
Gael, gobhlati, a prong; W. gajl, a fork, which the chances were equal, hence, a
gajlach, a dart. See GatF. risk, hazard. — Late L. iocus partltus, the
Jaw. (F. — L.) M. E. iowe {Jowe).-' same ; also an alternative. — L. iocus, a
O. F. (and ¥.) Joue, the cheek, thejowle;' game; partitus, pp. oi partirT, to pait,
'
Cot. (Cf. Prov. gauta, Ital. gota, cheek, divide, from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a
jaw.) — Late L. gabata, gavata, a bowl; part. The diphthong eo = Y. eu \ cf.
^
from the rounding of the jaw. (Diez, people {=^Y. peuple). See Joke.
JERBOA JIB
Jerboa, a rodent quadruped. (Arab.) about. M. E. ietten, to strut. — O. F. jetter^
h.x2ih. yarbfi,
(i) the flesh of the back or geter, getter, to throw, fling, push forth. —
loins, an oblique descending muscle; (2) L. iaddre, to fling frequent, of iacere, to ;
the jerboa, from the use it makes of the throw. HeT.jet, sb., formerly in the sense
strong muscles in its hind legs, in taking of guise or fashion, &c.
long leaps. Jet (2), a black mineral. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Jereed, a wooden javelin used in mock O. F. Jet, jaet, also jayet, gaiete, jet (F.
fights. (Arab.) Arab.ya/vW, a palm-branch /a/j). — L. gaga tern, ace, of gagdtes, jet.—
stripped of its leaves, a lance. Gk. "ya-yarris, jet so called from Td'yai, a
;
Jerk. (E.) '^Q^nd.jerk,Jert,a.nd.yej'k town in Lycia, in the S. of Asia Minor.

all used in much the same sense, orig, to Jetsam. (F.-L.) Also Jettison. An
strike with a lash, whip or rod. Of these, old term in Law F. for things thrown over-
fei't was regarded as equivalent to gh-d board from a wrecked vessel. — A. F. get-
(Index to Cot.) see Gird (2).
: teson, a casting O. F. getaison. — L. ace.
;
Jerked beef. (Peruvian.) A singular iactdtionem. — I^. iactdre, to cast see ;
corruption of ccharqui, tlie S. American Jet (i).

name for 'jerked' beef, or beef dried in jetty, a kind of pier. (F. — L.) M. F.
a particular way see Prescott, Conquest Jettie (F. Jetê), a cast, throw, ' also a jetty
;
of Peru, ch. v. From Peruv. ccharqui^ a or jutty Cot.

;
'
Orig. fem. of pp. of
slice of dried beef. Also called jerkin M. F. Jetter (F. Jeter), to throw ; see
beef\ from Peruv. ccharquini, vb., to make Jet (i).
dried beef. -
Jew. (F. L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E.
Jerkin, a jacket, short coat. (Du.) lewe, a Jew. — A. F. leu, Geu (Y. Juif).
Dimin. of Du. j'urk, 2l frock (Sewel), by — L. ludcEus, a Jew. — Gk. 'lovSafos,
help of the once common Du. dimin. suffix an inhabitant of 'louSata, Judsea. — Heb.
-ken, now supplanted by -Je or -tje. Cf. Yehuddh, Judah, son of Jacob, lit. ' illus-
Westphal. jiirken, a sort of overcoat E. trious.' — Heb. xoo\ ydddh,\.o throw, praise,
;
Fries, jurken, a child's frock. Qi.Jir-kin, celebrate. Der. Jew-ry, M. E. lewerie^

kilder-kin. O. F. hierie, lit. a Jews' district also ;
Jersey, fine wool, a woollen jacket. Jews" -harp, a name given in derision cf. ;
(Jersey.) )^\Qxt\. Jersey, one of the Channel the harp

'
of David.'
Islands. Jewel, a valuable ornament. (F. — L.)
Jessamine ; see Jasmine. M. E. iozuel, iuel.Ô. F. Joel, Joiel, Jotiely
Jesses, straps round a hawk's legs. juel (later/^/az^). — Late L. iocdle, usually
(F.-L.) Double pi.; from M. E. ges, in pi. iocdlia, jewels (lit. trinkets). — L.
jesses. —O. F. ges, gies, pi. oi get, giet, a iocdri, to play (O. F. Joer, Joiier).^!^.
short thong, for throwing off the hawk iocus,Tp\a.y.
; See Joke. (Toynbee, §§ 76,
orig. a cast.'
'
Cf. M. Y.jeci, a cast ies;
jecls d'lcn oyseazi, 'a hawkes lesses,' Cot. Jib (i), the foremost sail in a ship.
— O. F. geter, to .cast. — L. iaddre, to (Dan.) So called because easily shifted
cast ; see Jet (i). from side to side see jib (2) below. ;
Jest, a joke. (F. — L.) Orig. a story, jib (2), to shift a sail from side to side.
merry tale. M. E. geste, a story. —O. F. (Dan.) ^ Jib, to shift the boom-sail from
;
gesle, an exploit, romance, tale of exploits. one side of the mast to another Ash '
— L. gesta, for res gesta, a thing done, (1775)- Also spelt Jibe, gybe. — Dan. gibbe,
an exploit. — L. gestus, pp. of gerere, to to jibe, jib Swed. dial, gippa, to jerk up.
;
carry, carry on. See G-esture, Gerund. Allied to Swed. guppa, to rock see ;
Jesuit ; see below. Jump. ^

The form gibe answers to Du.
Jesus, the Saviour. (L. — Gk. - Heb.) gijpen, E. Fries, gipen, to turn suddenly,
L. lesus. — G)^. 'IryrroDj. — Heb. Yeshuo, said of a sail.
Jeshua (Nehem. viii. 17); contr. form of jib (3), to move restively, as a horse.
Yehoshua, Jehoshua (Numb. xiii. 16) F. — Scand.)
( O. Y. giber, to struggle with
signifying saviour, lit. help of Jehovah.' the hands and feet (Roquefort)
' whence ;
— Heb. T oo\. ydshd to be large, to save. O. F. regiber (F. regimber), to kick as a

,
JieT. Jesn-it, one of the society of Jesus. horse. Cf. also O. F. giper, to jib, as a
Jet (i), to throw out, fling about, spout. horse (Godefroy). — Swed. dial, gippa^ to
(F. — L.) Formerly, to /<?/ was to strut jerk up (above).
272
;;
JIBE JOURNEY
Jibe, the same as Gibe, q. v. I
joint, sb. — O. Y .Joinct,Joint, pp. oijoindre^
Jig', a lively tune or dance. (F. — M. B. 10 join see Join (above).
;
G.) O. F. ^tge, gigtte, a fiddle, dance.— Joist, one of a set of timbers to sup-
M. H. G. glge {G.geioe), a fiddle. ()ort the boards of (F. L.) a floor. —
Jilt, a flirt. (L.) FormerlyyV//,?^, dimin. Sometimes pronounced Jist (with i as in
oi Jill, a flirt, orig. Jill or Gillian, a per- mice). M. E. giste.'~-0. F. giste, a bed,
sonal name. — L. y/z/iV/wa. See Gill (4). couch, place to lie on, a joist because ;
Jingle, to clink. (E.) M. E. giuglen ;

these timbers support the floor. O.F. —
a frequentative verb from the base jink^ gesir (F.g^sir), to lie, lie on. L. iacere, —
allied to chink; see Chink (2). Also to lie. Cf. Gist.
allied toJaugle. Joke, a jest. (L.) From L. iocus, a
Jinn, a demon. (Arab.) Formed from jest, game. Brugin. i. § 302.
Ax3h.jinua{t), demons, pi. the sing, form ; Jole ; see Jowl.
hQxng jinnTy, Englished zs Jinnee or gniie. Jolly. (F. - Scand.) M. E. io/y, earliest
Job (i), to peck with the beak. (Ê. ?) form iolij. •'O.F. Jolif, later Joli, 'jolly,
Perhaps imitative. M. E. iobben. Cf. gay, trim, fine ;' Cot. Orig. sense festive.' '
Gael, and Irish gob, mouth, beak. — Icel. Jol, a great feast in the heathen
Job (2), a small piece of work. (F. ?) time cognate with A. S. geola, yule.
; Seo
M. E. iob^ a piece, lump. Gob, a lump '
;
Yule.
also, to work by the gob;'' Halliwell.— Jolly-boat. (Port, and E.) We find
O. F. gob, a mouthful gobet, a morsel. ;
'
grete bote awA Jolyivat'' in I-195 ; but it
Perhaps of Celtic origin. See Job (i). was also spelt gallevot and galleyivat
Jockey. (F. L. - Gk. -
- Heb.) A (Yule). — Port, galeota, a galliot see ;
North \L. pron. oi Jackey ^vanw. oi Jack , Galliot. Perhaps the form of the word
as a personal name. See Jack (i). has been influenced by Y.Joli. See Jolly.
Jocose, merry. (L.) L. ?otY".yz/j-, sportive. Jolt, to jerk. (E.) From /^/Z, vb., to
— L. iociis, sport. See Joke. knock the Jole or head ; cf. All's Well,
jocular. (L.) 'L. ioculd7-is.^'L. iocu- i. 3. 59. Cf Jolt-head, a stupid fellow
dimin. of iocus, a jest.
his, a little jest, one whose head has htenJolPd or knocked
Jocund. (F.— L.) M. E. Joco7ide.~' about. See Jowl.
O. F. Jocond, pleasant, agreeable (Gode- JonC[uil, a flovAcr. (F. — Span. — L.)
froy). — L. idcutidus, iucundiis, pleasant; F. Jonquillc.^^\)a\\. Jiinquillo; named
orig. helpful. — L. iuuare (supine iu-tu?n), from its rush-like leaves. — Span. y««r^, a
to help see Adjutant.
;
rush. — L. iuncus, a rush. See Junk (2).
Jog, to push slightly, jolt. (F.-Teut. ?) Jordan, a pot. (Unknown.) M. E.
M. E. ioggen. Cf. W. ysgogi, to wag, stir, iordan, iurdan, iordeyne Late L. iurddnus ;
shake, E. shog, M
E. schoggeji, to shake (Prompt. Parv. and \'ocab.). It was orig.
up and down Kentish Jock, to jolt. All
; an alchemist's bottle (Halliwell, Way) ;
apparently from M. E. schokken ; see perhaps once used for keeping water from
Shock. 5F ^^ e also find Norw. and Swed. the Jordan.
dial. Jukka, to jump up and down, as in Joss, a Chinese idol. (Port. — L.) Not
riding. Chinese, but corrupted from Port. Deos,
John Dory, the name of a fish. (F. — God. Cognate with Span. Dies, God
L.) John dorythe vulgar name of the
is O. F. deus.^Y,. Deus, nom., God.
fish called the dory. John appears to be Jostle, Justle, to push against. (F. —
a mere sailor's prefix, like they<7c-,^ in Jack- L. ; luith E. suffix.) A frequent, form,
ass ; can hardly be from an alleged F.
it with suffix -le, from M. E. Jousien, to tilt,
j'aiine dorê, which would be tautological push against. See Joust.
nonsense. Dory is borrowed from F. dore'e, Jot. (L.-Gk.-Heb.) Englished from
a dory lit. gilded,' dortê being the fem.
;
'
L. iota, Matt. v. 18 (Vulgate). — Gk. llhra,
of the pp. of do}'er, to gild. — L. deatirdre, a letter of the Gk. alphabet. — He b. _;/^</,
to gild, — L. de auro, of gold; see Aiireate. the smallest letter of th Heb. alphabet,
Join. (F.-L.) O. F. and Y.Joign-, a with the power oi y. See Iota.
stem oijoijidre."!.. iungere (pp. iunctus), Journal. (F. L.) Properly an adj., —
to join. +
Gk. (ivyvvvai S>kt. yuj, to join. ; signifying daily.' — F.y<?//r//a/, daily. — L.
*
Allied to Yoke. diurndlis, daily; see Diurnal.

joint. (F.-L.) O.Y. Joinct, Joint, ^ journey. (F. — L.) ^l.Y.. ioumee. a
3 K
JOUST JUMP
day's travel. '^F. JO It rne'e, a day, orig. a judicature. (F.-^L.) Y. judicature.
day's work. — Late L, *diurmrâ, orjg. — Late L. iddicdtdfa, office of a judge,
the fern. pp. of Late L. diurndre, to judgment. — L. iiidicdtus, pp. of iiidicdre,
sojourn. — L. diurmts, daily. — L. dies, a to judge. — L. iiidic', stem of index, a
day. judge.
Joust, Just, to tilt. (F.-L.) O.F. judicial. (F.— L.) M.Y.jndiciel.—
joiister {Y.Jouter), io tilt. — Late L. iuxtdre, L. iudicidlis, pertaining to courts of law.
to approach (hence, to approach with — L. indicium, a trial. — L. iildic-, stem
hostile intent, as in tilting). — L. iiixtd, of iildex, a judge (above).
close to, hard by (whence O. Y.Joiisie, close j udicious . (F. L.) ~
F jndicieux ; .
to). P The form inxtd is short for *iUg- as if from a L. form *ifidicidsus. — L. iudic-^
is-td, fern. abl. of the superlative form of stem of index, a judge.
L. iug-is, continual. From the base iilg- Jug, a kind of pitcher. (Heb.) Drink-
of iungere, to join. (-^YEUG.) Brugm. ing- vessels were formerly called jacl:s, jills,
i, § 760. Tiew Jostle. and jugs, all of which represent Christian
Jovial. (F. — L.) O.F.y^z/z'^/, sanguine, names. Jûg and Judge were usual as pet
lit. born under the lucky planet Jupiter. — female names, and equivalent to Jenny or
L. loitidlis, pertaining to Jupiter. — L. Joan; %tejannette, Jehannette Cotgrave. m
loui-, decl. stem, of O. Lat. lonis, Jove, Cf. Jock for John', fem. form Jacquetta.
whence L /«-///^-^ ( = Jove- father). loziis Of Heb. origin see Jenniting. ;
represents Diouis (cf. Oscan dat. Diiiv-et), Juggernaut, the name of an Indian
allied to dies^ day, and to dciis, god cf. ; idol. (Skt.) Skijaganndtha-, lord of the
Gk. Atos, gen. case of Zeuj. See Deity, universe, monarch of the world (Benfey,
Tuesday. Brugm. i. §§ 120, 223. p. 465). — Skt.y'rt'â/, world; ndtha-, pro-
Jowl, Jole, the jaw or cheek. (E.) tector, lord.
M. ¥.. Jolle all the forms are corruptions
', Juggler. (F. — L.) M. E. iogelour.'-
of M. E. chol^ chaul, wh'ch is a contraction O. Y .jogleor,jougleor', laterjojigleur.'^'L.
of M. E. chauel {chavel), the jowl. — A. S. ioculdtorem, ace. of ioculdtor, a jester. — L.
ceajl^ the jaw pi. ccajias, the jaws, chaps.
;
ioculdri, to jest. — L. ioculus, a little jest,
Cf. O. Sax. kajlos, pi., the jaws; Du. dimin, of iocus, joke. See Joke.
kevels, pi. the gums G. kiefer, jaw, jaw-
; Jugular, pertaining to the side of the
bone ; also Icel. kjaptr^ Swed. kdft, Dan. neck. (L.) From L. iugul-um, or iugiil-us,
kiaft, jaw. ^
The successive spellings are the collar-bone, which joins the neck and
A.S. ceajl, cJuvJle (Layamon), chattel, chaul, shoulders dimin. of iugtun, a yoke.
; See
chol,jole.,jowl (all found). Yoke.
—
Joy. (F. L.) M. E. ioye. O. F. ioye, — Juice. (F. — L.) M.E. iuce, itise."
joye; oldest form goye {Y.j'oie) cf, Ital. ; O. Y .jus, juice, broth. — L. ius, broth ; lit.
gioj'a, joy, also a gaud, jewel, Span./i?;'^, '

mixture.' ^Skt. ^z7j//rt-, soup. (VYU.)
a gaud. — L. gaiidia, pi. of gatidmrn, joy ;
Brugm. §§ 911, 922.
i.
afterwards turned into a fem. sing. — L. Jujube, a fruit. (F. — L. — Gk. Pers.) —
gajidere, to rejoice. See Gaud. M. F. jujubes, pi. (Cot.). — L. zizypJmm, a
Jubilatioil,_ a shouting for joy. (L.) jujube fruit of the tree called zTzyphus.'^
;
From L. iubildtio, sb. — L. iubildttis, pp. Gk. (i^v<poi', fruit of the tree î^vcpos.'^
of iubildre, to shout for joy. — L. iubilutn, Pers. zayzafiin, ztzfun, zizafun, the jujube-
a shout of joy. ^
Quite distinct from tree.
jubilee. Julep, a drink. (F. -^ Span. — Pers.) F.
Jubilee, a season of great joy. (F. — L. julep. — S'ân.julepe. — Fers.juldb, julep, a
- Heb.) M. E. jubilee. - M Y.jidnU, a .
'
sweet drink also guldb, rose-water, also
;
jubilee;' Cot. — L. iubiltsus, the jubilee julep. — Pers. gul, a rose db, water. For ;
(Levit. XXV. 11); masc. of adj. iubilcsus., Pers. gul, see Rose. Pers. db is cognate
belonging to the jubilee (Levit. xxv. 28).— with Skt. ap-, water.
Heb. yobel, a blast of a trumpet, shout of July. (F.-L.) O. Y.Julie. - L. lilhtis,
joy- %Distinct from the word above. a month (formerly called QuinctFlis) named
—
Judge. (F. L.) Y.jiige. — L. iudicetn, after Julius Caesar, who was born in July.
ace. of index, a judge, lit. ' one who points Jump (i), to leap, spring, skip. (Scand.)
out law.' — L. iu-s, law dic-dre, to point
; Swed. dial, gumpa, to spring, \axn\),gimpa,
out. See Jury and Diction. to wag about ; allied to Swed. giippa, to
74
— ; ;
JUMBLE JUSTIFY
move up and down ; Dan. gumpe, to jolt — L.) F. Joncade (Cot.). Orig. a kind
Icel. goppa, to skip.-4-M. H. G. gumpcit, of cream-cheese, served up on rushes,
gampen, to jump, giimpeln., to play the whence its name. — Ital. ginncaia, a kind
buffoon prov. G. gaf?ipen, to jump, hop,
;
of cream-cheese on rushes, also a junket
sport (Schmeller) ; M. Du. gumpcit, to (Florio). — Ital. giunco, a rush. — L. iun-
dance, leap. From a Teut. str. vb. *gi>n- cum. ace. of iunczis, a rush.
pan- (for *ge!npan-) whence Dan. dial.
; Junta, a council. (Span. — L.) Span..
gi?npe, to swing, wag, Lowl. Sc. Jimp, to Junta, a congress; a fem. form oi Junto
jump. (below).
jumble, mix together confusedly.
to junto, a knot of men, a faction. (Span.
(Scand.) We also
find M. 'E.j'ombren, Ch. — L.) iipan. Jzmto, united, conjoined.—
Troil. ii. 1037; ^^'^^ Jumper, to mix har- L. iunctus, pp. of iungere, to join. See
moniously (More). In ia,ot,Jumb-le, Jomb- Join.
ren, Jump-er are all frequentative forms of Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurist,
the verb to Jump, used transitively. Thus Juror ; see Jury.
jiimb'le = \o make to jump, jolt together, Jury, a body of sworn men. (F. — L.)
make a discord; or, otherwise, to shake O. F. Jui'tfe, a jury, a company of sworn
together, make to agree. See Jump (i). men ; orig. the fem. pp. oi Jtcrer, to swear.
jump (2), exactly, pat ; also, as a verb. — L. bind by an oath.
iilrdfe, to swear, —
(Scand.) From
the verb above cf. Ham- ; L. law.-f-Skt. ^w, to bind.
?V7r-, for iHs,
let, i. I. 65. Also used in the sense to juridical, pertaining to courts of law
agree or tally, esp. in the phr. to Jump or to a judge. (L.) From L. iuridic-us,
;
with. They Jutnp not
' Oth. i. 3. 5 '
;
relating to the administration of justice
cf. Tarn. Shrew, i. i. 195. with suffix -dlis.^'L. iiiri-, decl. stem of
Junction, a joining. (L.) From L. ius, law dicdre, to proclaim.
; See Just
iunctio, a joining. — L. iunctus, pp. of (i) below.
izmgere, to join. See Join. jurisdiction. (F.-L.) M.Y.Juris-
juncture, a union, a critical moment. diction (F. Jziridiction). — L. iiirisdic-
(L.) The sense ' critical moment is astro- ' tionem, ace. of iurisdictio, administration
logical, from the 'union of planets. — L.
'
of justice. — L. iiiris, gen. of ius, law (see
iunctfira, a joining. — L. iunctus (above). Just (i) below) and see Diction.
;
—
June. (F. L.) O. F. and F. y^m. ^ So dXso Jwis-prudence.
L. liinius, the name of the month and of jurist, a lawyer. (F. — L.) Y.Juriste
a Roman gens or clan. (Cot.). — Late L. iiirista, a lawyer. — L.
—
Jungle. (Hind. Skt.) W\x\A.Jangal, iHr-, for iits, law with suffix -ista ( = Gk.
;
wasteland. — Skt.ya;?â/<z-, adj., dry, desert; -£(TT7^?).
hence y?^;z^/^ ^ waste land, ^f The Hind, juror, one of a jury. (F.— L.) Imitated
short a sounds like u in mud. from F. Juretir, a swearer, a juror. — L.
Junior, younger. (L.) L. iunior, iHrdtdrefH, ace. of /??r^7/^r, one who swears.
comp. of iunenis, young; short for — L. iurdre, to swear; see Jury (above).
*iuueuio7\ See Juvenile. Jury-mast, a temporary mast. (F.—
Juniper, an evergreen shrub. (L.) L. L.) Short iox ajury-)?iast', where ajury =
iz7nipe?'us, iHnipirus, a juniper. Of O. Y ajuirie, aid, succour (Godefroy).
.
doubtful origin. From L. adiu/dre, to aid see Aid. ;
Junk (i), a Chinese vessel. (Port. Cf. M. E. iuwere, assistance; Prompt.

Malay. — Chin. ?) Port, (and ^^2in.)Junco, Parv.
a junk. — }sldi\zy Jong; also ajong. Said to Just (i) upright. (F. - L.) M. E. iust.
,
be borrowed from Chinese chwan, a ship, — F. Juste. "Y,. iustum, ace. of iustus,
boat, bark, junk Williams, Chinese Diet,
; just, according to right ; with suffix -tus.
p. 120; but this is from Malay. — L. iiis, right, that which is fitting ; cf.
Junk (2), pieces of old cordage. (Port. Skt. jj'z/, to join.

— L. Voxt.Jziitco. a rush also junk, as a
,
; justice. (F--L) Y. Justice-!.,
nautical term i. e. rush-made ropes. — L.
; itistitia,justice ; Late L. iustitia, a tri-
iunctcm, ace. of iuncus, a rush. 9^ Junk bunal, a judge. —
L. iusti-, for iu.stus,'yOi'i,\.\
also means salt meat, tough as old ropes. see Just (1) above.
{^vX Junk, a lump, is for chunk.) justify. (F.-L.) F. Justijier.-Y..
junket, a kind of sweetmeat. (F. — Ital. iUstiJicdre to shew to be just. — L. itisti-
275
;
JUST KEN
for iustus, just ; -ficdre^ for facere, to kydge. Qi. pro v. E. cadgy, cheerful and ;
make. perhaps Dan. kaad, frolicsome M. Dan. ;
Just see Joust.

(2), to joust ;
kcede, joy Swed. kdtja, to be wanton.
;
Justle see Jostle.

; Keel bottom of a ship. (Scand.)
(i), the
Jut, to project. (F. L.) Merely a cor- — Icel. kjdlr, Dan. kiol, Swed. kol, the keel
ruption oi jet in the same way 2, jetty or
;
of a ship (whence G. Du. kiel, a keel).
pier was formerly called a jutty\ see Teut. type *kiluz. Cf. A. S. celae, the
Jetty. beak of a ship (O. E. T.). Distinct from
jutty, a projection. (F. — L.) For A. S. ceol, O. H. G. kiol, M. H. G. kiel,
jetty ; see above. Der. jutty, vb., to pro- a ship.
ject beyond. keelhaul. (Scand. andE.) Also keel-
Jute, a substance resembling hemp. hale, to punish in the seaman's way, by
'
(Bengali.) Bengali jut, the fibres of the dragging the criminal under water on one
bark'of the Corchorus olitorius (Wilson). side of the ship and up again on the
From jhdto, vulgarly jhuto, the native other;' Johnson. From keel and hatd or
name in Orissa (Yule). hale. Cf. Du. kiel-halen, G. kielholen.
Juvenile, young. (F.-L.) M. F. keelson, kelson, a set of timbers
juvenile ; FJuvetiil. — L. imiemlis, youth- next a ship's keel. (Scand.) Formerly
ful. — L. iuiienis. young. See Young. kelsitie(Chapman). Swed. kolsvin, Dan. —
Juxtaposition. ^L. and F. - L.) kiolsviin (Norweg. kjolsvill), a keelson
Coined from L. mxtd, near ; Q.nd.positioft. E. Fries. kolswin.'\-Cj. kielschweifi. Lit.
;
See Joust and Position. * keel-swine ' but this can hardly have
been the orig. sense. A better sense is
given by Norw. kjolsvill, where svill
answers to G. schzvelle, E. sill; see Sill.
This suffix, not being understood, may
Kail, Kale, cabbage. (L.) Northern easily have been corrupted to swine, and
E. form of cole see Cole. ; afterwards, in English, to -son.
Kails, ninepins. (Du.) Formerly also Keel (2), to cool. (E.) To keel a pot
keyles see quille in Cotgrave. These kails
; is to keep it from boiling over, lit. to cool
were cone-shaped. — Du. kcgel, a pin, kail; it. — A. S. celan, to cool; for '^coljan.-'
met kegels spclen, to play at ninepins. + A. S. col, cool. See Cool.
Dan. kegle, a cone, kegler, nine-pins; Swed. Keelson; see Keel (i).
kdgla, a pin, cone G. kegel (whence F. ;
Keen, sharp. (E.) M. E. kene. A. S.
quille). Apparently a dimin. of Du. keg, cene, where e is due to an older d\ O.
a wedge. Merc, coene. The orig. sense is '
skilful,
Kaleidoscope, an optical toy. (Gk.) experienced.' + Du.
keen, bold, daring;
From Gk. /raA-o?, beautiful tlbo-s, form; ; Icel. kcenn (for kcejin), wise, also able;
CKOTT-fTv, to behold because it enables one ; G. kiihn, bold, O. H. G. chuoni. Teut.
to behold beautiful forms. type *koJijoz, able from Teut. root '^ken
;
Kalendar see Calends. ; (VGEN), to know see Can (i). ;
Kangaroo, a quadruped. (Australian.) Keep. (E.) M. E. kepen. A. S. cepan,

Said to be Jtot the native Australian name, to observe, notice, attend to,keep.+M.Du.
but to have arisen from some mistake but ; kepen, to keep, retain (Hexham). Teut.
even this is doubtful (see Morris). type *kdpjan- cf. A. S. ge-cop, fit, suit-
;
Kayles ; see Kails. able.

Kecksies, hemlocks. (C.) For kecks- Keg, a small cask. (Scand.) Formerly
es ; and kecks is also written kex. See also cag. — Icel. kaggi, a keg Swed. kagge, ;
Kex. Norweg. kagge, a keg, a round mass or

Kedge (0, to warp a ship. (F.-L. ?) heap. Der. kails.
To kedge is to drag a ship slowly forward, Kelp, calcined ashes of seaweed. Origin
by help of a kedge-anchor, against tide. unknown. Also spelt kilp.
A kedge-anchor was formerly called a Ken, to know. (Scand.) M. E. hennen.
catch-anchor or catch (N. E. D.). Hence — Icel. kenna, Swed. kdnna, Dan. kiende,
kedge may represent ketch ; for catch. to know ; so also G. kennen ; A. S. cennan
Kedge (2), Kidge, brisk, lively. (E.) (to declare), Goth, kannjan. Teut. type
An East- Anglian word. M. E. kygge, *kannjan-. Causal form of cunnan, to
76
'
KENNEL KIDDLE
know, derived from Teut. base *kann (cf. Ketchup, a sauce. (Malay.) Malay
can) by vowel-change of a to e. See kcchap, kichap, a sauce soy. (In Dutch ;
Can (i). G. Scott.

spelling, ketJap.)—C. P.
Kennel (i), a house for dogs, (F, — L.) Kettle. (Scand.-L.) M.E. ketel.
M.E. kenel. A Norman form of O. F. I eel. ketill; borrowed from L. catilhts, a
chenil, a kennel. — Late L. canile, domus '

small bowl (whence also Goth, katils,
canis Wrt. Vocab. 19S. 29. — L. can-is,
' in A. S. cetel, Du. ketel, G. kessel, &c.).
a dog, with suffix -lie, as in ou-Tle, a sheep- Dimin. of catinus, a bowl, deep vessel
fold. Cf. Norman F. ken, O. F. chen (F. for cooking food. Perhaps allied to Gk.
chien), a dog, from L. ace. cane??i, a dog. /foTuAos, a cup (Prellwitz) ; see Coty-
Kennel (2), a gutter. (F. — L.) A cor- ledon.
ruption of M. E. cane/, a channel. — A. F. Kex, hemlock, a hollowstem. (W. — L.)
cane/, Charlemagne, ed. Michel, 1. 556; M. E. kex ; W. cecys, pi., hollow stalks.
O. F. chanel; see Channel. Of Celtic origin cf. W. ccgid, hemlock
;
;
Kerbstone. (F. — L. ; and^.) Here Corn, cegas, hemlock prob. borrowed from ;
kerb is for cu7'b so called because the

; L. cicUta, hemlock. A'ex = kecks, and %
stone was sometimes placed, as round a properly a plural form. is
well, on a curved edge. See Curb. Key. 'E.) IM.E. keye. A. S. c^g, a
—
Kerchief. (F. L.) M.E. curchief, key O. 1' ries. kdi, kei, a key. ;
couerchef {coverchef), — O. F. covrechef, Khan, a prince. (Pers. — Tatar.) Pers.

lit. a head-covering. — O. F. covrir, to khan, lord, |)rince of Tatar origin. Cf. ;
cover chef,
; the head ; see Cover and Chingis Khan, i. e. great lord, a Tatar
Chief. title (Chaucer's Cavilmscan),
Kermes,the dried bodies of insects used Khedive, a prince. (F.-Pers.) F.
in dyeing crimson. (Arab. — Skt.) See kh^dive.'-Vtxs. khadiiv, khidiw, a great
Crimson. prince, sovereign khidewi, the khedive, ;
Kern (i), Kerne, an Irish soldier. viceroy of Egypt (Palmer). Cf. Pers.
(Irish.) Irish ceatharnach, a soldier. — khodd, God.
O. Irish cethern, a troop. See Cateran. Kibe, a chilblain. (C?) W. cihwst, chil-
Kern (2) see Quern.
; blains explained by Pugh as standing for ;
Kernel. (E.) A. S. cymel, a grain cib-gwst. — W. cib, a cup gwst, a humour,:

;
dimin. of A. S. corn, a grain (with the malady, disease hence 'a cup-like malady,' ;
usual change from Teut. u (A. S. d) lo^). from the rounded form. The 111. word has
Teut. stem *kurnilo-. See Corn. preserved only the syllable cib, rejecting
Kersey, coarse woollen cloth. (E.) the latter syllable. (Doubtful.)
Named from Kersey (of A. S. origin), a Kick. (Scand.) M. E. kiken (whence
village three miles from Hadleigh, in W. cicio, to kick, colloquially). Cf. prov.
Suffolk, where a woollen trade was once E. kink, to kick. — Norw. kikk, a straining
carried on. %
Not from Jersey, which of a sinew ; kikla, to jerk. Cf. Kink.
is also used as the name of a material. Kickshaws, a dainty dish. (F. — L.)
Kersesrmere, a twilled cloth of fine sing. sb. A
the pi. is kickshawses (Shak.). ;
wool. (Cashmere.) A corruption of Cash- A curious corruption of F. quelque chose,

mere or Cassimere, by confusion with something, hence, a trifle, a delicacy. Spelt
kersey above. quelquechose by Dry den. — Y .quelque chose.
Kestrel, a base kind of hawk. (F. — L.) — L. qudl-is, of what sort, with suffix
For kesrel; the t is excrescent, as in -quam cattssa, a cause, a thing. ^Moisy ;
whils-t, &c. — M.Y.quercerelle, a kastrell gives Norman F. quiqtiechose.

;
'
Cotgrave F. crecerelle. Extended from

; Kid, a young goat. (Scand.) M. E. kid.
O. F. crecele, cercelle, M. F. qtiercelle, a — Iân. kid, Swed. kid, I eel. ki6, a kid.+
kestrel. Of imitative origin cf. O. F. G. kitzc. ;
cercelle, F. sarcelle, a teal, from L. quer- kidnap, to steal young children.

quedula, a kind of teal. (Scand.) Kid, in Tudor E. slang, means a
Ketch, a small yacht or hoy. (E.) child 7tap is our ;/a/^. — Dan. kid, a kid;
;
M. E. cache. Prob. from the verb to nappe, to nab see Nab. ;
catch ; see N. E. D. s. v. Catch.

; The %
Kiddle, a kind of weir formed of basket-
Du. kits, F. quaiche, a ketch, are borrowed work placed in a river to catch fish. (A.F.)
from E. ^
Distinct from caique, q. v. Anglo-F. kidel, pi. kideux O. F. ciiidel ;
7
=;
KIDNEY KIPPER
(Godefroy); later form quideatt, ' a wicker natural, in-born ; allied to Goth, -kunds,
;
engine whereby fish is caught Cotgrave. ' of such a nature. Allied to Kin.
Late L. kidellns Breton hide!.
; kindle (i), to bring forth young. (E.)
Sidney. (E.) M. E. kiden-ei, pi. M E. kindlen, ktmdlen from M. E. kindel,
. ;
kiden-eirew, confused with M. E. neris, kundely sb., a progeny; from the A.S.
kidneys (Icel. nyi-d). 1. Here /^z<3^ answers cynd, nature, or from the adj. cynde,
to A. S. *cyd-, perhaps related to A. S. natural.
codd, a bag, pod, husk, M. E. cod, belly. Kindle (2\ to inflame. (Scand.) M. E.
2. M. E. ei, pi. eii-en, answers to A. S. kindlen, ktmdlen, resembling Kindle (i)
ag, an tgg, pi. (7-g)-u. See Egg. 3. see Anc. Riwle. But it can hardly be
M. E. ncre is a Scand. word. — Icel. nyra, separated from Icel. kynda, to inflame,
Dan. ityre, Swed. njure, Du. nier, G. kindle, Swed. dial, kynda, kinda, a sense
niere, a kidney. which seems to have been suggested by
Kilderkin. (Du.) A corruption of M. Icel. kyndill, a torch. And Icel. kyndill
Du. kindeke?i, also kinneken, the eighth is a mere borrowing from A. S. candel ;
part of a vat. Apparently a little child,' from L. ca7tdcla, a candle. See Candle.
'
because the measure is a small one as Kindred. (E.) The former d is ex-
compared with a tun, vat, or barrel. crescent. M. E. kinrcde. — A. S. cyn, kin ;
But it has been ascertained to be a de- -rceden. signifying law, state, condition (so
rivative, with the same suffix -ken^ from also hat-red from hate). Rceden is allied
a Du. spell mg of O. F. quintal, a quintal to the adj. ready; cf. Goth, ga-raideins
'
or hundredweight.' See further under an ordinance.

Quintal. Kine, cows ; see Cow.
Kill, (E.) M. E. kilUn, more com- King, a chief ruler. (E.) A. S. cyning,
monly allien. The M. E. allien prob. a king lit. a man of good birth
;
'
(cf, ;
'
answers to an A. S. type "^cyllan, from A. S. cyne-, royal, IztLkonr, one of gentle

the weak grade c{w)ul- of cwel-an, to die. birth) — A. S. cyn, a tribe, kin, race
; with ;
Cf. E. Fries, kiillen, to vex, strike, beat, suffix -ing, as inALlfrcd yEpelwulJing
a parallel form O. H. ; G
chollen, by-form Êlfred the son of ^thelwulf. O. Sax, +
of quellan, to vex, kill, martyr. Thus knning,ixov(\knni, tribe; O. Fries, kining ;
kill is closely related to Quell, q. v. For Icel. komingr Swed. konung; Dan.
;
the loss of w, cf. dull, which is related to konge Du. koning G. kbnig, O. H. G.
; ;
dzvell. chtining (from O. H. G. chunni, a kin,

Xiln. (L.) A. S. cyln, also cylejt ;
race). Teut. type ^kuningoz, m.
merely borrowed from L. ailina, a kitchen kingdom. (E.) Late M. E. kingdotn ;
(hence, a drying-house) ; whence also W. not really a compoimd of king and suffix
cylyn, a kiln, a furnace. See Culinary. -dojn, but a substitution for early M. E.
Kilt. (Scand.) The sb. is derived from kinedo?n, A. S. cynedom, a kingdom. The
the verb kilt, to tuck up. — Dan. kilte, to A. S. cyne- signifies '
royal,' very common
truss, tuck up ; Swed. dial, kilta, to in composition, and is allied to A. S. cyji,
swaddle. Cf. Icel. kilting, a skirt. Per- a tribe.
haps related to Swed. dial, kilta, the lap, Kink, a twist in a rope. (Scand.) A
Icel. kjalta, lap. Northern word. —
Swed. kink, Norweg.
Kimbo ; see Akimbo. kink, a twist in a rope. (So also Du.
Kin, genus, race. (E.) M. E. kin, kun. kink.) Allied to Norweg. kika, kinka, to
A. S. cynn, orig. a tribe. Icel. kyn, kin+ ;
writhe, Icel. kikna, to sink at the knees
O. Sax. kiinni, O. H. G. chunni Goth. \ under a burden, Icel. keikr, bent back;
kuni, tribe. Teut. type *kunjom, neut. Norw. keika, to bend aside, to twist.
From the weak grade of Teut. root (Teut. base 'îzeik-, to bend.)
*ken-, Idg. gen-. Allied to G-enus. Kiosk, a small pavilion. (Turk. — Pers.)
(VGEN.) F. kiosque. — Turk, kushk, k'oshk (pro-
kind ( I
),sb., nature, sort.(E.) M. E. nounced with k as ki^, a kiosk. — Pers.
kund, kind. A. S. cy7id, ge-cynd, nature ;
kHshk, a palace, villa, portico.
whence the adj. belov\^. Der. kind-ly, Kipper, to cure salmon. (E.) This
natural. meaning is an accidental one, arising from
kind (2), adj., natural, loving. (E) a habit oi zxxxxwg kipper- salmoti, i. e. salmon
M. E. kunde, kinde. A. S. cynde, ge-cynde during the spawning season, which were
278
+
KIRK KNEE
cured because of inferior quality. A salmon, Imitative, like Knap. Cf.Du. ktiakkcn,
after spawning, was called a kipper (Pen- G. knacken, to crack. [The Gael, cnac,
nant). A.S. cypera, a kipper-salmon. Irish cnag, a crack, W. cnec, a snap, are
Kirk, a church. (Scand. — E. — Gk.) borrowed from E. crack.'] It meant (i) a
M. E. kh'ke. — Icel. kirhja borrowed from
;
snap, (2) a snap with the finger or nail,
A. vS. cilice^ ci)xe, a church. See Church. (3) a jester's trick, piece of dexterity, (4)
Kirtle, a sort of gown or petticoat. a ioke, trifle, toy, &c. Cf. Knock.
(L. with E. suffix>) M. E. kirtel. A. 8.
; Knacker, a dealer in old horses.
cyrtel, a tunic Icel. kyrtill, Dan. kiortel,
; (Scand.) It formerly mtant a saddler and
Swed. kjortel evidently dimin. forms. All
; harness-maker (Ray). — Icel. hnakkr, a
from L. curtiis, short, which appears also saddle.
in Du. kort, G. ktirz, short. See Curt. Knag, a knot in wood, peg. (E.) M. E.
Kiss, a salute with the lips. (E.) The knagge, a peg, a knot in wood. Not in
vowel i is due to the verb, which is formed O
A.S. Low .knagge .2i.V\x\^ of peg Swed. ;
from the sb. by vowel-change. M. E. coss, knagg, a knag, knot Dan. knag, a peg,
;
sb., a kiss; whence kisseii, verb. A. S. coss, cog. We find also Irish cnag, a knob,
sb. ; whence cyssan, verb.+Du. kiis, Icel. peg, cnaig, a knot in wood, Gael, cnag,
koss, Dan. kys, Swed. kyss, G. ktiss, a kiss. knob, pin, peg (all from E.).
Teut. type ^kussitz, sb. Cf. Goth, ktikjan, Knap, to snap. (Du.) Du. knappen, to
to kiss E. Fries, kiik, a kiss.
; snap, crack, crush, eat (whence knapper,
Kit (0' a milk-pail, tub; also, an outfit. hard gingerbread, a lie). Cf. Dan. kneppe,
(O. Low G.) M. E. kit. - M. Du. kitte, a to snap Swed. kndpp, a snap, knep, a
;
wooden bowl, a tub; Du. kit. Cf. trick. A

parallel word to knack., and of
Norweg. kitte, a corn-bin. imitative origin. Cf. Gael, cnap, to strike,
—
Kit (2\ a small violin. (F. L-Gk.) beat, thump, Irish cnapaiin^ I strike from ;
Shortened from Norman F. qtiitej-ne E. See Knop.

(Moisy) answering to O. F. gidterne
; knapsack. (Du) Du. knapzak, a
(Godelroy). From L. cithara.—Gk.Ki.6apa, knapsack, lit. a provision-bag. — Du. knap,
a kind of lyre. See Cithern. eating, knappen, to crush, eat zak, a sack ;
Kit (3), a brood, family, quantity. (E.) (a word of Hebrew origin) see Sack. ;
A variant of kith. The whole kit

' = the ' Knapweed, Knopweed, a weed
whole kith. See Kith. with a hard head or knop see Knop. ;
Kit-cat, Kit-kat, the name given to ; Knar

see Gnarled.
portraits of a particular size. (Personal Knave, a boy, servant, sly fellow. (E.)
name.) The size adopted by Sir G. Kneller M. E. knatie {knave), a boy, servant. A. S.
for painting members of the Kit-Kat club, cnafa, older form cnapa, a boy. -{- So also
which used to meet at a house kept by Du. knaap. a lad, servant Icel. knopi, ;
Christopher Kat (Haydn). Kit is for servant-boy G. knabe. a boy.

; It is
Christopher (Gk. Xpiaro-tpopos, lit. Christ- probable that the initial kn- represents
'
bearing'). the weak grade of Teut. *ken- (Idg. *gen-),

Kitchen. (L.) M. E. kichene. A. S. to produce cf. Knight. But the rest of ;
cycene, f. — L. coqulna, a kitchen. — L. the word remains unexplained.

coqtiere, to cook see Cook.
; Knead, to mould by pressure. (E.)
Kite, a bird, a toy for flying. (E.) M.E. M. E. kneden. A. S. cnedaji (pt. t. *cnt€d^
kite. A. S. cyta, a kite. pp. cneden], a strong verb, to knead.
Kith, kindred, acquaintance. (E.) M.E. Du. kneden. Icel. kno6a, Swed. knada, G.
^z^93»(2,kith. A. S. cy6, native land, relation- kneten\ (all from Teut. base*>^«<?d-). Allied
ship. —A.S. cati, known, pp. of kunnan, to Russ. gneiate, gnesti, to press, squeeze ;
to know. See Can ^1). from the corresponding Idg. root *gnei.
Kitten. (F.-L.^ U. Y.. kitoun, ivom Knee. E.) M. E. kne, pi. knees also :
;
an A. F. '''kitoun', cf. O. F. (Central F.) c?ieo, pi. cneon. A.S. cneo.-\'Y)v.. knie,
chitoun, a kitten (Gower). Variant of North Icel. kne, Dan. kncz, Swed. k7td, G. knie,
F. caton, O. F. chatton, a kitten. Cf. M. F. O. H
G. chniu. Goth, kniti. Teut. type
r/z^/^(?;«.'akitlingor youngcat;' Cot.; aug- *kne2vof}i, n. Cf. L. genu; Gk. ôvv\
mentative of F. chat, a cat. — Late h.catttim, Skt. jdnu. The Idg. related bases are
ace. of cattus, L. cdtus, a cat. See Cat. *genu- (as in L.), *gonu- (as in Gk ),
Knack, a snap, dexterity, trick. (E.) "^gneu- (whence Teut. *kneu-). Cf. Gk.
279
)
; ;: ;
KNEEL KNURR
yvv-TfTfiv, to fall on the knees. See knock ; Com. cnoucye, to knock. An
G-enuflection, Pentagon, &c. imitative word, from Teut. *ktiuk-, weak
kneel, to oa the knees. (E
fall grade of Knack.
M. E. cneolien, A. S. cneoivlian.-\-
kneleti ; Knoll (i), a hillock. (E.) M. E. knoL
Du. knielcn Low G. kne/en (Llibben)
:
;
A. S. cnol. ^'Dn. knol, a turnip, from its
D2in.kn(sle (formed from kn^p, knee). roundness, Dan. knold, a knoll, Swed.
Enell, Knoll, to sound as a bell. toll. knbl, a bump, G. hiollen, a knoll, clod,
(E.) î.)i.. kmUeft,k?ionen. K.'$i.cnyllan, lump. Cf. W. cnol, a knoll, hillock;
to knock, beat noisily. Cf. Du. knal/eji, to Swed. dial, knall, a knoll.
give a loud report, Dan. ktialde, to explode Knoll 2) see Knell.
I
;
Swed. knalla, to resound, G. knallen, to Knop, Knob, a bump, protuberance,

make a loud noise; IceX.gnel/a, to scream ;
boss. (E.) M. E. knop, a rose-bud.
M. H. G. kniillen, to beat. Perhaps of O. Fries, ersknop, the rump-bone. +Du.
imitative origin, to denote a loud noise and Dan. kitop, a knob, bud; Swed. ktiopp,
cf. Du. knal, Dan. knald, Swed. knall, a bud, knop, a knot, G. knopf, knob,
G. hiall^ a loud noise. From Teut. base button, knot. Apparently allied to M. E.
*knel- {*knal-, *kmii-). knap, a knob A. S. cn(Ep, a hill-top, :
KnickerbockerSjloose knee-breeches. Icel. knappr, a knob ; whence Gael, cnap,

(Du.) Named from Diedrich Knicker- a knob, button, boss, stud, hillock, also
bocker, the pretended author of W. Irving's a slight blow also the verb cnap, to ;
Hist, of New
York ; taken as the type of thump, beat (hence, to raise a bump) ; W.
a New York Dutchman. cnap, a knob Irish cnap, knob, bunch, ;
Xnick-knack, a trick, trifle, toy. (E.) hillock, cnapaim, I strike. See Knap.
A reduplication of knack, in the sense o^ Knot. (E.) M. E. knotte. A. S.
trifle, toy. Cf. Du. knikken., to snap, cnotta, a knot. Du. knot. Cf. also +
weakened form of knakken, to crack. O. H. G. chnodo, G. knoten, a knot (with a
See Knack. different dental sound). Also (with a long
Knife. (E.) M. E. km'/, pi kniues vowel) Icel. kniitr, a knot, Dan. knude,
(with u^v). A. S. cnYf, a knife. Du. + Swed. kmit. And (with orig. a) Icel.
knijf, Icel. knJfr, Dan. kniv, Swed. knif, knbttr (Teut. *knattuz), a ball.
prov. G. kneif; Low G. knTf, ktiTp, a knife knout, a scourge. (Russ. Scand.) —
(Liibben). (Cf. F. canif, from G.) Rus3. knnte, a whip, scourge. — Swed.
Possibly related to Nip and Nibble. kmit^ Icel. kniitr, a knot.
Knight, a youth, servant, man-at-arms. Know, to be assured of. (E.) M. E.
(E.) M. E. knight. A. S. cniht, O. Merc. knowen. A. S. cndwan (pt. t. cneow, pp.
cnekt, a boy, servant. Du. knecht, a + ^;/rt7w«). 4" Icel. knd, O. H.G. chndan.
servant Dan. kncgt, man-servant, knave
; Further allied to Russ. znate, to know
(at cards) Swed. knekt, soldier, knave (at
; L. noscere {iox gtiosce7'e) Gk. fi-'^vwaKdv ;
;
c.irds) ; G. kjiccJit. p. Perhaps cneht^ Vers.far-zdn, knowledge O. Irish gndth, ;
"^cn-eht, belonging to the kin or tribe known, accustomed, W.gna7ad,a. custom

; cf. ;
Gk. yv-Tiaios, legitimate, from '^kv-os, kin Skt. jnd, to know. All from a base *gno,
(whe:e yv- is the weak grade of 761'-) a secondary form of -^GEN, to know.
;
see Kin. The suffix -eht, -iht is adjectival knowledge. (E.) M. E. know lege,
ix-,\w ])orn-iht, thorny, {vovQ.J)orn, a thorn. htanleche \ from knozulechen, vb to ac- ,
Knit. (E.) A. S. cnyttan, to form into knowledge. Here -lecheti = A. S. -lacan

a knot, to knot formed (by vowel-change) (âs in M. E. nehlechen, A. S. neahliecan, to
;
from Teut. *kinit-, the base of cnotta, a approach). And -Icecan is from the A. S.
knot (Teut. type *kmct-ton-). Allied to -lac, the same word as A. S. lac, a game,
Icel. knyta, Dan. knytte, Swed. knyta, to sport, play. See "Wedloek.
knit; and to Icel. kniitr, Dan. knude, Knuckle, the projecting joint of the
Swed. knut, a knot. See Knot. fingers. (E.) M. F. knokil; O. Fries.
Knob, a form of knop M E. knobbe. knokele. -^- M. Du. knokel, Du. knenkel,
Cf. Low G. knobbe, Du. knobbe I, a knob. Dan. knokkel, G. knochel, a knuckle. A
See Knop. dimin. form the shorter form appears ;
Knock, to strike, rap. (E.) M. E. in M. Du. knoke, a bone, knuckle, G.

knocken. A. S. cmician ; Icel. knoka. Cf. knocken, a bone, Swed. knoge, a knuckle.
Irish cnagaim, I knock ; W. cnocio, to Knurr, Knur, a knot in wood,
2:
— ;
KORAN LACQUER
wooden ball. (O. Low G.) M. E. knor. Skt.) Pers. lak, gum-lac. whence crimson
Not in A. S. — M. Du. knorre, a hard lake obtained for ('yeing. — Skt. IdksJid,
is
swelling, knot in wood. 4- Dan. knort, lac; also laktaka, rakiaka, lac; railj, to
a knot G. knorren, a lump. Allied to
; dye. Der. gum-lac, shel-lac.
M. E. knarre, a knot. See Gnarled. Iiac (2), a hundred thousand. (Hind.—
Koran, sacred book of the Mohamme- Skt.) A
lac of rupees = 100,000 rupees.—
dans. (Arab.) Arab. qurd7i, reading aloud, Hindustani lak (also lakh), a lac. — Skt.
recitation; also, the Koran. — Arab, root laksha, a hundred thousand ; originally,
qa7-a-a, he read. (The a is long.) '
a mark.'
ale or ;anthe same word, with the Lace, a cord, tie. (F. — L.) M. E. las,
Arab. def. art. al (the) prefixed. laas.— O.Y. las, laqs (F. lacs^, a snare,
Kraal, an enclosure, a collection of huts, noose. — L. laqueus, a noose, snare, knot.
—
an African village. (Du. Port. — L.) Du. Allied to L. lacere, to allure ; cf. E. elicit,
kraal, an African village. — Port, ctirral, delight. See Lasso, Latchet.
an enclosure the same word as Span.
; Lacerate, to tear. (L.) From pp. of
cor7-al. See Corral. L. lacei'dre, to tear. — L. lacer, mangled,
Kythe, to make known. (E.) A. S. +
tom. Gk. XaKfpo^, torn Xanis, a rent. ;
cySan, to make known. — A. S. «7d, known, Lachrymal, Lacrimal, pertaining

pp. of cunnan, to know. See Can (t), to tears. (L.) The spelling lachrymal is
and Uncouth. bad. — L. lacryma, better lacruma, lacrima,
a tear O. L. dacrima, a tear. Cognate
;
with Gk. hcLKpv, a tear, and E. tear; see

Tear (i). Der. (from L.lacrima) lachry-
mose, tearful lachrymatoiy a tear-bottle.
; ,
Lack (i), want. (E.) The old sense is

Ijabel, a small slip of paper, &c. (F.) often failure
'
or fault.' M. E. lak, lac.
' *
M. E. label. - O. F. label, lambel, a label Not in A. S., but cf. O. Fries, lek, damage,
(in heraldry), a shred; mod. F. lambeaii. harm, lakia, to attack. Du. lak, blemish, +
Of uncertain origin cf. O. Lat. lamberdTC,
; stain, taken, to blame ; Low G. lak, defect,
to tear in pieces (Ascoli). blame ; Icel. lakr, defective, lacking.
Iiabial. (L.) Late L. labialis, pertain- lack (2), to be destitute of. (E.) M. E.
ing to the lips. — L. labium, the lip. See lakkcn ; weak verb ; from lak, sb. See
Lip. above.
labellum, a pendulous petal. (L.) Lacker; see Lacquer.
L. labellum, dimin. oi labium, a lip. Lackey, Lacquey, a footman, menial
labiate. (L.) A
botanical term. — L. attendant. (F. — Span. ? — Arab.?) From
labi-um, a lip with suffix -ate (L. -dtus).
; M. F. laquay, a lackey, footboy '
Cot. ;
'
Iiaboratory. (L.) Formerly elaboia- (F. laquais). There was also an O. F.

tojy (Blount). — M. F. elaborafoire {Co\..), form alacay Littre shews that, in the
;
Formed from L. elabordtus, pp. of elabo- I5lh cent., a certain class of soldiers (esp.
rdre, to elaborate, work out. — L. e, out crossbow-men), were called alagues, ala-
labordre, to v/ork, from labor, labour. cays, or lacays. (The prefix a- is prob.
laborious. (F.-L.) M. E. labo- due to Arab, al, the def. article.) Prob.
rious. — F. lahoj'ieux. — L. laboriosus, toil- from Span, lacayo, Port, lacaio, a lackey ;
some. — L. labor-, for labor, labour; with Port, lacaia, a woman-servnnt in dramatic
suffix -osus. performances. — Arab, luka' worthless, ,
labour, toil. (F. — L.) IsLY.. labotcr. servile as a sb., a slave lak'd, fem., mean,
; ;
— O. F. labour (later labeur). —

L. labore?)i, servile. Cf. lakd' laki servile, lakdi, , ,
ace. oi labor, labos, toil. slovenly. %

This is a guess it is much ;
Iiaburnum, a tree. (L.) lu. laburnum, disputed Diez connects it with Ital.
;
in Pliny, xvi. i8. leccare, G. lecken, to lick.

Labyrinth, (F. _L.
a maze. Gk. — — Laconic, pithy. (L. — Gk.)
brief and
Egypt.) F. labyritithe."!^. labyrinthus. L. Laconicus, Laconian. — Gk. Aa/i-ojj'i/foj,
— Gk. XafivpivOos, a maze, a place full of Laconian. — Gk. Aa/cai', a Laconian, Spar-
lanes or alleys. Of Egyptian origin tan. These men were celebrated for their
(Maspero). brief and pithy locution.
Iiac (i), a resinous substance. (Pers. Lacquer, Lacker, a sort of varnish.
;
LACTEAL LAMMAS
(F. - Port. - Pers. - Skt.) M. F. lacre also, to be driven (Vigf.). Cf. also O.F.
(Cot.). —Port, lacre, sealing-wax. —Port. alagane (Godefroy).
laca, gum-lac — Pers. lak, gum-lac; see Lagoon. (Ital.-L.) Ital. lagone, a
Lac (i). pool also lagtina.
; [Or from Span.
Iiacteal, relating to milk. (L.) From laguna.'] The former is an augmentative
L. lacte-us, milky. —
L. lad-, stem of lac, of L. laczis; the latter is from L. lacuna,
milk. +
Gk. 'yaXaKr-, stem of yaXa, milk. extended from lacus. See Lake (i).
Allied to letttue. Laic. (L. — Gk.) L. laicus, belonging
Lad, a youth. (E.) 'yi.Y.. ladde. Prob. to the laity. — Gk. KaiKos (the same). See
the sense was one led,' i. e. a follower,
'
Lay _(3).
dependant. From M. E. lad, led, pp. of Lair, den or retreat of a wild beast.
leden, to lead. See Lead (i\ (H. Brad- (E.) M. E. leir. A. S. leger, a lair,
ley, in AihencEum, June i, 1894.) couch, bed. — A.S. stem '^leg-, as in A. S.
Iiadaniun ; see Laudanum. leg', base of licgan, to lie down, rest.
Ladder. (E.) M. E. laddre. A. S. See Lie (i).'4-Du. leger, a bed, lair, from
hlieder, hl^cdder, a ladder, -f- Iîi^ ladder, liggen G. lager, O. H. G. legar, a couch,
;
ladder, rails of a cart O. H. G. hlcitra, ; from O.H.G. liggan, to lie; Goth, ligrs,
G. leiter, a ladder. Cognate with Gk. a couch. Doublet, leaguer.
K\T-fia^, a ladder; see Climax. Named Laity, the lay people. (F. —
L. — Gk.
from sloping see Lean (i). (-^KLEI.)
;
7uith P . suffix.) A
coined word ; from
Lade (i), to load. (E.) Formerly a lay, adj. ; cf. gaie-ty from gay, &c. See
strong verb we still use the pp. laden.
; Lay (3).
M. E. laden. A.S. hladan (pt. t. hlod^ Lake a pool. (L.)
(i), A. F. /a^. -L.
pp. kladen), meaning (i) to load, heap lacus, a lake, -f- Gk. Xclkko's, a hollow,
up, heap together, (2) to draw out water, hole, pit, pond O. Irish loch, A. S. laû.
;
lade out, drain. +Du. laden, Icel. klada, Lake —

i^), ^ crimson colour. (F, Pers.
Dan. lade, Swed. ladda, Goth, -hlathan - Skt.) F. /aque (Cot.). - Pers. Idk, lake.
(in afhlaihan^, G. laden, to lade. Teut. — Pers. la/c, gum-lac see Lac (i). ;
base ^hladinoV *hlath), to lade (Kluge). Lakh; the same as Lac (2).
Allied to Russ. klade, a lading. Lama (i)> a high priest. (Thibetan.)
lade (2), to draw out water, drain. We speak of the grand lai7ia of Thibet,
(E.) The same word as Lade (i). i. e. chief or high priest (Webster).
ladle, a large spoon. (E.) M. E. Lama (2) ; see Llama.
ladel; A. S. hlcedel', so named from being Lamb. (E.) M. E. lamb, lo7fib. A. S.
used for dipping out or lading water from lamb, lambrtL-^jyu. lam, Icel. lamby
pi.
a vessel ; Irom M. E. laden, A. S. hladan, Dan. lam, Swed. and G. lamm, Goth.
to lade out see above.
; lamb^ a young sheep. Teut. type *lamboz,
Lady. (E.) Perhaps * loaf-kneader.' neut.
A. S. hliefdige, a lady. — A. S. hlaf, a loaf; Lambent, flickering. (L.) A lambent *
and (perhaps) A. S. '^dige, a kneader, from — L. lambent-, stem of pres. pt. of

flame.'
the root seen in (ô'Ca..deigan,X.o knead ; see lambere, to lick, sometimes applied to
Dike, and see Dairy. ^ Lady was spe- flames. Allied to Lap (i).
cially used to mean the Virgin Mary; Lame, disabled, esp. in the legs. (E.)
hence lady -bird, lady s-slipper, &c. M.E. laine. A. S. lama. -^Di\. lam, Icel.
Lag, late, sluggish. (C.) W. Hag, lamt, Dan. /am, Swed. lam, G. lahm.
slack, loose, Corn, lac, louse,
sluggish; The orig. sense is bruised, maimed from ;
remiss; Gael, and Ir. lag, weak, feeble, a base '^la?n-, to break. Cf. Russ. lomate,
faint; O. Irish lac, weak.-f-L. laxiis, lax ;
to break Icel. lama, to bruise
; prov. E. ;
see Lax, Languid, Slack. lam, to bruise.

Lagan, goods cast out in a shipwreck. Lament, vb. (F. — L.) Y.lamenter.—
(F.) Alaw-term usually explained so
; Y.. lament dr I, to wail. — L. Idmentum, a
as to force a false connexion with L. mournful cry ; from the base Id-, to utter
ligdre, to tie. — O. F. lagan, lagand. a cry ; cf Id-trdre, to bark. Cf. also
wreckage cast ashore (Godefroy). Low Russ. laiate, to bark, scold.
L. lagamim. Origin unknown. Perhaps Lamina. (L.) L. lamina, a thin plate
from O. Iccl. laginn, positus,' old pp. ' of metal. Cf. Omelette.
pass, of leggja, to lay, place (Egilsson , Lammas, a name for Aug. i. (E.)
. — ;
LAMP LANTERN
;
A. hlnf-mcBSse, lit. ' loaf-mass
S. ' later landau, a kind of coach. (G.) Said
spellings hlavivicBSse, lamviasse. loaf A to be named from Landau, a town in
was on this day offered as a first-fruits of Bavaria. Land is cognate with E. land;
harvest. See Mass (2). G. ati is allied to i- in M. E. i-land; see
lamp. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.lampe.- Island.
L. lampas. '^Gk. Xa/inds, a torch, light.— landgrave, a count of a province.
Gk. Xd/j-neiv. to shine. Cf. Lantern. (Du.) Du. landg7'aaf.^W\. land, land;
lampoon. (F. — Teut.) F. lampon, graaf, a count. Der. landgrav-ine, from
orig. a drinking-song; from the exclama- Du. landgravin, fem. of landgraaf; see
tion lampons ! let us drink (Littre). — F. Margrave.
iatnper, nasalised form of O. F. lapper, to landrail, a bird Eail (3). ; see
lap up; of Teut. origin, — M. Du. lappen, landscape. Formerly land-
(Du.)
'
to lap or licke like a dogge;' Hexham. skip ; borrowed from Dutch painters. —
See Lap (i). Du. landschap, a landscape, a province. —
lamprey, an eel-like fish. (F. — L.) Du. land, land and -schap, a suffix cor-
;
A. F. lampreie, O. F. lamproie (Ital. responding to E. -ship in friend-ship,

lampi-eda). — Late L. lampreda once ; allied to the E. verb shape. % The Du.
spelt lavipetra, as if 'licker of rocks,' be- sch sounds to us more like sk than sh ;
cause the fish cleaves to them, from L. hence our spelling with sc.
lavibere, to lick,/^/r«, a rock; but this is lane.
E. lane, lone. A. S.
(E.) M.
doubtful. Cf. Limpet. lane, lojie, a lane O. P>its. lana, lona.-\' ;
lance. (F. — L.) ¥. lance. '-l.. lancea. Du. laan, a lane, narrow passage.
+ Gk. A07XT7, a lance. Der. lance, vb., language. (F.-L.) U.^Y.. langage.
to pierce lanc-er.
; — M. F. language (Cot.), now langage. — F.
lancegay, a kind of spear. (F. — L. langtie, the tongue. — L. lingua, tongue.
;
aw^/ F. — Span. — Moorish.) Obsolete. A See Lingual.

corruption of lance-zagaye, compounded of languish. (F. — L.) 'M.Y.. languishen.
lance (as above), and F. zagaye, a kind of — F. langiiiss-, stem of pres. part, of lan-
Moorish pike. The latter word answers guir, to languish. — L. languere, to be
to Span, azagaya { = al zagaya). where al weak. Allied to Gk. Xayapos, slack
is the Arab, def article, and zagaya is an Icel. lakra, to lag jmd to Lag. See ;
O. Span, word for dart,' of Moorish Brugm. ii. § 632. (-/SLEG.)

'
origin. So Port, azagaia, whence E. languid. (L.) L. languidus, feeble.

assegai. — L. languere, to be languid or weak.
lanceolate, lance-shaped. (L.) L. languor, dullness. (F. — L. ) M. E.
lanceoldtus, furnished with a spike. — L. languor. — F. langueur. — L. languorem,
lanceola. a spike dimin. of lancea (above)
; ace. oi languor. ^\^. languere (above).
lancet. (F. — L.) M. E. latmcet.^ laniard ; see Lanyard.
F. lanceile, dimin. of lance, a lance laniferoUS, wool-bearing. (L.) From
(above). E. lana, wool ferre, to bear. L. Idna is
;
lanch, another spelling of lance, vb., allied to "Wool.

to pierce; also oi launch (below). lank, slender, thin. (E.) M. E. lank.
launch, lanch, to hurl a spear, send A. S. hlanc, slender.
(a ship) into the water. (F. — L.) M. PI lanner, lanneret, a kind of falcon.
launchen, launcen, to hurl. — O.Y.lanchier, (F. — L.) Y.lanier,^z. lanner;' Cotg.
lander, Picard lancher, F. lancer, to hurl, L. lanidrius, a butcher, one that tears and
fling, dart, also to prick, pierce. — E. rends. —L. lanidre, to rend. (So Diez.)
lancedre, to wield a lance. — L. lancea, a Der. Hence perhaps lanyard.
lance. lansquenet, a German foot-soldier,
land. (E.) M. A. S.
E. land, lond. a game at cards. — G.)
F. lamquenet,
(F.
la}id.-\-V>\\. Icel. Dan. Swed. Goth. G. '
a lance-knight [a mistaken form] or
land. Teut. type *lando/n, neut. Allied German footman Cot. — G. landsknecht,
;
'
to Celtic type *landd, fem., whence Ir. a foot-soldier. —

G. lands, for landes. gen. of
Ia7t7i, land, W. llan, a yard, churchyard, land, country; knecht, a soldier ( E. knight).
Corn. Ian, Bret, lann (whence F. lande, a Thus lansquenet = land' s-knight orig. a ;
plain). See Lawn. Der. tip-land, out- soldier from Germany.

land- ish. lantern. ¥. - L. - Gk.) M. E. lan-
283
;
' ;
LANYARD LASH
terne.— F. lanterne. — L. lanterna, laterna, form resembles Swed. ladda, to lade see ;
a lantern (not a true L. wordj. Lantenia Lade (i). (The word still remains un-
<,*lamterna<,*lampterna, borrowed from explained.)
Gk. XanTTTTjp, a light, torch. — Gk. Aa/uTreti/, Larceny, robbery. (F.-L.) The -J/
to shine. Sometimes spelt lanthom, is an E. addition. — O. F. larrecin (F.
^
because horn was used for the sides of larcui), larceny. — L. latrocinium, robbery;
lanterns. formed with sufiix -cinium (as in tiro-
Lanyard, Laniard, a certain small ciniiiDi) from latro, a robber. Allied to
rope in a ship. (F. — L.) Formerly spelt Gk. \drpiSj a hireling, used in a bad
Imtnier, Ai.E. lainere; the final d being sense and to Xnrpov, hire. ;
excrescent, or due ioyard. — M. F. laniere, Larch, a tree. (G.-F.) From G.

*
a long and narrow band or thong of Idrche, a larch (N. E. D.). Cf. O. F. larice
(Godefroy). — L. laricevi, ace. of larix, a
;
leather also lanieres, pi. hawks' lunes
;
' '
Cot. Perhaps from F. lanier, a kind of larch. For *darix, and allied to E. tree.
hawk. See Lanner. Lard/ (F. — L.) O. F. lard. — L. lardum,
Lap (i), to lick up with the tongue. also Idrida, lard, fat of bacon. Cf. Gk.
(E.) M. E. lappen. A. S. lapian, to lap. \dp6s, nice, Kdpivoi, fat. Der. lard-er,
+ M. Du. lappen (Hexham) Icel. lepj'a, from O. F. lardier, a tub to keep bacon in
;
Dan. labe; O. H. G. laffan^ to lap up.+ (Cot.\ hence a room in which to keep
L. latnbere, to lap with the tongue. bacon and meat. Also inter-lard.
(VLAB Brug. ii. § 632.) Allied to Large. (F.-L.) Y. large. ~\.. larga^
;
lambent. fem. of largus, great. Cf. O. F. larc, m.

Lap (2\ the loose part of a coat, an largess, a liberal gift. (F.-L.) F.
apron, part of the body covered by an largesse, bounty. — Late L. *largitia, not
apron, a fold. (E.) M. E. lappe. A. S. found, for L. largJtio, a bestowing. — L.
lappa, a loosely hanging portion. +
Du. largltus, pp. of largiri, to bestow. — L.
lap, Dan. lap, Swed. lapp, G. lappen, a largus., large, liberal.
patch, shred, rag. Cf. Icel. lapa, to hang Lark (i), a bird, (E.) Another form
down ; Lith. Idpas, a patch, rag. ^ Hence is lavrock (Burns). M. E. larke, also
lap-el, a flap of a coat, dimin. of E. lap ;
laverock. — A. S. Idiverce, later Idnerce,
lapp-et^ also dimin. of E. lap also the ; Idferce. + Icel. Icevirki, a lark Low G. ;
verb to lap over. Cf. Limp (i). lezverke, O. H. G. lerehha, G. lerche, Du.
Lap (3), to wrap. (E.) M. E. lappen, leeuwrik, E. Fries, leverke, Swed. Idrka,
also wlappen, another form of larappett Dan. larke. A
compound word, of un-
see "Wrap. Quite distinct from lap (2). known origin.
Lapidary, one who sets precious Lark (2), a game, fun. (E.) The same
stones. (L.) Englished from L. lapidd- word as the above ; from the cheerful note
rius, a stonemason. — L. lapid-, stem of of the bird. The fuller form lavrock
lapis, a stone. Allied to Gk. Ktiras, a (whence larrick) produced the form lar-
bare rock, AfTr/?, a flake, X4n€iv, to peel rikin'' for larking, now used as a slang
(Prellwitz). See Leper. adj., in the sense of rollicking or rowdy.
Lapse, vb. (L.) From L. lapsdre, to See N. and Q. 7 S. vii. 345.
slip, frequent, oi Idbi (pp. lapsus^, to glide, Larum short for Alarum.
;
slip, trip. Der. col-, e-, il-, re-lapse. Larva. (E.) L. lama, a ghost, a
Lapwing, a bird. (E.) M. E. lappe- mask ; used as a scientific name for a cater-
winke. A. S. hleapeivince , as if * one who pillar or grub.
turns about in running from A.S. hleap- ' ; Larynx, L. — Gk.) L. larynx. — Gk.
l
an, to run ^wince, one who turns

; see ; Xapvy^ (gen. Xdpvyy-os), throat, gullet,
"Winch. ^
But the older form is laepae- larynx. Der. laryng-itis.
uinccB (O. E. T., p. 504); the sense of Lascar, a native E. Indian soldier.
which is unknown. (Pers.) Pers. lashkari, a soldier from ;
Larboard. (E. ?) Cotgrave has : lashkar, an army.

'
Baboi't, the larboard side of a ship.' Lascivious. (L.) Corruptly formed
Hakluyt (Voyages, i. 4) has the spelling from L. lascmus, lustful. Cf. Skt. lash^
leereboord where here answers to prov. E.
; to desire.
leer, empty. But the M. E. form is Lash (i), a thong, stripe. (F. — L.)
laddebord, of uncertain meaning. This M. E. lasshe, the flexible part of a whip
284
+;
LASH LATHER
cf. O. F. lace, a snare, a noose ; O. F. and G. last, a burden. See Lade. ^ A. S.
lache, a lace (Godefroy). Folk \.*lacium, — h!a:st is for "^hlad-sto- (> '^hlasto-') ; from
for L. laqueiim, ace. of laqueus, a snare ;
hlad-, with suffix -sto-. Cf. Icel. hlass
see Lace. The
relationship of this to Du. (< *hlad-to-), a cart-load.
lasschen, to join, to scarf together, is very Latch a catch, fastening.
(i), (E.)
obscure. Lash in the sense of thong is M. E. a latch, from lacchen, to
lace he,
from use in lashing or binding thini^s
its catch. — A. S. laccan, to seize, catch hold
together. The verb lash, to scourge, is to of
use a lash. See below. Latch. (2\ vb., to moisten. (E.) In
Ijasll (2), to bind firmly together. (F. — Shak. M. N. D. iii. 2. 36. Cf. M. Du.
L.) O. F. lachier, variant oilacer, to lace. laken, to flow (Oudemans) Swed. laka, ;
We also find the (perhaps unrelated) Du. to distil, fall by drops, laka pa, to pour
lasschen, to join, scarf together lasch, a ; on to from laJi, 2nd grade of Icel. leka,
;
piece, joint, seam. So also Swed./<rzj-^^,Dan. to drip see Leak.

; Also prov. E. letch^
laske, to scarf; Svved. Dan. lask, a scarf, a vessel for making lye ; A. S. leccan^
joint. The verb is from the sb. see above, ; to moisten ; Low
G. lake, brine.
!LaSS, a girl. (Scand. ?) M. E. lassc. Latchet, a little lace, thong. (F. — L.)
lasce (Matzner). Cf. Icel. loskr, weak M.E. lachet.-'O.Y. lachet, Norman and
M. Swed. losk, a person having no fixed Picard form of O. F. lacet, a lace ; dimin.
abode. Vigfusson cites O. Svved. loska of O. F. lags, F. lacs see Lace. ;
kona, a spinster. (H. Bradley; in Ath. Late. (E.) M.E. lat; comp. later,
June 16, 1894.) Bavarian lasch, a
Cf. latter, superl. latest, latst (Ormulum,
woman (a term of contempt) Schmeller. ; 4168), last. A.S. IcEt, slow, late. + Du.
Lassitude, weariness. (F.-L.) F. laat, Icel. latr,Dan. lad, Swed. lat ;
lassitude. — L. lassitudo, weariness. — L. Goth, weary. Allied

lats, slothful, Ci. lass,
lassus, wearied for *lad-tus, and allied
; to L. lassus (for *lad-tiis), weary. From
to E. Late. the weak grade of the verb to let, i. e. let
Ijasso, a rope with a noose. (Span.— go late orig. meant slothful, slow. See
;
L.) From Mexican Span, laso', O. Span. Let (i). Brugm. i. § 197.
laso, Minsheu. — L. laqueus (Folk L. latter, another form of later (above).
laceus), a noose, snare, knot. See Lace. last (i), latest; contracted form of
9\ The mod. Span. has lazo (with z sounded latest.
as E. voiceless th). Lateen ; see Latin.
Iiast (i), latest; see Late. Latent, hidden. (L.) L. latent-, stem
3jast (2), a wooden mould of the foot of pres. pt. of latere, to lie hid.
for a shoemaker. (E.) M. E. last, lest. Lateral. (L.) L. lateralis, belonging
A. S. last, a foot-track, path, trace
Icest, to the side. — L. later-, for *lates-, stem of
of feet (whence the mod. sense follows). lattcs. side.
Du. leest, a last, form Icel. leistr, the ; Lath. (E.) North E. lat. M. E. latte,
foot below the ankle; Swed. last, Dan. A. S. latt, a lath; pi. Icrt ta. -\-I)u. lat;
IcBst, G. leisten, a shoemaker's last Goth. ; G. latte (whence F. latte allied to G. ;
laists, a foot-track. The Teut. base laden, a board, plank, shutter. The mod.
appears in Goth, laist-, with orig. sense form lath seems to have been influenced
*
foot-track from lais-, 2nd grade of
'
; by W. Hath, a rod, staff, Ir. s/at, a rod ;
Teut. *leisan- cf. Goth, lais, I know
; which is cognate.
(find or trace out). Cf. L. lira, a track ; Lathe (i)> ^ machine for turning wood,
see Delirious. Akin to Learn. &c. (Scand.) Cf. Dan. dreie-lad, a turning-
last (3), to endure. (E.) M. E. lasfen, lathe vcBver-lad, a loom, lit. a weaving-
;
lesten ;A. S. llstan, to observe, perform, lathe.

last; orig. to follow in the track of;'
*
Lathe (2\ a division of a county. (E.)
from last, a foot-track (above). •\- Goth. A.S. li£6, M. E. leQ, a lathe, province;
laistjan, to follow after G. leistcti, to ; Thorpe, Ancient Laws, i. 184, 455. Per-
follow out. Cf. Goth, laists, G. leisten, sb. haps allied to Icel. laQ, land.
Ijast (4)5 a- load, large weight, ship's Lather. (E.^ M.E. lather. A.S.
cargo. (E.) M.E. last. A. S. hlc^st, a leador, lather whence lySran, to anoint.
;
burden. Formed from A. hladan, to

S. !
-f- Icel. lauSr, froth, foam, soap Swed. ;
lade, load.+Dan. last, cargo; Swed. Du. .

I
loder, lather. For the form, cf. Gk.
^85
, ;
LATIN LAW
\ovTp6v, a bath. Allied to Lye and L.) Formed by adding F. suffix -ess to
Lave. M. E. launder or lavander, a washer-
Latin. (F.-L.) Y. Latin. ^\.. Latl- woman,— O. F. lavandiere, 'a launderesse
mis, belonging to Latium. Der, /atim-er, or washing-woman ;' Cot. — Late L. lauan-
an interpreter for Latiner. ; ddria,- deria, (same). — L. lauand-, gerun-
lateen, triangular, applied to sails. dial stem of laudre, to wash. See Lave.
(F. — L.) F. latine, as in voile latine, a Der. laundr-y = la under-y.
lateen sail latine is the fern, of Latin,
; Laurel. (F. — L.^ M.E. lorel, wrer,
Latin (i. e. Roman). laurer. — O. F. lorier (F. laurier), a laurel-
Latitude, breadth. ^F.-L.) ME. tree. —O.F. lor (the same); with suffix
latitude. — F. latitude. — L. Idtitudo (stem -ier (L. -dritis\ — L. laurwn, ace. of
Idtitudiji-), breadth. — L. Idtus, broad ; laurus, a laurel -tree.
short for O. L. st Idtus. Brugm. i. § 529. laureate. (L.) L. lauredti^s, crowned
Latten, a mixed metal, like pinch- with laurel.- L. lazirea, a laurel; orig.
beck. (F.) M. E. latoun. — O.Y laton . fern, of laui-eus, adj. from laurus (above).
(F. laiton), latten. Origin unknown. Cf. Lava. (Ital. — L.) Ital. /az/(a!, a stream
Low L. lato, laionus Span, laton Port. ; ; ',esp. of molten rock). — L. /aw«r^, to wash,
latdo Ital. ottone, latten.
; lave. See Lave.
Latter; see Late. Lave, to wash. (F. — L.) Y.laver.^
Lattice. (F. G.) — Formerly Xovnv, to wash. Der.
lattis. L. laudre. + Gk.
M. E. latis. — V. lattis, lath-work, lattice- lav-er, M.F. lavoir, a washing-pool (Cot.);
work.— F. latte, a lath. — G. laite, a lath lav-at-or-y, F. lavatoire, L. laudtorium, ;
see Lath. neut. of laudtorius, adj., belonging to a

Laud, to praise. (L.) yi.Y.. lauden." washer. And cf. Lather.
L. lauddre, to praise. — L. laud-, stem of Laveer, to tack. (Du. — F. — Du.)
laus, praise. In Dryden. — Du. laveeren; M.Du. laveren,
Laudanum. (L. — Gk. — Pers.' Now loeveren, to saile up and downe,' Hex- '
a preparation of opium, but formerly ap- ham. —M. F. lower (Littre) F. louvoyer. ;
plied to a different drug. Thus Minsheu's — F. lof, luff, weather-side. — Du. loef.
Span. Diet. (1623) has: Laiuiano, the See Luff. '
gum labdanum vsed in pomanders.' Lavender, a plant. (F.-Late L.)

'
Laudanufu, Ladanum, Labdanum. a M.E. lavendre. A. F lavendre Voc. 557. . ;
sweet-smelling transparent gum gathered 9. — Late L. lavendula. id. also lavandula^ ;
from the leaves of Cistus Ledon, a shrub, livendula see N. E. D. The form liven' ;
of which they make pomander, it smells dula points to L. Ituere, to be livid from ;
like wine mingled with spices Blount, its blueish colour. See Livid.
;
'
1674. (Laudanum has a like strong Lavish, profuse, prodigal. (E.) For-
smoW.) — 'L. Iddanurn, ledatizim resin from merly spelt lavish, laves
, also lavy. ;
the shrub lada (Pliny). — Gk. Xrjhavov, Formed with suffix -ish (A. S. -isc) from
KaZavov (same). — Gk. Xfjdov, a certain the obsolete verb lave, to pour out, lade
shrub. — Pers. ladan, the gum-herb lada out water; M.E. latten. to bale out
(Richardson). water, whence the metaphorical use of
Laugh. (E.) M. E. laughen, lehghen. lauen, to give bountifully. He lauez '
O. Merc, hkehhan, A.S. hlihan fpt. t. hloh) hys gyftez = God lavishes His gifts
'
to laugh. +T>u. lagchen, Icel. hlcBJa, Dan. AUit. Poems, A. 607. It answers to
lee, Swed. le, G. lac hen, Goth, hlahjan A. S. lafian, to lave, wash, pour. Cf.
(pt. t. hloh). (Base */^/a/i-Idg. *klak- Du. laven, G. laben, to refresh. The ^
cf. Lith. kleg-'eti, to laugh, Gk. Kkduaaeiv. Teut. verb was perhaps early borrowed
to cluck.) Of imitative origin. Der. from L. laudre see Lave. ; Cf. Norman
laughter, A. S. hleahtor. dial, laver, to spend lavishly. Der.
Launch (i) ; see Lanch. lavish, vb.
Launch (2), a large ship's boat. Law, a rule of action, edict. (Scand.)
(Span.) Span, lancha, the pinnace of M. E. lawc. '
A. S. lagu (not common ;
a ship Pineda (i 740). Port, lancha, the the usual A. S. word is ce)
;
' ; borrowed from
same. Cf. Port, lanchara. a kind of ship Scand. Cf. O. Sax. lag, ;
law. — Icel. log,
perhaps of Malay origin (Yule). pi., but in sing, sense, a law, from lag,
Laundress, a washerwoman. (F. - a stratum, order; Swed. lag; Dan. lov.
2S6
. ;
;
LAWN LEAGUE
From Teur. lag, 2nd stem of *ligjan, to Lay (4), as in Lay-figure. (Du.)
lie see
; Lie (i). The sense is ' that which The old word was lay -man (Richardson).
lies,' or is fixed (cf. Gk. KfTrai vofios, the Lit. 'joint-man,' i.e. man made with
law is fixed, from KeT/xai, I lie). Der. joints. — Du. lee/nan, a lay-man. Here
law-y-er saw-y-er).
(cf. See Lie (i). Ice- is for lede-, in compounds (Sewel)
âwu (1), a space of grass-covered and Du. leden is the pi. of lid, a joint,
ground, a glade. (F. — C.) M.E.lazi7td cognate with A. S. lid, Goth, lithus, G.
(the d has been dropped). — O.F. landc, s^-lied, a joint. Prob. allied to Limb
*
a land or laund, a wild, untilled, shrubby, '(Kluge).
;
or grassy plain ' Cot. Cf. Ital. and Span. Layer ; see Lay (i).
landa, a heath, p. Of disputed origin; Lazar, a leper. (F. L. — Gk. Heb.) — —
referred by Littre to G. land ( = E. land), M. £. lazar. wmY. lazare.'^'L,. Lazarus.-'
open country; but by Diez (righlly) Gk. Aaâpof, the name of the beggar in
to Bret, lann, a bushy shrub, of which Luke, xvi. 20 contracted from Heb. ;
the pi. lannou, like F. landes, means name .fi/efls^;'."- Heb. El' dzdr, he whom
* waste lamJs.' It comes to the same God helps. Der. lazar-etto, a plague-
thing for E. and G. land are cognate hospital, Ital. lazzaretto.
;
with Irish lajin, a piece of land. Cf. W

Lazy. (LowG.) Za^^z^ (^Spenser).—
llan^ Gael, lann, an enclosure, piece of Low G. lasich, variant of losich, languid,
land. See Land. idle (Liibben) Idosig, lazy (Danneil ; ;
!Lawn (2), fine linen. (F. place-name.) Pomeran. Idsig, cf. laassam, lazy (Bremen)
Palsgrave has Laune lynen, prob. for Lan Du. leuzig. lazy. Allied to Loose.
lyneit, where Lan is the i6th cent, spell- Lea, Lay, Ley, a meadow. E.)
ing of Laon, to the N. W. of Rheims. M.E. lay, ley, untilled land. A. S. Icah,
Lawn was also called * cloth of Remes,' lea (gen. leage), a lea cf. Llced-leah, i. e. ;
i. e. Rheims see Baret's Alvearie.

; Hadleigh. Cognate wuth prov. G. loh, a
Lax, slack. (L.) L. laxtis, slack, morass, low plain. Low G. loge, Flem. loo
loose. Allied to Slack. Brugm. i. § 193. as in Watcr-loo\ also with Lithuan. lan-
laxative, loosening, (F. — L.) Y.lax- has, an open field, L. Incus, a glade, open
atif. — L. laxatiuus, loosening. — L. laxa- space in a wood. Orig. ' a clearing.'
tus, pp. of laxdre, to loosen. — L. laxus, Allied to Lucid. Brugm. i. § 221.
lax. (i), to Lead
conduct. (E.) M. E.
Iiay (i), to cause to lie down, set. (E.) leden, pt. t. ladde, pp. lad." K.^. Lldan,
M. E. leien, leggen, pt. t. leide, pp. kid. to lead. Icel. leida Swed. leda + G. ; ;
A. S. lecgan, pt. t. legde, pp. gelegd; leiten Du. leiden. Teut. type '^laidjan- ; ;
causal of licgan, to lie. 4- Iû. leggen, I eel. from '^laith (by Verner's Law), 2nd grade
leggja, Dan. Icegge, Swed. Idgga, G. legen, of *leithan- (A. S. lldan'^, to travel. See
Goth, laojan. Teut. type ^lag-Jan-, causal Lode.
verb from ^lag, 2nd grade of '-'-ligjan-, to
; (2\ a metal. (E.) Lead
M.E. leed.
lie; see Lie (i). For the modern forms, A. S. lead.-^T)\x. load, Swed. lod, Dan. lod,
see Sweet, E. Gr. § 1293. G. loth, J\I. H. G. lot. Teut. type ""laudom,
layer, a stratum, tier, bed. (E.) neut. Cf. O. Irish luaidhe, lead.
The sane as lay-er, he who lays see Leaf. (E.^ ; M. E. kef, pi. kites
N. E. D. f[ Not M. E. leir, a lair, couch, {sieves). A. S. leaf, neut., pi. /â/l+Du.
place for lying down in; hence a bed, loof foliage ; Icel. latcf Swed. lof Dan.
stratum, &c. lov, Goth, lazifs, G. laub. Teut. stem
Lay 'v2), a song, poem. (F.
— G.) M. E. *lat{bo-.
lai. — O. F. lai, said to be a Breton word. League (i\ a bond, alliance. (Ital.—
But only an O. F. name for a Breton L.) Ital. lega.a league ;
•
Florio. — Late '
poem ; and prob. from O. H. G. leih, L. liga, a league. — L. ligdre, to bind. See
leich, a game, sport, song (see Schade). Ligament.
Cf. A. S. lac, sport. League about three miles. (Prov.
(2),
Lay (3), pertaining to the laity. (F. — - L. — C.) Roquefort)
O. F. legue ', Prov. ;
L. — Gk.) M. E. Azjj/. — O. F. lai, secular legua (Gascon lega). — Late L. lega, leicca ;
— L. Idiciis. — Gk. KaiKos, belonging to the L. leiiga, leuca, a Gallic mile a word of ;
people. — Gk. Aaos (Attic A.6a)s),the people. Celtic origin. Cf. Bret. led. lev. a league j
See Laic, Laity. also leu (in Vannes).
287
;. ;
LEAGUER LECTERN
Leaguer, a camp. (Du.") In All's Leasing, falsehood. (E.) M. E. lesing.
Well, iii. 6. 27. — Du. leger, a lair, a camp. A. S. leasung, falsehood from leas, false. ;
See Lair, Lie (i). Der. be-Ieaguer. Cf. Icel. lausimg, falsehood; Du. loos,
Iieak. (Scand.) M. E. leken. — \c€\.. false. See Loose.
Ic'ka, to drip, dribble, leak as a ship, str. vb. Least ; see Less.
(pt. t. lak); cf. the causal forms seen in Leat, a conduit for water. (E.) A. S.
Swed. Dan. Icekke, Du. lekken^ G.
liicka, ge-lcete, a course, direction. From l&tan,
lecken, to leak, drop A. S. leccan, to wet.
; to let, permit. Cf. in-let, out-let. See
^ The mod. E. word is Scand. not from ; Let (I).
A. S. leccan. [We also find A. S. hlec, Leather. (E.) M. E. lether. A. S.
leaky.] Der. leak, sb., from Icel. leki, leêr. + Du. leder, Icel. leQr, Dan. Iceder,
a leak, Prob. allied to Lack (Franck). Swed. Idder, G. leder, leather. Teut. type
Leal, loyal, true. (F.-L.) M. E. /<?/. *lethrom, neut. ; Idg. type "^
let ram, as in
— A. F. leal, O. F. leial, legal, hence just, O. Irish lethar, W. lledr. Der. leather-n.
loyal. — L. legdlis, legal. Doublets, legal, Leave to forsake, quit. (E.) M. E.
(
I ),
loyal. See Legal. leuen A. S. liefan, to leave a
{leven).
Lean (i), to incline, stoop. (E.) M. E. heritage, leave behind one. Icel. leifa, to +
lenen. A.hlSnan, to make to lean,
S. leave. Teut. type '^laibjan-, to leave
weak verb; (cf. A. S. hlinian, to lean, ivovs\*laib-, as seen in A. S. Idf, a remainder,
weak verb). +
Dan. lane, Swed. Idna, Icel. let/, a heritage. And *laib is the
causal forms G. lehmn, iatrans.
;
Allied 2nd stem of Teut. *leiban', to remain, as in
to L. -cllndre, in inclindTe, to incline A. S. be-lifan, O. H. G. bi-liban (whence
Gk. kX'ivhv, to cause to lean, make to G. bleiben). Idg. root '^leip, as in Gk.
bend. (VKLEI.) \TnapTjs, persistent the weak grade *lip ;
lean (2j, slender, frail. (E.) M. E. appears in Skt. lip, to smear, Gk. AtVos,
lene. A. lean
S. hlcene, orig. bending, ; grease, Russ. lipkii, sticky, Lith. lipti, to
stooping, hence thin cf. L. decliuis, ; adhere to. See Live. Brugm. i. § 87.
declining. Teut. type *hlamjoz. Cf. O. Leave (2), permission, farewell. (E.)
Irish clden, sloping, bad. Allied to A. S. 'To take leave = \.o take permission to
^
hltenan, to lean (above). go. '

By your leave = by your permission.
'
Leap. (E.) M. E. lepen, pt. t. leep, pp. M. E. A. S. leaf, permission.

leue {leve).
lopen. A. S. hleapan, pt. t. hleop, to run, From the same root as A. S. leof, dear,
jump. 4" Du. loopen, Icel. hlaiipa, Dan. pleasing. The orig. sense was pleasure;
lobe, Swed. lopa, Goth, hlaiipan, G. hence a grant, permission. 4-Du. -lof. as
laufen, chiefly in the sense * to run.' Teut in oor-lof, permission, ver-lof, leave Icel. ;
type ^hlatipan-. leyf., leave, lofan, permission, lob (i)

Learn. (E.) M. E. lemcn. A. S. permission ; Dan. lov, Swed.
praise, (2)
leornian. +
G. lernen, to learn. Teut. G. ur-lanb, ver-laub,
lof, praise, leave ;
type ^liznon ; from *ltz(a)itoz, pp. of leave, e7'-lauben, to permit, lob, praise.
*leisan-, to trace out, of which the pt. t. From Teut. base *lctib- (whence A. S.
lais occurs in Goth, with the sense ' I leof), 2nd grade *laitb- (>A. S. leaf),
know,' i. e. have found out. Hence also weak grade ^lub- (>A.S. lufu, love)
Teut. *laizjan-, to teach, as in A. S. Iceran See Lief, Love, Furlough. (VLEUBH.)
(G. lehreu), to teach. Brugm. i. § 903 (c). Leaven, ferment. (F. — L.) M. E.
And see Last (2), Lore. leuain {Ievai7i). — Y. levaitt.'-'L. leudmen,
Lease (i), to let a tenement. (F. — L.) an alleviation here used in the orig. sense ;
F. laisser, to let go. — L. laxdre, to slacken, of that which raises.' — L. leudre, to raise.
'
let go. — L. laxus, loose. See Lax. — L. leiiis, light. See Levity.
Lease (2), to glean. (E.) M. E. lesen. Lecher. (F. — G.) M. E. lechur,
A. S. lesan^ to gather. +
Du. lezen^ to lechom: — O. F. lecheor, lecheur, lit. one
gather, to read; G. lesen; Goth, lisan, who licks up, a man addicted to gluttony
pt. t. las, to gather Lith. lesti, to snap up. and lewdness. — O. F. lecher {¥. lecher), to
;
Leash., a thong to hold in a dog. (F. lick.-O. H. G. lecchon (G. lecken), to

— L.) M. E. lees. — O. F. lesse (F. laisse), lick. See Lick.
a leash. — Late L. laxa, a thong, a loose Lectern, Lecturn, a reading-desk.
rope. — L. laxus, slack. See Lax. The (F. — Late L.) ^ M. E. leterone, lec-
number usually leashed together was three. torne, led rone, lectrzin (Prompt. Parv.).
88
LECTION LEGAL
— O. F. letrtin (Godefroy) ; lee trim, let r in Swed. Also A. S. Idcniatt, to heal,
liikarc.
(Littre, s. v. /z</rz*«). — Late L. lectrinttm, Icel. Icekna, Dan. Icege, Swed. Idka, Goth.
a reading-desk, pulpit. — Late L. lech-u/n, lekinon, to heal. Also O. Irish liaig, a
a pulpit. A'ot from Gk. KiKrpov, a couch, leech.
support akin to Gk. Xt'xo^j 3. couch, bed
;
; leech. (2) a blood-sucking worm.
, (E.)
cf. L. lecius, a couch. For other forms, A. S. l^ce, lit. 'the healer;' the same
like Late L. lectdrlnmn^ lecforium, shew word as the above.
that it was popularly connected with L. Leech (3), Leach, the border or edge
lectio (below). of a sail at the sides. Cf. Icel. lik, (E.)
Iiection, a reading, portion to be read. a leech-line Swed. lik, Dan. lig, a bolt-
;
(L.) From L. lectio, a reading. — L. lectus^ rope. +M.

Du. lyken, a bolt-rope (Sewel ; ,
pp. of legere, to read. See Legend. Du. lijk (see P'ranck).

lecture, a discourse. ^F. — L.) F. lec- Leek. (E.^ U.Y..leck. O.Merc. /^V;
ture, a readmg. — Late L. Icctura, a com- A. S. /mf. + Du. look, Icel. laiikr, Dan.
mentary. —L. lecttts, pp. oi legcre, to read. log, Swed. Idk, G. laucJi. Teut. type
Ledge, a slight shelf, ridge. (E.) *iauko- cf. A. S.; If(ca7i, str. vb. (pt. t.
Palsgrave has ledge (i. e. support) of a /^(7r = Teut. *la7tk), to weed. Der. gar-lie,
shelf. Cf. Norfolk ledge, a bar of a gate, char-lock, hcju-lock (latter syllable).
rail of a chair M. E. legge. [But not
; Leer, a sly look. (E.) ' The verb is a
Swed. lagg, the rim of a cask, Icel. I'ogg, development from the sb., which is an old
the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask ;
word. M. E. lere, the cheek, face, com-
Norweg. logg (pi. Icgger), the lowest part plexion, mien usually in a good sense,
;
of a vessel; M. H. G. /ekke.'\ Cf. also but Skelton has it in a bad sense. A. S.

Norw, lega, a couch, lair, bed, support on hleor, the cheek hence, the face, look, ;
which anything rests lege, a ledge, as of ; mien.+Icel. hlyr, pi., the cheeks.
rock. All from Teut. */^^, the base of Lees, dregs of wine. (F.) PL of a sing,
^ligj'an-, to lie. Cf. A. 8. licgan, Icel. form lee, not used. — F. lie, 'the lees;'
^^Sgj'^-: Swed. ligga, Dan. Hgge, to lie. Cot. (Gascon lio, 'lie de vin.') — Late L.
The sense is 'support.' See Lie (i). Ha, pi. lice, lees (loth cent.). Origin
Ledger, a flat slab ; also, a book in unknown.
which a summary of accounts is preserved. Leet, an assembly of a township. (Scand.)
(E.) (We leger ambassadors,
also find M. E. Icte. A. F. Icte ;
perhaps adapted
;
i. e. such as retnained for some time at a from Icel. Iei6, a leet Vigfusson.
'
'
foreign court.) A
ledger-book is one that Left, the weaker hand. (E.) M. E.
lies always ready. Similarly, in Middle- left, lift, hift. A. S. left; Dr. Sweet
English, a large book was called a liggar points out that inanis, left^ '
occurs in a
(that which lies), because not portable. gloss (Mone, Quellen, i. 443), and that the
From ]\L E. liggen, A. S. licgan, to lie ; same MS. has senne for synne (sin) so ;
see Lie (i). Cf. Du. legger, one that lies that left is for lyft, with the sense worth- '
down (the nether mill-stone is also so less or weak

'
cf. A. S. lyft-ddl, palsy.
'
'
;
called) ; from Du. leggen, to lie, a common + North Fries, leeft, lecfter hond, lelt
corruption of liggen, to lie (like lay for lie hand M. Du. htft, lucht, left E. Fries.
; ;
in English). ^
Howell uses leger-book for liichter, left, luf weak. p. The form of
'
portable book,' which is from O. F. legier, the base is *hib; cf. Du. lubben (Franck).
light. See ledger in Richardson, See Lib.
Lee, a sheltered place part of a ship ; Leg. (Scand.) M. E. leg (pi. legges).'-
away from the wind. (Scand.) M. E. lee, Icel. leggr, a leg ; Dan. Iceg, the calf of the
shelter. — Icel. hie, lee (of a ship); Dan. leg ; Swed. Idgg (the same). Brugm. i.
lie, Swed. /J.+Du. lij ; A. S, hleo, hleow, § 647(5).

a covering, a shelter (distinct from prov. Legacy. (L.) M. E. legade ; a coined
Yj.le-Li>, warm; see Lew). The peculiar ^ \
word (as if=L. *legdtia, not found) from
use is Scand. ; the pronunciation lew-ard L. legdtum, a bequest, neut. of pp. of
is due to the w ; cf. steward for sty-ward. legdre, to appoint, bequeath allied to lex ;
The Teut. type is ^hlewo- (Franck). (stem the law (below).

leg-'),
Leech (i% a physician. (E.) M. E. legal, pertaining to the law. (F. L.) —
leche. A. one who heals,
S. l^ce, Goth. + M .F. legal. — L. legdlis, legal. — L. leg-, stem
lekeis, a leech cf. Icel. Icvknir, Dan. Icege,
; of lex, law. Allied to L. legere Gk, ;
289
+ ; ,;
LEGATE LENIENT
Xifdv, to collect. Brugm. i. § 134. pulse, a pod. —
L. legfwien (stem legilmin-')
(VLEG.) pulse, bean-plant. Brugm. i. § 667. Der.
legate, a commissioner. (F. — L.) legumin-ous.
M. E. korafa. -O.F. legat (F. Ugat\ a Leisure, freedom from employment.
pope's ambassador. — L. legaiits, a deputy (F.-L.) M. E. leyser. - A. F. leisir (F.
;
pp. of legdre, to appoint. — L. leg-, stem of loisir), leisure orig. an infin. mood, ;
lex, law. See legal. meaning to be permitted.' — L. licere, to

'
legatee. (L. with F. suffix.) A ; be permitted. The form is bad ; it %

law term; coined from L. legdt-iis, ap- should be leiser or leisir; pleasure is in
pointed, with F. suffix -i ( = L. -dtiis). the same case. The sufhx has been
See above. changed from -er or -ir to -ure (as in
legend, a marvellous story. (F. — L.) measure).
M. E. legende.Ô. F. Icgende ,¥, legended, Leman, Lemman, a sweetheart.
a legend, story. — Late L. legenda, a legend (E.) L e. lief man. M. E. le^nman, also
fern. sing, from L. legenda, neut. pi., things leofman. — A. S. leaf, dear ; 7nann, a man
to be read. — L. legendiis, fut. pass. part, of or woman. See Lief.
legere. to read, orig. to gather, collect. Lemma, an assumption. (L. — Gk.)
Gk. A676ii/, to tell, speak. (VLEG.^ L. lemma. — Gk. Xrjfxixa, a thing taken; in
Iiegerdemain, sleight of hand. (F. — logic, a premiss taken for granted ; allied
L.) O. F. legier de main, lit. light of to Gk. (i-\rififxai, perf, pass, oi Xafi^dvftv,
hand. (Cf. Ital. leggiere, leggiero, light.' to take (base Aa/3-). Brugm. i. § 852.
The O. F. legier answers to a Late L. Lemming, Leming, a kind of Nor-
type *leuidrius, made by adding -dritis to v\'egian rat. (Norweg.) Novweg. lemende;
L. lezii-s, light. F. de = L. de, of. F. also occurring as lemming, limende, loviel-
main = L. inanum, ace. of manus, a hand. dre, lofnund, lomhund. Cf. Swed. lemel,
See Levity. a lemming Icel. lomundr.; Origin ob-
leger-line, ledger-line, inmusic, scure Aasen derives it from Norweg.
;
a short line added above or below the lemja, to strike, beat, maim, lit. ' lame,'
staff. (E. and F.) As if for legcr-line ; and explains it to mean ' destroying '
where —
F. h^ger (formerly legier).
leger from the destruction committed by them ;
light; because these lines are small and see Lame. But this is popular etymo- '
short. But wrongly ; ledger means a '

hori-The word may be Lapp
logy.' ; the
zontal bar,' and is allied to ledge (N.E.D.). Lapp name is inomek.
Cf. mod. F. lignes additionnelles. Lemniscate, a curve like the figure 8.
Legible, readable. (F.-L.) O. F. (L.— Gk. From L. lemniscat-us, adorned
"i
legible. — L. legibilis, legible. — L. legere, to with a ribbon. — L. lemniscus, a pendent

read. See legend. ribbon. — Gk. Xrj/jLviaKos, a fillet. Said to
legion, large body of soldiers.
a be from Gk. Ktjiôs, wool; which is allied
(F.-L.) M. E. legioun. - O. F. legion. to "Wool.
— L. legionem, ace. of legio, a Roman Lemon. (F. — Pers.) Formerly //;;/^«.
legion, body of from 4200 to 6000 men. — F. Union. — Pers. limun, limnnd, a
— L. legere, to gather, select a band. lemon, citron. Of Malay origin.
Legislator. -;L.) L. legislator, a pro- Lemur, a nocturnal animal. (L.) L.
poser of a law. — L. legis, gen. of lex, a lemur, a ghost so nicknamed by natural-
;
law Idtor, a proposer, lit. bringer, from

; ists from its nocturnal habits.
Idtum (for tldtuni), to bear, bring, from Lend. (E.) The final d is excrescent.
y'TEL ; see Tolerate. Brugm. i. § 585 M. E. lenen. A. S. llnan, to lend. — A. S.
(2). Der. legislate, &c. See legaL lien, a loan.+Icel. Idna, Dan. laane, Swed.
legist. (F.-L.) O. F. legiste (F. lana, G. lehnen, derivatives from the sb.
/</^z5/^). — Late L. legista, one skilled in See Loan.
the laws. — L, leg-, stem of lex, law (with Length. (E.) M. E. lengths. A. S.
Gk. suffix 'ista^-iarrjs;). lengd, fem. ; for *langidd, with mutation
legitimate. (L^) Late L. legiti- of a to <?. — A. S. lang, long.+Du. lengte ;
niatus, pp. of legitimdre, to declare to be Dan. Icengde ; Swed. Idngd ; Icel. lengd.
lawful. —
L. legitimus, according to law. — See Long. Der. length-en.
L. legi-, for lex, law ; with suffix -ti-mus. Lenient, mild. (L.) From pres. part.
Legume, a pod. (F.-L.) Y. legume. of L. lenTre, to soothe. — L. lenis, soft, mild.
290
;;
LENITY LETHE
lenity. (F.-L.) O. F. /^mV/, mild- word, from the adj. leprous', which is
ness (ôbsolete). — L. lenitdtem, ace. of from M. F. Icprcux -=\.. leprosiis, afflicted
ienitas, mildness. — L. lenis (above). with lepra, i.e. leprosy. See Leper.
ZieuSy a piece of glass used in optics. Lesion, an injury. (F.-L.) M. F.
(L.) So called from the resemblance of a lesion, hurt; Cot. — L. lasionem, ace. of
double-convex lens to the shape of the seed IcEsio. an injury. — L. Icesus, pp. of Icedere,
of a lentil. — L. lens^ a lentil. to liurt. Der. (from ladercj col-lide, e-lis'
Hient, a fast of 40 days, beginning with ion.
Ash-Wednesday. (E.) The fast is in Less, smaller. (E.) Used as comp. of
spring-time; the old sense is simply spring. little, but from a different root. M. E.
M.E. lentjcnten. A.S. lenden, the spring; lesse, lasse, adj., les. adv. A.^.ldssa, less,
supposed to be derived from lang, long, adj. ; Ices, adv. +
O. Fries, lessa, less.
because in spring the days lengthen Kluge ; p. The form l^s-sa is for *lc£s-ra, by
suggests that it represents a Teut. form assimilation. The Teut. type is *lais-izon,
*lanî-tino-, long day,' where -tino- is
' from a base *-lais- ; cf. Lith. lesas. thin,
allied to Skt. dina- Lith. de !ay.+ small. The Teut.type of the adv. is
Du. lente, spring G lenz, O. H. G. leiizo ; ^laisiz. Der. less-er, a double comp.
lenzm, hngizen. Der. lenten, adj., from Iess -en, vb.
A. S. Icncien, sb. least. (E.) M. E. /^j-/^, adj.,/^5/, adv.
Lentil, a plant. rF.-L.) ^l.Y.. lentil. A. S. whence liest by contraction
Icesest, ;
— O. F. and F.) lejiiille."!^. lenticida, a a superlative form from the same base
little lentil ; double dimin. of le7it-, stem '•lais-.
of lejis, a lentil. See Lens. lest, for fear that, that not. (E.) Not
Zientisk, the mastic-tree. (F. — L.) for least, but due to A. S. phrase tiy his de
F. lenlisqtte. — L. leniisczirii, lentisais, =-- for the reason less that ; wherein df (for
named from the clamminess of its resin. — the reason) was soon dropped, and las 6e
L. lenhis, sticky, pliant. coalesced into lest. Here Ices = less, adv.
Iieo, a lion. (L. —Gk. — Egypt. ?) L. and de is the indeclinable relative.
/^^. — Gk. Kicx:v, a lion. We also find Du. -less, suffix; see Loose.
leetnv, G. lowe, Russ. lev, Lithuan, Lessee. (F.-L.) O. F. lesse (less^),
lavas, a lion all borrowed forms,
; Cf. pp. oi lesser, later laisser, to let go (lease).
Heb. ldvi\ a lion. Probably of Egy^ptian See Lease (i).
origin ; see Lion. Lesson. (F. — L.) M.E. lesson. — F.
leopard. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y. leopard. lefon. — L,. leclidne?n, ace. of lectio, a read-
— L. leopardiis. — Gk. Ac oTrapSuj, a leopard ;
ing ; see Lection. Doublet, lection.
supposed to be a mongrel between a pard Lest see Less. ;
(panther) and a lioness. — Gk. Aeo-, for Let (i). to permit. (E.) M. E. leten,
AeW, a lion ; -napdos, a pard. strong verb, pt. t. lat., leet, pp. laten, leten.
Iieper. (F. — L. — Gk.) The sense has A. S. l&tan, letan, pt. t. let, leort, pp. Ikten.
changed lepre formerly meant the disease 4-Du. laten {lief, gelaten) Icel. lata {let,
; ;
itseU and what we now call a leper wdiS Idtinn)

; Dan. lade, Swed. lata, Goth. ;
called a leprous man. The hpre of him letan (laildt, letans) '
G. lassen {Hess, ;
was clensid Wyclif, Matt. viii. 3. — M. F.

;
' gelasscn). Teut. type *llsta?j, pt. t.
Cot. — L. lepra. — Gk. -%/LED; weak

;
lepre, a leprosie
'
' *leldt, i)p. *lcetanoz. Idg.
Kirrpa, leprosy so called because the skin
; grade LAD, whence E. Late. Brugm. i.
scales off. — Gk. AeTrpds, scaly, scabby.— §478-
Gk. Xivos, a scale Keireiv, to peel. Cf. ; Let {2), to hinder. (E.) M. E. Ictten ;
Russ. hipite, Lithuan. liipii, to peel. A.S. lettan,\.o hinder, make late. — A.S.
lepidoptera, a term applied to Icet, late, slow. + Du. letten, Icel. letja,
insects whose wings are covered with Goth, latjan, to tarry from the adj. Late. ;
scales. (Gk.) Gk. Ktmdo-, for Xcrris. a Teut. type *lat-jan-; from *lat-, slow.
scale vTfpn, pi. of irrfpSu, a wing (allied
; See Late.
to E feathej-'). Lethal, deadly. (F.-L.; ^rL.) M.F.
Iieporine, belonging to a hare. (L.) lethal, deadly '
Cot. — L. lethdlis, for
; '
L. iep07-Jnus, adj., from lepor-, for '^lepos. mortal. — L. letum, death.

letdlis,
stem of lepus, a hare. Lethe, oblivion. (L.-Gk.) l.. lithe.
Leprosy. (F. — L. — Gk.) coined A -Gk, Krie-q, a forgetting; the river of
291
';
LETHARGY LIBATION
oblivion ; allied to \a6-, base ofXavOaveiv^ -igdre, for agere, to make. Cf. Gk. Kixos^
to lie hid. smooth.
lethargy, a heavy sleep. (F. - L. — Levin, lightning. (Scand.) M. E.
Gk.) M. t. lethargic a lethargy Cot. —
, ; leyfnyng, lightning Wrt. Voc. 735.42. ;
L. leihargia.^G\i. \-q6apyia, drowsiness. Prob. Scand. not found in A. S. Cf.

;
— Gk. \r]9apyos, forgetful. — Gk. ^tjOt], Icel. leiptr (pronounced leiftr), lightning.
oblivion (above^. Levite, one of the tribe of Levi. (L. —
Letter, a character. (F. — L.) M. E. Gk. — Heb.) L. Leuita. — Gk. AeviTrjs,
/e/tre. — F. leUre. — L. littera, for older Lu. X. 32. — Heb. Levi, one of the sons of
litcj'a (also leiterd), a letter. See Brugm. Jacob.
i. § 930. Levity, lightness, frivolity. (L.) From
Iiettuce, a succulent plant. (F. — L.) L. leuitas, lightness. — L. leuis, light.
M. E. letnce. — O. F. *Ictuce, only found in levy, the act of raising men for an
the form lectiis (Palsgrave, s. v. Lettes) ;
army; the force raised. (F.-L.) F.
a levy, or levying of an army
;
and in the Latinised form letusa, Wrt. levê, '
Vocab. 787. 15. — L. *Iactficea, fem. adj. Cot. Fem. of pp. of lever, to raise. — L.
from L. lactuca, a lettuce (whence F. leudre, to raise. — L. leuis (above).
laitue, Ital. lattiigd). — L. lact-, stem of lac, Lew, Lew-warm, tepid. (E.) M. E.
milk, succulent juice. See LacteaL lew, Wye if, Rev. iii. 16.
1 A. S. hleo-ve,
Levant, the E. of the Mediterranean warm (found once).-^- Du. lauzu, warm ;
Sea. (Ital. — L.) Ital. levante, E. wind, Icel. hlier, hlyr; G. lau, O. H. G. Ido
eastern country or part (where the sun {Idzu-). Teut.base (perhaps) '^hlezv-, hl^zv-.
rises). — L. leiiant-, stem of pres. part, of Lewd, ignorant, base. (L. Gk. ?) —
leudre, to raise ; whence se letidre, to rise. M. E. leived, ignorant. A. S. Icexvede, adj.,
— L. leuis, light. ignorant, also lay, belonging to the laity.
levee, a morning assembly. (F. — L.) [It may have been confused with the pp.
For F. levir (^Littre).
le — F. lever, to raise. of Icewan, to betray cf. Goth, lewjan, ;
— L. leudre (above). to betray, from lew, occasion, oppor-

Level, an instrument for determining tunity.] But it is supposed to be of
that a thing is horizontal. (F. L.) M. E. — Latin origin answering to L. type *ldi-
;
liuel, leuel {livel, level). Ô. F. livel, later cdtus, belonging to the laity, parallel to
spelling liveati\ mod. F. niveau, a level. Late L. clericdtus (whence E. clergy). If
— L. libella, a level; dimin. of libra, a so, it is formed from L. Idicus, a word of
balance. See Librate. Hence the % Gk. origin. See Laic. (Sievers, § 173;
adj. level. Pogatscher, § 340.)
Lever. (F. — L.)
E. levour. - F.
M. Lexicon. (Gk.) Gk. Xe^tKov, a dic-
leveur, a raiser, lifter. — L. leudioreni, ace. tionary neut. of Xf^tKui, adj., belonging
;
of leudtor, a lifter. — L. leudre, to lift. — L. to words. — Gk. Xf^t-?, a saying. — Gk.

leuis, light. \€y€iv, to speak ; see legend.
Leveret. (F. — L.) K.Y. leveret {^^\. Ley, meadow; see Lea.
a
level es, Gaimar, Chron. 1. 6239) ; O. F. Liable, responsible. (F, — L.) Formed,
levrault, '
young hare
a leveret, or Cot. with suffix -able, from F. li-er, to tie. — L.
; '
;
with change of suffix. [The suffix -ault = ligdre, to tie. See Ligament.
Late L. -aldus, from O. H. G. ivald, power, Liane, Liana, a climbing tropical
common as a suffix.] The base lever- is plant. (F.-L.) F. //aw (the same); from
from L. lepor- for *lepos, stem of leptcs, a Norman and Guernsey //««, a band. —L.
hare. ligdmeu see Lien, Limehound. ;
Leviathan. (L.-Heb.) Late L. 7^- Lias, a formation of limestone. (F.)

viathan. Job xl. 20 (Vulgate). — Heb. F. lias, liais, O. F. Hois, a hard freestone.
livydthdn, an aquatic animal, dragon, Lib, to castrate. (E.) Answers to an
serpent ; named from its twisting itself in A. S. type *lybbati ; only found in the
curves. —
Heb. root Idvdh Arab, root cognate Du. lubben, with the same sense
:
lawa\ to bend, whence lawd, the twisting E. Fries, and Westphal. liibben. Der.
or coiling of a serpent. g-lib, vb., the same (obsolete) cf. O. Du. ;
Levigate, to make smooth. (L.) Out gehibt. gelt,' Hexham. Al.ô lef-t, q.v. '
of use. — L. leiiigdtus, pp. of leuigdre, Libation, the pouring forth of wine in

to make smooth. — L. leu-is, smooth honour of a deity. (F. - L.) F. libation. :
292
;
LIBEL LIEF
— L. ace. Itbdiionem.'-'L. libdtiis, pp. of — Gk. X€ix'7»', lichen, tree-moss; also, an
to taste, sip, jiour out.-|-Gk. Xd^dv,
/i^^Jr^, eruption on the skin. Generally connected
to pour out, shed, offer a libation. Brugm. with Gk. Aft'xf'' ô îck up from its en- ;
i. § 553- croachment. Cf. Russ. lishai, a lichen, a

Iiibel, a written accusation. (F. — L.'.) tetter.
M.E. a brief piece of writing A. F.
libel, ; Lichgate, a churchyard gate. (E.) So
libel. — L.
libellum, ace. of libellus, a little called because a corpse (in a bier) may be
book, a notice (Matt. v. 31) ; dimin. of rested under it. The former syllable is
liber, a book. See Library. M. E. lich, a corpse, but orig. the living
Liberal. (F.-L.) M.E. liberal.- bodv ; from A. S. lie, a body; see Like
O. F. liberal. •'l^. liberdlis, befitting a fiec (0/
man, generous. — L. liber, free. Lick, M. E. Hkken. A. S.
to lap. (E.)
liberate. '^L) From pp. of L. liccian. +
likkcn, Du.
G. Ice ken. A
Uberdre, to set f; ee, — L. liber, free ; Erugm. secondary verb allied to the primary forms
i. § 102. seen in Goth, bilaigon (he-lick) Russ. ;
libertine. Cf. Acts vi. q.-L.

iL.) lizate, O. Irish ligiin, I lick, L. lingere,
libertlnus, adj., belonging to a freed man, Gk. Xuxîv, Pers. lishtan, Skt. lih,
also sb., a freed man later applied lo ;
rih, to lick. (VLEIGIL) Brugm. i.
denote the licentious liberty of a certain § 604.

sect (Acts vi. 9\ — L. libertus^ a freed Licorice,Liquoric6. (F.-L. - Gk.)
man. — L. iTber, free. M. E. licoris." K. F. lycorys. Liber Albus,
liberty. (F.-L.) M.E. libertee.- p. 224; M. F.
liqtierice, 'lickorice;' Cot.
F. liberty, •'l^. libertdtem, ace. of llbertds, — L. liquiritia, liquorice a corrupted ;
freedom. — L. liber, free. form of glycyrrhiza (Pliny, Nat. Hist,

Iiibidinous, lustful. (F. - L.) F. xxii. 9. II). — Gk. fXvKvppiâ, liquorice,
libidineux. — L. libidinosus, lustful. — L. lit. root.' — Gk. '^Xvkv'S, sweet;
'sweet
libidin-, stem of libido, Inbido, lust, pL^n, root. See "Wort.
pleasure. — L. libet, lubet, it pleases. Cf. Lictor, an officer in Rome. (L.) L.
Skt. hibh, to desire. Allied to Love. lictor, perhaps binder from the fasces
'
' ;
Iiibrary. (F.-L.) F. Hbrairie. — 'L. or bound rods which he bore, or from

' '
librdria, a book-shop fern of librdritis, ; . binding culprits. Allied to ligdre, to bind.

belonging to books. — L. libi--, stem of See Ligament, (Doubtful.)
liber, a book, orig. the bark of a tree (one Lid, a cover. (E.) M.E. lid. A.S.
of the earliest writing materials). Allied hlid, a lid. — A.S. hlid-, weak grade of
to Gk. XfTTftu, to peel ; Krugm. i. § 499. hlidan, to cover. -fLu. lid, a lid Icel. ;
Librate, to balance, be poised, move hlUS, a gate, gateway, gap, breach

slightly when balanced.
(L.) The verb is M. H. G, lit, lid, a cover obsolete). (,
rare, and due to the sb. libration (Kersey). Lie (i)jto rest, abide. (E.) strong A
— L. ace. llbrdtionem, a poising. L. libra- — verb. M.E. lyen^ also Hggen, pt, t. lay,
tus, pp. of librdre, to balance. L. libra, a — ley, pp. leien, lein. A. S. licgan, pt. t.
balance, a level also a pound of 12 oz.4-
; IcEg, pp. legen.-\''Dw. Hggen, Icel. liggja,
Gk. Xirpa, a pound of 1 2 oz. Brugm. i. Dan. ligge, Swed Hgga, G. liegen, Goth.
§ .=^89. ligan. Related to Russ. Icjate Lat. base ;
Licence, License, leave, abuse of leg- (in lectus, bed) Gk. base Aex- (in;
freedom. (F. — L.) M.E. Ij'ceuce. — F. A€'xoj, bed). (VLEGH.) On the %

licence. '•L,. licentia, freedom to act. — I.. mod. E. form see Sweet, E. Gr, § 1293.
licent-, from licere, to be allowable. See Lie (2), to tell a falsehood, (E,) M. E.
Brugm, 587.
ii. § Der. licence, more liên, leên, pt. t. leh, pp. lowen. O. Mere,
usually license, vb. legan A, S. leogan, pt. t. leag, pp. logen.
;
licentiate, one who has a grant to + Du. liegen, Icel. Ijuga. Dan. lyve, Swed.
exercise a profession. (L.) I^nglislied from Ij'iga, Goth, liugan, G. liigen. 'lent, type
Late L. licenlidtus, pp. of licentidre. to '^letigan-.-^\.\. *laitg, pp. *h4ganoz. Cf.
licence. — L. licentia, licence (above). Russ. Igate, luigate, to lie; loj'e, a lie.
licentious. (F. L.) F. Hcencieux. — i^VLEUGH.)

— L. licentiosus, full of licence. — L. Lief, dear. (E.) M, E. /^^/ A.S. lev/.
licentia, licence (above). 4-Du. lie/, Icel. l/ii/r, Swed. l/uf, Goth.
Lichen, a moss. (L. Gk.) 'L. lichen — Hubs, G. lieb. Teut. type *lcuboz. Cf.
29
; . ';
LIEGE LIGHTS
Russ. lioboi, agreeable, liobite, to love away. The same as Lift (i). ^ Not
L. hibet, Hbet, it pleases; Skt. luhh, to allied to Goth, hliftus, a thief.
desire. (VLEUBH.) Allied to Love. Ligament, a band, band of tissue
Iiiege, faithful, subject. (F.-O. H. G.) connectmg the moveaMe bones. (F. — L.)
[The sense has been altered by confusion F. ligament. '^1^. ligatnenttim, a tie, band.
with L. ligdtus, bound. In old use, we — L. ligd-re, to tie with suffix -mentum.
;
could speak of a liege lord as meaning a

' '
ligature,a bandage. (F. — L.) F. liga-
free lord, in exact opposition to the im- tti7'e,a tie, bandage. — L. ligdtitra, a bind-
ported notion.] M. E. lige, lege; lege ing. — L. ligcltzis, pp. of ligdre, to tie.
pousiee = free sovereignty, Bruce, v. 165, — Light (i), illumination. (E.) M. E.
O. F. lige, liege^ hege, leal also, free a ; ; light. — O. Merc, leht A. S. leoht, light. -|-
;
liege lord was a lord of a free band, and Du. and G. licht cf. ; Goth, liuh-ath,
his lieges were privileged free men, faithful shewing that the /
light, a suffix. Teut.is
to him, but free from other service.— type *leuhtom, neut. sb. related to the ;
M. H. G. ledic, lidic (G. ledig), free, esp. adj. *leuhtoz, as seen in E. light, i. e. bright,
from all obligations of service. Cf. Icel. adj., G. and Du. licht. Co-radicate with L.
Iid2cgr, free, M. Du. ledig, free, (Disputed ;
lux (stem Idc-), light, Gk. Aey/c-oj, white,
see Korting, § 47.36.) Skt. ruch, to shine. (-/EKUQ.) See
Iiieger, ]Leiger, an ambassador see ;
Lueid.
Ledger. lighten (i), to illuminate, flash.
(E.)
Ziien, a legal claim, charge on property. I. Intrans., shine as lightning; 'it
to
(F. — L.) F. lien, a band, or tie, anything lightens.' M. E. lightenen, more correctly
that fastens or fetters. — L. ligd?nen, a tie. — light-n-en, where the -n- is formative,
L. ligdre, to tie. See Ligament. and gives the sense ' to become light.' 2.
Xiieu, place, stead. (F. — L.) F. lien. Trans. This is only the intrans. form
— L. locum, ace. of loais, a place. See incorrectly used with a trans, sense. The
Locus. correct trans, form is simply to lights
lieutenant, a 'locum tenens,' deputy, O. Merc, lihtan, from leoht, sb.
&c. (F. — L.) Y lieu tenant. -^Y^. locum-
. lightning, an illuminating flash.
tenent-, stem of loctim tenens, one who (E.) Formed with suffix -ing from M. E.
holds another's place. — L. locum, ace. lightnen, to lighten (above).
of locus, a place tenens, pres. pt. of ienere,
; Light (2), not heavy. (E.) M. E. light.
to hold. See Tenable. A. S. leoht (for *liht). + Du. licht, ligt
Life. (E.) M. E. lif, lyf; gen. lyues Icel. lettr, Dan. let, Swed. Idtt, Goth.
{lives), dat. lyue {live). A.S. lif, gen. leihts, G. leicht, O. H. G.
Wit, llhti.
lifes, dat. life. From the base of Teut. Teut. type *lihtoz, for ^linxtoz, *lenxtoz.
*leiban- (pt. t. "^laib, pp. *liba7Z0z), to Allied to Lith. lengivas, light and to ;
remain as seen in Goth, bi-leiban, A. S.

; Lung. See Brugm. i. § 684; Sievers,
be-llfan, G
bleiben, Du. blijven, to remain, § 84.
-flcel lif Dan. liv, Swed. lif, O. H. G.
llfi, light
(3), to alight, settle, descend.
Up, life (whence G. leib, the body). The M.
E. lihten. K.'^. lihtan, vb., to
(E.)
weak grade appears in Live, q. v. And from, lit. to make light, relieve
alight
see Leave (i). (V'LEIP ?) a horse of his burden. — A. S. leoht {liht)
lifeguard. (E.) From life and guard. (above). The sense ' to descend upon
^ Cf. G. leibgarde, a body-guard, which (the earth) is secondary, due to the com-
is a cognate word, with the orig. sense of pleted action of descending from a horse.
'
life-guard,' from O. H. G. iFp, life. lighten (2), to alleviate. (E.) The -en
lifelong ; better livelong, q. v. is merely formative, as in strength-en.'-
Lift (1), to elevate. (Scand.) M. E. A. S. lihtan, to make light (above)

liften. "Icel. lypta (pron. lyfto), to lift, lighten (3), to alight on. (E.) Ex-
exalt in air, from lopt, air Dan. lofte, tended from light (3) above.
;
Swed. lyfta, from luft, air. The Icel. lighter, a boat for unlading ships.
y results, by mutation, from Teut. u\ see (Du. Borrowed from Du. ligter, a )
Loft. Der. tip-lift. lighter, i. e, unloader. — Du. ligt, light.

Lift (2), to steal. (E.) speak of We
lights, lungs. (E.) So named from
a shop-lifter, a thief; see Shak. Troil. i. their lightness. So also Russ. legkiia,
3. 129. To take up; hence, to take lights ; from legkii, light.
294
— ' ;
;
LIGHTEN LIMN
Lighten (0, to flash. Lightning; Limb a member, branch of a tree.
(1),
see Light (i). (E.) M.
E. lim. A.S. /m.+Icel. limy,
Ligneous, woody. (L.) L. Hgne-us, Dan. Swed. lem. Allied to A. S. li-tS,
wooden with suffix ous. — L. lignum,
; Goth, li-thus, G. g-lie-d, a joint. Cf.
wood. Lith. leinu, stature, growth. See Lay (4).
lign-aloes, a kind of tree. (F. — L. Limb (,2), the edge or border of a
and Gk.) O. F. lignaloes (Godef.).— L. sextant, &c. (L.) L. lifubus, a border,
ligmim aloes, lit. wood of aloes.' Aloes
'
edging, edge.
is gen. of aloe, from Gk. aXor], aloe. See limbo, limbus, the borders of hell.
Aloe. (L.) The orig. phrase is ifi limbo, where
Ligule, a strap-shaped petal. (L.) In li7ubo is the abl. case of limbus, a border
botany. — L.
llgula, a little tongue, also the limbus patrum was a supposed place
spelt lingula, dimin. of lingua, tongue, on the border of hell, where the patriarchs
bee Lingual. abode till Christ's descent into hell.
Ligure, a precious stone. (L. — Gk.") Limbeck, the same as Alembic.
L. ligiiriiis. — Gk. \iyvpiov, a sort of gem Limber (i)> active, flexible. (E.) In
(amber or jacinth) ; Exod. xxviii. 19. Baret(isSo). ApparentlyalliedtoLirap(i).
Like (t)> similar.(E.) M.E. lyk, lik. Limber (2), part of a gun-carriage, a
A.S. ge-lTcas suffix, -lie.
; Du. g^-Hjk. + frame with two wheels and a pole. (F. ?)
Icel. iTkr^g-ltkr, Dan. lig, Swed. lik, Goth. Cf. prov. E. livimers, thills, shafts (the b
ga-leiks, G. g-leich, O. H. G. ka-lih. p. being excrescent). G. Douglas has ly)ii-
Lit. ' having the same form,' and derived «<7rz>, shafts. Probably from O. Y.limonier,
from the sb. meaning ' form, shape,' viz. adj., belonging to the shafts from liinon, ;
A. S. iJc, form, body, Icel. Ilk, Goth, leik a shaft. Cf F. limoniere, part of a car-
the body, Du. lijk, a corjse, Dan. lig, riage including the two shafts. Etym.
Swed. Hk, a corpse, G. leiche, O. H. G. unknown ;
perhaps allied to Icel. lim (pi.
lih. See Lichgate. Cf. Lith. lygtis, like limar), branches of a tree.
like (2), to be pleased with. (E.) The Limbo, Limbus; see Limb (2).
construction has altered M. E. liketh, it
; Lime mortar. (E) M.E.
(11, bird-lime,
pleases, is impersonal, as in mod. E. ifyou lym, Him, viscous substance. A. S. lim,
like = ii it may please you. —A.S. liciaji, bitumen, cement. +Du. lij'm, Icel. lim,
to please, orig. to be like or suitable for. Dan. Him, Swed. li?n, glue G. leim, glue; ;
A. S. -lie, ge-lic, like ; see Like (i).+Du. L. Itmus, slime. Idg. type *leimo-. See
lijken, to suit Icel. Ilka, to like
; Goth. ; Loam.
leikan, to please (similarly derived). Lime i2\ the linden-tree. (E.) Lime is
liken, to compare. (E.) M. E. liknen, a corruption of line, as in Shak. Temp. v.
to liken but the true sense is intransitive,
; 10; and litie is a corruption of lind,
viz. to be like. Cf. Swed. likna, (i) to the lengthening of i having occasioned
resemble, (2) to liken, from lik, like Dan. ; the loss of d. (Sweet, E. Gr. § 1607.)
ligne, the same, from lig, like. See Lind.
Lilac, a shrub. (Span. — Arab. — Pers.) Lime (3). a kind of citron. (F. — Pers.)
wSpan. /?/«<:.- Arab, lilak, a lilac. — Pers. F. lime. — Pers. lifuH, (also limtin), a lemon,
lllaj, Ulanj, iTlang, of which the proper citron. — Malay llmau, a lime, a citron.
sense is indigo-plant. The initial /stands Limehound,adoginaleash. (Hybrid
for n, and the above forms are from ml, F.— L., and E.) Short for liam-hotind,
blue, whence nJlak {'p-kxa.h. lllak), bluish. used by Turberville. The M. E. Iia7n or
The plant is named from the bluish '
lyam means 'a leash.' — O.F. Hem., now
tinge on the flowers in some varieties. spelt lieyi, a band Guernsey Ham, Han.
;
(Devic). Cf. Skt. 7illa-, dark blue. — L. ligdmen, a tie. See Lien, Liane.
Lilt, to sing, dance. (Scand.) M. E. Limit. (F. — L.) F. limite,2i limit.—
lilting-horn, horn to dance to cf. M. E. ; L. iTmitem, ace. of limes, a boundary
lulten, to resound. Formed (with added -t) akin to Itmen, a threshold. Cf. L. limus,
from Norweg. lilla, to sing in a high tone. transverse.
Cf. O. Swed. lylla, to lull to sleep (Rietz). Limn, to illuminate, paint. (F. — L.)
Allied to Lull. M. E. Hmnen, contracted form of lumifien,
Lily, a plant. (L. - Gk.) A. S. lilie. - to illuminate (Prompt. Parv.). Again,
L. liliu7}i.^Q\i. \fipiov, a lily. luminen is for enhiminen.'Ô.Y . enlu-
295
—) ;;
LIMP LINNET
miner, to illuminate, burnish, limn. — L. ing, delineation. — L. llnedrc, to draw a
illiimindre ; see Illuminate. line. —L. llnea, a line (above).
Iiimp (i), flaccid, pliant. (E.) Not linear. (L.) L. linearis, belonging to
in early use. Apparently related, by gra- a line. —
L. llnea, a line (above).
dation, to Bavarian lanipecht, flaccid, down- linen, cloth made of flax. (L.) Used
hanging, from the verb latnpen, to hang as a sb., but really an old adj., A. S.
loosely down ; cf. Skt. laiiiba, depending, iTn-en ; the old sb. being M. E. lin, A. S-
lamb, to hang down. lln, flax. — L. Itntiin, flax. (Cf. gold-en
împ (2), to walk lamely. (E.) In from gold>) See linseed.
Shak. Mer. Ven. iii. 2. 130. We find Ling (i), a fish. (E.) M. E. lenge
A. S. lemp-healt. earlier laeinpi-halt (Ep. (Havelok). Named from its long slender
Gl.), adj., halting and a cognate form ; shape. Cf. A. S. lengti, length. -|- Du.
in M. H. G. limphin, to limp. Cf. Low leng, a ling, from lang, long Icel. langa, ;
G. lutnpen, to limp. Norw. langa, longa, a ling ; Swed. langa ;

Iiimpet, a small shell-fish. (L G. Idnge, a ling, also called Idng-Jisch,
Formerly lenipet (Phillips, 1706). A, S. long fish. See Long.
lempedii, orig. a lamprey, which also Ling (2),heath. (Scand.) M. E. lyng.
sticks to rocks. —
Late L. leuiprida, for — Icel. lyng, ling, heather ; Dan. ling,
L. lampedra, a lamprey. Sc-e Lamprey. Swed. Ijung.
Cf. Leinprida,
^
lempedu;' Wright's Linger, to tarry. (E.) Frequent, form
Vocab. 438. 17. of M. E. lengen, to tarry. — A. S. lengan, to
Iiimpid, pure, bright. (F. - L.) F. lim- ])rolong,put off. — A.S./a;/^,long. Cf.Icel.
pide. — L. limpidus, clear. Allied to lengja, to lengthen, Du. lengen,\o lengthen,
Lymph. Brugm. i. § 102. G. verldngern, to prolong. See Long.
Iiinch-pin, a pin to fasten a wheel on Lingo, a language. (Prov. — L.) Prov.
an axle. (,E.) Formerly lins-pin, lit. lingo (at Marseilles), a language. — L.
' axle-pin.' — A. S. lynis, an axle-lree.+ lingua, a tongue, language (below).
Du. luns, a inch-pin, O. 1 Low G. lunisa, lingual, pertaining to the tongue.
Low G. G. limse, a linch-pin. Teut.
litnse, (L.) Coined from L. lingua, the tongue,
base *lintis- (cf. Goth, akzv-hi, an ax) ;
O. Lat. dingua, cognate with E. tongue.
from *hin-, as in O. LL G. htn, a bolt, linguist, one skilled in languages.
peg, pin. Perhaps from Idg. root. *Ieu, (L.) From L. lingua, a tongue, language
(cf. Gk. Kv-€iv), to loosen. with suffix -ista ( = Gk. -lar-qs).
Lind, Linden, the lime-tree. (E.~) The Liniment, salve, ointment. (F. — L.)
true form of the sb. is lind, and lind-en F. liniment. — Y.. li}iimentu??i, oxntTsxeni."
is the adj. from it. Hence lind-en tree — L. linere, to smear cf. Skt. //", to melt.
;
lind the same thing.

; M. E. lind. A. S. Brugm. i. § 476 (5) ii. § 608. ;
lind, the tree also a shield, commonly

; Lining. (L.) Formed, with suffix-?;/^,
of this wood.-J-Du. linde, Icel. Dan. from the verb to line, i.e. to cover the in-
Swed. lind, G. linde. Cf. Lith. letita^ a side of a garment with line, i.e. linen; see
board. Doublet, lime (2). linen.
Iiine, a thread, thin cord also a stroke, ; Link (i), a ring of a chain. (Scand.)
row, rank, verse (L. orY. — 'L.^. In the ; O. Icel. '^hlenkr, whence Icel. hlekkr (by
sense ' cord,' we find A. S. line, directly assimilation) ; Dan. Icejtke, Swed. lank
from L. iTnea. In the other senses, it is G. gelenk, a joint, link, ring. Cf A. S.
from F. ligne, also from L. Imea. p. The hlence, or hlenca (which would have given
L. iTnea meant orig. a string made of flax, linch). Also M. H. G. lenken, to bend,
being fern, of adj. Imens, made of flax. O. H. G. hlanca, hip, loin (whence
L. liniim, flax. Cf. Gk. Kivov, flax whence perhaps Flank). ;
perhaps the L. word. Der. oitt-line. Link (2), a torch see Linstock. ;
lineage. (F. — L.) F. Ugnage, a line- Linnet, a bird. (F. — L.) M. E. linet.
age. — F. ligiie, a line, rank. — L. Iniea, a [A. S. Imece.l O.F. linette cf. F. linotte, ;
line (above), '

a linnet,' Cot. Named from feeding on
lineal. (L.) L. /f«â/?V, belonging to flax-seed and hemp-seed (cf. ('. hdnjling,
a line. — L. linca, a line (above). a linnet, from hanf, hemp). — L. linuin,
lineament, a feature. (F.-L.) M.F. flax. We also find A. S. iTnetzvige, a
lineament. Cot. — L. linedmentuin, a draw- linnet (whence Lowl. Sc. lintwhite).
96
— . —
LINSEED LITANY
linseed, flax-seed. (L. andYj.) From liqueur, moisture. — I^. liquorem, ace. of
M.E. /m== A. S. /r«, flax, borrowed from liquor, moisture. — L. liquere, to be moist.
L. iTmim, flax ; and E. seed. ^ Now accommodated to L. spelling we ;
linsey-'WOOlsey, made of linen and also use mod. F. liqueur.

woollen mixed. (L. and E.) Made up Liquorice ; see Licorice.
from M. E. lin, linen, and E. tvool. See Lisp. (E.) M. E. lispen, lipsen. A. S.
linen, iinder Line, *7alispian, to lisp, as in d-wlispian,
Linstock, Lintstock, a stick to formed from A. S. wlisp, also wlips, adj.,
hold a lighted match. (Du.) Formerly lisping, imperfect in utterance.+lû. lispen,
lintstock (Coles, 1684) ; but properly hint- Dan. Icespe, Swed. Idspa, G. lispeln. (Imi-
stock, from hint, 'a match to fire guns tative.)
with,' Phillips. - Du. lontstok, a '
lint- Lissom; see Lithe.
stock,' Sewel. — Du. lont, a match; stok, List (i), a border of cloth, selvage.
a stick (see Stock") cf. Dan. lunte-stok ; ;
(E.) M. E. list.list. A.
Du. lijst, S. +
from lunte, a match, stok, a stick. Du. Icel. lista, Swed. list, G. leiste,
Dan. liste,
lont seems to have been formed from O. H. G. lista. (The i was orig. long.)
M. Du. lompe, *a bundle of linnen,' list (2), a catalogue. (F.-G.) F.
Hexham lit. a lump. See Lump.
; liste, a list, roll ; also, a list or selvage.
link (^ ,
a torch. Prob. (Scand.) It meant (i) a border, strip, (2) a roll or
contused with lintstock (above). But list of names. — O. H. G. lista, G. leiste, a
really a use of link (i), q. v., meaning a border; see List (i).
-Hort length of rope. List (3) see Lists. ;
Iiint, scraped linen. (L.) Cf. Late L. List (E.) M. E. lusten,

(4), to please.
linta^ from L. lintetim, a linen cloth ; listen ; thee list = if it please thee,
'
if '
neut. oi lin-teus, linen. —L. lintim, flax. Ch. C. T. 1183. A. S. lystan, to desire,
Iiintel, the headpiece of a door. (F. used impersonally. — A. S. lust, pleasure.
L.) M E. lintel. --O.V. lintel ( F. linteaic)
. +Du. lusten, Icel. lysta, Dan. lyste, Swed.
— Late L. lintellus, a lintel, for *lrmi- lysta, Goth, luston, G. geliisten', all from
tellus, dimin. of L. Itvies (stem limit-), a the sb. See Lust.
boundary, border see Limit. ; List (5), see below.
to listen ;
Lion. (F.-L. — Gk. — Fgypt.) Y lion. . Listen. (E.) also find list also We ;
— L. leonem, ace. of leo, a lion. — Gk. Kiojv. M. and lust-en, the former
E. lust-n-en
Cf. Heb. ldvi\ a lion. Prob. of Egypt, being deduced from the latter by a forma-
origin ; from Egypt, labai, lawai, a lioness tive n, as in Go\.h..full-n-on, to become
(whence Gk. Xkaiva) ; see Leo. full. A. S. hlystan, to listen to. A. S. —
Lip. (E.) M. E. lippe. A. S. lippa, hiyst, hearing; Teut. type *hlus-ti-, from
lippe, the lip. + Du. lip, Dan. Icsbe, Swed. a base *hlus, M'eak grade of Teut. base
Icipp, G. lippe, lefze. Also L. lab-rinn, lab- *hleti-s. Cf. A. S. hlos-nian, to hearken ;
ium, lip ; Pers. lab, lip. But the relations Icel. hlusta, to listen, from hlust, the ear ;
are not clear. 563. Ikugm. i. § W. dust, the ear ; also L. clu-ere, Gk.
Liquefy, Liquescent; see Liquid. k\v-(iv, to hear, Skt. cru, to hear.
Liquid, moist. (F. L.) F. Hqtdde. — See Loud. (VKLEU.)
— L. liquidus, liquid. — L. liquere, to be Listless, careless. (E.) The same as
clear. lust-less Gower has lustles, C. A. ii. ;
liquefy, to become liquid. (F. — L.) III. From lust, q.v. And see List (4).
M. F. liqttejier (see Cot.). As if from Late Lists, ground enclosed for a tourna-
L. *liqueficdre, to make liquid but we only ment. (E.) M. E. listes, sb. pi., the lists.
;
find L. liqnejieri, to become liquid. PI. of (1), border, boundary.

list Mixed
liquescent, melting. (L.^) L. liques- with M.F. lisse (F. lice), a list or '
cent-^stem of pres. part, of liquescere, in- tiltyard;' Cot. Cf. Ital. lizza, Span.
ceptive form of liquere, to be wet. liza, Port, lica, a list for tilting; Late L.
liquidate, to make clear ; hence, to liciiZ, sb. pi., barriers ; licia duelli, the
clear off an account. (L.) From pp. of lists. Origin disputed. Cf. Late L. licia,
Late L. liqiiiddre, to clarify, make clear. — a stake ]jerhaps from Late L. licius,
;
L. liquidus, liquid, clear. oaken<L. iliceus (from ilex, holm-oak).

liquor, moisture, strong drink. (F.— Litany, a form of prayer. (F. — L.
L.) M.K. licour, licur. — K.Y. licur; F. Gk.) M. E. letanie, afterwards altered to
297
LITERAL LIVER
litanie. — O. F. letanie. ~ \,. litania. — Gk. straw to lie on, confused mass of things
Xiravda, a prayer. — Gk. Knaivuv, to pray. scattered. (F. L.) —The same word ap-
— Gk. KiTo/xai, I beg, pray, AtT77, prayer, plied to a straw bed for animals, &c.
entreaty. litter, a brood. (F. L.) The same —
Literal. (F. - L.) O. F. liberal. - L. word see the various senses of M. E.
;
iTterdlis, according to the letter. — l^.lttera ;

lyterc in the Prompt. Parv. ; and cf. F.
see Letter. accouclier, E. * to be in the straw.'
literature. (F. — L.) M.¥. literature. Little. (E.) M. E. litel, Intel. _A. S.
— L. Uterdtura, scholarship. — L. literdtus, lytel (or lytel'), little we also find lyt (or
;
learned, skilled in letters. L. Ittera, a — /j//). 4-Du. luttel, little, lutje, a little;
letter see Letter.
; O. Sax. luttil\ O. H. G. hizil, luzzil,
litharge, protoxide of lead. (F. — L. liuzil. Compare also A. S. lytig, deceit-
Gk.) M. E. liiarge. — F. litharge^ ' litargie, ful, lot, deceit Goth, litits, deceitful,
;
white lead;' Cot. — L. lithargyrtis.— Gk. luton, to betray. All from Tent, base
\i9apyvpos, lit. ' stone-silver.' — Gk. \i9-os, "^leut, orig. to stoop; see Lout. Not %
a stone dpyvpos, silver see Argent.
; ;
allied to less. The Icel. litill, Swed.
Iiithe, pliant, flexible, active. (E.) liten, Goth, leitils, little, seem to be from a
M. E. A. S. /ide, /Td, gentle, soft
Iit/ie. Teut. base *leit. It is difficult different
(for */inde, the lengthened t causing lo s they can be related. to see how
of ^).-J-G. gelinde, O. H. G. lindi, soft, Littoral, belonging to the sea-shore.
tender. Allied to Icel. linr, L. lenis, (L.) L. littoralis, adj., from lit tor- (for
soft ;L. lentus, pliant. *littos-), stem oi litt us or lit us, sea-shore.
Der. lissom, i. e.
lithe-some. Liturgy, public prayer. (F. — L. — Gk.)
Lither, pestilent, stagnant, dull. (E.) O. F. liturgie, lyturgie. — Late L. liturgia.
In 1 Hen. VI. iv. 7.21, lither sky means — Gk. \ftTovpyia, public service. — Gk.
' '
pestilent or dull lower air cf. hither KiiTo-^, public

; (pyov, work, cognate with
'
;
eir,' pestilent air, P. PL, C. xvi. 220. E. work.

M. E. hither, lither. — A. S. Iy6re, evil, Live (i), to exist. (E.) M.E. liuien
base, poor (^hence, sickly, dull). Not to {Jiviett). O. Merc, lifgan, A. S. libban, to
be confused with lithe, pliant. live, dwell orig. to remain,
; be left
Lithography, writing on stone. (Gk.) behind. +Du. leven, to live; Icel. Ufa, to
Coined from Gk. \i6o-s, a stone; ypd<peiv, be left, to live Dan. leve, Swed. lefva,
;
to write. Goth, liban, to live G. leben, to live, ;
lithotomy, cutting for stone. (L.— O. H. G. leben. From Teut. *lib-, weak
Gk.) L. lithotomia. — Gk. XiQoroyiia.-^ grade of '^leihan-, to remain. See Life.
Gk. \iOo-s, stone ; rofi-, 2nd grade of re/x-, live (2), adj., alive. (E.) Short for
as in Tefxveiv, to cut ; see Tome. alive, which is not a true orig. adj., but
Litigation, a contest in law. (L.) due to the phrase a line {a live) = A. S. Ofi
From L. litigdtio, a disputing. L. liti- — life, in life, hence, alive. Life is the dat.
^dtus^ pp. oi litigdre, to dispute. — L. lit-. case of Iif, life hence the i in live is
;
stem oi Its, strife -igare, iox agere, to carry

; |
long.
L. lTs = 0. Lat. sills, strife. livelihood. vE.) Corruption of M.E.
litigious, contentious. (F.— L.) It liiielode (Jivelode), i.e. life-leading, means
also once meant debateahle. F. litigieux, — of living older spelling lifode, liflade.
;
' debatefull ' Cot. — L. litigiostis, adj.

;
;
From A. S. lif, life lad, a leading, way,
;
from litigium, contention. L. litigdre, to — provisions to live by, a course, a lode ;
dispute (above). see Life and Lode.

Litmus, a kind of dye. (Du.) Cor- livelong, long- lasting. (E.) The
rupted from Du. lakmoes, a blue dye-stuff. same as life-long, i.e. long as life is ; but
— Du. lak, lac moes, pulp (whence G.
;
;
livelong is the older spelling.
lackmiis, litmus). See Lac (i). lively. (E.) M.E. /?/?y, i.e. life-like.
Litter, a portable bed. (F. - L.) M.E. Liver. (E.) M. E. liuer ( ^- liver).
litei-e.'Ô. F. /zVzVr^. — Late L. *lecticdria, A. S. lifer. 4" Du. lever, Icel. lifr, Dan.
formed from lectJca, a litter. — L. lectus, a lever, Swed. G. lebej'. Cf. Russ.
lefver,
bed; see Lectern. Allied to Gk. A.ex-os, liver\ the pluck of animals (from Teut.).
a bed and to Lie (i).
;
Allied to Armen. leard, liver but not to ;
litter, materials for a bed, heap of L. iecnr. Brugm. i. §§ 280, 557 (2).
298
LIVERY LOCK
Livery, a delivery, a thing delivered, Gk. Skt. i-ich^ to leave, O. Irish
A.6tjr€tv,
uniform allowed to servants. (F. — L.) lecim, I leave. (y'LEIQ Brugm. i. § 463.) ;
M.'R. liuere {^= liverl, three syllables).— Hence the Teut. verb *lei}nvan- (as in
A. F. liveree F. livrSe, a delivery of
;
'
Gothic) ; and the sb. *laih'Wfitz, *laihw-
a thing that is given, the thing so given, 710Z, a loan, from the second grade *laihiv
a livery Cot. Orig. fern, of pp. of livrer,
;
' with suffix -niz or -noz.
to deliver, give freely. — L. Iiberd7-e, to set Loath. (E.) \sl.]L.loth. A.S. Idtf,
free, give freely see Liberate. ; hateful, hostile. -f" Icel. lez'dr, Dan. Swed.
Iiivid, discoloured. (F. — L.) Y.livide. led, odious; O. H. G. lell, odious, orig.
— L. liuidtis, bluish. — L. liuere, to be mournful. Teut. type *lail/ioz, where
bluish. Cf. W. lliw, O. Irish li, colour, -ll20z is prob. a suffix. Allied to G.
hue. lirugm. i. § 94. leiden, to suffer but prob. not allied to
;
Lizard, a four-footed reptile. (F. — L.) A. S. Ii6an (pt. t. Idb'), to travel, sail as ;
M. E. lesarde. — O. F. lesarde. — 'L. lacerta, usually said (Kluge). Der. loath-ly\

a lizard, Cf. Alligator. -some, suggested by Î. E. wlatsoJ7i, detest-
Llama, a quadruped. (Peruvian.") able also loathe, vb. ;
JJama is a Peruvian word, meaning Lobby, a small hall, passage. (Low L.

'
flock' Prescott.
; But the Peruv. Diet. — G.) Probably from the monkish Latin
gives llama, carnero de la tierra,' sheep of labia, lanbia; the Ital. form is logîîa
'
the country. (see Lodge). See Late L. lobia, laubia,

Llano, a level steppe or plain. (Span. lobiu77i, a portico, gallery, covered way ;
— L.) Commoner in the pi. llanos. — as if from a Germ, form *laubjd. —

Span, llano, pi. llanos, a plain from M. H. G. loube, an arbour, bower, open
;
llano, adj., plain, flat. — L. planus, flat. way along the upper story of a house (as
See Plain. in a Swiss chalet) mod. G. laube, a ;
Lo, behold! (E.) M.E. /^. A. S. /«, bowxr. Orig. made with foliage. — M.H.G.
an interjection. loub (G. lanb), a leaf; see Leaf.
Loach, Loche, a small fish. (F.) F. Lobe, flap of the ear, &c. (F. — Low L.
loche, '
the loach,' Cot. whence also -Gk.) F. lobe. - Late L. lobus. - Gk.
;
Span, loj'a, locha. Cf. Norman loqtie, a Koôs, a lobe of the ear or liver. Brugm.
loach, a slug (Le Hericher). Origin un- i. § 667.
known. Lobster, a kind of shell-fish. (L.)
Load, a burden. (E.) The sense of A. S. loppest7-e, a corrupter form of A. S.
'
burden seems to be due to confusion lopHst, a corruption of L. locusta, (i) a
'
with the verb Lade (i) but cf. prov. E. lobster, (2) a locust. It was perhaps con-
;
lead, in the sense to carry.' M. E. lade, fused with A.S. loppe, a flea.
*
a course, way, lode also, a load. A. S.

; Local, Locate ; see Locus.
lad, a lode also, carriage.
; See Lode. Loch,a]akc. (Gaelic.) Gael. /<?r/^,alake.
Load-star, Load-stone; seeLode. •f- O. Irish loch, Corn, and Bret, lagen ;
Loaf. (E.) M. E. lof. loof. A. S. /^laf. L. laciis Stokes, p. 237. See Lake (i). ;
-f- Icel. hleifr, Goth, hlaifs, hlaibs, G. laib. Lock (i), a fastening. (E.) M. E.
Cf. Lithuan. klepas, bread (from Teut.V loke. A. S. loc, a fastening. -J- Icel. loka,
Loam, clay. (E.) M. E. lain. A. S. a lock ; Swed. lock, a lid G. loch, a ;
/<f;;z. -f-Du. leem, G. lehm, O. H. G. leim, dungeon. From lent, base *hck, weak
leimo. Teut. type *lait?toz. Cf. Icel. leir grade of Teut. root *leuk, to fasten, whence
(Teut. type *laizom), loam. Akin to also A. S. Iuca7i, Du. luiken, Icel. luka^
Lime (1). to shut, Goth, galukan, to shut up.
Loan, a lending, money lent. (Scand.) locket, a little hinged case worn as an
M. E. lone { = ldne\. This corresponds to ornament. (F.— Scand.) Orig. a fastening
the rare A. S. Ian, borrowed from Norse. (Hudibras, pt. ii. c. i. 80S). — F. loquet,
[The true A. S. form is Icen, a loan.] — Icel. the latch of a door, dimin. of O. F. loc, a
Idn, a loan Dan. laan, Swed. Ian, a loan. lock, borrowed from Icel. loka, a lock.
;
-|- A. S. Icen, a loan Du. leen, a grant, a ; Lock (2), a tuft of hair or wool. (E.)
fief; G. lekn, lehen, a fief. p. All from ^L E. lok. A. S. locc. -I- Du. lok, Icel.
the verb seen in A. S. leo7t (pt. t. Idh), to lohkr, Dan. lok, Swed. loch, G. loche.
grant. Icel. Ij'd, G. leihen, to lend, Goth. Orig. a curl cf. Icel. Ij'hk7', a loop,
'
;
'
leihwan ; akin to L. Imqtiej-e (pt. t. liqui). bend, crook also Lith. hignas, pliable. ;
299
LOCKET LOLL
docket; see Lock (i). down. So called fromits lying on the
ZiOCkram, a kind of cheap linen. (F. ground, as distinguished from the living
— Bret.) F. locrenan, a sort of unbleached tree. From the 3rd (pt. pi.) grade, viz.
linen ; named from
the place where it was lag-, of Icel. liggia, to lie; see Lie (i)
made, viz. Loc- Kenan, or S. Renan, near and Low. Der. logg-ats, logg-ets, a game
Quimper, in Brittany. — Bret. Lok-Ronan, with bits of wood; log-wood, so called
cell of St. Ronan ; from Bret, lok (L. locus), because imported in logs, and also called
a cell. blockwood (Kersey).
Locomotion ; see Locus. log (2), a piece of wood with a line,
ZiOCnS, a place. (L.) L. locus^ a place. for measuring the rate of a ship. (Scand.)
O. Lat. stlocus, a place. The same word. The Swed. logg, as a sea-
local. (F.— L.) Y. local. ~\..locdlis, term, whence log-Una, a log-line, log-boky
belonging to a place. — L. locus, a place. a log-book, logga, to heave the log, Dan.
locate, to place. (L.) From pp. of log, log-line, log-bog, logge, vb., seem to
L. locdre, to place. — L. locus, a place. have been all borrowed back from E.
locomotion, motion from place to logger-head, a dunce, a piece of
place. (L.) Coined from loco-, for locus, timber (in a whale-boat) over which a line
a place and motion.
; is passed to make it run more slowly.
ZiOCUSt, a winged insect. (L.) M. E. (Scand. and E.) similar formation to A
locuste. — L. locusta, a shell-fish, also a blockhead. Cf. Icel. Idgar, gen. oi lag.
locust. IiOg (3), a liquid measure. (Heb.) In
IiOde, a vein of ore, a water-course. Lev. xiv. 10. — Heb. log, a liquid measure,
(E.) The true sense is course.' A. S. 1 2th part of a hin ; orig. ' a basin.'
'
lad, a way, course, journey ; cf. A. S. Logarithm. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
ladan, to lead, conduct.+Icel. leiS, lode, A07-, stem of A070S, a word, a proportion,
way, course ; Swed. led, a course. Teut. ratio; and dpiOixos, a number; the sense
type *laidd, fem. From the 2nd grade being ' ratio-number.' See Arithmetic.
of Teut. *leilhan- (A. S. lidan)^ to travel. see Log (i). Loggerhead;
See Lead (i). Der. lodestar. ^
And see Logic, the science of reasoning cor-
Load. rectly. (F'. L. - Gk.) O. F. logique.- -
lodestar, loadstar, the polar star. L. logica, for ajs logica, logic art. —
(E.) Lit. 'way-star,' star that leads or Gk. \oyiKrj, for XoyiKT] rix^Vf logic art;
guides; see Lo'd^ above. where KoyiUTj is fem. of KoyiKos, reason-
lodestone, loadstone, a magnet. able. —Gk. A070S, a speech. — Gk. A€76tj/,
(E.) Compound:;d of lode and stone, in to say.+ L. legere, to speak; see Legend.
imitation of lodestar ; it means a stone Hence all words in -logy, the chief being
that leads or draws. astro-logy, bio-, chrono-, concho-, doxo-,
ZiOdgfe, a small house, cot, resting-place. entomo; etymo-, genea-, geo-, ineteoro-,
(F.-G.) M. E. loge, logge.Ô.Y. logo; ininera-, tnytho-, necro-, noso-, ornitho-^
cf Ital. loggia, Late L. lobia, a galleiy. — osteO', pat ho-, philo-, phraseo-, phreno-,
O. H. G. *laubjd, allied to loîbd, M. H. G. physio-, psycho-, tauto-, theo-, zoo-logy ; see
loube, an arbour, mod. G. laube, a bower. these in their due places.
-O. H. G. loub, G. laub, a leaf; see Leaf. Loin. (F.-L.) W.Y.. loine.-O.Y.
Doublet, lobby. logne, also longe. — 'L?i\.Q. L. ^himbea, fem.
IiOft, an upper room. (Scand.) M. E. of an adj. ^luuibeus (not found), from L.
loft,properly ' air the peculiar sense is
'
; Itcfnbus, loin. See Lumbar.
Scand. — Icel. lopt (pron. loft), (i) air, sky, Loiter, to delay. (Du.) M. E. loitren,
(2) an upper room Dan. Swed. lo/t, a ; Pr. Parv. — M. Du. and Du. leuteren, to
garret. Allied to A. S. ly/t, air, sky, Goth. linger, loiter, trifle, M. Du. loteren, to
lu/tus, Du. luc/it (for Izf/t), G. /uft, the delay, deceive, vacillate ; cf. E. Fries.
air. Der. a-lo/t also ; lo/t_y, i. e. '
in the loteren, Idtern, to loiter. Allied to M. Du.
air ;
' ///?, vb. lutsen, with the same sense (Hexham).
^0^ (0) ^ block, piece of wood. Perhaps allied to Lout.
(Scand.) The vowel has been shortened. Loll, to lounge about. (E.) M. E.
Cf. Norw. laag, a fallen trunk ; Icel. Idg, lollen, lullen. Cf. Icel. lolla, ' segniter
a felled tree, log ; Idga, a Swed. dial. agere,' Halldorsson M. Du. lollen, to sit
;
felled tree, a tree that has been blown over the fire ; the orig. sense was prob. to
300
LOLLARD LOOSE
doze M. Du. lolie-banck, a sleeping
; '
XiOOm (2), to appear faintly or at a dis-
seate,' Hexham. Allied to Lii?l. tance. (E. ?) Orig. sense doubtful. (Not
IiOllard, a name given to the followers = M.E. himen, to shine, as that has a
of Wyclif. (M. Du.) It was confused different vowel.) If it meant orig. 'to
with M. E. /o//er, i. e. one who lolls, a come slowly towards,' it answers exactly
lounger, lazy fellow see Loll above
; but ; to E. Fries. Id men, Swed. dial, lorn a, to
the words are prob. related. Latinised as move slowly cf. M. H. G. hiojuen, to be
;
Lollardtts from M. Du. lollaerd, (i) a weary, from the adj. luomi, slack. Kilinn
mumbler of prayers and hymns, (2) has M. Du. lome, slow, inactive. The
a Lollard, lit. God-praiser or singer
' ' ' '
;
Teut. base of the adj. is ^/ofii-, connected
first applied to a sect in Brabant. Formed by gradation with E. Lame. See Loon
with suffix -aerd (same as E. -ard in (2). Cf. Fowl. Sc. loamy, dull, slow; E.
driink-ard) from ^L Du. lollen, luUen^ Fries, lomig.
to sing see Lull.
; Loon (1 1, IiOWn, a base fellow. (O.
IiOne, short for alone see Alone. ; Low G.) M. E. lown (spelt lowcji, but
IiOUg (i), to desire, yearn. (E.) rhyming on -oiin), St. Cuthbert, 7957.
M.E. longen. A. S. langian, impers. vb. Cf. M. Du. locn, 'homo stupidus,' Kilian.
with ace, to long alter, crave, desire IiOOn (2), a water-bird, diver. (Scand.);
(distinct from langian, to grow long\ + A corruption of the Shetland name loom.
O. Sax. laugon, impers. Icel. langa, ;
— Icel. lonir, Swed. Dan. lo??i, a loon.
impers. and pers. O. H. G. langon,
; Prob. from the lame or awkward motion
impers. Perhaps allied to G. gelmgen, to of diving-birds on land cf. Swed. dial. ;
succeed. Cf. G. ver-langeii, to wish for. loma, E. Fries, lomen, to move slowly ;
Der. he-long. see Loom (2) above.

IiOng (2), extended. (E.) M, E. long. Loop, a noose. (Celtic\ G. Douglns
A. S. ia>ig, long.-\-T)\ji. lang, Icel. langr, has loivp-knot (^n. xii. 603) also lowpis, ;
Dan. lang^ Swed. lang, Goth, laggrs and lowpit, looped.' Apparently Northern,
*
( =Iangrs), G. lang; L. longiis. Brugm. i. and borrowed from Gael, liib, a bend, loop,
§ 642. noose, winding, meander (whence Lowl.
longevity, length of life. (L.) From Sc. loops, the windings of a river). So also
L. lotigauitas, long life. — L. long-us, long; Irish /«(^. — Gael, and Irish hib, to bend;
ieuitas, usually ietas, age from ieui-, a ; cf. O. Irish liihtha, bent.
stem formed from clntwi, life. See Age. Loop-hole, a small aperture in a wa'l.
longitude. (F.-L.) Y. longitude.^ (F.-Low G.) M. E. loupe, P. PI. -O. F.
L. Iongit2uio, length in late Lat., the; *loupe (not found) Languedoc lottp, a ;
longitude of a place. —L. longi-, stem small window in a roof (Wedgwood). —

formed from longzis, long; with suffix M. Du. hipen, Du. luipen, to lurk (see
-tu-do. Der. longitttdin-al, from stem Franck) Low G. liipen, in the same ;
longiiudin-. sense as Low G. glupen, to peep (Liibben ).

IiOO, a game at cards. (F.) Formerly Hence, the sense was 'peep-hole.* Or
called lanierloo.'^Y lanturelic, lanturlii, else from loop (above).
.
interj., nonsense! fudge! also a game at Loose, slack. (Scand.) M. E. Ions,

cards. The expression was orig. the los Prof. Zupitza shews (in Anglia, vii. ;
refrain of a famous vaudeville (ab. 1630), 152) that it is due to the Scand. form.
afterwards used to give an evasive answer. [The true E. form is lees, answering to M .
Being purposely nonsensical, it admits of A. S. leas, (i) loose, (2) false.] —Icel.
no further etymology. lauss, Swed. Dan. Ids, loose O. Sax. los, ;
Loof ; see Luflf. M. Du. loos, (i) loose, (2) false (where
Look, to see. (E.) M. E. loken. A. S. mod. Du. has los, loose, loos, false) G. ;
locian, to look. 4- O. Sax. lokon, to look /i?i-, loose; Goth. /<7«j-, empty, vain. Teut.
;
cf. M. H. G. luogen, to mark, behold, G. type *lausoz from */aus-, 2nd grade of ;
higen, to look out. Brugm. i. § 421(7). Teut. *leusan-, to lose. See Lose.
IjOOm (0 ^ machine
J
for weaving cloth. -less, suffix. (E.) M.E. -lees, -les \
(E.) M. E.
lome, a tool, implement. A. S. A. S. -leas, the same as leas, loose, free
ge-loma, a tool, implement, instrument. from (above).
Der. heir-loom, where loovi meant any loose, loosen, vb. (E.) The true
implement, hence a piece of furniture. form is loose, later loosen by analogy with
301
; ;
;
LOOT LOUD
strengthen, &c. A late
derivative from fused with M. E. losien, to be lost.] The
the adj. above. Other languages derive M. E. lesen is from A. S. -leosan, strong
the verb directly from the adj. thus Du. ; verb, to lose (pt. t, -leas, pp. -loren). This
lessen, Icel. leysa, Swed. Idsa, Dan. lose, is cognate with Du. -liezen (only in com p.
G. Ibsen, Goth, lausjan, to loosen, are ver-liezen), G. -lieren (only in comp. ver-
derived (respectively) from Du. los, Icel. liere7i), Goth, -liusan (only 'mf7'a- Hasan,
Swed. and Dan. Ids, G. los, Goth.
latiss, to loose). Teut. type ^lettsaft-. Cf. L.
latis, loose, vain. lii-ere, Gk. Xv-nv, to set free. Der. lorn,
IiOOt, plunder. (Hindi. -Skt.) Hindi lost, A. S. pp. -loren; tilso forlorn, q.v.
Ifit (with cerebral /), loot,plunder. The loss, sb. (E.) U.E. los. A.^.los,
cerebral t shews that r is elided. —Skt. destruction. Allied to Lose ; being
lotra, shorter form of lopira, booty, spoil. derived from Teut. *ltis, weak grade of
— Skt. lup, to break, spoil; allied to L. *leusan-, to lose (above).
rumpere, to break. See Rupture, Rob. losel, lorel, a worthless fellow, re-
Loot = that which is robbed. (Cf. Horn, probate. (E.) One devoted to perdition;
Pers. Diet. § 608.) cf. A. S. los, destruction, los-ian, to be
IiOOVer ; see Louver. lost, to perish. From Ins- (A. S. los-),
IiOp. (M. Du.) M. Du. hippen, to weak grade of the strong verb leosan, to
maim, castrate, mod. Du. lubben. Cf. lose, pp. loi'-en (for older *-los-en). Lor-el
Lithuan. lupti, to peel. See Lib. is formed from the base lor- of the pp. in
IiOquacious, talkative. (L.) Coined use, and los-el from the older form of the
from L. loqiidci-, decl. stem of loquax, same. For the suffix, cf. A.S. wac-ol,
talkative. — L. loqui, to speak. watchful.
Lord, a master. (E.) Lit. loaf-keeper.' ' Lot, a portion, share. (E.) M. E. lot.
A. early form hlafard,
S. hldford, a lord ; K.^.hlot {<-^hlutom), lot, share. -A.S.
for hldfweard^ a loaf- ward see Loaf and ; hltct-, weak grade of hleotan (pt. t. Meat).
Ward. %
For the loss of w, cf. A. S. to obtain by lot. -f Du. lot ; Icel. hluti,
fiilluht, ixomfulwiht, baptism. allied to str. vb. hljota, to obtain by lot
SiOre, learning. (E.) M.M.lore; A. S. Dan. lod, Swed.All from the weak
lott.
Idre, gen., dat., and ace. of ld>-, lore.+Du. grade of Teut. '^hleiitan-, to obtain by lot
leer, G. lehre, O. H. G. lera, doctrine. cf A. S. hliet, hlyt, G. loos, Goth, hlauts,
Teut. type *laizd, fem. cf. Teut, '^laizjan ; a lot, from *hlaut, 2nd grade of the same
(A. S. l^7-an, G. lekren), to teach; from verb.
*/aiS', 2nd grade of *leisan-, to trace out Loth ; see Loath.
see Learn, Last (2). Lotion, a washing, external medicinal
Lorel ; see losel. application. (L.) L. lotidn-em, ace. of
XiOrimer, a maker of horses' bits, spurs, lotio, a washing. — L. lotus, pp. of laudre,
&c. (F.-L.)Also lon'ner. — O.V. /ori- to wash. See Lave. Brugm. i. § 352(3).
nier, lo7'einier, M. F. lorimicr, later Loto, Lotto, a game. (Ital.-Teut.) F.
lor?nier, a spurrier
'
Cotgrave. — O. F. ;
' loto ;a F. form of the Ital. lotto, a lottery,
lorein, loraiii, rein, bridle, bit. —Late L. a word of Teut. origin see Lot. ;
lorenum, lordman, a rein, bit. — L. Idrwn, lottery. (E. with ¥. suffix.) In

;
a thong. Levins, ed. 1570. Formed by adding -ery

ItOriot, the golden oriole. (F. — L.) to E. lot ct. bj'cw-ery, Jish-ery.
; The F.
F. loriot, corruptly written for Voriot, loterie is borrowed from English or from
where oriot is another form of oriol ; see Ital. lotteria (Torriano).
Oriole. Lotus, the Egyptian water-lily. (L. —
ZiOrn, lost. (E.) M. E. loren, pp. of Gk.) L. Idtus, lotos. -"QtV. Xwtus, (i) the
lesen, to lose see Lose.
; Gk, lotus, (2) the Cyrenean lotus, the
IiOry, a bird of the parrot kind. eaters of which were called lotophagi, (3)
(Malay.) Also called Jury; and (formerly) the lily of the Nile.
nory, Jtmy. — Malay Ifirl, niirT, a lury or Loud. (E.) U.Y..lotid. K.S. hind.
lory. + Du. luid, G. laut. Teut. type *hludoz,
IiOSe. (E.) The form formerly in use tor earlier hluthos (with the accent on 0) ;
was lese ; M. E. lesen. [The mod. form allied to the Idg. type *klutds (with weak
lose has got its sound of (uu) from the grade *^/w) as seen in L. -clutus, in
influence of M. E. losen, to loose, con- inclutus, renowned, Gk. kKvtos, renowned,
302
;
LOUGH LUBRICATE
Skt. {ruta-, heard, from ^ru, to hear. Low (1), humble, inferior, (Scand.)
(V'KLEU.) Brugin. i. §§ loo, 1 13. M. E. also /(i/^.- Icel. Idgr, low;
louh,
Lough, a lake. (Irish.) Ir. ioch ; see N. Fries. leeg\ Swed. lag, Dan. lav. The
Loch. orig. sense is that which lies down, or lies
Lounge, to loll about. (F. L.) From — low fas we say) from Icel. lag-, stem of
;
hingis, an idle fellow or lounger, not an pt. pi. of /z^^g^lfz, to lie. See Lie (I ). Der.
uncommon word in the i6th and 17th be-lo'iu (= by low) also lower, vb., i.e.
;
centuries. —
F. /ongis, an idle, drowsy, and to let down, from lozv-er, comparative of
stupid fellow (Cot.\ Littre supposes that low, adj.
this sense of longis was due to a pun, Low (2), to bellow. (E.) M. E. lowen,
having reference to L. longiis, long, hence A S. hloivan, to bellow, resound, -f- L)u.
a long and lazy ma;i for, strictly speak iniL^,
; loeijen, O. H. G. hlojan. Cf. L. cld-mdre.
Longis is a proper name, being the O. F. Low ('.h\ a hill. (E.) In place-names.
form of L. Longhis or Longinus, the A. S. hlmv, hlaw, a hill ; properly a slope.
name (in the old mysteries) of the cen- •{• Goth, hlaiw, a grave hlains, a hill ;
turion who pierced the body of Christ. Lat. clitms, a hill. From a Teut. base
This name first appears in the apocryphal *hlai-, 2nd grade of the Teut. root *hlei-
gospel of Nicodemus, and was doubtless (Idg. y'KLEI), to lean, incline. Allied
suggested by Gk. Xo7X'7j ^ lance, in John to Lean (1).
xix. 34. Low flame. (Scand.)
(4), Icel. logi,
Louse, an insect. (E.) M.
E. Ions, pi. flame ; L. lux.
cf. Allied to Lucid.
iys. A. S. ills, pi. lys (lice).-}-^^. liiis, Lower (1), to let down. (E.) From
Dan. hitis, Swed. his, Icel. lils, G. laiis. low-er, comparative of adj. low.
Teut. type */;7.y, fem. Lower (3), to frown. (E.) M. E.
Lout, a clown. (E.) The lit. sense is louren, liiren, to lower, frown. Cf. M.
'stooping,' from M. E. lotiten, to stoop, Du. loeren, to leere, to frowne,* Hexham
'
;
bow. — A.S. Iiitan, to stoop. +Icel. //7/r, Low G. and E, Fries, luren, to lower,
stooping, bent (which prob. suggested our frown, peer M. H. G. luren, G, latiern.
;
use of the word), from liita, to stoop; cf. Cf. Icel. Inra, to doze.
Swed. luta, Dan. liide, to stoop, lean. Lown; see Loon (i).
Louver, Loover, an opening in the Loyal, faithful. (F.-L.) F. loyal
roofs of ancient houses. (F.î M. E. /over (Cot.). — L. legdlis, legal (hence, just,
(used to translate O. F. louvert in the loyal) ; see Legal.
Romance of Partenay, 1175), ^^t really Lozenge, a rhombus a small cake of ;
from O. F. lovier, lover, used as a gloss to flavoured sugar, &c., orig. of a diamond
Late L. lodlttm, a word also explained by shape. (F.) Formerly losenge, esp. a
M. E. /(?z^^r. — Romanic type 'Îdddritim, shield of a diamond shape (in heraldry).—
adj. form due to Late L. lodmvi, a loover. O. F. losenge, lozenge (F. losauge), a lozenge.
(For the intercalated v, cf. F. pouvoir, Origin disputed prob. from O. F. lanze,
;
from O. F. pooir ^'^^^^n. poder.) Prob. borrowed from Prov. laiiza, a square flat
an opening over a fireplace from Icel. ; stone, tombstone allied to Span. laiide,thQ
;
hlod, n. pi., a hearth. (Academy, Dec. '94.) same. — L. lapidem, ace, of lapis, a stone.
Lovage, an umbelliferous plant. (F.— See laiisa, laziza, a flat stone for buildings
L.) M. E. htiaehe (Alphita).- O. F, (Ducange).
levesche, hivesche (Wright's Voc. i. 139). Lubber, a dolt. (E.) M. E. lo're,
Cf. Ital. levistico, lovage. — L. ligusticum. lolmr. Cf. M. Du, lobben, '
a lubbaid, a
lovage, a plant of Liguria. — L. Ligusticus, clowne,' Hexham; Low G. lobbes (^the
belonging to Liguria, a country of Cis- same) ; Norw, lubba, one of round
Iztbb,
alpine Gaul. thick figure lubben, short and thick.
;
Love, affection. (E.) M.E. loue {love). Also W. Hob, a dolt, lubber, llabi, a
A. S. hifu, love. From the weak grade stripling, looby. Cf. lob in Shakespeare,
{lub^ of Teut. base *leub. •+ Goth, lubo ;
M. N. D. ii. I. 16. Allied to Lump; cf.
O. H. G. luba cf. also
; G. Hebe Russ. ; E. Fries, lobhe, lob, a flabby lump.
lioboTf ; Skt. loblia, covetousness, hibh, to Lubricate, to make slippery. (L.)
desire. Closely allied toLief. (yLEUBH.) From pp. of L. lubricare, to make slippery.
Der. love, vb. ; belove, first appearing in — L. lubricus, slippery. Allied to Goth.
M. E. bihifien, to love greatly. sliupan, to slip. See Slip.
303
'
LUCE LUMBER
IiUCe, tlie pike; a fish. L. (F. — Late to pull, pull by the hair A. ; S. liican,
— Gk.) Lit. ' wolf-fish.' - TSL F, /ncs, Ins, a to pull up weeds; Dan. Inge,to weed.
pike; Cot. — Late L. hichis, a pike. — Cik. |3. The A. lucan is a strong verb,
S.
\vKos, a wolf; also a (ravenous) fish. Cf. allied to a Teut. type *Ieuk-aii-, to pull
'
Pyke, fysche, dentrix, hicius, liiptis ; (pt. t. *lanky pp. *Inkaiwz). l.ng\% from
Prompt. Parv. * Luce, fysche, liicius ;' id. the weak grade */z/^. Der. Ingg-age, with
ZiXlcid, bright. (L.) L. lucidns, bright. F. suffix as in bagg-age.
— L. to shine
lilcere, cf. lf4X, light. -J-Gk. ; IiUgSail, n. sort of square sail. CScand.
Acu/fo?, bright Skt. ;7/r//, to shine. Allied
; and K.) Prob. from the verb to Ing; the
to Light (I). (VLEUK.) Der. luci-fer, sail is easily hoisted by a pull at the rope
i. e. light-bringer, morning-star, ixoxnferre, attached to the yard. Or named from
to bring. lugger, its apparent derivative, as if a ship
IiUCk, fortune. (Du.-M. H. G.) M. E. furnished with lugsails ; but cf. Du. logger,
hikke (15th c). Not found in A. S. and ; which seems to mean 'slow ship,' from
Fries. Ink is late. — Du. Ink. From M.H.G. Du. log, slow, E. Fries. I?ig. (Doubtful.)
ge-Iiicke, good fortune G. gliick (for ; IiUgubrious, mournful. (L.) From
ge-Iilck). TheSwed. lycka,
Fries, hik, L.Ingubri-s, mournful with suffix -ous.";
Dan. lykke (like Du. Ink') are borrowed L. lugere, to mourn. Cf. Gk. Xv^pSs, sad.
from G. (Kluge). Perhaps akin to G. IiUkewarm, partially warm. (E.)
locken, to entice, allure. M.E. luke, leuk, tepid. {Ltike-warm==
IiUCre, p;ain, profit. (F. — L.) F. lucre. tepidly warm.) Cf. Du. leuk, luke-warm;
— L.
lucrum, gain. Allied to Irish luach, E. Fries, liik, hike, tepid, weak, slack.
price, wages, G. lohn, reward, Gk. Ae/a % Distinct from lew-wai-m.
I
for *\afia), booty, Russ. lovite, to take Lull, to sing to rest. (E.?) M.E.
as booty. Der. lucr-at-ive, F. lucradf, lullen. Not in A. S.+Swed. l.tlla, Dan.
L. lucratmus, from pp. of Incrdi-T, to gain, hdle, to hum, lull M. Du. lulleii, to sing
;
from lucrum, gain. Brugm. i. § 490. in a humming voice; E. F"ries. lolleit, to

liUCUbration, a production composed sing badly, howl, cry. From the repetition
in retirement. Properly, a working
(L.) of In In, in lulling children to sleep. This
by lamp-light from L.
liicubrdtio, the
; is a drowsier form of la I la ! used in
same. — L. hlcubrdtns, pp. oi Incnbi'd}'e, to cheerful singing cf. //// and see Lol-
; ;
bring in lamps, to work by lamp-light. — lard. Cf. Gk. XaXiiv, to speak.

'h. lucnbrnm, prob. a faint light; at any Lumbar, relating to the loins. (L.)
rate, obviously formed from hlc-, stem of L. lumbdris. adj. whence lumbdre, an
;
lux, light ; cf. Incere, to shine. See Light apron (Jerem. xiii. i). — L. luinbus, the
(i), Lucid. loin.-j-A.S. lendenu, pi., the loins, Du.
Ludicrous, laughable. (L.) L. ludi- lendenen, pi. Swed. land, Dan. lend,
;
cr-us, done in sport ; with suffix -ous. — l^. loin G. lende, haunch. Brugm. i. § 360.
;
Indus, sport. — L. hldcre, to play.

lildi-, for lumbago, pain in the loins. (L.) L.
IiUif, IiOOf, to turn a ship towards the lumbago, pain in the loins. — L. lumbus,
wind. (E.) From M. E. lof, a contrivance loin.
for altering a ship's course; see Layamon, Lum.ber (i), useless furniture. (F.—
iii. 476. It seems to have been a sort of G.) Formerly lombor (1487) lumbar ;
large paddle, used to assist the helm in (Blount). Perhaps the hunber-room was
keeping the ship right. Prob. named from orig, Lombaj-d-1-oom, where the Lombard
the resemblance of a paddle to the palm of broker bestowed his pledges. Cf. Lom-
the hand; cf. Lowl. Sc. loof, Icel. lofi, bardeer, a broker, Lombard, a bank for
Goth. lofa, palm of the hand. Cf also usury or pawns Blount. — F. Lombard, a
;
Du. loef, Dan. hiv, Swed. lof, weather- Lombard (who acted as pawnbroker in
gage Dan. liive, to luff
; and perhaps ; the 14th century). — L. Longobardus,
Bavarian laffen, blade of an oar, flat part also Langobardus. — G. Langbart, a
of a rudder. See E. Fries. lof, Ifif in name given to the men of this tribe.
Koolman. Der. laveer. Cf. A. S. Langbeardas, the Lombards.
XiUgf, to drag. (Scand.) Swed. lugga, See Ducange. (Etym. disputed.)
to pull by the hair cf. lugg, the forelock
; ; Lumber (2), to make a great noise.
Norw. lugga, to pull by the hair; cf. lugg, (Scand.) In Palsgrave. frequent, verb A
hair of the head. Also cf. Low G. luken. of Scand. origin. — Swed. dial. lomra, to
304
' '
LUMINARY LURK
resound; cf. Swed. Ijwnm, a great noise, IiUnge, a thrust, in fencing. (F. — L.)
Icel. hljomr, a sound, a tune. From Teut. Formerly longe. The E, a longe is a mis-
base *hleu-, to hear, whence also Goth. taken substitute for F. allonge (formerly
hHztma, hearuig. See Loud. alonge), a lengthening; i.e. an extension
Luminary, a bright light. (F.-L.) of the body in delivering the tlirust. — F.
O. F. liiuiinarie, later liwiinaire, a light, allonger, to lengthen (formerly alonge?-).--
lamp. — L. lu})iinai-e, a light; neut. of ¥ a (from L. ad), to and L. ^longdre, only
. ;
/fitiiindj'is, light-giving. — L. liimin-, for used in comp. e-longare, to lengthen, from

iiiinen, light. Lumen — *h'(c-7Jien ; from longus, long. See Long,
/I'tiere, to shine. vSee Lucid. Lupine, a kind of pulse. (F. — L.) F.
luminous, bright^ (F. - L.) F. lupin. —
L. lupiniim, a kind of pulse ;
luniineiix.— L. htminosus, bright ; from orig. neut. of lupinus, wolfish, though the
lumin-, for iri/iien, light (above). reason is not clear. L. lupus, a wolf; see—
IiUmp. (Scand.) M. E. lo>jipe, himpe. AVolf.
— Swcd. dial, and hwip, a block, Norv^^. Lurch (i), to lurk, dodge, pilfer, fE.)
stump, piece hewn off a log Swed. lumpoj; ; Allied to Lurk. Cf. birch, birk. The
yA., rags Swed. Dan. lumpen, paltry. Cf.
; senses are (i) to lie in wait, lurk, (2) to
Du. lomp (whence G. Inmpeji), a rag, lump, pilfer, steal. Der. Iwch-er, one that '
lomp, clumsy E. Fries. hi7np, clumsy,

; lies upon the lurch,
catch, or upon the
thick, vile, lumpy. also a kind of hunting-dog ; ' Phillips.
IiUnar. (L.) L. hlnaris, adj. from ; Lurch (2), the name of a game. (F.)
Ifina, moon. L. irina — *loucsnd, giver of '
To leave in the lurch is due to an old '
light. — L. hlce?-e^ to shine. Brugm. i. game. — M. F. lourche, 'the game called

§ 218. Der. hm-ette, mUr-Iiinar; and lurche, or lurch in a game il demoura ;
see below. lourche, he was left in the lurch ' Cot. ;
lunatic. (F. — L.) F. hinaliqtie.— Cot. also gives 07irche, ' the game at tables
L. Ifdiaiiciis, mad ; lit. affected by the called lurch.'— Bavarian lurz, beaten at
moon. — L. iilna, moon. draughts. Cf. Ital. lurcio, ' the game
ZiUnch, a large piece of bread, &c. lurch,' Torriano. Cf. Low L. lurculus,
;
(E, ?)Lunch, 'a gobbet, or peece '
parvus lusus Ducange.;
'
Alinsheu. Connected with lujup, like Lurch (3) to devour obsolete. (F.
, ; ?
hunch with hump, hunch with bump. See — L.) To ///;r/i, devour, or eate greedily
'
;
Lump. Baret.-O. F. *lwxher {">) cf. Ital. lur- ;
luncheon, lunch, a slight meal. care, to lurch or devour greedily,' Tor- '
(E. Ti Lunch is now used as short for riano. — Late L. Iurcd7-T, lurcdre, to devour
luncheon, though luncheon itself is an ex- greedily.
tension from ///«r//, a lump. Cot. gives M.F. Lurch (4), a sudden roll sideways.
caribot, a lunchion, or big piece of bread,' (E. ?)
'
'A lee lurch, a sudden roll (of a
&c. also hoj'ion, a cuff, thump, also a ship) to the leeward
;
' Webster. Obscure; ;
'
luncheon or big piece.' Lunchioi appears perhaps merely lurch (i) in the sense to
to be for lunshin, as in a huge Itinshin stoop or dodge '
see Lurch (i). ;
of bread,' Thoresby to Ray (1703), which Lure, a bait. (F. — G.) M. E. lure."'
is prob. merely short for lunchin{g\. At O. F. loerre, loirre, later leiirre, a faul- '
any rate, luncheon is clearly from lunch, a coner's lure;' Cot. — Teut. 'Îdtlwoju, neut.;
large piece (above). %
Quite distinct as seen in M. H. G. luoder (G. luder), a
from nmuheon. bait, decoy, lure. Perhaps from Teut.
IiUng*. (E.) M. E. hwge, pi. lunges, *ldth, 2nd grade of *lath-. to invite ? Cf.
longes,A.S lungen,p\. lungena.-^'Dn. long, A. S. ladian, Icel. latia, Goth, lathdn, G.
Icel. lung I, pi., Dan. lunge, Swed. lunga, laden, to invite, weak verbs.
G. lungen, pi. Allied to A. S. lungre, Lurid, wan, gloomy. (L.) L. Ifa-idus,
quickly (orig. lightly), also to Gk. ikaxvs, pale yellow, wan.
Skt. laghu-, light. The lungs are named Lurk, to lie in wait, (Scand. T\ M. E.
from their lightness; cf. E. lights, i.e. lurkeji, /(?;-^^;z — Norw. lurka, to sneak
lungs Russ. legkoe, lung, as compared away, go slowly; Swed, dial, hirka, to do
;
with Rus5. legkii, light Port, leves, lungs, anything slowly

; E. Fries, hirken, to ;
from Port, leve^ light ; see Light (2). shuffle along. Perhaps extended from
Brugm. i. § 691. hlr-, as in Norw. Iu7-a, Dan. /«;r, to lie inI
305
—, '
LURY MACARONI
wait, Dan. liire^ (also) to listen, Sved. Luxury. (F. — L.) ^l.Y.. luxurie.'"
liira, to lie in wait; G. lauern, to lurk. O. F. luxurie (Hatzfeld), F. luxure. —
See Lower (2). L. hixuria, luxury. — L. luxus, pomp, ex-
Lury ; see Lory. cess, luxury.
Luscious, delicious. (F. — L.) 01" -ly, a common suffix. (E.) A. S. -lie,
doubtful origin. Still, we find in The adj. suffix ; -lice, adv. suffix ; from lie,
Anturs of Arthur, ed. Robson, st. 36, like ; see Like (i).
*
with Indus drinkes and in Sir Ama- ;
'
Lye, a mixture of ashes and water, for
dace, St. 27, with liciiis drinke.' The
'
washing. (E.) M. E. ley. A. S. leali.-^
latter form is short for delicious; so that Du. looo-, G. lauge, O. II. G. louga, lye.
luscious may be the same, but confused Perhaps allied to Icel. laug, a bath ; and
with lusty. Also liishious (Spenser) ; to L. laudre, to wash. Cf. Lather.
hissyouse (^Palsgrave). Lyni, a lime-hound K. Lear, iii. 6. 72. :
JjUSt. (E.) The usual old meaning is Short for Limehound.

pleasure. A. S. hist^ pleasure. Du. lust, + Lymph, a colourless fluid. (L.) L.
Icel. lyst, losti, Dan. lyst, Swed. and G, lympha, O. L. hunpa Brugm. i. § 102), '^
hist, Goth, lustiis, pleasure. Allied to water, lymph, also a water-nymph. The
Skt. lash, to desire ; Gk. KiXalofiai. spelling with y is prob. due to a sup-
Brugm. i.
§ 518 (2). Der. lust-y, formerly posed connexion with Gk. vvyi.(pr], a
'
pleasant.' nymph (prob. false). It is rather allied
Iiustration; see Lustre (2). to Limpid.
liUStre ( I), splendour, (F. — Ital. — L.) Lynch, to punish by mob-law. (E.)
F. lustre. a lustre, a glasse,
'•'\\.^\. lustro, '
From Charles Lynch, a Virginian planter
a shining,' Florio cf. Late L. lustrum, ; (1736-96) Cent. Diet.
; The name is
a window. — L. lustrdre, to shihe. Prob. from A. S. hlinc, a ridge of land. See
from a lost adj. '^lustrus (for '^lucstrus), Link (i).
shining from lucere, to shine.
; Lynx, a keen-sighted quadruped. L.—
IiUStre (2), IiUstrum, a period of Gk.) M. E. lynx.*'\^.lynx. — Q'k. ^vy^,
five years. (L.) L. hcstruf/i, an expiatory a lynx allied to Aeu/co?, bright, and named
;
sacrifice also a period of five years,

; from its bright eyes. Cf. Skt. ruch, to
because every five years a lustrum was shine, loch, to see. Cognate forms are
performed. The orig. sense is a purifi- '
A. S. lox, Swed. lo, G. htchs, Lith. luszis,
cation '; from lucre, to wash, purify. a lynx and (probably) Russ. riiise, Pers.
;
lusttratiou, a purification by sacri- rfis, Zend raozha Student's Pastime,

;
fice. (L.) From L. lustrdtio, an expia- P- 393-

tion. — L. lustrdtus, pp. of lustrdre^ to Lyre. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. lyre. - L.
purify. — L. histrum, an expiatory sacrifice lyra. — Gk. Xvpa, a lyre, lute. Der.
above).
(^
lyr-ic.
!Lute (i), a musical instrument. (F.
Arab.) M. E. lute — M. F. hit (Cotgrave)
mod. F. luth. also find Prov. laut. We
Span. laud. Port, alaude, Ital. liuto, Du.
luit,Dan. hit, G. laute. The Port, form Macadamise, pave a road with
to
shews the Arab, origin since alin al- ; small broken stones. (Gael, and Heb.;
aude is for al, the Arab. def. art. -i^ Arab. with F. suffix^ Named after Mr, John
al, the 'lid, wood, timber, a staff, stick,
; Macadatn, a.d. 18 19. Macadam = ^0x1 of
wood of aloes, lute, or harp. Adam. — Gael, mac, son; Heb. addm, a
Lute (2), a kind of loam. (F.— L.) man, from root ddatn, to be red.
O. F. hit, clay, loam. — L. hitum, mud, Macaroni, Maccaroni. (Ital.-L.)
that which is washed down. — L. htere, to Ital. maccaroni, a kinde of paste meate
' ;
wash. Allied to Lave. Florio. Prob. from Ital. maccare, to '
Lutestring, a lustrous silk. (F.— bruise, batter, to pester,' Florio i.e. to ;
Ital. — L. A
curious corruption o{ lustring,
) reduce to pulp. — L. mac-, base of
a sort of shining silk (Kersey) — F. lustrine . mdcerdre, to macerate. See Macerate.
lutestring, lustring. — Ital. //fJ/r/V^c', lustring, Der. macaronic, i. e. in a confused or
tinsel ; from its gloss.— L. lustrdre^ to mixed state (applied to a jumble of
shine ; see Lustre (i). languages).
306
— '
;
MACAROON MAGGOT
macaroon. (F.-Ttal.-L.) Y.tnaca- Madam, my lady. (F. - L.) F.
ron, macarons 'macarons, little fritter-
\)\. , madauie, i. e. ma dame, my lady, — L.
like buns, also the same as macaroni
. .
;
mea domina, my lady see Dame. ;
Cot. — Ital. ?naccaroni (above). Now ^ Madder, a plant. (E.) xM. E. mader,
applied to a kind of biscuit. madir. A. S. mcsddre also mcedere. 4* ;
IMCacaw, a kind of parrot. (Caribbean.) Icel, maSra, Du. mede, mee.

Said to be the native name in the Antilles Madeira, a sort of wine. (Port. — L.)
(Webster). Brazilian macao (Cent. Dict.\ Named from the isle oi Madeira, i.e. 'the
Mace (0' a kind of club. (F — L.) well-wooded.' — Port, madeira, wood, tim-
O. F. mace (F. masse). ^Yd\k-\j. '^mattea, ber. — L. 7ndteria, stuff, wood, timber.
a beetle, only preserved in dimin. matcola, See Matter ( 1
).
a little beetle. See Korting. But see % Mademoiselle, miss. (F.-L.) F.

Franck (s. v. metseleti). ma. my demoiselle, damsel see DamseL
; ;
Mace (2), a kind of spice. (F. — L. madonna, my lady. (Itnl.-L.) Ital.

Gk. — Skt.?)F. macis, mace (O. F. ma. my donna, lady, from L. domina
;
;
luaceis, viacis, Godefroy). It seems to see Dame.

have been confused with M. F, macer, Madrepore, coral. (F, - Ital. - L,
which is not mace, as many imngine, and Gk.) F. madrepore. — Ital. madre-
'
Init a reddish, aromaticall, and astringent pora. The lit. sense is mother-stone,' a '
rind of a certain Indian root Cot. Both fanciful name, due to the existence ot such
' ;
prob. from L. macer, maci}', i. e. the rind terms as madre-selva, honeysuckle (lit.
'
of a great root, which beareth the name of mother-wood), viadre-bosco, woodbine (lit.
the tree itself,' Holland, tr, of Pliny, xii. 8. mother-bush), madre-perla, mother-of-
— Gk. fj.dK(p doubtless of Eastern origin. pearl. Here madre is from L. matrem,
;
Macerate, to soften by steeping, (L.) ace. of mater, mother; see Mother.

From pp. of L. mdce7-dre, to steep ; fre- Pora is from Gk. vaipos, a light friable
quent, from a base mac-. stone, also a stalactite. But the word ^
Machine. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y. machine. has certainly been tinderstood (prob. mis-
— L. mdchina. — Gk. ixrixavi}, a device, understood) as connected with/^r^, whence
machine cf. fj^fjxos, means. (-y'MAGH. numerous scientific terms such as cateni-
; i
Allied to May (i). poi'a, tubi-pora, denti-pora, gemmi-po7'a.

Mackerel, a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. Scientific etymology is usually clumsy, •
'
makerel (F. maqnereati). From Late L. and frequently wrong. may conclude We
viaquerelhis. Of unknown origin. that F. and E. pore have been understood
Mackintosh, a waterproof overcoat. in the place of Gk, nwpos, by confusion of
(Gael.) Gael. Mack-intosh, the name of ideas. See Pore,
the inventor. Madrigal, a pastoral song, (Ital.-
Macrocosm, the whole universe. L, — Gk.) Ital. viadriga/e, a short song,
(Gk.) Gk. /j-anpo-s, long, great; Koajxos, pastoral ditty ff)r ^mandrigale. Florio ;
the world. Cf. microcosm. also gives mandriale, mandriano, a herds-

Maculate, to defile. (L.) From pp. man, also a madrigal, — Ital, mandra,
of L. maculih-e, to spot. — L. ?nacula, a a herd, flock. — L. mandra, a stall,
spot, dimin. of a form ^maca, not used. stable. — Gk. /udi'bpa, a fold. Skt, 7nan- +
Der. i?}imaculate, orig. a pp. diird, stable, (The suffix -?^'--a/^ = L. suffix
Mad. (F.) [The vowel was formerly -ic-dlis^
sometimes long. M. E. 7?iaad.'] But the Magazine. (F, — Ital. — Arab.) O.F.
M.E. viddis from A. S. {ge)-j?iceded, mad- magazin (F. magasin). — Ital. magazzino,
dened, shortened to {ge-)madd (cf. fat) a storehouse. — Arab, makhdzin^ pi. ot
;
pp. of ge-madan, to drive mad. [The makhzan, a storehouse, —Arab, khasn, a

M.E. maad answers to A. S. mdd\ cf. laving up in store.
K."^. ge-maad^Qox"^. Gloss. 2105; hence Maggot, a grub. (E.) Isl.Y. magot,
mdd-mod, madness (Grein)]-f- O. Sax. ^(?- inagat. Cf. \V. maceiad, macai,ti maggot;
mcd, foolish O. H. G. gif?ieit, vain Icel. magiaid, grubs.
; ; But maggot appears to
meiddr, pp. of meida, to maim, hurt be an A. F. perversion of M. E. 7naddok,
Goth, ga-viaids, maimed. The orig, sense the usual word for maggot. Also M. E.
seems to be severely injured ; the prefix 7nadek, dimin, c'f A, S. 7na}a, 77iaPn, a worm.
'
'
ge-.,gi',gais unessential. Du, 77mde +

G. made; Goth. matJia. ',
307
— , —
MAGI MAIL (BLACK)

Cf. also Dan. viaddik, Norw. rnakk, Icel. magnds, a prince (Judith v. 26). — L.
?}iadkr; see Mawkish. magnus, great. «f[ Magnate due to the
is
Magi, priests of the Persians. (L. — Gk, use of L. magnds in Hungary and Poland.
— Fers.) L. f?iagi, pi, — Gk. fidyoi, pi. of Magnolia. (F.) A genus of plants
fxajos, a Magian, one of a Median tribe ;
named after Pierre Magnol, of Montpellier,
also an enchanter, properly a wise man in France ; died A. D. 1715.
who interpreted dreams. O. Pers. niagti-, — Magpie, a bird. (F. — L. — Gk. and ;
Pers. nnigh, mngh, one of the Magi, a F. — L.) Also called magot-pie, ?naggoty-
fire-worshipper (Horn, § 984). Der. pie. Mag is short for Magot --= F. Margot,
inag-ic, short for magic art ; mag-ic-i-an. a familiar form of F. Marguerite, also
Magistrate. ^F. L.) Y magistrat — . used to denote a magpie. This is from L.
a magistrate, ruler. — L. magistrdtus^ 1 ) a ( Margarita, Gk. fxapyapiTijs, a pearl cf. ;
magistracy, (2) a magistrate. — L. magister, Per-;, murzvdrjd, a pearl, from Skt. mail-
a master. L. mag-is-ter is a double jarl, a pearl. Pie = F. pie, from L. pica,
compar. form cf. mag-nus, great.
; a magpie; see Pie (i).
Magnanimity, ; see Magnate Maguey, the American aloe. (Cuba).
under Magnificent. Of Cuban origin (Oviedo). Not Mexican,
Magnesia ; see Magnet. which has no g; the Mex. name is metl.
Magnet, the lodestone. (F.-L.-Gk.) Maharajah, great king. (Hind.
M. E. niagnete. —
O, F. magnete, also Skt.) From Skt. mahd-rdja-, great king.
inaneie (,13th cent.). — L. magnetem, ace. Cf. L. viagnus rex. So also mahd-rdni,
of magnes, for Magnes lapis ^ Magnesian great queen from Hind, ram, Skt. rdjiii,
;
stone, the lodestone. — Gk. MdyvT]^ (stem queen.

MayvrjT-), also MayvrjTtj^, Mayvqcrios, be- Mahdi, a spiritual director. (Arab.)
longing to Magnesia, in Thessaly; whence Arab, viahdi, the guided one from ma, ;
KlOos Mayvijcnos (or MayvriTTjs), Magnesian prefix, and hady, to guide. Cf. hddi, a
stone, lodestone, or a metal like silver. guide. (Rich. Diet. pp. 166 1, i6;o.)
Der. magnesia, an old name (in Chaucer, Mahogany, a tree. (Hayti.) From
C. T. 16923, or G. 1455), for a mineral mahagoni, in the old Carib dialect of
brought from Magnesia now differently ;
Hayti. (Garden and Forest, no. 438,
applied. See Schade, p. 1395. July 15, 1896 )
Magnificent. (L.) L. magnificent-, Mahometan ; see Mohammedan.
stem magnificens, lit. doing great
of Mahout, an elephant-driver. (Hind.)
things, hence, grand. — L. magni-, for Hind, mahdwat.
viagnus, great -ficens, ior faciens, doing,
; Maid, Maiden. (E.) M. E. mayde,
iromfacere, to do. See magnitude. merely short for earlier maiden, meiden.
magnify. — (F. A.
L.") S. mcegden, a maiden, cognate with
Isi.E. ?nagnifien.
— F. magtiijier. —1^. tnagnificdre, lit. to O. H. G. magatin, a maiden (with fem.
make large. — L. magni-, for magmcs, suffix -/«). The form without this suffix
great -ficdre, {or facere, to do.
; is A. S. mcegcQ, a maiden, cognate with
magniloquence. (L.) L. magni- Goth, magaths, a virgin, G. tnagd. Related

lotjneniia, elevated language. — L. magni-, to A. S. magu, a son or kinsman, cognate
for magmis, great loqiien.'-, stem of pres.
; with Goth, magus, Icel. niogr, and per-
pt. of loqiu, to speak see Loquacious. ;
haps with Corn, mazv, a boy. See Stokes
magnitude, greatness. (L.) L. mag- (in Fick, ii. 198). Kluge compares O.
nitildo, size. — L. magnus, great. +
Gk. Irish mace, W. jnab, son. Der. maiden-
}iiyas, great Skt. ?/iahant-, great
; A. S. hood, also spelt maiden-head.
;
micel. See Mickle. Mail (i), steel network for armour.

magnanimity, greatness of mind. (F. — L.) O. F. maille, mail, also a mesh
(F. — L.) F. magnanimity. — L. ace. niagn- of a net. — L. macula, a spot, speck, hole,
animitdtem."!-.. magmis, great; animus, mesh of a net see Maculate. ;
mind. Mail (2), a le;ter-bag. (F. -O. H. G.)

magnanimous, high-minded. (L.) M. E. male. — O. F. male (F. j?ialle), a bag,
L. magnaftitn-iis with suffix -oiis (L. wallet. — O. H. G. tnalaha, a leathern
;
-ostis').-^ L. magmis, great animus, mind. wallet. Cf. Gael, and Irish mala, a bag
;
magnate, a great man, noble. (F. vfrom E.) Gk. iioXyos, hide, skin. ;
L.) F. magnat."!^. magndtem, ace. of Mail (Black), a forced tribute.

308
;;
MAIM MALINGER
(Scand.^ Mail is a Scottish term forj cian, pt. macode, to make.+Du. tnakcn
t. ;
rent. Black)nail or black rent is the rent G. machen. Allied to Match (i), q. v.
paid in cattle, as distinct from white Mai-, p-cfix, bad. F. - L.) F. vial. - (
money or silver. — Icel. Didli, agreement, L. mains, bad see Malice. ;
payment cf. fndl^ speech, law-suit, agree-

; Malachite, a green stone. (Gk.)
ment. Allied to A. S. ince])el, miel, a Named from its colour, which resembles
speech. that of mallow-leaves. Formed with
Maim, a bruise, hurt. (F. — G.?) Also suffix -lies (Gk. -tr?;?) from fxaXax-rj, a
s,Y>t\\.mahifn in Law-books (Blount). M.E. mallow. See Mallow.
maim.'^K.Y. makay?n, Liber Albus, p. Malady. -L.) F. maladie.-Y. (F.
281 ;M. F. inehaing, a maime, or abate- ' jnalade, oldest spelling ynalabde.
sick ;
ment of strength by hurts received Cot. ; ' CI. O. Prov. malaptcs. malandcs, sick. — L.
Cf. Ital. magagna, defect, blemish. Orig.a. viale habitus, out of condition (hence sick,
uncertain ; cf. Bret. 7nachan, mutilation, ill cf. 7nale habens, sick, Matt. iv. 24
;
machana, to mutilate. Some derive Ital. (Vulgate). — L. f?iale, badly, from mains,
inagagnare, to maim, from G. man^ man, bad habitus, pp. of habere, to have
;
and O. H. G. *havijan, to mutilate, see Habit. % So Schvtân. Not from

from the O. H. G. adj. ham, maimed male aptus (Diez) ; this would mean
(Korting). '
loolish.'
Main (i), sb., strength. (E.) M. E. malapert, saucy. F. — L.) O. F.
main. A. S. mcsgen, strength. -|- Ictl j
Dial appert. — O. F. inal, ill ; appcrt,
O. Sax. megin, strength.
f/iegin, Allied aspert, expert, ready, skilful. The sense
to May (i) and Might (i). lis 'badly expert,' i.e. mischievous. L. —
Main (2), adj., chief, principal. (Scand.) male, badly; expertus, skilful, confused
M. E, 7?iayn, adj. — Tcel. megft, strong. with apertus. pp. of aperire, to open
%
I
Distinct from main, sb., which is of see Expert and Aperient.

A. S. origin see above. ; malaria, noisome exhalation. (Ital. —
Mainour. (F. - L.) In the phr. taken '
L. and^V Ital. mafaria, for mala aria,
)
^vith the mainour or taken in the man-

' '
bad — L.
mala, fem. of malus, bad;
air.
ner ; i. e. caught in the act.
'
Anglo-F. and which represents Late
Ital. aria, air,
meinoure, 7nainota-e, O. F. maineuvj-e, lit. L. *dria, for deria, fem. of derius, adj.
manoeuvre hence, act. See Manoeuvre.
; fr(.m der, air. See Air.
We find also to be taken ivith the
'
Male. (F. — L.) O. F. juasle later
manner,' i.e. with the stolen chattel in male) F. male. — L. masctilus, nîale.
;
hand ; A. F. ove mainoitre. See Masculine.

Maintain, to keep in a fixed state, Malediction, a curse. (F.-L.) ^L F.
support. (F. L.) —
E. mainienen. — F. M . malediction. — L. ace. maledictionetn, a
maintettir.^1^. vianu tenere, to hold in curse. — L. fualedictus, -p\). of maledicere,
the hand or more likely (in late L.) to
; to speak evil of. —L jnale, adv., evilly;
hold by the hand, to abet. L. fnanii, — dicere. to speak. So also male-factor, an
abl. of manus, hand tenere, to hold see ; ; ill -doer, from factor, a doer from facere, ;
Manual and Tenable. to do. So also malevolent, lit. wishing

Maize, Indinn corn. (Span. — W. ill from tiolent-, stem of uolens, pres. pt. ;
Indian.) Span, viaiz. — \V, Indian mahiz, of tiellc, to will, to wish.

mahis, in the old Carib dialect of the isle Malice, ill will. F. — L.) M.E. malice.
of Hayti. F. fnalice. — L. ^nalitia, badness. — L. 7)ia-
Majesty. (F. — L.) M.Y.. jnagestee. lus, bad.
— O. F. niajestet (F. majeste). — !^. niaies- malign, unfavourable. (F. — L.) O.F.
tatem, ace. of maiestas, dignity, honour. jualing, fem. maligne (F. jnalin).— \^. tna-
Here md-ies- is related by gradation to ligmcs, ill-disposed, for '^mali-gciius, ill-
md'ior, comparative of fnag-mcs, great. born like benignus for *beni-gemis). — I
See Magnitude. Brugm. ii. § 135. L. tnali-, for 7nalus, bad ge7i-, base of :
major, a title of rank. (L.) L. vidior, gigtiere, to produce see Genus. ;
greater comparative of tnagmis^ great.

; malinger, to feign sickness. (F. — L.
Der. ffiajor-domo, imitated from Span. and G.) trom F. Dialingre, adj., diseased,
mayor-domo, a house-steward. formerly ugly, loathsome (Cot.). — F. 7nal,
Make. (E.) M. E. maken. A. S. ma- badly; O. F. haingre, hei7igre, thin, tma-
309
' ;
MALISON MAMMOTH
ciated. — L.
male, adv., badly; Q.hager, a mallow. + Gk. \iaKayy] =*fjLa\faxr}), a (
thin, lean (Korting). mallow ; named from its emollient pro-

malison, a curse. (F. — L.) A. F. perties Gk. ixaXaaaav, to make soft,
; cf.
maleison O. F. malison^ popular form of

; fxaXaKos, soft, mild. Cf. Malachite.
malediction see Malediction above. (So
; Malm.se3r, a strong sweet wine. (F.—
also benison for benediction.') Gk.) A corruption of M. E. malvesie,
Malkin, a kitchen-wench, (F. — malmsey. — A. F. malvesy (Ducange) F. ;
O.H.G.) Malkin is for Maid-kin, the malvoisie, malmesie Cot. From Mal-
' '
;
dimin. of Maid, Mold, or Maud, i. e. vasia, now called Napoli di Malvasia or

Matilda. See Grimalkin. Not the % Mone?nvasia {ôu-efxâcyla), a town on the
dimin. of Mary cf. ' Malkyne, or Mawt, ; E. coast of Lacedsemonia in Greece.
Molt,Mawde, MaliIdis, Matilda ; Prompt. ' Malt, grain steeped in water. (E.)
Parv. M. E. and O. Merc. A. S. tnealt, malt.
IMCall (i\ a large wooden hammer. (F. malt. — Teut. *malt-, 2nd grade of *mel^
— L.) M. E. 7?ialle. — 0.¥. mal, mail, tan-, to melt, hence to steep, soften. +
F. 77iail, ' a mall Cot. — L. malleum, ace.'
; Du. mout; Icel. Dan.Swed. malt; O.H.G.
of ?nalleus, a hammer. malz, malt, also soft, allied to Skt. mrdu-^
mall (2), the name of a public walk. L. mollis, soft. See Melt.
(F. - Ital. - G. and L.) In Pall Mall, and Maltreat. (F. —
L.) Y.maltraiter,\.o
the Mall in St. James's Park. Named from treat ill. - L. male, ill ; tractdre, to handle,
Y,. pall-mall "Sl.Y. pale-maille, because
',
treat ; see Treat.
the game so called was played there this ; malversation. (F.-L.^ F. maU
game of pall-mall was like the modern versation, ' misdemeanor Cot. ; ' (Hence
croquet, which is imitated from it. — M. fraudulent behaviour.) — F. malverser, to
liaX. palamaglio, a stick with a mallet at '
behave ill. — L.
male, ill; ztersdri, to be
one end,' for playing the game of pall- engaged in, from uersdre, frequent, form
mall ; Also spelt pallamaglio
Florio. ;
of uertere, to turn see Verse. ;
lit. * — Ital. palla, a ball

mallet-ball.' ; Mamaluke, Mameluke, an Egyp-
maglio, a mall. hybrid word. — O. H. G. A tian light horse-soldier. (F. — Aral).)
palla, M. H. G. balle, G. ball, a ball L. ; M. F. Mamaluc Cot. — Arab, mamliik. a ;
malleum, ace. oi malleus, a hammer. See purchased slave or captive, lit. possessed.' '
Ball. — Arab, root malaka, he possessed.

m.alleable. ^F. L.) M.Y. malleable, — Mamma. (E.) Also mama; for ma
'
malleable, hammerable, pliant to the ma, a mere repetition of ma, an in-
hammer Cot. From obs. L. *malledre,
;
' fantine syllable. Many other languages
to hammer, of which the pp. malledtus have something like it cf. F. maman, ;
occurs. — L. malleus, a hammer. Span. Du. and G. mama, Ital. and L.

mallet, a small mall. (F. L.) — manwia, a child's word for mother.
M.E. maillet. — F. maillet, 'a mallet'; Mammalia, the class of animals that
Cot. Dimin. of F. mail', see Mall (i) suckle their young. (L.") From L. mam-
above. mdlis (neut. pi. mammalia), belonging to
Mallard, a wild drake. (F.-L.) M.E. the breasts. — L. mamtna, the breast.
malard. — O. F, malard; formed, with Brugm. i. § 587 (3V
suffix -ard (of G. origin, from G. hart), mammiilary, pertaining to the
from O. F. male, male. See Male. The breasts. (L.^L. mammilldi'is,
Fron\
suffix -ard was particularly applied to adj. ; formed from L. mamma, the breast.
males, so that the idea of male appears vL. — Gk. - Syriac.)
'
' L. Mammon.
twice. mavimona. -'Gk. fiaficovds. Matt. vi. 24.—
Malleable, Mallet ; see Mall. Syr. mamond, which occurs in Chaldee
Mallecho, malefaction, mischief Targums, and in the Syriac version of
(Span. — L.) Hamlet, iii. 2. 147. — Span. St. Matthew, and means 'riches.' Cf.
vialhecho, misdone an euill deed
'
Heb. matmon, a hidden treasure, from
;
;
Minsheu. — Span, mal, ill; hecho, done, Idman, to hide.

pp. of hacer, to do. — L. male, ill actus, ; f Mammoth. (Russ. Tatar.) Russ. —
pp. oi facere, to do. See Fact. mamanf, a mammoth, species of elephant.
MallO'W, a plant. (L.) M. E. makve. An older form is 7}iavimof see N. E. D. ;
— A. S. malwe borrowed from L. vialna. ;

Said to be from Tatar mamma, the earth
310
MAN MANGE
l)ecause the Siberian peasants thought tlie Mandate, a command. (F.-L.) M.F".
animal burrowed in the earth like the — L. manddttttii,
inandat. a charge. — L.
mole. But no such Tatar word has been manddtus, pp. of mandare, to enjoin ;
found. lit. to put into one's hand. — L. w<7«-«j,

Man. (E.") M. E. man. A, S. mann. hand dare, to give
; see Manual and ;
-f-Dn. man, Icel. maiin- ,7nadr,':i\ve.i\. 7nan, Date, Pjrugm. i. § 589 (2, b).
Dan. mand, Goth, manna, G. mann ; Mandible, a jaw. (L.) L. mandilmla,
allied to Skt. maitu-, a man. jaw. — L. inandere, to chew.
maniHn, manakin, a dwarf, small Mandilion, a soldier's cloak. (Ital.—
man. (F. — Du.) M. V. vianequin, a '
Span. —
Arab. — L.) See Nares. Ital.
puppet,' — M. l)u. manneken (Hexham); mandiglione, a mandillion, souldier's '
double dimin. of Du. man, a man. iacket Florio. —Span, mandil, a coarse
;
'
mankind, the race of men. (E.) A. S. apron. — Arab, mandil, a table-cloth,

mancynn, mankind. — A. S. man, man ;
towel, mantle. —L. mantile, a napkin.
cynn, kind, race see Kin. ; Mandolin, a guitar. (F. -Ital. - Gk,
Manacle, a handcuff. (F. L.) M. E. — F, mandoline. — Ital. iiiandolino, dimin.
uianacle, also 7)ianycle. —
Y manicle.^'L,. . of mandola, mandora, a kind of guitar.
vianiatla, dimin. of wflw/t«, a long sleeve, Variants of Ital. pandora. See further
gauntlet, handcuff. — L. manus, the hand. under Banjo.
See Manual. Mandrake, a narcotic plant. (F.— L,
manage, government of a horse, con- mandrake, — Gk.) M. E.
mandrage;
trol, administration. (F. — Ital. — L.) Orig. fuller form mandragores cl. mandragora, ;
a sb., but now superseded by nianagetnent. Othello, iii. 3. — O. F. mandragore vital,

See Rich. 11. iii. 3. 179. — jNI.F. manege, the and Span, viandragora^. — L. mandra-
'
manage, or managing of a horse Cot. — goras. — Gk. /xavSpayopas, the mandrake.

; '
Ital. maneggio, a managing, a handling ;'

'
Mandrel, the revolving axis to which
Florio. — Ital. mano, the hand. — L. mamis, turners fix their work in a lathe. (F.—
the hand. Der. manage, vb. Gk. ?) From F. viandrin, a punch, a
Manatee, a sea-cow. (Span. — W. mandrel. Perhaps from Gk. fxavhpa, an
Indian.) Span, manati, a sea-cow. Prom enclosed space, sheepfold, also used to
its name in the language of Hayti. mean the bed in which the stone of a *
Manchineel, a tree. (F. — Span.— ring is set,' much like P^. mandi'el. See
L.) So called from its apple-like fruit.— Madrigal. Put cf. Oscan mafiiphtir, part
F. mancenille, the fruit of the manchineel of a lathe ; Brugm. i. §§ 571, 757.
tree. — Span, manzanilla, the same; also Mane. A. S. manu cf. (E.)
Icel. ;
manzanillo, a little apple-tree, the man- m'on (gen. man-ar,, a mane; Swed. and
chineel tree ;dimin. of Span, manzana, Dan. wo:;/. -f* Du. maan, M. Du. mane;
an apple; O. Span, mazana (Diez). — L. G. mdhne, O. H. G. mana. Cf. W.
Matidna, fem. of Matidnus, adj., the fnyttgen, mane, from mw7t, neck Irish ;
epithet of a kind of apple lit. Alatian.' ;

*
mnince, collar, from ?ntdn, neck Skt. ;
— L. Matius, the name of a Roman gens. many a, the tendon forming the nape of
Manciple, a purveyor, esp. for a the neck L. monile, neck-lace. Orig. sense
;
college. (F. — L.) M.E. ;//«;/<r/^/<?. — O.F. '

neck hence hair on the neck.'
'
;
'
mancipe. manciple, a slave, servant; cf. Manege, the same as Manage.

M. Ital. }iia;icipio, a slave, farmer, manciple. Manganese, a metal. (F.-Ital.-
— Iv. mancipiitm, a slave; orig. posses- '
Gk.) An fid term, newly applitd.
sion.'— L. mancip-, ioxmanceps, a taker in '
Manganese, so called from its likeness in
hand. — L. maft-tis,h3.r\(\ cap-ere,\.o take.
; colour and weight to the magnes or load-
Mandarin, a Chinese governor of a stone, is the most universal material used
province. (Port. — JNIalay.- Skt.) Not a in making glass;' Blount, ed. 1674.—
Chinese, but Skt. word through the f M.F. manganese (Cot.). — Ital. manganese,
Portuguese). — Port, mandarim, a man- '
a stuffe or stone to make glasses with ;
darin. — Malay (and Hindu) mantri, a also, a kind of minerall stone ' Florio. ;
counsellor, minister of state. — Skt. 7nan- A perverted form of magnesia, as shewn

trin-^ a counsellor mahdmantrin-, the
; in the Cent. Diet. cf. ftiangnet for magnet ;
prime minister. — Skt. mantra-, advice, in Palsgrave see Magnet. ;
counsel. — Skt. man, to think. Mange, scab or itch in dogs. (F. — L.)
311
MANGER MANSE
Made out of adj. mangy, a mi=;takcn form, Mania, frenzy. (L.-Gk.) l.. mania.
due to M. E. maniezve, sb. the mange. ~ — Gk. fxavia, frenzy, orig. mental excite-
(). F. manjtie, mange. — O. F. matijuer (F. ment cf. fxevos,
; mind. Der. mania-c^
manger), to eat. — L. inanducdre, to eat; F. maniaqne.
viandiicus, a glutton mandere, to chew. ; Manifest, apparent. (F. - L.) F.
manger, a feeding-trough. ^F. — L.) — L.
7nanifeste. 7nanifestus evident. , The
M. F. matingetir, Cath. Angl. — O.F. lit. sense is doubtful. — L. mani-, for
Diangeure ; F. mangeoire.'^V manger, to . mamis, hand ; -festus, apparently the same
eat (above). as in in-festus, hostile. It has been doubt-
Mangel-wurzel, (properly) a kind fully connected with -fendere, to strike, as

f)f beet. (G.) Corrupted from G. man- in of-fendere.
gold-7.vurzel, lit.beet-root.' — G. mangold
'
manifesto, written declaration. a
M. H. G.
I mangolt), beet, derived by (Ital. — manifesto^ sb. — Ital.
L.) Ital.
Schade from the personal name Manegold; manifesto, adj., manifest. — L. manifestus
ivurzel, root, allied to E. 'Wort (i). (above).
lUIangle rO> to mutilate. (Perhaps Manifold see Many. ;
F.-G.) In Sir T. More. Works, p. 538. Manikin see Man. ;
We Anglo-F. mangier, to mangle

find Manioc, the cassava-plant. (Brazil.)
(Godefroy) and mahangler to maim, in
; ^ Brazil, manioc whence Port, mandioca.;
Langtoft's Chron. i. 254. Frequent, form Maniple, a handful, small band of

of O. F. viahaigner, to maim. — O. F. men, priest's scarf. (L.) L. manipuhis a ,
mahaing, a maim, hurt. See Maim. handful, a wisp of straw used as an ensign,
Mangle (2), a roller for smoothing a band of men round such an ensign.—
linen; to smooth linen. (Du. — LateL.— L. mani-, for mantis, hand -pulus, lit. ;
Gk.) Borrowed from Du. mangelen, to filling, from the weak grade {pul) of the
mangle, roll with a rolling-pin mangel- root '*//.', to fill cf. \.. ple-nns, full. Cf.
; ;
stok, a rolling-pin, cylinder for smoothing L. disci-pnlus, a disciple.

linen. The corresponding Ital. word is manipulate, to handle. (L.) A
mangano^ a kind of presse to presse coined word, and ill coined. Cf. L.
'
buckrom Florio.
; ' Both Du. and Ital. manipuldtim, adv., by troops but it was ;
words are from Late L>. manganum, man- rather made directly out of the sb. mani-
gona, a military instrument for throwing pulus (above).
stones, worked with an axis and winch. Manito, a spirit, fetish. (Algonkin.)
Indeed, the Ital. mangano also means a Algonkin manito, manitu, a spirit, demon.
mangonel. — Gk. //a77ai'oi', a machine for (Cuoq.)
defending forts, also the axis of a pulley. Mankind ; see Man.
mangonel, a war-engine. (F. — Late Manna. (L. — Gk. — Heb.) L. manna.
L. — Gk.) O.F. mangonel (later man- — Gk. fxdvva. — Heb. mdfi, manna, p.
gonneait), a mangonel. — Late L. man- Hardly from Heb. mdjz hu, M'hat is this?
gonelliis, dimin. ot inangona (above). Exod. 15; but from man, (it is) a
xvi.
liHangO, a fruit. \^Port. — Malay. — gift ; Arab, mann, favour, also manna.
cf.
Tamil.) Port, w^^/wâ.- Malay manggd, Manner, way. (F. — L.) ^M,.manere.
formerly viangkd, the mango-fruit. The — A. F. 7nanere, M. F. maniere, manner,
Malay word of Tamil origin.
is Tamil — habit (Cot.) Late L. maneria. — L.
;
indnkdy, wcm-fruit,' the tree being

i. e. '
mantis, the hand.
indinaruni, i.e. ;«cm-tree' (Yule). manoeuvre. (F. — L.) Y .manmivre,
Mangonel; see Mangle (2). properly, handiwork. — Late L. viartMopera^
MangOSteen, a fruit. (Malay.) For- also manopera, a working with the hand.
merly fuangostan. — Malay manggustan — L. maml, abl. of inanus, hand opera, ;
,Scott); mauggJsta (Marsden). work see Operate.

;
Mangrove. Hybrid Malay and E.) ; Manor, (formerly) a residence for a

*
A sort of trees
called juangroves Eng. ;
' nobleman. (F. L.) O. F. ftianoir, a —
Garner, 371 A. D. 1689. Meant, as I
vii. ;
mansion. — O. F. manoir, maneir, to dwell.
suppose, for mang-groves, from the pecu- — L. manere ; see Mansion.
liar growth in groves or thickets. — JSlalay manse, a clergyman's house, in Scot-
manggi-manggi, the name for the tree land. (L.) Late L. 7;/fl!«j-<T, a farm, dwell-
(Crawfurd). ing. —L. inanstis, pp. oi f?tanere (below).
3 2
—
MANSION MARAVEDI
mansion. (F. — L.) O.Y. mansion, § 1608. 4* Du. menig: Dan. mange, Swed.
a dwelling-place. — L. viansioneni, ace. of mange, (perhaps) Icel. margr (Noreen,
mansio, an abiding, abode. — L. 7nansus, Zh9)i Goth, manags, G. manch, O. H.G.
pp. of inanere, to remain, dwell. Gk. + manac. Teut. type *managoz. Allied
ixivdv, to stay, remain. (y'MEN.) to Irish minic, Gael, minig, \V. mynycli,
IMEantel, a shelf over a fire-place. frequent, Russ. mnogie, pi. many. Der.
(F.— L.) The same word as mantle below ;
niani-fold iee ; Fold.
in old fire-places, it projects like a hood, Map. (F. — L.) The
oldest maps repre-
to catch the smoke. Der. mantel-shelf, sented the world, and were en lied 7nappe-
mantel-piece. mounde. This is an O. F. form of L. mappa
mantilla, a long head-dress. 'Span. vntndJ, map of the world. L. mappa
— L.) Span, mantilla; dimin. of manto, meant a napkin, hence a painted cloth.
a cloak, veil (below). See Mop. Der. api'on, napery, napkin.
mantle, a cloak, covering. (F. — L.) Maple, a tree. (E.) M. E. maple,
M. E. mantel. 'Ô. Y mantel, later man- . maptil. A. .S, mcEpel-. maptil- ; whence
tecui, a cloke, also the mantle-tree of a
'
mapnl-treo, mapulder, a maple-tree.
chimney Cot. — L. mantelkiin, a napkin,
;
' Mar, to injure. (E.) M. E. merren.
also a cloak; cf. L. mantile, a towel. O. Merc, merran, in comp. dmerran. to
\\g also find Late L. mantiim, a short hinder; A.^. d7>iynan, to obstruct, waste,
cloak, whence Ital. and Span, manto, F. hinder cf. geT7iea7-7; an impediment.
; +
mante, a mantle. Der. mantle, vb,, to M. Du. i7ie7-7-e7i, Du. 7;/<2r;r«, to retard;
form a covering upon, to gather a scum O. H. G. ma7-7-jan, to hinder, vex Goth. ;
on a surface. Brugm. i. §§ 134(1), 483 (7'. 7na7-zja7i, to cause to stumble. Teut.

Mantua, a lady's gown. (Ital.) Mati- bas-e *77m7-z-. Brugm. i, § 903 b.
toe or Mantua gaiun, a loc se upper gar- marline, a small cord used for bind-
ment,' &c. Phillips (1706). ; Manto is ing ropes. (Du.) Du. 77ia7iiJ7i, also
from Ital. manto, a mantle (.see mantle" 77ia7-li7ig, a marline. — Du. 77ia7-7-e7z, to
;
but Mantua goxvn must refer to Mantua bind, tie; and lij7i, li7tg, from \. ligne,
in Italy, though this connexion arose Irom a line. See Moor (2 and Line. Der. ;
mere confusion. Der. mantua-maker. 77ia7'li7ie-spike.
Manual, done by the hand. (F. — L.) Marabou, Marabout, a kind of

Formerly manuel. — L. manualis,_ adj., African stork also, its downy feathers. ;
from manus, the hand. (.^ME, to (F. — Port. — Span. — Arab.) Y ma7-about. .
measure; Brugm. ii. § 106.) — Port. 77ia7-abuto. — Span. 77io7-ahito. a

manufacture. (F. - L.) F. 77iajiti- Mahommedan sage. — Arab. 77iu7-ahit,
factnre, .M. F. 7nanifactiire, lit. a making quiet, still ; a hermit, sage a religious ;
by the hand. — L. juanu^ abl. of manus, sageamong the Berbers (whence the bird's
hand ; factiira, a making, ixonxfacoe, to name came . Cf. Maravedi.
make. Maranatha, our Lord cometh.
manumit, to release a slave. (L.) (Syriac.) S} riac vidTan at/id, our Lord
L. majiujfiitiere (pp. manumissus)^ to re- cometh cf. Aiab. 7/iar, lord (from Syriac).
;
lease, lit. to send away from one's hand.— Maraschino, a cordial. (Iial.-L.)
L. manu, abl. of manus, hand mittere, to ; Ital. 77ia7-aschi7io. — lia\.7na> asca,ama7-asca,
send ; see Mission. Der. manumission, a black and sour cherry. L. a77idrus, —
from the pp. bitter.
manure, vb. (F. L.) Formerly - Maraud, to wander in quest of plunder.
simply '
to till,' or to work with the (F.) M. F". 77ia7'aude7-, *
to play the rogue,
hand Othello, i.
; 3. 328. A contracted beg;' Cot. — F. fna7-aud, a rogue, vaga-
form of manceuvre ; which see. bond. Elym. disputed. Bugge connects
manuscript, written by the hand. It with F. 77ial, evil as if for *77ialaud ;
(L.) Properly an adj., but also as a sb. (Late L. *7nalaldns).

Late L. Jtianuscriptufii, a thing written by Maravedi, a very small coin. (Span.
the hand. — L. manu, abl. o{ manus, hand ;
— Arab.) Span. ?na7'avedi, the smallest
scriptutn, neut. of pp. oi scribere, to write ;
Spanish coin orig. a gold coin first
;
see Scribe. struck during the dynasty of the Al77i07-a-

Many. (E.) M. E. many, moni. A. S. vides at Cordova, A. D. 1094-1 144. Cf.
vianig, monig, many ; see Sweet, N. E. Gr. Port. 7na7-aveditn, 7na7-abitino, a maravedi.
3 13
.;
MARBLE MARK
— Arab. Murdbitin, the Arab, name of the margo, a border, brink ; cognate with
above-mentioned dynasty pi. ot nmrdbit ; ;
Mark (2).
see Marabou. Margrave, a lord of the marches.
IIIIarble> L.) (F. —
M. E. marbel-, (Du.) Du. markgraaf, a margrave. — Du.
also marbre. >— O. F. viarbre. L. viar- — maj'k, a boundary, march graaf, a count.
;
morem, ace. of mai'inor, marble, con'- So also G. markgraf. (That the word is
sidered as a masc. sb. but it is com- ; Du. appears from the fem. form margra-
monly neuter. 4* Gk. ixapâpos, explained vine, which answers to Du. markgravin,
as a glistening white stone, as if from not to G. markgrajin.)
[xapixaipHv, to sparkle ; cf. fxaipa, dog-star, Marigold, a plant. (Heb. and E.)
lit. '
sparkler.' See Marmoset. Compounded of Mary (from the Virgin
mHarcasitej a kind of iron pyrites. Mary) and gold (from its colour).
(F. — Span. — Pers.) F. inarcassite, — Span. Marine. (F.-L.) F. mai-in. - L.
marquesita. — Pers. marqashishd (Devic, i7iarinus,belonging to the sea. — L. f?iare,
Viillers). sea; cognate with Mere (i). Der.
Marcescent, withering. (L.) L. marin-er.
viarcescent-, stem, of pres. pt. of marce- Marish, a marsh, (F.-L.) M.E.
scere, inceptive form of marcere, to wither, maris, marais. — A. F. inareis. — O. Y
lit. to grow soft. Brugm. i. § 413 (8), mareis, of which the oldest form was
IMCarcll (t), a border, frontier. (F.— maresc (Hatzfeld;. — Late L. mariscus,
O. 11. G.) M. E. niarche. A. F. marche. from Low G. marsch, a. marsh. See
— O. M. (x. viarcha^ a boundary. Cf. Cioih. Marsh.
viarka, a confine, coast. See Mark, i . Marital, belonging to a husband. (F.
March (2), to walk with regular steps. — L.)E. marital. —
L. marJtdlis, adj.
(F. — L.? <7rG.?) F. ma/ c/ier, to march. formed from maritiis, a husband. This
Of disputed origin perhaps from a Late
;
is a masc. sb. made to accompany L.
L. *marcare, to beat hence to tramp), (, marita, a woman provided with a hus-

from niaracs, a hammer (Scheler). band. — L. mai-i-, for mas, a man, husband
March. (3^ the name of a month. see Masculine.
(E.-L.) A. F. Marz (pron. marts).- Maritime, pertaining to the sea. (F.
L. Martins^ the month dedicated to — L.) E. maritime. — L. maritimus,
]\Iars. formed with suffix -timiis from mari-,
Marchioness. (LowL.-G.) The for mare, sea.
proper E. form is marquise the E. Marj cram, a plant. (F. - L. - Gk .)
;
marchioness answers to Low L. marciiio- M. E. majoran (without r). — O. F. majo-

nissa, formed with fem. suffix -issa (Gk* rane (Godefroy) F. marjolaine. Cf. ;
-Laaa) from Low L. marcliionem, ace. of Ital. majorana, Span, mayorana, Port.
?}iarchio, a prefect of the marches. — Low maiorana, marjoram, Late L. majordna,
L. marcha, a boundary. — O. H. G. marcha, majoraca variously corrupted from L. ;
a boundary. See Mark (,2). amdraczis.-^G\:. d/xapano^, marjoram.

Marchpane, a sweet cake, made with ( I ), a stroke, sign. (E.) Mark
M.E.
almonds and sugar. (F. — Ital.) O. F. merke. A. S. mearc, fem., mark, sign.-f-
marcepain now massepain.'^liaX. mar- Du. merk, Icel. mark, Swed. mdrke, Dan,
;
ciapane, marzapane, a marchpane Florio. mcerke, G. marke, M. H. G. marc, a

;
Origin of marcia unexplained, but prob. mark. Cf. also Lith. margas, marked,
from a proper name (such as L. Martid) variegated. Perhaps related to Mark (2),
:
pane is from Lat. b.cc. pdne>n, bread. which seems to be an older word.
Mare. (E.) M.E. ??iere. A. S. mere, Mark
(2), a march, limit, boundary.
fem. form of meark, a horse. +Icel. merr, (E.) A. S. mearc, fem.+O. Sax. ??iarka ;
fem. of inarr, a steed; Dan. m(2r, Swed. D^x.ma1k\ (j, mark, fem., O.H.G. wa:;r//(z;
tndrr, E. Fries, miire, Du. merj'ie G. Goth, marka, confine, coast. So also Icel.
;
miihre, O. H. G. nieriha, fem. of O. H. G. mork, f., a forest (orig. a boundary). Teut.

fiiarah, a battle-horse. Cf. Irish and Gael. type, '^ marka, fem. Allied to L. viargo,
marc, W. and Corn, fuarch, a horse, a a margin, Zend merezti, Pers. marz, a
stallion. Idg. masc. type '^markos, a horse. border O. Irish mrtiig. ;
Cf. Marshal. (3), a coin. (E.) Mark

M.E. mark,
Margin. (L.) L. margin-, stem of A S. mearc, marc, a coin ; a weight equal
314
', '
MARKET MARROW
to half a pound;
O. Fries, merk.-\-'Du. Maroon (1), brownish crimson. (F,^
mark ; a weight of silver, a
G. niaj-k^ F, mai'ron^ a chestnut (hence, chestnut-
coin ; Icel. m'ork. (3. Orig. a particular colour. Cf, Ital, marrone, M. Ital. ma^'one,
weight. There is nothing to connect it a chestnut (of unknown origin).
with Mark (iV Maroon (2), to put ashore on a deso-
Market. (F. L.) Late A. S. war-^^/, — late island. (F. —
Span.) From F, man-on,
from Picard F. market. [Cf. Du. G. adj,, fugitive, applied to a fugitive slave
inarkt F. marche, O. Prov. mercatz, Ital.
;
who takes refuge in woods. [Hence E,
mercato, a market.] — L. mercatiis, traffic, maroon^ to treat as a fugitive, cause to
also a market (whence G. markt^Scc.)." be fugitive.] A
clipped form of Span.
L. mercdtns, pp. of mercdrJ, to trade ; see cimarron, wild, unruly; hence, savage.
Mercantile. (Pogatscher.) Of unknown origin, ^ Negro cimarron
Marl, a rich earth. (F.-L.-C.) or ci?)iarron was an everyday phrase for
O. F. marie (F. inarne) ; Picard marie. a fugitive slave hidden in the mountains,
— Late L. margila, dimin. of Late L. in Cuba, about A. D, 1846,
ma7-ga, marl; of Celtic origin (Pliny). Marque, letters of. (F.-G.) A
Marline see Mar. ; letter of ?narque was a permission by a
Marmalade. (F.-Port.-L.-Gk.) ruler to make reprisals on the country of
F. maniu'lade, Cot. — Port, marmelada, another ruler it had particular reference
;
orig. a conserve of quinces. — Port, mar- to passing beyond the march or limit of
melo, a quince. — L. meli)nelum, lit. honey- one's own country. — O. F. marque, a
apple also a quince. — Gk. fj.(Xif^r]koVj a
; boundary, — M. FI. G. marke, a boundary;
sweet apple, apple grafted on a quince, — see Mark (2) above. See marcha (i) in
Gk. fieAi, honey fxijXov^ an apple see; ; Ducange.
Melon. marquee, a large tent. (F. — Low L.
Marmoset, a small American monkey. — G.) or marquees the s being dropped 1'
;
(F. — L.) Much older than the discovery because it was thought to be a plural
of America AL E, 7narmosetle, a kind of
; form. An E, spelling of Y marquise, a .
ape (Maundeville, p. 210). — M.F. ;;/ar- large tent ; orig. a tent for a marchioness
moset, F. marmoziset, the cock of a cistern '
or lady of rank. — F, marquise, a mar-
or foimtain, any antick image from whose chioness, fem. of marquis, a marquis see ;
teats water trilleth, any puppet or antick ; marquis below.

Cot. Thus it meant a grotesque creature, marquess. (Span. —Low L,— G.)
orig. a grotesque ornament on a fountain. Span, marques, a mârquis ; see marquis.
Formed, by a Parisian change of r to s, as marquis. (F.-Low L.-G.) M. E.
in chaise for chaire (a chair), from Late L. 7?iarkis. — O. F. markis, later marquis, '
a
marmoretum. a thing made in marble, ap- marquesse, governour of a frontire town ;
plied to fountains. [Thus the rue des mar- Cot. — Low L. marchensis, a prefect of the
mousets in Paris was called in Late Latin marches, — O. H. G. 7narcha, a march or
victis marmoretoriim Littre.] — L. mar- boundary.
; See Mark (2). The true ^
mor, marble see Marble, ^ This Latin O. F. form was marchis altered to
; ;
form is incorrect. It appears that the ?narkis by the influence of Ital. marchese.
transference in sense from image to Marquetry, inlaid work.
'
' (F. -
' ape was certainly helped on by confu- M. H. G.)
'
F. marqueterie, inlaid work.
sion with F. marmot, a marmoset, or — F. marqueter, to inlay, diversify, orig.
'
little monkey which is a different word to mark slightly with spots

;
' iterative ;
from E. marmot (see below). form of marquer, to mark, — F. marque,

Marmot, a mountain-rat. (F, — Ital. a mark. — M. H. G. mark, G, marke, a
— L.) F. marmatt e.-m\K.-sX. marmotta, an mark. See Mark (i).
ape, substituted for marmotana, 'the Marrow, pith, (E.) M. E. marow,
mountain-rat, a marmotan (Torriano), a ' mary. O. Merc, merg, A. S mearh (dat,
marmot. From the Romansch (Grisons mearge) -f Du. merg, Icel. mergr, Swed.
name murmont O. H. G, murmiinti ; merg, Dan. tnarv, G. mark. O. H. G.
muremimto, a marmot. — L. mur-^ stem marag; [not W, w^r, Corn. war«.] Further
of mils, mouse and mont-, stem of mans.; allied to Russ. viozg\ Zend mazga, mar-
mountain. Thus the sense is mountain- '
row; Skt. majjan, marrow of bones, pith of
mouse.' (See Diez.) trees. Idg. type mazgho' Brugm. i. § 642. ;
31 5
—
MARRY MASCULINE
Iffarry. (F. — L.) M. E. marien." (temp. Louis XIV) ; dimin. form of
F. marier.^Y,. mantdre, to marry. — L. Martin.
marltiis, a husband see Marital.
; martinmas, martlemas, the feast
IMCarsll, a swamp. {E.) M. K. mersch. of Martin; Nov. 11.
St. (F. and L.)
A. S. mersc, a marsh early form inerisc<,
; Martlemass is a corrupt form of Martin-
^mar-isc, lit. mere-ish, i. e. full of meres or mass, suggested by Baj'tle iox Bartholomew.
pools. — A. S. mere (for ^mari), a mere, See Mass (2).
lake. See Mere (i). martlet (i), a kind of bird, martin.
Marshal, master of the horse. (F. — (F. -L.) Variant of M. E. martnet, short
O. H. G.) Lit. 'horse-servant,' a groom ;
for martinet. '^Y martinet, 'a martlet or
.
it rose to be a title of honour. — M. F. martin,' Cot.; dimin. of F. Martin. Cf.

viaresckal (F. marJchal), 'a marshall, a Picard martinet, called martelot in the
farrier,' Cot. — O. H. G. marascaih, lit. dep. of the Meuse (Corblet).
horse-servant, a groom. — O. H. G. inar-ah, Martingale, a strap fastened to a
a horse scalk, a servant ; cf. Goth, skalks,
; horse's girth to hold his head down. (F.
a servant. See Mare. Span. — Arab. ?) Also applied to a short
Marsupial. (L. - Gk.) Applied to spar, in under the bowsprit
ships, but ;
animals that carry their young in a sort this is only due to a supposed resemblance
of pouch. — L. marsupuini^ a pouch — Gk. to a horse's martingale. — F. martingale,
;
fâpcrvviovj a little pouch, dimin. of •
a martingale for a horse ' Cot. [Re-
jmpavtros, a bag. ferred by Littre to the wearing of breeches,
Mart, a shortened form of market. called chaiisses h la martingale (Rabe-
^F. — L.) In Hamlet, i. i. 74. Prob. in- lais) ; but this is quite another word.]
tluenced by Du. mai-kt^ market (of Latin — Span, al-martaga, "a kinde of headstall
origin). See Market. for a horse,trimmed,gilt, and embroidered ;'
Martello tower, a watch-tower. Minsheu (1623) where al is merely the
;
(Ital. - L. - Gk. - Pers.) [Not so called be- Arab. def. article. The sb. may be derived
cause the v^âtchmen gave the alarm by from Arab, rataka, in the sense 'to cause
striking a bell with a hammer see ; to go with a short step see Yule. I find '
;
Ariosto, Orlando, x. 51 xiv. 100. From ; Arab, rataka given by Richardson as a

Ital. martello, a hammer Late L. mar- ; verbal root, whence ratak, going with a
teUits.'\ But named from Mortella bay, short quick step.
Corsica (Davies). — Ital. vwrtdla, a myrtle. Martinmas, Martlet (i) ; see
See Myrtle. Martin.
Marten, a kind of weasel. (F. — Low Martlet (2), the bird called the swift,
L.— Teut.) Short for martern (i6th cent,); as depicted in heraldry. (F. L.^ An E. —
M. E. martrin (Lydg.), adj. made of mar- substitution for F. jnerlette, ' a martlet, in
ten's fur from O. F. martrin, the same.
; blazon,' Cot. Lit. ' a little blackbird';
The M. E. sb. was jnarter, i}iartre. — F. dimin. of merle, a blackbird. — L. 7nerjcla ;
martre. —
Low L. pi. martures. Of Teut. see Merle. We
find O. F. merlos, mart-
origin ;cf. Du. marter, G. marder, a lets Roll of Caerlaverock, p. 7.
;
marten A. S. meard, Icel. md7'8r, Swed.

; Martyr. (L. — Gk.) A. S. martyr. — L.
mard, Dan. viaar (for *mnard), a marten. martyr. — Gk. /uaprvp, piapTvs, a witness, lit.
Martial, brave. (F. — L.) Y.7nartial. one who remembers, records, or declares.
— L. Martidlis, dedicated to Mars, god of Cf. Skt. S7?ir, to remember.
war. Marvel. (F. — L.) M. E. mervaile."
Martin, a bird. (F. — L.)
F. martin, (i) F. mei'veille. — L. mirdbilia, neut. pi.,
a proper name, Martin, (2) the same nnme wonderful things. — L. mirdbilis, wonderful.
applied to various birds and animals. Thus — L. mird7-i, to wonder. See Miracle.
martin-pkheur is a kingfisher oiseau de ; Mascle, heraldry, a perforated
in
S. Martin is the ring-tail, and martinet lozenge. (F. — L.) M-.Y. mascule, mascle.
is a martin (Cot.). A
nickname, like our — O. F. mascle, erroneous spelling of
robin, jenny-wren, &c. ; so that the bird fjiacle, a mesh of a net (hence, a lozenge
is named after Martin as a proper name. perforated). — L. macula, a mesh ; perhaps
From L. Mart-, stem of Mars. confused with O. H. G. masca, a mesh.
martinet, a strict disciplinarian. (F.) Doublet, mail (l), q. v.
So called from a F. officer named Martinet \
Masculine. (F. — L.) ¥.j?iasctilin.'-'
316
—
MASH MASTIFF
L. niasaillmis, extended from masaihis, — Gk. ixdaadv, to knead. Der. mass-ive,
male. — L. mas-^ stem oinids, a male with ; mass-y also a-mass.
;
double dimin. suffix -cti-Ius. Mass (2), the celebration of the Eucha-
IVCash, to beat into a mixed mass. (E.) rist. (L.) M. E, messe. O. Merc, messc,
A mash is properly a mixture; and to (Matt. viii. 4); A.S. uicisse, (i) the mass,
mash was, formerly, to mix, the M. E. form (2) a church-ftstival. — Folk-L. 77iessa (Ital.
of the verb being meshen^ as if from A. S. messa) ; Late L. missa, (1) dismissal, (2)
*miescan, from a sb. *mdsc. (The vowel the mass. Usually said to be from the
has been shortened.) find A. S. i?idx-We phr. ite, missa est (go, the congregation is
xvyrt (for ^mdsc-zoyrt), mash-wort, new dismissed) used at the end of the service;
beer so that the word is English
;
but it ;
in any case, the derivation is from L.
is commoner in Scandinavian, whence misstcs, pp. of mittere, to send away. Cf.
Lowl. Sc. mask. Cf. Swed. dial, mask, Du. mis, mass. % For the change of
Swed. mask, brewer's grains, whence vowel from i to e, cf. Icel. messa, Swed.
mdska, to mash Dan. and North Fries. ; messa, Dan. messe, O. H. G. messa Tas well
mask, grains, mash, Dan. mceskc, to mash, as missd), all in the sense of mass '
also
' ;
fatten pigs with grains Norw. vieisk, sb.,; O. F. messe, Ital. messa. And see Missal.
meiska, vb. +
G. meisch, a mash, meischen, Der. Candle-mas, Christ-, I/allow-, Lam-,
to mash. The sb. form appears to be the Martin-, lilichael-mas. which see.
original. Cf. also Lithuan. maisz-yti, to Massacre. (F.-O. Low G.?) F.
stirthings in a pot, from jnisz-ti, to mix. massacre, a massacre viassacrer, to mas-
;
The form of the Teut. ba?e is *maisk-, so sacre. Of disputed origin it may perhaps
;
that it may be connected by gradation be referred to Low G. matsken, to cut,

with mix. See Mix. hew, Du, matsen, to maul, kill. Cf. G.
Mask, Masque, a disguise for the metze lei, a massacre from metzeln, fre-
;
face; masked entertainment. (F. — Span. quent, of metzen, to cut, kill. And see
Arab.) The sense of entertainment is Mason.'
'
the true one the sense of disguise

; is ' '
Mast
(i). a pole, to hold the sails of a
secondary. A
jolly company in maner of ship. (E.)
'
M. E. mast. A. S. incest, stem
Q.maske;' F. Q. iii. 12. 5. 'Some haue of a tree, bough, mast. Du. inast, Swed. +
I sene daunce in a maske Sir T. More, and Dan. mast, G. mast. Probably cognate
;
'
Works, p. 039. More uses maskers in the withL.w^//« (<*;/;a2^(3J-\amast; Brugm.

1
sense of visors '

(correctly, according to i. § 587.
'
the Spanish use). — F. masqjie, a n^,ask, Mast

(2), fruit of beech-trees. (E.) The
visor; aclipped form,duetoF.vb. WiZJ-^z^^r, orig. sense is edible fruit,' used for feeding *
really short for *??iasqtterer\ the fuller form swine. A. S. nicest, mast. G. mast, mast; +
comes out in M. F. masqtiai-izd masked, mdstcn, to fatten. Prob. allied to Skt.
,
masquerie, masquerade, a mask or mum- meda{s^, fat; Brugm. i. § 698.

'
mery ; Cot. — Span, mascara, a masker,

' Master. (F. — L.) M. E. maister.—'
a masquerader also a mask. — Arab. Jiiask- O. F. maisti'e. — L. magistrutn, ace. of
;
harat, a buffoon, jester, man in masquerade, magister, a master see Magistrate. ;
a pleasantry, anything ridiculous. — Aral), Der. maste}'-y, O. F. maistrie.

root sakhira, he ridiculed (Dozy). Der. Mastic, Mastich, a kind of gum
masquerade, M. F. masquerade, F. masca- resin. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. mastic, ' mastich,
rade, Span, mascarada. a sweet gum'; Cot. — L. >nastich^.^Gk.
Mason. ',F. — G. ?) O.Y. masson; F. fxaoTixrj, the gum of the tree axtVo?, called
macon Low L. macio, a mason we also in Latin lentiscus. So called because used
; ;
find the forms machio, macho, maco, mactio, for chewing in the East. — Gk. ixaar-, base
maitio, matio. From Teut. stem *7nat- o{ ixdara^, mouth, fxaaTa^dv, to chew; cf.
jon-, i. e. cutter; from abase *mat-, to cut or Gk. fiaadofiai, I chew.
hack, whence also E. mattock, Cf. O.H.G. masticate. (L.-Gk.) From pp. of
mezzo, a mason, whence G. steinmetz, a L. masticdre, to chew, quite a late word ;
stonemason. properly, to chew mastic. —L. mastichc,
Masque ; see Mask. mastic (above). The true L. word for ^
Mass (I), a lump. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. to chew is mandere.
masse. '^Y^. massa.^Q\i. fidâ, a barley Mastiff. (F.-L.) The A. F. form was
cake allied to fxay/xa, any kneaded mass. mas/in, as in O. F. hence F. matin, a
; ;
31
;; ;;
MASTODON MATRIMONY
mastiff. The O. F. mastin also meant a ' — Pers. & Arab.) From the game of chess.
domestic'; see Godefroy. Hence the Late Check-mate means the king is dead
'
cf. ' ;
L. mastinus, a mastiff, has been conjectured M. F. eschec et ?naf, check-mate '

Cot. '
;
to stand for '^piasnailmis, house-dog as ; [Here et is not wanted.] Godefroy has

if from Late L. masndfa, a household (see •
mat du roi,' i. e. death of the king. — Pers.
Menagerie). The Late L. viastimis seems shah mat, the king is dead, check-mate.
to have been mistaken for mastnms — Pers. shah, king (see Check) mat., he ;
(Ducange) and confusion set in both with

; is dead, from Arab, root mdta, he died.
M. E. masty, fat, large (adj. formed from Cf. Heb, ?nf{th, to die. ^
Hence Turk, and
mast (2)), and with O. F. viestif, mongrel, Pers. mat, astonished, confounded, amazed,
I.ate L. ^mixtivus, from L. miscere (pp. receiving check-mate F. ?nat, ; mated, '
viixt-tis), to mix. See Mix. quelled, subdued,' Cot, ; M. E. j?iate, con-

Mastodon, an extinct elephant. (Gk.) founded.
Named from the nipple-like projections on Material, substantial. (F, L.) O, F. —
its molar teeth. — Gk. fxaor-os, the female materiel. "'L. materialise adj., formed from
breast oSoy-, short for u5ovt-^ stem of
; materia, matter. See Matter,
680VS, a tooth ; see Tooth. Maternal. (F.— L.) Y, matemel.'^
Mat. (L.) M. E. maUe. A. S. vieatte. Late L. mdterndlis.'—'L. mdternns, belong-
— L. Diatta (Late L. natta), a mat w^hence ; ing to a mother. — L. mdter, mother ; cog-
l)u. 7nat, G. matte, F. natte, &c. nate with Mother.
Matador, the slayer of the bull in a Mathematic, pertaining to the science
bull-fight. (Span. — L. S\)^.n. matador, lit.
) of number. (F.— L, — Gk. O. F. mathe- )
slayer. — Span, matai-, to kill. — L. viactdre, matique.'-''L. mathematicus.'^Gk. ixaOv,-

to kill. jxaTiKos, disposed to learn, belonging to
Match (i), an equal, a contest, mar- the sciences, esp. to mathematics. — Gk.
riage. (E.) M.
E. macche, mache, orig. a IxaOrjfiar-, stem of îa9r]ixa, a lesson.— Gk,
comrade. — A. S. -mcacca, whence gemcecca, fiaOrj-cronai, future of fxavBdveiv, to learn.
a comrade, companion, spouse from the ; Matins, Mattins, morning prayers.
more original form -j/iaca, Durh. Kit. 165 (F, — L,) F. matins, a pi. sb. from F,
(whence M. E. jnake, Ch.), gemaca. Icel. + mati7i, morning, orig. an adj. L. mdtu-^ —
maki, Swed. makc^ Dan. mage, O. Sax. tiniim, ace. of mdtiltJjiiis, adj., belonging
gimako, a mate, comrade, p, AU closely to the morning. Cf. Ital. mattino, morning.
related to the adj. seen in Icel, mah% — L. Mdtiita, the goddess of dawn, as if
suitable, M. H. G. gemach, suitable and ; from a masc. '^-rndti'itiis, with the sense of
further to A. S. macian, to make, or ht ' '
early,' or ' timely.'
together.' % Mate, as used by sailors, Matrass, a long-necked glass bottle
is prob. Dutch ; see Mate (i). in chemistry. (F.) F. matras also (in ;
Match a prepared rope for firing a

(,2), Cot.) matrac, matraz, matelas Span. ;
cannon. (^F. — L, — Gk.) M. E.

macche. -^ 7natraz. Perhaps Arabic see Devic. ;
O. F. mesche, meiche (F. meche), wick of a Matricide, murderer of a mother. (F.

candle, match to fire a gun, match of ' — L.) F. matricide, adj., ' mother-killing '
a lamp;' Cot, — Late L. myxa ( = Gk. Cot. — L. i?idtricTda, a matricide. — L.
Hvâ) Late
; L. myxiis, the nozzle of a mdtri-, decl. stem of mdter, mother
lamp, through which the wick protrudes ccedere, to slay; see Mother, Cassura.
also, a wick. — Gk. jxvâ, tlie nozzle of a ®y We also use matricide to represent L.
lamp; older senses being (i) mucus (2) mdtriciditun, the s>layin<^f of a mother.
nostril. Allied to Mucus. Der. match- matriculate, to enrol in a college.
lock, the lock of a gun holding a match (L.) From pp. of Late L, mdtrictildre,
hence, the gun itself. to enrol ; a coined word. — L. mdtricula, a
Mate (i), a companion. (O. Low G.) register ; dimin. of mdtrix (stem mdtric-)^
M. E. mate, a fellow (Prompt. Parv.) Low ; meaning (i) a breeding animal, (2) womb,
G. mate^ mate (Liibben) maat (Bremen) ; ;
matrix, (3) a public register, roll, list, lit.
M. Du. maet, a mate,' Hexham Du.'
; parent-stock. See matrix (below),
maat. +O. H. G. gi-viazzo, a meat-com- matrimony. (F.-L.) O.Y,matri-
panion, mess-mate. Cf. Goth, matjan, to moiiie. — L. iiidtrinwnitim, marriage, lit.
eat, mats, food. See Meat. motherhood. — L. mdtrix, decl. stem of

Mate (2), to check-mate, confound. (F. mdter, mother with sufhx mon-io-.
; -
3ii
—: ,; ;;
MATRIX MAXILLAR
matrix, cavity or mould.
the womb, Maund (1), a basket. (F.-Low G.)
(L.) L. matrix^ a breeding animal, the [A.S. w«://r/.] Later, Picard and O.V.mande.
womb. — L. mdtri-, for inatc'r, mother. — Du. mand; prov. G. viand, viande, viantic
matron, a married woman. (F. — L.) (^whence F. vianne) ; E. Fries. ??iande.
F. matrone.'—\^. viatrd)ia\ extended from Maund (2), a (very variable) weight.
niatr-^ stem of mater, a mother. (Arab. Arab, mann
) Pers. man. Ci. ;
Matter ( I), substance. (F. — L.) M. E. Heb. vidneh, dk. ixva. See Yule.
fiiatere, j?iale)'ie.-~0. V. /;iatere, viatiere Maundy Thursday, the day before
{¥. mature). ^'L. materia, stuff, materials, Good Friday. (F\ — L. a;/t/E.) Maundy ;
useful for building, &c. Brugm. i. § 407. is M. il. viatindee, a command, used with
matter (2), pus. a fluid in abscesses. esp. reference to the text ' Mandatuvi
(F. —
Jv.) The same word as matter (i) nouum," John xiii. 34. The 'new com-
see Littre, s, v. viatiere, § 8. mandment that ye love one another'
'
is '
Mattins; slc Matins. but in old times it was applied to the

Mattock. lE.) K.'i. mattuc. Cf. W. particular form of devotion to others ex-
jnatog, a mattock, hoe ; Gael, fnadag, a emplified by Christ, when washing His
pickaxe; Russ. }>iotuika,lA\.\i\\2i,r\. matikkas, disciples' feet (on the first Alaundy
mattock (from Teutonic) see Masoii. ; Thursday See my note to P. Plowman,
.
Mattress. (,F. — Arab.) O.F. jnate- B. xvi. 140. This M. E, 7na2indee = O.Y.
ras Picard and Walloon matras
; F. ; mandi\ that which is commanded from L. ;
matelas. Cf. Span, al-viadraqne, a mat- vianddtuvi, a mandate, command. Not %

tress where al is the Arab. def. art. —
; connected with viattud. Cf. O. H. G.
Arab, jnatrah, a situation, place, a place matiddt, the wasliing of feet (Otfrid) from ;
where anything is thrown this word came ; L. vianddtuvi.

to mean also anything hastily thrown down Mausoleum, a magnificent tomb. (L.
hence, something to lie upon, a bed (Devic). — Gk.) L. viausoleuvi, a splendid tomb,
— Arab, root taraha, he threw prostrate. orig. the tomb of Mausolus. — Gk. Wavaoi-
Mature, ripe. (,L.) L. matfinis, ripe. \(ivv from Mavau\os, Mausolus, a king
;
Matutinal, pertaining to the morning. of Caria.

(L.) L. mdtutiims, adj., belonging to the Mauve, mallow colour. (F. L.) F. —
morning. See Matins. viaiivc, a mallow. — L. 7valua, mallow.
Maudlin, sickly sentimental. (F. See Mallow.
L. — Gk. —
Heb.") Orig. 'shedding tears of Mavis, the song-thrush. (F. -C. ?)
penitence, Tike MaryMagdalen. FromM.E. M. E. viavis.^Y niaiivis, a throstle; cf.
.
Alandelein, the same as Magdelaine. — O. F. Span, malvis, a thrush. Perhaps Celtic

MaiideIeine,Magdeleine. — \... Magdalene. — cf. Biet. viiljid, viilvid, a mavis, also mil-
Gk, MaySaXrjvr], i.e. belonging to Magdala ;

chouid (at Vannes) Corn, vielhues, O.
;
Luke viii. 2. — Heb. migdol, a tower ;

Corn, nielliuet, a lark.
whence Magdala as a proper name. Mavourneen, my darling. (Irish.)
Maugre, in spite of. (F.-L.) The From Irish vio, my
and vihuirnin, mu-
;
proper sense is '

ill will,' as in P. Plowman, tated form of viuirnin, darling, from
B. 242.
vi. —
O.F. mal^re, maugre, lit. ill viuirn.. affection. (Mh=^v.)
will but also with sense in spite of.' —
;
*
Maw, stomach. (E.) M.]i.via7ve. A.S.
O. F. 77ial, ill gre, gret, a pleasant thing.
;
viaga.'\-i)i\. viaag, Icel. magi, Swed. mage,
— L. mains, bad ; grdtiim, neut. oi grdttis, Dan. mave, G. viagen.
pleasing. Mawkish, squeamish. (Scand. with ;
Maul, to beat grievously. (F. L.'i — E. suffix.) he older sense is loathsome,

'i
M. E. mallen, to strike with a mall, or lit. '

maggoty.' Formed, with E. suffix -ish,
mace from M. E. 7jialle, sb., a mall, mace
;
;
from M. E. viawk, mauk, a maggot, a
see Mall (i). contracted form of AL E. viabek, a maggot.
Maulstick, a stick used by painters tc — Icel. viadkr, Dan. fjiaddik, a maggot
steady the hand. (Du.) Du, inaalstok, (whence Norw. viakk = E. viawk). Derived
lit. painting stick.' — Du. vialen, to paint
' from the form which appear.-^ as A. S. viada,
and stok^ a stick. The cognate G. inaleti Du. G. made, maggot. See Moth.
signified mark, from G. mahl,
orig. to Maxillar, Maxillary, belonging
O. H. G. mdl, a mark, point of time; see to the jawbone. (L.) Y.. viaxilldris, z.^].\
Meal (2) and Stock. from viaxilla, jaw bone.
3^
;
MAXIM MEAL
Maxim, a proverb. (F. - L.) F. _
other languages, as in M. H. G. mase,
viaxiine. L. —
viaxinia, for maxima a spot, and in E. Measles, q. v.
sjiitentidrum, an opinion of the greatest Mazurka, a dance. (Pol.) From Pol.
importance, chief of opinions, hence a Mazurka, lit. a woman of Massovia or
maxim (Due). Orig. fern, of maxi?nns^ Mazovia, a province of Poland containing
i^reatest, superlative of magmis, great. Warsaw. Similarly, /(?/-^^^ means a Polish '
maximum. (L.) Neut. of maxijuus^ woman and secondly, a dance.

'
;
greatest âbove). Mazzard, the head. (F.-O.H.G.)

May (i), I am able, I am free to do. From mazer, a bowl see Mazer. ;
(i^:.) Pres. t. may. pt. t. might the infin. ; Me. (E.) A. S. me (also mec, in the
(^not in use) should take the form moiv. accusative only).-^-Du. mij Icel. 7uer,dat., \
M. E. mowen, infin. ;
pres. t. may ;
pt. t. mik, ace; Swed. Dan. mig\ Goth, mis,
viighte. A. S. mugan, to be able ;
pres, t. dat., mik, ace; G. mir, dat., mich, ace.
mceg\ mihte.
pt. (Here mceg'vh the old
t. i'or the stem, cf. Corn, and Bret, me ;
perfect of a strong verb.) -|-0. Sax. vmgan^ Irish, Gael. W. mi; L. mihi, dat., ;;/^, ace.
pres. mag, mahta Icel. mega, pres. md, Gk. \xo[, €f.ioi, dat., fte, I/lic, ace. Skt. mah-
pt. ;
;
]jt. mdtti Du. niogcn, pres. mag, pt. mogt yani,me,d2X.,mdm, md, ace.
; ;
l)aa. pres. maa, pt. maatte Svved. pres. (i)> ^ drink made from honey.
; Mead
7na, pt. matte G. mogen, pres. mag, pt. (E. ) M. F:. mede. A. S. medu, meodu.-^-
;
mochte; Goth. ma§an, pres. wa^, pt. mahta Du. mede, Icel. mJoSr, Dan. }/iidd, Swed. ;
l<u-;s. moche, to be able, pres. mogic; cf. mjod, G. 7Jieth also Irish 7?iid, W. medd, ;
Crk. nTjxav'h means. Lith. middus, Russ. mcd\ Gk. iikOv Skt. ;
May (2), the fifth month. (F. — L.) inadhu, sweet, also as sb., honey, sugar. I
O. F. Afai.-h. A/dius, May. Idg. type *7?iedhu, Brugm. ii. § 104. Cf. j
Mayor. (F'. — L.) M. E. fuaire. — F. j

Lith. 77iediis, honey.
rnaire. —'lu. mdior, nom. greater; see Mead (2), a meadow. (E.) So called
Major (above)- % Mayor is a late because mown.''
M. E. 7ncde. A. S.
spelling, introduced in the middle of 7iiu:d, a mead. [Allied to prov. F2. 7iiath, a
t. e 16th century; it answers to O. F. mowing, as in after/iiath,SiXid A. S.77idzua77,
7naior, from L. mdiorem, ace. ; cf. Span. to mow G. 7iiahd, a mowing, M. H. G. 7ndt,
;
mayor. a mowing, a mead.] Cf. M. Ll.G. Diatey

Mayweed, Anthemiscotula. (E.) For- a meadow, Swiss 7)iatt, a meadow (as in
merly mathe-weed from A. S. magpa. ;
Zer7natt, A7tde7-77iaft). Also Gk. d-firjTos,
Maze. (E.) M. E. mase we also ;
a harvest, d/xaeiv, to mow. See (i). Mow
find M. E. jiiasejt, to confuse. The A. S. m.ead0W. (E.) This fuller form is
*masiajt appears in the comp. pp. d-masod. due to the inflected form (dat. 7/nedwe) of
Cf. Norweg. masa-st where -st is reflexive), A. S. 7/ned, a mead.
to lose one's senses and begin to dream, Meagre, (F. L.)
thin. —
M. E. 7fie£re.
?nasa, to pore over a thing, also to prate, — F. 7/iaigre.—L,. 7}iacru77i, ace oi 7fiacer,
chatter; Icel. masa, to prate, chatter; thin, lean whence A. S. 77tcEger, Icel.
;
Swed. dial, masa^ to bask in the sun, to be 7nagr, Dan. Swed. G. 77iager, thin, were
lazy, lounge about. Cf. E. in a maze = perhaps borrowed at an early period
in a dreamy perplexity. The orig. sense (ûnless cognate). Cf. Gk. ixaKpos, long.
seem? to have been to be lost in thought,' '
Meal (i), ground grain. (E.) M. E.
dream or pore over a thing, whence the rnele. A. S. 7/ieIu, 7neolo.'Y'Dw.. 77ieel, Icel.
idea of perplexity for the sb.

' '
mjol, Dan. 77ieel, Swed. 7)ijol, G. 77iehl.
Mazer, a large drinking-bowl. (F. — Teut. type *77iehvo77i, neut. All from Idg.
O. H. G.) M. E. ;;/rzj-(?r. — A. F. mazer root MEL. to grind, as in O. Irish. 77iel-i7n,
(Bozon) O. F. maserc, a bowl of maple-
;
(
'h. Slav. 77iel-j^, I grind the 2nd grade ;
wood, also of metal. — O. H. G. masar, is Teut. *77ml, to grind, as in Icel. 7na/a,
mark in wood, also maple. 4* Icel. mosurr, Goth. 7iiala7i, O. H. G. 77iala7i, to grind,
a maple-tree, spotted wood whence ;
cognate with Lith. 77ialti, L. 77iole7-e.
mostir-bolli, a mazer-bowl, so called Meal a repast. (E.)
(2 ), M. E. 77tele.
because made of maple-wood the maple- ;
A. S. 772(£l, a time, portion of time,
(i)
wood was called mosurr or spot-wood '
'
stated time (hence a common meal at a
;
from being covered with spots. But

its stated time, not a hastily snatched repast).
the word for spot is only preserved in + Du. 7iiaal, (i) time, (2) meal Icel. 7>ial, ;
320
MEAN MEDLEY
measure, time, meal Dan. maat-, Swed. ; m* chnnicnl. — L. mechafiica. —Gk. firjxav-
maly measure, meal Goth. wJ/, a time ;
;
iicT], Science of machines. — Gk. f^rjxai'i], a
G. inahL a meal, mdl, time. From Idg. (ievice, machine. See Machine.
VMEuME); of. Mete and Moon. See Medal. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) O. F.
Prellwitz, s.v. /xtSo/xat, medaille. — Ital. medaglia .ow L. vieddlia, ( I
HMEean (i), to have in themind, intend. medal/a, a small coin). — Late L. *metallea,
(E.) M. E. inenen. A. S. mcenan, to in- adj. fern. — L. metallum, metal. See
tend. + Du.meenen, Dan, t/iene, Swed. Metal
meita, G. meinen. Cf. the sb. seen in Meddle. (F.-L.) M. E. 7nedlen,
O. H. G. vieina, thought, allied to ininni, simply in the sense to mix.' — A. F. '
nifc-mory. See Mind. 7/iedler O, F. 77ie lei', 7iiesier, to mix

;
Mean (2), common. (E.) M. E. mene. (F. w<?/^r). — Late L. 77iisculd7-e, to mix;
A. S. 7!iuvie, usually ge-viSne, common ;
cf. L. 7)iisceUus, mixed. — L. /iiisca-e, to
O. Fries, mene, common. See Common. mix. See Miscellaneous.
^ Thepeculiar sense of base, vile, may Mediate, adj., acting by or as a means.
be due to confusion with Mean (3), which (L.) From L. 7/iedidtns, pp. of 77iediare,
sometimes nieant middling.' It does not '
to be in the middle (Palladius). L. —
appear that it was confused with A. S. 7/iedhis, middle. See Medium. Der.
vicenc, wicked, or with the Icel. tneinn, 7nediat-ion, 7)iediat-07\
hurtful. Medic, a kind of clover. (L. — Gk.)
Mean (3), intermediate. (F.-L.) A.F. L. 7iu'dica.''Gk. MT]5iK-rj, Median grass;
Dieien yV moyeti). "l^.inedidmts, extended
. fem. of VivdiKos, belonging to Media.
form from niedius, middle see Mid. ; Medicine, a remedy. (F.-L.) O. F.
Der. mea7t, sb., common in pi. means. 7/:edeci7ie.— L. 7nedicma.<—'L.. 7iiedictis, a
Mean (4), to lament. (E.) In M.N. D. ]ihysician. — L. 7)iederi, to heal. Cf.
V. I. 330 (ed, 1623). A. S. mcenan, to Zend 77iadh, to treat medically. Der,
bemoan : see Moan. So also, probabh', 7nedical, Late L. 7)iedicdlis, from Diediciis
in Merch. Ven. iii. c. 82. (above) medicate.
;
Meander, a windingcourse. (L.-Gk.) Medieval, relating to the Middle Ages.

\^. j\hi:ander.-'Q>V. Maiavdpos, a ^înding (L.) Also written 7iiediceval. Coined
stream Pliny, v. 29.
; from L. 77iedi-7(s, middle; an-tan, age;
Measles, a contagious fever accom- seeMedium and Age.
panied by small red spots on the skin. Mediocre, middling. (F. - L.) F.
(E.) Rougeolle, the meaz/es;' Cot.
'
7)iL'dioc7'e. — L. 7iicdioc7-em, ace. of 7/iediocris,
Î. E. maseles (14th cent.). From A. S. middling formed from ; 7/iedi-tis, middle.
vicesle- a spot (Toller).
, Cf. Du. mazeien, See Medium.
measles also called masel sucht, measell-
; Meditate. (L.) From pp. of L. '
sicknesse,' Hexham. The lit. sense is 7)ieditd7't, to ponder. Cf. Gk. /xeSo/xai,
*small spots cf. M. Du. maesche, masche,
'
; I attend to. Brugm. i. § 591.
maschei, 'a spot, blot,' Hexham. The Mediterranean, inland, said of a
orig. word occurs in M. II. G. mase, sea. (L.) L. 7)iedite)-7-d7ie-tis, situate in
O. H. G. mdsa, a spot. See Mazer. the middle of the land. — L. 7)iedi-us,
% Wholly unconnected with M. E. 7?iesel, middle; te7-ra^ land; see Medium and
a leper, which merely meant orig. '
a Terrace.
wretch,' from O. F. mesel, L. mise/lus, Medium. (L.) L. 7/iedi7i7/i, the midst,
from L. miser, wretched. also a means neut. of 7neditis, middle.
;
Measure. (F. — L.) M.'E.7nesnre.— Allied to Mid.

O. F. mesiire.'^L. iiiensftra, measure. — L. Medlar. (F.- L.-Gk.) The name
mensus, pp. of inetlrl, to measure. See of a tree, bearing fruit formerly called
Brugm. ii. § 771. 77iedles. M. E. 7nedler, the tree, also
Meat. (E.) M. E. mete. A. S. mete called 7iiedle-t7-ee (A. F. 77iedle = O. F.
{Sox'^matiz).-^\ct\. 7natr,Dan. mad, Swed. 77iesle\. —
O. F. 77iesle, a medlar (whence
viat, Goth, mats, O. H. G. maz, food. Cf. 7neslier, the tree) Gascon inesf>lo. —
;
Mate (i). L. 77iespihi7}i. — Gk. iêamkov, a medlar

Mechanic, pertaining to machines. (whence also F. nejle).
(F. — L. — Gk.) ALE. mechanike, in the Medley, confusion, mixture. (F.— L.)
sense 'mechanic art.' — O. F. mechaniqtie, M. E. 7/ieaiee. — A. F. medlee ; O. F. 7nedle,
.
MEDULLAR MEMENTO
melle, tnesle (fem. medlee, mellee, ineslee)^ from the honey in it. — Gk. /itXt, honey j
pp. of the verb medler, to mix, confuse. XcDTus, lotus, clover.

See Meddle. The fem. form inedlee —Y Meliorate, to make better. (L.î
melee. From pp. of Late L. melidrd7-e, to make
Medullar, belonging to the marrow. better. — L. melior, better. + Gk. \iaXKov,
(L.) L. medulldris, adj. — L. medulla, rather, comp. of \iaXa, adv., very much.
marrow. Mellifluous, sweet. (L.) Lit. '
flow-
Meed. M.
E. 7?iede.^ meed.-'k. S.
(E.) 'flowing like honey.' — L.
ing sweetly,'
med, beside meord
(with r for older z). melli-, decl. stem of mel, honey; -Jiuus,
+ G; miethe, hire; Goth, mizdo; Russ. flowing, iioxnjluere, to flow see Fluent. ;
mzda, Gk. fiiaOos, pay, Pers. miizd, wages. Cf. Gk. n^Ki, Goth, miliih, Irish mil,
Idg. types *meizdhd, '^mizdhd, *misdhos. W. mel, honey.
Brugm. i. § 226. Mellow, fully ripe. (E,) M. E. mekve,
Meek. (Scand.) M. E. meke, meek orig. soft, pulpy.
;
Pegge notes that, in
spelt meoc, Ormulum, 667. — Icel. mjukr, Derbyshire, a mellow apple or pear is
soft, agile, meek, mild N. Fries, mjock,
; called a mealy one and mellow may be ;
Swed. mjiik, Dan. myg, soft. Cf. Du. all adjectival use of meal. The M. E.
miiik Goth, '^muks^ in comp. muka-
; mekve may represent A. S. melw-, as in
7nodei, gentleness. Taut, types ^meukoz, mehve, dat. of vielii, meal. Cf. Du.
^mukoz. mahch, Low G. mals, soft, mellow; from
Meerschaum, a substance used for Teut. *malan-, to grind; see Meal (i).
making pipes. (G.) G. meerschaum, lit. Note also Du. mohnen, to moulder, miil^
sea- foam (because it is white and light). soft Goth. ga?nalwiihs, crushed
; Du. ;
— G. meer, lake, sea; schaum, foam, lit. mollig, soft. See Franck, s, v. mollig.
scum see Mere (i) and Scum.
; %
Perhaps confused with O. Merc, merwe,
Meet (I), fit. M. E. 7nete. A. S. mate, tender (Mat. xxiv. 32) ; A. S. meant, G.
small, orig. measured. — A. S. nuH^, 3rd milrbe, mellosv.
grade of metan, to mete. Cf. G. mdssig, MelOCOton, a quince, a peach grafted
frugal, from messen^ to mete. See Mete. on a quince. (Span. — L. — Gk.) In Nares.
Me6t (2), to encounter, find, assemble. Span, tnelocoton (Pineda). — Late L, melum
(E.) M. E. w^/i?«. 0.'^\&XQ..mdetan\ A. 8. cotoneum (Ducange). — Gk. fxrjkov Ki/Sd;-
metan, to find, meet {iot*mdtiari). Formed viov, a quince. See Quince.
by mutation from A. S. mot, a meeting, Melodrama. (F.-Gk.) Formerly
assembly. +
Icel. miBta, •mceta, from mot; melodrame. — F. melodrame, acting, with
Goth, gamot-jan, Swed. mota, Dan. jji'ode, songs. — Gk. \ik\o-s, a song; Zpayia, an
to meet. See Moot. action, drama; see Drama.
Megatherium, a fossil quadruped, melody. (F. — L. — Gk.) l>\.Y.melodie.
(Gk.) Lit. 'great wild beast.' —Gk./i€7a-?. — L. melddia. ^G'k. fieXcuSia, a singing.—
great; Orjpioi', dimin. oi Or}p^ a wild beast. Gk. fj.€\a>86?, adj., musical. — Gk. /ue'A-os, a
megalosaurus. (Gk.) Lit. 'great song; cvSrj, a song, ode; see Ode.
lizard.' — Gk. /jieyaXo-^ decl. stem allied to Melon, a fruit. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
fieya-s, great oadpos, a lizard.
; melon. — L. melonem, ace. of 7nel5, an
Megrim, a pain affecting one ?ixle of apple-shaped melon. — Gk. /xÂov, an
the head. (F. — L. — Gk.) ¥. migraine, apple, also applied to other fruits. Cf. L.
Cot. — Late L, hemigrdnea, mdliem, apple, prob. borrowed from Gk,
;
'
the megrim '
megrim. — Gk. rjixiKpaviov, half of the Melt. [E.) M. E. melten, pt, t. malt,
skull. — Gk, 77/i£-, half w/jaj/tor/, cranium.
; pp. molten. A. S. meltan, pt. t. mealt.-\-
Melancholy, sadness. (F. - L. - Gk.) Gk. fi4\5(iv. to melt. Allied to Skt.
Supposed to be due to an excess of black mrdii, O. Slavonic fuladti, soft; Brugm.
'
bile.' M. E. melancolie. — O. F. melan- i. § 5S0, ii. § 690. (VMEL.) See Mild.

colie. — L. melancholia. — Gk. /i6Aa7x»Aia, (F. — L.)
Member. F. membre.'-'\..
melancholy. — Gk. \ii\ayxoKo^ jaundiced. memb}-nm, a member. Brugm. i. § 875.
,
— Gk. ixiXav-, stem of fxtXa^, black x^^V^ ; membrane. (F, — L.) F, membrane.
bile, gall, cognate \Aith E. gall. — \^.mef>dn'd}m,Q.sV.m covering a member
Melilot,aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. of the body, a membrane. — L. memb7-um.
melilot (Cot.V— L. melilotos. — QtV. fx(\i- Memento, a memorial. (L.) L. me-
\bjTos, ix(\i.ka)Tov, a kind of clover, named mento (Luke xxni. 42), remember me;
3
MEMORY MERE
imperative oivieniini, I remember; Brugm. menstruons. (L.) From L. men-
ii. § S46. (ViMKN.) stf2i-us, monthly. — L. mensis, a montlr.
IVIeiUOry. (,F. — L.") M.E. memoHc. menstruum. (L.) Late L. men-
— A.F. viemorie', F. viemoire. — lujneiiwria, striiian, a solvent; a word in alchemy;
memory. —L. viei)iot\ mindful, remembtr- from, the notion of some solvent agency of
ing. This L. mevior appears to be a re- menstrual blood.
duplicated form cf. Gk. ^€/)-êp-os, anxious,
; Mensuration, measuring. (L.) F^rom
fj.ip-if/.va, care, thought. Allied to Skt. L. mensnrdtio, a measuring. — L. mensu-
smr, to remember. (y/'SMER.) rdtiis, pp. of mensiirdre, to measure. — L.
xnexuoir, a record, (F. — L.) Com- me)isura, measure see Measure.
;
moner in the pi. mcnwij-s. — O. F. meiiioires, Mental. ,F. — L.) F\ ;//^« /<//. — Late
notes for remembrance, records; pi, of L. vieuid/is, mental. — L. ment-, stem of
vieifioire, memory (above). mens, mind. Brugm. i. § 431 (2).
Menace. (F. — L.) O.F. 7uenace.— mention, a notice. (F. — L.) Y. men-
L. pi. 7ni>iacia:, — L. viindc-,
threats. tion. —L. ace. mentionem. — L. menti-,
stem of Jiimax, of threatenings, also,
full decl. stem of mens, mind (above).
projecting forward. — L. viina, things Mentor, an adviser. (Gk.) Gk. MeV-
projecting forward, hanging over and Ttiip, Mentor (Homer, Od. ii) explained ;
ready to fall, hence threats. -^L. -viinere, as 'adviser'; cf. L. monitor (Vanicek).
as in c-7nine}-e^ to project, jut out. See Monition.
Menagerie, a place for keeping wild Mephitis, a pestilential exhalation.
animals. i,F. — L.) Y. mhiagerie, orig. a (L.) L. mephitis Vergil;.
1,
place for keeping household animals (Bra- Mercantile, commercial. (F. L.) —
chet). — P\ minager, to keep house. -<F. M.F. ?;/^;ra«/?V,'merchantly;' Cot. -i^Late
manage, O. F. fuesnage, a household.— L. mercantilis. — L, mercant-, stem of pres.
O. ¥. piesnee, meisnee. niaistiee, a family ;
pt. of mercdrJ, to trade. —L. mere-, stem
the same word as Late L. ??iansnada, of merx, merchandise. Cf. Gk. fidpTTreiv,
7/iaisnada, vmsnaia, Ital. masnada, a to seize (Prellwitz).
family (answering to a Lat. type '^mansioii- mercenary. (F. — L.) Y.mercenaire.
dtd)."!-,. mansion-^ stem of i?iansio, an — L. jnercendrius, older form mercennd-
abiding, abode see Mansiou.
; a hireling. For *nierced-7idrzus
rius, ;
Mend. (F. — L.) M. E. w^?;^/(gw, short from merced-, stem of merccs, pay. — L.
for M. E. amenden, to amend, by loss of a
mere-, stem of merx, merchandise.
;
see Amend. mercer. (F. — L.) F'. mercier^ lit. 'a

Mendacity. (L.) From L. juendd- trader.' — Late L. mercerius^ a trader. — L.
citds, falsehood. — L. menddc-, stem of mere-, stem oi merx, merchandise.
7ne)idax, false. merchandise. (F. - L.) M. E. war.
Mendicant, a beggar, (L.) L. mendi- chandise. — F. marcliandise, merchant's
cant-, steal of pres. pt. of jfiendicdre, to wares. — F. marchand, a merchant
beg. — L. 9nendiciis, beggarly, poor. (below).
Menial, one of a household, servile. merchant. (F.-L.) M.E. mar-
(F.-L.) Properly an adj.; M.E. mey- — M.F. marchant (F. marchand). —
chant.
neal, as her Dieyneal chirche = the church
' ' L. mercant-, stem of pres. pt. oimercdri,
of their household, Wyclif, Rom. xvi. 5. — to trade see Mercantile,
;
O. F. mesnee, meistiee, a household ; mercury, fl'-iicksilver. (F. L.^. ^LE. —

whence M. E. ineinee, mainee, a house- merciirie, quicksilver, named after the
hold, troop, retinue, once a common planet Mercury. — A. F. Mercurie; F.
word ; with suffix -al. See Menagerie. mercure.'-^Y,. Mercurium, ace. q{ Meixw--
Meniver, Miniver, a kind of fur. ius, Mercury, god of traffic — L. jnerc',
(F. — L.) M. E. meniuer {meniver). — stem of 7ne}-x, merchandise.
O. F. menu ver, menu
vair, miniver; lit. —
mercy. (F. L.) F. merci; O. F.
'
little âir.' — O.
F. vienu^ small, from 1>. mercit.'—L,. mercedem, ace of merces; see
minutns, small vair, a fur, from L.
; mercenary.
tiariiis, variegated. See Minute and Vair. Mere (0, a lake. (E.) M. E. mere.
Menses. (L.) L. fnenses, monthly A. S. mere, sea, lake, in. orig. type *mari,
;
discharges; pi. of mensis^ a month. n. -f-Du. 7neer\ Icel. marr, sea; G. meer^
Allied to Month. sea ; Goth. 7/iarei, Russ. 7no7'e, Lithuan.
323
; —;
MERE METAL
mares, pi., W. rnor, Gael. Irish 7nnir, L. middle, cognate with L. medit/s ; 'eurepoi',
viare, sea. entrail. See Mid and Entrail.
Mere (2), pure, simple. (L.) l..menis, Mesh, the opening between the threads
pure, unmixed (as wine). of a net. (E.) M. E. maske. A. S. max
MerelleS, a game. (F.) From F, {=*masc, by the common interchange of
merelle, a counter ; Low L. rnerelhis. Of sc ^ndi cs = x)',
of. A. S. mas ere, a mesh,
unknown origin. dimin. form. "4- Du. maas, Icel. mdskvi^
Meretricious, alluring by false show. Dan. maske, Swed. ffiaska, G. -masche, W.
(L.) L. meretrJcipertaining to a cour-
lis, masg. Orig. sense ' a knot,' from the
tesan; with suffix -ous. — L. meretnc-, stem knots in a net cf. Lithuan. mazgas, a ;
of meretrix, a courtesan. — L. tnerere, to knot, magstas, a knitting-needle, allied to

gain, receive hire. megsti, verb (pres. t. mezg-ti), to knot,
Merê, to sink, plunge under water. weave nets. From an Idg. root '^Diezg, to
(L.) L. mergere, to dip. -|- Skt. ?najj\ to weave. Brugm. i. § 816 (2).
dip, bathe. Brugm. i. § 816. Mesmerise, to operate on the nervous
Meridian, pertaining to mid-day. (F. system of a patient. ^G.) Named from
— L. O. F. lueridien. — L. merididmis — Mesmer, a German physician (about 1 766).
) .
L. meridies, mid-day formed from the; Mess

(i), a dish of meat, portion of
old locative merl-die, as if meaning in the food. (F. — L.) '
M. E. 7?iesse. — 0. F. ?}ies,
clear day,' from L. merus, clear, dies, day a dish, course at table (now spelt ?}ieis,
but really for '^medi-die^ from viedius^ mid. badly). Cf. Ital. messo, a course at table.
Brugm._i. 587 (7). — O. F. 7>ies, that which is sent, pp. of
Merino, a variety of sheep. (Span. — mettre, to send. — L. missiim, ace. (or neut.)
L.) Span, merino, roving from pasture to of missus, pp. of mittere, to send ; in late
pasture. — Span, merino, an inspector of Lat., to place. See Missile.
sheep-walks. — Late L. mdjorJnus, a major- (2), a mixture, disorder, Mess F. ',
domo, steward of a household cf. Late L. L.) The same word as above food badly
; ;
mdjordlis, a head-shepherd. From L. cooked. Perhaps confused with tnash, sb.

'
mdior, greater; see Major. JMescolare, to mixe, to mash, to mesh
'
Merit, excellence, worth. (F. — L.) Florio. Alescolanza, a medlie, a mesh, a'
M. E. ?nerite. — O. F. vierite. — L. meritnni, mixture;' id.

a thing deserved orig. neut. of me^-iliis,
; Message. (F,-L.) F. message.-
pp. of merere, to deserve; orig. to receive Late L. '
missaticu/n, a message. — L.
as a share,' if it is allied to Gk. iiipo%, missus, pp. of 7nittere, to send. Der.
a share, [iîpoixai, I receive a share. messenger, with inserted n, for M. E.
Merle, a blackbird. (F.-L.) O. F. messager, formed from message with
merle. — L,. merula, a blackbird. Cf. W. suffix -er.
mwyalch, a blackbird. See Titmouse. Messiah, the anointed one. (Heb.)
merlin, a kind of hawk. (F.-L.?) Heb. mdshiakh, anointed. — Heb. judshakh,
M. E. merlion. — M. F. esmerillon, emeiil- to anoint.
lon, 'the hawk termed a marlin Messuage, a dwelling-house with
;
Cot. '
Cf. Ital. smerlo, a kind of hawk. Prob. offices. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. mesuage. — K.Y.
from L. merula, a blackbird the initial s mesuage, a manor-house Low L. messud-
; ;
being unoriginal (Diez). giinn, mansudgiiim. — \.îQ. L. mansiond-

Mermaid. (E.) M. E. mer^naid." ticnm, a mansion prob. shortened by ;
A. S. mere, sea, lake victgden, maiden. ; confusion with mansdticum, ace. oi mans-
Merry. (E.) M. E. merie, mirie. dtiais, a mansion. — L. fnansionem, ace.
A. S. myrge, ?)iyrige {viirige), merry. Cf. of mansio, a mansion confused with ;
O. H. G. miij'g-fdri, fragile, transitory Late L. mansa, with a like sense and

;
Gk. ^pax^s, short so that A. S. myrg-e origin.

; See Mansion and Manse.
(for ^mzirgjoz) means 'lasting a short time,' Meta-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. ywe'ra, prep.,
and so making the time short.' Cf. Goth. among, with, after; as a prefix, it com-
'
gamaurgjan, to shorten. Brugm. ii. § 104. monly signifies change.' Goth, mith, '
+
Der. mirth. A. S. 7nid, G. mit, with Icel. nied. ;
Mesentery. (L.-Gk.) L. mesenter- Metal. (F. L. Gk.) M. E. 7netal. -

- -
tum. — Gk. fxiaevTfpiov, a membrane in O. ¥. 77ietal. — 'L.. 77ietaUutji, a mine, metal.
the midst of the intestines. — Gk. fU<X-OS, — Gk. fifraWov, a cave, mine, mineral,
324
-
;
METALLURGY MEW
metal. Allied to fieTaXXdoj, I search fiyncan, to seem.+O. Sax. thtinkian, Iccl.
after, explore. pykk';a, Goth, thugkjan, i. e. *tJn4iikjan, G.
metallurgy, a working in metals. (hhiken, to seem. Allied (by gradation)
(F . -
L. - G k. ) F. ;ne/a llu rgie. O -
Late to A. S. J)a>u\ a thought, and êjican, to
.
L. * metalhirgia.'-GV. fxfTaWovpyvi, adj., think. See Thank, Thiiik.

working in metals, — Gk. fteraAAo-j/, metal ; Method. (F. -L. - Gk.) M.F. methode,
(pyov, work; see Work. ^ L. ?7^Gk. 'a method;' Cot. — L. niethodtis. " GV.
(jV<iO€. fxeOodos, an enquiry into, method, system.—
Metamorphosis, transformation. (L. Gk. /x€6>-, for fi(T-d, among, after udos, a ;
— Gk.) L. ?ue/amor/i/ios2S.-' Gk. fA€Tafj.<Jp- way the lit. sense is a way after,' a fol-
;
'
(pojffis, a change of form. — Gk. ywerd, i.ere lowin.'y after. (VSLD.)

denoting 'change'; and fiop<p6w, I form, Methylated, used of spiiits of wine
from fxapip-f}, sb., shape. when mixed with methyl to make it un-
Metaphor. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. wd-/^- drinkable. (L. — Gk.) Formed with suffix
p/iore, metaphor
'
Cot. — L. vutaplwra.
; ' a/ed from methy^, meaning a gas procured
— Gk. yifijacpopa, a transferring of a ord ^\ by the destructive distillation of wood.
from its literal signification. — Gk. fxi-ra- Methyl is a Latinised spelling coined from
to transfer. — Gk. /xeTo, signifxing
(/)e'/9eu', Gk. ixkQv, mead, wine (see N. E. D.), and
'
change' ; (pepav, to bear; see Bear (i). uAt;, wood.
Metaphrase. (Gk.) From Gk. /xcr.
the putting of one word Metonymy,
ippaois, a paraphrasing change of ; L. — Gk.)
lit. 'L. metonymia.— for another.
phrase. — Gk. jxira, signifying 'change'; Gk. fieTctvvfiia, change of name. — Gk.
and (ppdais, a phrase see Phrase. P-fTci,
;
implying chan<:;e ovofxa, name. ' '
;
Metaphysics, the science of mind. Metre,' Meter, rhythm, verse. (F.-

(L. — Gk.) Formerly also inetaphysic.^ L — Gk.) M. F. metre. — M. F. metre,
Cot — L. metnim." Gk. fxlrpov,
;
L. tfielaphysica, neut. pi. metaphysics.— mettcr '
'
Gk. niTaTo. (pvaixd, altei" physics because that by which anything is measured, a rule,
;
the study was supposed to follow that of metre. Lit. measure cf. Skt. fiid, to '
;
'
physics or natural science. measure. See Brugm. ii. § 62. Der.

Metathesis. (L.-Gk.) L. juetathe- baro-r.ieter. chrono-mcter. geo-meiry, hexa-
j-?V. — Gk. pardQiGis, transposition. — Gk. meter, hydro-meter, hygro-meier, penta-
ix.iiTd^ im.plying change Qkais, a placing
' meter, thervio-vieier, irigoiio-?/ietry, tri-
'
;
see Thesis. meter, &c.

Mete, to measure. (E.) M. E. meten. Metropolis, a mother-city. (L. — Gk.)
A. S. 7neian, io measure. -{-Du. vieteii, Icel. L. metropolis. ^Gk. /.irjTpunoKis, a m.other-
meta (to value), Swed. nidta, Goth, mitan, slate the city of a prim.ate. — Gk. fxrjrpo-, ;
G. viessen. Cf. L. modus, measure, Gk. for pLTjTTjp, a mother; irvXts, a city. See
fxfd-ofAai, I provide for. (y'MED.) Mother and Police.
Metempsychosis, transmigration of Mettle, spirit, ardour. (F. — L.-Gk.)
souls. (Gk.) Gk. ftere/^ûxaô-is. — Gk. /lier- Another spelling of metal\ in Shakespeare,
€fx\pvxdaj, I make the soul pass from one no distinction is made between the two
body to another. — Gk. /^(r-a, denoting words in old editions, either in spelling or
'
change '
; f m- (for !;), in, into ; ipvX'V, the in use (Schmidt). With special allusion to
soul. See Psychical. the metal (or mettle) of a sword-blade.
Meteor. (F. — Gk.) M. F. meteore, a '
Mew (i), to cry as a cat; a woid of
meteor;' Cot. — Gk. A^fTc'cupov, a meteor; imitative origin. (E.) M. E. mawen.'^
neut. of adj. /xeriajpos, raised above the Pers. ?na7v, Arab, mtta, mewing of a cat.
earth, soaring in air. — Gk. fj-trd, among ;
Der. mcwU from F. miaziler, to mew.
*dfopos, prob. from diipuv, to lift (see (2), a sea-gull. (E.) î.¥..mawe. Mew
Prelhvitz). m<^w, meaiv, men, a mew. -f N. A. S.
Metheglin, mead. (W.) W. medd- Fries, mewe, E. Fries, meve, Du. meeuw,
yglyn,mtz(\, lit. healing liquor. — W. meddyg Icel. mar, Dan. maage, Swed. make, G.
(from L. niedicus), healing llyn^ liquor. mowe. Cf. O. H. G. 7neh, a mew.
;
Methiuks. (E-) Lit. 'it seems tome;' (3"), a cage for hawks, &c. (F.— Mew
here me is the dat. case, and thinks is an L.) The pi. mews now means a range of
impers. verb, from M. E. pinken, to seem. stabling, because the royal stables were
A. S. »ie Pynced, it seems to me from rebuilt (a. D. 1534) in a place where the ;
325
' ,
MEWL MIGHT
royal falcons had been kept (Stow). midding, — Dan. madding (for
*mogdynge).
M. E. viewe, nine, a cage where hawks — Dan. meg myki), muck; Dan,
(Icel.
were kept when moulting. Ô. F. mue, a dynge, a heap; lit. muck-heap'). Dan.'
moulting, also a mew for hawks Guernsey ; dynge=-'&\N&di. dynga, dung; allied to E,
mue, a mew. — F. inner, to change, moult. dung. And see Muck.
— L. inutdre, to change. Der. inew-s, as Middle, adj., intervening; also as sb.
above. See Mutable. (E.) M.E. middel, adj.; middel, sb.
Mewl; see Mew (i). K.'^. middel, adj. and sb. — A. S. midd,
Mews ; see Mew (3). adj., middle. +Du, middel, adj. adv. and
Mezzotinto, a mode of engraving. sb. G. inittcl, sb., means
; O. H. G. ;
(Ital.— L.) Ital. mezzo tinto, half tinted. mittil, adj. Cf. Icel. medal, prep., among.
— Ital. mezzo, mid tijzto, pp. of tingere, to ; Der. middl-ing middle-most, an ill-coined
',
tint. — L, Diedins, mid tingere, to dip, dye. ;

superlative, on the model of after-most,
Miasma, pollution, infectious matter. foremost.
(Gk.") Gk. jxiaaj-ia, a stain. — Gk. fiiaiveiv, midrib, the diaphragm separating the
to stain. heart from the stomach, &c. (E.) jVI. E,
Mica, a glittering mineral. (L.) 'Mica, midrif. A. S. midrif also midhrif —

a crum, little quantity of anything that A. S. mid, middle hrif the belly.
;
+
breaks off; also, a glimmer, or cat-silver, O. Fries, midref from mid, middle, ref,
a metallick body like silver, which shines rif the belly Du. middel-rif. With A.S.
;
in marble,' &c. Phillips (1706). -- L. mica,

; hrif ci. L. corp-us, body.
a crumb cf. F. and Span, mica, mica.
; m.idship, short for amid-ship ; hence
But it seems to have been applied to the midship-man.
mineral from the notion that this sb. is midst, the middle. (E.) In middest,
related to L. micdre, to shine, which is Spenser, F. Q. vi. 3. 25 formed, with ;
probably not the case. added /, from M. E. in jniddes, equivalent

Mich, to skulk, play truant. (E.) M. E. to amiddes ; see Amid.
muchen, to pilfer. A. S. '^myccan not ; midwife. M. E. midwif; rarely
(E.)
found, but allied to G. metichlings, insidi- medewif {W'ycVii), from a false etymology
ously. Der. mich-er, mich-ing (^Shak.). which connected it with M. E. mede or
Michaelmas, the feast of St. Michael. meed, reward. — A. S. mid, prep., together
(F. — Heb. and L.) M. E. michelmesse
; ;
with zvif a woman. Thus the lit. sense is
;
where Michel = F. Michel, from Heb. '

a woman who is with another,' a helper.
Mikhdel, lit. '
who is like unto God ? Cf. A. S. ??iid-wyrcan, to work with. So
The suffix 'Vias = M. E. messe = A,S. mcesse ;
also Span, co-madre, lit, ' co-m.other,' a
from L. missa', see Mass (2). midwife. Cf. Du. medehelpen, to assist
Mickle, great. (E.) M. E. mikel, (from mede, with, helpen, to help) G. ;
mnkel, micheU mnchel. - A.S. micel imycel). mit-helfer, a helper with, assistant.
+ Icel. mikill {mykill), Goth, mikils Gk. ; Midge. (E.) M. E. migge, inygge.
fxeydXr), great. Cf. also Gk. /J.ijo.s, great, A. S. micg, better mycg, a mi ige, gnat.
L. magnus. See Much. + Du. mug, Low G. mugge, Swed. mygg,
Microcosm, a little world. (F.-L.- Dan. myg, G. miicke. Teut. type '^mugjd,
Gk.) F. microcosme. — L. microcosmus. — f,,or '^mugjoz, m,; prob. 'buzzer;' cf. Gk.
Gk. niKpuKoaiJLos, a little world. — Gk. p.v<,ii.v, to mutter, pvia, a fly (Prellwitz)
;
fiiKpo-s, little, for a/xiKpus, little ; Koafxos, also Icel. my. a midge.
world; see Cosmic. Midriff, Midship, Midst, Mid-
m.icr0SC0pe, an instrument for view- wife ; see Mid.
ing small objects. (Gk.) Gk. fj.LKp6-s, Mien, look. (F. — C.) F. mine, 'the
little ;
GKOTT-(iv, to see ; see Scope. look;' Cot. (Whence Ital. 7«z««; Ilatz-
Mid, middle. (E.) M. E. mid. A. S. feld.) Prob. from Bret, miti, muzzle,
mid, midd, adj. -4- Du. Dan. Swed. mid- beak (also used of men). Cf. W. fuin,
(in compounds) Icel. midr, Goth, midjis,
;
lip ; Ir. men, mouth Corn, mein, men, ;
O. H. G. mitti, L. medius, Gk. pieao^, lip, mouth (Thurneysen). Celtic typ?

JEoYic fxiaaos, Skt. madhya-, adj., middle. '^moknd i^mekno-'), open mouth (Stokes).
Cf. Ir. mid-, as in mid-nogl, midnight. Might (i\ strength. (E.) M.E, mi^t.
See Medium, Middle. A. S. miht O. Merc. vmht. -f- Du. magt,
;
Midden, a dunghill. (Scand.) M. E. Icel. mdttr, Dan. Swed. magt, Goth.

32 6
; ;;
MIGHT MINCE
viahfs, G. viacht. Teut. type *mah-iiz, Lit. bread sopped in milk
' ;
' hence, a soft
r. ;from the verb *inag-an-. See May (i ). fellow. — M.E. milk^ milk; j-^//t', a sop
Might (2), pt. t. of may. (E.) See see Sop.
IVEay (^1
t. Mill. (I-) M.E. miln, myln, mulne;
Mignonette, a plant. (F.) F. whence 7nille, mtille, by assimilation of n.
niigno)iette, dmnn. of mignon, darling; A.S. myln, mylen.-~La.te L. mulina^ for
;ee Minion. mollna, a mill extended from mola, a
;
Migrate. (L.) Frompp.ofL.w/'^/^rrif, mill. See Molar.

to wnnder. Cf. Gk. dj.i(tl3(iv^ to change. Millennium, a thousand year?. 'L.)
Milch ; see Milk. L. 7niUenniiim. — L. mille, thousand ;
Mild. (E.) M. E. wi/d. milde. A. S. annus, year see Annual. ;
milde.'\-\yw. mild, Icel. mildr, Dan, Swed. Millet, a plant. (F.-L.) F. millet',
^. mild; O. Sax. mildi, O. H.G. viilli. dimin. of mil, millet. — L. milium, millet
^'lOth. -milds,m ttii-r/iilds^wiXhowi natural (whence A.S. mil, millet). Gk. êAiV?;, +
ifFection. Perhaps allied to Gk. fxaXOaaus, millet.
ioft, mild, O. Irish meld, pleasant. Brngra. Milliner. (Ital.) Formerly also
millaner ''Ben Jonson). Disputed : but
Mildew. (E.) M. E. meldew. A. S. certainly for ]\Iilaner, a dealer in goods
'fieledeaw, mildeaiv, lit. honey-dew. — A. S. brought from Milan, in Italy.
mele, mil, allied to L. mel, honey deaxv, ; Million,a thousand thousand. (F. — L.)
lew. So also Irish milceog, mildew from ; F. million; Late L. iiiiUio, lit. 'great
mil, honey. And cf Gk. fiiXi, honey. thousand,' an augmentative form. — L.
Mile. (L.) U.¥..mile. K.^. mil.- mille, thousand. Der. Hence b-illion^
L. pi. milia, millia, a Roman
commonly tr-illion, quadr-illion are formed, by a
nile. — L. milk, a thousand whence
sing., ; sort of analogy, in order to express shortly
mille (pi. millia passtium, a thousand the ideas of bi-million, tri-jnillion, Sec. ;
paces, a Roman mile. Cf. Du. mijl, G. where bi- means to the second power,' '
meile, Swcd. mil, Dan. miil', all from L. not twice.'

'
milfoil, yarrow. (F. — L.) Lit. thou- ' Milt (O, the spleen. (E.) M. E. milte.
sand-leaf.' — F. mille, thousand A. F. ; A. mille. -{- Du. juilt, Icel. milli, Dan.
S.
'ôille, Y .fetiille, leaf. —Late 'L.millefolitim, milt, Swed. mjdlie, the spleen; G. milz,
milfoil. — L. mille, thousand ; folitt?n, leaf O. H. G. miki, milt. From the verb to
;ee Foil (2). melt in the sense to digest ; cf. Icel. melta,
Militate, to contend. (L.) From pp. (i) to malt, (2) to digest. See Melt.
^f L. niilitare, to serve as a soldier. -^L. Milt (2),soft roCi (Scand.) A corrup-
mllit-, stem of miles, a soldier. tion of w/Z^jdue to confusion with milt (i).
militia, troops. (L.) L. militia, (i) M.E. mylke of fyshe ; Vocab. 59!. 16.—
ivarfare, (2) troops. — L. ?nJlit-, stem of Swed. mj'olke, milt, from mjolk, milk
miles, a soldier. T)2in.fiskemelk, soft roe of fishes, lit. ' fish-
Milk. (E.) U.Y.milk. O.Merc.w//^ milk G.Jisckmilck, milt. Cf. M. Du.
;
'
;Sweet, O. E. T.) ; A.S. fJieolc, meohic.-\' melcker van een visch, the milt of a fish,' '
Du. melk, O. Sax. miluk', Icel. mjolk, Hexham.

Dan. melk, Swed. 7njblk; Goth, miltiks. Mimic. I- — Gk.) L. mlmicus, farcical.
G. milch. Teut. stem "^jnehtk-, fern. Allied — Gk. yt-iynKos, imitative. — Gk. /xi/xos, an
:o the old strong Teut. vb. *melk-an-, as imitator, actor, mime.
;een in A. S. melcait, Du. and G. melken, Minaret, a turret on a mosque. (Span.
:o stroke a cow, milk; allied to Gk. — Arab.) Span, minarete, a high slender
ifieXyeiv, L. mulgere, to milk, Lith. tnilsz- turret. — Arab, manarat, a lamp, light-
'i, to stroke, to milk O. Irish blig-im, I
; house, minaret. — Arab. ?nandr, candle-
milk. (VÎELG.) stick,lamp, lighthouse. Allied to Arab.
milch, milk-giving. (E.) M.Y. milche, ndr, fire.-f-Heb. manordh, a candlestick ;
melche, adj.; cf. A. S. inilc-en, adj., from nu}\ to shine.

milky. + Icel. Jiiilkr, mjolkr, adj., milk- Mince, up to cut small. (F. — L.)
jiving, from mjolk, milk. So also G. M.E. minccn. — M.F. mincer, O. Y minder, .
melk, adj., milch. to mince ; cf. mince, L.adj., small. — Late

milksop, an effeminate man. (E.) *inim7tidre, to mince (Schwan, § 199) ;
M. E. milksoppe, Ch. C. T. 13916 (B 3100). from Late L. viiniitia, a small piece. ** L.

27
a ;,
MIND MINUS
viiiiiilns, small. Cf. A.S. iin)isiau^ to small. — L. min-ifna, very small; superl.
diminish. SecMinish. "D&v.viince-pieîox- fem. allied to min-or, less. See Minor.
mcily niinccd-pie, i.e. pie of minced meat. Minion, a favourite. (F.) Y. mignon,
Mind. (K.) M.E. ;///;/^. K.S.gemynd, sb,, a favourite. — K. mignon,^^]., minion,
memory. — A.S. vinnan, to think geinun- ; dainty, also pleasing, kind. Of doubtful
an, to remember (whence geinynd for *'ga- origin. Cf. Qi.minne^ love ; see Minikin.
mundi-, by mwi'aXion).'^- G oih.. ga-7ininds, Or from Celt, min-, small (Korting).
f., remembrance. Teut. type *i)iui'.di^ Minish, to lessen. (F.-L.) M, E.
for *viunthi-, by Verner's law Idg. ty| e ; 7ne722isen.''Y memiiser. to minish (answer-
.
vi9nti- (cf. L. vient-is, gen. of viens, mind ;

ing to Late L. 'îniniitidre).^\^. minjltus,
Skt. mati-, mind). From the weak grade small ; see Minute. Doublet, mince.
of VMEN, to think. Brugra. i. § 431. minister. (F. L.) ^.Y.ministre. —
Mine (i), belonging to me. (E.) M. E. — F. ?ninistre.^'L. ace. 7ninistrum\ nom.
inin, pi. inine\ often shortened to my. 77ii7iister, a servant. L. 7/ii7i-is-fer is
A.S. min, poss. pron. (declinable), from formed with suffix -ter from *ini7i-es,
mill, gen. of ist pers. pronoun. Goth. + allied to 7in7i-or, smaller; from the base
meins, poss. pron, allied to meina, gen.
; >ni7i-, small ; sec Minor.
case of 1st pers. pronoun ; so in other Teut. Miniver ; see Meniver.
tongues. Cf. L. mens. See Me. Minnow, a small fish. (E.) M. E.
my. (E.) M. E. mi, my short for ; 77ie7ioiv. A. S. a minnow cf. O. H. G.
77iy7ie, ;
min (abovei, by loss of final n. Dsr. 77m7iiwa, a minnow (Kluge). ^ We

Diy-self^ M. E. mi-self.^ formerly me-self. find another word, viz. M.E. 7ne77use,
Mine (2), to excavate. (E. — C.) F. a small fish from O. F. 7ne7iuisc, a small
;
miner. Of Celtic origin. Cf. Bret, men- fish. — Late L.type *77ii7iutia. — L. 77ii7tfittis
ghuz, a mine (cf. cleuz, hollow) W. ; minute, small see Minute. ;
inwn, ore, a mine, mzvn-glaivdd a mine , Minor, less. (L.) L, 77ii7i-or, less ; the
(cf. clawdd, a pit), O. \V. mwyn, ore positive form occurs in A. S. i7ii7i (V), Irish
(Davies) Irish mein, ore; Gael, viein,
; 77ii7i, small. -f- Icel. 77iinnr, adv., less; Goth.
vieijinôxt, a mine (Thurneysen) Celtic . 77ii7i7iiza, less. Brugm. i. § 84.
type ore (Stokes).
'^meiiii^ Minster. (L.-Gk.) A.^.7ny7zster;
mineral. (F. — C.) M.F. mineral, ' cf. O. H. G. 7/iu7iistri. From L. 7no7iaster-
mincrall;' Cot. — F. wz«^r,tomine (above). i 117/1 ; see Monastery.
Cf. Span, viinera, a mine. Minstrel. (F. — L.) M. E. 7/ii7iist7-aI,
Minever ; see Meniver. or 7ne7iest7-al. — O. F. 77ie7testrel, 77ie7test7-al.
Mingle, to mix. (E.) A frequentative — Late L. 77ii7iist7-dlis, a servant, retainer,

form of ming, to mix (Surrey) M. E. ; hence one who pla}ed instruments or
mengen, mingen, to mix. A. S viengan, acted as jester. — L. 77ii7iister, a servant;
to mix, to become mixed a causal verb. ; see Minister. Der. i/nnsi7-el-cy, M. E.
— A. S. mang, a mixture, \x%\\^\\y gemang, 7iii7ist7'alcie.
geinong. a mixture, crowd, assembly.-J-Du. Mint (1 ) , a place where money is coined.

viengelen, to mingle, from mengen, to mix ;
(L.) M.E. 77ii7it, 7)iy7it. A.S. f7iy7iet
Icel. meiiga, G. mengen, to mingle. See cf. O. H. G. 77nmizza (G. 77iic7ize). From
Among, Monger. L. 7no7ieta, (i) a mint, (2) money (Pogat-
Miniature, a small painting. (Ital.— scher). Mo7iela was a surname of Juno,
E.) Ital. miniaiura, a miniature. — Ital. in whose temple at Rome money was
miniato, pp. of miniare, to dye, paint, coined. — L. 77i07ie7-e, to warn; Brugm. ii.
'
to colour or limne with vermilion or red § 79. See Money.
lead ; Florio. — L. minitim, cinnabar, red
' Mint (2), a plant. (L.-Gk.) A.S.
lead said to be of Iberian origin.
; 77ii7tte.'''L. i7ie7ita, 77ie7itha.'-GV. y.[vQa,
Minikin, a little darling, ^Du.) Used mint.
by Florio, to translate Ital. mignone.—'V>\x. Minuet, a dance. (F. — L.) So called
minnekyn, a cupid (Sewel) M. Du. ;
from the small steps taken in — M. F.
it.
minneken, my darling, dimin. of mitine, 77ie7iu'et, '

smallish, little, pretty ; Cot. '
love (Hexham). Cf. O. H. G. minna, love ;

Dimin. of M.F. 77ie7iu, small. — L. miiiUtus^
allied to Mind. (yMEN.) small ; see Minute.
Minim, a note in music ; ^V^h of a minus, less. (L.) Neut. of 77117107;
drachm. (F. — L.) O. Y .minime, \\\.\try less ; see Minor.
328
. ';
MINUTE MISPRISE
minute, sb. (L.) M. E. mimite, sb. menos-, from L. minus, less with the ;
— L, iiiinuta, a small part orig. fern, of ; sense of bad.' '

Frequently confused with
mimltus, small, pp. of mimieje, to make the prefix above. Der. viis-adventure
small. — L. ;;/m-, small; base of inin-or, (q. v.), -alliance, -chance (q. v.), -chief
less. See Minor. (q. v.), -count (q. v.), -creant (q. v.), -nomer
IVCinx, a pert wanton woman. (Low G.) (q. v.), -;)m^(q.v.).
Low G. mmsk, (i) masc. a man, (2) neut. Misadventure. (F. - L.) O. F.
a pert female. Cf. G. niensch, neut., a mesaventure \ see Mis- (2) and Adven-
wench. The G. iîensch was orig. an adj., ture.
from mann, a man. Cf. A. S. mennisc, Misanthrope. (Gk.) Gk. fXiaavOpw-
human from maun, a man. See Man.
; TTo?, hating mankind. — Gk. fxia-fiv,
adj.,
lîocene, less recent. (Gk.) Gk. ^liio-, to hate, from fxia-os, hatred dvOpoiiros, a ;
for jj-iicuv, less ; naiv-us, new, recent. man. Der. misanthrop-ic, -ist, -y (Gk.
Miracle. (F. - L.) F. miracle. - L. yuaavQpQi-nia)
viTraciihon^ a wonder. — L. mirdrt, to Miscellaneous, various. (L.) L.
Avonder at. — L. inirtis, wonderful. Cf. Skt. miscelldne-us ; with suffix -ous. — L. mis-
sjiiaya-, wonder, from stni, to smile. Allied cellus, mixed. — L. nils cere, to mix; see
to Smile. Brugm.
3S9. i. § Mix.
mirage. (F. — L.) F. mirage, an Mischance. (F.-L.) M. E. and
optical illusion. — F. mirer, to look at. — O. F. meschance; see Mis- (2) and
L. mirdrt (above). Chance.
IVEire, deep mud. (Scand.) M. E. 7nire, Mischief. (F.-L. ^l.Y.. meschief.
w/r^. — Icel. juyrr, mod. myri, a bog; — O.
F. meschief a bad result. Cf. Span.
Swed. myra, Dan. myre, myr, a bog. + vicnos-cabo, diminution, loss. See Mis-
O. H. G. ??iios, M. H. G. mies, moss, V2) and Chief.
swnmp. Teut. base ^nieus- *mettz-. > Miscount. (F. — L.) O.Y .mesconter;
Moss.
Allied to see Mis- (2) and Count.
Mirror. (F.— L.) M. E. mirotir.— Miscreant, a wretch. (F.-L.) Orig.
O. F. i/iireor, later miroir, a looking-glass, an unbeliever, infidel. — M.F. mescreant,
mirror (answering to Late L. inlrdtdrinjji). 'misbelieving;' Cot. Here mes- <, L.
— Late L. mirdre, to behold L. mirdrl. minus; see Mis- (2). Creant is from L.
;
See Miracle. credent-, stem of pres. pt. of credere, to

Mirth. (E.) M. E. mirthe. A. S. believe. Cf. Ital. miscredentc, misbelieving
viyrg6, mirhd, mirigd, mirth. — A. S. myj-ge, and E. i-e-creant. See Creed.
merry. See Merry. Miser, a niggard. (L.) Also 'a wretch';
Mis- (i), prefix. (E.) The A. S. mis- Spenser, Y. Q. ii. i 8. — L. miser, wretched. .
occurs in mis-deed^ a misdeed, and in Cf. Ital. and Span, viisero (i) wretched, (2)
other compounds. It answers to Du. avaricious.
Dan. Icel. mis~, Swed. G. miss-, Goth. miserable. (F.-L.) M.Y.fniserable.
missa-, with the sense of 'wrong.' Teut. — L. miserdbilis, pitiable. — L. miserdri, to
type *misso- Idg. type *mit-to-
; allied pity. — L. miser, wretched.
;
to O. H. G. mi dan (G. meideti), to avoid Mishap. (Scand.) M. PI mishappen,

;
Lat. mittere^ to send away, pp. missus. verb, to fall out ill; see Mis- (1) and
Brugm. i. § 794. Der. mis-become, -behave, Hap.
-believe, -deed, -deem, -do, -give, -lay, -lead, Mishna, a digest of Jewish traditions.
•like, -name, -shape, -time, -u^tdeistand. (Heb.) Heb. mishnah, a re[:êtition, a
Also prefixed to words of F. and L. origin, second part. — Heb. root shdndh, to
as in mis-apply -calculate, -carry, -conceive, repeat.
,
-conduct, -construe, -date, -demeanour, -evi- Misnomer, a misnaming. (F. — L.)

ploy, -fortune, -govern, -guide, -inforin, It answers to an O. French tnesnommer,
-interpret, -judge, -place, -print, -pronounce, to misname used as a sb. with the sense
;
-quote, -represent, -rule, -spend, 'term, -use, a misnaming.' — O. F. 7fies-, badly

'
nom- ;
&c. Also to Scand. words, as in mis-call, 7ner, to name. See Mis- (2) and Nominal.
-hap, -take. See Miss (i). Misprise, Misprize, to slight. (F.
Mis- (2), prefix. (F. — L.) Theproper — L.) In As Yoii Like It, i. i. 177.—
spelling is M. E. mes-, as in mes-chief. M. F. mesp7-iser, to disesteem, contemn
' ;
mischief. The same as O. F. mes-. Span. Cot. — O. F. mes-, badly Late L. pretidre, ;
29
-, '
MISPRISION MITRE
to prize, esteem, from L. pretitim^ price. taka, to take by error, make a slip. — Icel.
See Mis- (2) and Price. mis-, wrongly taka, to take.
; See Mis-
Misprision, amistake, neglect. (F. (i) and Take.
L.) M. F. mesprison, misprision, error, '
Mister, Mr., a title of address. (F.—
offence Cot. Cf. F. miprise, a mistake.
; ' L.) A
corruption of viaster, due to the
— O. F. mes-, badly, ill Late L. prensio- ; influence of mistress, which is an older
nem, ace. oiprensio (short for 'L. prehensio) word than mister see below. ;
a seizing, taking, apprehending, from L. mistress, a lady of a household. (F.

pyehendere to take. ; Quite distinct ^ — L. ) O. F. maistresse, a mistress, '
dame ;
from misprise. Cot. (F.mattresse.) Yem.oiO.Y.maistre,

Miss î), to fail to hit. (E.) M. E. a master see Master.
;
missen. A. S. missan, to miss also, to ; Mistery, Mystery, a trade, handi-

escape one's notice (rare). From a base craft. (F. —
L.) Tho. mystery plays (^QilQX
*mith-, weak grade of '^meith-, as in A. S. spelt mistery plays) were so called because
and O. S. nnSan, to conceal, avoid, escape acted by craftsmen ; from M. E. mistere, a
notice (as well as in G. meiden, O. H. G. trade, craft,Ch. C. T. 615. — O. F. mestier,
7?iidan, to avoid). See Mis- (i).+Du. a trade, occupation (F. w//?^r) — Late L. .
missen, Icel. Jiiissa, Dan. miste (with ex- misteriiu?i (also written mysterium by con-
crescent/), Swed. missa, OH.G. missan, to fusion with that word in the sense of
miss also Du. mis, Icel. mis, adv., amiss
; ;
'
mystery '), short form of L. ministeriu?)i,
also Du. mis-, Icel. i?iis-, Dan. viis-, Swed. employment. — L. minister, a servant ; see
G. miss-, wrongly. Allied to L. mittere, Minister.
to send ; see Missile. (y'MEIT.) Der. Mistle-thrush. (E.) So called from
miss, sb.j a fault, M. E. inisse, Will, of feeding on the berries of the mistletoe ;
Palerne, 532 ; miss-ing. from A.S. mistel, mistletoe (below), -f- G.
Miss (2), an unmarried woman. (F.— ;;/ isteldrossel, m i s tl e- thrush.
L.) A contraction of mistress Evelyn's ; m.istletoe. (E.) A final n has been

Diary, Jan. 9, 1662. See Mistress. lost. A.S. i7iisteltdn.'^K.'i. mistel, also
Missal, a mass-book. (L.) Late L. ^like G. mistel) with the sense of mistletoe ;
missdle, a mass-book. — Late L. missa, tan, a twig, cognate with Icel. teinn, Du.
mass ; see Mass (2). teen, Goth, tains, Dan. teen, Swed. ten.,
Missel-thrush ; see Mistle-thrush. twig, spindle. 4" Icel. mistelteinn, mistletoe.
Missile, a weapon that may be thrown.
Perhaps mistel is related to G. mist, dung.
(L.) Properly an adj., ' that may be
Cf. M. Du. misteh bird-lime (Kilian),
thrown.' — L. missilis, that may be thrown. 'glew' (Hexham).
— L. missus, pp. of mittere, (perhaps for Mistress ; see Mister.
*mJtere), to throw, send; pt. t. misi.'\' Misty (i), adj. formed from Mist.
O. H. G. midan, to avoid; see Miss (i). Misty (2), doubtful, ambiguous, as ap-
Brugm. i. § 930. plied to language. (F. — L. — Gk.) In the
mission. (L.) O. F. and F. mission. phrases 7?iisty language and mistiness '
'
'
— L. missionem, ace. of ?nissio, a send- of language,' misty is not from E. mist,

ing. —L. miss-US, pp. oi mittere, to send. but is short for mystic see Palmer, Folk- ;
missive. (F. — L.) F. missive, 'a Etymology. See Mystic.

letter sent
:
Cot. Coined from L. ?niss-us,

' Mite (i); ^^ insect. (E.) M. E. mite.,
pp. oi mittere, to send. A. S. mite, a mite, -f* Low G. mite, Du.
Mist. lE.) A S. mist, g\oom, darkness. Diijt, O. H. G. miza, a mite. Teut. type
+Icel. mistr, Du. Swed. mist, mist. Teut. *mttdn-, f. The word means cutter,' i.e. '
type *mik stoz. Apparently formed from biter; from Teut. base MEIT, to cut; cf.
the base *mig- {"p-Niih- before st), Idg. Icel. 77ieita, to cut. See Emmet.
*migk- (weak grade of root '^meigh)', as mite (2), a very small portion. (Du.)
seen in Lithunn. migla, Russ. mgla, Gk. M. E. mite.-'W. Du. mijt, ??nte, a very
oixix^^'T], mist, Skt. fnih-ira-, a cloud also small coin, mite, bit cut off.
; See above.
Skt. 7fiegh-a-, a cloud, from the stronger Mitigate. (L.) From pp. of L. 9?iTti-
grade. (-^MKIGH, to darken perhaps §-dre, to make gentle. — L. wf/-«V, gentle
; ;
distinct from -^MEIGH, as appearing in -igdre, for agere, to make.

L. mingere.) Mitre, a head-dres>^, esp. for a bishop.
Mistake, to err. (Scand.) Icel. mis- (F. - L. - Gk.) OB
mitre. - L. mitra. a
330
'
MITTEN MODERATE
cap. — Gk. /i/t'rpa, a belt, girdle, headband, |
(some edd. vioans^} in Shak. M. N. D. v.
fillet, turban 330. Der. bemoan, \h., substituted for
Mitten. (F.-G. or €.?) M. E. mi M. E. bi?7ieneu, A. S. bi-7}i^nan,\.o bemoan.
taine. — F. mitaine, a mittain, winter- '
Moat. (F.-Teut.) M.E. w^/^.-O.F.
glove,' Cot. Gascon initano. Origin dis-
; mote, an embankment, dike Nonnan dial.;
puted; see Hatzfeld, Korting, Scheler. motte, a moat, foss. [As in the case of
]yCix, to mingle. (L.") back forma- A dike, the same word means either the
tion from Diixt, pp. — L. mixtiis, mixed, trench cut out or the embankment thrown
pp. of niisccre^ to mix. ^- ^^- J'liscian, + up, or both together cf. Low L. 7noia,
;
to mix G. mischen
; also W. })iys- ;
(i) a mound, (2) a mound and moat
^'u, Gael, measg, (). Irish mescaiin, I together; also spelt motta.'\ The same
mix, Russ. mieshate, Lithuan. niaiszyti. word as F. motte, 'a clod, lump, sodd,
L. iniscere, Gk. fxlayeiv (for *iJ.iy'aKeiv), to turfe, little hill, butt to shoot at;' Cot-
mix. Cf. Skt. f/iifra, mixed. Extended grave. Cf. also Ital. ?notta, a heap of earth,
from y'MEIK cf. Gk. fxiywixi, I mix.
; also a hollow, trench (like E. moat), Span.
Brugm. i. §§ 707, 760. Der. mash, mota,Sivaound; Romansch ww^//a, rounded
^- ^- hill. Of Teut. origin; from Bavarian Wi?//,
.
mixture.
(L.) L. 7)nxtiira, a mixtiire. peat, heap of peat (Diez). Prob. allied to
—
L. mixtiis, pp. of viiscere, to mix Mud cf. Du. modde7\ mud.
;
(above). Mob (0' ^ disorderly crowd. (L.) A

HXixen, a dunghill. (E.) M. E. mixen, contraction of mobile tuilgus, i. e. fickle
A. S. mixen, meoxen, the same. From crowd. Both 7710b and 7nobile were in use,
A. S. mix, meox, dung. — A. S. mig-, weak in the same sense, A. D. 1 692-5. — L. i7idbile,
grade of migan, to urine. Cf. G. fnist. neut. of mobilis, moveable, fickle. — L.
Mizen, Mizzen, a sail in a ship. (F. mouere, to move. See Move.
— Ital. — L.) F. misaine, explained by Mob (2), a kind of cap. (Du.) From
Cotgrave as 'the foresaile of a ship.' — Ital. Du. 77iop77utts, a woman's nightcap (where
mezzana, a saile in a ship called the poope
'
7intts means cap) M. Du. 77iop, a woman's
;
or niisen-saile Florio. Cf. Ital. mezzano,

;
'
coif (Sewel) ; Low G. 7nopp, a woman's cap
'
a meane man, between great and little ; (Danneil).
id. The orig. sense seems to have been Mobile, easily moved. (F. — L.) F.
* in the middle,'
as a foresail between jib 77iobile.^lu. mobilis; see Mob (i).
and mainsail. —Late L. medianiis, middle Moccassin, Mocasin, a shoe of
(whence also F. moyen, E. mean).'^'L. deer-skin. (N. American Indian.) From
medius, middle. See Medium. the Algonquin makisi7i (Cuoq).
Mizzle, to rain in fine drops. (E.) For- Mock, to deride. (F.-L.) M.E.
merly misle, M. E. miselen, Cath. Angl. 77iokke7i. — O. F. 77iocque7', later fnoqtier.
Cf. M. Du. fnieseleji, to drizzle, Hexham ;
According to Korting, it is the Picard form
Low G. viisehi (Berghaus) ; E. Fries. of 77ionche7-, to wipe the nose and Cot- ;
misig, damp, gloomy. Cf. Mist. grave has mouche7', to snyte, or make
'
Mnemonics, the science of aiding the cleane the nose ; also, to frump, mocke,
;
memory. (Gk.) mnemonics; scoff, deride
Gk./xi/7;/ioi'tft:a, for which Corblet gives '
neut. pi. of fxvTj/xouiKoSy belonging to me- the Picard form 77iouke7'. Cf. Ital. moccare,
mory. — Gk. ixv-qixov-, stem of fxvrj/xcvj', to blow the nose, also to mocke ;' Florio. '
mindful. — Gk. yurao/iott, I remember. (From — Late L. 7/it^ccdTe, to blow the nose. — L.
m?id, a grade of y'MEN.) 77iucais, 771UCUS, mucus. See Mucus.
Moan, sb. (E.) M.E. mone, a com- Mode. (F. — L.) Y .viode. — \u.7nodut7i,
munication, also a complaint correspond- ; ace. of modus, measure, manner, way. Al-
ing to A. S. *mdn- (not found), supposed lied to Mete. Brugm. i. § 412.
to be cognate with O. Fries, mene, an model. (F.-Ital.-L.) '^l.Y.77wdelle
opinion, O. H. G. meina, an opinion (F. 77iodele). — Ital. 7nodello, a modell, '
thought. Hence was formed A. S. mcenan frame, mould;' Flori(x From dimin. of
to mean, intend, relate, also to complain, L. 7)ioduhts, a standard, measure, which is
moan, lament, M. E. menen, to lament, I
again a dimin. of modus, measure. Der.
now obsolete, its place being supplied by ! 7'e-77iodel.
the form of the sb., used as a vb. See j
moderate, temperate. (L.) From pp.
further under Mean (i). % Cf. 77iea7is\ oiY,.7node7-drT,io rGgxiXoXe. From a stem
331
';
MODERN MOLECULE
vioder-^ for modes-, extended from 7?iod-zis, This verb answers to a Late L. *mollidre,
a measure. See modest. to soften ; not found. — L. molli-s, soft.
modern. (F. F. vwdeme. — l..
— L.) Thus the senses were, to soften, moisten,
viodernus, belonging to the present mode ;
dirty, soil oneself, drudge.
extended from a stem moder- (above). Moire, watered silk. (F.) From F.
modest, moderate, chaste, decent. (F. moire, used in two senses. In the sense
—
L.) F. modest e.^\-,. i?iodestns, modest, it is borrowed from E. mohair
mohair,
lit. ' keeping within measure.' From a
(Hatzfeld). In the sense of watered silk,
neuter stem modes-, with suffix -ttis it may represent
see ; L. marmoreus, shining
i
moderate (above). Brugm. ii. § 132. like marble, from fnar?uor,

|
marble
m.odicum., a small quantity. (L.) (Korting) but this may be only a trans- ;
Neut. of L. jnodiais, moderate. — L. modus, ferred sense of the former. 1
measure. Moist. (F. — L.) M. E. moiste, often

modify. (F.-L.) F. modifier. ~\..\ with the sense 'fresh'; Ch. C. T. 459,
modificdre. — L. modi-, for modus, measure, 12249. — O. F. moiste, later moite.
!
Etym.
moderation -ficdre, iov facere, to make.
; disputed; (i) from L. musteus, new, from
\
modulate, to regulate. (L.) From L. mustum, must (2) from L. mucci- ;

;
pp. of L. moduldrJ, to measure by a dits, mucidus, mouldy, from L. mucus

'
standard. — L. moduhis, dimin. of modus,'- (Korting) (3) from L. muscidus, later ;
a measure see m.odel.

;
form q{ imlcidus (Hatzfeld). Der. moist-
Mogul, a Mongolian. (Pers.) Pers ure, O. F. moisieur.
Moghol, a Mogul; another form oi Mon- Molar, used for grinding. (L.) L. mo-
gol. Idris, adj., from mola, a mill. Cf. molere,
Mohair, cloth of fine hair. (Arab) to grind. (yMEL.) Brugm. ii. § 690.
A changed spelling (by confusion with Molasses, syrup made from sugar.
:
hair^ of mockaire (Hakluyt, ii. 273) (Port. — L.) Formerly melasscs. — Port.
;
whence F. mouaire (1650), mod. F. tnoire melaô, molasses cf. Span, melaza (same ).
; ;
also F. moiicay ar. •• Axdih. mukhayyar, a — L. melldceus, made with honey. — L. meU
kind of coarse camlet or hair-cloth Rich. honey. ;
Mole (i), a spot or mark on the body.

|
Diet., p. 136^.
Mohammedan. (Arab.) follower A '
E.) M. E. mole. A. S. w<7/, a spot whence (
oi Alohajumed. — Arab, muhammad,~V)X2iviQ.- mole by the usual change from a to long o).
worthy. — Arab, hamada, he praised. +0. H. G. meil, Goth, mail^ a spot.
Mohur, a gold coin. (Pers.) Pers. Mole (2), an animal. (E.) M. E. molle.
muhr, imihar, a gold coin worth 16 rupees +
M. Du. and Du. mot; Low G. mull
(Wilson); muhr, muhiir, Rich. Diet., (Berghaus). Prob. related to M. Du.
P- 15.34- viul, the dust or Grumblings of turf,'
'
Mcidore, a Portuguese gold coin. Hexham M. E. mul, A. S. myl, dust

;
(Port.-L.) See Bailey's Diet. - Port. which are further related to Mould (i).
moeda dôuro, a moidore, £1 *]s.', lit. The sense may have been earth-grubber,' '
'
money of gold.' — L. moneia, money de, or 'crumbier,' from the weak grade of
;
of; aurtwi, gold. See Money. ^MEL, to pound. Cf. E. Fries, mullen,
Moiety, half. (F. — L.) F. moiti^, a to grub mulle a child that grubs in the ;
half. — L. medietdtem, ace. of medietas, ground mulle, mul, a mole Low Q. mull-
; ;
a middle course, a half. — L. medius, worm, a mole ;Danneil). Another name %

middle. See Medium. was formerly moldwarp (i Hen. IV. iii. i.
Moil, to toil, drudge. (F.-L.) For- 149), lit. the animal that casts up mould.' *
merly moile, to defile with dirt later juoil, M. E. moldwerp ;

; from i7iold, mould,
'
to dawbe with dirt, to drudge Phillips. werpen, to throw up.
;
'
See "Warp. Cf.
The older sense was to dirty, hence to Icel. moldvarpa, a mole, O. H. G. 77itilt-
drudge, from the dirt consequent on toil. wurf, G. 77iaulwurf.
Spenser has moyle, to sully, Hymn of Mole (3), a breakwater. (F.-Ital.-L.^
Heav. Love, st. 32. Still earlier, we have F. mole. — Ital. f7iolo, mole, a great pile '
;
M. E. moillen, to moisten, wet. — O.F. moil- Florio. — L. 77idle77i, ace. of 77idles, a great
ler, moiler (Littre), later mouiller, to wet, heap.
moisten orig. sense, to soften, which (in
; molecule, an atom. (L.) Formerly
the case of clay) is effected by wetting it. violecula Bailey. Coined from L. 77idles, ;
33
;
MOLEST MONTH
I heap ; the true form would have been of mixed breed cf. cock-er-el, pick-er-el ;
iiolicula. (small pike). — A. S. mang, a mixture.

Molest, to annoy. (F. L.) Y. molester. — See Mingle.
—
— L. molestdre. L. tnolestiii, troublesome Monition, a warning, notice. (F. -L.)
brmed with suffix -tus, from a stem moles-, F. monition. ^'L,. ace. monitid)ie?}i. "1,.
extended from mol- ; allied to mollri, to monitiis, pp. of monere. to advise, lit. to
strive, and to Mole (3). make to think. (y'MEN.) Erugm. ii.
Mollify, to soften. ',F. -L.) M. F. mol- § 794-
Ijier.^h. mollijicare. -^Y-,. moll-is, soft; Monk. (L.-Gk.) M. E. ;//^;//C'. A.S.
ficd?-e, for faccre, to make. Cf. Skt. mnniic. — L. monachns. — Gk./ioi/nxo?, adj.,
nrdzt-, soft. Allied to Melt; Erugm. ii. solitary; sb., a monk. — Gk. /uuv-oi, alone.
i
690. Monkey, an ape. (Low G. — F.—
mollusc. ( F. — L.) F. molhisque. — I.. Ital. — L.) Eorrowed from M. Low G.
nollusca, a soft-shelled nut which some ; Moneke, the name of the ape's son in
nolluscs were supposed to resemble. L. — Reinke de Vos (where -ke is for -ken^
'loll-is, soft. dimin. suffix so that the F. version has
;
Molten, old pp. of Melt, q. v. Monnekin; Godefroy). Formed with

Moly, a plant, (L. — Gk.) L. mdly." Low G. dimin. suffix -ken = iji. -chen, from
ik. ixojKv, Homer, Od. x. 305. M. F. tnontie, an ape. — M. Ital. mona,
Moment. (F. — L.) F. moment. — L. monna, an ape, a munkie, a munkie-
'
nomentiim, a movement hence, an instant ; face also a nickname for women, as we

;
short for '^mouimentum. — L, Monna is ;

if time ; say gammer, goodie Florio. '
noiiere, to move. See Move. Doublets, a familiar corruption of madonna, i. e. my

nomentum^ jiiovement. lady, mistress; Scott introduces Monna
Monad, a unit, &c. (L.-Gk.) L. Paiila in the Fortunes of Nigel. See
Honad-, stem of Jtionas, a unit. — Gk. ôvds, Madonna. ^
From the same source is
— Gk. txuvos, alone.
unit. M. Ital. monicchio, a pugge, a munlcie, '
monarch, a sole ruler. (F. - L. - Gk.) an ape Florio.

;
' This is the Ital. equiva-
i'.
mona7-que. — \u. 7nonarcha.^G\i. fxovap- lent of the Low G. word.
'qs, a sovereign, sole ruler. — Gk. nov- ^for Mono-, /^^-^j sole. (Gk.) Gk. fiovo-i,
.ovos), alone ; and apx^îv, to rule. single.
monastery. L. monaster- (L. - Gk.) monochord, a musical instrument
um.^Gk. a minster. — Gk.
fiovaaTTjpiov, having but one string see Chord. So ;
ova(jTT)s, dwelling alone, a monk. — Gk. also mono-cotyledon, mon ocular, mon-ode,
ova^€iv, to be alone. — Gk. [xuvos, alone. motio-logue (from Gk. A070J, a speech),
)er. monast-ic,ixoxi\ Gk. \xovaoriK6s, living mono-syllable, mono-tone see Cotyledon, ;
1 solitude. Ocular, Ode, Syllable, Tone.

Monday. (E.) M. E. juonenday, later monopoly, exclusive sale. (L. — Gk.)
loneday, monday. A. S. monati dag, day L. ?nonopdliiim. "Gk. ixovoTTojXiov, right of
f the moon where inonan is the gen. of
; monopoly ;
fxovo-n (t:\ia, monopoly. — Gk.
zona, moon. See Moon. translation A jxuvo-s, sole ; ttcjjKhv, to sell, barter.
f L. dies Ilines. Monsoon, a periodical wind. (Ital. —
Monetary, relating to money. (L.) Malay. — Arab.) Ital. monsone. — Malay
.. monetdriiis, lit. belonging to a mint.— mfisim, a season, monsoon, year. — Arab.
.. moneta, (i) a mint, (2) money. See mazvsi?n, a time, season. — Arab, zvasm
lint (i). (root wasama), marking.
money. (F. — L.) M.E. moneie. — O.F. Monster, a prodigy. (F.-L.) F.
loneie {\^ .monnaie).'^ L. moneta, (i) mint, monstre. — l.. monstrum, a divine omen,
2) money ; see Mint (i). portent, warning. (For *mon-es-trn7}i.] —
Monger, Hence
a dealer, trader. (E.) L. mon-ere, to warn.
'on-motiger, coster-monger. M.E. monger ; Month. (E. M. E. moneth, later
'1
L. mangere, a dealer, merchant A. S.

S. ; month. A. S. monad, a month ; from
langian, to traffic. — L. mango, a dealer. mona, moon. See Moon.-f-Du. maand\
Mongoose ; see Mungoose. Icel.mdnndr, Dan. maaned, Swed. manad;
Mongrel, an animal of a mixed breed. G. monat, Goth, menoths. a month. Teut.
E.) Spelt ;;/z^w^;'/7 in Levins (1570). It stem "^m^noth-. Cf. also Lithuan. menesis,
:ands for *mong-er-el, i. e. a small animal Russ. miesiats\ L. mens is, Irish and \V.
333
;
MONUMENT MORDACITY
mis, Gael, mios, Gk. ix-qv, Skt. 7nds, a proper sense of 77ioot is *m.eeting,' as in
month ; connected with Moon, q.v.
all 77ioot-hall, of assembly
hall hence, to ;
Monument, a memorial. (F.-L.) F. 77ioot is to discuss at a meeting, and a '
monument. — L. momivientum, a memorial. 77ioot point' is one reserved for public dis-
^L. monii-, for moni-, as in moni-tus, pp. cussion. M..Y.. motie7i, to discuss. A.S.
oimonere^ to advise, remind; with suffix 7}idtia7i, to conveise, address a meeting,
-vien-tum. discuss from A. S. 77idt, a meeting, also
;
IKCood (i), disposition of mind. (E.) ge77idt, esp. in phr. ivite7ia ge77idt =
Prob. sometimes confused with mood (2), meeting of wise men, parliament. +Icel.
but properly distinct. M. E. mood^ mind, 77idt, M. H. G. 77nioz, a meeting. Teut.
also temper, anger, wrath. A. S. mod, base ^77iot-. Der. 77ieet.
mind, courage, pride. -f-Du.w^?^^, courage ; Mop (i), an implement for washing
Icel. vioSr, wrath, moodiness ; Dan. Swed. floors. (F. — L.)
In a late ed. of Florio's
mod, G. JHiitk, courage; Goth. 77tdds, wrath. Ital. Diet., pa7i7iato7'e is explained by a '
Teut. type ^modo- (where -do is a suffix). maulkin, a 7iiap of clouts or rags to rub
Cf. Gk. nato/uai, I strive after. Brugm. i. withal' Halhwell gives 77iop, a napkiri;
§ 196. Der. mood-y, A. S. modig; Sweet, Glouceste7-shi7-e, Prob, from O. F. 77iappe^
N. E. G. § i6d8. a napkin (afterwards turned into 7iappe).'-
IMCood (^), manner, grammatical form, L. 77iappa, a napkin (of Punic origin ). See
(F. — L.) The same word as Mode, q.v.; Map. •[[ Cf. st7-op, strap knop, knap. \
but confused with mood (i). The Celtic forms are from E.
Moon. (E.) M. E. mone. A. S. mona, Mop (2), a grimace to grimace. (E.)
;
a masc. sb.-f Du- maan, Icel. mdni, Dan. The same word as 77iope (below).
maane, Swed. ftiane, Goth, mena, G. mond, mope, to be dispirited. (E.) The same
O. H. G. 7ndno. Teut. type ^77i&non-, word as 77iop, to grimace cf. in the 77iops^ ; '
masc. Cf. also Lithuan. ine)iu, Gk. /n 771/77 i. e. sulky (Halliwell). Du. 77ioppen, to +
Skt. 7nas, moon, month. Perhaps U meant pout, be sulky M. Swed. 77iopa, to mock
;
the 'measurer' of time. (-^ME.) See (Ihre) ; Westphal. 7/idpe7i, to grimace;

Brugm. i. § 132, ii. § 132. G. 77mffig, sullen, pouting (Fliigel), Bavar.
Moonsb.ee, a secretary, interpreter. 77171 ffe7i, to growl, pout. And see 7now (3).
(Arab.) Arab. 7}iu7ishJ, a secretary, a Moraine, a line of stones at the edges
language-master or tutor. of a glacier. (F.— Teut.) Y . 77iorai7ie \ oi.
Moor (i), a heath. (E.) M. E. more. Ital. 77iora, a pile of rocks. — Bavariap
A. S. 77107'. 4- M. Du. 77iQer, moor, mud ;
77iur, sand and broken stones, fallen from
moe7'landf, peaty land Icel. 7}ior, Dan. ; rocks in a valley; the lit. sense being
mor, Low G. 771007-; O. H. G. 7711107', marsh, perhaps '
crumbled material,' Cf. G.
pool, sea. Teut. type *7!id7'0- perhaps ;
7uii7'be, soft, O. H. G. 77in7'uwi\ Icel.
related (by gradation) to Goth. i7iarei, 77ie7'ja, to crush.
sea, lake ; or to Skt. 77iarii, a desert, Moral. (F. — L.) Y.77io7'aL — L. 77107'dlis,
mountain. See Mere. relating to conduct. — L. wJr-, from nom.
Moor (2), to fasten up a ship. (E.) 77ids, a manner, custom.
A.S. *md/''iaji, whence 77iarels, a mooring- Morass, a bog. (Du.-.-F.-Low G.)
rope. Cf. Du. 77ie7-eti (Franck), usually Du 77ioeras, marsh, fen M. Du. t7ioe7'osch, ;
7/ia7're7t, to tie, bind, moor a ship. adj., belonging to a moor, as if from the
Moor (3), a native of N. Africa. (F.— sb. 7noer^ moor, mire, but really an altered
L. — Gk.) a Moor Cot. — L.
;
F. Mo}-e, '
' form of M. Du. 7?ia!'asch, 77iae7-asch, a
Mmi7'7is. — Gk. Muu/)oj, a Moor. Der. marsh (Kilian). -• O.F. 77iaresqne, 7naresche,
bIack-a-77ioor, coiruption of black/71007'- adj., marshy also, as sb., a marsh
;
Low ;
(Minsheu), i. e. black Moo7'. L. 7)ia7'isc7is. — Low G. 77iarsch, a marsh.

Moose, the American elk. ( W. Indian.) See Marish, Marsh. Cf. G. 77iorast (for
The native W. Indian name ;
Knisteneaux j
" »io7'ask), Swed. 7no7-as, Dan. 77io>-ads, a
motisivah, Algonquin i7iusu cited in the :
morass all from Du. or Low G.
;
Cent. Diet. Cuoq cites Algonquin i7i07is Morbid, sickly. (F.-L.) Y.7no7'bide.
(with 11). — L. 77io7'bidi4s, sickly. — L. i7iorbzis, disease.
Moot, to discuss a point. (E.) Chiefly Allied to 77WJ--I, to die; Brugm. ii. § 701.
used in phr. ' a moot point.' Minsheu Mordacity, sarcasm. (F.-L.) Little
gives 77ioot as a verb, to discuss. The used. - F. 7no7-dacitL — L. ace. ?7i07'daci'
334
MORE MORTAR
tatem, from viorddcitas^ power to bite. — L. morwen (above) by adding the substantival
viorddc-y stem of inordax, bitint^. — L. (not participial) suffix -ijig ( = A. S. -ung).
mordere, to bite. Cf. Skt. mardaya, to So also even-ing, from even.
rub, break in pieces, from nird, to rub. Morocco, a fine kind of leather. Named
Brngm. ii. § 794. (VMERD.) from Morocco, in N. Africa; which was
Dllore. This does duty for two
(E.) named from the Moors dwelling there.
distinct M. E. words, viz, (i) i/io, more in Morose. (L.) L. morosus, self-willed ;
number, (2) /noi-e, larger, a. The former (i) in a good sense, scrupulous; (2) in a
is from A. S. md, more in nilmber, orig. bad sense, peevish. — L, mor-, nom. mos^
an adv. form, like G, mehr, Goth. mais. (i) self-will, (2) custom, use. *f Confused
3. The latter is from the corresponding with L. mora, delay, in the 1 7th cent.
idj. A. S. mora, greater cognate with ; Morphia, Morphine, the narcotic
[eel. ?neiri, Goth, inaiza, greater. See principle of opium. (Gk.) From Gk.
Most. ^ The notion that f/io is a posi- Mop(})€vs, Morpheus, god of dreams (Ovid);
;ive form is quite wrong the positive ; lit. *
shaper,' i.e. creator of dreams. — Gk.
forms are ??mch, mickle, many. The r fxapipT], a shape, form. Der. meta-morph-
in 7nore represents an earlier -z-, which in osis, a-morph-ous ; from iôpcprj.
:he adv. (being final) was regularly lost. Morris, Morris-dance. (Span. -
Bnigm. i. § 200. L. — Gk.) The dance was also called a
Morganatic. (LowL.-G) Low L, morisco, i.e. a Moorish dance. — Span.
norgandtica, in the phrase niatrimoninm Morisco, Moorish. — Span. Moro, a Moor.
id morgandticain^ a morganatic marriage. — L. Maiirus. a Moor. See Moor (3 .
Coined from G. inorgen, here short for Morrow. iE.) M. E. morwe, from an
'Horgengabe, lit. morning-gift, orig, a pre- older form vioi-ûen (from A. S. morgoi),
jent made to a wife on the morning after by loss of final n. See Morn. Thus
iiarriage, esp. if the wife were of inferior M. E. morwen gave rise i) to morroiv, by (
ank. See Morn. loss oi n {2\ to mo7-n, by loss of tv, and

;
Morian, a Moor. (F. — L. — Gk.) In contraction; cf. M. E. moroim, Gawain,

Pss, Ixviii. 31 4 (I*. B. version).—
; Ixxxvii, 1208. [Or else morne, dat., is from A. S.
D.F. Morien, Moriaine (Godefroy). — Late morgene, short form morne. Der. to- A^
L. *AIauritd)ms, for L. jMatirJtdnicus, a morrow — A. S. to moJgetie, i. e. for the

Moor. — L. Matirltdnia, the land of the morrow, where to is a prep. (E. to), and
Moors. — L. Mmir-tis, a Moor. — Gk. morgene is dat. case of morgen, morn.
)l{avpos. See Moor (3). Morse, a walrus. (F. — Finnish.) F.
Morion, an open helmet. (F. — Span.) morse. — Finnish mursii, a morse whence ;
V. morion. — S,pan. v/om'on; cf. Port. also Russ. viorj\ a morse (withy sounded
mon'ido, Ttal. morione, a morion. The as F.y). The true Russ. name is morskaia
ivord is Spanish, if we may accept the korova, the sea-cow.
prob. derivation from Span, morra, the Morsel, a mouthful, small piece. (F.
srown of the head a word of unknown
;
— L.j M. E. morsel. — O. F. morsel 'F.
Drigin. Cf. Span, morro, anything round; morceati). Cf. Ital. morsello. Dimin. from
moron, a hillock. L. tnorsum, a bit. — L. morsus, pp. of
Mormonite. The Morfnonites are mordere, to bite. See Mordacity.
the followers of Joseph Smith, who in Mortal, deadly. (,F. L.) ¥.>?iortal. —
1827 said he had found the book oi Mor- — L. mortdlis, adj.; from mort-, stem of
mon. An invented name. mors, death. From L. mor-T, to die cf. ;
Morn. (E.) M. E. morn, a Northern Skt. mr, to die, mrta, dead Russ. mert- ;
form. Short for M. E. morxven^ Ancren vuii, dead Lithuan. mirti, to die Pers.
; ;
Riwle, p. 22. A. S. moigen, whence vnirdan, to die Gk. liporos, mortal.

;
viorwen by the usual change of rg to riu. Allied to Murder. Brugm. i.

§ 500.
O. Fries. morn.'\'Y)\x. Dan. G. morgen ;
Mortar (i), Morter, a vessel in
Icel. morginn, Swed. fiiOrgon Goth. ; which substances are pounded with a
manrgins. Teut. type '^vinrgenoz, m. pestle. (L.) M. E. ;//^r/^r. A.S. w^r-
Cf. Lithuan. merkti, to blink. Orig. sense iere.'-lj. mortdrium, a mortar.
prob. 'dawn.' Doublet, morroio, q. v, mortar (2 \ cement. (F. L.) M. E. —
niorlier. — F. mortier, Cot. —
;
morning'. (E.) monvening
'i\\Q>T,\.{ox mortar '
'
Ch. C. T., A 1062; formed from M. E. V,. mortdrium, mortar; lit. stuff pounded
335
' —
MORTGAGE MOTHER
together; a different use of the word Mosque, a Mohammedan temple. (F.
above. — Span. — Arab.) F. mosqtiee Cot. ;
Mortgage, a kind of security for debt. Span, mezqtuta, a mosque. — Arab, masjad,
(F. — L.) O. F. mortgage, lit. a dead masjid, a temple, place of prayt-r. — Arab,
pledge because, whatever profit it might
; root sajada, to adore, prostrate oneself.
yield, it did not thereby redeem itself, but Mosquito, a gnat. (Span. L.) Span. —
became dead or lost to the mortgager on mosquito^ a little gnat dimin. of mosca,
;
breach of tlie condition. —F. mort, dead; a lly. — L. musca, a fly. Cf. Gk. ixvla,
gage, a pledge. — L. viortiius, dead, pp. of Liihuan. muse, a fly.
mo7'i, to die gage, a pledge
;
see Mortal ; BIOSS. (E.) M.E. mos; A.S. mos, a
r.nd Gaê (i). Der. vior(gag-ee, where swamp. -|-Du. mos; Icel. most, moss, also
-ce answers to the F. -/ of the pp. a moss or moorland Dan. 7uos, moss,
;
—
mortify. (F. L.) M.F. inortifier.<^ mose, a hog, moor Swed. 7noss a
; G.moos, ;
L. mortijicare, to cause death. — L. morti-, moss, a swamp, O. H. G. 7jws. Teut. base

dejl. stem of mors, death -ficdre, for ; *mus- allied to M. H. G. mies, O. H. G.
;
facere, to make. /uios, A. S. meos, moss (Teut. base *mei(s-) ;
SHortise, a hole in a piece of timber to and to Mire. Cognate with Russ. mokli ,
receive the tenon. (F.) Spelt mortesse in moss, L. musciis, moss. Note E. moss %
Palsgrave. — F. moriaise, 'a mortaise in a in sense of bog, moorland hence moss- ;
;
piece of timber ' Cot. Cf. Span, inortaja, trooper. Erugm. i. § 105.
a mortise. Orig. unknown Devic sug- ; Most. (E.) M. E. W(?j/, mest.'—A.S.
gests Arab, murtazz, fixed in the mark mcest.-^D\jL. meest, Icel. mestr, G. meist^
(said of an arrow), very tenacious (said of Goth, maists the superlative form corre-
;
a miser). sponding to comp. more. See More.

Mortmain. (F.-L.) Property trans % The (for early M. E. e) is due to the
ferred to the church was said to pass intoin more.
morte main, lit. dead hand,' because it
'
Mote, a particle of dust, speck. (E.)
could not be alienated. — L. morttiam, M. E. 7not. A. S. mot, a mote.+Du. mot^
ace. fern, of mjrt-tms, dead manum, ace. sawdust E. Fries, mut, grit.
; ;
of mantis, han 1. See Mortal. Motet, Motett, a short piece of

mortuary, belonging to the burial of sacred music. ;F. — L.) F. viotet, 'a.
the dead. (L.) Chiely in the phr. 'a \ erse in musick Cot. [Ital. mottctto, a ;
'
'
mortuary fee,' which was also called dittie, a wittie saying;' Florio. Dimin. j
vioriiiary for short. — Late L. mortudrutm, of O. F. j/iof, a saying. — L. imittum, a

neut. of mortudrius, belonging to the dead. murmur see Motto. ;
- L. morttC'tis, dead pp. of juoj'T, to die.

; Moth. (E.) M. E. mothe. A.S. moSQe,
Mosaic-work, ornamental work made mohde. -f- Du. mot, Icel. motti^ G. motte, a
with small pieces of marble, &c. (F. - moth Swed. matt, a mite. p. Perhaps
;
Ital. — L. — Gk.) F. viosa'iqiie, mosaicall related to A. S. 7?ia6a, a maggot, Du. G.

'
work;' Cot. — Ital. mosaico, 'a kinde of 7Jiade^ a maggot, Goth. 7/1 at ha, a worm.
;
curious stone worke of diuers colours Kluge allies these forms to the verb
Florio. — Late L. milsaiciis, adj., an ex- to 7710W, i. e. to cut, as if the sense were
tended form from L. muscEiim {opus), 'cutter.' Q{.Y..afte7--77iath.
mosaic work. — Late Gk. fiovanov, mosaic Mother (i), a female parent. (E.)
work, lit. artistic, neut. of n-^vatins, belong- M. E. 77ioder. A. S. 77ioder, 77iddor, a
ing to the muses, artistic. — Gk. fxovaa, mother; the change from d to th is late,
a inus''. Cf. Museum. after a. d. 140o.+I)u. 77iocder, \ce\.77iodir,
Moslem., a Mussulman. (Arab.") Arab. Dan. Swed. 77ioder, G. 7!mtter\ Irish and
muslijn, 'a musulman, a true believer in Gael. 77iathair; Russ. w^'/^, Lithuan. 77iot'e,
the Mohammedan faith Richardson. Cf. L. 77idter, Gk. fx-qrrjp, Pers. 77iddar, Skt.
;
'
Arab, mnsallim, one who acquiesces. A 7!idtd^ 7iidtr-. Grig, sense uncertain.
miissiilman is one who ])rofesses islam, i. e. m.Other (2), hysterical passion. (E.)
submission to the will of God and to In King Lear, ii. 4. 56. Spelt 77ioder in
the orthodox faith, — Arab, salama, to be Palsgrave and the same word as the ;
resigned. ^ The E. words moslem, mtts- above. F)u. i7ioeder, a mother, womb, +
siihnan, islam, and salaam are all from hysterical passion cf. G. 77iutte7-beschzver- ;
the same Arab, root salama. ti7Jg, mother-fit, hysterical passion.
3.^6
; ;
MOTHER MOURN
'Mother (3), lees, mouldiness. (E.) A mole defaceth the whole peece of lawne,'
peculiar use of Mother (i). Cl. Dii. Lyiy, Juiphues, p. 39. This is now called
moer, lees, dregs, mother, variant of moeder^ iron-mould (^witii added d). We also find
a mother (Franck). So also G. mutter M. E. moled spotted^ hence mod. E.
;
(i), a mother, (2) mother, sediment. Wc mouldy (m some senses^ by confusion

;
even find Gk. ypavs, an old woman, used with mould (i). See Mole (i).
in the sense of mother or dregs. Not ^ Mouldy, musty. (Scand.) Orig. dis-
to be connected with Low G. mudder, tinct from mouldy ground also from ;
mud ;or with E. f/iud. mould as used in iron-mould. Formed

Motion. (F. L.) F. motion. — — L. from the sb. inould, mustiness, in which
motionein, ace. of viotio, movement. — L. the final d is excrescent. From the M. E.
vwlus, pp. of nioticrey to move. See verb motilen, moivlen^ to grow musty
Move. formerly very common, and much used in
motive. (F. — L.) M. F, motif, *a the pp. inoulcd. Note also the M. E. motd^
moving reason;' Cot. — LateL. motiviis, mould, mouldiness, answering to Dan.
moving. —L. mot-tis^ pp. of moitere, to mul, Swed. dial, mul, muel, mujel, Swed.
move. mbgel. Cf. also Dan. mullen^ mouldy,
motor. L. mot-or, a mover.
(L.) limine, to become mouldy; Swed. dial.
Motley, of different colours. (F.) M.E. iindas, Swed. nidglas, to grow mouldy ;
vwttelee, Ch. C. T. 271. Of uncertain Icel. mygla, to grow musty. From mug-,
origin. Perhaps from O. F\ inatteU, as in \ct\.mugga, mugginess. See Muggy.
'
clotted, curdled Cot. Cf. M. F. Thus mould is mugginess in this use.
;
' '
'
mattonn^, as in cie/ mattonn^, ' a skie Moult, to cast feathers, as birds. (L )

full of small curdled clouds id. [Thus The / is intrusive.
;
' M. E. mouten. A. S.
the orig. sense of motley was merely mictian (incomp. bi-7>ifltian]. — L.. mutdre,
'
spotted.'] — Bavarian matte, curds to change. See Mutable.
(Schmeller). 2. Or from O. F. motel, Mound,
an earthen defence, a hillock.
—
M. F. motteaii, a clot of congealed mois- (F. L.) A. F. mund, variant oi munt, a
'
ture,' Cot. app. a deriv. of M. F. motte, hill (Vie de S. Auban — L. montein, ace.
; .
a clod, lump see Moat. ; Der. mottl-ed, of mons, a hill. Note also A. S. mund, ^
for O. F. mattele above, by substituting the protection, chiefly as a law-term but also ;
E. pp. suffix -ed for the F. pp. suffix -</. mund-beorh, a protecting hill, a mound.
Motto. (Ilal. — L.) Ital. motto, a say- (1), a hill. Mount
(F.-L.) M.E.
ing, a motto, — L. mnttum, a murmur, mount mont. — F. mont. — L. mont-^ stem ^
muttered sound cf. L. miittire, mutire^

; of mons, a hill. — .^MEN, to jut out; see
to murmur. (-y^MU.) Allied to Mutter. Mound. Cf. A. S. tnunt (borrowed from
Mould (O, earth. (E.) M. E. violde. L.).
A. S. violde, dust, soil, earth. 4-Icel. mold, (2), to ascend. (F. — L.)
mount F.
Dan. viuld, Swed. mull (for *muld), motiter.'^Y. mont, a hill. [The verb is
mould ;Goth, mitlda, dust O. H. G. due to O. F. a mont, up-hill.] — L. montem,
;
molta, mould. Allied to the shorter forms ace. oi m07is (above).

seen in Du. mul^ G. mull, A. S. myl^ dust mountain. (F. — L.) O.¥.77io7itai7ie
cf. O. H. G. muljan, Icel. mylja, to crush. (F. 77/07itag7ie). "hsite L. 77i07itd7ica^ by-
The lit. sense is crumbled.' From Teut. form of 7no7itd7ia, a mountain. — L. 7iiontd72a,
'
mul, weak grade of ^MEL,

to grind. See neut. pi., mountainous regions; from wc«-
Meal. Mill. Der. monld-er, to crumble td7iuSj adj. from 77i07is (stem 7/i07it-\ a
;
also mould-y (which seems to have been mountain.

confused with Mole (i), q. v.). mountebank, a quack doctor. (Ital.
Mould (2), a model, form. (F. — L.) — L. a7ul G.) Lit. one who 7/iotmts a
M.E. i7iolde^ with excrescent ^. — Norman bc7ich, to proclaim his nostrums. — Ital.
dial, molde, O. F. mole, inolle (F. moule\, mo7itainha7U'o, a mountebank M. Ital. ;
a mould; once spelt modle in the 12th mo7ita ill ha7ico, the same, — Ital. 7no7ttare^
cent. (Littre). — L. moduliim, ace. of 7)iodu- to mount m, on ba7tco, a bench. Here ; ;
lus, dimin. of modics, a measure. See 77io7ita7-e is the same word as F. 77i07iter, to
Mode. mount = L. m, on and ba7ico is from; m ;
Mould (3), a spot. (E.) For 7)iole; O. H. G. baiic, a bench see Bank (2). ;
mold in Spenser, F. Q. vi. 1 2. 7. One yron

'
(E.) Mourn.
M. E. 7nur}ie7i. A. S
33
'
MOUSE MUFF
miirnan, morna, Goth.
to grieve. -f-Icel. out of a stable ; Dan. mbg, dung Norw. ;
maurnan^ O. H. G. mornen. Cf. A. S. mok-dnnge, a muck-heap, allied to viukka,

meornan, to care, Gk. fxtp-i/xva^ sorrow. a heap. ^ Not allied to A. S. meox, dung.
(VSMER.) Muck, Amuck, a term applied to
HHouse. (E.) M.E.mons. A.S. mjis malicious rage. (Malay.) Only in phr.
(pi. mys). + Du. mtiis, Icel, mils, Dan. '
to run amuck,' where amuck is all one
muuSy Swed. ;;/?i:i', G. mans, Russ. micishe, word yet Dryden actually has runs an
;
'
L. ;;z/7i', Gk. /iu?, Pers. mush, a mouse ;

Indian mtcck' Hind and Panther, iii. 11 88.
Skt. miisha-, a rat, a mouse. Perhaps from To run a??iuck=^ to run about in a rage.—
V'MEUS, to steal ; Skt. mush, to steal. Malay dmuk, rushing in a state of frenzy
'
See Muscle (i). to the commission of indiscriminate mur-

Moustache, Mustache. (F.-Ital. der ;
' Marsden.
•^Gk.) F. moitstache.'^\ltx\. mostaccio^ Mucus, slimy fluid. (L.) L. vincus,
'
a face, a snout, a mostacho Florio. — ;
' slime. + Gk. yMâ, mucus ;
lu.vK'q'i,snuff of
Gk. fxvarait-, stem of îvara^, the upper a wick. Cf. Skt. much, L. mungere, Gk.
lip, a moustache, Doric form of fxacrra^, aiTo-iJivaaiiv, to cast or wipe away.
the mouth, upper lip. See Mistic. Mud, wet soft earth, mire. (E.) M. E,
Mouth. (E.^ M. E. moufh. A. S. mud (not common). Not found in A. S,
wfiS.-^Dn. mond, Icel. munnr, Dan. mund, Cf. E. Fries, mudde, Low G. mudde, mud ;
Swed. mun, G. mund, Goth, munths. M. Swed. modd, mud (Ihre). 4- Bavarian
Teat, type *munthoz, masc, Idg. type ; molt, peat wlience E. moat, q. v.
; Cf.
*j?i9ntos cf. L. mentum, the chin.
: Du. modder, mud.
Move. (F. — L.) M..E. mouen (u = v). muddle, confuse. to
(E.) Lit. to
— O. F. movoir (F. mouvoin. — L,. inonere, dabble in mud
frequentative from mud.
;
to move, pp. modes. Der. motion. '

Muddle, to rout with the bill, as geese
Mow (0, to cut grass. (E.) M. E. and ducks do also, to make tipsy and
;
moiuen, pt. t. w^Tt;. A. S. viawan, to unfit for business;' Kersey. Dan. muddre, +
mow, strong vb. 4- Du. maaijen, Dan. to stir up mud, mudder, mud (from Du.) ;
jjieie, G. miihen, O. H. G. mden. Teut. E. Fries, muddelen, to dirty M. ; Du. mod-

base ;/z^2-. Allied to Gk. d-/â-a>, I reap, delen, 'to mudd water,' Hexham ; Pomeran.
L. me-t-ere, to reap. Brugm. ii. § 680. muddeln, to disorder.
Mow a heap, pile of hay or com.
(2^, Muezzin, a Mohammedan erier of the
(E.) M. E. mowe, A. S. tniiga, a mow. -4- hour of prayer. (Arab.) Arab. fnu-azzin,
Icel. milgr, a swathe, also a crowd Norw. ; mu-zin, the public crier, who assembles
miiga, mua, a heap (of hay). Cf. Muck. people to prayers. —Arab, azan, the call to
Mow (3), a grimace obsolete. ;
(F. - prayers (Palmer) tizn, the ear. ;
M. Du.) F. moue, a moe, or mouth ' ;

Muif a warm, soft cover for the
(i),
Cot. Norman dial. ?}ioe. — M. Du. motiwe,
; hands. (Walloon. —F. — Low L.) A late
the protruded under-lip, in making a word. Formerly muffe Minsheu. Prob. ;
grimace (Oudemans). Cf. Mop (2). from Walloon mouffe (Sigart). Cf. Du.
Much. (E.) M. E. 7noche, muche, adj., 7nof\ Low G. w/(^ (Berghaus) E. Fries. ;
later forms of M. E. mochel, miichel, michel. muf. The word muffle is found earlier,
For the loss of final /, cf. E. wench from ^ and is more widely spread so that Wall. ;
A. S. wencel. The change of vowel (from mouffe is merely a short form of F. moiifle ;
michel to miichel) seems to have been due see below.

to association with M. E. Intel, little, from muiiie, to cover up warmly. (F. —
A.S. lytel. The orig. A. S. form was Low L.) ' I muffyll Palsgrave. A ;
'
*
micel (cf. Low Sc. mickle,, great. Icel. + jHuffle \' Levins (1570L — O. F. juojle,
mikill, great; O. H. G. mihhil\ Goth. moufle, a kind of muff or mitten. -.Low
mikils. Cf. Gk. ix^'âK-r], fem. of {J-iyas, L. muffiila, (occurring A. D. 817) also ;
great. spelt 7nulfola. Cf. M. Du. moffel, a muff,

Mucilage, a slimy substance, gum. mitten. 9\ The late appearance of Du.
(F. — L. ) b'. mncilage. — L. milcilago (stem mof, and the Low L. form mulfola, remain
miicildgin-), mouldy moisture (4th cent.). unexplained. Cf. M. H. G. mouwe, a sleeve.
— L. mficere, to be mouldy. Muif (2), a simpleton. (E.) Lit. 'a
Muck, filth. (Scand.) M. E. mnck.'^ mumbler,' or indistinct speaker; hence a
Icel. myki, dung; moka, to shovel dung stupid fellow. Cf. prov. E. muff, muffle,
338
';; ;
;
MUFFLE MULTIPLY
to mumble also moffle, inaf/Je.
;
Du. + Mule. (F. — L.) F. rnule.^ L. millus^
muffeji, to dote prov. G. vmffen, to be
;
a mule (whence also A. S. miil).
siilkv. Allied to Mumble. Mulled, applied to ale or wine. (E.)
Muffle; see Muff (I). Mulled wine first appears in 161 8, and is
IMEufti, a magistrate. (Arab.) Arab. of uncertain origin. Perhaps from M. E.
iiniftT, a magistrate. Allied to Arab. jniillen, to break to powder, to crumble,
falwd, a judgment, doom, sentence. The % ti om 7null, powder, perhaps with reference
phr. in mufti means in a civilian costume, to the powdered condiments. From A.S.
not in military dress. Jiiyl, powder. Blount's Gloss, has viniim
Mug. (Low G.) In Levins (1.^70). Cf. ;nolIitum, as if from F. mollir, L, mollire,
Irish nnigan, a mug Norw. imiggn, mug-
; to soften.
ge, an open can Swed. mngg, a mug. — E.
; Mullein, the verbascum. (F.) ^L E.
Fries, imikke, a cylindrical earthen vessel ; inolcyn. A. F. uioleine F. nioiene. Tiie
;
Groningen niokke (Molema, p. 543) M. E. name was e. the soft.

softe, Tliis
i.
whence also Norm. dial, moqiie, a cup, suggests a derivation from O. F. mol, soft
Guernsey niogue. from L. mollisy soft.
Muggy, damp and close. (Scand.) Mullet (I), a fish. (F.-L.) M. E.
From mitgga, soft drizzling mist
Icel, molet, inulet. — F. mulet Cot. Dimin. ;
whence vniggiivedr, muggy, misty weather. from L. viullus, the red mullet.
Cf. Norw. w?/^, fine rain muggen, moist, ; Mullet (2), a five-pointed star. (F.—
muggy ;Dan. imiggen, musty, mouldy, L.) O. F. molette, a rowell, whence it
j/mgne, to grow musty. came to mean the mullet of heraldry
'
'
MugWOrt, a plant. (E.) M. E. mog- also M. F. moUette, ' a mullet, rowell of

;
wort. A. S. imicgivort. For the latter a spur Cot.
' Dimin. from L. 7?wla, a
syllable, see Wort (i). The sense of mill, whence Ital. pwla, a mill-stone, mill-
A. S. mncg is unknown, unless it be a bj- wheel, mol/a, a clock-wheel with cogs.
form of A. S. viyig^ a midge cf. Norw. ; See Min.
niugg^ O. Sax. nmggia, Du. mug, a midge ; Mulligatawny, a hot soup. (Tamil.)
O. H. G. mi(cca, a midge. [Like _fiea- Tamil pepper-water
7nilagu-ia7inir, lit. ' ;
'
bane?^ Yule. Cf. Malayalam vndaka, pepper,

Mulatto, one of mixed breed. (Span. MuUion, an upright division between
— L.) Span. 1/mlaio, a mulatto. Usuall} lights of windows. (F.) A corruption of
derived from Span, miila, a she-mule, as inunnion, which occurs with the same
being one of a miixed breed. <^ The usual sense. The lit. sense is stump,' because '
forms for ' young mule are muleto, m., '

the mullion is, properly, the stump or
vndeta^ f. Hence der. by De Sacy from lower part of the division below the
Arab, imiwallad, lit. begotten also'
' ; tracery. — F. moignon, a stump. (Cf. E.
used to mean one who has an Arabian
*
trunnion = M.F .troignon,dim\n.oiF .tro7tc
father and a foreign mother allied to ' ; = Ital. tronco.) — O. F. moing, maimed
Arab, ivalad, a son. See Devic. (Suppl. to Diez). Cf. Bret, mouii, moh,
Mulberry. (L. awt/E.) \l.Y..mool- maimed, also occurring in the forms mahk,
bery. Here the / stands for an older r, monk, moiis. Also Span, muhon, the stump
by dissimilation and M. E. 00 answers to
; of an arm or leg Ital. mugno7ie,
; a car- '
A. S. i?, as usual. Thus the M. E. mool- penter's munion or trunion,' Torriano.

is the same as A. S. mor-, in mor- Multangular, &c. see Multitude. ;
beajfi, a mulberry-tree. Again, the A. S. Multitude. (F.-L.) F. multitude.

md7' is borrowed from L. jnorus, a mul- — L. miiltitudine)7i, ace. of multiindo, a
berry-tree. The word beny is E. see ; multitude. — L. multi-, for mtiltus, many,
Berry. Cf. also Gk. ixwpov, fiopov, a mul- much with suffix -tildo. From L. viultus
;
beriy, fôpea, a mulberry-tree. Similarly, ^ come also mult-migular, multi-lateral,

G. maiilbcere, a mulberry, is O. H. G. &c.
murberi, from L. mortis and O. H. G. multifarious. (L.) 'L.tnultifdri-us,
beri^ G. bee re. manifold; with suffix -oz/j. The orig. sense
Mulct, a fine. (L.) L. jnulcta, a fine ; seems to be ' many-speaking,' i.e. speaking
also spelt ninlta. Perhaps orig. 'damage; on many subjects. — L. ??iulti-, for multus,
from L. mulc-dre, to injure. Brugm. i. many fdri, to speak see Fate.
; ;
§ 756, Der. mulct verb. multiply. (F. — L.) F. 77iultiplier.

339
MUM MURMUR
— L. viuUiplicdre. — L. mnltiplic-^ from L. mundus, clean, adorned. Der. sup)-a-
multiplex, many-fold ; cf. plic-dre, to fold. mundane from ; L. supra, above ; mundus^
See Plait. the world.
IMCuni, a kind of beer (Low G.). In MungOOSe, a kind of ichneumon.
Pope. Said to have been so named after (Telugu.) Telugu mangJsu Jerdon ;
'
Chr. Miimm, a brewer of Brunswick (ab. gives mangus, however, as a Deccani and
1487). Cf. Du. 7Hom in Franck; G.imimnie. Mahratti word Yule. ;
'
BHuin ! silence (E.) M.Yj.movi^mtcni, ! Municipal. (F.-L.) Y, municipal.

to express the least sound made with closed — L. viiluicipdlis, relating to a township.
lips. Cf. L. ??nc, Gk. ^JLv (the same). "'L.^fulfiicipitifn, a township which had
mumble, to speak indistinctly. (E.) the rights of Roman citizenship, whilst re-
For mtimm-le. M. E. inomelen, mame- taining its own laws. — L. mfniicip-, stem
len^ to speak indistinctly ; frequent, form of municeps, a free citizen, one who
due to M. E. 7nom, mum (above). + E- undertakes duties. — L. miini-,iox munus^
Fries, nimmnelen ; Du. mom?nelen. obligation, duty ; capere, to take. See
m.nmm.er,
a masker, buffoon. (F.— Brugm. i. § 208.
Du.) M. F. momijieur^ a mummer, one '
munificence, liberality. (F, L.) -
that goes a-mumming Cot. — M. Du.
;
' F. munijice)ice.'^\^. m7inijicentia\ formed
mommen, to go a-mumming; cf. mom- from munijicus, bountiful. L. muni-, for —
aensicht, a mummer's mask ; Low G. munus, a duty, also a present ; -fie-, for
Jtiumme, a mask. 3- 1'he word is imita- facere, to make.
tive, from the sound minn or viojn, used Muniment, a defence, title-deed. (F.
by nurses to frighten or amuse children, at — L.) M. F. muniffient. — L. jniimmentiun,
the same time pretending to cover their a defence. — L. vmnh-e, to fortify old form ;
faces. Cf. G. mummcl^ a bugbear. moenire. - L. inoenia, neut. pi., walls,
Der. miimmer-y, M. F. niommerie (F. ramparts, defences. Brugm. i. § 208.
momerie) . munition. (F.-L.) F. juunition.
Mummy. (F.-Ital.-Arab.-Pers.) — L. ace. mmiitionetn, a defending. — L.
F. momie [initmie in Cotgrave). — Ital. mfinlhis, pp. of f/iiinire (above). Der.
inummia, mumia (Florio). — Arab. aj)n}iiinition.
mumiyd, a mummy the substance witH Munnion, old form of MuUion, q. v.
;
which mummies are preserved. (Cf. Perb. Mural. (F.-L.) F. 7nural.~'L.

mumdyin, a mummy.) — Pers. mi'cm, mom, murdlis, belonging to a wall. — L. milrus,
wax much used in embalming.
; a wall.
Mum.p, to mumble, sulk, beg. (Du.) Murder, Murther, sb. (E.) M.E.
A fuumper was a cant term for a beggar. mo7'di-e, 7}iorth7-e. A. F. 7?iurdre, sb. 77iur- ;
— Du. mov/pen, to mump, cheat (.Sewel) drir, yh. A.S. 77io7-do7'. -f- Goth. 77iaurthr. ;
cf. mommelen, mompelen, to mumble p. We also find A. S. 7nor(S, Du. 7noord,

(Hexham). Thus mump is mercdy an Icel. 77io7'd, G. mo7'd, murder, death, cog-
emphatic form of mtim, M. Du. mommen, nate with L. 77107-s (stem mort-) see ;
to say mum, also to mask. Cf. Norw. MortaL Der. 7/iU7-der, vb.
miimpa, to munch. See Mumble. Muriatic, briny. (L.) L. muridticus,
m,um.ps. (Du.) To have the mumps' ' lying in brine. — L. 7/iu7'ia, brine, salt
or to be in the Jiiumps was to be sulky
' '
liquor.
or sullen hence it was transferred to the
; Muricated, prickly. (L.) L. 77niri-
disease which gave one a sullen appear- cdtus, prickly. — L. 7imric-, stemof 77iu7'ex,
ance. From mump (above). a prickly fish, a spike. Gk. /um£ (for +
Munch, to chew. (E.) M. E. monchm *fivan^), a sea- muscle from fivs, a mouse, ;
(Chaucer). Doubtless an imitative word, a sea-muscle. See Muscle (2).

like mu7np. Kilian has M. Du. moncken, Murky, Mirky. ^Scand.) The -y
moffipelen, '
mussitare.' Cf. E. Fries, and is a modern M.
E. 77ii7-ke, 7)ierke.
addition.
Low G. munkeln, to mumble; and see — Icel. 7/iy7'kr (for *wz;-^7W3, Noreen), Dan.
Mump. ^ It cannot be from F. mange}' Swed. 77idrk, dark, mirky.+A.S. 7nii'ce\
(<L. manducdre). O. Sax. 7nirki. % The A. S. form would
Mundane, worldly. (F.-L.) M.E. have given mi7xh.
mondain.-^Y mondain. "V^. munddnus,
. Murmur, sb. (F.-L.) ¥ . 7uu7'/7iu7-e.
adj. from mujidusîhe world (lit. order). — — L. 7/iu7'77iU}- , a murmur ; 77iur77nird)-e, to
340
'y
MURRAIN MUSTACHIO
murmur. -fSkt. inarmara-, rustling sound muscheron. — M.F. mouscheron, motisso-on,
Df wind. A reduplicated form cf. G. ; a mushroom extended from F. vioiisse,
;
'?iurren, Icel. miirra, to murmur. Of moss vHatzfeld). — O. II. G. mos (G. moos),
imitative origin. Brugm. i. § 499. moss ; see Moss.
Murrain, cattle-disease. (K. — L.) Music. (F.-L.-Gk.) Vi^.Y.. mtisik.
M. E. m.O. V. jnorine,
f?ioreine, also moriti. — F. mtisique.'^'L. musica.'-^Jtk. /xovci/ctj,
X carcase of a beast, also a murrain ;
musical fem. of novaiKos, belonging to
art,
Norm. dial, murine. Cf. Span, morrina, the muses. — Gk.
fiovaa, a muse.
Port, niorrinha, murrain. — O. F. morir Musit, a small gap in a hedge. (F.—
;F. inotirir)^ to die. — L. inorT^ to die. See C. ?) M. F. mussette, ' a little hole ;
Mortal. Cot. Dimin. of O. F. musse, a secret

Murrey, dark red ; heraldic. (F. — L.) corner. -P". musser, to hide. Perhaps of
[n Palsgr;Lve. — M. F. niorê, a kind of * Celt, origin ; cf. O. Irish miich-aim, I hide
nurrey, or dark red colour ' Cot. [Cf. ; (Thurneysen, p. 108).
[tal. morato, mulberry -coloured.] — L. Musk, a perfume. (F. - L. - Gk.— Pers.)
morum, a mulberry. See Mulberry. F. musc. — L. museum, ace. of museus.
Murrion ; see Morion. — Gk. ôcrxoy. — Pers. musk, misk. Cf.
Muscadel, Muscatel, Musca- Skt. miishka, a testicle, because musk
iine. (F.-Ital.-L.-Pers.) M.Y.mtts- was obtained from a bag behind the musk-
add. — M. Ital. moscade/Io, nioscatello, deer's navel ; it also means 'little mouse,'
'noscatino, names of wines, from their per- from mush, to steal. See Mouse.
"ume. — M. Ital. vioscato, scented with musk. Musket. (F.-Ital.-L.) yi.Y.mous-
— M. Ital. imisco, musk. — L. museum, ace. quet, a musket, orig. a kind of hawk ;
:>imuscus, musk ; see further under Musk. (another sort of gun was called ^ falconet
f\nd see Nutmeg. another a saker, a kind of hawk). — Ital.
Muscle (i), the fleshy part of the body. mosquetlo, a musket, orig. a kind of hawk,
'F. — L.) F. mitscIe. — 'L. musculnm, ace. so called from its small size. Deriv. of
)f mtcsculus^ (i) a little mouse, (2) a Ital. mosca, a fly. — L. musca, a fly.
nuscle, from its creeping appearance Doublet, mosquito.
,vhen moved. Dimin. of L. 7tn7s, a mouse ; Muslin. (F. - Ital. - Syriac.) F.
lee Mouse. (Cf. V. sotiris, (i) mouse, mousseline O. F. mosolin. — Ital. mus-
;
2) muscle.) soltno, dimin. of mussolo, muslin. — Syriac

muscle, (2), mussel, a shell-fish. Mosul, a city in Kurdi.^tan, whence it first
L.) In earlier use. M. E. muscle, A.S. came Arab. Mawsil (the same).
;
nuxle, muscle (Wright), a muscle (fish). Musquito see Mosquito. ;
— L. musculus, a sea-muscle, also a little Mussel; see Muscle (2).

nouse (as above). Mussulman, a true believer in the
MuSCOid, moss-like. (L. with Gk. Mohammedan faith. (Pers. —Arab.) Pers.
tiffix.) L. musco-, for muscus, moss; musulmdn, an orthodox believer. — Arab.
md Gk. suffix -fiSrjs, like, from fJdos, foim. moslif?i, jjiuslim, a moslem see Moslem. ;
>ee Moss. Must a verb impl}ing

(i), part of
Muse (0. to meditate. (F.-L.) M. E. * obligation.'
(E.) Only the pt. t. remains,
misen. — V. muser, 'to muse, dreame;' which is now only used as a present.
ZoX. — O. F. ?nuse, the mouth, muzzle M. E. mot, moot, preterito-pres. t., I am
Godefroy) see Muzzle. The image is
; able, I am free to, 1 ought ; pt. t. nioste,
hat of a dog sniffing the air when in musie, I was able, A. S. ic mot, I ought.
loubt as to the scent cf. Ital. musare, to
; preterito-pres. t. ic moste, I must, new pt. ;
nuse, also to gape about, to hould ones '

t. infin. *mdtan.-\-0. Sax. *motan, pr. t.
;
nusle or snout in the aire,' Floiio, from ik mot, pt. t. ik fudsta; Du. moeten, to be
tal. fuiiso, snout. obliged Swed. maste, I must (compare
;
Muse (2), a goddess of the arts. (F.— the E. use) G. miissen, pr. t. ich muss, pt. t.
;
^. —Gk.) F. muse. — L. viusa. — Gk. ich 7nusste\ Goth. pr. t. ik ga-mot, Y>t. \.,
kovaa^ a muse. ik ga-mosta, lit. * I find room.'
—
m.USeum,. (L. Gk.) \.. museiun.'-' Must (2), new wine. (L.) M. E. miist.
jk. fiovaeiov, temple of the muses, a study, A. S. must.-o'L. mustum, new wine ; neut,
I school. —
Gk. fxovaa, a muse. of must us, fresh, new.
Mushroom. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. Mustachio ; see Moustache.
34
;
MUSTANG MYRRH
Mustang', a wild horse of the prairies. old verb to mutine ; Haml. iii. 4. 83. —
(Span. — L.) Span, mesteno (with it as F. mutiner, 'to mutine;' Cot. — O. F.
ity), formerly viestengo (Pineda), in the mutiii, tumultuous. — O. F. Dtute, a
same sense as mostrenco, adj., stray, having sedition (cf. Low L. mota^ a pack
;
no owner. The adj. ntestcTio also means of hounds = mod. F. mezite). — Folk-L.
belonging to a mesta.' — Span, mesta, a "^fnovita, (lit. moved, hence, a movement,
'
body of proprietors of cattle, a company of bustle), fem. of "^movitus, new pp. of

graziers. — L. mixta, fem. of pp. of miscei'e, moiiere, to move. Cf. mod. F. imeute.
to mingle, Cf. Span, mestura, a mixture. See Move.
Mustard. (F. — L. wiihTexxt.si^ffix.) Mutter, to murmur, (E.) M. E. mut-
;
M.E. fnostard.Ô.Y. mostarde (F. moii- t)-en, motcren. A

frequentative verb, from
tarde). Cf. Ital. inostarda. It took its a base mut-, to express inarticulate mumb-
name from being mixed with must or ling, as in E. Fries, motjeii, to mutter;
vinegar (Littre). — L. jnustU7n,vci\x's,t; with Svved. dial, miitla, 7?iuti7-a, Norw. 77iut7'a.
suffix -ai'd (<G. ha7't), So also L. f/iuttire, 77iidi7-e, to mutter, prov.
Muster. (F. — L.) M.E. inoustre, a G. 7)tiist 67-71, to whisper.
muster of men, lit. display. — O. F. mostre, Mutton. (F. - C. ?) M. E. motou7i. —
another form of jnonstre, a pattern, also O. F. 77ioto7i (F. 77iout07t^, a sheep; Low
'
;
a muster, view, shew Cot.' The fem. L. 7/ncIto, a sheep. Cf. Ital. 77io7ito7ie (for
form of F. fnonstre, a monster; see *77wlt07ie), a sheep. Prob. of Celtic origin,
Monster. Cf. O. Norm. dial. must7-er, from Celt, type ^77toltos, a sheep whence ;
Gascon viustra, to shew. Irish and Manx 77iolt, Gael. 77iult, W.

A
Musty, mouldy, damp. (L.) doublet 77iollt, Corn. 77ioIs, Bret. 7/iaout, a wether
of vioisty, used by Chaucer in the sense of sheep. ^
Diez cites Piov. 77iout, Como
* new,' but by Ascham in the sense of 7/tot, Grisons 7;mtt, castrated, and derives
* moist.' — L.
vitisteus, like must, new. — L. all from L. 7/nitilus, maimed ; but this is
mustum, must. See Must (2). Perhaps not now accepted.
influenced by F. fnoisi, mouldy, musty,
'
Mutual. (F. - L.) O. F. 77iutu'el.
fusty,' Cot. ;from which, hoM'ever, it Extended from L. 77iutit-us, mutual, reci-
cannot possibly be derived. procal, orig. ' exchanged.' — L. 77iiita}-e, to
Mutable. (L.) M.E. mutable. ^"L. change. See Mutable.
Mutabilis, changeable. — L. mutate, to Muzzle, snout, (F. — L,) M. E. 7;/î-^/.
change. Prob. for *7?ioitdre allied to
;
— O. F. 77msel (Burguy), 77tuzel{K. d. 1521,
mfittms, mutual, and to Gk. fioiros^ thanks, Godefroy) later 77iuseau,; muzzle/ Cot. '
favour (Prellwitz). Norm. dial. 77iusel (Du Bois). Diez

Mutchkiu, a pint. (Du.) From shews that the orig. F. form was
M. Du. miidseken (for "^mutseken), the 77107-sel (still preserved in Bret, 77107'zeel or
'
halfe pint of Paris measure,' Hexham. 77itizel, a muzzle, forms borrowed from
Lit. *small cap dimin. of M. Du. mutse O. F.). This O. F. 77io7'ser\s a dimin. from
;
'
(Du. fuuts), a cap. Cf. G. miitze, a cap. Late L. mo/stis, a morsel, also a snout,
See Amice (2). beak. — L. 7/io7S7is, a bite from 77io7-sus,
:
Mute (i), dumb. (L.) From L. miitus, pp. of 7nofde7-e, to bite. See Mordacity.
dumb. Cf. Skt. mfika', dumb. %
The Cf. Ital, 77n{so, snout, mo7-so, a snaffle
M. E. muet, mewet, mute, is from a (Florio). Disputed. %
Romanic form *?m7tettns, formed from L. (E.) My.
'M. Yj. 77ii, 7ny', shoxiiov miTi,
vtut'iis (O. F. mti', by adding -ettiis. mine, by loss of final ;z. See Mine. Der.
Mute (2), to dung; used of birds. 77iy-self, M. E. 7/ii-seIf, formerly 7iie-self.
(F.-M.Du.) M. F. vmtir. 'to mute as Myriad. (Gk.) Gk. yMt;/)id5- stem of ,
Short for M. F. es- fivpids, the number of 10,000. — Gk. ixvpios,

;
a hawke ' Cot.
ineutir, the same oldest spelling esmeltir. numberless.
;
— M. Du. smelten, sinilten, to smelt, to Myrmidon. (L.-Gk.) Gen. in pi.

liquefy;also to mute (Hexham). See My7-7)iido7is. —
L. My7-77iido7tes pi. ,
— Gk.
Smelt. Mup^tSoi'es, pi., a warlike people of Thes-
Mutilate. (L.) From pp. of E. saly, formerly in ^gina (Homer).
mutilai-e, to maim.— L. mutihis, maimed. Myrrh. (F.- L.-Gk. -Arab.) M.E.
-|-Gk. fAVTiXos, n'lTvXo^, curtailed, docked. 7«z/7r. — O. F. 77ii7'7'e (nth cent.); F.
Mutiny. (F. — L.) Formed from the 7iiy7-7-he. — L, 7/iy7-7'ha. — Gk. /xvppa. — Arab.
342
;
MYRTLE NAP
murr, (i) bitter, myrrh, named from
(2) nagett, naggen, to gnaw, vex, nag ; gnag-
its bitterness. +Heb. mor, myrrh. gen, to nag (Berghaus). See Gnaw.
Myrtle. (F.-L.-Gk._Pers.) O. F. Naiad, a water-nymph. (L. — Gk.) L.
myriil, dimin. Qimyrte, ineurte, the myrtle- naiad-^ stem of naias. — Gk. vatas, a
tree. — L. JHUrhis, my r Ills. — Gk. fivpros. — water-nymph. —
Gk. vaîv, to _flow.
Pers. murd, the myrtle. Cf. O. Irish sndiin, I swim. (^SNA.)
Mystery (i), a secret rite. (L. — Gk.) Nail. lE. ^L K. nayl. A.S.furgci.
M. E. niysterie. — L. niysterinm. — Gk. +Fû. nage/, Dan. nagle, Swed. nagel, G.
Hvar-qpiov (Rom. xvi. 25). — Gk. nvarTjs. nagel\ Icel. nagl, the human nail, nagli,
one who is initiated. — Gk. {xvelv^ to initiate. a nail or spike and cf. Goth, ganagljan,
;
Mystery (2), Mistery, a trade, to nail. p. The Teut. type is *nag/oz,

handicraft ; see Mistery. masc. Allied to Lithuan. nagas, a claw,
Mystic, (F.
secret, allegoricnl.L.— — Russ. nogote, a nail, Pers. ndkhun, Skt.
Gk.) F. mystique. "h. 7!iysticiis.~-Gk. nakha-, nail of the finger or toe and ;
/xvCTi/foy, mystic. — Gk./ii!aT7;j,fem./iu'(rTiy, lurther, to Gk. ovv^, L. unguis, O. Irish

one who Mystery (i).
is initiated ; see inga, \\. civin, a nail, with a different
mystify. (F. — Gk. and L.) F. mysii- gradation.
Jier^ a modern and ill-coined word ; coined Naive, artless. (F.-L.) F. na'ive,
from Gk. fxvcTTi-Kos, mystic, and F. -Jier, fern, of naif, native, natural. — L. natiims,
from L. -ficdre, iorfacere, to make. native, — L. natus, born; see Natal,
Myth, a fable. (Gk.) Gk. fivOos, a Naked. (E.) K.':i,nacod.-\-V>\x.naakt,
fable. G. nackt, Goth, nakwaths, Icel. 7idkvi(ir;
mythology. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. my- cf, \)?in, nogen, Swed. naken,vao<^. Icel. na-
tho logic. —\.. >!iythoIogia.''G]^. fA.v6o\oyia. kinn. All these are pp. forms cf. nake, ;
legendary lore. — Gk. nvdo'S, a fable to strip, in Chaucer, tr. of Boethius, bk.
A07-0S, a discourse, from Keyeiv, to tell. iv. m. ;
7 which is a back-formation.
Teut, type *nakwathoz>'^nakwadoz Idg. -,
type '*nog{zv)otds. Allied to Skt, nagna-,

Russ. nagoi, L. nudiis, Irish nochd, W.
noeth, stripped, bare. Briigm. i. § 165.
Nab, to seize. (Scand.) Prov. E. JtaJ> See Nude.
(North , From Swed. and Norw. nappa, Naker, a kettle-drum. (Arab.) In
Dan. nappe., to catch, snatch at, nab. Dei\ Chaucer. Arab, naqqdrah, a kettle-drum ;
kidnap. see Palmer's Pers. Diet., col. 659.
ITatjob, an Indian prince. (Hind.— Nam.e. i,E,) A. S, nawa.-Î)u. naofu ;
Arab.) Hind, nawdb or nawwdb., orig- a- Icel. na/n, nainn, T)a.n. na-vn. Swed, namn;
pl. sb., but used in the sing, as a title of Goth, name, G. name. Further allied to
honour. PI. of Arab, ndib, a vice-gerent, L. nonicn. a name Gk. c-Voâ, Pers. nam,
;
deputy, viceroy. Cf. Arab, nawb, supply- Skt, ndfuan and to Ir, ainm, W, enw, ;
inij the place of another. name, Not allied to Know see % ;
iiadir, the point of the sky opposite Prellwitz, Brugm, i. §§ 399, 425,
the zenith. (F. — Span. — Arab.) Y. nadir. Nankeen, Nankin, a kind of cotton
— Span. ?za^z>. — Arab, nazir, short for cloth. (China.) So called from Nankin,
naziru's 'sanity the nadir lit. correspond- in China. —Chin, nan-king, south court;
;
'
ing to the zenith.' — Arab, nazir, alike, cf. pe-king. north court (Yule).
corresponding to as saint, the azimuth,
; vi\ a short sleep. (I'.^) M. E. Nap
also the zenith. See Azimuth, Zenith. nappen, verb, to doze, A. S, hnappian,
(The z is here the 1 7th letter of the Arab, verb, to doze, Cf. O, H. G. hnaffezen, to
alphabet.) nap.
Nag (M. Du.) M. E.
(i), a horse. Nap the roughish surface of cloth,
(2),
nagge.^'^. Du. negghe, negge, Du. negge. (M. Du.) M, E. noppe, nap (Prompt,
neg. a small horse Du. dial, knagge ;
Parv.'). Prob. introduced by Du. cloth-
(Molema). Cf Low G. nikkel, a nag. workers, [A. S. *hnoppa is unauthorised.]
Origin unknown. — M, Du. noppe, 'the haire or nap of
Nag (2), to won-y, tease. (Scand.) wooll or cloath Hexham. D\x. nop. Cf
;
'
Norw. Swed. iiagga, to nibble, peck ; cf. M, Du, noppen, to sheare of^f ] the nap ;'
'
Dan. nage, Icel. gnaga, to gnaw ; Low G. Hexham.+Norw, napp, nap ; nappa, to
343
;
;
NAPE NAUSEOUS
give a nap to; Dan. noppe, nap noppe, to ;
Swed. narhval ; Icel. ndhvalr, a narwhal.
friz Low G. nobbe, nubbe, nap. Allied
;
The sense is 'corpse-whale'; the fish
lit.
to Norw. nnppa, to pluck off with the being (often) of a pallid colour; perhaps
fingers ; A. S. hnoppian, to pluck, Voc. a popular etymology.' — Icel. «a-r, corpse ;
'
4S0. 23 Goth, dis-hmipnan, to be torn to

;
hvalr, whale.
pieces, dis-k^ziupan, to tear to pieces. Nasal. (F. L.) F. Jtasal. — Late L. —
Teut. root *hneup. ndsdlis, belonging to the nose. — L. ndsus,
Nape, the joint of the neck behind. fiose. See Nose.
(K.) M. E. iiape; also iiazipe (Palsgrave). Nascent, springing up. (L.) L. nas-
The same as O. Fries, hah-hiap, nape of cent-, stem of pres. pt. of nascJ, to be
the neck ; which links it with A. S. cncep, born, arise, spring up, inceptive verb with
the top of a hill ; and with Knop. pp. ndtus. See Natal.
Napery, linen for the table. (F. L.) — Nasturtium, a flower. (L.) Lit.
O. F. napei-ie. —
Late L. napdria, map- '
nose-wring ;
' from the sharp smell. — L.
pdria, the ofhce in a household for sup- jtasluj-tizwi, cress ; better spelt nastiir-
plying table-linen. — Late L. iidpa, a cloth, ciuzn. — L. nds-tis, nose; torqiiei'e, to twist,
for L. mappa, a cloth. See Map, Napkin. torment ; see Torment.
Naphtha. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) l.. naph- Nasty. (Scand.) Formerly also ««i"-(y/
tha. — Gk. vcKpOa. — Pers. naft, nift, naph- see Maii-lave in Cot.Cf. Swed. dial,
tha, bitumen. Jiaskztg, nasty, dirty, also spelt snaskig;
Napkin, a small cloth. (F. — L. ^vith ; Swed. sntiskig, nasty. — Swed. dial, snaska,
\i. M. E. napekin, also napet^
stiffix.) to eat like a pig, be slovenly Dan. snaske, ;
both dimin. forms of O. F. nape, a cloth, to eat like a pig. Low G. nask, nasty +
from Late L. ndpa ; see Napery. Norw. nask, greedy, naska, to champ;
Narcissus, a flower. ^L. Gk.) L. - E. Fries, naskcji, G. naschen, O. H. G.
narcissus. — ij\^. vap/ciaaos ; named from nascon, to eat dainties.
its narcotic properties. See below. Natal, belonging to one's birth. (F. —
narcotic, producing stupor. (F. Gk.) — L.) F. natal (O. F. Jioel). — !.. natalis.
F. narcotiqne. —
Gk. vapKcvriKos, benumb- — L. ndtus (for gndtus'), born (cf. Gk.
ing. —Gk. vapKooj, I benumb; vapKao:, I Kaaiyv-qros, a blood relation) pp. oinascF, ;
grow numb. — Gk. vapKrj, numbness, orig. to be born. — y'GEN, to beget. See
contraction; ior *av6pKri,\.Q. contraction. genus, Kin. Brugm. i. § 452.
Allied to Snare (Prellwitz). Natation, swimming. (L.) From the
Nard, an unguent. (F. L. — Gk.— — ace. of L. natdtio, aswimming. — L. natdt-
Pers.) F. Jia7'd. — L. nardus. — Gk. vapZo's, us, pp. of natdre, to swim, frequent, of
Mk. xiv. 3. — Pers. 7iard (whence Skt. ndre, to swim. Cf. Gk. i't^x^'j to swim,
nalada-), spikenard. +Skt. nada-, a reed. O. Irish snd-iin, I swim. See Naiad.
Horn, § 1060. Der. spike-nard. Nation. (F. L.) F. nation. - L. —
Nargileh, Nargili, Nargile, ndtiojiem, ace. of ndtio, a nation. — L.
a pipe or smoking-apparatus ia which the ndtzis, born. See Natal.
smoke is passed through water. (Pers.) native. (F. — L.) ¥. natif,^ wzWxc;''
— Pers. ndrgil, a coco-nut, because these Cot. — L. ndtnnis, natural. — L. ndtus,
pipes v/ere originally made with a coco- born. Doublet, naive.
nut, which held the water. Cf. Skt. nature. (F.— L.) F. nature. ''1..
ndrikera-, ndrikela-, a coco-nut. (Devic, ndtura, nature. — L. ndtus, born.
Yule.) Natron, native carbonate of sodium.
Narration. (F. — L.) F. narratiojt. (F. -
Span. - Arab. - Gk. - Heb.) A
— L. ace. iiarrdtioneju, a tale. — L. nai-rd- doublet of niti-e see Nitre. ;
pp. of narrdre, to relate, lit. to make

t2is, Naught, Nought. (E.) M. E.
known. — L. ;;a?7/j-, gndriis, knowing, ac- naught. A.S. Jidzi'iht, also naht.'- A.S.
quainted with.- y'GEN, to know; see nd, not ; wiht, a whit see No and "Whit. ;
Knov^. Brugm. i. § 457 (2 ). Der. natight-y (lit. naught-like, worthless).

NarrOVT. (E.) ^\.¥j. 7iarozoe,na7-ewe, Doublet, not.
72arzue. A. S. nearii, narrow, closely Nauseous. (L— Gk.) L.nauseosus,
drawn. +0. Sax. naro Du. naar, dismal,
; adj. ; from nausea, sea-sickness. — Gk.
snd. Perha]-)s allied to Nerve
(Franck). vavaia, sea-sickness. — Gk. vavs, a ship.
Narwhal, sea-unicorn. (Scand.) Dan. See Nave (2).
344
; ;
NAUTCH NECK
ITautch, a kind of ballet- dance by Nay. (Scand.) M. E. «a/.-Tcel. «^/,
women. (^Hind. — Prakrit. — Skt.) Hind, Dan. nei, Swed. nej, nay. Negative of
(and Mahratti) ndch, a dance ; Prakrit Aye, (j. v.
nachcha. — Skt. nrtya, dancing, acting Nazarite, a Jew who made vows of
orig. fut. pass. part, of nrt, to dance, to act. abstinence, &c. (Heb. with Gk. suffix.) ;
Der. nautch-girl, a dancing-girl (Yule). Heb. ndzar, to separate oneself, vow,

Nautical. (L. — Gk.) From L. «a«- abstain; with suffix -ite (==L. -ita, Gk.
tk-iis, nautical. — Gk. j'auTi/foy, pertaining -£T7/S).
to ships. — Gk. vavTTjs, a sailor; from vav-s, Neap, scanty, very low said of a tide. ;
a ship. See Nave (2). (E.l M.

E. neep ; A. S. nep (or nep^.
nautilus, a shell-fish, (L.-Gk.) L. Near, nigh. (E.) used as a Now
nautilus. — Gi^.. vavriXos, a sea-man also ; positive, but orig. the comparative of «z^//.
the nautilus (from its sailing}. — Gk. vavr- [The form nearer a double compara-
is
T]^, a sailor ; from lav-s, a ship. tive.] M. H nerre, nigher
adj., ner, adv., ;
Naval. (F. — L.)

F. nava/. — L. nd- A.S. near, comparative adv. from neah,
vdlis, belonging to ships. — L. nduis, a nigh.-f-lcel. ncer, adv., both positive and
ship. Cf. Gk. vav%. See Nave (2). comparative ; orig. the latter. See Nigh.
Nave (i), the hub of a wheel. (E.) Neat (1), black cattle, an ox. (E.)
M. E. naite {ii — v). A. S. nafu, nabu. + M. E. nect, both sing, and pi. A. S. neat,
Du. naaf, Icel. n'df, Dan. nav, Swed. naf, pi. neat, cattle -f" Icel. naut, pi. naut,
G. 7iabe, O. H. G. naba. Teut. type cattle; Swed. not; Dan. nod; M. H. G.
*nabd, fern. Cf. Skt. 7idbhi-, the nave of noz, cattle. Teut. type *nauto?n, neut.
a wheel, navel, centre, boss. See Navel. p. Usually explained as domestic or '
'
Der. auger. '

useful ' from the 2nd grade {naut) of
;
Nave (2), the body of a church. (F.— Teut. *neict-a7i, to employ seen in A. S. ;
L.) From O. ¥. nave (F. iief), a ship, neotan, to use, employ, Icel. njota, G.
also the body of a church said to be named ; geniessen, Goth, niutati, to enjoy, get
from its lengthy shape. — L. iidueni, ace. of benefit from. Cf. Lithuan. naudci, use-
nditis, a ship, -f- Gk. j/aOs, a ship, O. Irish fulness. (VÊUD.) Brugm. i. § 221.
nail, Skt. nau-. Biugm. i. § 184. Der. neat-herd.
Navel. (E.) M. E. 7iauel{ti = v) A.S. ; Neat (2), tidy. (F. L.) F. net, -
7iafela, nabiila, navel. +
Du. navel, Icel. masc, nette, fem., neat, pure. L. nitidus, —
najli,Dan. navle^ Swed. najie, G. nabel. shining, neat. — L. nitere, to shine.
Teut. type '^nabalon- from the form seen; Neb, beak, nose. (E.) M.E. 7icb, face.
in Lettish naba, navel see Nave (1). ; +
A. S. nebb, face. 13u. 7ieb, bill, nib, mouth;
Cf. also Pers. ndf, navel Skt. ndbhi-, (1) ; Icel. 7tef, nose; Dan. 7tceb Swed. ndbb. ;
nave, (2) navel related (with a difference

; p. I'urther allied to Du. sneb, bill, beak,
of gradation) to Gk. o/xâAoj, navel, Lat. S7tavel, bill G. scbnabel, bill, M. H. G.
;
nmbilicus,0. lush, iinbliu. Similarly, «az/g S7iabel, allied to M. H. (j. S7iabe7i, to snap.
(i) is allied to L. zimbd,ho%'& (of a shield). And cf. Lith. S7iapas, oill.
Brugm. ii. § 76. Nebula, a misty patch of light. (L.)

Navigable, that can be traversed by L. 7iebula, mist. +
Gk. ytKpfXr}, cloud Du. ;
ships. (F. - L. F. navigable. — L. ndui-

) 7tevel, Icel. wz/?, G. 7zebel, mist. Allied to
gdbilis. — L. nduigdre, to navigate. — L. Gk. i'e(pos, cloud, W jzey, O. Ir. nef/i, .
ndu-, for nduis, a. ship ; -igdre, for agere, heaven, Russ. 7zebo, heaven; also Skt.
to drive. 7tahhas, sky, aether. Brugm. i. § 554.
navigation. (F. - L.) F. naviga- Necessary. (F.-L.) O. F. 77eces-
tion, saibng. — L. ace. nduigdtidneju ; from saire. — L. 7iecessd7-ius ,neQAiM\. — L. fiecesse,
pp. of L. nduigdre (above). neut. adj., necessary.
navvy, a labourer employed on rail- Neck. (E.) U.F.7iekke. A.S. /i7iecea,
ways, &c. (L.) Short for navigator, for- neck, orig. nape of the neck.+Du. tiek,
merly used to mean a labourer employed G. ge7iick ; Teut. type *hnekko7i-. Cf. also
on canals for itavigatioti; first used, ac- Icel. h7iakki,Dan. 7takke, Swed. 7iacke, G.
cording to Haydn, about 1830. 7iacke7i,O. II. G. (Ji)7iach, ra))e of the
navy, a fleet. (F. — L.) PI navie. M . neck, back of the head from Teut. type ;
— O. F. navie, orig. a single ship. — L. *hnakkon-. p. Orig. sense projection ' '
nduia, a vessel. — L. nduis, a ship. further allied to Irish C7toc, hill.
.^45
;
NECROMANCY NEPHEW
Necromancy, divination by com- negligent-, stem of pres. part, of negli-
munion with the dead. — L.— Gk.) M.E.
(F. gere, to neglect (above).
nigrouiancie (since altered). — O. F. nigro- Negotiate, to do business. (L.) From
mance, 'nigromancy, conjuring, the black pp. of L. negotidrty to do business. L. —
art;' Cot. — Late L. nigromantia, corrupt negotinm, business ;compounded of neg^,
ioxvc\.oi\^.necro?tiantia.îj'^.v(iKpoiiavTi.La^ not (see Wegation), and otiiim, leisure,
necromancy. — Gk.
viKpo-s, a corpse; tiav- Negro. (Span. — L.) Span. «^^r^. — L.
T€La, prophetic power. j3. Gk. venpos, is nigrum, ace. of niger, black.
allied to v€Kvs,a corpse; cf. L.«(?(;77;r,tokill. Negus. (E.) A
beverage invented by
(y'NEK.) Gk. fjiavreia is from fidvTis, a Colonel Negtis (one of a Norfolk family)
seer. ^ Necromancy was called the black '
in the time of Queen Anne.
art' owing to a popular etymology from Neif, Neaf, the fist. (Scand.) M. E.
L. niger, black; cf. the Late L. nigro- neue {tt = v), dat. case. — Icel. hneji, fist;
mantia. Swed. ndfve, Dan. nceve.

—
ITectar. (L. Gk.) L. nectar. -mOxV. Neigh. (E.) 'hl.M.iieên. K.^.hn^gan,
v€KTap, the drink of the gods. to neigh.-J-Low G. neigen (Liibben), M.
Need. (£•) M. E. need. A. S. nFed Du. neycn, to neigh. Cf. Icel. gneggja,
{nyd), also nmd; O. Merc. ;/<f^/, necessity. hneggja, Swed. gndgga, 'Do.n.gnegge, Norw.
+ Icel. nauSr, necessity, nauS, distress ; kneggja.
Du. nood, Dan. Swed. nod, G. noth, not, Neighbour. (E.) M. E. neighebour\
Goth, nauths. Teut. stem nandi-. In A. S. neahgebnr or neahbur.'- ^. S. neah,
late A. S. texts this word is confused in nigh; bur, ox gebfir, a husbandman, the
form with neod, nied {nyd), desire ; which same word as Du. boer, a boor. See Boor,
is related to O, Sax. niud, O. H. G. niot, -j-G. nachbar, M.H.G. ndchbw", from
desire; Teut. base '^nend-. Brugm. i. § ndch, nigh, btlr, a husbandman.
427 b. Neither. (E.) M.E. neither; for ne
Needle. (E.) A\?,Qneeld; M.E. ned/e, (negative particle), not, and either. See
also nelde. A. S. n&del\ earlier form Either. With A. S. ne, not, cf. O. Sax.
ndedl. +
Du. naald (for *naadl) ; Icel. ne, ni Goth, and O. H. G. 7ti, not.
;
ndl; Dan. naal Swed. ;?«/; G. nadel

\ Nemesis. (L. — Gk.) 1.,. nemesis. <^Q\i.
Goth, nethla. p. All from a Teut. type vepL€ais, allotment, retribution, vengeance.
*n^-tkld, from root *ne, to sew, as in G. - Gk. vefxHv, to distribute. (-/NEM.)
ndhen, to sew, L. nere, Gk. vrjOnv, vieiv, Nenuphar, a kind of water-lily. (Pers.
to spin. Cf. y'SNE, as in O. Irish snim, — Skt.) Pers. ninfifar, for nJlufar, njlfl-
a spinning; cf. Irish snathad. a needle, par, nilupal, a water-lily (Devic). <-Skt.
stiathaim,! string together, snaidhe,thxe2idi.. nllotpala, a blue lotus. -^ Skt. nila, blue;
See Brugm. i. § 136, ii. § 62. titpala. a lotus.
Neese, Neeze, to sneeze, puff. (E.) Neology, the introduction of new
+
M. E. nesen not in A. S. Du. niezen, G. phrases. (Gk.)
; Gk. vko-'s, new; -Koyia,
niesen, O. H. G. niiisan, Icel. hnj'osa, from A070S, discourse, from Xeynv, to
Swed. nysa, Dan. nyse. Teut. type '^hneu- speak see New. ;
san-. See Sneeze. neophyte, a novice. (L.— Gk.) L.

Nefarious. (L.) L. nefdri-ns, im- neophytiis. — Gk. veoipvros, lit. new planted,
pious ; with suffix -ous. — \^. nefds, that hence, a novice. — Gk. p(o-s, new cpvr-ov, ;
which is unlawful. — L. ne-, for ne, not a plant, <pvT-6s, grown, from (pveiv, to grow,
fas, law, allied to fd}-i, to speak, declare. cause to grow, allied to Be.
Cf. Skt. bhdsh, to s[ieak. neoteric, novel. (L. — Gk.) L.neote-
Negation, denial. (F. — L.) W.Y.ne^ ricus.wGk. vcanepiKos, novel. — Gk. vew-
gation. — L,. ace. negdtidnem, denial. — L. Tipos, comparative of veos, new see New. ;
negdtus, pp. of negdre, to deny. Prob. Nepenthe, Nepenthes, a drug

from a particle {neg-^ of negation cf. which lulled sorrow. (Gk.) Gk. vrjnevOiS,
;
I.ith. negi, also not. Brugm. ii. § 774. an epithet of a soothing drug (in Homer) ;
Neglect. (L.) L. neglectus, pp. of neut. of I'rjnevOrjs, free from sorrow. — Gk.
negligere, to neglect. — L. neg-, not (see vr]-, neg. prefix -nevOos, grief, allied to
;
Negation"! and legere, to gather, select. nados. See

; No
(i) and Pathos.
negligence. (F. L.) M.Y. negli- — (F. Nephew.
L.) M. E. neueu—
gence. — L. negligentia, carelessness. — L. ( = neveu). — F. neveu, * a nephew; ' Cot. ^
34«3
NEREID NEWEL
L. nepotem, ace. of itepos, a grandson, also I
from ni, downward, iiito.-f-Icel. nedri, adj.,
a nephew. 4- Skt. napat, a grandson Pers. ; adv.
iiedarr, Dan. nedev' (in comp.),
;
nawada, a grandson A. S. vefa^ a nephew

; whence ned, downward Swed. nedre, G. ;
G. neffe, nephew Du. necf. Idg. type

; nieder, nether Du. neder, adv., down.
;
'^nepdt\ whence orig. Teut. type *itefdd, Cf. Russ. nije (J as in F.) adv., lower.
later ^nefon-. The fern, type is i<\^. *neptT- Der. nether-most, corruption of A. S. niSe-
(Skt. naptt, L. nepiis), Teut. *nefti-'> viest, extended (by the usual superlative
*nifii- (A. S. nifi, Du. nicht). Der. «^/^^- suffix -est^ from an earlier *ni-dem'a,
z'j-w, favouritism to relations, from L. where -de-m- — Idg. -to-mo (as in L.
stem oiiiepos. Brugm. i. § 149.
nepot-, op-ti-7/ius).
ITereid, a sea-nymph. (L.— Gk.) L. Nettle. (E.) M.E.netk. A.S. nete/e,
Na-eid-, stem of Nereis. — Gk. Hrjpeis, a netle.-\'\)w. netel, Dan. neide (for *nedle),
daughter of Nereus (Gk. Nj^/êus), an Swed. ndssla Jor *ndtla), G, nessel. Teut.
ancient sea-god. — Gk. vrjpus, wet ;_cf. Gk. type *natildn-, fem. An older form appears
»'a€j»', to flow ^Prellwitz). (y'SNA.) in O.H. G. nazza, fem., a nettle. Cf. O.
Nerve. (F.-L.) F. ne?-/; Cot.-L. Irish nenaid, nettles.
7ierunin, ace. oinertms^ a sinew. Perhaps Neuralgia, iâin in the nerves. (Gk.^
allied to Gk. vevpov, a sinew, string ; Skt. From Gk. vivp-ov, a nene, and dXy-os,
SJidva-, a tendon. See Prellwitz. pain ; with suffix -la. The Gk. vtvpof
XTescient, ignorant. (L.) From L. may be allied to L. nericns ; see Nerve.
nescient-, stem of nesciefis^ pres. pt. of Neuter. (L.) L,//^/i;;'<?;-, neither; hence,
nesctre, not to know. — L. «g-, not; sctre^ sex-less. — L. ne, not; 7iter, whether; see
to know. See Science, Nice. Whether. Der. neutr-al, &c.
Ifesh, tender, soft. (E.) M. E. nesh. Never. (E.) M.E. neuer {u = v).
+
A.S. hnesce, soft. Goth, hnaskwus, soit, A. S. niefre. — A. S. ne, not ; ccfj-e, ever ;
tender. see Ever.

Ness, a promontory. (E.~) Seen in New. (E.)E. ncwe A. S. niuue,
IM. ;
Sheer-ness, &c. A.S. ncess., headland. -f- neo'ive.'\-Y)x\.. nieitw. Icel. nyr, Dan. Swed.
Icel. nes, Dan. 7ices, Swed. nds. Teut. ny, Goth, nitijis, G. neti, L. nouns, W.
types *nasoz or *nassoz, masc, *nasjo?}i, neiuydd, Irish and Gael, nuadh, Lithuan.
neut. Perhaps Wose.
allied to naujas, Russ. itovuii, Gk. vios { = v4fos),
Nest. (E.) M. E. and A. S. ;2^j/. + Pers. nan, Skt. navais), navyais), new.
Du. O. H. G. and G. nest
nest, Uret, ;
Idg. types "^nezvios, neivos; Brugm. i. §§
neiz, Irish and Gael, nead, O. Irish, net ;
120, 31S; ii. § 63. Allied to Skt. nn,
W. nyth, L. «zi:/z/J- (for ^nizdzis), Skt. nida-, now; hence new =^* that which is now,'
a nest, a den. p. Ong. 'a place to sit in.' recent. See Now.
Explained as short for *ni-sd-os, a place newfangled, fond of novelty. (E.)
in which to sit down cf. Skt. ni-sad, to sit
;
The d has been added. M. E. newefangel,
down. Here -sd- is the weak grade of i. e. fond of what is new. Compounded of
.^SED, to sit. See Sit. Der. nest-le, nezve^wtw, nnd fang^l, ready to catch, from
from A. S. nestlian, to make a nest ; nest- the base y^;;^-, as in A. S. fangen, pp. of
l-ing. Brugm. i, § 81. fon, to catch. The suffix -el is the same
Net (i), an implement for catching fish. as in A. S. sprec-ol, fond of speaking, talka-
(E.) A. S. net, nett.'\-\}\\. net, Icel. Dan. tive, &e. See Fang.
net, Swed. ndt, Goth. 7iati, G. netz. Teut. news, tidings. (E.) ¥oxxu.tr\ynewes,%h.
type *ttatjot?i, neut. Cf. L. nassa, a wicker pi., lit. new things; see the Kingis Quair,
creel, Icel. not, a net. St. 179. It is a translation of F. noii-
Net (2), clear of all charges. (F.— L.) velles, news, pi. of O. Y. Jiovel, new. Cf.
F. ?iet, pure; hence, free see Neat (2^,.
;
Du. nietnus (SeweP:.
Nether, lower. (E.) M. E. nethei'e. Newel, the upright colunm round which
A.S. neoêra, nioQei'ra, nether; a comp. a circular Staircase winds. (F. — L.) Former-
adj. due to 7n6er, adv., downward, also a ly nuell. — O. F. jitee/, noiel, later noyau,
compar. form. To be divided as ni-der, '
the stone of a plumme, the nuell or
the suffix being comparative, as in
-Qej' spindle of a winding staire;' Cot. — L.
o-ther, nei-ther (cf. Gk.-repoj, Skt. -iara-). nucdle, neut. of nucalis, lit. belonging to
We find Skt. ni-tardin, adv., excessively, a nut hence a kernel or stone of a plum.
;
continually, grammatically a comp. form — L. mic-, stem of mix, a nut. Named ^

34
— ; ;
NEWFANGLED NIGHTMARE
from its central position. Cf. F. nueil, a by Cronstedt (a Swed. mineralogist) in
nut (dial, of La Meuse). 1754 (Cent. Diet.).
Newfangled, News ; see New. Nicknack ; see Knickknack.
Newi;, a kind of lizard. (E.) The ini- Nickname. (E.) M. E. nekename^
tial ft is unoriginal a newt stands for an
; also ekenanie ;
(a nekcname = an ekename).
etut. M. E. newte also ewte, which is a
; See Prompt. Parv. cf. Du. toenaam, G. ;
shortened form of M. E. evete. — A. S. znnavie. From eke and na77ie. Icel. +

efeta, a. lizard. See Eft. auk7iefn{, Swed. bk7ia7/i7i, Dan. bge7iavn,
Next, nighest. (E.) M.E.next; also an eke-name, nickname.
nehest, superl. of neh, nigh A. S. nehst,
; Nicotian, belonging to tobacco. (F.)
superl. of neh, neah, nigh. See Nigh. M. F. Nicotia7ie, '
Nicotian, tobacco, first
Nias, a young hawk, a ninny. (F. — L.) sent into France by A'icot in 1560;' Cot.
M. F. niais, 'a neastling, ninny;' Cot. Nicot is a personal name.
Late L. ace. type '^nididcem (Ital. jiidiace). Niece. (P'. L.) —
M. E. nece,neyce.—
— L. nidus, a nest. See Nest. M. F. 7tiece (F. «z<f<:^). Late L. neptia, a —
Nib, point of a pen. (E.) Another form niece. —L. neptis,v. granddaughter, niece
of tieb see Neb.
; Cf. E. Fries, nibbe, used as fern, of L. ttepos, nephew. See
nib, Low G. nibbe, a neb. Nephew.
Nibble. (E.) Lit. to nip often ' the
' ;
Niggard, a miser. (Scand.) M. E.
frequent, of nip, to pinch off the end of nigard; where the suffix -a7-d is of F.
grass, &C. +
L0W G. nibbeln, knibbeln, to origin ( = 0. H.G. ha7-t, hard). We also
nibble, to gnaw slightly. (Cf. dibble from find M. E. 7tigti/i, a niggard, and niggisk,
dip.') <^ Or we may regard it as an at- adj., stingy; and even tiig. — lct\. h7idgg/%
tenuated form of Du. knabbelen, to nibble. niggardly, Swed. 7zjngg, niggardly, scanty
Nice, fastidious, delicious. (F. — L.) cf. Mid. Dan. 7iygger, Swed. dial, nugger^
M. E. nice, foolish, simple, later fastidious, stingy. •4" A. S. h7ieaw, niggardly (Noreen).
and lastly delicious. — O. F. 7iice, lazy, Cf. M. Du. 7iugge7-, nimble, careful!, or '
simple orig. ignorant ; Romanic *neciuni. diligent,' Hexham.

;
(cf. Span, necid). — L. nescitirn, ace. of Nigh. (E.) M.E.7ieh,7ieih,fzey. A.S.

nescius, ignorant. — L. 7ie, not; sct-re, to 7ieah, neh, nigh adv. and prep. Du. ; +
know. See No (i) and Science. 7ia, adv., Icel. 7id- (as in 7id-biii, a neigh-
Niche, a recess in a wall for a statue. bour) Goth. 7iehwa, adv. and prep. G.
; ;
(F. — Ital. — L.) F. niche. — ^.\.2^.. nicchia, nah, nahe, adj., nach^ prep., nigh. Teut.
a niche, a shell-like recess in a wall. — Ital. type *7i&hzvo-. Root unknown.
nicchio, a shell, also a nitch (Florio). — L. Night. (E.) M. E. flight, fiiht. A. S.
miiulutn, mytihim,a.cc. of ?nituhts, mytihis, niht, 7ieaht O. Merc. 7ueht.-\-T)\x. G. fiacht,
;
a sea-muscle. Derived in the same way as Icel. ndtt, nott, Dan. 7iat, Swed. 72att, Goth.
'
Ital. secchia from situla, a bucket, and vec- tiahts. Teut. type *naht- Idg. type ;
chio from tietulus, old ; as to the change of *nokt-. +

W. 7tos, Irish nochd, Lithuan.
initial, cf. Ital. nespola with L. inespihmi, naktis, Russ. tioche, L. nox (stem 7ioct-^,
a medlar;' Diez. [The same change Gk. vv^ (stem vvkt-), ^\ii.7iakta-. 9^ For
occurs in F. naite, a mat, and in napkiji.~\ the old system of reckoning by flights, cf.
We also find L. mutiilus, a sea-muscle se7inight, fortftight.
;
cf. L. musculus, a sea-muscle see Muscle

; nightingale. (E.) lA.Y.. 7iightin-
(i). Cf. Gk. AiuTt'Aoj (Liddell). gale, earlier nightegale (ihe « having been
Nick (1), a small notch. (O. Low G.) inserted) A. S. nihtegale. — A. S. 7iihte-, ;
Nick is an attenuated form of nock, a for 7iiht, night gale, a singer, from ;
notch ; see Nock. So also tip from galati, to sing. Lit. singer by night.' '
top. A. S. gal-an is from gal-, 2nd stem of

Nick (2), the deviL (F. - L. - Gk.) giellaft, to yell. See Yell. So also Du.
Short for Nicolas. [Not from A. S. 7iico7-, fiachtegaal, Dan. 7iattergal, Swed. fidkter-
a water-sprite, hobgoblin Icel. nykr, Dan. gal, G. nachtigall, O. H. G. nahtagala.
;
nok, nisse, Swed. ndck, G. nix, a water- nightmare, an incubus. (E.) M. E.

goblin. See Kluge, s. v. Nix?^ flight e7?ta7-e. From A. S. niht, night
Nickel, a grayish white metal. (Swed. 77icei'e, a nightmare, incubus allied to ;
— G.) G. kupfernickel, nickel of copper a Teut. verb *77ia}yan-, to crush, Icel.

;
shortenetl to Swed. nickel. So named! 77ie7'ja (pt. \.. 77ia7-di), to crush. \_Ma7-a is
348
);' 3
.
NIGHTSHADE NOCK
quite distinct from A. S. mere, a mare, but to Lith. gnyb-ti, to pinch ; or to Lith.
the two have been confused in Du. nacJit- kn'eb-ti, to pinch.
fnerrie, a nightmare.] 4-Icel. fiiara, Swed. Nipple, a teat. (E.) Formerly nible
mara^ Dan. mare, Low G. moor, O. H. G. (Nares; neble (Palsgrave)
; dimin. of ;
mara, mar', all with the sense of incubus nib or neb see Neb.; Cf. O. F. nijle,
or crushing weight on the breast. Cf. F. niffle, a nose, Ital. niffolo, niffa, a snout,
cauche-viar, nightmare; where caiiche is from the Teutonic (Low G. nibbe^ a beak).
from L. calcdre, to tread on, press upon. Der. nipple-wort.
Also N. Fries, naagtmiire, G. nachtmahr, Nit, egg of a louse a louse. (E.) ;
nightmare. M. E. nite, a nit, also a louse A.S. hnitu, ;
nightshade, a A. S.
plant. (E.) a louse's egg. Du. neet +
Icel. 7iitr, pi., ;
nihtscada. Cf. Du. nachtschade, M. Du. Dan. ^;;/^, Swed. ^;;^/ ; O.niss', Gk. /com
nachtschaede, G. nachtschatten. Also Swed. (stem Kov'ib-) ; W. nedd, pi., nits ; cf. also
dial, nati-skaie-grds, as if from natt-skata, Kuss. s^nida, a nit.
a bat, grds, grass (Kietz).
zxv(\ Nitre. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) F. nitre,
Nigrescent, growing black. (L.) "h. nitnc^n.-^Gk. v/rpoi'. — Heb. nether,
From stem of pres. pt. cf nigrescere, to nitre. %
Nitre and natron are doublets,
grow black, inceptive of nigrere, to be but applied to different substances. Adtron
black. — L. nigr-, for niger, black. is from F. ;za/;wz. — Span. ;;a/r^«.— Arab.
Nihilist, a member of a revolutionary natrun, nitrun. — Gk. virpoi'. — Heb.

secret society, esp. in Russia. (L.) Ety- nether. Der. nitro-gen, that which pro-
mologically, one who denies real existence. duces nitre, from "êv-, base of ylyudv, to
— L. nihil, nothing. produce.
Nilgai! ; see Nylghau. Nizam, the title of a ruler in the
Nimble, active. (E.) M.E. niinel\ Deccan, in Hindustan. Hind. — Pers.—
the b is excrescent. Lit. ' ready to catch; Arab.) From the Arab, nidhdm, govern-
from A. S. nim-an, to catch, take, seize ment, which the Persians pronounce as
with suffix -ol, as in sp7'ec-ol, talkative. nizdm. Though the proper sense is
We actually find A. S. mimol or ntimtil, '
government,' in the phrase nizdm- l-miilk
taking, seizing, or able to receive from ; it is used as a title, meaning governor of *
the weak grade {iiutn-^ of the same verb. the empire first used by Asaf Jah in 171
' ;
Cf. Icel. nema, Goth, niman, G. nehmen, (Yule.) — Arab, root nadhama, he arranged
to take. Perhaps related to Gk. vifitoOai, or ordered. (Devic, Richardson.)
to occupy, v( fie ly, to distribute. (y'NEM.) No (i), a word of
refusal or denial. (E.)
Nincompoop, a simpleton. (L M. E. no; A. S. nd, no, adv., never, no. —
Thought be a corruption of L. non
to A. S. ne, not d, ever (whence M. E. 00, 0,
;
compos (mentis), not sound in mind. ever, now obsolete). See Aye. p. With
Nine. (E.) M. E. nine, where the A. S. ne, not, cf. Goth, ni, Russ. ne, Irish,
final -e is a pi. suffix, and nin- is for niên, Gael. W. ;//, L. ne (in non-ne), Skt. Jta,
nine (Layamon). A. S. nigon, nigen, nine. not.
+Du. negen, Icel. nlic, Dan. ni, Sw. nio, no (2), none. (E.) Short for none,
G. netin,Goth, niun cf. also W. naw,; q.v. Der. no-body, none body; it i.e.
Jr. naoi, L. nouem, Gk. ivvea, Zend nava, took the place of M. E. no man. So also
Pers. mik, Skt. iiava, nine. Idg. type no-thing.
*new9?i. Brugm. ii. § 173. Noble. (F. L.) -
F. noble. - L. no-
Ninny, a simpleton. (E.) [Cf. Ital. bilem, ace. of nobilis, well known. For
ninno, a child (Diez). Cf. Span, nino, a O. L. gndbilis. —
L. gno-, base of tioscere
child, one of little experience. Ital. ninna, (i.e. gnoscere), to know; allied to E.
a lullaby, nurse's song to lull children to Know. Der. nobil-i-ty, O. F. nobilitet,
sleep, also nanna^ Of imitative origin. L. ace. nobilitdtem. Also i-gnoble.
Nip. (E.) M. E. nippen, for knip- Nobody from no and body see No (i )
; ;
pen see G. Douglas, Prol. to ^n. xii.

; Nock, an indentation, notch obs. ;
1. 94. Not in A. S. From the weak (M. Du.) M. E. nokke. - M. Du. tiocke
grade {knip-) of a Teut. verb *kneipan-, to (Kilian), a notch in the head of an
pinch, as seen in Du. knijpen, to pinch, arrow; M. Swed. nocka, a notch; Swed.
Dan. knibe, Sw. knipa G. kneifen, ; dial, nokke, nokk. The M. Swed. nocka
kneipen, to pinch (from Low G.). Allied also denotes the same as Icel. hnokki, i. e
349
;
NOCTURN NOOSE
the small metal hooks holding the thread — L. nomen, name ; calare, to call ; see
in a distaff. ^
The M. Ital. nocca, a nock, Calends.
is of Teut. origin. Distinct from notch. nom.inal. (F. — L.) Y. nominal. -•'L.
DSTocturu, a service of the church. nomindlis, nominal belonging to a name.
;
(F. — L.) V. ?tocturne, a nocturn orig. ;

— L. nomin-, for jiomen, a name see Noun. ;
nocturnal. — Late L. nocttvna, a nocturn ; nominate. (L.) From pp. of L.

fem. of L. nocturnus, nocturnal. From nomindre, to name. — L. nomin-, for
nod-, stem of nox. night. See Wight. nomen see Novm.
;
Nod. (E.) M. E. nodden. Not in Non-, prefix, not. (L.) L. non, not.
A. S. but the orig. form began with /m.
; nonage. (L. and F. -L.) I. e. non^
The orig. sense was to push, beat, shake. age, minority. So also non-conforming,
Cf. Icel. hnyya, a rammer for beating non-descript, non-entity, non-jtiror^ non-
turf O. H. G. hno'on [hnofdnl), to shake
; ;
sense, non- suit.
Bavar. notteln, to move to and fro. Teut. Nonce ; see One.
base *hneiid. Nonchalant, careless. (E.— L.) F.
Noddle, the head. (E.) M. E. nodle, nonchalant, careless pres. pt. of O. F.
;
nodil, the noddle, nape, back of the head. nonchaloir, to be careless about. — O. F.
'
Occiput, a nodyle ' Vocab. 673. Uimin. ; non, not chaloir, to glow, hence to be
;
of *kiiod, a word not found in M. E., but hot over, take care for. — L. non, not
the same as M. Du. knodde, a knob calere, to glow.
(Hexham), Du. knod, a club cf. G. ; None. (E,") M.. IE., noon, non. A. S.
knoten, a knot, knob. This is a mere nan. — A. S. ne, not an, one see One. ; ;
variant of knot (Franck). Cf. Low G. tience no, as in no-thing, no-body, by loss
knuddel, a ball of yarn, a hard swelling of final n.
under the skin (Berghaus). Nones, day before the ides.
the ninth
Node, a knot. (L.) L. nodus, a knot. (L.) From L. nona, ninth (i. e. ninth
Noggin, a wooden cup. (Scand.) Cf. day), fem. of nonus, ninth; from nouem,
lx\i\\noigin, Gael, noigean, a noggin; Gael. nine. See Nine.
cnagan, a little knob, a peg, an earthen Nonpareil, matchless. (F.-L.) F.
pipkin, cnagaire, a knocker a gill, *
; 7ion, not; pareil, equal. — L. non, not;
;
noggin a quart measure ; all from E. ' Late L. pariculus, equal, double dimin.
(Macbain). Also Lowl. Sc. noggin, ixoxa par, equal. Cf. Appai'el.
noggie spelt knoggin by Swift.
; For Nonplus. (L.) To be at a nonplus^
'
^knogg-eji, with -en as in wood-en, from to be in perplexity, not to be able to pro-

knog, variant of knag, a knob, peg, also a ceed. —L. non, not plus, more, further.
;
keg (Jamieson), /^;/a^^/(?, a keg (,id.). Of Nook. (E.) M. E. nok, a corner.

Scand. origin see Knag. ; Lowl. Sc. neiik, whence (probably) Irish
Noise. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. E. noise." and Gael, nine, a corner, nook also Lowl. ;
F. noise, O. F. noise, nose, a debate, Sc. miik, nuk, a headland. It answers

quarrel, noise. Cf. Prov. noisa, naiisa, to Norw. ndk, a nook, crook cf. Norw. ;
nueiza. p. Diez holds that it can only be nakke, a corner cut off; Dan. dial, nogg,
derived from L. nausea, sea-sickness, dis- a bend in a river.
gust, hence annoyance, &c. the L. word ; Noon, mid-day. (L.) Orig. the ninth
being borrowed from Gk. See Nausea. hour or 3 P.M., but afterwards the time of
Noisome, annoying, troublesome. (F. the church-service called nones was shifted
— L. ; ivith E. snffix.) Formed from to mid-day. We find A. S. non-tld (lit.
M. E. noy, annoyance E. suffix
; with noon-tide), the ninth hour, Mk. xv. 33.—
-some. This M. E. noy short for M. E.
is L. nona, i. e. ninth hour, fem. of nonus,
anoy, anoi. — O. F. anoi, vexation see ; ninth. See Nine.
Annoy. Noose, a slip-knot. (Prov. — L.) In
Nole, Noll, head ;
see Noule. Beaumont and Fletcher. The word was
Nomad, wandering. (Gk.) Gk. voiiab-, imported from Gascony by sailors. —
stem of vofias, roaming in search of pas- Gascon nus O. Prov. notz Prov. nous, a
; ;
ture. — Gk. voîus, a pasture, allotted abode. noose or loop. [Cf. Prov. nous courr^nt,
— Gk. vifxciv. to assign. (^NEM.) a running noose pi. nouses
;
nous de ;
Nomexiclator, one who names things. Varaire, a noose for mooring ships note ;
(L.) L. nd)nenclator, lit. 'name-caller.' Gasc. nouset, a knot, nousera, to tie a

350
;
NOR NOURISH
knot.] — L. nodus, nom., a knot. See makes notes, a scrivener. — L. nota, a note ;
Knot. see Note.

Nor. (E.) M. E. nor, short for nother, Notch, an incision, a score; also, as
neither. —
ndwder, contracted form
A. S. vb., to lor *otch, by
incise, nick.
(F.)
of ndhwa:Ser, neither. — A. S. nd, not association with jiock, which has a similar
/rcvaSer, whether. meaning. M. E. ochen, to cut, cut into,
KTornial, according to rule. (L.) L. occurs in the Morte Arlhure, 2565, 3676.
nonndlis, adj. — L. norma, a carpenter's Notch was often particularly used with
square, rule, pattern. reference to the scoring of tallies, and
Norman, Norse ; see North. cricket was once scored by counting notches.
North. (,E.) \.^. nor^,-^\)\\. noord, — O.F. oche (F. hoche), 'a nick, nock, or
;
Icel. nor6r, Dan. Swed. G. noj-d. Koot notch, the cut of a tally ' Cot. Also
unknown; some compare Unjbrian «^r/r^/, ocher, to nick, nock, notch, to cut as a
'
on the left hand (to one looking east- tally ' id. ;
The O. F. oche, Gascon osco,
wards) Gk. PtpTfpos, lower.
; is of unknown origin. Tliere is a similar ^
norinan. (F.— Scand.) O.F. A or- difficulty as to initial n in the word noiich
viajid. — Dan. iVormand lc&\. N'ordviadr, ; or oiich see Ouch. ;
pi. NorQnienn. Lit. '

North-man.' Note, a mark. (F. — L.) F. nde.'^h.
norse. (Scand.) From Norw. and nota, a mark, lit that by which a thing is
Dan. norsk, Norse ; norskr, Norse.
Icel. known. Perhaps for "^gnota, and allied to
Short for '^Xorth-isk, i. Norih-ish.
e. ndtus,'kno'fin,^^.o{ noscere', Break (For
northern. (E.) A. S. nordern ; cog- the short 0, cf. L. cognittis = *cogtiotus.)
nate with Icel. norrcen, O.H.G. nordrotii. Der. not-at-ion, from L. notdtio, from pp.
For the suffix, cf. L. -dneus. Der. nprtk- notdtus; and see not-able, not-ary above.
er-ly, put for north-ern-ly. Nothing. (E.) '^^Loxiiox no thing; see
Nose. (E.) M. E. nose. K. S. nosu. None.
-f- Du. 7ieiis. Related, apparently by Notice. (F. — L.) F. notice. — L. notitia,
gradation, to A.S. nasti, nose, Icel. nos, a being known, knowledge -L. notics, i^p.
Dan. ncEse, Swed. ndsa, G. nase, Russ. of noscere, to know. See Know.
nos' , Lithuan. nosis, L. ndsus, ndres, pi., notify. (F. — L.) F. notijier. — L.
Skt. ndsd, dual. Allied to Ness. Der. notijicdre, to make known. — L. noti-, lor
nose-gay cf. prov. E. gay, a
; painted notns, known ; -Jicdre, for facere, to
picture in a book, fromî^y, adj. nos-tril ; ; make.
nozzle mizzle.
; notion. (F. — L.) F. notion. — L. ace.
Nosology, science of disease. (Gk.) notioncni, an investigation, a notion. — L.
Gk, vuau-s, disease ; -\oyia, from \6yos, 7idtns, pp, of noscere, to know. Ste
discourse, from \eyeiv, to speak. Know,
Nostril, (E.) N'ostril^ nose-thrill or notorious. (L.) From L. notdri-us,
nose-thirl. M. E. nosethirl A. S. nosdyrl. ; manifest; with suffix -oiis. — h. ndtor, a
— A.S. nos-u, nose ; Syr el, a perforation, voucher, witness. — L. pp. ftdtns, known.
orifice ;see Thrill. Der. notori-e-ty, M. F. notoriete vCot.).
Nostrum, a quack medicine. (L.) L. Not-pated, close shorn, (E.) See
nostrtwi, lit. our own,' i. e. a special drug
"
I Hen. IV. ii. 4. 78. From A. S. hnot,
])eculiar to the seller. Neut. of noster, close shorn ; and Pate.
ours. — L. nos, we. Cf. Skt. nas, us. Notwithstanding. (E.) M. E.
Not (i), a word expressing denial. (E.) nought zi'ithstonding, Gower C. A. ii. 181.
M. E. not, short form of nonght, naught ;
From naught and withstand.
see Naught. Nought, the same as Naught.
Not (2), I know
he knows not.
not, or Noule, Nowl, Nole, Noll, head.
,E.) Obsolete. M. E. tiot, noot. A. S. ndt. ifE.) See Nares. Mid. Nt. Dr. iii. 2. 17,
— A. S. 7ie, not wdt, I know, c?r he knows
;
;
M, E. nol. A. S. hnoll, the crown of the
?ee Wit. head,+0. H. G. hnol, top.
Notable. (F. - L.) F, notable.^!., Noun, a grammatical term. (F. — L.)
notdbilis, remarkable. — L, notdre, to mark. O. b noun, non, nun (F. noni), a name.—
.
— L. tiota, a mark ; see Note. L nonien. a name. See Name,

notary. (F. — L.) M.¥. notaire.^l.. Nourish. (F, — L.) M.E, norisen.—
ace. notdrimn (from notd7'ius), one who O. F. nouris-, noi-ris-., stem of pres, pt. of
351
+ '
;
NOVEL NUNCIO
now'ir (F. notirri?-^, to nourish. — !>. Nuisance. (F. — L.) F. nuisance., a
jiuinre, to nourish, suckle. Cf. Nurse. hurl, — F. nuisant, hurtful; pres. pt. of
If OVel. (F. —
O. YL.) novel (F. . mm-e, to hurt. — L. nocere, to hurt.
nouveau) — L. noiiellus, new, dimin. of Null, invalid. (F.-L.) F. m//.-L.
nouns ^ new. See Wew. Der. novel-ty, nuUus, none. —
L. ne, not ; tillus, any,
from O. F. noveliieii, from L. ace. nouelli- short for *unulus, dimin. of iimcs, one.
tdtem, newness. Nullah, a water course, bed of a torrent,
novice, a beginner. (F. — L.') Y. novice. (tlind.) Hind, ndla, a water-course
— L. nouicius, fiointuis, new, fresh, a (Yule).
novice. — L. nouns, new. Der. tioviti-ate, Numb. (E.) M. E. nome, nomen, pp.
from M.F. novitiat, the estate of a novice,'
'
seized, taken, caught with, overpowered,
Cot., from Late L. novitiatus, sb. deprived of sensation. Pp. of M. E. nimen
XToveiuber. (L.) L. Nouerjiber, the (A.S. niinaji), to take; see Nimble.
ninth month of the Roman year. — L. nouem, Icel. numinn, bereft, pp. of nema, to take.
nine. See Nine. Number. (F. — L.) F. nombre.-^'L.
liTow. (E.) M. E. Jioiv, 7tou, mi; A. S. numej-zitfi, ace. of numerus, a number.
«/7.-f-Du. nu, Icel. ;2/7, Dan. Swed. O. H.G. Cf. Gk. vuiJL-os, law, vi/ueiv, to distribute.
Goth, nu, Skt. 7iu, nil. Cf. Gk. z/C-i', L. (-y^NEM.) Der. out-number.
nu-nc. Dsr. wt-y. iJrugm. i. § 1042. numeral. (L.) From L. numerdUs,
Noway, Noways. (E.) The older belonging to number. — L. numerus
form is noivays. — A. S. ndnes weges, by no (above'.
way, the gtn. case used adverbially. See numeration. (F.— L.) Y. numera-
None and Way. tion. — L. ace. numerdtionem, a numbering.
nowhere. (E.") A.S. naJnvcer. — — L. mifuerdtus, pp. of numei'dre, to
A. S. nd, not; hivar, where. S>;e No (1) number. — L. numerus, a number.
and "Wher3. numerous . (F.— L.) M.F. mtme^-eux
nowise. (E.) Short for in no wise, (Cot.). — L.
from mi- numerosus, adj.;
M. E. on none ivise where none is dat. of merus, sb.,
; a number.
M. E. noon, none, and wise is dat. of wise, Numismatic, relating to coins. (L. -
a way, from A S. tvJse, a way. See None, Gk. Coined from L. numismat-., stem
)
and Wise, sb. of mimisma, current coin. — Gk. voinafia,

Noxious. (L.) L. noxius, hurtful.— a custom, also current coin. — Gk. vofxi^nv,
L. noxa, hurt. — L. nocere, to hurt cf. nex, to adopt, use as coin. — Gk. v6fj.os, usage.
;
destruction. +
Skt. ndfais), destruction. — Gk. vepieiv, to distribute. (-\/NEM.)
(VNEK.) Erugm. ii. § 794. Nun. (L.) M. E. and A. S. nunne. —
Nozzle, a snout. (E.) Formerly nozle Late L. nujtna, norma, a nun orig. a title
; ;
dimin of nose. of respect oldest sense, mother.' It

;
'
Nucleus, core. (L.) L. nucleus, small answers to L. nonnus, father, also a monk
nut, kernel. — L. nuc-, stem of mix, a nut. (Ducange). +
Gk. vavvr], aunt; Skt. nand,
Nude, naked. (L.) 'L.niidus,hdiie for mother, a familiar word used by children.
;
*nogwedos. Allied to Naked. Formed like ma-via, da-da {daddy), and

Nudge, a slight push. (E.) Lowl. Sc. the like. Der. nunn-er-y from O. F. non- ,
nodij;e, to push, strike, strike with the iierie, which is from O. F. nonne. Late L.
knuckles North. E. nog, to jog. Perhaps nonna.
;
of imitative origin. Cf. Norw. nugga, Nuncheon, a luncheon. (Hybrid L. ;
to rub, push, allied to nyggja (pt. t. nogg^ to and E.) The ending is confused with that
,
push; Swed. ^x-A.nogga, to move slightly. of luncheon. M. E. nonechenche (for none-

Nugatory, trifling, vain. (L.) l^.nugd- schenche), Riley, Memorials of London,
tdriiis, adj. from nugdtoi', a trifler ; cf. p. 265 lit, a noon-drink,' to accompany
;
'
nugdius, pp. of nflgdri, to trifle. -L. pi. the nonemete or noon-meat.' — M. E. none, '
nfigiC, trifles. noon; schenche, a pouring out of drink.—

Nugget, a lump of metal (E.) Formerly A. S. non, noon (of L. origin see Noon) ;
niggot ;see Trench, Eng. Past and Present. scencan, to pour out drink, p. The A. S.
Cf. prov. E. nug, a block of wood nigg, scencan is lit. to pour out through a pipe
;
* ;
a small piece (Essex); nog, knog, a block derived from A. S. scanc, a shank, hollow
of wood, knob, peg allied to Knag. bone, pipe
; see Shank. ;
See Noggin. Nuncio, a messenger. (Ital. — L.) Ital.
35 2
; -;
NUNCUPATIVE OATS
rûncio."!^, mmthuji, ace. of nuntius, a E. Fries, nusselu, Swed. dial, nosla, to
bringer of tidings. Prob. for *nouentms, nuzzle.
a bringer of news, fiom nouns, new. Nylghau, a kind of antelope. (Pers.^
Nuncupative, declared by word of Per>. nilgdiv, a nylghau, lit. blue cow.' —
'
mouth. {¥. — 1>.) F. mmcupatif (Cot.) — Pcrs. nil, blue (see Lilac) ; and gdw, a
LateL. nuncupdtlvus ,xiovc\\n2X. — \..nuncii- cow, allied to E. Cow.
fdtus, pp. of nuncupdre, to call by name. Nymph. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. nymphe.
For *ndmi-aipdre from L. jwtnen, name,
; — L. }iyiiipha. — Gk. vvfji(pr),a. bride.
capere, to take. Brugm. ii. § 34.
Nuphar, a kind of water-lily. (Pers. —
Skt.) I'ers. nufar, short for niliifar see \
Wenuphai'.
Nuptial. (F.-L.) F. nuptial. ^ "L.
ntiptidlis, belonging to a marriage. — L. O
(i), Oh, interjection. (E.) M.E. 0;
nuptia:, s. pi., a wedding. — L. titipia, a not in A.S.-fDu. Dan. Swed. G. Goth. L.
bride fern, of pp. of iiubere, to many, lit. o
; Gk. w, u). There was no distinction,
;
'to veil.' formerly, between and oh.

Nurse. (F. - L.) Contracted from M.E. O
(2), a circle. (E.) So called because
norice, mirice. — O. F. tiorrice (F. now-rice). the letter ^ is of a circular shape.
— L. Jifitricia, a nurse. — L. nutric-, stem Oaf, a simpleton. (Scand.) Prov. E.
oinutrix^ a nurse. — L. nutrire, to nourish. auf, an elf. — Icel. dl/r, an elf. Chaucer
nurture. (F. - L.) M. E. norture. — uses elvish in the sense of simple.' '
A
O. F. noriture (F. noiii'}-ittire).'^\^. nutri- variant of e//; see Elf.
tilra, nourishment from niitrJlus, pp. of
; Oak. (E.) M. E. 00k A. S. dc. Du. ; +
nfiti'ti'c, to nourish. Icel. eih Dan. eeg, eg, Swed. ek, G. etc he
;
Nut. (E.) M.E. note, mite; A. S. Teut. base *aik-.

hnittti.-\-'Dw. noot, Icel. knot, Swed. not, Oakum,
tow from old ropes. (E.)
Dan. nod, G. nuss. Cf. Irish cmc, Gael. A. S. aaunba, tow. (For the sound
cno, W. cneuen, a nut. Der. nut-hatch, i. e. change, cf. E. oak<A.^. dc.) Lit. 'that
nut-hacker see Hatch (3^
;
which is combed out.' — A. S. a-, prefix
nutmeg, the musk-nut. (E. and F cemban,
; to comb, from camb, a comb
L. — Pers -Skt.) M.E. notenmge, later see A- (4) and Comb. Cf. O. H. G
nutmegge. Here -viuge is from O. F. dchaiiihi, tow of like origin. ;
vmgue, musk. — L. nmscum, ace. of mtiscus, Oar. (E.) M.E. ^r^; A. S. «r.+Icel.
musk see Musk. Cf. O. F. viugiêtte, a dr, Dan. aare, Swed. dra. Teut. type
;
nutmeg, also called noix imiscade, Span. *«zV^,fem.; whence Finnish ai>-o (Noreen,
nuez moscada, Ital. noce moscada. Late L. § .57)- ^
-^ connexion with Gk. (p-errjs,
1/iuscdta, nutmeg. oarsman, cannot be established.
Nutation, a nodding. (L.) From L. Oasis. (L. — Gk. — Egypt.) L. oasis. '^
nutdtio, a nodding, — L. niltdre, to nod, Gk. vaais, avaois, a fertile islet in the
frequent, of nuere, to nod.+Gk. vtvuv, to Libyan desert. Of Egypt, origin cf. ;
nod. -VNEU.) Coptic ouahe. an oasis, a dw elling-place,

Nutriment, food. (L.) 'L.nutrJmen- ouFh, to dw ell (I'eyron .
tu7ii, food. — L. 7iutrire, to nourish, suckle, Oast, Oast-house, a kiln for drying
feed. hops. ,E.) M. l\. oost, ost. A.S.dst, a
nutritious. (L.) L. nutrlti-us, for kiln, drying-house. 4-Du. cest. M. Du. ast
nntricius, adj., nourishing; with suffix -ous. (the same). Allied to L. cestus, Gk. alQo'i,
— L. nutric-, stem of nutrix, a nurse. — L. a burning heat. fyÂIDH.) See Ether.
niitrtre (above). Oath. (E.) M.E. 00th, oth. A. S. ad.
nutritive. (F.-L.) F. nutritif. 4-Du. eed, Icel. eidr, Dan. Swed.ed, Goth.
Formed with F. suffix -if (L.. -tuus), from aiths, G. eid, O. H. G. eid. Teut. type
mltnt-us, pp. oi nUtj-ire (above). *aithoz Idg. type *oitos, as in O. Irish
;
Nuzzle, to thiust the nose in. (E.) oeth. an oath.

Formerly nousle, nosyll a frequent, verb
; Oats. (E.) M.E.otes,p\. A.S. dte,
from nose, sb. Cf. Swed. nosa, to smell sing. pi. dtan.
; ;
Perhaps allied to Icel.
also Bavar. nuseln. ndseln, to seek about eitill, a nodule in stone, Norw. eitel, a
for, also, to speak through the nose gland, knot, nodule, Russ. iadro, a kernel,
353
— ;
OB' OBSERVE
ball, Gk. 0I80S, a swelling. From the oblation, an offering Cot. — L. ace. obld^ ;
swollen shape. (y'EID.) tidnem, ace. of obldtio, an offering. — L.

Ob-, prefix. (L.) It changes
to oc- obldttis, used as pp. of offerre, to offer
before c, of- before f, op- before /. L. ob, (but from a different root) see Tolerate. ;
with very variable senses ; as, towards, at, Oblige, to constrain. (F. — L.) F.
before, upon, over, about, near. Cf. obliger. — L. obligdre, to bind together,
Oscan op, near, Gk, i-ni, upon Brugm. i. ;
oblige. — L. ob, near; ligdre, to bind. See
§ 557- Ligament.
Obdurate. L. obduratus, pp. of
(L.) Oblique, slanting, perverse. (F. — L.)
obdnrdre, to harden. — L. ob\ and dilrus, F. oblique. — !.. oblTquus, oblicus, slanting,
hard. See Dure. sideways, awry. — L. ob ; 'îTquus, oblique
Obedient. (F.--L.) O. F. obedient. (not in use\
— L. obedient-, stem of pres. pt. oi obedire Obliterate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(Ô. L. oboedire), to obey. — L. ob-, near; ohlitterare, to efface. — L. ob, over litter a, ;
and atidire, to hear. See Audience. a letter. See Letter. ^ It seems to

Brugm. i. § 250. Der. dis-obedient. have been associated with L. oblinere, to
obeisance. (F. -L.) "iA.Y.. obeismue. smear over though there is no etymo- ;
— O. F. obeissance, later F. obi'issance, logical connexion.

service, a salute. — O. F. obeissant, pres. pt. Oblivion. (F.--L.) Y oblivion. ^Y.. .
oi obeir, to obey. — L. obedlre (above). ace. ohlitiionem, forgetfulness. — L. obll-

Obelisk. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. obelis- uiscT. to forget. Origin uncertain.
qiie. — L. obeliscum, ace. of obelisctts. — Gk. Oblong, long from side to side. (F.—
v0e\i(XKos, a pointed spit hence a thin L.) F. oblong. — L. oblongtts, long across.
;
pointed pillar dimin. of 6B(\6s, a spit.

;
— L. ob, over longus, long see Long. ; ;
Obese, fat. (L.) L. obesus, (i eaten Obloquy, calumny. (L.) L. obloquiui/i,

)
away, wasted (2) fat, lit.

;
that which contradiction. — Yj.obloquT, to speak against.
•
has devoured.' — L. obesus, pp. of obedere, — L. ob, against loqiii, to speak. See ;
to eat away. — L. ob, near edere, to eat. Loquacious.

;
See Edible. Der. obes-i-ty. Obnoxious, offensive. (L.) Formerly

Obey. '.F. - L.) M. E. obeyen. - O. F. in the sense of liable to.' — L. obnoxi-us, '
obeir. — L. obedlre, to obey see Obedient. liable to hurt or harm

;
with suffix -.ous. ;
Der. dis-obey. — L. ob, against ; noxius, hurtful. See

Obfuscate, to darken, (L.) From Noxious.
pp. of L. ob-fiiscdre, to obscure. — L. ob, Oboe. (Ital.-F.-L.) \\.v\.oboe.-
near oxidifnscus, brown.
; See Fusoous. F. hautbois see Hautbois. ;
Obit, a funeral rite. (F.^L.) O.F. Obolus, a small Gk. coin. (L. — Gk.)
obit. — L. ace. obitum, a going to or down, L. obolus — Qî. bôXos, a small coin, per- .
downfall, death. — L. obitum, supine of haps orig. in the shape of a spike or nail
ob-ire, to go near. — L. ob, near Tre, allied to Gk. oPeKos, a spit.
;
to q:o. Obscene. (L-) L. obscenus, obscaenus,

Object, vb. (F. -L.) F. objecter. - L. obscoenits, repulsive, foul. Etym. unknown.
obiectdre, to throw against, oppose fre- ; Obscure, dimin. (F. — L.)
Y.obscur.
quent, oiob-icere {obiicere),\o cast towards. — L. obscnrus, dark, lit. covered over.' —
'
— L. ob, towards ; iacere, to cast. See L. ob ; and -scums, i. e. covered cf. Skt. ;
Jet (i). skii, to cover. (y'SKEU.) Brugm. i.
Objurgation. (F.-L.) Y. objurga- § 109 ; ii. § 74. See Sky.

tion. — L. ace. obiurgdtionetu,a chiding. — Obsequies. (F.-L.) M.Y.obseques,
L. obiurgdius, pp. of obiurgdre, to chide. '
obsequies
;
obsequids, ace. of
' Cot. — L.
— L. ob, against iurgdre. to sue, chide,
; obsequice, funeral rites, lit. followings. — L.
which stands for *iicrigare; from ifcr^, obsequt, to follow near, comply with,
stem of ins, law, and -igdre, for agere, to L. ob, near; sequi, to follow. See Se-
drive, pursue. Cf. Navigate. quence.
Oblate, widened at the sides. (L.) L. obsequious. fF. L.) M.F. obse- -
obldttis, spread out (at the sides). — L. ob^ quietix Cot. — L. obsequiosus full of com-
; ,
towards Idtiis, borne, carried out, pp. of

; pliance. — L. obsequium, compliance. — L.
tollere, to bear. See Tolerate. obsequi, to comply with (above.)
oblation, an offering. (F.-L.) F. Observe, vi"- L.) O.Y. observer. "^ —
354
;;; ;
OBSIDIAN OCTANT
Y.. ohserudre to take notice of, mark.
, — L. to meet in the way, prevent — L. o<^, against
cb, near serndre, to keep, heed.
:
nia, way. See Viaduct.
Obsidian, a vitreous stone. (L.) From obvious. (L.)
obui-iis, lying in L.
I.. Obsidianus lapis (false reading for the way, evident with suffix -ous. — L.
;
Obsidmis lapis)-, a stone found by one ob,over against nia, the way. ;
Obsiditis (false reading for Obsitis) in Oca, the name of a certain edible root.
.Ethiopia (Pliny, lib. xxxvi. c. 26, lib. (Peruvian. Peruv. occa, the same.
~:
xxxvii. c. 10). Occasion. (F. — L.) F. occasio7t.'^\^.

Obsolescent, going out of use. (L.^ O.CC. occdsiouetn. — l.. oc- (for ob), at; and
From pres. pt. of L. obsolescere, to grow cds-tis, pp. of cadere, to fall. See
old, inceptive form of obsolere, to decay. Cadence.
Origin doublful perhaps from L. ob, ; Occident, west. (F.-L.) O.Y. Occi-
against solerc, to be wont.
; dent, west. — L. Occident-, stem of pres. pt.
obsolete. (L.) L. obsoleltis, pp. of oi occidere, to fall, set (as the sun). — L.tJc-
cb solere (above). (for ob), at cadere, to fall. ;
Obstacle. CF. L.) Y. obstacle- - Occiput. (L.) L. occiput, back of the

L. obstditilittn, a hindrance. — L, ob, against; head.— L. oc- (for ob), over against ; caput,
-stdcitlujii, double dimin. from sta-re, to the head. See Capital.
stand. Occult. (F.-L.) Y. occulte.—l.. oc
obstetric, pertaining to midwifery, culttis, pp. of occulere, to cover over, con-
(L.) L. obstet ruins, adj., from obstetric-^ ceal. —L. oc- (for ob) and obs. L. *celere, ;
stem of obstetrix, a midwife; lit. an as- to hide, allied to celdre, to hide. Cf. O.
sistant, stander near. —
L. obsldre, to stand Irish cel-im, I hide, A. S. hel-an, to hide.
near with fern, suffix -ti-ix (of the agent).
; Occupy. (F. - L.) M. E. occupien. - F.
— L. ob, near; stare, to stand. See State. occuper. — L. occupdi-e, to lay hold of — L.
obstinate. (L.) L. obstindttis, reso- oc- (for ob), near; cape re, to seize. Der.
lute pp. of obstindre, to set about, be re-
;
pre-occupy.
solved on ; lit. 'to put oneself near.' — L. Occur. (F. — L.) M.
F. occurrer.'~'\,.
ob, near and '^staiidre, to place oneself
;
occii7'rere, to run to meet, occur. — L. oc-
of. Russ. stanovite, to set ; from -v^STA. (for ob), against cuj-rere, to run. ; See
See Destine. Current.
Obstreperous, clamorous. (L.) L. Ocean. (F. — L. - Gk.) O. F. ocean. -
obstrepcy-us, clamorous; with suffix -ous, h.oceaniim, ace. oioceamis.'^Qk.wKiavo^,
— \.. ob, against, near strepere, to rattle. ;
the great stream supposed to encompass
Obstriction, obligation. (L.) Coined the earth.
from L. obstrictits, pp. of obstringere, to Ocelot, a quadruped. (Mexican.) Mexi-
bind, fasten. — L. ob, over stringere, to
; can ocelot I, a tiger applied by Buff on to ;
draw tight. See Stringent. the ocelot.

Obstruct. (L.) From L. obstrtictus, Ochre, a fine clay, commonly yellow.
pp. of obstruere, to build in the way of (F. - L. - Gk.) F. ocre, oker Cot. - L. '
;
'
anything, lit. build against. — L. ob, against ochra. — G\^. atxpa, yellow ochre; from its
strnere, to build. See Structure. pale colour. — Gk. wxpos, pale. wan.
Obtain. (F. — L.' F. obtenir. — L. Octagon, a plane 8-sided figure. (Gk.)
obtinere, to hold, obtain. — L. ob, near; From Gk. oKra-, for oktw, eight -ycuv-ia, an ;
iejjej-e, to hold. See Tenable. angle, connected by gradation with yovv,

Obtrude. (L) L. obtrildere, to thrust knee ; see Knee.
against. — L. ob, against ; trudere, to octahedron, a solid 8-sided figure.
thrust. See Thrust. (Gk.) From vKra-, {or oktw, eight ; (Spa,
Obtuse, blunt. :F.-L.^ '^.V.ohtns, a base, from the base €5-, to sit see Sit.
;
'cull;' Cot. — L. obtusus, blunted, pp. of octangular, having eight angles.

obtmidere, to beat against. — L. ob, against (L.) From L. oct-o, eight; angulus,
fiindere, to beat. angle.
Obverse, lit. turned towards one, used octant, the aspect of two planets
of the face of a coin. (L.) L. obuersus, when distant by the eighth part of a circle.
pp. of obuertere, to turn towards. — L. ob, (L.) L. octant-, stem of octans, an instru-
towards ; iiertere, to turn. See Verse. ment for measuring the eighth of a circle.
Obviate. (L-) Frompp. ofL. <7<5«/ar^, — L. oct-d, eieht.
355
OCTAVE OGEE
—
octave. (F. L.) Lit. 'eighth;' hence, Cf. Gk. oiîv ( = ôl-yuv), to smell. ( VOI>-)
eight days after a festival, eight notes in Der. odorous, from L. oddr-ns, with suffix
music— F. octave, an octave (Cot.). L. — ous the accent has been thrown back.
;
octdiia, fem. oi octdims, eighth. — L. octo, Of, from, &c. (E.) M. E. of; A. S. of.
eight. + Gk. 6«Ta;, eight ; cognate with E. 4-Du. Icel. Swed. Dan. Goth, af; G. ab^
Eight. Doublet, titas. O. H. G. aba L. ab, Gk. airo, Skt. apa,
;
October. (L.) L. October, the eighth away. Brugm. i. § 560.

month of the Roman year. — L. octo, off, away from. (E.) An emphatic form
eight. of of. M. E. of', as in * Smiteth of my
octogenarian, one who is eighty hed'= smite off vay head; Ch. C. T. 782
years old. (L.) From L. octogendrius, (Harleian MS.).
belonging to eighty. — L. octdgeni, eighty Offal, waste meat. (E.) M. E. offal,
each, distributive form oi octogmta, eighty. falling remnants, chips of wood, &c. From
— L. octo, eight -ginta, probably allied
;
off and /z//.+Du. afval, windfall, offal;
to decern, ten. Brugm. ii. § 164. Dan. affald, a fall off, offal; Swed. affall',
octoroon, the offspring of a white G. abfall all similarly compounded.
;
person and a quadroon. (L.) One who is, Offence. (F. — L.) O. F. offence, offense.
in an eighth part, a black. Coined from — L. offensa, an offence orig. fem. of pp» ;
L. octo, eight in imitation of quadroon.

; oi offendere, to dash against (below).
octosyllabic. (L.-Gk.) i^.octosyl- offend. (F. - L.) E. offenden. F. M . -
labicus, having eight syllables. — Gk. 6kt6j, offendre. — L. offendere, to dash or strike
eight avWa^-q, a syllable see Syllable.
; ; against, injure. —
L. of (for ob), against;
Octroi, a toll. (F.-L.) F. octroi, y'endere, to strike. See Defend.
O. F. oiroi, orig. a grant verbal sb. from ; Offer. (L.) A.S. offrian.^L. offerre,
O. F. otroier, to authorise, grant. — Late to offer. —
L. of (for ob), near; Jerre to
L. auctdritdre, by-form of atutdrizdre, to bring, cognate with E. bear. Der. offer-t-
authorise. — L.
auctor see Author. ; or-y, from F. offci'toire, L. offertoriiim^ a
Ocular. L. oculdris, belonging
(L.) place to which offerings were brought.
to the eye. — L. ociihis, eye cognate with ; Office, duty. (F.-L.) F. office. ^"L.
Gk, oyiiJin, eye. See Optic. officium, duty ; lit. *
service.' Perhaps
Odalisq.Ue, a female slave in a Turkish from opi-, for opus, work; v^n^ facere, to
harem, (F. — Turk.) Y odalisque better . ', do (Walde). Der. offic-er, F. officier,
odalique (Devic). — Turk, odaliq, a cham- Late 1.. officidrius \ offic-i-ous, F. officieux,
bermaid. —Turk, oda, a chamber. L. officiosus.
Odd, not even, strange. (Scand.) M. E. Officinal, pertaining to or used in a
odde. — Icel. oddi, a triangle, a point of shop or laboratory. i^F. — L.) Y officinal. .
land; metaphorically (from the triangle), — L. officlna, a workshop, office con- ;
an odd number (orig. three^ hence also ; tracted form of opificTna (Plautus). — L.
the phr. standask i odda, to stand (or be) opi-, for opus, work ;
-fie-, for facere,
at odds, to quarrel oddainaQr, the odd
; to do.
man, third man who gives a casting vote, Offing, the part of the visible sea
oddatala, an odd number. Allied to oddr, remote from the shore. (E.) Merely
a point of a weapon (for *<?c^r).+A. S. formed from off, with the noun-suffix -ing.
ord, a point of a sword, point Dan. od, a ; See ofif.
point, Swed. tidda, odd, 7idde, a point G. ; Offscouring. (E.) From off and
ort, a place, M. H. G. ort, extreme point. scour. So also off-set, off-shoot, off-spring.
Teut. type *iizdoz. Oft, Often, frequently. (E.) A.^.oft;
Ode, a song. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. ode. - whence M. E. ofte, with added -e, and lastly
L. oda, ode. — Gk. wbrj, a song; for aoi^-\T, ofte-n with added -«.+Icel. opt, Dan. ofte,
a song. — Gk. aiibeLv, to sing. Allied to Swed. ofta, G. oft, Goth. ufta. Origin
O. Irish faed, W. gzvaedd, a cry, shout. unknown.
(VWEID.) Der. ep-ode,palin-ode. Ogee, Ogive, a double curve. (F. —
Odium, hatred. (L.) L. odium, sb.— Span. — Arab.) An ogiue (ogive) or ogee,
'
L. ddl. I hate; an old perfect tense. Cf. a wreath, circlet, or round band in archi-
Artnen. at-eani, I hate. Brugm. i. § 160. tecture,' Minsheu. An ogee arch is a
Odour. (F.-L.) M. E. odour. - F. pointed arch, with doubly-curved sides.
odeur. — L. odorem, ace. of odor, scent. — M.F. augive, Y. ogive, an ogive or ogee
356
OGLE OMELET
(Cot.). — Span, atige^ highest point, also oleaster., Rom. xi. 17; formed fiom olea, an
meridian, apogee (cf. Port, ange, top) ;
olive-tree. — Gk, kKa'ia, an olive-tree.
from the pointed top of Moorish arches, Olfactory, relating to smell. (L/i L.
which have doubly-curved sides. — Arab. olfact arms, adj., from L. olfactor, one who
dwj, summit. % Perhaps not a true Arab, smells, olfactus. a smelling. L. f?^<7<///.f, —
word, but der. fiom Gk. dTru-yatoi^, the pp. of plfacere, scent. — L.
olefaccre, to
apogee (in which sense dwj is sometimes ole-re (also smell
olere^, to
facere, to ;
used. Der. ogiv-al, adj. (also written make, cause. This L. olere stands for
ogee-fail !). *odere cf od-or, scent and cf L. lacrunia
; ;
Ogle, to glance at, (Du.) A frequent, for dacnima. Allied to Gk. ob-^-q, scent.
form of Du. oogen, to cast sheepes eyes *
Oligarchy. iF.-L. -Gk.) Y.oUgar-
upon one Hexham. (Cf. Low G. oegeln, chie. — Late L. oligarcliia. — Gk. uXtyapxia,
;
'
to ogle, from oegen, to look at.) — Du. government by a few men. — Gk, uKiy-, for
ooge, eye cognate with E. Eye.
; oKiyoi, few, little; and -apxia, from
Ogre, a monster. (F. — L.) F. ogre. dpxîi', to rule.
Cf. Span. og7'o (Diez but not given in Olio, a mixture, medley. (Span, — L,)
;
most Diet., and probably from ¥.'). Of A mistaken form for olz'a, intended to
unknown origin. The deriv. from L. ace. represent Span, o/la (pronounced olya), a
atcgurem, soothsayer, hence, a wizard round earthen pot, also an olio, esp. in
(Korting) is not convincing. Der. ogr-ess, phrase olla podrida, a hodge-podge, —L,
¥. ogres se. olla, O, Lat. aula, a pot.
Oh; sceO (i). Olive. (F.-L,-Gk.)^
F. olive. ^l..
Oil. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. oile. - A. F. oliua. — G'k.
(\aia (for *(\aifa), an olive-
oile (F. htnle).^\^. oleum; from olea, an tree. Brugm. i. § 121 (2).
olive-tree. — Gk. iKaia, an olive-tree. See Omadaun, Omadhawn, a simple-
Olive. ton, (C.) Anglo-Irish; from Irish awaa'iiw,
Ointment. (F. — L.) The fomêr ^ is a simpleton,- Irish awad (the same).—
due to confusion with anoint-, the M. E. Irish am-, for an-, neg. prefix (cf Gk. dv-) ;
form is oinemenl.Ô. ¥. oignenient, an -mad, O. Irish -met, mind, cognate with

anointing, also an unguent, — O. F oigne-r, L, mens and E, mind. Cf, L, dmcns,
the same as oindre, to anoint with suffix ;
mad.
•ment. — l^. tingere, to anoint. See Un- Ombre, a game at cards. (Span, — L,)
guent. From Span, jiiego del hombre, lit. game '
Old. (E.) M.E. old. O, Merc, aid, of the man' (whence F. hoinbre).— 'L.
later a/^; (A. S. m/^). +Du. oiid\{Qx *old), ho??nnem, ace. of homo, a man. See
G. ali cf Goth, altheis.
',
Teut. type Human,
*ald6z\ Idg, type *al-tds, formed with
the end. (Gk.) Omega,
Gk. oj, called
pp. suffix -tos from V-^L, as seen in d) ftfâ, i. e, great 0, long which is the ;
L. al-ere, Icel. al-a, to nourish, bring up last letter of the Gk, alphabet, as opposed
;
so that the sense was orig. brought up.' to alpha, the Jirst letter,
'
Meya is neut. of
p. L. alttis, high, is prob. the same word, fêyas, great, allied to E, Mickle.
with a newer sense. Omelet, a pan-cake, chiefly of eggs.
Oleaginous. (L. — Gk.) 'L.oleagm-us, (F. — L.) F. omelette, aumelette (Cot.\
oily, with suffix -oiis adj., from olea, an
; These are from O. Y amelette, but this .
olive-tree. See Oil. again was preceded by the !orm aleviette,

Oleander, the rose-bay-tree. (F.— which is, through change of suffix, from
Late L.) M. F. oleandre, rose-bay-tree alemelle (Scheler). The sense of alemelle
(Cot.). The same as Ital. oleandro. Span. was a thin plate,' still preserved in F. '
eloendro (Minsheu\Port. eloendro, loendro abimelle, sheathing of a ship. Godefroy

;
all variously corrupted from Late L. lorand- gives O. F, alemele, blade of a knife thus ;
riini (taken for f orandruvi). It seems to the omelet was named from its shape, that
have been confused with oleaster. 2. of a 'thin plate' of metal. 2. Lastly
Isidore gives the name as arodandartim, r alemelle is a corruption of la lemelle, the
'
vulgo lorandrumj This shews that the correct O. F. form. — L. Idmel/a, a thin
name was a corruption of rhododendron, plate, properly of metal dimin, oi lamina, ;
due to confusion with L. lauriis, laurel. a thin plate see Lamina. See this ; %
Oleaster, wild olive. (L. — Gk.) L. clearly traced by Scheler and Littre.
357
; — ;
OMEN OPHIDIAN
Omen, a sign of a future event. (L.) A. S. dnlic, adj., unique, lit. ' onedike.'
L. otneyi ; O. Lat. osinen. Der. omin- A. S. an, one lie, like. ;
ous. Onomatopoeia, name-making, the

Omit, to neglect. (L.) L. onnttere, formation of a word with a resemblance
(pp. omissus), lit. to let go.' For *<?w-
' in sound to the thing signified. (Gk.) Gk.
?nittere<,*ob-mittere from ob, by, mitte7-e,
;
ovofxaTOTToda, the making of a name. — Gk.
to send. See Missile. Der. oniss-ion, dvo/MiTo-, combining form of 6Vo/â,aname;
from F. omission, an omission,' from L. '
and TToieiv, to make ; see Name and
ace. omissionem from the pp.
; Poem. Brugm.
117. ii. §
Omni-, prefix. (L.) L. omnis, all. Onset, an assault. (E.) Due to the phr.
Der. omni-potent, all-powerful omni- ; set on / i. e. attack From ojt and set. !
present^ everywhere present; omniscient, Onslaught, an attack. (E.) From on

all-knowing; omni-vorous, all-devouring; and M. E. s/a/it, A. S. sleaht, a stroke,
see Potent, Present, Science, Vora- blow, formed from slean, to strike see ;
cious. Slay. And cf. slaughter.

omnibus, a public vehicle. (L.) So Onward, Onwards. (E.) From on
called because intended for the use of all. and -ivard, -wards see Toward, ;
— L. omnibus, for all ; dat. pi. of omnis. Onyx, a kind of agate. (L. Gk.) L. —
^ Commonly shortened to bus. onyx. — Gk. ovv^^ a nail; a veined getn,
Omrah, a prince, lord. (Arab.)
;
'Ai- onyx, from its resemblance to the finger-
grettes by omrahs worn ' Scott, Vis. of nail. See Nail.
Don. Roderick, st. 31. Omi-ah is properly Oolite, a kind of limestone. (F. — Gk.)
a plural, like Nabob, q.v. — Arab, iimard, F. oolithe (with th sounded as ^). — Gk.
pi. of amir, a prince, emir see Emir. ; egg
tuo-j', ; KlQ-0%, stone. Lit. *
egg-stone.'
Cf. the Arab, title amiriil-umard, prince See Oval.
of princes (Yule). Ooze, moisture, soft mud. (E.) For-
On. (E.) M. E. on A. S. on. Du. ; + merly wose M. E. wose.
; A. S. wds,
aan, Icel. a, Swed. a, G. an (whence Dan. moisture, juice. +
Icel. vds, wetness. Per-
an), Goth, ana, Gk. ava, Russ. 7ia. Idg. haps confused with A. S. zmse, soft mud
type *a;/a. which is cognate with Icel. veisa, a stag-
Once ; see One. nant pool. Der. ooze, vb.
Once, sometimes for (2). Opacity ; see Opaque.
Ounce
One (i), single, sole.(E.) M. E. oon. Opal, a gem. (F. — L.) Y opale.-^'L,. .
Already written tcwz in M. E. See Guy opalus, an opal. Cf. Gk. diraWios, an
of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, note to 1. 7927. opal Skt. upala-, a stone, gem. ;
A. S. an, one. +
Du. een, Icel. einn, Dan. Opaque. (F. L.) ¥. opaque, "l.. opd- —
een, Swed. en, G. ein, Goth, ains, W. un, cum, ace. of opdciis, dark, obscure. Der.
Irish and Gael, aon, L. unus, O. L. oinos, opaC'i-ty, from F. opacity, L. ace. opdci-
Gk. *oiVoj, one (fem. oivr\, an ace on a die). tdtem.
Teut. type *ainoz Idg. type ôinos. Cf.
;
Open, unclosed. (E.) The verb is from
Lith. vcnas Brugm. ii. § 165. Der. aw, the adj. open, which is sometimes short-
;
a, on-ly, al-one, at-one. ened to ope (Coriol. i. 4. 43"). A. S. open,

once. (E.) M. E. ones; A. S. dnes, adj., open, with the form of an old pp.
adv., once. Orig. gen. case (masc. and Du. open, adj. ; Icel. opinn + Swed. ;
neut.) of an, one; the gen. case was used dppen G. offen. Teut. types 'ûpenoz, ;
adverbially, as in needs, twi-ce, thri-ce. *upanoz. Perhaps connected with the

one (2), a person, spoken of indefinitely. idea of the lifting of a tent-door cf. A. S. ;
(E.) In the phrase one says,' one means up, up.

'
See Up. Der. ope7i, vb., A. S.
'
a single person.' Merely a peculiar use openian, to make open.
of the ordinary word one. Not F. on. %
Opera. (Ital. L. ) Ital. opera, a work, —
Onerous, burdensome. (F.-L.) M.F. a musical play. L. opera, work ; see —
0nereux.'-'\^. onerdsus, adj. — L. one?'-, for below.
*ojies-, stem o{ onus, a burden. Operate. (L.) From pp. of L. operdrt,
—
Onion, a plant. (F. L.) Y.oignori.^ to work.— L. opera, work; from oper- (for
L. unidnem, ace. of unio, a large onion *opes-), stem of L. opus, work, toil.
; +
see Union (2). Skt. apas, work.
Only. (E.'i M, E. oonli, adj. and adv. Ophidian, relating to serpents. (Gk.)
358
'
OPHICLEIDE ORACLE
Formed with suffix -an (L. -anus), from oppositns, pp. oi opponere, to set against. —
Gk. oîSiou, u(peidLov, dimin. of 6<pis, a L. op- {ob), against ponere, to set. ; See
serpent. Ct
the dimin, form ^cu-diov (see Position.
Zodiac), -f- Skt. ahi-, L. angnis, a snake. Oppress. (F.-L.) F. oppresser.^
Ophicleide, a musical instrument. Late L. oppressdre, frequent, of L. oppri-
;F. — Gk.) Lit. a key-serpent '
because ' ; inere, to oppress. — L. pre- op- {ob), near ;
made by adding keys to an old musical niere pressus\, to press.

['^^^. See Press.
instrument called a serpent (^from its Opprobrious. (L.) From L. appro-
twisted shape). — Gk. oî-s, a serpent ;
bnosus, full ot reproach. — L. £?//;-^^;7«///,
/cAeiS-, stem of /f\€t?. a key. reproach. —
L. op- (for ob), on, upon pro- ;
Opllthalxilia, inflammation of the briini, disgrace.

eye. (Gk.) Gk. cupâA/iia. — Gk. o</)âA//os, Oppugn, to resist. (F.-L.^ F. op-
the eye, Boeotian oKTaWos, for ôKTav- pugner. — L. opptigndre. — L. op- (ob),
Xos (cf. Skt. akshan-, eye) Doric qttt'lXos, against pugndre, to fight, from pugnus,
; ;
the eye. From Idg. base *(?^-, eye cf. a fist. See Pugilism. ;
Russ. oko, eye. Skt. aksha-, akshi, Liih. Optative, wishing. (F.-L.) Chiefly
ti>('zj-, L. (?^-z^/ lis. See Prellwitz. And as the i:ame of a mood. — F. optatif.m.\,.
see Ocular. optdtiuiis, expressive of a wish. — L. op-
Opinion. (F. — L.) F. opinion. w,\.. tdttis, pp. of optdre, to wish. Cf. Skt. dp,
opinionein, ace. of ^//«/<?, a supposition.— to attain.
L. opmdrl, to suppose, opine. — L. cplnus, Optic, relating to the sight. (F. — Gk.)
thinking, expecting; only in nec-optniis, F. optiqne. — Gk. otitikos, belonging to the
not expecting, unexpected, in-opJnns, un- sight cf. b-m-qp, a spy. ; From the base
ejfpected. Ji^t. opine, F. opiner, L. opmdrl OTT- (for OK- seen in Ionic oir-wn-a, I have :
;âbove). seen, ijip-oâi, I shall see cf. L. oc-ulus, ;
Opium. (L.-Gk.) I.. ^/mw.-Gk. the eye. See Ocular.

o-niov, poppy-juice. — Gk. onus, sap. Optimism, the doctrine that all is for
Opossum, a quadruped. (W.Indian.) the best. (L.; From L. optim-us, O. Lat.
— W. Indian opassom in the language of opiiumus ^Brugm. ii. § 73), best; with
;
the Indians of Virginia; Capt. Smith, p. 59- suffix -ism (Gk. •KXfxos'''. L. op-ti-mus is
Oppidan. (L.) L. oppidanus, belong- a superl. form from a base op- (i.e. choice,
ing to a town, — L. oppidiitn, a town O. select^ cf. optdre, to wish.
; ;
L. oppednm. Apparently from L. op- <ob), option, choice. (F, — L.) ¥. option.^
near; "^pedum (Gk. ireSov), a field, plain; L. optione/n, ace. oi optio, choice. Allied
Brugm. i. § 65. (Explained as protecting to L. optdre, to wish see Optative.
'
;
the plain '

the derivation is clearer than
; Opulent, Avealthy. (F.-L.) Y.optc-
the sense.) lent. — L. opnlentus, wealthy. — L. op-, base
Oppilation, a stopping up. (F.-L.) oi opes, wealth. Cf. Skt. apnas, wealth.
AI. F. oppilation, an obstruction
*
Cot. — ;
' Or
,1), conj., offering an alternative.
L. ace. oppTldtionem. — L. oppildtiis, pp. of (E.) Short for other, onther. anther, the
oppildre, to stop up. — 1.. op (for ^(^), M. F. forms, which answer to A. S. dhwce-
against ;
pjldre, to ram, from pilum, a per, dwper. But this M. E. other took the
pestje. And L. pilum is for "^pins-lorn, place of A. S. oQ6e, or.
from pinsere, to pound. Or
(2\ ere. (E.) M. E. or, unemphatic
Opponent. (L.) L. opponent-, stem of form of er, ere. A. S. cer, ere see Ere. ;
pi es. part, of opponere, to oppose. — L. tf<^, (In the phrases or ere, or ever.)
against ponere, to place. See Position.
; (3), gold. (F.-L.)Or In heraldry. F.
Opportune, tim_ely. (F.-L.) F. ^Z- (?r. — L. atirum, gold.
portun.^1^. op>portunus, convenient, sea- Orach, a pot-herb. (F. - L. — Gk.)
sonable, lit. near the harbour,' or easy of Also arrache. — F. arroche, orache, orage
;
' ' *
access.' — L. op- (i?d),near; portus, access, Cot. A

Picard form corresponding to F.
harbour. See Port (2). ârreuce (Hatzfeld). [Cf. Walloon arip,
Oppose. (F. — L. ««<^Gk.) Y.opposer, orach (Remade) ; Ital. atrepice^ — L.
to withstand. — L. op- (for ob), against F. atriplicem, ace. of atriplcx, orach. — Gk.
;
poser, to place, from Late 'L. pausdre, used drpdcpaîs, dr pdtpa^vs orach. ,
to translate L. ponere, to place. See Pose Oracle. ( F. — L. ) F. oracle. — L. ord-

Opposite. (F.-L.) F. opposite. 'ml^. ciilitni, a divine announcement formed ;
359
;;
ORAL ORGAN
from orare, to pray, from or- (for os), the of testicular shape. Der. orchid, where
mouth (below). the suffix -id was suggested by the Gk.
oral, spoken. (L.) Coined from L. or- ilho'i, shape ; cf. cyclo-id, cojio-id.
(for ds\, the mouth. + Skt. dsya, mouth ; Ordain, to order.
set (F. — L.)
in
Icel. OSS, mouth
of a river. M. E. ordeinen. — O.Y
ordener (later or-
.
Orang-outang, a large ape. (Malay.) do7tner). — L.. ordindre, to set in order.—

lAaXsLj orang-i'dan, lit. wild man.' — Malay
' 1.. ordin-, declensional stem of ordo, order.
orang, a man titan, hiitan, woods, wilds

; Der. pre-ordain.
of a country, wild. Ordeal, a severe test, judgment by fire.
Orange. (F, — Ital. — Arab. — Pers.) &c. (E.) M. E. ordal. A. S. ordel, orddl,
O. F. orenge (F. orange). For *narenge, a dealing out, judgment, decision. O.
but the initial n was lost (in Italian), and Friesic ordel. — K. S. or-, prefix, out dal., ;
then arenge became orenge by a popular ddl, a dealing; see Deal, Dole. The
etymology from or, gold. Cf. Span, na- prefix cr- = Du. oor-, G. tii'-, Goth, us-,
ranja, an orange. - \idi\.a7-ancia, an orange out (hence, thorough). +
Du. oordeel,
Low Lat. arangia. — Arab, naranj, na- O. Sax. tirdeli, G. urtheil,\udgmen\.; simi-
rinJ.'^VGT?,. ndrang, an orange. Allied larly compounded.
to Pers. nar, a pomegranate. Order. (F.-L.) F. ordre, O. F. or-
Oration. (F. — L.)
¥. oration. — 1.. ace. dine. — L.
ordineni, ace. of ordo, order.
ordtionem ; cf. drat us, pp. of oj-dre, to Allied to L. ordirt, to begin, oriri, to
pray. — L. or- (for ds), the mouth. See arise. Brugm. ii. § 128. Der. dis-
Oral. Doublet, orison. order.
orator. (F. — L.) Formerly ^;-a/^«r.— ordinal, shewing the order. (L.) L.
F. orateur. — L. dratdrein, ace. of drdtor, a ordindlis, adj., in order. — L. ordin-, de-
speaker. — L. drdtiis, pp. oidrdre, to pray, clensional stem of ordo, order.
to speak (above). ordinance. (F.-L.) O. F. ordi-
Or"b. (F. — L.) F. orhe. — L. orbeni, ace. nance. — Late L. ordinantia, a command.
of orbis, a circle, sphere. — L. ordinant-, pres. pt. of ordindre, to
orbit. (L.) L. orbita, a track, circuit ordain. See Ordain.
formed with suffix -ta from orbi-, decl. ordinary. (F. — L.) Y . ordinaire.—
stem oi orbis, an orb, circle. L. ordindj'ius, regular (as sb., an over-
Ore, Ork, a large marine animal ; a seer). — L. ordin-, decl. stem oiordo, order.
narwhal, or grampus. (L.) See Nares. Der. ordinary, sb.
— L. orca, perhaps the narwhal (Pliny). ordination. (L.) From L. ordindtio,
Orchard. (L. and E). M. E. orchard. an ordinance, also ordination. — L. ^rfl^/w-
A. S. orceard, older form ortgeard. Cog- dtiis, pp. of ordindre, to ordain. See
nate with Goth, aurtigards, a garden Ordain.
(Gk. KfJTTos). The
latter element, A. S. ordnance, artillery. (F. — L.) For-
geard, is the mod. E. yard; see Yard. merly, ordinance it had reference to the
;
The former element merely borrowed

is bore or size of the cannon, and was thence
from L. hortus, a garden, both in E. transferred to the cannon itself (Cot. ;
and Gothic see Horticulture.

; As s. V. ordo7i>ia7ice) see ordinance. ;
the L. hortiis is cognate with E. yard, Ordure, excrement. (F. — L.) F. 07'-
the form ort-geard merely repeats the diire. — O. F. 07-d (fem. orde), filthy, foul,
idea of yard.'
' ^
So in Brugm. i. § 767 ugly, frightful. — L. hoi'ridus,
;
rough,
but some consider A. S. ort-geard as wholly frightful. See Horrid, (So Korting.)
Teutonic, and connect it with A. S. Ore. (E.) M. E. or, oor. A. S. dra,
wyrt-geard, Dan. nrt-gaai-d, Swed. orte- ore of metal, allied to ore, a mine. E. Fries.
gdrd, a kitchen-garden, from A. S. wyrt, iir, ore.+Du. oer, ore. % Distinct from
Dan. urt, Swed. ot't, a wort. (See Wort A. S. dr, brass, which is cognate with Goth.
in Franck.) See "Wort. ais, L. aes, brass. But the words may
Orchestra. (L. — Gk.) 'L.orchest7-a.~ have been confused.
Gk. bpxnoTpa, an orchestra which, in the ;Oread, a mountain-nymph. (Gk.) From
Attic theatre, was a space on which the Gk. 6p€idd-, stem of opeidi, an oread. — Gk.
chorus danced. — Gk. opxiofxai, I dance. opos, a mountain.
Orchis, a plant. (L.— C^k.) 1.. orchis. Organ. (F.-L. — Gk.) ¥. orga7te. — L.
— Gk. opxtf, a testicle, a plant with roots 07ganu7n, an implement. — Gk. dpyavov, an
360
; ;
ORGIES ORTHODOX
implement ; allied to tpyov, work ; see of L. ora, border, edge. Cf. L. os,
Work. mouth.
orgies, sacred rites, revelry. (F. — L. — Orlop, a deck of a ship. (Du.^* For-
Gk.) F. orgies.— L. orgia, sb. pL, a festival merly orlope (Phillips). Contracted from
in honour of Bacchus, orgies. — Gk. opyia, Du. overloop, a running over, a deck of a
sb. pi., orgies, rites, from sing. *6pyiov, a ship, an orlope (Sewel). So called because
sacred act allied to fpyov, work.
; it traverses the ship. — Du, over, over;
Orgulous, proud. (F. — O.H.G.) AL<o loopen, to run see Elope, Leap.
;
orgillous ; M. E. orgeilus Anglo-F. or- ; Ormolu, a kind of brass. (F. L.) F. —

guyllus.Ô.Y orgoillos, orguillus, later
. or inotilu, lit. 'pounded gold.'— F. or,
orgtieilleux, proud. — O.F. orgoil, orgtdl, from L. auru7n, gold and motilu, pp. of
;
F. orgtuil, pride. From an O. H. G. sb. ffiotidre, to grind, O. F. vio/dre, from L.

*ti7gtwli, from O.H.G. ta-gnol, remarkable, 7nolere, to grmd.
notable (Graff). Ornament. (F. - L,) M. E, 07ne-
Oriel, a recess (with a window) in a 77ie7it. — F. 07-7te77ient. — L. 07'7td7nentu77i,
room. (F. — L.) M. E. oriol, oryall, a an adornment. — L. orndre, to ar'orn.
small room, portico, esp. a room for a lady, ornate. (L.) From pp. of L. 07-tid7-e,
boudoir. — O.F. oriol, a porch, gallery, cor- to adorn.
ridor. —Late L. orioliim, a small room, Ornithology, the science of birds.
recess, portico prob. for atireoliini (?),
;
(Gk.) Gk. opvido-, for opvi^, a bird
that which is ornamented with gold. — L. -\oyia, from \6yos, a discourse, \tynv, to
aurtini, gold. ^
See Pliny, lib. xxxiii. speak. Allied to A. S. ea7-7i, G. aar, W.
c. 3, for the custom of gilding apartments. e7yr, an eagle, named from its soaring cf. ;
Cf. Oriole. Gk. opvvfxi, I stir up, rouse.

Orient, eastern. (F. — L.) ¥. O'ient.— ornithorhyncus, an Australian
L. orient-, stem of oriens, rising, the east animal. (Gk.', Named from the resem-
orig. pres. pt. of oriri, to rise, begin. + blance of its snout to a duck's bill. — Gk.
Skt. r, to rise. opvido- (for opvii), bird pvyxos, a snout.;
—
Orifice. (F. L.) F. orifice, a small Orphan. (L. - Gk.) L. 07-phanus. —
opening. — L. orificium, an opening, lit. Gk. 6p(pau6s, destitute; John xiv. i8.
'making of a mouth.' — L. ori-, decl. stem Allied to L. 07-diis, destitute.
of OS, mouth facere, to make,

; Orpiment, yellow
sulphuret of ar-
Oriflamme, the old standard of senic. (F.-L.) 'gold paint.' F.
Lit.
France. (^F. —
L.) F. orifianime, the sacred 07pi77ient. ^L,. auripigjnenttwi gold paint, ,
standard of France. — Late L. aurifia7iima, — L. auri- (for aii7-uj7i), gold; and /z^-
lit.'
golden flame,' because the banner 77ie7ii2i7)i
, a pigment, paint, from pingere,
was cut into flame-like strips at the outer to paint.
edge, and carried on a gilt pole. — L. auri- orpine, orpin, a kind of stone-crop.
(for aicriini), gold fia?njna, flame.
;
(F. — L.) Named from
its colour. M. E.
Origan,wild marjoram. (F. — L. — Gk.) orpi7i. — F. orpin, ' orpin, or live-long ;
F. »rigan.~^\^. origanum. — QV. opiyavov, also orpiment Cot. ; docked form of

'
A
lit. 'mountain-pride.' — Gk. dpi = opei-, orpi7nent above.
related to opos, a mountain 7di'os, beauty, ; Orrery, an apparatus for illustrating
ornament. the motion of the planets. (Ireland.) Con-
Origin. (F.-L.) F. origine.- Lat. structed at the expense of Charles Boyle,
originem, ace. of origo, a beginning. — L. earl of Crr^;j, about 171 5. 07-rery v> tx.
orirT, to rise. barony in co, Cork, Ireland.

Oriole, the golden thrush. (F.-L.) Orris, a plant. (Ital. — L.-Gk.) For-
O.F. orioh F. loriot = foriot) — \âureolus, . merly 07-ice, oris. These are E. corrup-
golden.— L. atirtim, gold. tions of M. Ital. i7-ios (Ital. ireos^. — Vi.
Orison, a prayer. (F.-L.) O. F. ori- Ital. irios, '
oris-roote,' Florio; with refer-
son, oreison l^F. oraison). —L. ordtidnem, ence to the h'is fiorentina. Modified
ace. of ordtio, a prayer see Oration. ; from L. iris, a rainbow, an iri>.
Orle, a kind of fillet, in heraldry, &c. Ort ; see Orts.
(F.-L.) F. orle, m,, M. F. orle, f., a Orthodox, of t!ie right faith. (L. -
hem, narrow border cf. Late L. ; orla, Gk.) Late L. orthodoxus. — Gk. opûSfô?,
a border, edge. — L. type *drula, dimin. of the right opinion. — Gk. 6p96-s, upright,
361
;;; —;
ORTHOEPY OUCH
right; SSâ, an opinion, from Sokhv^ to
L. ossi-, decl. stem of os, bone; From
seem. Cf. Arduous. Brugm.
F. -fer, for L. -ficdre, to make, frona
ii. § 143,
orthoepy, correct pronunciation. facere, to make. Der. ossific-at-ion.
(Gk.) From Gk. updo^neia, orthoepy. — Ostensible. (L.) Coined from os-
Gk. opdu-s, right ; en-os, a word see tensi- (for ostensus). pp. of ostendere, to
;
Epic. shew ; with suffix -bills. See below.

orthography, (F. -
correct writing. ostentation, (F. — L.) Y.ostenta^
L. — Gk.) M. £. ortographie. — M. F. orto- tion.— L. ostentdtionem, ace. of ostentdtio,
graphie. — L. ortkographia. — Gk. hpQo- display. — L. ostentdtus, pp. of osientdre,
fpacpia. P- Gk. 6p66s, right ;
ypdipciv, to intensive form of ostendere, to shew, lit.
write. stretch before. — L. os- (for *op-s-, related to
Orthopterous, lit. straight-winged. ob), near, before tendere, to stretch.
; See
(Gk.) Gk. upOo-s, straight; irrepov, a Tend (i). For 'ôps-, see Brugm. i.
wing. §H3-
Ortolan, a bird. (F. - Ital. - L.) Osteology, science of the bones. (Gk.)
O. F. hortolan. — M. Ital. hortolano, a Gk. barko-v, a bone -\o-yia, from Xoyos, ;
gardener, also an ortolan, lit. haunter of a discourse, \kyeiv, to speak.

*
See os-
gardens.' — L. horttildnus, a gardener, -p- L. seous.
hortuhis, dimin. of horttts^ a garden Ostler ; see Hostler.
allied to Yard. Ostracise, to banish by a vote
Orts, remnants, leavings. (E.) M.E. written on a potsherd. (Gk.) Gk barpa-
Qrtes. From A. S. or-, out (what is left) Kiêiu, to ostracise. — Gk, oarpaKov, a pot-
dan, to eat. Proved by M. Du. orete, sherd, tile, voting-tablet, orig. a shell
ooraete, a piece left after eating, Swed. allied to Gk. oarpeov, an oyster, orig. a
dial, orate, urate, refuse fodder. The shell. See Oyster.
same prefix or- occurs in ordeal. Cf. also Ostrich, a bird. (F.-L. and Gk.)
Low G. ort, an ort Dan. dial, ored, orrct, M.E. OS trice, oystryche.'m.O.Y ostrttce;
; .
an ort ; N. Fries, 'arte, to leave remnants mod. F. aiitruche. [Cf. Span, avestruz.
after eating. Port, abestruz, an ostrich.] — L. auis
Oscillate, to swing. (L.) From pp. stricthio, lit. ostrich -bird. Here strHthio
of L. oscilldre, to swing. — L. oscillum, a is from Gk. orpovBiojv, an ostrich. ; ex-
swing. tended from arpovOos, a bird.
Osculate, to kiss. (L.) From pp. of Other, second, different. (E.) M.E.
L. oscular I, to kiss. «-L. osadum, a little other; A. S. oQer, other, second. Du. +
mouth, pretty mouth double diniia. of ander, Icel. annarr (for *anthar-^ , Dan.
;
OS, the mouth. anden, Swed. annan, G. ander, Goth.

Osier. (F.) F. osier, the ozier, red anthar; Lithuan. antras, Skt. anlara-,
;
'
withy, water-willow tree Cot. Cf, Late other.

' In Skt. an-tara-, the suffix is the
L. osdria, ausdria, a bundle of osiers or same as the usual comparative suffix (as in
twigs of willow (9th cent.). Gk. ao(p6j-T(pos, wiser). Cf. Skt. an-ya-,
Osxniuxn, a metal. (Gk.) The oxide other, different.
has a disagreeable smell. — Gk.ocr/ii;, ohp.i], Otter. (E.) M. E. oter, A. S. otor.-^
a smell. — Gk. o^fîv (for *o5-j/eti/), to smell Du. otter, Icel. otr, Dan. odder, Swed.
cf. d5/xi7, scent. See Odour. h'tter, G. otter; Russ. vuidra, Lith. ^dra;
Osprey, the fish-hawk. (L.) cor- A also Gk. vZpa, a hydra, water-snake.
ruption oi ossifrage, the older name for the Teut. type *otroz, m. Idg. types ûdros,
;
bird. — L. ossifragus, ossifraga, an osprey. m., *udrd, f. Allied to water; compare

— L. ossifragus, bone-breaking ; (from its Gk. vUpa, hydra, with vhojp, water. The
strength). — L. ossi-, decl. stem of os, sense is ' dweller in the water.' Doublet,
bone; frag-, base oif-angere, to break. hydra, q. v.
osseous, bony. (^L.) L. osse-us, bony Otto, the same as Attar.
with suffix -ous. — L. oss-, stem of os, a Ottoman, a low stuffed seat. (F.
bone. Cf. Gk. oareov, Skt. asthi, a Turk.) F. ottofiiaue, an ottoman, sofa.
bone. Brugm. i. § 70 7. F. Ottoman, Turkish. So named from
ossifrage. (L.) In Levit. xi. 13; Othman or Os?nan, founder of the Turk-
see Osprey. ish empire.
OSsifv, to turn to bone. (F. — L.) Ouch, Nouch, the socket of a precious
362
OUGHT OVER
stone, ornament. (F. O.H. G.) Usually — out-balance, out-bid, out -break, presenting
ouch yet nottch is the true form.
;
M. E. no difficuhy.
nouche. — O. F. nouche, nosche, mische, a outer, comp. form ; see Utter.
buckle, clasp, bracelet (Burguy) Low L. ; Outlaw. (Scand.) M.E. outlaive.-^
niisca. — M.. H. G. iiuske, O. H. G. mtsca, Icel. uilagi, an outlaw, lit. out of (beyond)
a buckle, clasp, brooch. Perhaps of ^ the law. — Icel. ilt, out log, law see Out
; ;
Celtic origin cf, Irish nasc, a tie, chain,

;
and Law, Cf. L. exlex, lawless.
ring, nasgai?n, I bind (Schade, Stokes). Outlet. (E.) M.E. utlete, lit. 'a
Ought (i), pt. t. of Owe, q. V. letting out.' — A. S. nt, out l&tan, to let. ;
Ought (2), anything; see Aught. Outmost see utmost.

;
Ounce (0' twelfth part of a pound. Outrage. (F. — L.) F, outrage, ear-
(F.-L.) M.E. unce.'Ô.Y. unce (F. lier form oltrage, excessive violence. (Cf.
£>«f^). — L. imcia, (i) an ounce, (2) an Ital. oltraggio.)*-0 F. oltre, F. outj-e, be-
inch. Allied to Gk. 07/foj, mass, weight. yond; with suffix -age {<CL. -dticu7n).'»
See Inch. L. ultra, beyond. See Ultra-.
Ounce ^2\ Once,
of lynx. a kind Outrigger. and Scand.) A pro-
(E.
(F.-L.-Gk.) Y.once; U.Y. ionce, Cot. jecting spar for extending sails, a project-
Cf. Port, ojtca. Span, onza, Ital. lonza, an ing rowlock for an oar, a boat with pro-
ounce also Ital. onza, an ounce (Florio,
;
jecting rowlocks. From Out and Rig.
I598\ obtained by treating lonza as if= Outward. (E.) A. S. tltetueard, out-
/'<7«ca.-iLate L. type *lyncea, lynx-like, ward. —A. S. file, out; weard, -ward; see
fem. -L. lyjic-, stem oi lynx, a lynx.— Toward.
Gk. Xi;7£, a lynx ; see Lynx. For F. Oval, egg-shaped. (F. — L.) Y.oval.
^<Gk. V, cf. grotto, tomb, torso. Formed with suffix -al (<L. -dlis) from L.
Ouphe, an elf, fairy. (Scand.^- Mer. duum, an egg. + Gk. <ôv, &lov, an tgg.
Wives, iv. 4. 49. A variant of oaf= elf. The Gk. wiov is for ôioiovi, related by
See Oaf and Elf. gradation to L. aiiis, a bird (like wa, a
Our. (E.) gen. of
A. S. ta-e, of us ;
sheep-skin, from ois, a sheep) see Avi- ;
ive, we. The possessive pronoun was also ary. Perhaps cognate with Egg. Der.
lire, which was regularly declined. The ov-ar-y, Late L. dudria, the part of the
form ilre stands for *ns-er- cf. Goth. ;
body in which eggs are formed in birds ;
unsara, gen. pi. of Goth, weis, we. oviform, egg-shaped ovi-farous, from
;
Ourang-OUtang; see Orang-outang. L. ^JzcZ'/arz/i-, egg-producing (see Parent).

Ousel, a kind of thrush. (E.) M. E. Ovation, a lesser Roman triumph. (F.
osel. A. S. osle. which is For 'ôvisal-, — L.) F. ovation. '^'L. ace. oudtionem,
for older ^wjaZ-. +
G. amsel, O. H. G. am- from oudtio, a shouting, exultation. — L.
sala, an ousel. The L. merttla (whence oudtus, pp. of oudre, to shout. Gk. +
E. merle) can stand for '^mesula, and may ivaûv, to shout, from dvai, evoi, inter-
be connected with G. amsel by gradation. jections of rejoicing, esp. in honour of
See Merle. Bacchus.
Oust, to eject. (F.-L.) A.. ¥. ouster Oven. (E.) M. E. ouen (=oven). A. S.
(Bozon), ]\I. F. oster, to remove Cot. ' ;

' ofen, ofn. + Du. oven Icel. ofn, omn (also
(F. oter.) Of disputed origin some ;
ogn), Swed. ugn, G. ofen, Goth, auhns.
derive it from ob stare, to thwart, which Teut. types *uhno-, ttfno- Idg. type ;
gives the right form, but does not suit *uqnos. Allied to Skt. ukhd, a pot (cf.
the sense Diez suggests L. ^haustdre,
;
Gk, irrvos, an oven) this older sense is
;
a derivative of haurtre (pp. kaustus), to remarkably preserved in A. S. ofnet, a pot,

draw water. Cf. E. ex-haust and L. \ vessel.
exhaurire, in the sense to remove.' '
Over, above, across. (E.) M. E. otier
Out, without, abroad, (E.) M. E.<?z</<?, ( = over). A. S. ofer.-\-Dvi. over, Icel. yfir,
lite, adv., A. S. iite, iitan, adv., out, with- of-,Dan. over, Swed. ofver, G. iiber, Goth.
out formed (with adv. suffix -e or -an)
; ufar; Gk. vnip, L. s-uper Skt. tipari, \
from A. S. t~tt, adv., out, from. +Du. uit, above. The

Idg. form is ""uper-, closely
Icel. ut, Dan. tid, Swed. ut, G. aus, Goth. related to *uperos, upper (Skt. upara-,
lit ( =: A. A. S. ute), utana
S. fit), uta ( = L. s-upe7'us, A. S. yfera). This is a com-
( = A. S. ud, up, out.
fitan) ; Skt. parative form from Idg. 'ûpo- (Skt. tipa,
% Flence numerous compounds, such as near, on, under Gk. v-no, L. s-ub, Goth.
;
363
OVERT OZONE
uf, under ; cf. A. S. ufan, E. -cme in own (3), to grant. (E.) A develop-
ab-ove). Closely allied to Up. % Hence
ment from own (2), to appropriate, claim ;
a large number of compounds beginning hence, to acknowledge. See Johnson.
with over^ which present no difficulty. ^ Usually said to have been due to A. S.
Overt, open, public. (F. — L.) O. F. unnan, M. E. tinnen, to grant, of which
overt (plater ouve/'t), pp. of ovrir (later there is no clear trace.
oiwrir), to open. The etymology is dis- Ox. (E.) M. E. ox, oxe, pi. oxen A. S. ;
puted, a. Diez suggests that ovrir is a oxa, pi. oxan.-\-T)\x. os, Icel. uxi, oxi, Dan.
shortened form of O. F. a-ovrir, a-uvrir Swed. oxe, G, ochse, ochs, Goth, auhsa ;
(Livre des Rois), answering to Prov. adu- also W. ych Skt. ukshan-, an ox, bull.;
brir, to open. The latter can be resolved Teut. type*^//ja«- ; Idg. type *oksen-. The
into L, ad, de, operire, where ad is a mere Skt. ukshan- is usually derived from Skt.
prefix, and de-operlre is to uncover. (3. nksh, to sprinkle, hence, to impregnate;
Littre considers ovrir to be for avrir, Bragm. ii. § 114.
i. e. L. apcrire, to open ; the change Oxalis, wood-sorrel. (L. — Gk.) L.
being due to association with covrir (F. oxalis.^Gk. oâXis, (i) sour wine, (2)
couvrir), to cover. Cf. Port, avrir, to sorrel from its sourness. — Gk. o^vs, acid.
;
open. See Oxygen.

overture, a proposal, beginning. (F. oxide, a compound of oxygen with a
— L.) O. F. overture, latter ouverttire, an non-acid base. (Gk.) Coined from ox-
opening, from O. F. overt, open (above). (for oxy-, as in oxj/-gen) and -ide, Gk.
Oviform, Oviparous ; see Oval. -ddris, like. See Oxygen.
Owe, to possess; hence, to possess Oxlip, a flower. (E.) A. S. oxanslyppe,
another's property, be in debt, be obliged. orig. an ox-slop, piece of ox-dung (a coarse
(E.) M. E. aên, awen, owen, orig. to name, like some other plant-names).—
'
possess.' A. S. dgan, to have, possess A. S. oxan, gen. case of oxa, ox slyppe, ;
(whence long o from A. S. a, and w for g). a slop see Slop. ; (So also cow-slip =
+Icel. eiga, to possess, have, be bound, cow-slop^
own ; Dan. eie, Swed. dga, O.H.G. eigan, Oxygen, a gas often found in acid com-
Goth, aigan, to possess. Teut. type *aigan-. pounds. (Gk.) Lit. ' acid-generator.' —
Allied to Skt. ff, to possess. Gk. o£i;-s, sharp, acid ; 761/-, to produce,
ought. (E.) The pres. tense of A. S. base oi yiyvoimi, I am born.
dgait is ic ah, really an old perf. tense OXymel, a mixture of honey and
;
hence was formed the new pt. t. dhte, M. E. vinegar. (L. Gk.) L. oxy e Ii. — Gk.
— m
ahte, aught e, oughte, mod. E. ought. 6£u/i€Ai. — Gk. d^V'S, sharp, acid; /xcAt,
owing, in phr. owing to = due to, honey ; see Mellifluous.
because of. (E ) Orig. pres. pt. oiowe, vb. OX3rtone, having an acute accent on
Owl, a bird. (E.) M. E. oule. A. S. the last syllable. (Gk.) Gk. o^vtopos,
?//(?.+Du. uil, Icel. ugla, Dan. ugle, Swed. shrill-toned. — Gk. d^v-s, sharp; tovos, a
ugla, G. eule, O. H. G. uwela. Teut. tone ; see Tone.
types *uwaldn-, *uwwaldn-, fem. Cf. Oyer, a term in law. (F. — L.) Oyer
also L. ulula, Skt. uh'ika-, an owl. The and terminer means, literally, * to hear and
sense is '
howler,' from an imitative determine.' — A. F. oyer (F. ou'ir), to hear.
root ; cf. L. ululdre, to howl. See — L. atidire, to hear.
Howl. Oyez, Oyes, hear ye (F. L.) Public ! —
Own (i), possessed by any one, peculiar criers begin by saying oyes, now corrupted
to oneself. (E.) M. E. aên, awen, owen, into oyes — A. F. oyez, 2 p. pi. imperative
.'
contracted to own by loss of e. A. S. dgen, oi oyer, to hear (above).

own, orig. pp. of dgan, to possess ;see Oyster. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.'E.oistre.
+
Owe. Icel. eiginn, Dan. Swed. egen, G. — A. F. oistre (F. huttre). — L. ostrea ; also
eigen, Goth, aigans. ostretcm.'^GV. oarpeov, an oyster; named
own (2), to possess. (E.) M. E. a^nien, from its hard shell. — Gk. bareov, a bone,
ahnien, ahnen, ohnen. A. S. dgnian, to shell see Osseous, Ostracise.
;
appropriate, claim as one's own ; denom. Ozone, a substance perceived by its

vb., from A. S. dgen, own (above). +
Icel. smell in the air after electric discharges.
eigna, to claim as one's own ; from eiginn, (Gk.) Gk. oôjv, smelling; pres. pt. of
one's own. Der. own-er. oêiv, to smell. See Odour.
364
;
PABULUM PAGE
PA-PE. Haml. iii. 4. 185; 0th. ii. i. 259. It is
a parallel formation to patile, frequent, of
Pabulum. (L.) L. pabuhim, food pat\ see Pat (i). Cf. Low O. paddebi, ;
from the base pa-, as seen in pd-zn, pt. t. to tramp about (Danneil), frequent, nf
oi pascere, to feed. See Pastor. pedden, to tread, or padjen, to walk with
Pace, a step. (F. — L.) M. E./aj. — F. short steps (Brem. W ort.) from pad, the ;
pas.^L,. passutn, ace. of pass us, a step, sole of the foot. See Pad (i). Cf. also
pace, lit. a stretch, distance between the Low G. pladdern, to paddle in water.
feet in walking. — L. passns, pp. oipandere, Paddle (2), a little spade, esp. to clean
to stretch. See Expand. a plough with. (E.) Formerly spaddle ;
Pacha ; see Pasha. dimin. of spade. See Spade.

Pachydermatous, thick - skinned. Paddock
(i), a toad. (Scand.) M. E.
(Gk.) From Gk. ttoxi^-s, thick; and ()fp- paddok, dimin. of Vi.\\. padde. &. \q?A.^
iiar-, stem of bepfxa, skin. Gk. traxvs is Icel. padda, Swed. padda, Dan. padde, a
allied to Skt. halm-, strong. See Derm. toad, frog.+Du. padde, pad; E. Fries.
Pacify. Y. pacifier.
(F. — L.)
'L.pdcl- padde. —
ficdre, peace.
to make
L. pan-, decl. — Paddock
(2), a small enclosure. (L.?)
stem of pax, peace ; -ficdre, for facere, to Not an old word used by Evelyn a cor- ; ;
make. See Peace. ruption of M. \i. parrok, spth par^vcke in

Pack, a bundle. (LowG.-L.?) M. E. Palsgrave. (So 3.\sopoddis/i iox porridge.')
—
pakke (r3th cent.). M. Du. pack (,Du. See Park.
pak) of Icel. pakki, Dan. pakke, Swed.
; Paddy, rice in the husk. (Malay.)
packa G. pack. [Cf. also Irish pac, Malay pddi, lice in the husk. It seems to
;
Gael, pac, from E. Bret, pak, from have been confused with Llind. hhdt,
;
Romanic; ItaX. pacco,¥. paqzi-et Late L. cooked rice; from Skt. bhakta, (properly)
;
paccics.'] Prob. of Late L. origin from boiled rice, food, orig. pp. of bhaj, to
;
the L. base pac-, as in pp. pactiis, from divide, possess, &c. (See Yu]e.)
pangere, to fasten (Korting). See Pact. Padlock, a loose-hanging lock. (E.)
Der. pack-age, with F. suffix -age (cf A lock for hampers, &c. prob. coined by ;
bagg-age) pack-et, from F. paquet, a adding lock to prov. E. pad, a parnier

;
packet, bundle, dimin. form from Low G. (Norfolk^ This word is also written
pakk, M. T)Vi. pack. ped\ see Pedlar.
Pact, a contract. (L.) L. pactum, an Paean, a hymn to Apollo. (L. — Gk.)
agreement. — L. pacttis, pp. ot paciscT, to L. /iZ'rt'/z. ~Gk. YlaLfiv, Yiamv^ (i) Paean,
agree, inceptive form of O. L. pacere, to Pseon, physician of the gods, (2) Apollo,
agree (Breal). Allied to pangere (pp. (3) a hymn to Apollo. Der. peon-y.
pacius), to fasten, fix; Skt. pac, to bind, Psedobaptism, infant baptism. (Gk.)
Gk. TT-qyvvfxi, 1 fasten. Brugm. i. § 200 From Gk. Txaiho-, representing vah, a
ii- § 79. child and baptism. Cf Pedagogue. ;
Pad a soft cushion. (LowG.?) Also

(
I ), Pagan, acountryman; hence, a heathen.
in the sense of 'saddle ' (Levins, 1570) (L.) L. pdgdmts, (i) a villager, (2) a
;
also in the sense of bundle (Halliwell). pagan, because the lustic people remained
* '
Of obscure origin. In the sense of cushion longest unconverted. —L. /^zâwwi", adj.,
beneath an animal's foot, it agrees with rustic. — L./J^//jr, a village, district, can-
M. Du., Low G., and Pomeranian pad, ton. Some connect it with pag-, base of
sole of the foot perhaps borrowed from pangere, to fasten as being marked out
; ;
Slavonic. Cf Russ. podoshva, sole of the by fixed limits see Pact. ;
foot ;podtishka, a cushion, pad also Page (0) ^ ôy attending a person of
;
lA\\\.padas, (the same). Cf. Pod. rank. (F.-LateL.— Gk. ?) M.E./r?^^.-

Pad (2\ a thief on the high road. (Du.) F. /la'^^. — Late L. pagium, ace. oi pagius,
We now ?,3.y foot -pad. Formerly ^.padder, a servant. Cf Span, page, Port. page?n^
one who goes on Xhepad^ i. e. foot-path. — Ital. paggio, a page. Etym. disputed.
Du. pad, a path see Path. (Many cant Diez thinks that Ital. paggio was formed
;
words are Dutch.) 'Der. pad, a nag, orig. from Gk. naidiov, a little chdd, dimin. of
pad-nag, a road-nag; pad, vb., to tramp. Trafy, a boy. (See Diez, Littre, Scheler.)
Paddle (i), to finger, dabble in water. Page (2), one side of the leaf of a book.
(LowG.?) Formerly also to finger, handle; (F. — L.) F. page.^h. pdgina, a page,
365
;;
PAGEANT PALEOLOGY
leaf. Orig. a leaf and named from the
; Pajamas, Pyjamas, loose drawers.
fastening together of strips of papyrus to (Hind. — Pers.) Mind, pdcjdvid, pdjdma,
form a leaf. — L. pag-, base oi patigei-e, to drawers, lit. leg-clothing.' — Hind, pde,
'
fasten (pp. âc-his <Cpag-ius). leg jama, garment. — Pers. pdi, cognate
;
pagêant, an exhibition, spectacle. with E. foot ;

Jamah, a garment (Horn,
(Late L. — L.) Orig, the moveable scaffold § 412).
on which the old mysteries were acted.
'
' Palace. (F.-L.) U.¥.. palais.^Y.
!sl. Y.. paoent (Prompt. Parv.), also/a^(?«, palais. — L.. paldtium, orig, a building on
pagyn formed, with excrescent t after w,
; the Palatine hill at Rome ; esp. a palace
from Late L.^cfo"/;za, a scaffold, stage for of Augustus on this hill. The Palatine
shows, made of wooden planks. — L. pd- hill issupposed to have been named from
gina, a page of a book in Late L. a plank
; Pales, a pastoral divinity.
of wood. Named from being fastened to- paladin. (F.-Ital.-L.) Y. paladin,
gether see Page (2). "Dev. page-ani-r-y.
; a knight of the round table. — Ital. pala-
Fagoda, an Indian idol's temple. dino, a warrior orig. a knight of the
;
(Port. —Pars.) From Port, pagoda, pa- palace or royal household. — L. paldtinus ;
gode, a pagoda. — Pers. lmi-kadak.,2in\ô\- see Palatine.
temple. — Pers. but, idol, image kadah, ; PalSBO- ; see Paleo-.
habitation. (The initial Pers. sound is Palanquin, Palankeen, a light
sometimes rendered by /, as in Devic's litter in which travellers are borne on men's
Supp. to Littre.) Perhaps confused with shoulders. (Port. -Hind. -Skt.) Cf. F.
Skt. bhagavatr, f venerable, as the name
, palanqtiin. From Port, palanqnim, a
of a goddess (Yule). palankeen. All from Hindustani palang,
Pail. (E.) M. E. paile. A. S. pcp.gd, abed, bedstead (Forbes) otherwise/^f/y^v", ;
a pail (Bosworth-Toller). See Anglia, viii. and (in the Carnatic) pallakki (Wilson)
450. Cf Dan./<;?o-^/, half-a-pint M. Du. ; palankeen (Yule). — Skt.
V?X\ pallanko, a
pegeK the contents or capacity of a pot. paryaiika- (Prakrit pallaiika-), a couch-
Partly, from O. F. paelle, a pan, liquid bed, bed. Apparently named from the
measure. — L. patella, dimin. oi patina, a support afforded to the body. — Skt. paj'i
pan. (= Gk. -nepi), round, about; aiika-, a
Pain. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. peine. - hook, also the flank.
F. peine, a pain, a penalty. — L. pana, Palate. (F.-L.) O. F. palat. - L.
punishment, penalty, pain. — Gk. Tvoivq, palatum, the palate, roof of the mouth.
penalty. Idg. type '^qoind cf O. Ir. cin,; Palatine. (F. — L.) In phr. 'count
a fault (Ir. cion), Zend kaend-, punish- palatine the proper sense is pertaining
;
'
'
ment, Pers. kin, revenge, Russ. tsiena, a the palace or royal household.' — F.
to
price, Gk. rivîv, to pay a price. Brugm. palatin. — L,. paldtmus, (i) the name of a
i. § 202. Cf. Pine (2). hill at Rome, (2) belonging to a palace
Painim ; Paynim.
see see Palace.
Paint. (,F. — L.) M.^.
peinten, vb. Palaver. (Port. — L. — Gk.) A parley.
<^¥.peint, pp. oipeindre, to paint. —L. — Port, palavra, a word, parole. —L.
pingere, to paint. See Picture. parabola.'^ Gk. TrapaôK-q see Parable. ;
Painter, a rope for mooring a boat. Pale (i), a stake, limit. (F.-L.) M. E.
(F. — L.) Assimilated io painter, one who paal. — F. pal, a pale, stake ' Cot. — L.
'
;
paints ;but also spelt penter (1661) and ; pdlum, ace. oi pdliis, a stake. For *pac-
perhaps adapted from 0.¥ .pe}itoir,pendoir slus, from pac-, to fasten, as in pac-isci,
(.Godefroy), a perch for hanging clothes to stipulate. Brugm. ii. § 76. % The
to dry, also strong cordage. —Late L. pen- heraldic pale is the same word ; so is
ditorium, a perch for clothes. Cotgrave pole (i).
hdii penteiir, the name of one of the ropes Pale wan. (F.-L.) O.Y.pale,
(2),
which pass over the top of a mast. From later paste (F. pdle'^)."!^. pallidum, ace.
Low L. '^pcnditiivi, for L. pensum, supine oipallidus, pale. Allied to Fallow.
oi penderc, to hang. Paleography, the study of ancient
Pair, two equal or like things. (F. — L.) modes of writing. (Gk.) — Gk. 7ra\ato-s,
^L E. peire. — F. paire, a pair;' Cot.— '
old, from -naXai, adv., long ago ypdcp-îv^ ;
Y.pair, like, equal ;' id.— L./ar^w, ace.

' to write.
of par, equal. See Par. paleology, archxology. (Gk.) From
366
— ; —
PALEONTOLOGY PALM
Gk. old -Xoyia, discourse, from
Trahaioî, ; is same whether read forwards or
the
Koyos, a word, Keyfiv, to speak. backwards. (Gk.) Such a word is madam.
paleontology, the science of fossils, — Gk, naXivdpo/j.os, running back again.—
&c. (^Gk.) From Gk.7raAai-oy, old outo-, ; Gk. vdXiv. again 5po/ioj, a running, from
;
decl. stem of cvv, existing -\oyia, dis- ; Zpai-Lilv, to run see DroniOdary.;
course, from \6yos, a word, Kiyciu^ to Palinode, a recantation, in song. (F.

speak. — L. - Gk.) F. palinodie (Cot.). - L.pali-
Falestra, a wrestling-school. (L. 7iodia.— G\<.. iraKncvhia, a recantation, esp.
Gk.) L. pahesira. — Gk. na\ai<TTpa, a of an ode. — Gk. vdKiv, back, again w'^rj^ ;
wrestling-school. — Gk. TraAatct*', to wrestle. an ode. See Ode.

— Gk. irdkTj, wrestling. Palisade. (F.-L.) Y. palissade, a
Paletot, a loose garment. (F.) Mod. row of pales. — Y .paliss-er, to enclose w ith
Y . paletot, formerly ?,\)c\t palletot, pailetoc. a pale, extended from
jjales. — F. palis,
a sort of coat whence M. E. paletok, used pal, a pale; see Pale (i).
;
of a dress worn by soldiers, knights, and Pall (i), a cloak, mantle, shroud. (L.)
kings, and usually made of silk or velvet. i\.^.pcEll.''Y. pallium, a coverlet, cloak ;
Explained by Diez a.?, palle-toque, a cloak Sievers, § So,

with a hood ; from 'L.palla, a mantle, and Pall (2), to become vapid. (F, — L.)
W. ioc, Bret, tok, a cap. Littre derives I'all is a shortened form of appal formerly ^
O. F. palletoc from M. Du. paltrok, a used in the same sense. Palsgrave has
mantle, but Franck says that this M. Du. palle and appalle, both in the sense of
word is taken (with alteration) from the losing colour by standing as drink does ;
O. F. word. Cf. Bret. /a//^/^, a peasant's also \ palle, I fade.' See Appal, '
robe ; from palleii, a covering (L. palld) Palladium, a safeguaid of liberty. (L.
;
and tok^ a cap. Whence also Span./Â? — Gk.) L. Palladium Virg. .^^n. ii- 66, ; J
toque. 183. — Gk, YiaKKdhiov, the statue of Pallas

Palette, a small slab on which painters on which the safety of Troy depended. —
mix colours. (F. — Ital. — L.) Y. palette, Gk. DaAXas (stem IlaAAaS-), Pallas, an
orig. a flat blade, spatula, and lastly, a epithet of Athene.
palette, — lizX.paletta, a flat blade, spatula Pallet (i), a kind of mattress, properly
dimin. oi pala, a spade, ^h. pala, a spade, one of straw. (F, — L,) M. PZ. paillet.'-
shovel, flat-bladed peel for putting bread Y paillet, a heap of straw, given by Littre
'
' .
into an oven. See Peel (3). as a provincial word. Cf. paillat, a pal-
Palfrey. (F.-^LowL,-C.) M. E. liasse, in patois of Lyons (Puitspelu ,
palefrai, palfj-ei.'Ô. F. palefrei (F. pale- Y. paille, straw. —L.

palea, straw, chaff.
froi).'~l.Qvi L,. paravej'eu'us, lit, ' an extra +Gk. ttoXt], fine meal Skt paldla, straw; ;
post-horse (White).
' —Low
L. para- (Gk. l\xis$. polcva, chaff; Lith. pe la i, pi., chaff.
rrapd), beside, hence, extra ueredus, a ; Pallet (2), an instrument used by pot-
post-horse, courier's horse, p. Here ue- ters, also by gilders also a palette. (F. —
;
redus stands for *vo-redus, from a Celtic Ital. — L.) It is a flat-bladed instrument
type *vo-reido-, a carriage-horse. Celtic — for spreading plasters, gilding, iscc. ; and
*vo {\v. fo-, W
.go-\, under, in and Celtic ; is a doulilet of Paletts.
*reidd, Gaulish L. reda, rheda, a carriage. Palliasse, a straw mattress. (F, L.) —
The Celt. *vo-reido- appears in W. go- F. paillasse (with // mouilles), a straw-
rwydd, a horse. The Celt, *reidd is from bed spt\tpaillace in Cotgrave. — F. paille,
;
the verb seen in O. Irish riad-aim, I travel, straw; with suffix -ace (^L. -a^^^j). — L.
ride, cognate with E. 7-ide (Stokes \ palea, straw. See Pallet (i).
^ Cf. Du. paard, G. pferd, O. H. G. pfer- Palliate, to cloak, excuse. (L.) From
frit, ahorse, also {rora paraveredns. L, pallidtus, covered as with a cloak.— L.
Palimpsest, a MS, which has been pallium^ a coverlet, cloak. See Pall (i).
twice written on, the first writing being Pallid. (L,) L. pallidus, pale.
partly erased. (Gk.) Gk. TraXi^-^rjaTov, a pallor. (L.) L. /aZ/t'/', paleness. — L.
palimpsest, neut. of TTaXifiipijcrTos, scraped pailere, to be pale, Ste Pale (2).
again (to renew the surface). — Gk, irdki/x- Pall-mall; see Mall (2).
(for ndXiu), again xprjaros, scraped, from
; Palminner part of the hand. (F.
,
I ), —
ipddv, to rub. L.) M. Y.paume, palm of the hand. — F.
Palindrome, a word or sentence that paitme. — Y.palvia, the palm of the hand.-f*
367
PALM PANEGYRIC
Gk. naXdfxr), the palm of the hand A. S. find Y. pamphileîht knave of clubs, from
;
fo/m, the same; O. Irish /dm, W. //azu. the Gk. name Pamphiliis similarly, I ;
Brugm. i. § 529 (2). T>qv. palm-isl-r y. should suppose that there was a F. form
Palm (2), a tree. (L.) A. S. palm.— *pamjilet, or Late L. *painphiletus, coined
L. palma, a palm-tree. Der. palm-er, from L. Pamphila (of Gk. origin), the
M. E. pal/jiere, one who bore a palm- name of a female historian of the first
branch in memory of having been to the century, who wrote numerous epitomes of
Holy Land hence a palmer or palmer- history. G. Paris suggests L. Pamphihis,
;
worm, a sort of caterpillar, supposed to be the name of a medieval Lat. comedy.

so named from its wandering about. Also We find Low \^2i\.. panjlettis (a. d. 1.544').
palm-ary, deserving the palm (of victory). Pan. (E.?) Vi.\L.pa7iiie. K.'S panne,
Palpable, that can be felt. (F.-L.) a pan, broad shallow vessel cf. Irish ;
F. palpable (Littre, Palsgrave). — L. palpd- panjzaj pan, a pan. — Late lu. paiina, W .
bilis, that may be felt— L. palpdre, pal- a pan (whence also Du. pan, G. pfanne,
pari, to feel, to handle. O. H. (j. pfannd). If not of Teut. origm,
Palpitate, to throb. (L.) From pp. it may be a corrupted form of L. patina,
of L. palpitate, to throb. a shallow bowl, pan, bason. Der. pati-
Palsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^.Y.. palesy, cake; pannikin (,M. 'Dw. panneken).
fuller form parlesy. — ¥. paralysie. —L,. Pan-, prefix, all. (Gk.) Gk. Ttdv, neut.
paralysin, ace. oi paj'a lysis. — G]!i. irapd- of rr&i^ all.
Kvais see Paralysis.
; Panacea, a universal remedy. (L.—
Palter, to dodge, shuffle, equivocate. Gk.) 1^. panacea. — (Ji^. iravaKeia, a uni-
(Scand.) Spelt paidter in Cotgrave, s. v. versal remedy ; allied to navaKTjs, all-
harceler. The to haggle, to
orig. sense is healing. — Gk. ndv, all (above) ; aKiOfiai,
haggle over such worthless stuff as is called I heal, d'/cos, a remedy.
paltrie in Lowland Scotch. More literally, Pancreas, a fleshy gland, commonly
it is to deal in rags, to trifle ; see further
' ' calledsweet-bread. (L. — Gk.) l^.paticreas.
below. — Gk. Ttd'yKpea'i, sweet-bread; lit. 'all
paltry, worthless. (Scand.) Lowland flesh,' from
its softness —Gk. ttSlv, all;
Sc. paltrie is a sb., meaning trash so ;
Kpias, flesh, for ^Kpefas ; cf. Skt. kravya-,
also Norfolk paltry, ' rubbish, refuse,' raw flesh, L. cru-dus, raw. See Pan-
Forby. But both sb. and adj. are from an and Crude.
old sh. palter, rags, which is still preserved Pandect, a digest. (F. - L. - Gk.)
in Danish and Swedish. wed. paltor, —S Usually in pandects. — M. F. pandectes,
pi.
rags, pi. of palta, a rag, tatter ; Dan. pi. {Cot.). — l^.pandectcE, the title of a col-
pialter^ rags, pi. oi pialt, a rag. |3. We lection of laws made by order of Justinian ;
find the adj. itself in Low G. palt7'ig, also (in sing.) pandectes. — G'k. irai'deKTai,
ragged, ixom palte, a rag, piece torn off a pandects; from Gk.Traj'Sf/fT?;?, all-receiving,
cloth and in prov. G. palterig, paltry,
; comprehensive. — Gk. irdv, all; 54xofJ.ai, 1
from palter (pi. paltern), a rag (Fliigel). receive. See Pan-.
We find also M. Du. palt, a fragment, Pandemonium. (Gk.) The home of
Friesic palt, a rag E. Fries, palterig,
; all the demons. — Gk. irdv, all ; 5ai/j.ovi-,
paltrig, ragged. Possibly of Slavonic for Sai/xcxjv, a demon ; see Pan- and
origin. Cf. Russ. polotno, platno^ linen, Demon.
platitc, to patch. Pander, Pandar, a pimp. (L. - Gk.)
Pampas, plains in S. America. (Peru- L. Panda7'us. — Gk. Tldvdapos, a personal
vian.) The final s is the Span. pi. suffix. — name the name of the man who procured
;
Peruvian pampa, a plain. for Troilus the favour of Chryseis. The

Pamper, to glut. (O. Low G.) Fre- name is from Homer (II. ii. 827); but the
quent, from Low G. pavipen, to cram. — sto7y belongs to medieval romance.
Low G. pampe, broth, pap, nasalised form Pane, a patch of cloth, plate of glass.
of pappe, ]-'ap. Cf. Low G. (Altmark) (F. — L.) M.E.pa7ie,a portion. — F. pan,
pampen, pappen, to cram oneself (Danneil). 'a pane, or pannell
piece, ;
' Cot. — L.
See Pap f i). patmum, ace. of patinus, a cloth, rag,
Pamphlet, a small book. (F.?-L. ?- patch. Allied to Vane.
Gk.?j Spelt /a;;//?^/, Test, of Love, pt. Panegyric. (L.-Gk.) \.. panegyri-
\ii. 9. 54. Elym. quite uncertain. We cus, a eulogy; from L. pattegyricus , adj.
36S
;,;;
PANEL PANTRY
— Gk. fit for a full assembly,
TravrjjvpiKos, Pansy, heart's-ease. (F. — L.) F.
j
festive, solemnhence applied to a festival pensê, a thought also, the flower paun-
;
'
;
oration. —Gk. 7raj/777i;/>is, a full assembly. >ic' Cot. (It is the flower of thought or
;
'
— Gk. Trdv, all -rjyvpis, related to 0.70^0, remembrance.^ Prop. fern, of pp. of F.
;
a gathering, a crowd. penser, to think. —L. pensdre, to weigh,

Panel, Fannel, a board with a sur- jonder, frequent, of pendere, to weigh.
rounding frame, &c. (F. — L.) M. K. See Pendant. Cf. Chaucerian Pieces,
panel, (i) a piece of cloth, sort of saddle, xxi. 62 (note).
(2) a schedule containing jurors' names Pant, to breathe hard. (F.-L.?-Gk.?)
the general sense being little piece.' — M. E. pajiien, to pant (15th cent.). The
'
O. ¥. panel, M. F. paneati (Xsiier panneazi) O. F. pantais (Godefroy) meant shortness '
'a pannel of wainscot, of a saddle,' &c. ; of breath, in hawks,' and was a term in
Cot. — Late 'L. paiinelhim^ dimin. oi pa7t- hawking. So also F. pantois, short-
72HS, a cloth see Pane. ; Der. em-panel, winded, V. pantelerîo pant; Gascon /a«-
im-panel, to put upon a panel, enroll tacha, to pant A. F. pantoiser. The ;
jurors' names. O. F. pantais is a verbal sb. from O.F.

Fang, a sharp pain. (E. ?) Spelt prange pantaisier, to breathe with difficulty cf.
'
;
of love' Court of Love, 1. 1150 (ed. 1561)

;
Prov./aw/azVfXjtopant, dream. Prob. from
M. E. pTonge, a throe, a woman's pang Late L. *phaniasidre, by- form of phan-
(Prompt. Parv.). The sense is a sharp tasidrijio imagine, dream (Ducange).—
*
stab,' a prick see Prong. ; For the loss Gk. (pavraala, a fancy; see Fancy. (G.
of r, cf speak for spreak. Paris, in Romania, vi. 628.) Not from ^
Panic, extreme fright. (Gk.) Gk. to W. pantu, which does not mean to press
naviKov, Panic fear, supposed to be in- (Diez), but to sink in, indent.
spired by the god Pan. — Gk. iraviKos, adj., Pantaloon (i), a ridiculous character,
from Udv, Pan, the rural god of Arcadia. buffoon. (F. — Ital. — Gk.) Y.pantalon. —
Panicle, a form of inflorescence. (L.) Ital. pantalone, a buffoon from the per- ;
L. pdjn'cula, a tuft ; double dimin. of sonal name Fantaleone, common in Venice,

pdmis, the thread wound round the bobbin St. Fantaleone being a well-known saint in
of a shuttle. +
Gk. tttjvos, the same. Allied Venice. Prob. from Gk. iravTaXeajv, lit.
to \.. pannus, cloth see Pane. all-lion,' a Gk. personal name. — Gk.
;
'
Pannage, food of swine in woods, (b travTa-^ all Xiojv, lion. . ;
— L.) hx\^ô-Y panage W.Y pasnage, . pantaloons, a kind of trousers. (F. —

\ .
'
pawnage, mastage, monie for feeding oi Ital. — Gk.) Y.pantalon, so called because
swine with mast;' Cotgrave. — Late L. worn by Venetians. — Ital. pantalone, a
pasndticiwi, pastidndticum, pannage. — Venetian see above. :
Late L. pastiondre, to feed on mast, as Pantheism, the doctrine that the uni-
svfmc.'^'L. pastidn-, stem o\ pastio, glaz- verse is God. (Gk.) From Pan- and
ing, used in Late L. to mean right of Theism see below. ;
pannage. —L. /fli'^-z^j', pp. oi pascere, to pantheon. (L.-Gk.) Y. pantheon.

feed. — Gk. -cavQiiov, a temple consecrated to
Pannier, a bread-basket. (F. — L.) all the gods. — Gk. -udv, all ^ffoj, divine, ;
M E. panier. "Y panier. — L. pdndrium, from êu?, god.

.
Cf Panther, a quadruped. (F.- L.-

.
a bread-basket. — L. pditis, bread.

Pantry and Company. Gk .) M. E. pantere. - O. F. panthere. -
Pannikin, a little pan. (L. with E. L. panthera, panther. — Gk. ndve-qp, a
;
suffix:) Dimin. of Pan. Cf. M. Du. panther prob. of Skt. origin. A sup- ;
^
pamieken, ^'tst[:>\i3.\. pdnneken, the same. posed derivation from irdv, all, Orjp, a
Panoply, complete armour. (Gk.) Gk. beast, gave rise to numerous fables.
vavonXla, full armour. — Gk. irdv, all Pantomime, a dumb actor later, a ;
onX-a, arms, armour, pi. of 6n\ov, an im- dumb show. (F. -L.-Gk.) Y. panto-
plement, from Gk. enw, I am busy about. mime, an actor of many parts in one play.
Erugm. 657.
ii. And see Pan-.
§ — Y. pantomTmus. — Gk. iravTofxifios, all-
Panorama, a kind of large picture. imitating, a pantomimic actor. (.jk.-rravTO-, —

(Gk.) Lit. a view all round.' — Gk. irdv,
' for nds, all fîpLos, a mime, imitator
;
see ;
all opa/jia, a view, from opdoj, I see.

; See Pan- and Mimic.
Pan- and "Wary. Pantry. (F.-L.) M. E. pantrie.-
369 N
——^
PAP PARADOX
O.Y . pani- papyrus. — Qi]^. Trdirvpos. an Egyptian rush
pajieteyie.'—'LzX&l.. pdnetdria, \
tdria, a place where bread is made or or flag, of which a writing material was '
kept. — Late L. pdneta, one who makes made. Prob. of Egyptian origin,
bread, - L. /J«-w, bread, food; ci. pas- Par, equal value. ^L.) L, /Jr, equal. \
cere, to feed. y^'^FX.) Perhaps allied to Pare. j
Fap (i), food for infants. vE-) P<^p- Para-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk, irapa, beside.
;
'
'
mete for chylder Prompt. Parv. â. d. Allied to Skt. para, away, from, L, per^
'
1440). Cf. M. Y.. pappe, only in the sense through, and to 'E.for- infor-give.
of breast.'
*
Of infantine origin, due to Parable. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.^.para-
the repetition of pa, pa, in calling for bo/e.— O. F. parabole. — L. parabola, Mark
food cf. L. papa, pappa, the word
; by iv. 2. — Gk. TTapai3o\T], a comparison, a
which infants call for food. So also Du. parable. —
Gk. 7ra/3a/3dA\eij/, to cast or put
pap, E. Fries, and G. pappe., pap Dan. ; beside, to compare. — Gk, Trapd, beside ;
pap, Swed. papp, paste-board. Cf, pap /Sa-Weij/, to cast. Brugm. ii. § 713.
K2\, Papa. parabola, a certain plane curve. (L.
pap (-% a teat, breast. (E.) M. E. — Gk.) L. parabola. — Gk. napaôXr], the
pappe. Cf. M. Swed. papp, the breast ; ;
conic section made by a plane /ara//t7 to
changed, in mod. Swedish, to patt. So ;
the surface of the cone see Parable,
;
also Swed. dial, pappe, N. Fries, pap, \

Parach.ute, an apparatus for break-
pape, Litliuan, papas, the breast. Much ;
ing a fall from a balloon. (F.— L,) F.
the same as Pap i,i) . and due to Uie i
/ara^/^w/*?, lit. that which parries or guards

infant's call for food. I
against a fall, — F, para-., as in para-sol;
Papa, father. i^F. — L.) Not found in ! and chute, a fall. Here para- represents
old books; rather, borrowed from F. /a/a. j
Port, or Ital. parare, to ward off; and
— L. papa, a father, bishop, pope. Cf. \ chute is equivalent to Ital. caduta, a fall,
h. pappas, a tutor, borrowed from Gk. j
orig. fern, of tiz^^//(?, fallen, from L. rac/t?r<;,
ndmras, papa: Homer, Od. vi. 57. Due j
to fall. See Parasol.
10 the lepeiition oi pa, pa ; see Pap î), I
Paraclete, the Comforter. (^L. — Gk.)
Pope. \^'L. paradet us. — G\s.. irapaKXTjTOi, called to
papal, belonging to the pope. {P.— j
one's aid, the Comforter (.John xiv. 16).
L.) F. papal. — Late L. pdpdlis, adj., j
— Gk, -napaiiaXiiv to call , to one's aid.
from L. p'^pa, a bishop, spiritual father, j
Gk. irapd, beside KaXuv, ; to call.
Cf. Gk. jj-dn-as, Tr6,mjas, papa, father Parade, display. ;F.-Span.-L.) F.
(above). parade, a show, also '
a stop on horse-
Papaw, a fiuit. iSpan. W. Indian.)— back,' Cot. The latter sense was the ear-
Span, papaya (Pineda). — Carib ababai. lier French, — Span, parada, a stop,
in
See Yule. halt, from parar, vb., to halt, also to get
Paper. (L. -Gk,- Egyptian ?^ A. S. ready. — L. parare, to get ready. See
paper; directly from L. papyrus; see Pare. The sense display was due to '
'
Papyrus. the F, verb parer, to deck, trim, from the

papier-maclie, paper made into pulp, same L. parare.
moulded, dried, and japanned. (,F. — L.) Paradigm, an example, model, ^.F.
F. papier, paper, from L. ace, papyrum ;
L. — Gk.) F. paradigme. — L. paj'odigma.
F. mdcht!. lit. chewed, pp. of mdc'her, L, — Gk. TTopdSeiyfxa, a pattern, model, ex-
masticdre, to chew. See Masticate. ample of declension. — Gk. irapd, beside ;
Papilionaceous, having a winged SfiKyvjM, I point out, show. See Dic-

corolla resembling a butterfly. (L.)i tion.
Coined, with suffix -dccus, from h. papi- Paradise. (L. - Gk. - Pers.) L.para-
lion-, stem of papilio, a butterfly see ; disus. — Gk. napaSfiaos, a park, pleasure-
Pavilion. ground ; an oriental word of Pers. origin.
Papillary, belonging to or resem- — Zend paiHdaeza, an enclosure, place
bling nipples or teats, warty. (L.) From walled in. — Zend pairi (= Gk. Trt/jt),
h. papilla, a small pustule, nipple, teat ;
around diz (Skt. dih^, to mould, form,
;
dimin. of papula, a pustule. Lithuan. + shape (hence to form a wall of earth),

papas, a ie^t, pampti, to swell out. See VDHEIGH ; see Dough.
Prellwitz, s. v. TripapL^. Paradox. (F.-L.-Gk.^ F. para-
Papyrus. (L.-Gk.- Egyptian?) L. dox e. — L. paradoxuni, neut. oiparadoxus
370
;; —.;
PARAFFINE PARAPHERNALIA
adj.— Gk. 7ra/ja5o£oj, contrary to received lines. — Gk.
irapdWrjKo-s, parallel (above);
opinion. — Gk. irapa, beside 5o£a, ; opinion, from ypd<p(iv, to write.
ypdpipui, a line,
from ooKfiv, to seem ; see Dogma. parallelopiped. L. Gk.) So -
Faraf5.ue. (F. — L.) Named from its wntten a mistake iox parallelepiped.-'
;
having but small affinity with an alkali.— L. parallelepipedu7n. — Gk. vapaXXrjXf-

Y. paraffijie.^'L. par-tan, little; affinis, ninfOov, a body formed by parallel sur-
having iiffinity see Affinity.
; faces. — Gk. napdkkrjX-os, parallel fTrt- ;
Farag'Oge, the addition of a letter at wfSov, a plane surface, neut. of (Triir(8os,

the end of a word. ^L. — Gk.) [Thus, in on the ground, from km, upon, and iridov,
tyran-t, the final letter is paragogic.~\—\.. the ground.
paragoge. — GV.. -rrapaytuyrj, a leading by or Paralogism, a conclusion unwar-
past, alteration. — Gk. napdydv^ to lead ranted by the premises. 'F. — L. Gk.) —
past. — Gk. irap-d, beyond d-yeiv, to lead
; ;
F. paralogisme.^L. paralogismzts. — Gk.
see Agent. irapakoyia pios a false reckoning or conclu-
,
Paragon. ^F. - Span.

F. - Gk.^ M. sion.— Gk. TrapaAoYtXoftaj, I misreckon.
paragon. ^M. Spnn. paragon, a model of Gk. vapd, beside, amiss koyiôpiai, ; I
excellence. Cf. Ital. paragone^ ' a para- reckon, from koyos, reason see Logic. ;
gon, a match, an equal Florio and Ital. ;

' ; Paralysis. (L. -Gk.) L. paralysis.
paragonare, tocompare. The latter answers — Gk. vapakvais, a loosening aside, dis-
to the Gk. TTapa!{ovd(iv, to rub against a abling of nerves, paralysis or palsy. —Gk.
whetstone (hence, probably, to try by a irapakviiv, to loosen aside. — Gk. vapd^
touchstone, compare). — Gk. -nap-d, beside beside kvuv, to loosen, allied to Lose.
;
dKovq, a whetstone, allied to olkIs, a sharp Der. paralyse, from F. paralyser, verb
point. (VAK.) See Tobler, in Zt. fur formed from F. sh. paralysie, paralysis.
roman. Philol. iv. 373. Also pai-alytic, from (jk. TrapakvTiKOi,
Paragraph, a passage of a
short afflicted with palsy. Doublet, /a/jy.
book. F. — L. — Gk.) Actually cor- Paramatta, a fabric like merino.
rupted, in the 15th century, \tiio pargrafte^ (New Wales.) So named from Para-
S.
pylcrafte, and pilcrow — F. paragraphe. — ! matta, a town near Sydney, New South
Late ]^. paragraphti?ti ace. oipai-agraphtts.
, W ales. Properly spelt Pari-a77iatta the ;
— Gk. irapdypacpos, a line or stroke in the lit. sense is place of eels'

where parra '
;
margin, a paragraph-mark hence the ; represents eels, and mattay place. Farra-
paragraph itself. — Gk. irapd, beside; 7natta is also the name of the river
ypdcpeiv, to write ; see Graphic. (N. B. Cab7-ainatta, ten miles off, is not a river.
The pilcrow or paragraph -mark is now Paramount, of the highest import-
printed •[.) ance (F. — L.) O.Y.par a77i07it, at the
Parallax, the difference between the top, above, lit. by that which is upwards.'
'
real and apparent places of a star. (Gk.) "L.per, by; ad monte77i, to the hill, up-
Gk. irapaXXaîs, alternation, change; also \\ ards ;where 7?iontem is ace. of 771011s, a
parallax ''in modern science}. — Gk. vapaX- hill. See Mount.
Kdaanv, to make things alternate. — Gk. Paramour. (F. - L.) M. E. par
irapd, beside oKKdaauv, to change, alter.
; a77iour, with love an adverb, phrase.
; orig.
from aAAoj, other see Alien. ;
— Y.par a?7ionr, with love where par<, ;
Parallel, side by side, similar. (F.— l^. per, and a77iour is from L. a77idrevi, ace.
L. -Gk.) M. F. paralle/e. Cot. - L. of atTtor, love. See Amatory-

parallelus. — Gk. irapdW-qXos , parallel, Parapet, a rampart, breast-high. (Y
beside each other. — Gk. irap-d, beside — Ital. — L. ; F. pai-apet. — Ital. parapetto,
*d\KrjXos, one another, only in the gen. a wall breast-high ; lit, '
guarding the
dat. and ace. plural, p. The decl. stem breast.' — Ital. pa7-are, to adorn, also to
akXrjXo- stands for dXAo- dAAo-, a redupli- guard, parry; petto, hieast-.^L. para re,
cated form, lit. ' the other the other or '
to prepare, adorn pectus, the breast. See
;
'
one another ' from Gk. dAAo?, other
;
;
Pare.
see Alien. Paraphernalia, ornaments. (L. —
parallelogram. (F. - L. - Gk.) Gk.) property which a
Properly the
M. F. paralelograme, Cot.— L. parallelo- bride possesses beyond her dowry.
graimnuin. — Gk. vapaXkrjKoypapLpLov, a Formed by adding L. neut. pi. suffix
figure contained by two pairs of parallel -alia to Late L. parapher7i-a, the pro-
37
; ; ,
PARAPHRASE PARHELION
perty of a bride above her
over and whence Span, parche, the end of a drum.
dower. — Gk. irapcKpepva^ that which a Cf. also prov. F. pois sans parche, for poi:
bride brings beyond her dower. — Gk. sans parchemin; Vocab. du Haut Maine, by
napoLj beside; (pfpvrj, a dower, that which is C. R. de M., Paris, 1859. See further below.
brought, from cpipeiv, to bring, allied to Parchment. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
E. Bear (i). perchef?iin. — O. F. parchemin. — L. per-
Paraphrase. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. gamina, pe7gamena, parchment fern, of ;
paraphrase. — \^. paraphrasing ace. oi para- L. Fergamemis, belonging to Pergamos

phrasis. — Gk. ti a pa.(ppa(ns, a paraphrase, (where parchment was first invented).—
free translation. — Gk. Trapa, beside; (ppdais, Gk. nepyaprjVT] parchment, from Tlep- ,
a phrase, from (ppdêiu, to speak see yapLos, TiepyapLov, Pergamus, in Mysia of

;
Phrase. Asia Minor.

Faraquito, Parakeet, a little par- Pard, a panther, leopard. (L. — Gk.)
rot. (Span.) Span, periquito., a little L. pardiis. — Gk. irdpSos. An Eastern
parrot, dimin. of perico, a parrot. Diez word; cf. Feis. pars, a pard; Skt. p/'clahz(,
supposes /m^<? to be a nickname, mean- a leopard. Der. leo-pard, catnelo-pard.
ing little Peter,' dimin. of Pedro, Peter.
' Pardon, forgiveness. (F. — L.) M. E.
See Parrot. — F. pardon, sb. — F. pardonner,
pardoun.
Parasang, a measure of distance. to forgive. —Late 1^. perdonare to remit a
(Gk.— Pers.) Gk. napaad-y^rjs, of Pers. debt, pardon. — L. per, fully; dondre, to
origin. Mod. Pers. farsang, ferseng, a give see Donation.
;
league. (Horn, § 8i8.) Pare, to shave off. (F. L.) M. E. —

Parasite. (F.-L.-Gk.)
F. para- paren. — F. parer, to deck, trim, pare. — L.
site. — l^.parasTiiis. — Gk. Trapdanos, eating pardre, to get ready, prepare.
beside another at his table, a flatterer, Paregoric, assuaging pain. (L. Gk.) —
toad-eater. — Gk. -napd^ beside; airos, L. paregoriciis, assuaging. — Gk. naprjyopi-
wheat, food. Grig, in a good sense see ; Kos, addressing, encouraging, soothing. —
Gk. Lex. Gk. TTaprj'yopeTv, to address. — Gk. irapd,
Parasol, a sun-shade. (F. Port. — L.) — beside uyopd, an assembly, whence also
;
F. parasol, an umbrello
' Cot. — Port. ;
' dyopeveiv, to address an assembly.
parasol (or Ital. pai-asole), an umbrella to JParent. (F. — L.) F. parenl, a kins-
keep off the sun's heat. — Port. /ara-r iôr man. — L,. parenl-, stem ofparens, a parent,
Ital. pai-are), to ward off; sol (Ital. sole), lit. one who produces. — 1.. parere, to pro-
sun. — L. parare, to prepare; solem, ace. of duce. Brugm. i. § 515.

sol, sun.Parry and Solar.
See Parenthesis.- (Gk.) Gk. -napivOâis,
Parboil. (F. — L.) It now means '
to an insertion, a putting in beside. — Gk.
boil insufficiently,' by confusion with. pari. nap-d, beside ; c »', in ; Oiais, a placing ; see
The old senseto boil thoroughly.'
is ' — Thesis.
O. F. parboillir, to cook thoroughly, also, Parget, to plaster a wall. (F. -L.)
to boil gently (Godefroy). Late h. par- — Nearly obsolete once common. M. E. ;
bulllre, L. perbullJre, to boil thoroughly. pargetett as if from O. F. pargeter, to

;
— L. per, through ; and btillire, to boil spread abroad, cast around. Late L. per-
see Boil (i). jactdre (not in Ducange, but found in the
Parcel. (F. -L.) M. E. parcel. - F. 14th cent.). Cf.Perjacio, Anglice, to
'
parcelle, a small piece or part. — Late L. perjette ;

' Vocab. 602. 7. As if from L.
particella, only preserved in Ital. parti- per, fully; iactdre, to cast, frequent, of
cella, a small part. Dimin. of L. particula; iacere, to See Jet (i). 2. But
throw.
see Particle. really substituted O. F. porgeter, to for
Parch, to scorch. (F. - L.) Very rough-cast a wall (Godefroy). — L. proiec-
difficult. M. 'E.parchen, to parch. Not tdre, to cast forth ; from pro and iactdre.
the same as M. E. perchen, to pierce, an Cf. WaWooxi porget^, to parget (Remade).
occasional form oi peixen, to pierce; the % Also spelt spargetten, where the s of
sense being too remote. I suggest that it spargetten = O. F. es-, L. ex (intensive).
meant to dry or harden like parchment Parhelion, a mock sun. (L.-Gk.)
from O. F. parche, a shortened form of parhelion. — Gk. vaprfXiov ,\\ex)X. ofiraprj-
'L..
parchment which actually occurs (Bartsch, \ios, beside the sun. — Gk. nap-d, beside;
Chrestomathie, 1887, col. 309, 1. 16); ijKios, sun ; see Heliacal.
372
',
PARIAH PARRY
Fariall, an outcast. (Tamil.) Tamil — 'L.parochia, same as parcccia, a parish ;
paraiyan, corruptly pariah, Malayalim see Parish.
farayan, a man of low caste, performing Parody. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. K. andF.
the lowest menial services ; one of his parodie. — V.. parodia.^Gk. vapwdla, also
duties is to beat the village drum (called irapcpdrj, a song sung beside (i. e. in imita-
parol in Tamil), whence, probably, the tion of) another. — Gk. nap-d, beside (p^rj, ;
appellation of the caste. (H. H. \Yilson.) an ode. See Ode.

Parian, belonging to Paros. (Gk.) Parole. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. parole, a.
Paros is an island in the ^gean sea. word, esp. a promise the same word as ;
Parietal, forming the walls, applied Prov. paraula. Span, palabra ( = *para-
to two bones in the front of the skull. bla), Vort. pdlavra. — La.{e\.. parabola, a
(L.) L. parietalis, belonging to a wall. discourse L. parabola, a parable.
; See
— l^.pariet-, stem o( paries, a wall. Parable, Palaver.
Parish. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. pa- ParonymOUS, allied in origin alike ;
rische. — F. paroisse. — L. paroecia. — Gk. in sound. (Gk.) Gk. irapwvvpos, formed

TiapoiKia, a neighbourhood; hence an from another word by a slight change. —
ecclesiastical district. — Gk. vdpoiKos, Gk. -napd, beside ovvpa, a name. ; Der.
neighbouring. — Gk. -nap-d, near oIkos, paronom-as-ia, a slight change in a word's
;
house, abode, allied to Vicinage. Der. meaning, from Gk. irapojuopaaia, better
parishion-er, formed by adding -er irapovofxaaia.
(needlessly) to lA.'E. parisskett <0. F. Paroxysm. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.parox-
paroissien, a parishioner. ysme. — L. paroxysmus. — Gk. -napo^vapLos,
Paritory ; see Pellitory. irritation, the fit of a disease. — Gk. -nap-
Parity, equality. (P\— L.) Y. parity. o^vveiv, to irritate. — Gk. irap-d^ beside;
— L. paritdtem ace. of paritds, equality. u^vveiv, to sharpen, from o£us, sharp.
,
'~\u. par, equal. See Oxygen.

Park, an enclosed ground. (E. ?) Parquetry, a mosaic of wood-work
=
Park O. F. pare, is a F. spelling. M. E. for floors. (F. — Teut. ?) F. parqtieterie. —
parrok, an enclosure, A. S. pearrnc, pear- F. parqueter, to inlay a wooden floor. —
roc. Cf. Irish and Gael, paire, ^ park F. parquet, a wooden floor orig. a small
. ;
and parivg (<E. parrok). The word is enclosure dimin. of F pare, a park.
; .
common in Teutonic tongues, as in Du. See Park.

pe7'k, Swed. Dan. park, G. pferch, and Parricide, (0 the murderer of a
is prob. Teutonic ; cf. M. E. parren., to father; (2) murder of a father. (F. — L;
enclose. Hence, probably, Late L. parens, or L.) The former is the older E. sense,
parricus, an enclosure ; whence F\ pare, and answers to F. parricide, L. parriclda,
lta.\. pareo, Spa.n. pan/ ne. for older pdrietdas (Brugm. ii, § 190), a
Parley. (F. - L. - Gk. ) F. par/er, sb. murderer of a relative. — L. parj-i-, for
speech, talk, a parley. — F. par/er, vb., to pari-, a relative (cf. Gk. ttt/os, a relative,
speak. — Late L. paraboldre, to talk. — L. Prellwitz, s. v. vdopaC) and ecidere, to ;
parabola see Parable.

; kill (whence -eida, a slayer). 2. The
parliament. (F.-L.-Gk. with F. second sense is directly from L. pai'ri-

;
suffix^ M. E. parlement. [We also find cTdinm, the murder of a relative, from
Late L. parliaments f?i, corresponding to the same sb. and vb.
our spelling /ar/?aAV^«/.] — F. parlement, Parrot. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.Perrot,o{
'
a speaking, parleying, a supreme court which the lit. sense is liltle Peter,' given
;
'
Cot. — F.parler, to speak (as above) with to the bird as a nickname see Cotgrave.
: ;
F. suffix -ment (L. -tfientum). Also written Pierrot, both forms being from
parlour. (F. — L. - Gk.) M. E. par- Pierre, Peter. — L. Petrum, ace. of Petrus,
lour, parhir. — O.Y parloir, a parlour, Peter. — Gk. vkrpo^, a stone, rock; also
.
lit. a room for conversation. — Y parl-er,

. Peter. Der. F. perroquet, borrowed from
to speak ; with suffix -oir <,Y,. -dtorium Span, perichito or periquito, dimin. of
;
so that parlour answers to a Late L. form Perico, Peter see Paraquito. ; The %
'^paraboldtoritan, a place to talk in. (Cf. F. word prob. imitated or translated
is
F. dortoir <L. doj-mitorium.) See above. from Span, or Portuguese.

—
Parlous. (F. L.) Short for /t-rzY^/^j- Parry, to ward off. (F. - L.) Formerly
Parochial. (L.-Gk.) \..pardchidlis. \pame, sb., a warding off. From F.parê
373
,
PARSE PARTURIENT
fem. pp. used as equivalent to Ital.
; participate. (L.) From pp. of L.
parata, a defence, guard. — F. parer, to participdre, to take a part. — L. particip-,
prepare, also to guard, ward oft". — L. /a- stem oiparticeps, sharing in. — L. parti-,
rdre, to prepare. See Pare. decl. stem oi pars, a part capei'e, to take. ;
Parse, to tell the parts of speech, (L.) participle. (F. - L, ) The / is an E.

To parse is to tell qwx pars orationis,' i.e. insertion, as in syllable. — Y.pai'ticipe.'^l-..
'
what part of speech a word is. — L. pars, participiiini a participle; supposed to ,
a part. See Part. partake of the nature both of an adjectival

Parsee, an adherent of the old Persian sb. and a vb. — L. particip-, stem of par-
religion, in India. (Pers.) Pers. pdrsl, a ticeps, sharing in see above. ;
Persian. — Pers. Pars, Persia. particle. (F.-L.") F./ar/zV?^/^ (i6th

Parsimony, frugality. (F.-L.) M. F. cent.). — L. particula, double dimin. from
parsimoJtie Cot. — L. parshnonia, better parti-, decl. stem oi pars, a part.
;
parcimonia. — L./a;rz-,for/a?r//j, sparing; partisan (i), an adherent of a party.

— —
with suffix -monia (Idg. -monyd). Allied (F. Ital. L.) Y. partisan. — Ital. parti-
\.o partere, to spare. giano, a partner answering to a Late L.
;
Parsley. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly form *partttidnus. — L. partitus, pp. of

perse ly. — 1^ persil older form peresil. — partirT, to part, divide. — L. parti-, decl.
. ;
L. peh-ose^fnum. " Gk. ircTpoaeKcvoi', rock stem of pars, a part. Others (see Kor-
parsley. — Gk. veTpo-s, rock, stone cre- ting), give the Late L. fonn as *partensi-
;
\ivov, a kind of parsley see Celery. ; anus, extended from part-, stem oipars,
Parsnep, Parsnip. (F.-L.) For- a part.
merly parsnep, and still better pasmppe, Partisan (2), Partizan, a halberd.
as in Palsgrave the r being intrusive. —
; (F. — Ital. — L. ?) M. Y .pertuisane, 'a par-
O. F. pastenaque, a parsnip (by dropping tisan, or leading-staffe,' Cot. O. F. pour- ;
/^). — L. pasltndca, a parsnep: perhaps tisaine (15th cent., Littre) pertesane ;
orig. a root dug up. Perhaps from L. (Godefroy, s. v. pertuisanier).'^lt2i\. par-

pastindre, to dig up. — L. pastinum, a tegiana, a partesan, iauelin ; ' Florio.
'
two-pronged dibble. %
The ending -nep [The M. F. pertuisane is an accommodated
was assimilated to that of turnep. spelling, to make it look like M.F./,?r/z/zV(?r,
Parson. (F. L.) —
M. E. persone, to pierce through, due to Y.. per-tti?idere.']
which also means person see Late L. Cf. Late L. partesdna, pertixdna. j3. Ap-
;
persona, a person of rank, a choir-master, parently connected with the word above,
curate, parson (Ducange\ See Person. as if the weapon of a partisan (Diez).
^ Blackstone gives the right etymology, Partition . ( F — L. ) F partition — . . .
but the wrong reason the Late L. per- L. ace. partttionem, a sharing, partition. —
;
sona was applied to rank or dignity, L. partitus, pp. of parttri, to divide. — L.

'
'
and had nothing to do with a fanciful parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part ; see
embodiment of the church in the parson's Part.
person 1 Der. parson-age. partner. (F. — L.) curious corrup- A
Part. (F. — L. ) F. part. - L. partem tion of ^L Y. parcener., frequently misread
,
ace. oi pars, a part. Orig. a share,' that and misprinted 3.spartener, by the common
*
which is provided from the same root as confusion between c and t in MSS., and
;
portion. Brugm. i. § 527. Der. part, through the influence oi part. — O. Y. par-
vb. partake, partial, 8cc.
; cener, M. Y .pai'sonnier, 'a partener, or co-
partake. (F.-L. ; a;2i/Scand.) For parcener Cot. — Late L. *partttiondrius
; '
part-take, i. e. take part. Wyclif has part- of which the shorter form partiondi'ius
takynê, i Cor. x. 16 (earlier version). occurs. —L. partition-em, ace. oi partitio,
See Part and Take. a sharing, share see Partition. ;
—
Parterre. (F. L.) F. parterre, an Partridge, a bird. (F. L. Gk.) - -
even piece of garden -ground. — Y .parterre, M. E. pertriche. — F. perdrix, where the
along the ground. —L. per terrain, along second r is intrusive. — L. perdicem, ace.
the ground. See Terrace. of perdix. — Gk. ir4p8i^, a partridge.
Partial, (f'. - L.)F. partial. - Parturient, about to produce young.
'Lo.xel^. partialis, referring to a part only. (L.) \.. parturient-, stem of pres. pt. of
L. parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part, parturire, to be ready to produce young.
See Part. From part-, as in part-iis, pp. of parere,
|
374
;.
PARTY PAT
to produce. Brugm. § 778.
ii. Tier, par- passaticum, a right of passage. — Late
\..
tiir-it-ion, F. parturition. L. passdre see above.

; Der. passenger,
Party. (F. — L.) M. E, /ar//^, usually for M. Y.. passagcr.
a part. — O. F. partie,
' a part, a party Passion. (F.-L.) F. passion. ^1^.
;
Cot. — L. partita, fern, oi partiliis, pp. of passionem, ace. oi passio, (properly^ suffer-
partTrt, to divide. See Partition. ing. - L. passtis, pp. of pati, to suffer.
Parvenu, an upstart. ^F. — L.) F. See Patient.
parvenu, lit. one who has arrived, hence, passive. (F.-L.) F. passi/.^l,.
one who has thriven. Pp. oi parvenir, to passiuus, suffering. — L. /^wz/j (above).
arrive, thrive. — L. per-uenire, to arrive, Passport. vE.-L.) F. passeport,
come through. — L. /^r, through: uenJre, written permission to travel from a port,
to come see Venture.
; Hi.c.'^Y. passer, to pass /i?r/, port, from ;
Parvis, a- porch, room over a porch. h. portzis; see Pass and Port (2).
{F.-L.-Gk.-Ptrs.) O. F. parvis, a Paste. (F.-L.- Gk.) 0.¥\ paste; F.
porch, outer court before a house or /^/7t'. — Late L. pasta^ paste. — Gk. TraoT?/,
church variant oi parevis, pareis, parais, a mess of food orig. fem. of iraarU, be-
; ;
paradise (Low 'L. paravlsus).-^!^. paradi- sprinkled, salted from -naaanv, to sprinkle. ;
sus, a church-porch, outer court, paradise. The orig. sense was a salted mess of food.' '
See Paiadise. The v was inserted in Der. past-y, M. E. pastee, O. F. pastti (F.
pare-is, to avoid hiatus. pate), a pasty past-r-y, orig. a room in ;
— —
Pasch, the Passover. (L. Gk. Heb.) which pasties were kept (of. pantry,
A.S. pasc/ia. — L. pascha. -" Gk. -naoxa. — buttery). And see Patty.
Yi&h.pesakh, a passing over the passover
; Pastel, a coloured crayon. (F. — Ital.
;
lixod. xii. II. — Heb. pdsakh^ he passed — L.) An artist's term. — F. pastel^ 'a
over. pastel, crayon;' Hamilton. — Ital. /«^-
Pash, to dash. (Scand.) Swed. dial. iello, a pastel. — L. pastilliun, ace, oi pas-
paska, to dabble in water, Norweg. baska, tilhis, a little loaf or roll; the pastel being
to dabble in water, tumble, work hard named from being shaped like a roll. Dimin.
;
the same as Dan. baske, to slap, taxes, to oipastus, food. — L. /fl'j-///i-, pp. oi pascere,
box, Norw. haksa, to box; Swed. dial, to feed. ^
Not allied io paste see pastille ;
baska, basta, to beat ; from bas-a, to beat below.

Cp. prov. E. bash, of which it is a mere pastern. (F. — L.^ ¥ oxmerlypas tron;
variant. And see Plash., Ba,ste (i). Palsgrave. — M. F. pasturon, the pastern '
Pasha, Pacha. (Pers.) Also bashaw. of a horse ' Cot. [Y pdturon^ So called ;
.
Pers. bdshd, bddshdh, a governor of a pro- because a horse at /^j/z/;'^ was tethered by
vince, great lord ; the same as pddshdh, a the paster7i the tether itself was called \
prince, great lord ; lit. a protecting pasture in O. French. — O. F. pasture, pas-

'
king.' — Pers. /a^/, protecting; shah, king. ture. See pasture.

See Bezoar and Shah. pastille, a small cone of aromatic
Pasqnin, Pasquinade, a lampoon. .substances, to be burnt in a room. F.-L.)
(F. — Ital.) (Formerly also /aj'^z^zV; M. F. Y pastille, a little lump or loaf; see Cot-
.
pasqnille.) — F. pasquin (whence pasquin- grave. —L. pastil hi jn, ace. oi pastillus, a
ade), a pasquin, lampoon. — Ital. Fas- little loaf; dimin. oi pastus, food; see
quino, ' a statue in Rome on whom all Pastel.
libels are fathered
;
'Florio. From the Pastime. (F. — L. and E.) From ;
name of a cobbler at Rome, whose stall pass and time; imitating Y passe-temps. .
was frequented by gossips his name was

; Pastor, a shepherd. {Y. L.) For- —
transferred to a statue found near his stall merly pastour.Ô.Y pastour.^'L. pas- .
at his death, on which the wits of the time torem, ace. of pastor, a shepherd, lit.
secretly affixed lampoons ; see Haydn. feeder.' — L. pasttis, pp. of pascere, to
'
—
Pass, to move onward. (F. L.) feed, an inceptive verb pp. pd-ui. ;
M. E. passen.^F. passer. -mj^zte h. pas- (yPA.) Der. pastor-al, F. pastoral, L.

sdre, to pass. — L. passus, a step see pastora lis, adj.
;
Pace. (3. Diez takes Late L. passdre to pasture. (F.-L.^ O. F. pasture, a

be the frequent, form oipandere^ to stretch feeding. — L. pastura, a feeding. — L. /aj-
it makes but little difference. i?is, pp. oi pascere, to feed.
passage. (F.-L.) F /ajj^^^. — Late Pat

vi^, to strike lightly. (E.) In
375
,
PAT PATRIOT
Bacon, Nat. Hist. § 63. Most likely from vulgar language, the head (Flligel) M. ;
a by-form of A. S. plccttan, M. E. platten. H. G. plate, a plate, shaven pate. All

pletten (see Stratmann), to strike ; for from Gk. nXarvs, flat, broad. Cf. M. F.
loss of / cf. patch (i). Cf. Swed. dial. pate, a plate ; Cot.
pjdtta, to pat, pldtta,
to tap (Rietz) ; Paten. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. patene
Bavarian patzen, to pat ; E. Files, pa f/cu, (Cot.). ^L. patina, patena, a flat dish.—
to splash G. patscJicn^ to tap, splash ;
; Gk. TTaravrj, a flat (open) dish. See Pan
G. platzcn, to crack M. Du. pletten,
; and Patent.
'
contundere,' Kilian. Of imitative origin ; Patent, open, public; as sb., an official
cf.Tap, Dab, Paddle. document conferring a privilege. (F. — L.)
Pat (2), a small lump of butter. (E.) M. Y,. patente, a patent; so called because
Cf. Irish pait, a hump, lump, paiteog, a open to general inspection.— O. P\/<2/^w/
small lump of butter Gael, pait, paiteag (fern, patente), patent, wide open. — L.
;
(the same) w^here the form pait is bor- patent-, stem of pr. pt. of patere, to lie
;
rowed from E. Prob, from the verb pat open. Cf. Gk. ireTavvvfxi, I spread out.
(i) above, as being /^//^^ into shape just (yTET.)
; Brugm. i. § 120 (note).
as dab, a small lump, is from the verb to Paternal. (F. L.) F. patemel. - -
dab. Late \^.paterndlis, fatherly. '''L..paternus,
Pat (3), quite to the purpose. (E.) Due fatherly. — L. pater, father. Perhaps
to a peculiar use oi pat, to strike, tap see formed with suffix -tej- of the agent from
;
Pat (i). *
It will fall [happen] pat;" -^PA, to feed, guard. See Father.
Mid. N. Dr. v. 188. Cf. dab, sb., an Path, a way, track. (E.) A. S. pceti,
adept, from the verb to dab. pad, a path.-J-Du.â^, G. pfad.
Patch (i), a piece sewn on a garment, Pathos. (Gk.) Gk. irdOos, suffering,
a plot of ground. (E. ?) M. E. pacche. emotion. — Gk. -naOuv, used as 2 aor. infin.
Apparently a by- form oi platch. 'Plateh, of iraax^'-v (for *vad-aKUv), to suffer.
a large spot, a patch, a piece of cloth Allied to TTtvO-os, grief. "Dev. path-et-ic,
;
sewn on to a garment to repair it ' Dial, from O. F. pathetiqtie, L. patheticus , Gk.
of Banffshire, by W. Gregor. Cf. Low G. naOrjTiKos ; extended from TraOrjros, subject
plakke, plakk, (1) a spot, (2) a patch, (3) to suffering.
a patch or plot of ground also M. E. ; Patient. (F. L.) O. F. patie7it. - -
plekke, a plot (of land), Dm. plek, a patch L. patient-, stem of pres. pt. of pati, to
of ground. suffer. Der. patience, F. patience, L.
patch. (2), a paltry fellow. (E. ?) patientia.
Temp. iii. 2. 71. Patch meant a fool or Patois, a vulgar dialect of French.
jester, from the parti-coloured or patch- (F. — L.) F. patois, country talk ; which
like dress; Wolsey had two fools so named stands for an older form patrols, given by
(Nares). The same word as patch (i). Godefroy (Diez, Littre).— Late L. /a/rz-
Der. patch-ock, a clown, a dimin. form, ensis, a native hence, belonging to the ;
Spenser, View of Ireland, Globe ed., p. natives. — L. pat^-ia, native country. —L.
636, col. 2 ; spelt pajock, Hamlet, iii. 2. patri-, (or pater, a father.
295. patriarch. (F. L. Gk.) O. F. - -
—
Patchouli, a scent. (F. Dravidian.) patriarche. — L. patriarcha. — Gk. ttot/w-
r. patchouli of obscure origin.
; Appar- apx'/^j chief of a race or tribe. Gk. —
ently from E. patcha-leaf, i. e. ' green iraTpi-d, a race ; apxî^v, to rule. See
leaf,' imitating the vernacular pacha-pdt Arch- (prefix).
where pat is Hind, for ' leaf.' Or from patrician, a Roman nobleman. (L.)
Dravidian words meaning 'green leaf.' Formed, with suffix -an, from L. patri-
Cf. Tamil pachchai, green, ilai, leaf ci-us, noble a descendant of the patres,;
(Knight) ; Malayalim pachchila, green i. e. senators or fathers of the state.

leaf (Gundert) Canarese pachcha, green,
; patrimony. (F. — L.) M. E./a/rz-
yele, leaf (Reeve). nionie. — ¥ patritiioine. — Y.. patrimonitim,
.
Pate, the head. (Unknown.) M. E. an inheritance. — 'L,. patri-, iov pater, father;
pate. Of unknown origin perhaps sug- with suffix -monium (Idg. -mon-yotn).
;
gested by Late L. platta, the clerical ton- patriot. (F. -Late L. - Gk.) O. F.
sure. Cf. M. T>\\. platte, 'vertex rasus,' patriot e.'-haie L. patriota. — GV. irarpioj-
Kilian; G. platte a plate, a bald pate, in Tj]s, properly, a fellow-countryman. — Gk.
376
;;
PATRISTIC PAWL
iraTpia, a race, from Trarpi-^ for iraT-qp. a "'i.. paucitdtein,z.cc. oi paucitds, fewness.
father. ^ The mod. sense of patriot — L. pazicus, few allied to Few.
;
arose in French. Paunch. (F. L.) -

O. F. panche
patristic, pertaining to the fathers ( ! icard also ponce
) ; F. panse. — L. pan- ;
of the church. (F. — L.) F. pati'istique ticc/n, ace. o\ pantex, belly, paunch.
(Littre).Coined from L.. patri-, pater, ti Paiiper. (L.) 1.. pauper, poor. Patt-
father with the Gk. suffixes -isi- and -ic.
; is allied to panctis, ievv ; -per, (perhaps)
Patrol, a going of the rounds in a gar- to L. pardre, to provide. Lit. '
provided
rison. (F.) Y .
patrotiiile, 'a. still night- ^\ith little.'
watch in warre Cot. Lit. a tramping ;
Pause, a stop. (F. - L. - Gk.) F.
'
about from O. F. (Picard) patrouiller. to /awj^. — Late L. pausa. — ijV. -navais, a

;
paddle in water, the same word (but with pause, ceasing. — Gk. vavftv, to make to
inserted r) as patotiiller, to paddle or cease ; iraifaOai, to cease. Doublet,
dabble in with the feet also patrolli, in pose, q. V. ;
the patois of Lyons (Puitspelu). Formed Pave. (F. -L.^ Vi.Y.patien={pave7i).

from O. Y pate {V.fatte), the paw or foot f^Y paver, to pave. — Late L pavdre, cor-
. .
of a beast. Of uncertain origin perhaps rupt form of L. patilre, to beat, strike, ;
imitative. Cf. Late 1.. pata, the foot of a ram, tread down. Cf. ^V\.. povi-, thunder-
cup, base of a tower also G. patsche, an bolt. Der. pavement, Y pavement, L.
; .
instrument for striking the hand, patsch- pauimentuvi, a hard floor, from pauire,
fuss, web foot of a bird patschen, to to ram also pav-i-or (cf. laiu-y-er), from
; ;
strike, dabble, walk awkwardly; Low G. F. pavenr, a paver,' Cot. '
paitjen., to paddle in water with the feet Pavilion. (F.-L.) W.Y.pavilon.--

(Richey) Bavarian patzen, to pat
; see F. pavilion, a tent so called because ; ;
Pat (i). Hence also Span./a/a, paw, spread out like the wings of a butterfly. —
%
patullar, to run through mud, patrullar, Y.. pdpilionein, ace. oi pdpilio, (i), a but-
to patrol and Ital. patttiglia, a patrol terfly. (2) a tent.
;
(without the inserted r). Pavin, Pavan, a stately Spanish

Patron. (F.-L.) ¥. patron. ^l.,pa- dance. F. — Span. — L. — Pars. — Tamil, (
)
trojiujn, ace. of pati-onus, a protector Y pava7ie.'-S\)2in. pavana. a grave dance ;

.
extended from pair-, stem of pater, (see Favan in Nares). Prot'. from a Late
father. L. *pdvd7ms, peacock-like, from the row
patronymic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. of stately dancers (Scheler) cf. Span. ;
pat7-onymique. — L. patronymicus. — Gk. pava, a peahen, a turkey, pavada, a flock

TraTpcovvixiKos, belonging to the father's of turkeys, pavo, adj., like a peacock
name. — Gk. TraTpuvvfxia, a name taken (whence pavonear, to walk with affected
from the father. — Gk. naTp-, for Trarrjp, gravity). — Late Y. pdviis, earlier Y. pdiio,
a father 6vo/ua, a name
; see Name. a peacock. See Peacock.
;
Fatten, a clog. (F.) Formerly /a/^;z. Pavise, a large shield. (F.) Also
— ¥. patin, a patten, also a foot-stall of spelt pavese, pavish, pauice, pauys, paues.
'
a pillar;' Cot.- M.F. /a/^ {¥. patte), a — F. pavois, a great shield Late L. ' ; '
paw or foot of a beast, 'also a foot -stall pavensis. (Span, paves Ital. pavese, ;
of a pillar;' Cot. See Patrol. pavcsce, Florio.) Of uncertain origin

Patter, to strike frequently, as hail. perhaps from the city oi Pavia, in Italy.
(E.) A frequentative of pat; see Pat Godefroy has the adj. pavinois, paviois,
(i). Cf. prov. E. (Lonsdale) pattle, to pavois, pavaiz, adj. de Pavie as in the ' ;
'
pat gently. phr. escus pavaiz, shields of Pavia.

Pattern, an example, model to work Paw. (F.) iA.Y. pawe, powe, Si-^^\y.
by. (F.-L.) M. E. patron; (the old — A. F". powe, O. Y.poe, a paw the same as ;
spelling). "Y
patron, a patron . also a Prov. pauta, Catalan pota, a paw.
.
*
.
Cf.
pattern, sample Cot. See Patron. ;
Low G. pote, Y>\x. poot (whence G. Pfote),
'
Patty, a little pie. (F.-L.-Gk.) a paw. Perhaps from an imitative root

Mod. Y.pdti; O.Y.pastd, a pasty. —Late cf. Y. patte. Franck takes Y)\x. poot to be
L. pastdtum, neut. of pp. of pastdre, to of Teut. origin. Cf. E. Fries, pote, pot,
make paste. —Late L. pasta, paste; see paw.
Paste. Pawl, a short bar, as a catch to a wind-
Paucity, fewness. (F. — L.) Y.paucite. lass. (F. — L.) O. Y. pauI, va.nant oi pa/.
377
— '
PAWN PEAL
pel, a stake (whence Du. pal, Swed. pall, King Horn, 803, to mean heathen lands.' '
Norw. pall, a pawl cf. W. pawl, a pole,

;
— O. F. paienisme, lit. paganism Late L. ;
stake, bar). — L. pdhim, ace. oi pdlus, a pdgdnis7nus. Formed with suffix -ismiis,
stake. See Pale (i). from L. pdgdn-us, a pagan. See Pa-
Pawn (i), a pledge. (F.-Teut.) F. gan.
pan, a pane, piece, panel, also a pawn,
* Pea, a vegetable. (L.) YormsxXj pease,
gage, skirt of a gown, pane of a hose,' pese M. E. pese, pi. pesen or peses. A. S.
;
&c. ; Cot. In the sense of pane/ F. pisa, pi. pisan. — L. pTsum, a pea.+Gk.
'
pan is of Latin origin see Pane. In the maos, a pea. (y'PIS.)

;
sense of * pawn,' F. pan is rather from Peace. (F. - L.) M. E. pais. - O. F.

Du. pand; cf. G. pfand, O. H. G. phant, a pais (F. paix).''L. pdcem, ace. oi pax,
pledge. Der. im-pazvn, to put in pledge, peace, orig. a compact cf. pac-, as in ;
to pledge ;
pawn, vb. see Pact.
pac-tnm, a bargain ;
Pawn (2), a piece at chess. (F,— L.) (i), a fruit. (F. L.Peach
Pers.) — —
—
M. E. patme, poune, poun. O. F. paon, a "^l.M. peche.'Ô.Y. pesche, a peach. L. —
pawn (Roquefort), 3\?,o poon (Littre) ; but persicum, a peach ; so called from grow-
the older form is pco7t {¥. pion), agreeing ing on the Fersica arbor^ Persian tree.
with Span, peon, a foot-soldier, pawn, Ital. Pers. Pars, Persia.
pedone, a foot-soldier, pedona, a pawn Peach. (2), to inform against. (F. — L.)
(Florio). — Late \.. pcdonem, ace. oi pedo, Short for M. E. apechen, to impeach, a
a foot-soldier. — L. /i?^-, stem oi pes, foot. variant of impechen, to impeach, by the
5[ The O. F. paon is the same word cf. ; substitution of prefix a- (L. ad) for m-
Y.fao7i (E.faian), from Late l^.fetonem, (L. in). See Impeach.
shewing the same substitution of a ior e Peacock. (L. — Pers. — Tamil and
; ;
there is no need to connect it with Y.paon, E.) M. E. pecok, pocok where cok = E. ;
a peacock, as Littre does, ignoring the Ital. cock. We also find M. E. po A. S. pea, ;
and Span, words. pdwa; all from L. pduo (whence Du.

Pawnee, drink. (Hind. — Skt.) Hind. paauw, G. pfau, F. paon). The same
pdnT, water. — Skt. pdniya, allied to pdna, as Gk. TacDj, for rafSis, a peacock the ;
a beverage. — Skt. pa, to drink. change from t to / being due to the fact
Paxwa^f:, strong tendon in the neck of that the word was foreign both to L. and
animals. (E.) M. E. paxwax, also ex- Gk. — Pers. tdwus, tans, a peacock. — O.
f
wax, the latter being the right form (see Tamil tokei, idgci, a peacock see Max ;
Prompt. Parv.). — A. S. feax, fex, hair Miiller, Lect. on Lang. i. 190 (ed. 1891).
;
weaxan, to grow. Thus the lit. sense is %

Also pocock, which is still a surname.
perhaps hair-sinew,' because it is where
'
Pea-jacket, a coarse thick jacket.
the hair ends cf. G. haarwachs, a tendon. (Du. and F.)
;
The prefix/<?a- is borrowed
Pay ( I ), to discharge a debt. (F.— L.) from Du. pij, pije, a coat of a coarse
M. E. paien. — O. F.paier,paer {¥. payer), woollen stuff Hexham has M. Du. pije, ;
to pay, to content. — L. pdcd?e, to pacify a pie-gowne, rough gowne, such as sea-

;
'
in late Lat., to pay a debt. — L./a^-, stem men weare.' The same as Low G. pije,
of pax, peace see Peace.
; N. Fries, pie, pie-jdckerL'-M. Dn. pije, or
Pay (2), to pitch the seams of a ship. pije-laken, a rough or a hairy cloath * ;
(F. -L.) A. F. peier (O. F. poier, Gode- Hexham. Prob. from F. pie, a mag-pie ;
froy), to pitch. — L. picdre, to pitch. —L. cf. E. pied, spotted. See Pie (i). Also
pic-, stem oipix, pitch see Pitch. ; %
The Low G. pije, pigge, pyke (Brem. W.), per-
M. E. word for pitch is pels, from A. F, haps from 1.. pica.
'
'
pets (O. F. pots pitch ,

from L. ace. ; Peak. (F.-L.) lA.F.pec. [Cf. Irish
picem. peac^ a sharp-pointed thing from F.peak.'] ;
Paynim, Painim, a pagan. (F. — L.) A variant of pike, q. v. Cf. dial, of

'The paynim bold;' F. Q. i. 4. 41. Normandy pec, a hob (or mark) in the
M. Y.. paynim, a pagan but this sense is game of quoits (Godefroy, s. v. pec) also
; ;
due to a singular mistake. A paynim is Low G. peek, a pike, pointed weapon.

properly not a jyian, but a coimt7y or Peal, a loud sound, chime of bells, noise
district, and is identical with paganism, of a trumpet. (F. — L.) A shortened form
formerly used to mean heathendom, or of appeal, M. F. apel, appel; Cot. gives
the country of pagans. Rightly used in appel, pi. appeatix, * chimes.' Note also
378
';
PEAN PEDANT
M.
E. apel, an old term in hunting-music the name given to the peccary in Oronoko
this we now call
I
(Halliwell) ; peal. The

2^. (Clavigcro, Hist. Mexico); Span. pacqu ire
'
prefix a- was prob. mistaken for the K. (Pineda).

i
indef. article. The O. F. apel is from 0. 1"".

I
Peck
(i', to strike with the beak, to
apeler, vb. ; see Appeal. pick up. (L.) M. E. pekken, used as
Fean ; see Psean. equivalent to pikken, to pick or peck up.
Pear, a fruit. (L.) A.S). peril, pere.— A
mere variant oi pick see Pick. ;
"L. pin{??i, a pear (whence also Ital. perd. Peck

(2,, a dry measure, 2 gallons.
Pearl. (F.-L.?) M.E./<?r/^.-F./^r/d?, (F.-L.?) M.E. pekke, a iêck. A. F.
*
a pearl, a berrie Cot.
;
'Of unknown and O. F. pek. From the \G\h pekken, to
origin ; we find also Ital., Span., Prov. peck or snap up cf. E. peck, to pick up ;
peria, Port, peroia, perla. Cf. Low L. (as a bird) prov. H.peck, meat, victuals.
;
perula, the end of the nose (7th cent.). [So also F. picotin, a peck (measure),
Perhaps for L. *pirula, i. e. a little pear, picoter, to peck as a bird.] See Peck
from L,. pi7'um,Q. pear; cf. SY)QXi. pertlla, (O, Pick.
(i) a little pear, (2) a pear-shaped orna- Pectinal, lit. comb- like. (L.) FromL.
ment, jNI. Ital. perolo, a little button on pectin-^ stem cApecten, a comb. — \j.pectere,
a cap. Perhaps suggested by the various to comb. 4" Gk. rreKTfiv, to comb, from
senses of L. bacca, (i) a berry, (2) olive- iT€/cfiv, to comb. (y'PEK.)
berry, (3) round fruit, (4) a pearl (Horace). Pectoral, belonging to the chest. (F.
See Purl (2). L.) —
F. pecforal.-'L. pectordlis, adj.,
Pearl-barley. (F.-L.; and'E.) F. from pector- (for *pectos) stem of pectus, ,
07-§e pej'U, pearl-barley (Hamilton) but the breast.

;
Der. poitrel.
this seems to be a corruption of orge peU, Peculate, to pilfer. (L.) From pp.
' pilled barley,' Cot. See Peel (i). of L. peciildri, to appropriate to one's
Peasant. (F. — L.) O. F./az>a«^, an- own use. Formed as if from ^pecilliim, for
other form of O. F. paisan, a peasant (cf. peculium, private property see below.
; ;
IXoX.paesano, Span. pauaîo, a compatriot). peculiar, one's own, particular. (F.—

Formed with suffix -an (L. -djzus), from L.) M. F. peculier.'^'L,. peculidris, one's
O. F. pazs (F. pays), a country (cf. Ital. own. — L. pecfdium, private property;
paese, Span, pais, Port, pats, a country). closely allied to peciinia, money; see
— Late L. pagense, neut. of pagensis, be- below.
longing to a village. — L./a^Mj, a village, pecuniary. (F.-L.) yi.Y. pecuni-
district. See Pagan. aii'e. — l^.pecunidrites, relating to money or
Peat, a kind of turf for fuel. (C.) property. — L. peciinia, property. — O.L.
Latinised as peta (Ducange) whence pecti, cattle cf. pecu-a, neut. pi., cattle of
; ;
petdria, a place for getting peat. Ap- all kinds, property pecus, cattle. Cf. Skt.;
parently from O. Gael, pett, a piece, from pactc, cattle, cognate with Goth, faihu,
\<J.peth, a thing, a piece. See Piece. property, A..S.fcoh, G. vieh, cattle.
Pebble. (E.) A. S. papol-stdn, a peb- Pedagogue, a teacher. _(F. - L. Gk.) -
ble-stone. M
^.pedagogue. — 'L.pcedagogus. — Gk. iraLh-
Peccable, liable to sin. (L.) Coined ajQjyos, a slave who led a boy to school
as if from L. *peccdbilis, from peccdre, to hence, a tutor. — Gk. iratS-, stem of nais, a
sin. Brugm. i. § 5S5. boy dyaryus, leading, from dytiv, to lead.
;
peccadillo. (Span. — L.) ^^2,^.pecca- The Gk, n(us = TTafis, allied to L. puer, a
dillo, pccadillo, a slight fault; dimin. of boy. See Puerile, Puberty.
pecado, a sin.— L. peccdtum, a sin. L. —Pedal, belonging to the foot. (L.) The
peccdtus, pp. oi peccdre, to sin. pedal keys in an organ are acted on by the
peccant, sinning. (F.— L.) First used feet. Lv. peddlis, belonging to the foot. —
—
in plir. ^peccant humours.' — F. peccant, \.. ped-, stem oi pes, foot.+A. S.fot, foot.
sinning ; Vlmmeur peccante, corrupt See Foot.
*
—
humour;' Cot. L./^rraw/-, stem of pres. Pedant. (F. - Ital. - Gk. ?) M. F.
pt. oi peccdre, to sin. pedant. ~\i2X. pedante, 'a pedante, or a
Peccary, a quadruped. (F. — Carib- schoolmaster, the same as pedagogo ;
bean.) F. pecari, a peccary (Buffon).— Florio. The suffix -aiite is a pres. partici-
Carib. pakira, the name used in Guiana pial form the stem ped- is prob. the same
;
;
see N. and Q., 9 S. iv. 496. Q,i. pachira, as in \\.-A. pedagogo, and therefore due to
379
,; ^
PEDDLE PEER
Parv. ; Norfolk ped (Forby)
Gk.iraideveiv (whence aLat. form *J>aeddre) Lowl. Sc. ;
to instruct ; see Pedagogue. peddir, a pedlar (Jamieson). The orig.

FeddlCf to deal in small wares. (E. ?) sense oi ped was 'hamper,' and the word
Coined from the sb. pedlar, later form of may be related to pad. See Padlock.
peddar; see Pedlar. Pedobaptism, infant baptism. (Gk.)
Pedestal. (Span.-Ital.-L. and G.) From Gk. -naiho-^ for Traf?, a boy; and
Span, pedestal, ' the base of a pillar,' baptism. Cf. Pedagogue.
Minsheu ; borrowed from Ital. piedestallo, Peel (i), to strip off skin. (F.-L.)
'a footstall or treshall [threshold] of a From unskin
F. peler, to Cot. (Cf AL
'
'
;
door ; ' Florio. Lit. '

foot-support.' Com- Ital. pellare, to unskin * Florio). — O. F.
'
;
pounded as if from L. pedeni, ace. oi pes, pel^ s\im.. — l^.pellem, ace. oi pellis, a skin.
a foot; and O. H. G. stal (G. stall), a See Fell (2). %
Confused with Y.piller ;
stall ; see Stall. see below.

pedestrian. (L.) Properly an adj.; Peel (2), to pillage. (F.-L.) In Milton,
from L. pedestri-, decl. stem, of pedester^ P. R. iv. 136. Distinct iYonvpeel, to strip ;
one who goes on foot. For '^pedit-tr- ;
another spelling oi pill see Pill (2). ;
from pedit-, stem oi pedes, one who goes Peel (3), a fire-shovel. (F. — L.) Once
on foot with sufiix -ter (Idg. -ter). Fed-it-
; a common word. — O. F. pele (Littre), F.
is from ped-, stem of pes, foot; and It-um, pelle^ a fire-shovel. — L. pdla; see Pa-
z>^, to go.
supine of Brugm. ii. § 123. lette.
pedicel, pedicle, the foot stalk of Peel (4) a small castle. (F. - L.) M. E. ,
fruit, (F. — L.) Pedicel is from mod. F. pel, a small castle, orig. a stockade or
p^dicelle but pedicle (older and better) wooden fortress. — O. F. pel (also /a/), a
;
—
from M. F. pedicide, a leaf-stalk; Cot. L. stake. L. pdlum, ace. oi pdlus^ a stake. —
pediculus, little foot, foot-stalk, pedicle See Pale (i). ;
double dimin. oi ped-, stem oi pes, foot. Peep

(1), to chirp, cry like a chicken.
pedigree. (f--L.) Old spellings (F. - L.) M, E. pipen. - O. F. piper, also
pedegree (1627) pedigrew (1570) ; pety- pepier, to chirp as a bird. — L. pipdre^
;
grewe (1530). Also, in Prompt. Parv. pTpTre, to chirp. See Pipe (i) and Peep
(1440) pedegrti, petygru, with slight varia- (2).
tions, explained by lyne of kynrede and
'
Peep (2), to look through a narrow
awncetrye, Stemtna, in scalis^ Also aperture, (F. — L.) Palsgrave has: 'I
peedegrne,'Lrj^g^X.Q. (1426; inPolit. Poems, peke or prie, le pipe hors;^ i.e. I peep
ii. 138), A. F. pee de grne, foot of a out. Thus peep is directly from F. piper
crane from a three-line mark (like the
; lit. to pipe, but also used in the sense to
broad arrow) used in denoting succession peep. [It arose from the exclamation
in pedigrees. — L. /^<f<?///, ace. oi pes, foot pipe 1 (Du. dial, piep .', Molema), made
de, of; gy-ueni, ace. oi grus, a crane, cog- by a hider in the game oi peep-bo, bo-peep,
nate with E. Crane. or hide-and-seek; cf. Du. ^\z.\. piepen, (i)
pediment, an ornament finishing the to say piep! (2) to peep out.] Cot.
front of a building. (L.) The N. E. D. gives F. piper to whistle, chirp like a
^
'
shows that the older form ^2A periment, bird, cousen, deceive, cheat, beguile;'
described as a workman's term, and pipee, the peeping or chirping of small
'
corrupt English. 1 suggest that a peri- birds, counterfeited by a bird-catcher, also

ment was substituted for operiment a , a counterfeit shew pipe, a bird-call.'
;
'
'
covering from L. operimenttcm, covering

; The F. piper is from L. pipdre, piplre, to
(common in the Latin Vulgate version of chirp see Pipe.
;
the Bible). — L. operire, to cover. A Peer (i), an equal. (F. L.) The -
pediment forms a sort of cover over doors, twelve /^<?rj- of France were of eqical rank.
niches, &c. For the etymology of L. M. E. pere, per. — O. F. per, peer^ later
operire, see Cover. (Perhaps influenced pair, a peer ; or as adj., equal. — 'L.parem,
by confusion with iinpeditiient.') ace. oi par, equal. See Par. Der. peer-
Pedlar, Pedler, Peddler, a dealer less.
in small wares. (L. ?) Peer (2), to look narrowly, pry. (E.?)
The old word was
yxmaWj peddare^pedder^dLva'a.n who hawked M. E, piren, E, Fries, piren, Westphal,
about fish in baskets called peds, or oc- plren. Low G. pii'en, to look closely. Cf.
casionally pads. See Pedde in Prompt. s.\s,o pliren, to peer, orig. to draw the eye-
380
;
PEER PENANCE
lids together, so as to look closely ; Swed. belonging to walls.— L. parict-, stem of
pHra, Dan.//z>(?, to blink. paries, a wall.
Peer (3), to appear, (F. — L.) Short Pellitory (2^, the plant pyrethrum.
for appear, just as M. K. peren is short for (,Span.-L. — Gk.) Span, pelitre [Ital.
apperen ; see Appear. pilatro'].'- L.pyrethrum. — Gk. irvpfOpov, a
Peevish, fretful, whimpering. (E.) hot spicy plant. — Gk. -nvp, fire.
M.E. peuisch, peyuesshe; also pevych, Pell-mell, confusedly. (F.-L.) O.F.
pevage, uncouth, perverse (G. Douglas). pesle-mesle, pell-mell, confusedly Cot. '
;
'
The leading idea seems to be * whining,' ^t^q\\. pellemelle in the Xlllth cent. (mod.
'
making a plaintive cry.'* Cf. Dan. dial. Y. pele-mele). [Apparently understood to
piceve, to whine Lowl. Sc. peu, to make mean 'stirred up with a fire-shovel.' — F.
;
a plaintive noise, E. pew- m

pewet, a bird; pelle, a fire-shovel O. F. mesler, to mix ;
Low G. pauen, to whimper. See Pewet. up see Peel (3) above, and Medley.] ;
Of imitative origin. For the suffix, cf. But orig. only a reduplicated form of
thiev-ish, inop-ish. mesle, as mesle-viesle and mclle-vielle also
Peewit ; see Pewet. occur. See Korting, § 5336.
Peg, a wooden pin. (E.) M. Y..pegge. Pellucid. F.-L.) F. pellucide.-
Cf. Du. and Low G. pegel, a measure of L, pellucidtis, perhlcidus, transparent. —L.
liquid capacity, such as was marked by per; and lucidiis, lucid. See Lucid.
pegs in a peg-tankard.' '
Apparently Pelt (I), to throw, cast. (L.) M.E.
allied to Dan. pig, Swed. pigg, a spike pelten. also pilten, ptilten, to thrust, ca>t.
W. pig, a peak, point ; Corn, peg, a The forms pilten, pidten, answer to an
prick see Peak.
; A. S. form ^pyltan.^Y. piilldre, to beat,
Peise, Peize, to weigh. (F.-L.) strike, knock. Ftiltdre (Vik^ pzdsdre) is a
M.E. peisen A. ¥ .peiser, to weigh O.F. derivative oi pellere, to drive. See Pul-
; ;
poiser see Poise, which is a doublet.

\ sate.
Peitrel ; see Poitrel. Pelt f'2), a skin, esp. of a sheep. {Y.—
Pelf, lucre, booty. (F.) M.E./<?^'r, L.) M. Y. pelt, a shortened form oi peltry,
pelfrey, spolium '
Prompt. Parv. — O. Y. •^xwa, peltry-ware, dealing in skins. — O.F.
;
'
pelfre, booty, spoil allied to pelfrer, to pdleterie, the trade of a skinner. — O.F.
;
pilfer. See Korting, § 3221. "D ex. pilfer. pelletier, a skinner. Formed (like bijoti-
- -
Pelican. F. L. Gk.) F. pelican. iier, with suflix -tier ^ L. -td7'ijcs) from
:
— L. pelicdnus, pelecdnus. — Gl^. rrcXeKai^, O.Y. pel, a. skin. —L. /<?///>, a skin. See
TTfKeKdS; wood-pecker, also a water-bird. Pell. G. pelz, O. H. Q. pcUiz, answers %
Named from its large bill, as the wood- to Y .pelisse: see Pelisse.
pecker was named from its pecking. — Gk. Pelvis, the bony cavity in the lower
TreAeKooi, I hew wiih an ax, peck. Gk. part of the abdomen. (,L.) Y.pehiis, a —
vtXfKv:, an a.x. -\-Skt. parafu-, an ax. basin, hence the pelvis.
Pelisse, a silk habit. (F. L.) For- —
a preparation of dried Pemmican,
merly a furred rohe. — ¥. pelisse, pelice, a meat. Of N. American Indian origin. '
skin of fur;' Cot.— L. pellicea, fem. of (i\ an instrument for writing. Pen
pelliceus, made of skins. —L. pellis, a (F. — L.) O.Y .
pejine.^Y. penna, a fea-
skin. ther; O.L.pesna {iox *petna or *petsna\.
pell, a skin. (F.-L.) M.E. pell, Brugm. i. § 762 (2). From VPET, to
pel. - O. F. pel (F. peaii). — L. pellem, ace. fly. See Feather.
oi pellis, a skin. (2), to shut up. (L.) '^l.Y. pennen.
See Fell (2). Pen
Pellet, a little ball. A.S.penJtian, only in the comp. on-pennia/i^
(F.-L.) M.E.
pelet. — O. F. peloU, a tenois-balL Dimin, to un-pen, unfasten. Penniaji is properly
from l^. pila, a ball. to fasten with a pin or peg cf. Low G. ;
Pellicle, a thin film. (F.-L.) F. pennen, to bolt a door, from penn, a pin
pelUcule. — L. pellicula, a small skin or peg see Pin. Note E. \ ries. penne^ ;
dimin. oi pellis, a skin. See pell. penn, pinne, pin, a peg, a pin.
Pellitory (i), Paritory, a wild Penal. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. /«/<
flower that grows on walls. (F. L.) — 'penall;' Cot. — L./arw^/w, belonging to
Pellitory is for paritory. E. paritorie, M . punishment. — L. pcena, punishment. — Gk.,
— M. F. paritoire, pellitory Cot. — L. ' ; ' TTOLvq, penalty. See Pain.
parietdria, pellitory fem. of parietdrius, ; Penance. (F.-L.) M.E. and O.F,
381
;
' ;'
PENCIL PENTECOST
penance, older ioxm. peneance. — l.. pceni- Pennon, Pennant. (F.-L.) M.E.
tentia, penitence. — L, pcenitent-, stem of penon, penoun. —
M. F. pennon, * a flag,
;
pres. pt. oi pcenitere, to cause to repent. streamer also the feather

; of an arrow
See Penitent. Cot. — L. penna^ wing, feather (hence a
Feuchaut, a strong inclination, bias plume, standard). See Pen (i).
(in favour of). (F. — L.) Y. penchant, sb. ; Penny.
(E.) M.E. /g;//; -^. penies,
orig. pres. pt. of pencher, to lean, lean contracted form pens (whence mod. E.
towards. — Late L. type "^pendicdre from petue^
; K. S. pening, penning, a penny
.
;
L. pendere, to hang. later penig, whence M. E. pe?ii. By-form

Pencil. (F. — L.) The old sense was pending (Thorpe, Diplomatarium, p. 471)
a small hair-brash for painting. — M. F. as if formed with E. suffix -ing from the
pincel^ later pinceau, a pensill, brush
' ;
base '^pand. |3. This base is usually
Cot. — lu. pcneci//us, a small tail, painter's identified with Dw. patid, a pawn, pledge,
brash ; dimin. of peniculus, which is a G.pfand, O.Yi. G. pfant see Pawn (i) ;
double dimin. oi penis, a tail. For "^pes- above. In this case, the lit. sense may have
iiis; cf. Skt. pasais), Gk. trios Brugm. i. been little pledge,' i. e. a token, coin.+
;
'
§877- T)Vi. penning, Icel. penning}; Dan. Swed.
Pendant, anything hangmg, a hang- penning', G. pfennig, O.Yi.G. phantinc^

ing ornament. (F. — L.) F. pendant, a phentinc, dimin. oi pfant.
pendant. — F./^wi/a«/, pres. pt. oipendrc, Penny-royal, a herb. (F.-L.) A
to hang. — L. pendere, to hang ; allied to popular form of the old xizx<c\& pulial royal.
pendere^ to weigh. Cf. Gk. acpevdovT), a Cotgrave translates M. Y.pulege by penny '
sling. (VSPHEND, SPHED.) Der. royall, puliall royall' from Late L. piile- ;
pend-ent, hanging, Latinised form of F. gium. The above old name is due to L.
pendant pend-ing. Anglicised form of F. pfileium regium, a name given to the
;
pendant, during. plant from its supposed efficacy against

pendulous. (L.) For L. pendulus, fleas (cf. E. flea-bane)). From L. piilex,
hanging. — L. pendere, to hang. a flea; but this was only a 'popular'
pendulum. (L.) I., pe^tdulum, ne\xt. etymology.
of adj. pendulus (above). Pensile, suspended. (F. — L.) M. F.
Penetrate. (L.) From pp. of L^ pensil Cot. — L. pensilis, pendent from
; ;
penetrdre, to pierce into. Compounded of '^pens-US, unused pp. oi pendere, to hang.

pene-, base of penes, with, peni-tus, within, pension. (F. - L.) F. pension. - L.
with which cf. penus, the inner part of a pensioneni, ace. oipensio, a payment. — L.
sanctuary ; and -trdre (as in in-trdre'), to pensus, pp. of pendere, to weigh, weigh
pass over, allied to Skt. tara-, a crossing. out money, pay.
Penguin, Pinguin, a bird. (Un- pensive. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. pensif."
known.) In a tract printed in 1588, we F. pensif, thoughtful. — ¥.penser, to think.
read that Sir F. Drake gave a certain '•\j.pensLxre, to weigh, ponder; frequent.
island the name of Penguin Island in oi pendere to weigh. ,
1587, from the penguins found there. Pent, iox penned, pp. of Pen (2), q.v.
Selden (1613) derived it from W. pen Pentagon, a plane five-sided figure.
gtvyn, i.e. white head. In that case, it (F. — L. — Gk.) F. pentagone. — L. penta-
must first have been given to another bird, gonus, adj., pentagonal. — Gk. rrevTayojvos,
such as the auk (the puffin is common in pentagonal neut. TTepTdyoufov, a pentagon.
;
Anglesey), since the penguin's head is — Gk. TTfVTd-, for iTiVTi, five; yojvia, an
black. angle, from yovv, a knee ; see Knee.
Peninsula. (L.) L. peninsula, a And see Five.
piece of land nearly an island. — L./t";?^, pentameter, a verse of five metres.
pcene, almost ; insula, an island. So also (L. — Gk.) L. pentameter.^ Gk. irevrd-
pen-ultimate, almost the last, last but one /xfT/joy. — Gk. wiVTo.-, for veuri, five; ni-
pen-umbra, partial shadow. Tpov, a metre.
Penitent. (F. - L.) O. F. penitent. pentateucb., the five books of Moses.
— L. pcenitent-, stem of pres. pt. of (L. — Gk.) \u.pentateuchus. — Gk. TT^vrd-,
pcenitere, to cause to repent, better spelt five (above"^ rtCxos, a tool, also a book.
:
p(2nite7'e. Cf. pcenitet, it repents me.'

'
pentecost, Whitsuntide orig. ;
a
Allied to Penury. Jewish festival on the fiftieth day after the
382
PENTHOUSE PERFORM
Passover. (L. — Gk.) L. pentecoste. — — L. percepiidnefn.-''L.. peircpljis, pp.
diCc.
Gk. nivrt]Koari], Pentecost, Acts ii, i ;
iA percipere see above.
;
fem. of TTevTTjKooTos, fiftieth. — Gk. vdVTq- Perch (i), a rod for a bird to sit on ;
Kovra^ fifty. a measure. ',F\ — L.) ¥. percJie.^'L. per-

Fenthouse, a shed projecting from lica, a rod, bar.
a building. ;F. — L.) Formerly /^«//V^, Perch (2), a fish. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
whence it is corrupted. — M. F. apentis, perche.^-l^. pcrca.^^V. nepKr], a perch;
appentts, a penthouse
'
Cot. — L. ap- from the dark marks. — Gk. -ntpKos, tripKvus^
;
'
pendicium, an appendage, allied to appen- spotted, blackish; cf. Ski. prfni-j spotted,
dix (the same). — L. ap- \ad)^\.o pendere, pied, spr(:, to sprinkle. ;
to hang. Percolate. ,L.) From pp. of L. /<?/--
Pentroof, a roof with a slope on one coldre, to filter through. — L. per, through ;
side only. (F. — L. and E.) This has

; coldre, to filter. See Colauaer.
affected the sense of penthouse, though Percussion. L.) Yx'^m'L.percussio,
they mean quite different things. Here a striking, — L. percnssus, pp. oipercutere,
pent is from F. pente, a slope, formed to strike. See Quash. Der. re-percnssion.
from F. petidre, to hang. — L. pendere, to Perdition . ( F — L. ) F pen at ion — . . .
hang. L. ace. perditionem, utter loss. — L. per-

Penultimate, Penumbra ; see ditus, pp. oi perdere, to lose. — E. per,
Peninsula. thoroughly ; -dere^ to put, place, repre-
PenUJ?y, want. (F. — L.) M. Y.peniD-ie. senting Idg. ''^dhd, weak form of ^'D\\¥,
— L. penfiria, want, need, Cf. Gk. -niiva, to place cf. Do.
;
hunger. Peregrination. (F.-L.) M.F./^;v-

Peony, PsBony, a fiower. (F.-L.- grination. — l.. peregrlndtionem, ace. of
Gk.) Altered to suit the Lat. spelling, peregrindtio, a wandering. — L. peregrl-
M. E. pione. — O. F. pione F. pivoine).-' natiis, pp. <j{ peregrindri, to travel, — L.
•;
L. pcBonia, medicinal, from its supposed peregrlnus, foreign, adj. ixonx peregri pere- ,
virtues ;fem. of FcEonius, belonging to gre, adv., abroad cf. pereger, a traveller. ;
Paon, its supposed discoverer. — Gk. ttouw- From L. per-, which is either = L. per,
via, pseony ; from Uaicuy, Pceon. See through, or is related to h.*6. feor, far;
Paean. and ager, land, field. See Acre and
People. (F.-L.^ M.E. p£op/e, poep/e. Pilgrim,
— A. F. people, peple ; O. F. pueple ; F. Peremptory, decisive, (F. — L.) M.F.
peuple.-'L,. populum, ace. of popiihis, pereviptoirc. — h.peretfipidrius, destructive,
people. decisive. — L,/t?;vw//^r, a destroyer. -• E.
Pepi)€r. (L.-Gk.-Skt.) K.S.pipor. pereniptiis, pp, oi per-i/nere, to take away
— L. piper. -^Gk. TreTrepi. Skt. pippali, — entirely, destroy. —
L, per, utterly; eme?-e,
(i) fruit of the holy fig-tree, (2) long to take. See Exempt.
pepper; ivom pippala- the holy fig-tree, , Perennial. (E.) Coined from \j. per-
Fepsine, one of the constituents of enni-s, everlasting ; lit. lasting throughout
gastric juice. (F,-Gk.) îod. ¥. pepsine. the year. — E./^r, through annus, a year. ;
— Gk. TTiipLS, digestion for '^Tje^-nris<J^peq-

; See Annual,
iis, related to Tri-muv^ to cook. (y'PEQ.) Perfect. ;F.-L.) Is1.¥. per/it, parjit.
See Cook. -O, F. parjit, parfeit (F. par/ait,. ^h.
Per-, prefix, through. (L. ; or F. L.) — peyfectus, pp. oi po-Jicerc, to complete.—
L, per, through ; whence F. per-, par-, L. per, thoroughly facet-e, to make. See;
prefix. Allied to Gk. 7re/3t, around ; cf. Pact.

also TTopa, beside Skt. /ar«, away, forth,
: Perfidious. Yxom.!^. perfidiosns, (E.)
param, beyond ; E.from treacherous. — E. perfidia, treachery, — E.
Perambulate, to walk about through. '/^^^/^J-, treacherous. — E. /d?r, away (cf
(E,) E. per, tlirough and ambuldhis, ; \
Skt. para, from) ;fides, faith. See Faith
pp. of ambuldre, to walk about. See Perfoliate. (E.) Coined from E./<?r,
Amble. through ; foliuvi, a leaf. See Foil (2).
Perceive. (F, — L.) O.Y. percever. Perforate. (E.) From pp. of E./«fr-
— E. percipere, to apprehend. — E. per, forare,to bore through ; where foare is
thoroughly ; cape^-e, to seize. cognate with E. Bore.

perception. (F.—E.) ¥. perception. Perform, to achieve. (F. — Q. H. G. ;
385
PERFUME PERK
witli L. prefix.) Corrupted from M. E. sentence. (F. — L. — Gk.) ^l.¥.periode,di
farfournen, X'&X.^x parfourinen. — O. Y par- . perfect sentence. —
L. periodus. Gk. -mpi- —
jonrnir, to perform;' '
Cot. — L. /^r, tho- o5oj, a going round, circuit, complete sen-
roughly and O. F. fournir, to furnish,
; tence. —
Gk. TTfpt, round ; 000s, a way see ;
provide see Furnish.

; Exodus. ^
The sense of * circuit is di- '
Perfame, -L.i Y parfnmer, vb. (F. . rectly from Gk.

to perfume, lit. to smoke thoroughly. — Peripatetic, a walking about. (L.—
L. pet\ thoroughly fuindre, to smoke, ;
Gk.) \a.peripateticus. — Gk. -mpivaT-qriKus^
fro m/z/wwi-, smoke see Fumo. given ; to walking about, esp. while dis-
Perfunctory. L.perftmctorius,
(L.) puting ; a name given to followers of
carelessly done. — L. perfunctiis pp. oiper- ,
Aristotle. — Gk. TTepnraTfco, I walk about.
fungi, to perform fully, get through with. — Gk. TT(pi, about ; vaTecu, I walk, from
— L. per^ thoroughly fungT, to perform ; ;
naTos^ a path.
see Function. Periphery, circumference. (L. — Gk.)
Perhaps. (L. and Scand.) A clumsy L. periferia, peripheria. — Gk. nepicpepeia,
hvbrid compound. — L. /.^r, by (as \x\ per- the circumference of a circle. Gk. nepi, —
chance, where per is, strictly, F. par) ;
around (peptiv, to carry, cognate with E.
;
haps, pi. of hap, chance. Bear, vb.

Peri, a fairy. (Pers.; Pers. pari, a Periphrasis. (L.-Gk.) L. peri-
vN inged spirit ; orig. a malevolent but phrasis. —Gk. TTepiifipaais, circumlocution.
oeautiful iemale spirit ; Zend pairikd. Gk. vfpi, around <ppiîiv, to declare, ex-;
llorn,^§ 310. press. See Phrase.

Peri-, round, ((ik.) Gk. irfpt,
prefix, Perish. (F. — L. ) M. E. perischen. —
around, about. -f-Skt. pari, roun 1 about. O. ¥. pe7-iss-, stem of pres. pt. oi perir, to
Allied to/tv--, prefix. perish. —L.
perire, to come to naught,
Pericardium, the sac surrounding perish. —L.
per-, used with a destructive
the heart. (L. — Gk.) V.. pericardium.— force (like E. for- in for-do) ; and ire,
Gk. TTfpi tfapSioi/. — Gk. Tttpi, around; «a/)- to go.
Si'a, the heart ; see Heart. Periwig, a peruke. (F. Ital. L.) - -
Pericarp, Formerly perwigge, perwicke (Minsheu\
a seed-vessel. (Gk.) Gk.
TTepiKapmov, — Gk. Trept, This is a corrupted form, used in place of
shell of fruit.
around Kapnus, fruit see Harvest.
; peruke. — F. perruque
; see Perruque. ;
Pericranium, the membrane that Periwinkle ( I), a plant. (L.) Formed,

surrounds the skull. (L. — Gk.) Late L. with suffixed -le and inserted z, from M. E.
pericranium. — Gk. irepiKpdviov, neut. of pervenke, a periwinkle A. S. peruince. — ;
nepiKpavio^, surrounding the skull. — Gk. L.peruinca, a periwinkle also called uinca ;
nfp'i, round Kpaviov, skull. ; peruinca, a name doubtless orig. given to

Perigee, point of the moon's orbit some twining plant. — L. per, through,
nearest the earth. (Gk.) From Gk. iTepi, thoroughly iiincire, to bind, allied to ;
about, here near 7^, earth. See Geo- Aîthy.

* '
;
graphy. Periwinkle (2), a small univalve

Perihelion, the point of a planet's mollusc. (Gk. and E.) A corrupt form,
orbit nearest the sun. (Gk.) Gk. irepi, due to confusion with the word above.
round, near t]Kio5, the sun. See Heliacal.
; The better name is simply winkle see ;
Peril, danger. (F.-L.) M.F.peri/.- Winkle. Also found as pennyw inkle ;
L. periclum, perictclum, danger, lit. a '

Halliwell.
trial.' — L./^;7>/; to try an obsolete verb, ; F. parjurer. — L. Perjure. (F. - L )
of which the pp. perltus is common. pej'ii'irdre, to forswear. — L. per, in the
Allied to Gk. irffpa, an attempt and sense of beyond, against iiirdre, to ;
'
'
;
ultimately to E. fare see Fare. Cf. swear. See Jury. ;
E. fear G. gefahr, peril.

; (VPER.) Perk, to make smart or trim. (F. L.) —
Der. peril oils. [Cf. W. perc, compact, trim percu, to ;
Perimeter, lit. 'the measure all smarten, trim perctis, smart all prob. ;
;
round.' fL. -Gk.) L. /^;7w^/r^.r.-Gk. from E.] M. E. perken, used of birds, to

Trfpi/ierpo?. — Gk. tripi, round; p^hpov, a trim their feathers. Cf. prov. E. perk up,
measure. See Metre. to recover from illness. All prob. from
Period, time of a circuit, epoch, perfect M. ]L. perkc, a perch (on which a bird sits
384
;;
PERMANENT PERSPIRATION
up). —North F. perque, perke, for F. |
L. perqtiTsJtum, an extra profit above the
perche see Perch (i).
\ Cf. Walloon yearly rent, arising from fines, waifs, &c.
pierke, a perch and F. eire perche sur, to
; neut. of perqiiisitiis, pp. oi perquirere, to
be conceited of (like Yj. peyky\. Perhaps ^
seek after thoroughly. — L./fr, thoroughly;
associated with Pert. qucerere, to seek. See Query.
Permanent. (F. — L.) Y permanent. . Perruque. (F. — Ital.-L.j In use in
"l.. permanent-, stem of pres. pt. oi per- the i6th cent. — F. perruque. — \\.2\. per-
manere, to endure, lit. abide through. — L. rucca,'^\.\\.Q\. perticca, a periwig, Florio
per, through; manere, to remain. See I also spelt /arz/rra, id. The same as Port.
Mansion. \peruca, Span, pelnca, Sardinian pilucca.
Permeate, to pervade, pass through orig. a mass of hair, and allied to M. Ital.
small openings. (L.) From pp. of L./^r- piluccare, 'to pick or pull out haires or
\
medre, to pass through. — L./^r, through ; feathers one by one ' Florio. From Ital.
;
f/ieare, to pass, go. See fj-oiTos in Prell- pelo, hair. —

L. pilum, ace. oi pilus, a hair.
witz. Perry. (F.-L.) M.Y. pereye. Pire- '
Permit. L- permittere (pp, pe,

(L.''' iMTCi, pereye ;''
Vocab. 603. 11. From an
misius^,, to let pass through, lit. send A. F. form (mod. Norman peir^). Cf.
througli. - L. per, through miitere, to ; F. poir^, perry, drink made of pears,'
'
send. See Missile. "Dev. permiss-ion. Cot. which is formed with suffix -^ (<L.
;
Permutation. _ F. - L. ) ¥.per7nuta- •dtus, made of; from Y .poire, a pear. — L.

twn.^L. ace. permiitatidnem, a changing. pimm, a pear. See Pear.
— L. pe7'mutdtus pp. of permutdre, to ,
Persecute. (F. — L.) M. Y.persecuter,
change thoroughly. — L. per, thoroughly ;
vb. — L. perseci'itus, pji. of persequi, to
viiitare, to change. See Mutable. pursue. — L. per, thoroughly; sequi, to
Pernicious, hurtful. (F.-L.) F. follow. See Sequence.
pernicieiix. — \..perniciosus, destructive. — Persevere. (F. — L.) Formerly /^rx^'-
L, pernicies, destruction. — L. per^
tho- ver. — O.F. perseverer. — L. perseuerdre to ,
roughly : nia'-., for neci-, decl. stem of persist in a thing. — L. per, thoroughly;
nex, slaughter; see Internecine. seuerus, earnest. See Severe.
Peroration. (F.-L.) Vi.Y. perora- Persist. F. L.) F. persister.^^Y.—
— L. perordtioncm.^ ace. of perordtio,
tion. persistere, to continue, persist. — L. per,
the close of a speech. — L./^rJra/wj-, pp. through sistere, to stand, orig. causal of
;
oiperordre, to complete a speech. — L. per^ stdre, to stand. See State.

through ordre, to speak. See Oration.
; Person. (F. — L.) '^\..Y.persone,per-
Perpendicular. (F.~L.) Y.perpen- soune. — O.Y.persofie, Y .personne. — Y. per-
diciilaire, — L. perpendictddris according , sona, a mask used by an actor, a person-
to the plumb-line. — L. perpendiculum, a age, character played by an actor, a person.
plummet, for careful measurement.- L. — L. persondre, to sound through the ;
perpendere to weigh or measure carefully.

, large-mouthed mask of the actor was
— Y,. per, thoroughly pendere, to weigh. ;
named from the voice sounding through it.
Perpetrate. (L.) From pp. of L. A popular etymology ; for the o is long.
perpetrdre, to perform thoroughly. —L. See Sound. ^3).
per, thoroughly patrdre, to accomplish
;
Perspective. F.-L.) Y .perspective,
Perpetual. (F.-L.) "Sl.Y. perpetud. '
the optike art ;' Cot. — L. ^perspeitiua,t\iQ
— M. P". perpetueL^Y. perpetudlis, uni- art of inspecting; orig. fern, of *perspectT-
versal; in later use, permanent. — L. per- uus, looking xk^-iow^^ ^Y. perspectus, pp.
petuus, continuous, constant, perpetual. — of perspicere, to look through. — L. per,
L. perpet-, stem o{ perpes, lasting through- through specere, to look. See Species.^
;
out, continuous. — L. /(?r, through; pet-, perspicacity, keenness of sight. (F.

as in pet-ere, to seek. See Petition. — L. ) Y. perspicacity. - L. ace perspudci- .
Perplex. (F. — L.) Perplexed, Y>^.,\,'3iS tdtem, sharp-sightedness. — L. perspicdci-,

first in use. — M. F. /<?^/.fx, 'perplexed, decl. stem of /^rjr//ca;r, sharp-sighted. — L.
intangled Cot. — Y.perplexus, entangled,
; ' per-spicere, to see through (above).
interwoven.- L, per, thoroughly //<fx«.y, ;
perspicuous, clear. (L.) L. per-
entangled, pp. oi pledere, to weave; see spicu-us, clear with suffix -ous. — L. per-
;
Plait. through (above).

spicere, to see
Perquisite, a small gain. (L.) Late Perspiration, a sweatmg. (F.-L.)

385
. ;'
PERSUADE PETITION
Y. perspiration, "lô-tt L. ace. *ferspTrd- Pest. (F.-L.^ Y. peste.-h. pestein,
tidnem, lit. a breathing througli. — L. per- ace. of pestis, a plague.
spJrdre, to breathe through. — L. per, Pester. (F. — L.) Formerly to encum-
through spTrdre, to breathe. See Spirit.
;
ber, clog; and short impester.^W. Y.
for
Persuade. (F.-L.) Y persuader. ^ .
impest) to pester, in tangle, incumber ;
L. persuddere, to advise thoroughly, suc- Cot. {Y. empt-trer.) Orig, to hobble a '
ceed in advising. — L. per, thoroughly; horse at pasture.' -Late L. i?n- {in), on,
stiddere, to persuade. See Suasion. upon ;
pastorium, a clog for a horse at
Pert, saucy. (F. -L.) M. E. pert, pasture, from pastiis, pp. of pascere, to
shortened form of apert, formerly used in feed. See Pastor.
the same sense. See Malapert. Pestiferous. (L.) \.. pestifer-ns , ox
Pertain. vF.-L.) M.Y.partenen.-- pestifer, plague-bringing; with suffix -ons.
O. F. parieiiir.'^'L. pertinere, to extend — L, pts/i-s, plague ferre, ;
to bring.
through to, belong. — L. per, thoroughly; See Pest and Bear (i).
tenere, to hold, hold to. See Ten- pestilent. vF. L.) F. pestilent." —
able. L. pestilent-, stem of pestilens, hurtful
—
pertinacity. (F. L.) Y. pertinacity formed as if from a verb *pestilere, from
(i6th cent.). Coined, with sulrtx -//<L. pestilis, pestilential. — L. pesti-, decl. stem
-tdiem, from L. pertindci-, decl. stem of o^ pestis, a plague (above).
/(?;-///fajc,very tenacious. — L./c?r, thorough; Pestle. (F.-L.) yi.Y.pestel.-O.Y.
ienax, tenacious, from tenere, to hold. pestel, \?iX.cv pesteil (Cot.). — L. pisti litem,
—
pertinent. (F. L.") Y .pertinent.^ a small pestle. See Pistil.
"Lrpertinent-, stem of pres. pt. oipertinere, Pet
(i), a tame animal, a child treated
to belong to, relate to see Pertain.
; fondly. (Unknown.) Formerly /â/. [Cf.
Perturb. (F.-L.) \l.Y. pertnrber; Irish peat, sb., a pet adj., petted ; Gael. ;
Cot. — L,.perturbare, to disturb thoroughly. peata, a pet, a tame animal borrowed ;
^h. per, thoroughly; turbdre, to disturb. from E.] The word is prob. of F. origin ;
See Turbid. but has not been traced. Perhaps from
Peruke ; see Perruque O. F. peti, short for petit, small see ;
Peruse. (F. — L.) The orig. sense was Petty. And see petiot, dear little child,
* to use up,' to go through thoroughly ; in Godefroy.
hence to examine thoroii^^hly or all over, pet(2), a fit of peevishness. (Unknown.)
to survey ; the only difficulty in the word We also find pettish, capricious, i.e. like
is in its change of sense. From per, a pet or spoilt child see above. Hence ;
thoroughly and Jise, q. v.

; Cf. O. F. the phr. to take pet I or ' to take th.Q pet,'
'
pariiscr sa vie, to live out his life. i. e, to act like a spoilt child ; and finally
Pervade. (\--') L. pe made re, to go pet, sb., a fit of wilfulness.
through. —
L. per, through uddere, to go.
; Petal. (Gk.^ Gk.7r€TaA.oj/, a leaf (hence
See Evade, Wade. petal of a flower) neut. of Tre'raXo?, spread ;
Pervert. (F. — L.) Y. pervertir.—l.. out, flat; from the bass irfT-, as in tnT-
pernertere, to overturn, ruin, corrupt, dvpvfii, I spread. -|-L. patulns, spreading;
pervert. — L. per, wholly nertere, to turn. from /a///-!?, to spread.
; (-v^PET.!
See Verse. Der. perverse, from pp. per- Petard, an explosive war-engine. (F. —
uerstis. L.) M. Y petard, petart, a petard or pe- .
'
Pervicacious, wilful. (L.) Coined ;
Cot. Lit. * explosive.' Formed

tarre '
{rom. h. peruicdci-, decl. stem oipernieax, with suffix -art ( = G. /mrt, hard, common
wilful ; allied \.o peruicus, stubborn. Per- as a suffix) from M. Y. peter, to break wind.
haps from per, through and tiic-, weak — Y .pet, a breaking wind, slight explosion.
;
grade of uTc-, as in uJc-t, pt. t. of iiincere, — L. pediticm, neut. of peditus, pp. of

to conquer. See Victor. pcdere (for *pezdere^, to break wind. See
Pervious, penetrable. (L.) 'L.perui-us, Brugm. i. § 857.
passable with suffix -otis. — L. per,
; Petiole, footstalk of a leaf. F.-L.)
through nia, a way. See Viaduct.
; F. petiole. "Y^. petiolum, ace. oi petiolus,
Pessimist, one who complains that little stalk.
all is for the worst. (L.) Coined from L. Petition. (F.-L.) W.Y .petition-. Cot.
pesstni-Hs, Avorst a superl. perhaps con-
;
— L. ace. petltionem, from petitio, a suit.
nected with peior, worse. Brugm. ii. § 73. — L. petJttis, pp. oi petere, to attack, to
386
^
PETREL PHARISEE
beseech, ask orig. to fall on. Allied to E. in, &c.
; lit. 'little foot.' - Gk. iroSt-,
;
Feather. (-y^PET.) See Brugm. i. § 560. for TTous, foot. See Foot. Cf. M. Du. %
Petrel, a bird. (F.-G.-L.-Gk.) pmye, a pue,' Hexham ; borrowed from *
Y ormtTlypeterel. — Y .petrel, petdi'el\ formed ). Y. puye,piue. (
as a dimin. of Petre, i.e. Peltr, and the Pewet, Peewit, the lapwing. (E.)
allusion is to the action of the bird, which Also puet (Phillips). Named from its
seems, like St. Peter, to walk on the sea. plaintive cry; cf. mod. Norman F. pivit,
The F. form of Peter is Jîen-e Petre is a pewet Lowl. Sc. peu, to mnke a plain-
; ;
for G. Peter, Peter cf. the G. name for

; tive noise ; Weslpbal. plwit, pjwik, a
the bird, viz. Petersvogel ( = Pet(-r's-fowl, pewct. Cf. E. peevish.
Peter's-bird). — L. /-fe^rwj. — Gk. vkrpos, a Pewter. (F. - Teut. ?) M. E. pewtir.
stone, Peter (John i. 42). O. F, peutre, peautre, piaiitre, a kind of
petrify, to turn into stone. (F. — Gk. metal (Roquefort). Older form peltre,
andh.) M. Y. pelrifier\ as if from a L akin to Span./t?//r<?, \\2\. peltro, pewter.
*petrtficd7-e, not used. — L./cJ/rz"-, {ox peira, Diez remarks that the Ital. peltro is be-
a rock -Jicdre^ iox/acere, to make. The lieved to be derived from English, which
;
L. petra is borrowed from Gk. Trlrpa, a he rejects, but only on the ground that
rock cf. nirpos, a stone.
; pewter could not become pelti-o. However,
petroleum, rock-oil. (L. — Gk.) peltro is probably (like O. Y peautre), an .
Coined from Y.. petr-a, rock oleum, oil. — adaptation of the form found in O. F.
;
Gk. Tikipa^ rock eXaiov, oil see Oil.

; *espeltre
;
{espeautre; E. spelter see ,
;
Fetronel, a horse-pistol. (F. — Span. Spelter. —

L. M. Y.petn'na/, a petronell, or horse-
'
)
man's piece;' Cot. Said to have been PH.

invented in the PjTenees and almost ; Ph. Initial/^ is distinct from /, and
certainly derived from Span. petr/na, a belt, has the sound of/; it represents the Gk.
a girdle (so \Y\2X petrinal would orig. mean (p, almost every word beginning with ph
what was attached to the belt;. Allied to being of Gk. origin. The only exceptions
Span, petral, a poitrel and named from ax&pheon {aXsofeon) ,philibeg, hii\.\.^xfillibeg,
;
going round the breast. — L. pector- (for which is Gaelic, and Pharisee, really of
*pectos), stem of pectus, the breast. See Hebrew origin, but coming to us through
Pectoral. Greek.
Petty, small. (F.-C?) ^YY. petit. Phaeton, a kind of carriage. (F. — L.
Y. petit, small. Cf. O. Ital. pitetto, small. — Gk.) Y phaeton; occurring A. D. 1723.
.
Perhaps allied to piece, from a Gaulish — L. Phaethon. — Gk. âidojv, son of

base pett- (Celtic *qett-) cf. Bret, pez, ; Helios, and driver of the chariot of the
apiece W.peth, a part Irish cuid, O. Ir.
; ; sun lit. ' shining,'
; being pres. part, of
cuit, a part, share. See Korting, § 61 01 ;
4>aidiLV, to shine. — Gk. ii^detv^ to shine.
Stokes (s. V. qetti). Der, petti-fogger, SeePhantom. See Prellwitz, s. v. «/>dos.
whtrefogger is equivalent to yi.Y)\i.focker, (VBHA.,
a monopole or an engrosser of wares
'
Phalanx. (L. —Gk.) h. phalanx.^
and commodities,' Hexham focker being \
— Gk. cpa\ay^, a battalion. See Plank.
prob. a corruption of the surname Fugger, Phantasm ; see below.
Englished z.'hfogger (N. E. D. .

Phantom. (F.— L. — Gk.) lA.Y./an-
Petulant. i,E.) L. petulant-, stem of tome. O. F. fantosme. — L. phantasina
—
petulans, forward, pert, ready to attack. — (whence Y. phantasm). — GV-. <p6.vraopa, a
Y. petere, to attack. See Petition. vision, spectre, lit. apparition. —
Gk. </>aj/-
Pew. (F. -L.-Gk.) M. E. pew, pue. to display.
Tci^'fti', —
Gk. <pav-, as vcKâivnv
'
— A. Y pui, a platform (Liber Albus)
.
;
{ =<pa.v-y(iLv), to shew, lit. to cause to
O. F. pui, an elevated space puie, an ;
shine ; whence *(pavTT]s, one who shews
open gallery with rails (hence applied to (as in iepo-(pdvTTji). — Gk. <pd-(iy, to shine.
an enclosed space or to a raised desk to +Skt. dha, to shine. (VBHA.)
kneel 2X). — Y. podium, a balcony, esp. near Pharisee, one of a religious school
the arena, where distinguished persons sat. among the Jews. (L. — (jk. — Heb.) L.
(So E. pew meant a place for distinguished phariseus, pharisceus. — Gk. <papiaaios,
persons in church.) — Gk. 7ro5iov, which Matt. ix. II, lit. one who separates him- •
came to mean a foot-stool, gallery to sit self.' — Heb. pdrash, to separate.

38;
PHARMACY PHONETIC
Pharmacy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. tive. Gk.)
(L. -
L. Philippicum, pi.
fermacy. — O.V .farinacie, Xîtr pharmacie. Philippica, used to denote the celebrated
— L. pharmacia. — Gk. (papixaneia, know- orations of Demosthenes against Philip. —
ledge of drugs. — Gk. (pdpfxaKOv, a drug. Gk. îXiinros, Philip lit. a lover of ;
'
Pharynx. (L.-Gk.) \.. pharynx. -- horses.' — Gk. (pi\-os, fond of; tWoy, a
Gk. (pdpv-y^, the joint opening of the gullet horse.
and wind-pipe, a cleft, a bore allied to; philology, study of languages. (L.
(papay^, a chasm. From the root (pap-, to — Gk.) L. philoloîa. — Gk. (pi\o\oyia,
bore ; see Bore (i). (VBHAR.) love of discourse, love of literature and
Phase, Phasis, an appearance. (L. language. — Gk. (pi\6\oyos, fond of dis-
— Gk.) Late L. phasis, pi. phases. — Gk. course also, a student of literature and
;
<pa<Tis, an appearance from base jpa-, to

; language. — Gk. (pi\o-s, fond of; Kayos,
shine; of. (pd-os, light. (yBHA.) p. discourse, from Xiydv, to speak.
The Gk. (pdcis also means a saying, de- '
philosophy, love of wisdom. (F. —
claration,' in which sense it is connected L.-Gk.) M. E. philosophic. - F. philo-
with (pT]fj.i, I speak, declare, from >^BHA, sophic."!^, philosophia. — Gk. cpiXoaoipia,
to speak. Der. ein-phasis. love of wisdom. — Gk. (piXoaocpos, loving
Pheasant, a bird. (F.-L.-Gk.) knowledge. — Gk. cpiXo-s, fond of; aocpoSj
Formed with excrescent / (after ii) from skilful, <ru<pia, skill see Sophist. Der. ;
M. E. fesatin, a pheasant. — O. Y .faisan. philosoph-cr, for M. PZ. philosophrc, which

— lu. phdsidjia, a pheasant for Fhdsidna represents F. philosophc, L. philosophuSy
;
atiis, Phasian bird. — Gk. cpaaiavos, a Gk. tpi\6ao(pos.

pheasant, lit. Phasian, i. e. coming from philtre, a love potion. (F.— L. — Gk.)
the river Phasis in Colchis. F. philtre."!^. phil(nim. — Gk. (pikTpov,
Pheeze ; see Feeze. a love charm, love potion, drink to make
Phenix, Phoenix. (L.-Gk.) L. one love. — Gk. (piK-os, dear -rpov (cf. Idg. ;
phoenix, •'(jk. <polvi^, a phoenix (Herod. -Icr-), denoting the instalment.

ii. 73). Perhaps named from its bright Philibeg, a kilt see Fillibeg. ;
colour, like that produced by the Phceni- Phlebotomy, blood-letting. (F.-L.

cian dye see Pliny, bk. x. c. 2.
;
— Gk.) M. F. phlebotomie. — L. phleboto-
Phenomenon, a remarkable appear- 7nia. — Gk. (pXfPoTOjxia, blood-letting, lit.
ance. (L. — Gk.) \^. phcEuomejion.'^Gk. cutting of a vein. — Gk. cpAeBo-, for (pXiip, a
(paivofxevov (pi. (paivofxiva), an appearance, vein, from (pXt-eiv, to gush rofios, cutting, ;
neut. of pass. part, of <paiveiv, to shew from Tejxvuv, to cut see Tome. ;
(pass. (paivoiJ.ai, I appear). See Phantom, Phlegm, slimy matter in the throat,
Hierophant, Sycophant. sluggishness. (F. — L. — Gk.) The use of
Pheon, Feon, a barbed arrow-head. the term was due to the supposed influence
(F.-L.) M. IL.fion, Bk. of St. Albans. of the four humours phlegm causing a
'
' ;
Perhaps an error for *Jleon since O. F. sluggish or 'phlegmatic' temperament.—

;
*Jlcon might come from Late L. Jleto (ace. M. F. phlegync. — 1^. phlegma. — Gk.cpXeyfia
Jictd)ie?n), an arrow-laead. (base (p\€yixaT-), (i) a flame, (2) inflam-
Phial, Vial. (F.- L.-Gk.) Formerly mation, (3) viscous humour, phlegm. —
fyole, vial, viol, altered io phial in modern Gk. (pXeyeiv, to hum. '\- L. Jlag-rdrc, to
editions of Shakespeare. — M. F. phiole, a burn see Flame.
'
Der. phlegmat-ic,
;
violl,' Cot. (Mod. F. /f^/^.)-L. phiala. from base (pkeyftar-.

— Gk. <pid\T], a broad, liat, shallow cup or phlox, a flower. ,Gk.) It means
bowl (applied in F. to a small bottle). ' flame,'
from its colour. — Gk. (p\6^, flame.
Philanthropy, love of mankind. — Gk. <p\ey-(iv, to burn (above).
(L.— Gk.) L. philanthropia. — Gk. (pi\av- Phocine, belonging to the family of
Bpojiria, benevolence. — Gk. (piXdvOpooiros, seals. (L. — Gk.) From L. phoca, a seal.
loving mankind. — Gk. <pi\-, for (piXos, — Gk. (pojKT], a seal. See Prellwitz.
friendly, kind ; du9pwnos, a man. Phoenix ; see Phenix.
philharmonic, loving music. (Gk.) Phonetic, representing sounds. (Gk.)
From Gk. cpiX-os, friendly, fond of; and From Gk. (pojurjTiKos, belonging to speak-
L. harmoni-a ^Gk. dpixovia, harmony ing. —Gk. (pojvfw, I produce a sound.—
;
see Harmony. Gk. (pojvi], a sound cf. <pr)(ii, I speak. ;
philippic, a discourse full of invec- (^BHA.) "DeT. phono-graph, -logy, &c.

388
;
PHOSPHORUS PICKADILL
Phosphorus. (L. -Gk.) L. phos- physiology, the science of nature.
phorus. — G. (paia(p6po<s, light-bringing, (F. - L. - Gk.) F. physiolcgie Cot. - L.
;
e. producing
i. light. — Gk. (pws, light physiologia. ^Gk. (pvauXoyla, an enquiry
{^(paos, light), from base <pa-, to shine; into the nature of things. — Gk. (fvaio-, for
-cpopos, bringing, from <p(p(iy, to bring. (pvais, nature
-\oyia, from \6yos, a dis-
;
(VBHA VBHER.)
and course, from Xiynv, to speak.
photography. (Gk.) From Gk.
KpaiTo-, {or(pa>s, liglit (above) and ypd<p€iv,
to write.
;
PI-PY.
Phrase. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. phrase.^ Piacular, expiatory. (L.) L. piacu-
1.. phrasem, ace. of phrast's.-^ Gk. (ppdais, —
hiris, adj., ixovn piactdum, an expiation.
a speaking, a speech, phrase. — Gk. (ppd^dv Y. pidre, to propitiate. —L. pins, devout.
{ = *({^pd5-^€ii'), to speak cf.^paSijs, shrewd. See Pious.
;
Der. atiti-phrasis meta-phrase, peri-

^ Pianoforte, Piano. (Ital.-L.) So
phrasis^ pa7-a-phi'ase\ with prefixes anti-, called from producing soft and loud effects.
me/a-, peri- para-. ^
— Ital. /za«^, soit; forte, strong, loud.—
Phrenology, science of the functions L. planus, level (hence smooth, soft) ;
of the mind. (Gk.) From Gk, -ppfuo-, fortis, strong see Plain and Force. ;
for if'p-qi^, mind ; -\oyia, from X6yos, a dis- Piastre. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk.) F.
course, from Xiyeiv, to speak. //ai-/r<?. — Ital. piastra, plate of metal, also
Phthisis, consumption of the lungs. a piastre or coin allied to Ital. piastro, a ;
(L. — Gk.) L.ph/hiszs. — Gk. (pOiais, con- plaster. — L. emplastrum, a plaster (with
sumption, decay. — Gk. (pO'tiêiy, to decay, loss of em-). See Plaster.
wane. Cf. Skt. hshi, to destroy, hshiti-, Piazza. (Ital. -L.-Gk.) li?^\. piazza,
decay. Der. phthisic, properly an adj., a market-place, chief street. — Folk-L.
from \.. phthisicus adj., consumptive but ^plattia; Y. platea, platea; see Place.
, ;
used as a sb. ( =^ L. phthisica passio) with Pibroch, a martial tune. (Gael. — L.)
,
the same sense as phthisis often called Gael, piobaireachd, a pipe-tune, tune on-
;
and spelt tisic. the bagpipe. —Gael. /z<?*5a/r, a piper.—

Phylactery, an amulet, amongst the Gz-eYpiob, a pipe. — E.///^. See Pipe.
Jews. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. 11. filaterie, Pica; see Pie (i).
Wyclif. -O. Y. filaterie (Godefroy) Mod. Picador, a horseman with a lance, in
;
F. phylactere. — L. phylacteriuni. — Gk. bull-fighting. (Span. — L.) SpTin. picador^

(f)v\aKTr}piov, a preservative Matt, xxiii. lit. a pricker. — Span, picar, to prick.—
;
5. — Gk. cpvXaKTTjp, a guardian. — Gk. Late L. pTcdre see Pick. ;
(pvXaaaiLv, to guard; (pvXa^, a guard. Picaninny, a negro or mulatto infant.

Physic. (F. -L. - Gk.) Grig, the heal- (Span.) From peehaneenee, a dimin. (in
ing art hence, medicine. — O. Y .phisiqiie, Surinam) oi'^p^cn. pequcno, small, allied to
;
science of medicine also, natural philo- \i2\. piccolo, small.

; Of uncertain origin.
sophy. — L. physica, natural science. — Gk. Piccadill ; see Pickadill.
(pvaiKT], feni. of cpvaiicos, natural, physical. Pice, a small copper coin. (Marathi.)
— Gk. (pvai-s, nature, being. — Gk. <pv-civ, Hind, and Marathi paisd, a copper coin ;
to produce. -f- Skt. bhii, to be; Y,. fu-i, sometimes rated at four to the anna, or
fo-re;Y.be. (-v^BHEU.) TfeT. physics; sixty-four to the rupee (H. H. Wilson).
physic-i-an &c.
; Pick, to peck, pierce, also to pluck, &c.
physiognomy, visage, expression of (E.) M. E. pikken, pekken, used as equi-
features, (t — L. — Gk.)
. M. E. fisnomie, valent words, Ch. C. T ., Group B. 4157.
visnomie. — O.Y. phisonomie, later phy- [Cf. Irish //(7C, Go,t\. pioc,\o pick, nibble,
siognoinie, a knowledge of a man's cha- pluck, peck; \V. pigo, to pick, peck,
racter by his features hence features, prick, choose
; Corn, piga, to prick.] ;
expression. Formed as if from L. *phy- Allied to A. S. pTcan (written pycan), to

siognomia, but due to the longer form peck, and the sb. ptc, a sharp point, Voc.
physiog7iomonia.''Gk.. <pvaioyva){j.ovia, the 3. 13. From a Teut. base *pic, allied to
art of reading the features sometimes Spike, And see Pike, From an Idg.
;
(pvaioyvQjfxia. — Gk. cpvaioyuojfjxuv. adj., judg- root *spi-g; cf. *spT-k, as in L. spjca.
ing character. — Gk.(pvcno-, for û'cts, nature pickadill, piccadill, a piece set
yvufiojv, an interpreter see G-nomon.
; round the edge of a garment, a collar. (F.
389
'
PICKAX PIEPOWDER COURT

— Span. — Teut.) Obsolete; but preserved — Swed. dial, pittla, to keep on picking
ia Piccadilly, a street inLondon, named at; frequent, of Swed. peta, to pick,
from a certain house, which was a famous ' poke.
ordinary near St. James's see Blount and
' ; Pie (i), a magpie; unsorted printer's
Nares. — M.F. piccadille pi. piccadilles^
;
type. (F. —
L.) The unsorted type is called
' the several pieces fastened together about pie, i. e. a jumble ; see pie (3) also pi^ ;
as if short for pica, from the common

;
the brimme of the collar of a doublet
Cot. Formed, with Span, dimin. suffix use of pica-type ; see below. The magpie
-illo, from Span, picado, pp. of picar, to is M. E. pie. F. pie. — —
Y. pica, a magpie.
puncture ; cf. Span, picadura, a puncture, Cf. L./f«^j-, woodpecker, Skt. ///â-, Indian
an ornamental gusset in clothes. —Span. cuckoo.
picar, to prick, hovapica, a pike (hence a pie (2), a book which ordered the
pricking instrument) a word of Teut.
; manner of performing divine service. (F. —
origin ; see Pike. L.) Here /?V is (as above) a F. form of L.
pickax. (F. — L.) Not an ax at all, pica, which was an old name for the
but a corruption of M. E. pikois, pikeis, a Ordinale ; so called from the confused ap-
mattock. — O. F. picois, later picquois, a pearance of the black-letter type on white
mattock. — O. F. //^«^r, to pierce, thrust paper, resembling a magpie. Certain sizes
into. — F. pic, a * pick or kind of mattock.
' of type are still called /zV^.
— Late L. pica, a pickax. Cf. A.S. pic, pie (3): a pasty. (F.-L.) M. E./zV;
a pike ; Bret, pic, a pick W. pig, a point,
; prob. the same word as pie (i) ; from the
pike, Irish piocaid, a mattock see Pike.; miscellaneous nature of its contents. E.
picket, a peg for fastening horses, a pies seems to be Latinised as pice, Babees
small outpost. (F. — L.) Y .piquet, pic quet, Book,pt. ii. 36. 51. Cf. pie(2). Gael. ^
a little pickax, a peg thrust in the ground. pighc, a pie, is from E.
Dimin. oiY.pic (above). piebald, of various colours, in patches.
Pickle, a liquid in which substances are (F. — L. and C.)
; Compounded of pie, a
preserved. (Teut). M. E. pikil, pykyl; magpie, and bald\ see Bald. The old
Prompt. Parv. Probably from pickle, fre- sense of bald, or baWd, is streaked, from
quent, of pick, in the sense to pick out or W. bal, having a white streak on the fore-
'
cleanse ' with reference to the gutting
; head, said of a horse. Cf. skezv-bald.
or cleansing of the fish with which the Piece. (F. — C.) yi.Y. pece, piece."'
operation of pickling is begun. find We O. F. piece F. pihe.
; Cf, Ital. pezza,
M. Y-.pykelynge, 'purgulacio,' derived from Span, pieza, Vxov. pessa^ pesa. Port, peâ,
*
pykyn, or clensyn, or cullyn owte the a piece. — Late L. petia, a piece; cf. Late
onclene, purgo,purgtilo, segrego Prompt. '
; L. petimn, a piece of land (a. d. 757)- —
Parv. See Pick. {3. We
also find Du. Celtic (Gaulish) "^petti-, a piece, portion,
pekel, pickle which some have derived
; answering to O. Celtic '^qetti-, the same;
from the name of the supposed inventor evidenced by O. Irish cuit (Ir. cuid), a
of pickling, whose name is variously given piece, share, W. peth, a piece, a thing,
as Beiikeler, Bockel, and P'okel \ a story Corn. peth, Bret, pez, a piece (Thurneysen,
unsupported by evidence. Stokes, Korting). Esp. used of a piece
Picnic. (F.) Found in F. as early as of land.
1692, and in Swedish before 1788; but piece-meal. (F.-C; awi/E.) M.E.
borrowed in those languages from Low G. pece-Dule, by pieces at a time. The M. E,
Origin obscure. Pic is prob. from pick suffix -mele, lit. ' by bits,' occurs in other
{Yi\x. pickeri) to nibble; cf. slang Y.. peck,
, compounds, and is also spelt -melum ;
food, peckish, hungry. AHc is for knick, a from A, S. 7nahim, dat. pi, of mtzly a por-
trifle; anothername for a picnic was wzV/^- tion see Meal (2). ;
nack (Foote, Nabob, act i). Piepowder

court, a summary court
Picture. (L.) L. /2V//7ra, properly the of justice formerly held at fairs. (F. L.) —
art of painting. — L. pictus, pp. oi pingere, The E. piepowder represents O. F. pied
to paint. Allied to Skt. piiij, to dye, pouldre, i. e. dusty foot. The court was
colour; Gk. noiKiKo'i. Brugm. i. § 701. called, in Latin, Curia pedis ptilverTsdti,
Piddling, trifling. (Scand.?) From the court of the dusty foot, from the dusty
the \crh piddle, to trifle (Ascham) ; other feet of the suitors. F./zVi-/, foot, from L. —
forms are//7/'/t' (Skinner) ,/^//'/£(Halliwell). pedef?i, ace. of pes ; O. F. poiildre ( =^poul-
390
— ;
PIER PILL
dr4), pp. oi potildrer, to cover with dust, a yourg pike ; pike-staff, also found
(fish)
ixom pouldre, dust see Powder. ; as piked-staff, i.e. staff armed with a pike
Pier, amass of stone-work. (F. — L. or spike.
Gk.) M. E./^/v.— A. F, pere (¥.pierre), Pilaster, a square pillar. (F. Ital.— —
a stone. —L. petra. <îj\i. itirpa, a rock, L.) Y.pilastre. — Ital. pilastro, a pilaster, '
stone. a piller;' Florio.-ltal. pila, 'a tlat-

Pierce. (F. L. ?) M. E. percen. - F. - sided piller ; id.-L. pila, a pillar. See
'
perccr; O. F./^/rzVr (Roland). Generally Pile (2).

thought to be contracted from O. F. per- Pilch. (L.) Orig. a warm fur garment.
tuisier, to pierce, lit. to make a hole.— M. E. pilche. A. S. pi/cce, pylcc. - L. pel-
O. F./(?r/«zV, a hole {JX^vX. pertugio). The licea ; see Pelisse.
O.Y . -:like \\?\. pertitgio), answers
pertitis Pilchard, a fish. (E.?) Formerly
to a Late L. ^periilsium, extended from pitcher cf. Irish pilseir, a pilchard. Of ;
L. pertusus^ pp. of perhindere, to thrust unknown origin. CL Dan. dial, pilke,

through, pierce. (Ennius has latii^ perhidit to fish (in a particular manner), Svved.
hasta = the spear pierced his side Lewis.) dizX.pilka ; from 'Norw. pi/k, an artificial
;
^'L. per, through; tundere, to beat; see bait.

Contuse. ^
Commonly accepted; some Pilcrow, a curious corruption of Para-
suggest Late L. *per-itiare. to go through graph, q. V. ;
cf. L. in-itiare. See Initiate and Com- Pile (i), a tumour, lit. a ball, (L.)
mence. Only in the ^\. piles. — L./zVa, a ball.
Piety. (F.-L.) ^l.Y.piet€.^\..pietd- Pile (2), a pillar, heap. \L.) M. E.
tem, ace. oi pietds, devoutness. — L. pins, pile; F. pi/e.^h. pi/a, a pillar, a pier of
devout. See Pious. Doublet.///;/. stone. In the phrase cross and pile ^
Pig. (E.) M. E. pigge. Prov. E. peg (of a coin), answering to the modern 'head
(Berks.). Qi. K.^. pecg\ of sviinfordao© and tail/ the pile took its name from the
'
pecges ford Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 223. pile or short pillar on which the coin rested
;
'
But the connexion is doubtful. %

Certain when struck see Cotgrave, %.\. pile. ;
masses of molten metal are called sows and Pile (3), a stake. (L.) A. S. pil, a
pigs hencQ pig- ir072.
\ stake. — L./f/z^7//, a javelin orig. a pestle. ;
Pigeon, a bird. (F. — L.) F. pigeon, a For *pins-luvi. — Y. pinsere, to pound. +

pigeon, a dove. — L. pipidneni, ace. of Skt. pish, pirns h, to pound. The he- %
pipio, lit. chirper.' — L. pipJre, to chirp. raldic //Yd {Y. pile) is a sharp stake.
*
See Pipe. Pile (4\ a hair, fibre of wool. (L.) L.

Piggin, a small wooden vessel. (E.) pilus, a hair. Cf. Gk.TTfAos, felt. Brugm.
Cf. Gvie\. pigean, a pitcher, jar; dimin. of ii. § 76. Der. three-piled, L. L, L. v. 2.
pige,pigeadh, ^n earthen jar; \x\^h. pigin, 407.
small pail, pighead, earthen jar W. Piles, small tumours. (L.) See Pile (i).
;
picyn, a piggin ; all borrowed from Y.. Pilfer. (F.-L.?) O.F. pelfrer, to
Prob. for *piggen, adj., from pig, in the rob, pilfer. — O.F. pel/re, plunder; see
sense of 'earthen vessel,' as in G. Douglas, Pelf.
tr. of Vergil, bk, vii. See Pig. Pilgrim. (Ital.— L.) litil.pellegrino,
Pight, old form of pitched see a pilgrim. — L. peregrinus, a foreigner,
\
Pitch (2). stranger; as adj. foreign. — Y.pcregri, adv.,

Pigment. (L.) 'L.pig}?ientum,co\o\xx- away from home; see Peregrination.
ing matter. — L. pig-, base of pingere, to Cf. O. H. G. piligrim, from Ital.
paint ; with suffix -mentuin. See Paint. Pill (i), a little ball of medicine. (F.—
Pigmy ; see Pygmy. L.) Short iox pilule cf. O. Y.pile, a pill.
;
Pike, a sharp-pointed weapon, a fish. — F. pilule, 'a pill;' Cot. — L. pilula, a

(E.) M. E. pike, a peaked staff, pic, a little ball, globule ; dimin. oi pila, a ball.
spike ; also M. E. pike, a fish, named from See Pile (i).
its sharply pointed jaws. A. S. pTc, a Pill (3), to plunder. (F.-L.) Also
point, a pike. (Hence Irish pice, a pike, spelt peel; and, conversely,/^!?/, to strip,
fork, Gael. p}c, W. pig, Bret, ptk, pike, is spelt////; the words have been confused,
point, pickax.) Closely allied to pick, but are really different see Peel (2). ;
sb., a mattock ultimately allied to

; l^l.Y. pillen, to plunder. — F. piller. ^L..
Spike. See Pick. Der. pik-er-el, pildre, to pull out hair, also, to plunder
391
;; :
PILLAGE PINE
from J-ilus, hair. (Distinct from L. com-
I
Pimpernel, a flower. (F.-L.?) M.F.
pildre.) Der. pill-age, F. pillage. \ pimpcnielle i^F. p!f?iprcnelle^. Cf. Span.
Pillage ; see above. '^.
pi>npinela, Ital. pimpinella. Origin un-

-
Pillar. (F. L.) M. E. piler. O. F. - ; known. <^ Diez considers these words to
piler, \i3Xtx pilier. (Span, ///ar.) —Late j
be borrowed from L. '^hipijiella^bipennula,
L. pTldre, a pillar. —
L. pila, pillar, pi^r. i
a dimin. of hipeufiis, i. e. double-winged.
See Pile (2\ The pimpernel was confused with burnet
Pillau, Pilaf, a dish of meat or fowl, (Prior) ; and the latter {^Poterium san-
boiled with rice and spices. (Pers.) Pers. guisorba) has a feather-like arrangement of
pildv.pilav, a dish made of rice and meat its leaves. Cf. Rosa piiiipinellifolia. If
Palmer. this be right (which is highly doubtful),
Pillion. (C. — L.) Mod. Norman and we refer the word to L. hi- double
Guernsey/^7^«are probably borrowed from pentta !
E. Lovvl. '6c. pilyaue, in 1503 (^N.E.D.) Pimple. (F. ?) [Cf. A. S. piplian, to

which was adapted from Gaelic. Pals- be pimply. The alleged A. S. pinpel
grave has pyllion for a woman to ride
'
is Lye's misprint for winpel ] Pro!), not !
on.' Cf. Irish pilliim, pillin, a pack- an E. word, but l)orrowed from some O. F.
saddle; Gael, pilleaii^ pillin^ a pack- or Late L. form. Cf. Y.pof/ipette, a pumple *
saddle, cloth put under a rustic saddle ; or pimple on the nose or chin,' Cot. and ;
Irish////, a covering, /<?«//, a skin; Gael. Span, pompa, a bubble. Also Gk. nefi(pi^,
teall, a skin, coverlet all from E. or from; TTOfX'pos, bulible, blister, Lith. pampti,
a
L. pellis, a skin.] See Pell. to swell L. papilla, a pimple.
Pillory. (F.) Y. pilari, 'a pillory;' Pin, a peg, &c, (L.) M. E. pinne, a
Cot. Of unknown origin other remark- ; peg. A. S. pinn, a pen, style for writing
able variants occur, viz. O. F. pilorin, pel- (Toller). [We tind also Irish //^;;, Gael.
lorin. Port, peloiirinho, Prov. espitlori. pinne, a pin, peg, spigot ; W. //;/, pin,
Late L. pilloriaciwi spilioriuni. , There style, pen Du. pin, pin, peg, Swed.
;
seems to have been a loss of initial s. pinne, a peg, Dan. pind, a (pointed' stick,
Pillow. (L.) M
K.pilwe A. S.pyle
. ; ;
Icel. pinni, a pin. Low G.penn, a peg.] All
both from L. piihiinus, a cushion, pillow, from L. pinna, a wing, fin, pen ; cognate
bolster; whence also Du. peulnw, G. with E. Fin. See Brugm. ii. § 66 (note).
pfuhl, Westphal.////y] Pinch. (F. — Teut.)
^Qi\X\Y. pincher,
Pilot, one who conducts ships in and Y pincer.
. A nasalised form of M. Ital.
out of harbour. ^F.-Ital. - Gk.) M.F. pizzare, picciarc, to nip; cf. Ital. /ms<?,
pilot, Cot. (Y.pilote) O. Y.pedot; cf. AL F.
; a sting, goad, pinzette, pincers. The
piloter, to take soundings (Palsgrave). orig. sense seems to have been a slight
Prob. borrowed from Ital. pilota, also prick \vith a sharp-pointed instrument, from
pedota, a pilot (Florio) cf. Late L. ; a Teut. base pic-, whence E. pike, pick;
pedotia, a pilot. —Late Gk. ^tttj^mttjs, a cf. A.S.pic, a point, pike. Cf. also Du.
steersman formed from Gk. ttt^Suf, a
; pinscfi, pitsen, to pinch (Hexham). Der.
rudder, blade of an oar. piftchers 01 pinc-ers cf. ^\.Y pinces, *a
; .
Pimento, allspice. (Port. — L.) Also pnir of pincers Cot. ;

'
pii}ienta. — Port, pinujita, pimento. The Pinchbeck, a metal. (Personal name.)

same as O. Y piment, a spiced drink. — L.
. From the inventor, Mr. Chr. Pinchbeck,
pigment um (i) a pigment, (2) the juice of
,
the elder, a London watchmaker (c. 1670-
plants ;see Pigment. 1732). From Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire.
Pimp, a pandar. (F.-L.) Prob. a Pindar, Pinner, an impounder. (E.)
smartly dressed fellow. — M, F. pimper, to Formed with suffix -er of the agent from
dress up smartly. A nasalised form of F. A. S. pyndan, to pen up. — A. S. pund, an
piper, to pipe, also to beguile, cheat cf. enclosure. See Pound (2). ^ Not allied
;
also Vxov. pimpar, to render elegant, from to pen (2).

pimpa, sb. (equivalent to F. pipeau) mean- Pine (0.- ^ 'I'ee. (L.) A.S. pin-treo,
ing (i) a pipe, (2) a bird-call, (3) a snare; a pine-tree. — L. ptnus, a pine i. e. pi- ;
besides which, F. piper meant to excel in nus.-^Gk. m-Tvs, a pine Skt.pFtu-ddru-, ;
a thing. Note also F. pimpant, smart, lit. resin- tree ;' L. pTtuita, phlegm, also
'
spruce and see Littre. — L. pipdre, to

; 'resin.' See Pip (i). Dqt. pifte-apple,
chirp whence to pipe). See Pipe. orig. 'a fir-cone.'
392
';
PINE PIPE
Pine long for; to suffer pain, So named because made of pine. — L.
{-), to
waste away. (L. — Gk.) M.E. pinen, to pTmcs, a pine. See Pine (i).
suffer, more frequently, to torment a verb Pinnacle. (F. — L.) ¥. pinacle,Co\..
;
formed from M.E. /?'«<?, torment. — A. S. ^l.pinndciiluin, a pinnacle (Matt. iv. 5 .
pin, pain borrowed from V., pcena, pain

; Double dimin. of Late L. pinna^ a pinna- ;
see Pain. cle (Lu. iv. 9), lu. pinna ^ a tin, &c. See
Pinfold, a pound. (E.) For pind- Pin.
fold; Talso spelt /««^3/2j/df, Birch, iii. 309^ Pinnate, feather-like. (L.) L. pin-
^ h..S. pymdan, to pen up (Jr ovn pund, an ndtiis, substituted iox penndhts, feathered.
enclosure: Zixxd^fold.
; See Pindar. — L. penna, a feather. See Pen.
Pinion, joint of a wing. (F. - L.) F. Pint, a measure for liquids. (F. — L.^
pignon, a gable-end Cot. O. F. pignon, F. pinte; cf. Span, pinta, a spot, mark,
;
a feather, a pennon on a lance. Cf. Span. pint. Named from being a marked part
pifion, a pinion. [Again, the mod. F. of a larger vessel cf. O. F. pinter, to ;
pignon has the sense of Y.. pinion a small measure wine. — Late \.. pincta, a pint;
,
wheel working with teeth into another in iox\..picta, fem. of/zV/z/j-, painted, marked,
;
which case the derivation is from L. pinna, pp. of pingere, to paint. So also Span.
the float of a water-wheel.] — I^. pinna, a pinttira = a picture.
wing see Pin.
; Pioneer, a soldier who clears the way
Pink (i), to pierce, prick. (L. ?) M. E. before an army. (F. — L.) YoxnxexXypioner.
pinken, to prick. Used as a nasalised F. pion7tier, O. F. peonier, a pioneer a ;
form of pick. We may note E. pink, to mere extension of F. pioft, O. F. peon,

cut round holes or eyes in silk cloth (Bailey), a foot-soldier, but esp. applied to sappers
as equivalent to M. F. piquer, the same and miners. See further under Pawn (2).
(Cotgrave). Cf. Pinch. Or from A. S. 4
Piony, the same as Peony.
pynca, pinca, a point, which seems to have Pious. (F.-L.) F. /zVwj:. - Late L.
been borrowed from L. punctum ; see *piosns, extended from L. pius, holy,
Puncture. devout. Brugm. ii. § 643.
Pink (2), half-shut, applied to the eyes. Pip a disease of fowls. (F. — L.)
(i),
(Du. — L.) Obsolete; cf. pink eyne,' M.E. ^ pippe. —VL.Y pepie, 'pip;' Cot.
.
Antony, ii. 7. 121. — M. jyw. pine ken (also (Mod. Norman pipie Span, pepita. Port. ;
pinck-oogen) to shut the eyes (Hexham).

, pevide, Ital. pipita.) — L. pttuita, phlegm,
The notion is that of narrowing, bringing rheum, also the pip (whence *pitvita.
to a point ; see Pink (i). Cf Prov. E. *ptpita, Late L. pipido). Hence also Du.
pink, a very small fish, minnow. pip ; Swed. pipp, &c. p. L. pituTta i.>
Pink (3), the name of a flower, and of from a stem/f/«-, for wliich see Pine (i .
a colour. (L.) As in violet, mauve, the Pip (2), the seed of fruit. (F.-L.-Gk!)
name of the colour is due to that of the Short iox pippin ox pepin, the old name.—
flower. The flower is named from the M. ¥. pepin, a pip. Allied to S-p^x\. pepita,
delicately cut or pinked edges of the petals ;
a pip [quite distinct from pepita, pip in
see Pink (i\ p. Similarly, M. F.pince, a fowls] ; and prob. to Span, pepino, a cu-
pink, is from F. pincer, to pinch, nip but ; cumber, p. Some have supposed that
F. pince and E. pink are not the same pepin was first applied to the remark-
word though they are related.
; able seeds of the cucumber and melon and ;
Pink (4), a kind of boat. (Du.) See is derived from O. F. pepon, L. pepd, a
Nares. Short for M. Du. espiftcke, also melon, borrowed from Gk. Tiiijojv, a melon.
written pincke, a pinke, or a small fisher's
' y. This Gk. iri-nwv was orig. an adj.,
boat,' Hexham (whence also F. pinqtie,
;
signifying '
ripened '
or '
ripe' ;
(cf. nfiTTfLv,
Span, pingue, a pink). The same word to cook, to ripen) ; allied to Skt. pack, L.
as Icel. espifigr, Swed. esping, a long boat coquere, to cook. See Cook.
named from Icel. espi, aspen-wood, M.Du. Pip (3), a spot on cards. (F. — L. — Gk.'i
espe, an aspen-tree. See Aspen. Apparently a peculiar use of Pippin.
Pink-eyed, having small eves see The spots were at first called /^<f/i^ (1604)
; ;
Pink (2 . ixova peeps, iox peepins, i. e. apples (i6oo) ;
Pinnace. (F. — Ital. — L.) F. pinace, M. E. pepin, a pip (Cursor Mundi).

pinasse, the pitch-tree also a pinnace
'
;Pipe, a musical instrument formed of a
;
Cot. — Ital. pinaccia, a pinnace (Florio). long tube ; a tube, cask. (L.) ^L H.pipe ;
393
;
PIPKIN PIT
A.S.pJpe. An imitative word but borrowed ; E. Fries, mire, an ant. Teut. type ^mtron-.
from Late L. pTâ, pipe from L. pTpdre, ; ^. Wealso find the similar i^but unrelated?)
to chirp. [So also Irish and Gael. piob. forms: Swed. myra, Dan. fnyre. Icel.
Irish pib, W. pib Du. pijp, Icel. pTpa,
; maurr, an ant. Also Irish moirbh, W.
Swed. pipa, Dan. pibe, G. p/ei/d.] Cf. L. mor^ pi. myr, Russ. muravei, Gk. nvpfn]^,
pipire, Gk. TTtTTtêii/, to chirp. From the I'ers. mtlr, mJr, an ant ; Corn. jnurria)i,
cry pi-pi of a young bird. ants.
Pipkin, a small earthen pot. (L., Piss, (F.) F. pisser supposed to be ;
with E. suffix.') A
dimin. (with suffix a Romance word, and of imitative ori-
-kin^ oiY..pipe. in the sense of cask. This gin.
particular sense of pipe may have been Pistachio, Pistacho, the nut of a
imported it occurs both in F. and Du.
; certain tree. ^Span. — L. Gk. Pers.) — —
see pipe in Cotgrave, pijpe in Hexham. Span, pistacho, — L. pistdciuin. — Gk.
Pippin, a kind of tart apple. ,F. — L. TTiaraKLov, a nut of the tree called iriaraKr),
— Gk. Named from seed-pips the old
) ;
— Pers. pistd, the pistachio-nut.
sense oi pippin was a pip; see Pip v2\ Pistil, a flower. (L.)
in Named from
'
Perhaps an apple raised from the pip or the resemblance in shape to the pestle of
seed;' Wedgwood. So Arnold's Chron.^
(,
a mortar. — L. pistiliutn, a small pestle,
Cf. O. F. and Norm. dial, pepin, an apple dimin. of an obsolete form '^pistrum, a
raised from seed. pestle. — L. pistum, supine of piiisere, to
Pique, wounded pride. (F. L.) M. F. — pound. -fCxk. vTiaanv, SkX.pish, to pound.
picquc, pique, a pike, pike-man
'
also a ; vVPiS.) See Pestle.
;
pike [pique], debate, quarrel Cot. The ' Pistol, a small hand -gun. (F.-Ital.)
¥. pistole. — liaX.pistoIa, 'a dag or pistoll
;'
same word as pike lit. a piercer,' that
;
'
which pierces. See Pike. Der. pique, Florio. We

also find M. lloX. pistolese 'a ,
\h.. piqu-ant, pres. part, of ¥. piquer, vb. great dagger,' in Florio and it is agreed
;
Piquet, a game at cards. (F. personal that the name was first applied to a
name ? Littre says piquet was named dagger, and thence transferred to the pistol,
from i':s inventor but see Hatzfeld.
; which even in E. was at first called a dag
Pirate. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y. pirate. ^lu. (F. dague, a daggerX A
pistol is to a gun
pTrdta. — Gk. TreipaTrjs, one who attempts, what a dagger is to a sword, p. The Ital.
one who attacks, a pirate. — Gk. -nHpacu, I pistolese ( = Late 'L.pistoicnsis) means be- '
attempt. — Gk. inipa (for *irep-La, an longing to Pistola so also Ital. pistola
'
;
attempt. See Peril. is from Pistola, now called Pistoja, a town
Pirogue, a sort of canoe. (F. — W. in Tuscany, near Florence. The Old Lat.
Indian.) Defoe hasperiaûa. — F. pirogue name of the town was Pistoriicm. See
(Span. pirag}ia\. From the naiive W. Scheler.
Indian name said to be Caribbean.
; pistole, a gold coin of Spain. (F.-
Pirouette, a whirling round, quick Ital.) The name, however, is not Spanish,
turn. (F.) F./^z;'i?//^//^, a whirling about, *
but French, and the coins were at first
;
also a whirligig Cot. Dimin. of the
' called pistolets. The name is of jocular
Guernsey word piroue, a little wheel or origin. — F. pistolet, a little pistol, also a
whirligig (Metivier). The latter part of pistolet ;Cot. Diez explains that the
the word simulates F. roue (L. rota), a crowns of Spain, being reduced to a smaller
wheel. Allied to M. Ital. pirolo, a peg, a size than the French crowns, were called
child's top. Origin unknown. pistolets, and the smallest pistolets were
Pisces, the Fishes. (L.) L. pisces, pi. called bidets cf. F. bidet,
; a small '
oi piscis, a fish ; cognate with E. Fish. pistoll;' Cot.^Y, pistole, a pistol; see
Pish! (E.> Of imitative origin; begin- above.
ning with expulsion of breath, and ending (F. - Ital. - L.) F. piston, ' a
Piston.
in a hiss. Cot. also a piston. — Ital. /?>/<?«<;,
pestell,' ;
Pismire, an ant. (F. and E.) The a piston; pestone, a large pestle. — Ital.
old name of the ant from the strong pestare, Late L. pistdre, to pound. — L.
;
urinous smell of an anthill. The first pistils, pp. of pinsere, to pound. See
syllable is from F. pisser (below), p. The Pi.stil.
second is M. E. mire, an ant, prob. a Pit. (L.) M.Y.pit,put; A.S.pyi.-'
native word. Cf. Du. mier, M. Du. viiere, L.puteus, a well, pit (Luke xiv. 5). j
Per-
394
'. '
PITAPAT PLAINTIFF
haps a spring of pure water, from 'L.putjt:^ Placable. (L.) L. pldcdbilis, easy to
(
pure, allied to purus see Pure. Der. l,e ajj eased. — L. //d'car^, to appease.
\
'
pit, vb., to set in competition, from the Placard. (F. Du.) F. plcuard, —
setting of cocks to fight in a pit. piaqnard, ' a placard, inscription set up ;
Pitapat. (E.) reduplication A of /fl/, also rough-cast on walls;' Cot. - F.

I
weakened to /2/ in the former instance. \plaquer, to rough -cast ; also to stick or
Pitch ( I }, a black sticky substance. (L.) paste on; Cot. — Du. plakken, to glue or
j
M. E. pick ; older form pik A. ^.pic. — L. fasten up, formerly * to plaister,' Hexham.
; i
pic-, stem oi pix, pitch. +

Gk. viaaa (for Prob. of imitative origin (Franck>.
*TTlK-ya). Cf. Pine (i). Place. (F. L. Gk.) Y 'place. ^
! — — .
Pitch. (2), to throw, fall headlong, fix a Folk-L. *plattia ; L. platea, also platea,
!
camp. (L.) A
palatalised form of /zV^, to a broad way, a courtyard. — Gk. TrXaTfTa,
i
throw, Cor. i. 1. 204, esp. to throw sl pike a broad way ; lem. of ttAgtus, broad. <r
!
A
or dart also to plunge a sharp peg into place was orig. a courtyard or square, a
;
the ground for fixing tents. M. E. picchen, piazza. Ci.lXsH.piazza^^Y .piacej. See
pt. l.pihteiXzttxpighf). See Pike. Plaice, Plate.
Pitcher. (F.-O. H. G.-L.) M. E. Placenta, a substance in the womb.
picker. — O. F. picker, also peckir ; M. ¥. (L.; L. placenta, lit. a fiat cake. ^k- +
pickier, a pitcher'
a Languedoc word
;
; TrXaKovs, a flat cake ; cf. vKcl^, a fiat sur-
Cot. — O. H. G.peckefri (G. decker)." I. ate face.
L. *biccariii?7i, for L. bicariuni, a wir.e- Placid. (F. — L.) F. placide, ' calm ;
vessel prob. from Gk. /3r«os, (the same^

; Cot. — L. placidtis, pleading, gentle. —L.
See Beaker. placere, to please. See Please.
Pith. (E.) M. E. pit he. A. S. pi6a, Plack, a third of a (Scotch) penny.
pith.+Du. pit, M. Du. pitte. Low G. (Du.) From ^L Du. placke, 'a French
peddik. sous;' Hexham. Also, *a spot.' — M.
Pittance, a dole. (F.) M. Y^.pitaunce. Du. placken, * to plaister ; see Placard. '
<^Y pitance, 'meat, food, victuall of all

. Plagiary. (F.— L.) Y. plagiaire,(mii
sorts, bread and drinke excepted Cot. who kidnaps
; ' also a book-theef ' Cot.;
'
;
Cf. Span./zVawza Yx.'bX. pietanza which is

;
— L.//a^Z(2rz'«j, a kidnapper. — Y.. plagium,
prob. corrupted by a supposed connexion kidnapping ; plagidre, to ensnare. — L.
\;\\h. pieth, pity) also Span./zVar, to dis- plaga, a net.
;
tribute or dole out allowances, p. Ducange Plague. (F.-L.) M.E./%^.-O.F.

explains Late L. pictantia as a pittance, plage, plague (F. plaie). — L. plaga, a
orig. a dole of the value of a picta, which stroke, blow, injury, disaster.+Gk. nhr]yT\,
was a very small coin issued by the counts a blow, plague, Rev. xvi. 21, from ttXtjc-
of Poitiers (Pictava). 7. But we also find aeiv ( = *-n\r}K-y(iv) to strike cf. L. plang- , ;
'LatQ'L. pittajitia, which Thumeysen con- ere, to strike. Brugm. i. § 569.

nects with Ital. pit-etto, F. pet-it, small, Plaice, a fish. (F.-L.) " O. F. pldise,
allied to Piece. plats. —
Y.platessa, a plaice so called from ;
Pity. (F. -L.) M. E. /zV^^.-O. F. its flatness. From the base plat-, as seen
pite, pitet (12th cent.). — L. pietdteui, ace. in Gk. irXarvs, flat, broad cf. Pla,ce. ;
of pietds, devoutness. — L. pius, devout. Plaid. iC — L.) Gael, ând Irish)

Doublet, piety. Der. pite-ous, for plaide, a blanket, plaid. Allied to peal-
M..Y.. pitous, from O. P\ piteus<SLz.\.Q L. laid, a sheep-skin. — Gael. and Irish)
pietosus, merciful. peall, a skin. — L. pellis, a skin. See
Pivot, a pin on which a wheel, &c. Pell.
turns. (F.-Ital.-L.?) Y. pivot. Formed, Plain, flat, evident. (F.-L.) Y. plain.
with dimin. suffix -ot, from Ital. piva, a ^\.. planus, flat.
pipe. The Ital. piva meant (i) a pipe, 2) Plaint, a lament. (F. L.)
( M.E. —
a tube with fine bore ; cf. pivolo, a peg. — pleinte.-'O.Y. pleinte. — YatQ L. plancta,
Late 'L. pTpa, a pipe ; allied to L. pTpdre, for \j.planctus, lamentation. — Y.planctus,
to chirp see Pipe.
; ^
So Diez ; much pp. of plangcre, to bewail. See Plague.
disputed. plaintiff. (F.-L.) M.Y. plaintif.^
Pixy, a fairy. (Scand.) Also picksy, Y. plaintif, 'a plaintiff;' Cot. Formed
Cornwall pisky. Of Scand. origin; cf. with suffix -if {Y,. -Fmis), from planctuSy
Swed. dial, pyske, a dwarf, goblin (Rietz). pp. oiplangere (above).
395
; \ — '
;
PLAINTIVE PLATTER
plaintive. (.F. -L) F- plaintive, Cf. also G. plotschen. Dan. pladske (for
fem. of ¥. plain tif\2i\iO\e\ *plaiske^, Swed. //aj/i'a J'or *plafska^, to
Plait. (F.-L.) FromM. E.//^tV, sb., dabble from the Teut. base */'/a/, to
;
a fold.-O. F. pleit, ploit, pht, a fold.- strike, seen in A. S. phzttan. to strike.
Late L. type *plictum, iox plictum, short Plash. ( 2 the same as Pleach.,
form oi plicitum, by- form of 1.. plicdtutn, Plaster. (^L. — Gk.' Vi..Y.. piastre;
neut. oi pUcatus^-^^. oi plicdre, to fold; A. S. plaster. [Also spelt plaisterÔ. F.
see Ply. Cf. Implicit ; and see Pleach. plaisire.'] — 'L. emplastrum, a plaster for
Flan. (F. L.) —

F. //a«, * the ground- wounds, the first syllable being dropped.—
plat of a building;' Cot. — F. plan, flat; Gk. ij-nrXaaTpov. a plaster, a form used by
learned form of V plain. — 1.. planum, ace..
Galen instead of ef^nXaarci', a plaster, neut.
of planus, flat. Properly, a drawing (for of €fj.nXaaTOi, daubed on or over. — Gk.
a building) on a flat surface. efLnXdaaeii', to daub on. — Gk. e/x- (for h),
plane i)> ^ \e\Q\ surface. (F. — L.) on TT\d(T(T(LV. to mould, form in clay or
;
F. plane, fem. oi plan, flat âbove). — L. wax. Here irXacaeiv = *n\aT-_y€iv allied ;
plana, fem. oi planus, flat. to E. fold, vb.

plane (-\ a tool also to render a sur- ; plastic. (,L. — Gk."' L.plasticus. — Gk.
face level. (F. — L.) M. Y.. plane, a tool. irXaoTiKos. fit formoulding. — Gk. irXdaaeir,
— F. plane. — Late L. plana a tool for .
to mould (.above
planing. 2. We
find also I\I. P2. plancn. Plat (i), Plot, a patch of ground ; see
to plane. - .planer. — \..pldndye, to pbne.
')c
Plot (2).
— L. planus, flat. Plat (2), to plait; see Plait.
Plane 3 a tree. (F - L. - Gk M E.
, , . .) . Platane, a plane-tree. (,L. — Gk.^ L.
plane. — F. plane. ^'L. platanutn, ace. oi \
platanus.-'Gk. n-Aarai'o?
(3) ; see Plane
platanus, a plane. — Gk. TrXdravos, a plane ; Plate, a thin piece of metal, flat dish.
named from its spreading leaves. — Gk. (F. - L.) M. E. plate. - O. F. plate ;
pro-
TrXarws, wide. Brugm. i. § 444. perly the fem. of plat, flat. — Late L.
Planet. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.planete. platta, a lamina, plate of metal, fem. of
— O. V .plancte. — L. planeta. — Gk. nXavi]- Folk-L. plattus, flat. Cf. Span, plata,
TT]s, a wanderer also TrXavrjs, a wanderer; plate, silver
;
but the Span, word was ;
the pi. TTXdi'T]T€s means the wandering stars borrowed from French whence also Du. ;
or planets. —Gk. TrXai'aofxai, I wander.— Dan. plat, G. Swed. //a//, flat.+Lithuan.

Gk. rrXavrj, wandering. plains, Gk. -nXaTv^, broad Skt. prthus, ;
Planisphere, a sphere projected on a large. (yPLET.)'

plane. (L. and Gk.^ From L. planus, plateau, a flat space. (F.-L.^ F.
flat ; and E. sphere, of Gk. origin see plateau, for O. F. platel, a small plate
;
Sphere. dimin. of/Az^ aplate. — Y.plat, flat (above).

Plank, a board. 'E.planke. (F. - L.) M. platform, a flat surface, level scaffold-
— N. F. (Ficard)/Az«y^<? lôrms.n planque. ; ing formerly, a ground-plan, plan. (F.
;
;
— 1^. planca, aflat board. Nasalised from L.) F. platcforme. a platform, modell '
the h2i.s,t plac-, flat; see Placenta. Cot - F. plate, fem. of plat, flat forme, ;
Plant. (L.) M.E./A7//A'. K.^.plante. form. See above and see Form. ;
— plant a, a plant
'L.. properly, a spreading ;
platina, a metal. (Span. — F. — L.)
sucker or shoot also, the sole of the foot.
; Span, platina named from its silvery ap-
;
From the base plat- ; see Place. pearance. — Span.//a/<2, silver. — O.Y .plate,
plantain. (F. — L.) F. plantain.— hammered plate, also silver plate see ;
L. plant dgitievi, ace. of plantdgo, a plan- Plate.

tain. Named from its spreading leaf platitude. (F.-L.) ¥. platitude,
allied to Plant (above). flatness, insipidity. Coined from F. plat,
plantigrade, walking on the sole of flat see Plate. ;
the foot. (L.) From planti-, for planta, Platoon, a company of men. (F, L.) —
the sole or flat part of the foot grad-i, Earlier form peloton (Stanford). — F. pelo-
;
to walk. See Plant, Place. ton, a tennis-ball, also a group of men, a

Plash (i), a puddle, shallow pool. platoon. Dimin. of M. F. pelote, a tennis-
(E. ?j M. E. plasche. Cf. M. Du. plasch, ball see Pellet. ;
a plash, pool plasschen in V water, to

;
Platter, a flat plate. (F.-L.) M.E.
plash or plunge in the water; Hexham, plater." K.Y. tlater (Bozon). Formed
396
—
PLAUDIT PLIGHT
(with suffix -er) from O. F. plat^ a plate ; I
PleiOCene, more recent ; Pleisto-
see Plateau. |
cene, mo.t recent. Gk.) From Gk.
Plaudit, applause. (L.) Formerly i TrActcu-i/, more, or TrXtTaTo-y, most ; and
plaudits or plaudity. — 'L. plaudite, clap I
/caji/oj, recent, new. IlAftW, TrAffaTos are
your hands; 2 pers. pi. imp. oi plaiidere, to comp. and superl. of ttoAus, much.
applaud. Plenary, full. Late L.-L.) Late
Play, a game. (E.) M. E. play. A. S. h.plendrius, erAue.^L.plenus, full.+(ik.
plega, a game, sport; also (commonly), a TTkrjprqs, vXi-ws, full ; viix-nKij-fJi, I fill.
fight, battle. Cf. A. S. plegian, to play, Allied to Full.
clap plegian mid handiun, to clap hands.
; plenipotentiary having full powers. ,
% Not allied to plight (Franck). (L.j Coined from L. pleni-, for plena-,
Plea, an excuse. (F. — L.) yi.Y.. plee, decl. stem of plains, full and potenti-, ;
play. — A. F. plee (Bozon) O. ¥.ple,plai,

; for potens, powerful with suffix -drius ;
;
occasional forms of O. F. plait, plaid, a see Potent.

plea. —Late h. placitum, ^.decree, sentence, plenitude, fullness. (F. - L.) O. F.
&c. with numerous meanings), orig. a plenitude. — L. plenitudo, fullness. — L.
decision, that which has seemed good.— pleni-, for pienus, full ; with suffix
L. placittan, nent. of placitus, pp. of -tildo.
placere, to please. See Plead, Pl3ase. plenty, abundance. (F.-L.' M. E.
Pleach, Plash, to intertwine boughs plentee. — O. F. plente, plentet. — 'L. pleni-
in a hedge, (t. — L.) M. E. plechen.— tdtem, ace. oiplenitds, fullness. — 1.. pleni-,
O. F. plescier, plessier, later plesser, to '
for pienus, full. Der. plenteous, ^L E.
plash, plait young branches,' &c. Cot. — ; plenteus, often %^q\\. plentivous, from O.F.
Late L. type *plectidre, later pkssdre, to plentivos ; from O. F. plentif, answering
pleach. — Late L. type ^plectia, later to Late L. form plenitivus.
plessa, a thicket of woven boughs. — L. Pleonasm. .L. -Gk.) 'L.pleonasmus.
plectere, to weave extended from base
;
— Gk. n\€ova(7fi6s, abundance. — Gk.
PLEK, to weave, whence also plicdre, to iTXeovd(€Lv, to abound, lit. to be more.
fold. See Ply. Gk. irKfov, neut. of -rrKiojv, ttKhqjv, more,
Plead. (F.-L.) M.E.//âr^«.-0. F. comparative of iroXvs, much, allied to
plaider, to plead, argue. — O.F. plaid, a TrAe'o;?, full. See Plenary.
plea see Plea.
; Plethora, excessive fullness, esp. of
Please. (F.-L.) M.E.//^.y^«.-O.F. blood. (L.-Gk.) L. plethora. - Gk.
plesir, plaisir, to please (F. plaire — L. . TTXijOwpT], fullness. — Gk. vKrjd-os, a throng,
placere, to please. Allied to pldcdre, to crowd; allied to ttXtjptjs, full. See
appease. Der. pleas-ant, from O. F. Plenary.
plesant, pleasing, pres. pt. of plesir also ; Pleurisy, inflammation of the//d-«r«,or
dis-please. membrane whichcovers the lungs. F. — L. {
pleasnre. (F. — L.) An E. spelling — Gk.) ¥. plezir^sie. — L,. pleurisis also ;
of F. plaisir, pleasure (like E. leisure for pleurT/is. — Gk. v\(.vpiTLS, pleurisy. — Gk.
A.F. leisir). This 1- sb. is merely the infin.
. TTk€vpa, a rib, side, pleura.Der. pleurit-
mood used substantively. — L. placere see ; ic^ from irKivpir-is pleuro-pnetunonia,
;
Please. inflammation of pleura and lungs, from

Pleat, another form of Plait. wf vpLQjv, a lung see Pneumatic.
;
Plebeian, vulgar. (F. - L.) O. F. Pliable, flexible. See Ply.

plebeien [V pUbiien).
formed, with suffix
; pliant. (F. — L.'i F.///(z;//, pres. pL
-en (L. -anus), from \^. plebeius, adj., from oi plier, to bend see Ply. ;
plebes, more commonly plebs, the people. Flight pledge; hence, as vb., to
(i),
Cf. Gk. irXfjOos, a multitude. pledge. (E.) ^L i^. pliht, danger, also
Pledge, a security, surety. (F. O. Low — engagement, pledge. A. S. pliht, risk,
G.) M. E. plegge, a hostage, security.— danger. Formed, with suffix -/ (Idg. -//'-),
O. F. plege, a. surety (F. pleige). [Allied from the strong vb. pleon. i^pleh-an),
to O. F. plevir, M. Y.pleuvir, to warrant.] pt. t. pleah, to risk; cf. pleoh, danger.-j-
— O. Sax. plegan, to promise, pledge one- ^L Du. plicht, duty, debt, use plegen. to ;
self; cf. O. H. G. pjlegan, to answer for be accustomed G. pjlicht, duty, from

;
(G. pjlegen), A. S. pleon, to risk, pleoh, O. H. G. pJlcgan (G. pjiegen^, to promise

risk (Franck). See Plight (i). or engage to do. Teut. root, *pleh-.
39:
';
PLIGHT PLUMP
Der. plight, vb., A. S. plihtan, weak borrowed from Late L. piluccdre, whence
vb., from. pliht, sb. Ital. pilziccare, to pluck out hair from L. ;
Plight (2), to fold ; as sb., a fold, also pilus, a hair; see Pile (3). TieT.phick,
state, condition. (F. — In sb., a butcher's term for the heart, liver,
L.) Misspelt,
all these senses, the sb. was formerly M. E. and lights of an animal, whence mod. E.
plite. — O. F. plite, fern, (given as plyte pluck, courage, plucky, adj.
in Godefroy, plisie, plyte in Roquefort), Plug. (Du.) M..\)v.. plugge,ViVi. plug,
state, condition. — L. //iVzVrt:, fern, oi plici- a peg, bung. Cf. Low G. plugge, Swed.
tiis, pp. oi plicdre, to fold. It is the fern. phigg., G. pjlock, a peg, plug.
oi plait see Plait and Ply,
;
(L. - Gk.) Plum.
A. S. phlme, a
Plinth, the lowest part of the base of plum ; formed (by change of r to /) from
a column. (F.— L. —
Gk. ; or L.— Gk.) L. priljizim, a plum. See Prune,
F. plinthe. — L. plinthus. — Gk. trXivOos, a (F. L) F. plumage, Plumage. -
brick, plinth. Perhaps allied to Flint, ' feathers ; Cot. — F. plume. — L. phima, '
Plod. (E.) Orig, to splash through a feather ; see Plume.

water or mud ; hence, to trudge on Plum^b, a lead on a string, as a plum-
laboriously, toil onward. From M. E. met. (F. — L.) Yo\vcvQx\y plonib', M. E.
Cf. Irish plod, plodan, plom. — F. plomb,
;
plod, a puddle. lead, a plummet '
a pool plodach, a puddle, whence plod- Cot. — L. plumbtim, lead.

;
Cf. Gk. \ioKv-
anachd^ paddling in water Gael, plod, Pos, /xoAv/35oy, lead.
; Der. plumb, vb., to
plodan, a pool. Also E. Fries, phidern, to sound a depth ; plumb-er, sb., Y.plombier.
splash about in water Dan. dial, pludder, ; plumbago, blacklead. (L.) L. plum-
Dan. pladder, mud. Of imitative origin ; bago, a kind of leaden ore. — L. plumbum,
cf. Plash (i). lead (above).
Plot (i)> ^ conspiracy. (F.) Short for Plume. (F.-L.) F. plume. ^ I.,
complotij) for the loss of C07?i-, cf. fence pluma, a small feather, down.
;
Allied to
for defence^ sport for disport. — F. coniplot, E.y?)', vb. See Fly. Brugm. i. § 681.
'
a complot, conspiracy
;
Cot. Of un- ' (F. - L.) Plummet.
M. E. plomviet.
known origin Korting, § 2053. p. Or, — O.F. plo7nmet; M. F. plo7nbet; dimin.
;
more likely, short for plotfo7-m, variant of oi plomb, lead; see Plumb (above).
platfo7')]i, a map or plan see platform. Plum.p (i), full, round, fleshy. (E. or
;
For plotform, see Gascoigne, Art of Ve- O. Low G.) M. E. plo77ip, rude, clownish
nerie, 40 and cf. plat, a map (Mirror for also plump, sb., a cluster or clump. The
;
Magistrates). word seems to be E., especially if the prov.

Plot (2), a small piece of ground. (E.) E. plim, to swell out, is an allied verb.
M. E. plotte. [Cf. plat, 2 Kings ix. 26.] Cf. phwip, to swell (Nares).+M. Du.
A. S. plot, a plot of ground; Cockayne's plomp, clownish, dull (a metaphorical use,
Leechdoms, iii. 286. Note Dan. //^/, as from the notion of thickness) E. Fries, ;
m gyi2splet, a grass-plat. and Low G. plu7np, bulky, thick; Swed.

Plough. (E.) M. E. ploiih, plow; Dan. G. plu77ip, clumsy, blunt, coarse.
also A. iS.plo/z, in the sense '
plot of land.' See Plump (3). Der. plump-er, a kind
ii. Fries. plog:-\-Du. ploeg\ Icel. plogr, of vote (to swell out a candidate's chances
a plough Swed. plog, Dan. plov also O.
; ;
against all the rest).
Fries, ploch^ G. pfiug- [Lithuan. plugas, Plum.p 12), straight downward, (F.—
Russ. plug'' are borrowed from Teutonic] L.) Formerly phi77i, plu77ib\ Milton,
Plover, a bird. (F. — L.) M. Y.. plover. ii. 933. — F. a plo77ib, downright (cf.
P. L.
— O. F. plovier, pluvier. Formed Ital. cadere a pto//ibo, to fall plump, lit.
later
iTom L. "^pluudritis, equivalent to L. like lead). — Y.plof/ib, lead. — L. plu7/ibu7?i,
phmidlis, rainy. — L. plunia, rain; see lead. See below, and see Plunge.
Pluvial. These birds were said to be most Plum.p (3), vb., to fall heavily down.
seen and caught in a rainy season whence (E. ?). Of imitative origin. ;
Cf. E. Fries.
also the G. name r<?o-^w^z/"^r (rain-piper). plu77ipe7i, to fall heavily, plempe7t, to
Pluck, to snatch. (E.) W.Y.. plukken. plunge into water ; so also Du. plo77tpen,
.\.'>^. phiccian, Matt. xii. i.-^-Tiw. phikken, G.phwiperi, Swed.plumpa, to fall heavily.
Icel. plokka, phtkka (perhaps borrowed), Under the influence of this word the form
Dan. pliikke^ Swed. ploeka G. pjiucken. plu77ib, Straight downward,' has become
,
'
f[ Some think it not a Teut. word but plump. See above. ;
398
;'
PLUNDER POET
Plunder, to pillage. (G.) G. plun- Pneumonia. (Gk.) Gk. irvivixovia,
dern, to steal trash, to pillage from ; disease of the lungs. —Gk. irvevi-utv-, stem
plunder, sb., trumpery, trash, baggage, of TTvtv^Qjv, for nX(vficvv, a lung, by a false
lumber; orig. of Low G. origin; cf. M. connexion with jtvUiv, to breathe (above).
D\x. piIt fideren, plonderen, io pillage, con- The Gk. -nXfvucjv is allied to L. pulmo, a
nected with Low G. plunnen^ plundcn^ E. lung Lith. plauczei, pi. the lungs.
;
Yx'\^%.plunde pliinne rags, worthless house-

,
, Poach. 1 ) , to dress eggs. (F. — O. Low
(
hold stuff. Hence io plunder is to strip a G. YoxmtxXy poch.'-Y pocher; Cot.

?) .
house even of its least valuable contei.ts. gives o^^^f poch(^, a potched (poached) egg.'
'
Plunge. (F.-L.) F. plonger, 'to The orig. sense was prob. '
a pouclied
plunge, dive Cot. Formed from a Late
;
' ^gg' i-
^Sg so dressed as to preserve
^' 3"^
L. *plumbicdre, not found, but verified by it in the form of a pocket. — F. poche, a
Y\C2ix^ plonquer to plunge see Diez, s. v.
, ; pocket ; see Pouch. See Scheler's ex-
piombare. A
frequentative form from L. planation.
plumbum, lead cf. Ital. piombaj-e, to
; Poach (2), to intrude into preserves.
throw, hurl, fall heavily like lead, from (F. — L.)
yi .Y pochcr Cot. explain s/C(f//^r
.
\
piombo, lead. See Plump (2). le labeur d'atilruy by to poch into, or '
Pluperfect. Englished from L. incroach upon, another man's imploiment,

(L.)
plusquatHperfectum, by giving to plus the practise, or trade.' The old sense was to •
F. pronunciation, and dropping quavi. thrust or dig out with the fingers,' Cot. (if
The lit. sense is more ihan perfect.'
' this be the same word) or rather, to put ;
applied to a tense. — L. phis, more quam,

;
the thumb into. Cf. prov, E. poach, to
than perfectum, perfect.
;
See Perfect. tread into ho]es Picard pocker, tater un ;
'
Plural. <F.-L.) M. E.//«r^/.-0. F. fruit avec le pouce, peuc/ier, presser avec '
'
plurel (F. pluriel). — L. plitrdlis, plural, le po7(ce Corblet. Perhaps from L. ;

'
expressive of more than one. — L. plur-, pollicem, ace. of pollex, the thumb cf. ;
stem oi plus, more. Allied to Gk. n-xdcvu, O. F. pochier, ponder, the thumb. But
more, liKiojs, full ; and to Plenary. partly from Poke (2).
Brugm._ii. § 135. Pock (i), a pustule. (E.) Small pox =
Plurisy, superabundance. (L. mis- small pocks, where pocks is pi. ol pock.
;
formed.) Shak. uses phirisy to express M. E. pokke, a pock, pi. pokkes. A. S. poc,
plethora; so also Massinger and Ford. a pustule. -f-E. Fries, pok, pokke Du. pok^ ;
Formed from L. pluri-, from pliis, more, G. pocke, a pock. Cf. Gael, pucaid, a
by an extraordinary prob. a jocular) con- pimple, Irish pucoid, a pustule, pucadh, a
fusion with pleurisy. swellmg up, GsitX. poc, to become like a bag
Plush. (F.-L) Y. peluche,^%\2ig, (from E.).
plush Cot. (Cf. Span, pehisa, nap, Ital.
;
' Pocket, a, small pouch. (F. — Scand.)
peluzzo, soft down.) From the fern, of a M. E. poket. — Norman dial. *poquette,
Late L. form *piliiceus, hairy, not found. — dimin. of O. Norman poque (see Norman
'L.pilus, hair. See Perruque, Pile (3). dial, pouque, Metivierj, the same as Y.
Pluvial, rainy. (F.-L.) ¥. pluvial. poche, a pocket, pouch. — Icel. poki, a bag
— L. phiuidlis, rainy. — L. pluuia, rain. — cf. M. Du. poke, a bag (Hexham;. See
'L.plu-it, it rains. Cf. Skt. //»-, to swim. Poke (I).
From Idg. *//«<!, weak grade of -v^PLEU, to Pod, a husk. (E.) Of doubtful origin.
swim cf. Gk. irXhiv, to swim.
; Cf. M. Du. pndeti, 'huskes,' Hexham;
Ply. (F.-L.) M. JL.piien. to bend, to Westphal. puddek, a lump, a pudding;
mould as wax (hence, to toil at). — F.///Vr, Low G. puddig, thick prov. E. poddy, ;
to fould, plait, ply, bend ' Cot. — L. pli-

;
'
fatand round puddle, short and ;
fat. See
care, to fold.+Gk. irXeKîv, Russ. pleste, Pudding and Pout.
G. Jlechten, to weave, plait. (VPLEK.) Poem. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^:Y.poeme,Qo\..
Der. pli-ant, bending, from F. pliant, — L. — GVi. noirjfia, a work, com-
poe??ia.
pres. pt. oi plier; pli-ers ox ply-ers, pincers position, poem. — Gk. ttohiv, to make.
for bending wire ;
pli-able (F. pliable). poesy. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. poesie.
Pneumatic. (Gk.) Gk. 7n'eu/.iaT£«dj, — M. F. poesie. — L. poesin, ace. oi poesis,
relating to wind or air. — Gk. iruevfia (stem poetry. — Gk. voirjais, a composition, poem.
TrvfVfiaT-), wind, air. — Cik. ttvUiv (for — Gk. TTOKiv, to make.
nvif-eiv), to blow. Allied to Neese. ,
poet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.poefe.^l..
399
— ;
POIGNANT POLL
/^tV^. — Gk.7rot77T77S,amaker. — Gk. ttokl-v, hen, because the pole-cat slays capons see ;
to make; with suffix -tt;? of the agent. Chaucer, C. T. 12789. Cf. the pronuncia-
Poignant. (F. — L.) ¥. poignajit, tion of ponl-try, Irom A. F. poletrie; and
stinging, pres. part, oi poindre, to prick.— see Catchpoll.
'L. pungere, to prick. Polemical, warlike. (Gk.) From
point. (F. - L.) - O. F.
M. E. point. Gk. TToKffxiKos, warlike. — Gk. iroXefios,
point, poind, a point, prick. — L. puncium. war.
Sometimes from F. poinle, — L. pitncla. f. Police. (F. -L.-Gk.^ F. police, ong.
Both from the pp. oi pungere (above). civil government. — L. politia. — Gk. ttoXi-
Poise, Peise, to balance, weigh. (F. Tfia, polity, government. — Gk. ttoKittjs,
— L.) E. poiscn, peisen. — O. F. poiser,
\l. a citizen. — Gk. noKis, a state, city. Re-
later peser, to weigh; A. F. peiser. — L. lated to voKvs, much ; cf. Skt. purT, a
pensare, to weigh. Allied to O. F. pois, town. Der. polic-y, O, F. policie L. <
A. F. peis^ a weight (now misspelt poids, politla polii-ic, from Gk. tioXitikus, adj.
;
from a notion of its being derived from L. Der. acro-polis, metro-polis, cosmo-polite.
pondtis, which is not the case). — Late L. Policy, a warrant for money in the
fenstiJJi, pensa, a portion, weight; \a. pen- funds, a contract of insurance. (F. — Late
su;n, a portion weighed out to spinners, a L. —
Gk.) Confused with policy, from
task. — L./^«5w.f, pp. oS. pejidere, to weigh. police, with which it has nothing to do. —
See Pendant. V police (Hamilton; cf. M. \\.'sX. poliza, a
.
Poison. (F. — L.) F. /m^;z, poison. schedule, Florio\ — Late L. politicum,

L. potionem, ace. oi potio, a draught, esp. polectictwi, corruptions oi polyptychtim, a.
a poisonous draught see Potion. ; common word Ducange). — Gk.

register (a ;
Poitrel, Peitrel, armour for a horse's noXvTTTvxov a piece of writing in many

,
breast. (F.-L.) M.F./^zVra/, Cot. A.F. ; folds, hence a long register; orig. neut.
peitral. — 'L. pectordie, neut. oi pectordlis, of itoXvrrTvxos, having many folds. — Gk.
belonging to the breast. See Pectoral. TToAu-, much -nrvxo-, crude form of tttu^,
;
Poke (i), a bag, pouch. ^Scand.) M. a fold, leaf, layer, connected with iTTvaffav,
E. poke. [Cf. A. S. *poca, pocca, pohha, to fold up. (Supp. to Diez.) p. Better
poke ha, poha, a bag.] — Icel. poki M. Du. ; thus the Port, form apSlice, M. Span.
:
poke, a bag. pdlifa, M. Ital. puliza, polisa, prob. repre-

Poke (2), to thrust, push. (E.) M. E. sent Late L. apodissa, apddixa, 'cautio de
;
poken, pjikke7i (whence Irish poc, a blow, sumpta pecunia ' Due. Cf. Port, apodixe,
kick. Corn. poc. a shove, Gael, puc, to a plain proof. — Late Gk. d7r(55«£ts, a shew-
pnsh).-f-Du. poken; E. Fries, pokei-ft, ing forth, a proof. — Gk. dirobfiKuvfJH, I point
Irequent., to keep on poking about out. — Gk. dno, from, forth; de'iKuvfii, I
Vomtran. poken', G.pochen. From Teut. shew. (Korting, § 6258.)
base *puk of imitative origin.
; Der. Polish, to make sm'ooth. (F.-L.) F.
pok-e7'. poliss-, stem of pres. pt. of polir. — Y^.
Pole (1), a large stake. (L.) M. E. polire, to make smooth.
pole, formed (by usual change of a to o) polite. (L.) L. /^/f/z<.y, polished pp. ;
irom A. S. pal, a pale, pole. — L. pdhis, oi polI re, to make smooth (above).
a stake ; see Pale (1). Politic ; see Police.
Pole (2), a pivot, end of earth's axis. Polka, a dance. (Polish.) Said to
(F. - L. - Gk. ) O. F. pol. - L. pohim, n cc. have been first danced by a Bohemian
oi polus. — Gk. TroAos, a pivot, hinge. — Gk. peasant-girl in 1831, and to have been
TTfAfti/, to be in motion; allied to Russ. named polka at Prague in 1835. — Pol.
koleso,'a.\v\-Let\. (-y^QEL.) Brugm.i. § 6:;2. Polka, a Polish woman. Another dance
Pole-ax, a kind of ax. (L. and E.) is called the Polonaise, with the same
From pole and ax. Cf. Westphal. pal-exe, literal sense another the Cracovienne, lit.
;
from pal, a pole. But formerly poll-ax, a woman of Cracow another the Mazur-
;
from the Low G. pollexe, from polle, llie ka, q. V.

I)oll, the head. See, accordingly, Pole (i) Poll, the head, esp. the back part (O.
and Poll. Low Hence it means als-> a register
G.)
Polecat, a kind of weasel. (Hybrid.) of heads or persons, a voting-place, &c.
M. E. polcat, where cat is the ordinary M. E. pol, a poll pol bi pol, head by head,
;
word ; also pulkat. From F. pottle, a separately. — Low G. polle; M. Du, polle,
400
;; ;
POLLEN PONDER
pol, bol, head or pate,' Hexham Swed.
*
; figure. (Gk.) Gk. iroXv-, many -tSpov, ;
dial, pull, Dan. puld (for pull). Cf. E. for idpa, a base, from the base cS-, to sit;
Fries, pol, round, full, fleshy. Der. poll, see Sit.
to cut off the hair of the head. Also polynomial. (Gk. and L.) Coined
poll-ard, a. tree that is polled, leaving a to go with bi-nomial. — Gk. ttoKv-, many ;
large knobby head ; also, formerly, a L. nomen, a name, term.
clipped coin. PoljrpUS, Polyp, an aquatic animal of
FoUen. (L.) L. pollen, pollis, fine the radiate type. (L. — Gk.) L. polypus.
flour. Cf. Gk. meal.
TTa\r], fine — Gk. rroXyTTous, many-footed. — Gk. ttoAu-s,
Pollock, Pollack, a fish. (E.) Prob. many ; ttous, a foot. % Cf. F. polype,
from E. poll; cf. E. pollard, which is a Ital.and Span, polipo, L. polypus (gen.
name of the chub. See pollard, under polypi) all false forms, due to treating the
;
Poll. Hence Irish pullog, a pollock Lat. ending -pus as if it were -p-us.
Gael, pollag-, a whiting. (Doubtful.) polysyllable. (Gk.) From/^/j-and
Pollute. (L.) L. polliiHis, pp. of syllable. Cl. Gk. noXvavKXaô';, adj.
Polhtere, to defile. Orig. to wash over, polsrtheism. (Gk) From /^/y- and
as a flooded river. — L. pol-, allied to theism.
O. Lat. por-, towards; luere, to wash; Pomade, Pommade. (F.-Ital.-
see Lave. L.) V. pommade, pomatum so called ;
Polo, a game. (Balti.) '

It comes from because orig. made with apples. — Ital.
Balti polo being properly, in the language
;
pomada, pomata, '
a pomado to supple
;'
of that region, the ball used in the game one's lips, lipsalve,' Florio. Ital. povio, —
Yule. Balti is in the high valley of the —
an apple. L. pdmum, an apple, fruit.
Indus. Pomander, a globe-shaped box for
Polony, Bologna sausage.
a (Ital.) holding ointments or perfumes. {Y — l^.and .
Ital. Bologna, where they were made Arab.) '^^^'tXl pomander \ ^\^)\ pomatmder
[^
(Evelyn). (Skelton). Cf. AL F. pomendier, a pom- '
Poltroon, a dastard, lazy fellow. (F. — aunder;' Palsgrave (prob. from E.) ;
Ital. — L.) Y poltron, a sluggard; Cot.

. and note M. Span, poma, a pomander
— liaX.poltrone, a varlet, coward, sluggard (Minsheu), which is a fem. form, from
cf. poltrare, to lie in bed. — Ital. poltro, a porno, an apple, p. The suffix -ander is
bed, couch orig.
; a colt,' also a varlet,'
' ' for ambre, amber. We find pomum avibre '
Florio. Cf. F. poutre, a beam, M. F. for the pestelence'; MS. Harl. 2378,
potttre, *a filly,' Cot. — Late 'L. ptdlifriwi, p. 324, Medical Works of the 14th
in
ace. ol pullitriis, a colt Due. — L. pullus,
; cent., Henslow, p. 122.
ed. Cf. O. F.
a colt, foal. See Foal. For change of pomme d"" ambre (Rom. Rose, 21008). — L.
cf. Pulley, Chevron.
sense, pomum, an apple and see Amber.;
Poly-, many. (L.-Gk.) L./^/j/-.-Gk. Pomegranate. (F. — L.) O.Y.pome

noKv-, decl. stem of -noXv^, much. Skt. + grenate (also turned into pome de grenate
purti-, much. Allied to Full. by confusion of the sense; the same as ;
polyanthus, a flower. (L. -Gk.) L. Ital. po7no gj-anato. — L. pomum, an apple

polya7ithtis.^Gk. TTo\vav6os, many-flow- grdndtum, full of seeds, from grdnum, a
ered.— Gk. TToXv-, many; dvOos, flower. grain, seed see Grain.
;
polygamy. (F.- L.-Gk.) Y.poly- pommel, a knob. (F. — L.) M. E.

gainie.~'Y,. polyganiia.'-Gk. iroXvyafxia , a pomel, a boss. — O. F. pomel (later potn-
marryingof many wives. — Gk. 7roAv-,much; meazi), a pommel; lit. 'small apple.'
-yafxia, from ynfxos, marriage. Dimin. from Y,. pomum, an apple.
polyglot, speaking many languages. Pomp. (F.-L. -Gk.~) Y.pompe."!..
(Gk.) Attic Gk. nokv'y'Kwrros. — Gk. ttoAu-, povipa.'^Qk. TToix-nrj, a sending, escorting,
much, many yXcurra = yXwaaa, tongue, solemn procession. — Gk. vtniriLv, to send.
;
language see Gloss.

: Pond. (E.) M. E. pond, variant of
polygon, a many-sided plane figure. pound, an enclosure it means a pool ;
(L. — Gk.) L polygonuvi. — Gk. -noKv- formed by damming up water; see Pound
yajvov, neut. of iroKvycuvo^, having many (2). Cf, Irish pont, (i) a pound, (2) a
angles. — Gk.iroXv-, many; ycovia, an angle, pond.
from yovv, a knee. ]Fonder, to weigh in the mind, con-
polyhedron, a many-sided solid sider. (L.) L. /ii7«^<?r^r<?, to weigh. — L.
40 J
'
PONENT PORCELAIN
ponder-, for *J>ondes-, stem of pondus, a hinder part of a ship. % Or F, poupe
weight. — L. pendei'e, to weigh. See is from Ital, poppa, poop Hatzfeld.
;
Pendant. Poor. (F. — L.) From M, E. poure

Fonent, western. (F. — L.) l^l.Y.poitent, ( = povre), poor. — O. F. povre, poor. — L.
*the west;' Cot. — L. poneni-, stem of pauperem, ace. oi pauper see Pauper.;
pres. pt. oi ponere, to lay, hence to set (as Pop. (E.) 'To poppe, coniectare;'
the sun). See Position. Levins. Of imitative origin allied to ;
Poniard. (F.-L. with G.sttffix.) F. ;

M. E. poupett, to blow a horn ; also to
poignard, a dagger. — F. poing (O. F. Puff.
poign"^, the fist; with suffix -ard<:iG. hart Pope, the father of a church, bishop of
(lit. hard). [So also Ital. pugnale, a Rome. (L,-Gk.) M..Y.pope; A. S.
poniard, from pugno, fist Span, punal, a ; papa, pope, with the usual change from a
poniard, from pufio, fist, handful, hilt.] — to o. — L. papa, pope, father see Papal.
;
L. ptc^mts, fist. See Pugnacious. Popinjay, orig. a parrot. (F. — Bava-

PontifT. (F.-L.) U.Y. pontif; F. rian and L. ;2mth modified suffix.') M. E.
pontife. — L. pontifex, a Roman high- popingay, also spelt papeiay \ — papejay').
priest lit.
; a path-maker or ' road-
'
' The n is inserted as in passe-n-ger, messe-n-
maker,' but the reason for the name is ger. — F. papegai, a parrot or popinjay ;
'
not known. — Y-ponti-, representing /<?«^, a Cot. Cf. Span, papagayo, Port, papagaio,
path, a bridge facere, to make. Cf. Gk.
;
a parrot; (whence Arab, babaghd, a parrot^.
TTovTos, sea. Brugm. i. § 140. p. But there is also O, F. papegau, a
Pontoon. (F.-L.-C.) F. ponton,^ parrot (13th cent.), Ital. papagallo, a parrot,
;
a lighter, bridge of boats, 'a wherry,' lit.'
a talking cock and this is the older
'
Cot. — L. pontonem, ace. of ponfo, a boat, form. [The change was due to the sub-
bridge of boats. The word is of Celt, stitution oi Jay (F. gai, geai) for 'cock,'
origin see Punt.
;
because the jay seemed to come nearer
Pony. (F. L.) —
a. G3.q\. ponaidh, 2i than a cock to the nature of a parrot.] Cf.
little horse, a pony; vulgar Irish poni, Bavarian pappel, a parrot, from pappeln, to
both borrowed from English. Lowl. Sc. chatter (= E. babble^. A
similar name
powney. — O. ¥ poitlenet, a little colt (Gode-
. is Lowl, Sc. bubblyjock (i, e. babble-jack),
froy) dimin. o\ poulain^ a colt, foal. — Late

; a turkey-cock.
L. ace. pzilldnum, a young horse. — L. Poplar, a tree. (F. — L.) O. F, poplier\
pull-US, a foal cognate with E. Foal. ; F. peuplier. Formed with suffix -ier =L. {
Poodle, dog. (G.) G. pudel, a

a -drius) from O. F. '^pople, later petiple^
poodle Low G. pudel, pudel-hiind, allied
; a poplar, — L. populum, ace, oi populus, a
to Low G. pudeln, to waddle, used of fat poplar.
persons and short-legged animals. Cf. Low Poplin. (F.") F, popeline, a fabric ; at
G. pudel-dikk, unsteady on the itoX^puddig, firstcalled papeline, A. D. 1667 (Littre).
thick. Allied to Pudding. [Therefore not from Poppeling or Popper-
Pooh. (F.) M. Y.pouac, faugh,' Cot. <
ingen, near Ypres, in VV. Flanders; as in
Cf. lce\. pfe, pooh. Of imitative origin. N, and Q. 6 S. vi, 305,]
Pool (i), a small body of water, (E.) Poppy. (L.) A.S. popig,zX?,o popag\
M. E. pol, pool. A. S. pol [Irish poll, pull, from L, papduer, a poppy (with change of
;
a hole, Gael, poll, a hole, pit, bog,

pit ; suffix).
pool ; W. pwll, Corn, pol, Manx poyl, Populace. (F.-Ital.-L.)
Y. popu-
Bret. potill, a pool].+Du. poel, G. pfuhl, popolaccio,
lace. — the
Ital. popolazzo, '
O, H. G. pfuol. Teut. type ""poloz cf.grosse, vile, common people ' Florio. —
;
;
Lith. bala, a swamp. (The Celtic forms Ital. popolo, people. — L. ace. populuvi.
are borrowed.) %
The suffix -accio is depreciatory.
Pool (2), receptacle for the stakes at popular. (F.-L.) ¥. populaii-e. — 'L.
cards. (F. — L.) F. poule, (1) a hen, (2) popiddris, adj., irom populus, the people.
a pool, at various games ; the stakes being Porcelain. (F,-Ital.-L.) Named
the eggs to be got from the hen. — Late L. from the resemblance of its polished surface
pidla, a hen fern, of L. pulhis, a young to that of the univalve shell with the same
;
animal see Foal, ; name. — F. porcelaine. pourcelaine, the '
Poop. (F.-L, ^rF.- Ital.- L.) F. purple-fish, the Venus-shell;' Cot. — Ital.
;
poupe,ponppe. — l^.ptcppim, ace. oipuppis, porcellana, ' the purple-fish, a kind of fine
402
; .
PORCH PORTCULLIS
earth, whereof they make porcellan porpeys. — O. F. p07peis, a porpoise
. . now ;
;
dishes Florio.
' p. The shell is named obsolete (except Guernsey pou7peis), and
from the curved shape of its upper surface, replaced by 77iarsom7i, borrowed from G.
like a pig's back. — Ital. porcella, a pig, 77iee7--schwein (mere-swine). For */^;r-
dimin. oi porco, a hog, pig. — L. p07-ctim, peis.'^'L. poix-uin, ace. oi poixus, a pig ;
ace. oi porats, a pig. See Pork. piseer7i, ace. oi piseis, a fish. See Pork
Forch. (F. — L.) F. porche. — 'L. por- and Fish.
ticum, ace. oi porticus, a gallery, porch Porridge. (F.) Another form of
;
formed, with suffix -icus, from L. port-a, pottas;e, which first became poddige (as
a door see Port (3),
; preserved in Craven /^fi'^Z/j-//) and afterwards
Porcine, pig-like. (L.) l.. porc-Inus, porridge, just as the Southern F,. er7-ish is
adj., iroxa porc-us, a pig; see Pork. corrupted from eddish A. S. edise) stubble. { ,
Porcupine. (F.-L.) '^l.'E.porkepyjt Similarly ,/(7//a;/^^r (Palsgrave) was an old

(3 syllables. — O. Y pore espin, Godefroy
. form of p07'ri77ger. Cotgrave has * potage,
;
(now called porc-ipic^. [So also Span. pottage, porridge.'

piierco espin, Ital. poxo spinoso.']'^0. F. porringer. (F.) Formed from /^m]^^
pore, a pig espin, by-form of espme, a ( •= por7-idge) by inserted «, as in 77iesse7iger
;
spine, prickle. — L. /<3;r-7/;;/, ace. oiporais', (F. 7?iessage7-) with E. suffix -er. It means
;
spina, a thorn; see Spine. %

But mod. a small dish for porridge (above).
Y porc-^pic was formerly pore espi, derived Port (i), demeanour. (F. - L.) M. E.
.
from spJca, spike, not spina, a thorn. We

port. — F. p07-t, ' the carriage, or demeanor
also find E. porpin, short for porkepin of a man
;
Cot.
;
sb. due to the verb
' A
whence porpint, altered to porpoint, pork- p07'ter, to carry. — L. p07'tdre, to carry.
point whence: p07pe7it-ine all these forms Allied to Fare. (V PER.) Der. port,
; ;
occur. vb., as to pO}-t arms'

and (probably) ;
'
Pore (i)> a minute hole in the skin. (F. ' \o port the helm port-ed, P. L. iv. 980. '
;
— L. — Gk.) F. pore.^L., p07-u7n, ace. of Also p07't-er, a bearer of a burden, sub-

poms. — Gk. TTopos, a passage, pore. Allied stituted iovM.K. po7-tou7-, from Y .porteiir.
to Fare. (-/ PER.) Hence porter, the name of a strong malt-
Pore (2), to look steadily, gaze long. liquor, so called from being the favourite
(E.) M. E. poren. Cf. North Fries, porre, drink oi London p07-te7's (1730) po7-t-folio, ;
to stick, stir, provoke, E. Fries, puren, a case large enough to c^rry folio paper
purren, to stick, thrust, bore, stir, vex in (cf. F. porte-fenille), port-7)ia7iteau, Y.
;
Low G. purre7i, to poke about, clean out porte77ia7itean, see Mantle, Mantua port- ;
a hole, Du. porren, to poke ; Swed. dial. ly, po7-t-li-ness

pora, pura, para, to work slowly and Port (2), a harbour. (L.) M. E. p07i.
gradually, to do anything slowly (Rietz) K. S. p07't. — L. porttis, a harbour cognate ;
Norw. pora, to finger, poke, stir, thrust. with E. Ford. Closely allied to Port (3).
The idea seems to be that of poking about Brugm. i. § 514.
slowly, hence to pore over a thing, be slow port (3 \ a gate, entrance. (F. — L.) F.
about it. We
also find Gael, purr, to p07-te. — L. p07-ta, a gate. Allied to Gk.
push, thrust, drive, urge, Irish ptn-raini, TTopos, a ford, way; see above. Der.
I thrust, push from M. ¥.. pouren po7'e7t p07't-er, F. portier, L. p07'tdrius ; p07't-al,
;
, ;
cf. Lowl. Sc. porr^ to stab. O. F. portal, Late L. portdie.

Pork. ( F. — L. ) F. pore. — L. po7X7an, port (4), a dark wine. (Port. — L.)
ace. oi parens, a pig.+Lithuan. parszas, Short ibr Op07-to 'wi7ie. — Fovt. po7-to, i. e.
Irish ore (with usual loss of/), A. 'S.fearh, the harbour where o is the def. art. ; (
=
a pig (whence E. far7'ow). Brugm. i. Span. lo=^\j. illu77i), and porto is from L.
§486. p07-tu77i, ace oi partus, a harbour.
Porphyry. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. portal ; see port (3) above.
porphurie, answering to an O. F. form portcullis. (F.-L.) yi.Y.portcolise.
*p07phyrie, which Cotgrave gives only in — O. F. po7-te eo/eiee{i îh cent.), laier parte
the form porphyre."!^. po7phy7-Ttes ."OV. eonlisse, or coulisse, a portcullis, lit. sliding
3Top(pvpiTi]s, porphyry, a hard rock named door. — Y,. porta, a door Late L. *edldtJeia, ;
from its purple colour. — Gk. vopfvpa, the (sc. p07'tii), from eoldtns, pp. of cdld7-e, to
purple-fish. See Purple. flow, glide, slide see Colander and
;
Porpoise, Porpess. (F.-L.) M. E. Cullis. We find the Late L. forms cold-
403
; ;
PORTE POST
dissus, cdldcnis, porta coldcia, port-cnllis ;
effectually as to restrict F. pondre ( — L.
from the same source. ponere^ to the sole sense to lay eggs,'
'
porfcei the Turkish government. (F. whilst in all compounds it thrust it aside,
— L.) The Sublime Porte is a F. transla- so that compaiisdre (F. composer) usurped
tion ofBabi All, the chief office of the the place of L. componeix, and so on
'
Ottoman government, lit. high gate '
; throughout. But note that, on the other
(Arab, bdb, gate, 'ally, high\ — F. porte, hand, the ^h. position (with all derivatives")
a gate. — L. porta, gate see port (3) ; is veritably derived from the pp. oi ponere ;
above. see Position ; and see Bepose.

Portend. (L.î L. portettdere, to pre- Pose (2\ to puzzle by questions. (F.—
dict; lit. to stretch out towards, point L. and Gk.) Î. E. apposen, to question;
out. — L. /^^- (O. Lat. port-), towards; not really =F. apposer, but substituted
tendere, to stretch. Der. p07-tent, O. F. for ^L E. opposen, to oppose, hence, to
portent, 'L. porioitum, neut. of pp. oi por- cross-question see Oppose.
; ^
Confused
tcndere. with appose, because of apposite, which
Porter (i), a carrier see Port (i).
; see. See Appose in N. E. D.
Porter (2), a gate-keeper see Port ; Pose (3), a cold in the head. (C.) In
Chaucer. A. S. gepos, a cough (where
Porter (3), a kind of beer ; see Port geis a mere prefix). Borrowed from W.
peswch or pds, a cough allied to Irish
;
Porfcesse, PortouS, a breviary. (F. casachdas, Russ. kashele, prov. E. hoast^

— L.î M. E. portoiis, portliors. — O. F. a cough, Skt. kds, to cough. (-y'QAS.)
portehors, a translation of the Latin name Position. (F.— L.) Y. position. — \..
portiforitim. — F. porter, to carry ; hors, positionem, ace. of positio^ a placing. — L.
forth {O.Y. fors). — \., portdre, to carry; positiis, pp. oipdnere,\.o place, (3. Ponere
foris, abroad. is for po-sinere, where po- stands for an

—
Portico. (Ital. L.) Ital./(?;Y/V^. L. — old prep., and sinere is to allow; see
porticiim, ace. oi poi'ticiis ; see Porch., Site. ^ Quite distinct from jZ^^j-^ (i).
Portion. ^F. -L.) F. portion.^!.. positive. (F. -L.) F. positif.~\u.
ace. portionem, a share, from portio; positiuus, settled. — L. posit-zis, pp. of
closely allied to part-, stem oipars, a part. ponere, to set, settle.
Brugm. i. §527. Posse. vL.) L. posse, infin. to be able
Portly; see Port (i). used as sb., meaning power.' See Potent.
'
Portrait. (F.-L.) ^l.Y. potirtraict, Possess. (L.) L. possesses, pp. of

Cot. — M. F. potn-traict,
;
'
a pourtrait ' possidere, to possess. The orig. sense was
pourtrait, pp. of potirtraire, to portray '
to remain master.'- L. pot-, as in pot-is,
(below). able, having power ; sedere, to sit. Cf.
portray, poTirtray. (F. -L.) M.E. Potent.
pou7'traien. — O. F. portraire, pourtrah-e, Posset, a warm curdled drink. (F.)
to portray. — Late L. protrahere, to depict M. E. possyt. — ^\. Y. possette, a posset of '
L. prdtrahe7-e, to draw forward, to reveal. aleand mylke,' Palsgrave. Origin un-

— L. pro, foi-th ; trakere, to draw. See known cf. L. posca, sour wine and water.
;
Trace (i\ W. posel, curdled

[Irish pnsoid, a posset,
Pose (i), a position, attitude. (F.— L. milk, posset, are borrowed from E.]
— Gk.) Modern but important. — ¥ .pose,
; Possible. (F. - L.) F. possible. - L.
attitude. — F. poser, to place, set. — Late L.
possibills, that may be done. Cf. L. posse,
patisdre, to cease also to cause to rest to be able
; see Potent. ;
(substituted for L. ponere, the sense of Post 1), a stake set in the ground. (L.)
which it took up). — L. paitsa, a pause.— M. Y. post A, S./^.f/. — L. postis, a post. ;
Gk. iravais, a pause. — Gk. iravHv^ to make Perhaps something firmly fixed. — Y,. post lis,
to cease; TcavâOai, to cease. ^
One of short for positus, pp. of ponere, to set.
the most remarkable facts in F. etymology See Position.
is the extraordinary substitution whereby post (2), a niilitary station, a public
Late L. pausdre, coming to mean ' to letter-carrier, stage on a road. (F. — Ital.
cause to rest,* usurped the place of L. — L.) Orig. a military post then a fixed ;
potiere, to place, with which it has no place on a line of road, a station then a ;
etymological connexion. This it did so stage, also a traveller who used relays of
404
; ;
POST- POTION
horses,&c. — F. paste, masc, a carrier, postscript. (L.) L. postscriptiivi,
messenger ; posting, a riding post. —
fern., that which is written after. — L. past, after ;
Ital. /^j-Za. — Late L. posiKS^ fern, posta. scriptttm, neut. of pp. oi scribere, to write.
a post, station. — L. posiius, pp. oiponere, Postulate, a self-evident proposition.
to place. (L.) L. posttildtu77i, a thing demanded
Post-, prefix. (L.) L./^.f/, after, behind. (and granted) neut. of pp. of postuldre,
;
post-date ; from post and date. to demand. Derived from poscere, to ask.
posterior, hinder. (L.) 1.. posterior, Brugm. i. §§ 483(7), 502.
comp. of posterns, coming after. — L. post, Posture. (F. — L.) F. posture. '^l..
after. Der. posterior-s, i. e. posterior posittera,anangement. — L. positiis, pp. of
parts. ponere, to put. See Position.
posterity. (F. — L.) W.Y .poste^-m — Posy. (F.— L. — Gk.) In all its senses,
\^.posteritdtem, ace. oi posteritds, futurity, itis short for poesy. It meant a short
posterity. — l^.posteri-, iox posterus coming , poem, e£p. a short motto in verse on knives
after (above). and rings, Hamlet, iii. 2. 162 hence it ;
postern. (F. — L.) O. F. posterle, meant a nosegay, because the flowers

also spelt posterne (by change of suffix) chosen for it enigmatically represented a
'
later poterne, a back-door to a fort

'
; posy or motto. It even meant a collection
Cot. — L. postertda, a small back-door.— of precious stones, forming a motto
L. posterns, behind. Chambers, Book of Days, i. 221. See
posthumous, postnmons. (I .)
Poesy.
L. postumus, the latest-born hence, as sb., Pot. (E.) ^\.Y..pot. A.S./o/A E.
; +
a posthumous child. Written posthtimns Fries. Du. pot; Icel. pottr, Svved. potta,
owing to a popular etymology from post Dan. potte Low G. pott. Also Irish pota, ;
hunium, forced into the impossible sense Gael, poit, W. pot, all from E. Also F.
of * after the father is in the ground or pot, Bret, pod. Span, pote from Low G. ;
buried ' hence F. posthtane, Port, post- Teut. X.y\)t*puttoz. Hence Y.ow'L. potties,
;
huvio; but Span, and Ital. postumo are also spelt potus (as if from L. pdtdre, to
right, p. L. posttimus = *post-tu-mus, a drink). Der. to go to pat, i.e. into the
superl. form oi post, behind cf. op-tii-mus,
; cooking-pot.
best. Potable, drinkable. TF.-L.^ F.
pOStil,n.n explanatory note or commen- potable. '^'L. potdbilis, drinkable. — L. jo-
tary on the Bible. (F. - L.) M. Y.postilk. tdre, to drink potus, drunken. -f-Skt. pa, ;
— Late L. postilla, a marginal note in a to drink. Allied to Gk. Trotrfj, drink, -nwixa^
Bible. Derived by Ducange from L. post drink.
ilia tierba, i. e. after those words, because Potash.. (E.) From pot and ash ash ;
the glosses were added afterwards. obtained by boiling down burnt vegetable
Postillion. _(F.-Ital.-L.) Y. pos- substances in a pot. Latinised a.?, potassa;
tilion. — Ital. postiglione, a post-boy. — Ital. whence potass-ium.
pasta, a post with suffix -iglione = L.
; Potation. (L.) From L. potdtio, a
-ilionem. See post (2) above. drinking. — L. potdtus, pp. oi pdtdre, to
Post-meridian, Pomeridian, be- drink. See Potable.
longing to the afternoon. (L.) L. pome- Potato. ^Span. — Hayti.) Span. patata,
rididnns, s\%o postmertdidnzis, the same. — a potato. — Hayti batata, a yam.
v.. post, after ; merididnus , adj., from nieri- Potch, to thiust ; see Poach (2),
dies, noon ; see Meridian. Potent. (I-)L. potent-, stem of
post-mortem. (L.) L. post, after ;
potens, powerful, pres. part, oi posse, to be
mortem, ace. of mors, death. able, possum, I am able. Possum is short
post-obit. (L.) \.. post,2ii\.tT; obi- for '^pot-sum or *pote-sum, from potjs,
tnm, ace. oi obittis, death. powerful, orig. ' a lord allied to Skt.
;
'
postpone, L. post- pati-, a master, lord, Lithuan, -patis, Russ.

to put off. (L.)
ponere, to put after, delay. — L. past, after -pode in gos-pode, lord. Brugm. i. § 158.
;
ponere, to put. Der. omnipotent. And see Despct.

post-prandial, adj., after-dinner. Pother, a bustle, confusion, (E.) Also
(L.) From L. post pranditan, i. e. after pudder, the same from pudder, vb., to ;
dinner. For 1^. prandium, see Brugm. ii. stir, confuse, a variant of Potte".
§165. Potion. (F. - L.) F, potion. - L.
405
;
POTTAGE POWER
potidnem, ace. oi potio. a draught. — L.
answers to a Late L. *punctidre, not
pohis, drunken ; see Potable, Poison. found, but regularly formed from L.
Pottage. (F.- Low G.) yi.l^.potage. punctus, pp. oi pungere. See Pungent.
— F. potage; formed with F. suffix -age Pounce (2), fine powder. (F. — L.) F.
(L. -dticum), from F. pot, a pot, of Teut. ponce; pien-e ponce, a pumis stone;' '
origin. See Pot. Coi. '-'L. pumicem, ace. oipumex, pumice;

Potter. (E.) To potte}- is to poke see Pumice. T>&r. pou7tcet-box.
about, hence to stir, confuse, disorder, also Pound (1% a weight, a sovereign. (L.)
to do a thing inefficiently so also pother,
;
Orig. a weight. M. E. pund. A. S. pund,
to poke, disorder (Bailey, Halliwell). y^\. pund."!-.. pondo, a weight, used as an
These are frequentative forms of put, to indeclinable sb., though orig. meaning 'by
thrust ;see Put. Cf. M. Du. poteren, to ' weight ' allied to pondus, a weight.
; See
search one thoroughly,' Hexham Du. ; Ponder.
peuteren, to fumble, poke about; Norw. Pound (2), an enclosure for strayed
pofa, M. Swed. potta, to poke. cattle. (E.) M. E. pond. A. S. pund, an
Pottle. (F.-LowG.) U.^.potel.- enclosure. Hence pindar. Doublet,
O. F. potel, a small pot, small measure pond. ;
dimin. of F. pot, a pot. — Low G. pott see Pound (3), to bruise in a mortar. (E.)
;
Pot. The d is excrescent. M. E. potmen also ;
potwalloper. (Hybrid.) Lit. ' one ponen, as in comp. toponen, to pound

who boils a pot ;' hence a voter who has a thoroughly. — A. S./«;//a/z, to pound.
vote because he can boil a pot on his own Pour. (Late L.) Vl.M. poziren, poren,
fire. Wallop, to boil fast, is from M. E. esp. used with out. [The orig. sense was
•walopeji, to gallop. Golding has ' seeth- to purify, clarify, esp. by pressure or
ing a-waUop^ boiling rapidly tr. of Ovid, squeezing out; ci.O.Y. purer, to clarify,
;
f. 82. See Gallop. also to pour out or drip so also depurer, ;
Pouch. (F.-M. Du.) U.'E. pouche. to clarify, to be clarified, to drip or run

— O. F. pouche, variant of poche\ see out.] Late l^.purdre, to purify. — h.purus,
Pocket. pure see Pure. So in Guernsey, ' J'o
;
Poult, a chicken. (F. — L.) M. E. I'cidre qui ptire dans I'auge,' I hear the
pultc. — ¥. poulet, a chicken ; dimin. of cider pouring into the trough (Moisy).
poule, a hen. — Late L,.pul/a, a hen fem. Pourtray ; see Portray.
;
oi pulh(s, a young animal. See Pool (2). Pout (i), to swell out, to sulk. (E.)
Der. poult-er, afterwards extended to See below. [W. pwdu, to pout, to be
poiilt-er-er poult-r-y {iox poult-er-y) A.F. sullen, is from E.]
;
,
poletrie. pout 1,2), a fish. (E.) A. S. cele-putan,

Poultice. (F. — L.) Gascoigne has pl., eel-pouts. The fish has the power of
the -^X. pultesses (Steel Glas, 997). — M. F. inflating a membrane above the eyes
*pult-ice, formed from M. F. pulte, ' a hence A. S. -piit-a = pout-er. From a
poultice;' Cot. [Cf. M. Ital. poltiglia, Teut. base *p2lt-an-, to swell out. Cf. Du.
'
a pultis,' Florio.] —Late 'L,. ptdta, a kind puit, a frog, from its roimded shape ; puit-
of pap ixompiilt-, as in 'L.pttlt-is, gen. of aal, an eel-pout ; puist, a pimple (from a
;
puis, a thick pap, or pap-like substance.+ shorter base */z7-) ^-wed. puta, a cushion ;
Gk. ttoAtos, porridge. (from its shape ; Swed. dial, puta, to be

Poultry; see Poult. inflated). Cf. Prov. pot, pout, a full lip
Pounce (i), to seize with the claws. fa de pots, to pout (Mistral). Cf. Pudding.
(F. — L.) Orig. a term in hawking; a Poverty. (F. — L.) M. E. pouertee
hawk's claws were termed pounces cf. ( = povertce). — O. F. poverte, later povrete,
;
O. F. ponce, a fist. Kpoujice is also a punch poverty (F. pauvrete).''Y.. pattpertdtem,

or stamp (Nares) a pounson was a dagger ace. of paupertds, poverty. — L. pauper,
;
(Barbour). Qi. GsiScon poiinchouri', O.F. poor. See Pauper.

poinc-on, punch-on (Ital. punz-one, Span. Powder. (F. — L.) M. E. poudre."
p2C7iz-on), a punch, sharp point. Cf. Ital. F. poudre, O. F. poldre, puldre. Formed
ptmzone, ' a bodkin, a goldsmith's pouncer with excrescent d from L. puluerem, ace.
or pounce Florio.
;
' From the base seen oi puluis, dust. See Pulverise.
in Ital. punz-ellare, to prick, goad, Span. Power. (F. — L.) y[ ."iL. poer later ;
punz-ar, to punch. The Span, punzar po-w-er, the w being inserted. — A. F. poer.
406
; ;.
;
POX PRECENTOR
O. Y.pooir (mod. Y. pouvoir), to be able Dan. Swed. prunk, show, parade M. Du.
; ;
hence, as sb., power. — Late 1^. potere, to pryken, to make a show. From a Teut.
be able for L. posse, to be able.
; See type *prenkan-, str. vb. (pt. t. "^prank, pp.
Possible, Potent. *prtinkanoz).
Fox
; see Pock. prank (2), a trick. (E.) An act done
Praam, Pram, a fiat-bottomed boat. to shew off, a trick to make people stare ;
(Du. — Slav.) V>w. praam; M.Du. prame. fromPrank (i).

— Pol. and Bohem. pram. Prate. (E.) M. E. praten. Cf. M.
Practice. (F. — L.-Gk.) [Formerly Swed. prata, Dan. prate, to prate, talk ;
practise, from the verb to practise. -Ô. F. Swed. Dan. prat, talk M. Du. and Low ;
practiser, pratiser. "ho.te L. practicdre.'] ij. praten, to prate T>\x. praat, talk. Of ;
The M. E. form of the sb. waspraktike.-m imitative origin from a base *prat. Der. ;
M. Y.practique, practice. — l^.practica, fem. pratt-le, the frequentative form.

oi practicus. — G'k. vpaicTiKus, fit for busi- (F. ? Prawn.
L. ?) M. E. prane. -
ness ; whence 77 irpuKTiKT], practical science, Prompt. Parv. Hardly (through a lost
experience. —Gk. irpaaadv { = *irpdK-y€iv), A. F. form) from \^. pcrna, a sea-mussel
to do, accomplish. Der. practition-er, cf. M. Ital. parnocchie, ' a fish called
formed by needlessly adding -er to the shrimps or praunes ; Florio. '
older term practician, from M.F. practicien, Pray. ( P\ L. ) E prey en. - F - M . . A .
'
a practicer in law ' Cot. ;
and O. F. preicr (F. prier). — L. precdri,
Praetor, Pretor, a Roman magis- to pray. See Precarious. Der. pray-er,
trate. (L.) Y,. prcBtor, lit.a goer before, M.E. pr-eiere, O. F. preiere, from L. pre-
leader ; for ^prce-iior. — L. pj'a, before ;
cdria, fem. oi precdriiis, adj.
*itor, a goer, from ij-e, to go. Pre-, beforehand. (L. ; iJr F. - L.) ^L F.
Pragmatic. (F.- L.-Gk.) Y.prag- pre-, L. prce-, from L. prce, prep., before.
matiqtie, belonging to business. —L. /r^^- For '^prai, a locative form. ^ Hence
niaticus. — Gk. npaîiaTiKo's, skilled in numerous compounds, many of which,
business. — Gk. Trpa-yixar-, stem of irpdy/xa Wke precaution, are of obvious origin.
(^
= *iTpaK-fxa), a deed, thing done. — Gk. Preach. (F. — L.) '^l.Y.. precken.—
Trpdaaeiv {=^*-npdK-y€iv), to do. See Prac- O. ¥ precher, prescher (p7'echer).'-'L. pru:-
.
tice. dicdre, to declare. See Predicate.

Prairie, an extensive meadow. (F. — Prebend.
L.) O. F. prebende (F. —
L.) F. prairie, a meadow. — Late L. pr(2benda, a payment,
(F. prebende). '^'L,.
prdtaria, meadow-land. — L. prdtum, a stipend from a public source; orig. fem.

meadow. of gerundive of pi'cebere, to afford, give.
Praise, sb. (F. — L.) O.F./rm, price, — L. prcB, before, habere, to have whence ;
value, merit (hence, tribute to merit). — L. prcehibere, to hold forth, give, contracted
firetium, price, value. Der. dis-praise. to prcBbere. Der. prebend-ar-y.
Prance. (E.) yi.Y. prancen, prauncen, Precarious. (L.) I., prccdri-us, oh-
used of a horse it means to make a show, tained by prayer or as a favour, doubtful,
;
shew off; apparently an A. F. adaptation precarious; with suffix -ons. — l.. precdri,
of M. E. pranken, to trim. Cf. Dan. dial. to pray. — L. /r^^-, stem oi prex, a prayer.
prandse, pranse, to go proudly, as a G. fragen, to ask +
Goth, fraih-nan, ;
prancing horse; pransk^ proud; Swed. A. S. frignan, to ask Lith. praszyti ;
dial, pratiga, to shew off. So also M. Du. Russ. prosite F ers. ptirsTdan iikt. pracc/i, ; ;
pronken^ to make a show, to strut about to ask. (VPREK.) Brugm. i. § 607.

Low G. prunken. See below. Precaution. (F.-L.) From Pre-
Prank (i), to deck, adorn. (E.) M.E. and Caution.
pranken, to trim allied to obs. E. prink,
; Precede. (F. — L.) O. F. preceder
to trim (Nares). Prink is a nasalised {¥ prccMer).'-'L. prcBcedere, to go before.
.
form oi prick; cf. Lowl. Sc. preek, to be — L. prcr, before cedere, to go. See ;
spruce, prick -me -dainty, finical, prink, Cede. 'Der.preced-ent; pre-cess-ion, from
primp, to deck, to prick. Prank is an the \)Tp. pracess-tis.
allied form to these see further under
; Precentor. (L.) L. prcEcentor, the
Prick. So also M. Du. proncken, to dis- leader of a choir. — L. prce, before; and
play one's dress, pronckepinken, proncke- cantor, a singer, from canere, to sing see ;
prinkeUy to glitter in a fine dress ; Low G. Cant (i).
407
;
; ;
PRECEPT PRELIMINARY
Precept. ^F.-L.> O.F. /m^//.-
general classes into which things can be
L. /:\z:t:/:um, a prescribed rule. — L. /r'?- divided. — L./r<r<//VJr<r, to decLare iâbove\
ceptus, pp. of pru:cipere, to take before- Predict. (L.) L. prndirtus, pp. of
hand, give rules. — L./r<2, before ; cap^re, prudF.crc. to say beforehand, foretell. — L.
to t.nke. Der. preccpt-or. /;,.-. before: ijT.vr, to say. See Diction.
Precinct. (,L-) Late \.. pmcinctum, Predilection, a clioosing beforehand.
Vi boundar}-. — L. pracitictus, pp. of /r<?- ^L.^ From tn before diUctio, ;
cingcrc, to gird about. — L. p7\r, in front choice, from to choose see :
t-/;;^^v;r. to gird. See Cincture. Diligent.

Precious. (F. — L.^ O. F. pj-ccieus Preface. ^F.-L.^ O. F. preface.^
(F. p}\\-icux . — l.-pretic'sus. valuable. —L. L. prufdno. a preface. — L. pnrfdius,
prctium, price, value. See Price. spoken before, pp. of pnrfdrJ, to speak
Precipice. v^.-L-^ Y.pricipue.^ before. — L. pni, before, fdri, to speak.
\.. pnTcipitium, a falling headlong do\vn : See Fate.
a precipice. — L. pntcipit-, decl. stem of Prefect, a governor. i^F. — L.) M. E.
pViZceps, headlong. — L. pi-j:, before and prefect. - O. F. prefect \\ prcfet^. - L.
;
capit-, decl. stem of caput, head. Der. prufectus, one set over others pp. oipne- ;
pyecipiiaic, from L. prLccipitdi-e, to cast ficere, to set before. — L. p}\r-y before

headlong. fcicc'-e, to make. set. See Fact.
Precise. (F. -L.") O. F. /;Yt-/j, strict. Prefer. ^F. - L." O. F. preferer. - L.
— L. pj-acisus, cut off, concise, strict pp. pruferre, to set in front, prefer. — L. pm,
;
oi pmcidere, to cut off. — L. /;-<?, in front before: ferre, to bear, set. See Fertile.
c\cJirc\ to cut. See Cassxira. PrefigTire. ^,F. - L.) From Pre- and
Preclude. vL.^ L. praaludere, to Figure.
shut off, hinder access to. — L. prcc^ in Pregnant, fruitful, with child. ^L
front ; claiidere i^pp. c/iisus), to shut. Der. In Milton, P. L. ii. 779. Directly
prechis-ion, from the pp. pritclusus. Cf. from L. prcEgnantcui, ace. of p}\egnan.s^
Conclude. pregnant. Fmguans has the form of a
Precocious. ,L.^ Coined (with suffix pres. part, of an obs. verb *pru'g/idre, to
-cus^ from h.pmcoa'-, decl. stem oipmcox, be before a birth, to be about to bear.—
prematurely ripe, ^l^.pm, before coquere^ L. pm. before *gfnlre, to bear, of which
;
:
to cook, to ripen. See Cook. the pp. gf!dtus or fuitus is used as the pp.
Precursor. (L.) L. pracursor, a of the inceptive infin. uciscT, to be born.
forerunner. — L. pm, before cursor, a See Natal.
;
runner, from curs-us, pp. of currere, to Prehensile, adapted for grasping.

run. See Current. ^L.^ Coined with suffix -He (L. -ills')
Predatory, given to plundering. (L.) from L. prehenS'US, pp. of preheudere,
L. prudiltorius, plundering. — L. prizdator, prendere, to lay hold of. — L. prce, before ;
a ]:ilunderer. — L. pr.zddrJ, to plunder. — L. obsolete -hendere, to grasp, cognate with

pncda, booty, p. Prada = *prcchcd-a, E. Get. q.v.
that which is seized beforehand from: Prejudge. (F.-L.) O.Y. prejuger.
/;-<?, before, and hed-, base of -hendcre, to "'L. prun'udicdre, to judge beforehand.—
seize, get, cognate with get see Get.
; L. pnr, before; iildicdre, to judge, from
(So also prendere —pre-he7iderc^ y. Irish iildic', stem of iddex, a judge. See
sp?-eid/i, cattle, W. praidd, flock, herd, Judge.
booty, prey, are from 1^. pmda. prejudice. F—
L.^ O.Y .prejudice.
Predecessor. (L.) L. pmdecessor. — L. praifidicium, a judicial examination,
— L./;v^, betore d^cessor, one who retires previous to a trial, also a prejudice. — L.
;
from an office, from dccfssus, pp. of deccd- pr(Z, before; iudicittm, judgment, from
(?;-<?, to depart. — L. de, from cedere, to go.
; iiidic-, stem of iudex, a judge.
See Cede. Prelate, a church dignitary. (F. L.) —
Predicate. (L-) From pp. oi pm- O. F. prelat. — L. pntldtus, set above ;
ditdre. to publish, proclaim, declare. — L. used as pp. of prufe?-re, to prefer (but

pm, before: dicdre. to tell, publish, allied from a different root) — L. pra, before;
to dFccre. to say. See Diction. Idtus, borne, set, pp. oi tollere, to lift, bear.
predicament. (,L.) l^.pradicdmen- See Tolerate.
tinn^ term in logic, one of the most Preliminary, introductory. (F. — L.)
408
.
PRELUDE PRESIDE
Coined {rom/>re-, prefix, before ; and M.F, j
form of A.Y.pnirpens^. pp. oi purpenser, to
lifiiitiaire, '
set before the entr^' of, dedi- meditate on, with prefix pur- (i- pour-) .
catory,' Cot. P>om "L.prce, before; an^l \

from L. pru.
liviindris, adj., coming at the beginning preponderate. From pp. of (^L.
—
j
or threshold. L. lltnin-^ stem of limen^ 1

L. prapondcrare, to outweigh. — L. pra,
threshold. See Limit. j
before ; ponderdre, to weigh see Pon- ;
Prelude, an introduction, ^F. — L. dr-r.

M. ¥. prelude, 'a preludium, preface, pre- Preposition. (F. —
L.) O.Y.prepo-
amble Cot. —Late L. *pmludium. — L.
;
'
'
si/ion. — L. ace. prapositionem, a setting

prcEliidere, to yjlay beforehand, give a I
before; a preposition (in giammar). L. —
prelude. — L. pr(E, before ; ludere, to play. prcEposituSy pp. oi prtrpdnere, to set before.
See Ludicrous. I
—Y^.pm, heiore; pofiere, to place. See
Premature. (F.-L.) From Pre- Position. ,
and Mature. Preposterous. j

^L.y l^.praposUr-us,
Premier. ''F. — L.) Y. premier, (\T%t. inverter:, hind sloe before ; with suffix -ous.
— \..prinidriiim, ace. oi pritndrius, chief. — 'L.prcE, before; posterus, later, coming
— \.. primus, first. See Prime (i;. I after. See Post-.
Premiss, Premise. - L.; l^ . Prerogative. (F.-L.) A. F. pre-
Better premiss than premise. — O. F. prerogative^ a privilege.- L. /r^rij^fl/rwa, a
viisse (F. pr^misse, in use in the 14th previous choice, preference, privilege.—
century (Littre;.- L. /r^^wma {sententia L. prce, before ; rogdre, to ask. See
being understood;, a premiss, lit. that Rogation.
which is sent before or stated beforehand. Presage. (F.-L.j O.Y. presage. ->
Fern, of prcE77iissiis, pp. of prcemittere, to I., prasdgium, a divining beforehand.- L.
send before \^. prcB, before; mitte7-e,\o\prcEsdglre, to perceive beforcha:id. — L.
send. See Missile. Der. premis-es, s. prce, before sdglre, to observe, perceive. ;
pi., the adjuncts of a building, first stated See Sagacious.

in full, in a lease, and afterwards referred Presbyter. (L.-Gk.) 1.. preslyyter.
to as the premises or otherwise, due to ;
— Gk. irpia^vTtpos, an elder; orig. elder,
the custom of beginning leases with pre- comparative of irpea^vs, old. ^ Cf. L.
viises setting forth the names of the \pri5ciis, ancient.
grantor, grantee, and things granlcd. Also' Prescience. (F.-L.^ C):Y .prescience.
premise, vb. with accent on i. , — Y^.prcescientia, foreknowledge. — \^.prcz,
Premium. (L.) L./r^w?«w, profit; before scientia, knowledge. See Science. ;
lit. 'a taking before;' for *prce-imium. Prescribe. (L.) L. prczscrlbere, to

— L. prcB, before ; emere, to take. Cf. write beforehand, prescribe; pp. prce-
Exempt. sci'iptus whence prescripiionj. — Y.. prce,
1^
Premonish, to warn beforehand. (Y before; scribere, to write. See Scribe.

— L. Coined from pre-, before for
, L. Present (
i;, near at hand. (F. — L.,,
prce') and inonish, a corrupted form of O.Y present. ^Y,. prceseiit-, stem oi prce-
;
.
M.E. monesten, to warn, \\'yclif, 2 Cor. senSj i. e. being in front or near. — L. pi-ce,
vi. I. See Admonish. Tiev. premonit-\'m front; -sens, for *es-ens, being, from
or-y, from Y. pramonitor, one who warns y'ES, tobe. Cf. Absent. 'Dev.pyesent-ly; I
beforehand, from prcemojiere, to warn presence, sb., O. F. presence, L. pj-ce-

beforeharid. i
seiitia.
Prentice, short for Apprentice,' present (2), to give. 'F. -L.) O. F.

cj . V. presenter. — Y. prcesentare, to place before,
Prepare. (F. — L.) M. F. preparer; \
hold out, offer. — L. /r^^^w/-, stem oi prcz-
— Y. prapardre. to make ready before-
iioX. I
sejis âbove Der. present, sb., a gilt
.
hand. — L. pra, before; pardre, to pre- Presentiment. (F.-L.) M. F./r^-

Cot. — Y.prce-
;
pare. See Pare. sentiment, '

a fore-feeling '
Prepense, premeditated. (Y — L.) . senti-re, to feel beforehand. — L. prc^,

1. As it from M.Y.pre-, htiorchand peftser, ;
Ijefore ; sentire, to feel. See Sense.
to think. — L. prcs, beforehand; pejisdre, Preserve. (F.-L.) O.Y . preserver,
to weigh, ponder, frequent, form oi peti- to preserve. — L. /re?, beforehand ; ser-udre,
dere, to weigh ; see Pendant. 2. But in to keep. See Serve.
the phr. malice prepense, it is an altered Preside. (F.-L. O.Y.presider,Xo
409
— ; ;;
PRESS PRIDE
preside, govern. —
L. prasidere, to sit be- beyond; and natural, adj., from nature.
fore, preside over. L. prce, in — front See Nature.
sedere, to sit. See Sedentary. Pretext. (F.-L.) yi.Y. pretexte,^.
Press (i), to squeeze. (F. — L.) M. E. pretext. —
L. prcBtextiun, a pretext ; orig.
pressen. — F./r^J-i-^r. — L./r^j'jJr^jfrequent. neut. oiprcetextus, pp. oi prcetexere, lit. to
of p7'emere (pp. presses), to press. Der. weave in front. — L. prcs, in front ; texere,
press, sb. press-ure.
: to weave. See Text.
Press (2), to hire men for service, make Pretty. (E.) ^.Y^.prati; K.S>. pm-
men serve as sailors, i&c. (F. L.) — Press tig, prcettig, pcetig, orig. deceitful, tricky;
is a corruption of the old word prest, hence clever, cunning, the usual M. E.
ready; whence prest -money ready money sense. , Formed with suffix -ig from A. S.
advanced to a man hired for service, prcet, deceit, trickery. Cf Lowl. ê.pratty,
earnest money also ijjiprest,
; a verb (now pretty, tricky, {rom prat, a trick (G. Doug-
imp7-ess), to give a man earnest money. las ;.-f-Icel./r,f/'/r, a trick pretta, to cheat ;
When it became common to use compul- E. Fries, pret, a trick, prettig, ]ocoie, droll,
sion io force men into service, it was con- pleasant M. Du. p)ratte, perte, Du. part, ;
fused with the verb to press. Prest money a trick, deceit. Of uncertain origin.
was money \eni.'~0.¥ presier {¥ preter), .
PrevaiL (F. - L.) O. F. prevail, i p.
.
to lend, advance money. — L. /njj/«r^, to pr. oi prevaloir, to prevail. — L. prceualere,

stand forth, come forward, furnish, offer, to have great power. — L. prcz, before, ex-
give. — L. prce, in front stare, to stand. cessively tialere, to be strong. See Valid.
; ;
See State. Der. press-gang, im-press, Der. prevaleitt, from L. pj'czualent- , stem
im-press-ment. of pres. pt. oi prceiialere, to prevail.
Prestige. (F.-L.) F. prestige, an Prevaricate. (L.) From pp. of L.
illusion, fascination, influence due to fame. prceudricdri, to straddle, hence to swerve,
— L. prcBstigiiim, a deception, illusion, shuffle, shift, quibble. — L. prce, before, ex-
jugglery. For ^prcEstrigium, the 2nd r cessively udric-us, straddling, from uarus, ;
being lost (Brug. i. § ^'i},)."!^. prcestring- crooked. See Varicose.

ere, to bind fast, to dull, dim, blind. — L. Prevent. (L.) The old meaning was
pra, before; stringere, to bind. See to go before ; cf M. F. pj-evenir, to pre-
*
'
*
Stringent. vent, anticipate, forestall;' Cot. — L. ^r^-

Presume. (F. — L.) M..Y.. presumen. uent-us, pp. of prceuenlre, to go before. —
— O. F. presumer. — L. prcesumere, to take L. prcE, before tienii'e, to come. See ;
beforehand, presume, imagine. — L. pr<2, Venture.

before; sumere, to take; see Assume. Previous. (L.) L. prceui-us, on the
Der. presumpt-ion, &c. (from the pp. way before, going before ; with sufBx -oiis.
prcestwipt-iis). — L. pra, before uia, a way. ;
Pretend. (F.-L.) O.Y. pretendre. Prey, sb. (F.-L.) A. F. preie (F.

— L. pru-tendere, to spread before, hold proie) — L. prceda, prey. See Predatory. .
out as an excuse, allege, pretend. — L. prce, Der. prey, vb.

before; tendere, to stretch. See Tend (i). Prial, three of a sort, at cards. (F. — L.)
Her. pretence, misspelt iox pretense (O. F. A contraction oi pair-royal; (see Nares).
pretensse, i., Godefroy), from the fem. of Price. (F.-L.) M. E. pris.-O.Y.
Late L. praiensus, used for L. prcetentus, pris, also spelt /rm, price, value, merit.—
pp. o{ prcEtendere. L. pretium, price. See Precious.
Preter-, prefix. (L.) L. prceter, be- Prick. (E.) M. E. prikke, prike, sb.
yond ; comparative form of prce, before A. S. pric2c, prica, a point, prick, dot
;
see Pre-. prician, to prick, -f- M. Du. prick, Du.

Preterite. (F.-L.) 1^.^. preterit. prik, a prickle Dan. prik, Svved. prick, ;
— O. F. preterit, m., preterite, fem. — L. a dot, mark; E. Fries., Low G. prik.

prcBteritns, pp. oi prceterire to pass by. Also Du., E. Fries., Low G. p7-ikken, to
,
L. prceter, beyond ire, to go. ; prick Dan. prikke, Swed. pricka, to dot. ;
Pretermit, to omit. (L.) 'L.prcstcr- Prom a Teut. base *prik, to prick, dot.
mittere, to allow to go past. — L. prceter, Der. prick, vb. prickle, sb., from A. S.
;
beyond; jnittere, to send. See Missile. pricel.

Der. prctermiss-ion, from the pp. Pride. (F. - L.) M. E. pride, prude.
Preternatural. (L.) From h.prceter, A. S. pryte, pride ; regularly formed (^by
410
;
PRIEST PRISON
the usual change from u to y) from A. S. primus, first genitus, pp. o{ gigiure (base
;
I
fnlt, proud, of F. origin. See Proud. I

genA, to beget, produce see Genus. ;
Priest. (L. - Gk.) M. E. preest A. S. ; i

primordial, (F.-L.) F. original.
freest. Contracted (like O. Y. prcstre, O. ;
pri?HordiaL'-'L. prTmordialis, original. —
iâx. presfar, O. priester) from Y,. presbyter. L. primordiuvi, origin. — L. prim -us, first
Cf. Prester JoJmJ
'•
See Presbyter. ordiri, to begin, allied to oj-do, order.
% Abnormal perhaps presbyter was ap-
; primrose. (F.-L.) As if from F.
prehendtd as *prehyster. prime rose, first rose; L. prima rosa.
Prig (i), to steal. (E.) Cant/;j^^, to Such is the popular etymology but, his- ;
ride, ride off with a horse which a man has torically, primrose is a substitution for
to take care of; pi'igger of pratincers, a M. E. primei-ole^ a primrose. Dimin. of
horse-stealer see Harman's Caveat, pp. Late Y,. primula, a primrose (still preserved
;
42, 43, and p. 84, col. 3. Modification of in Span, primula, the same). Again,
prick, to spur, to ride Spenser, F. Q. i. primula is a derivative of primus, first.
;
I.I. See Prick. Thus the word r^j-^was only associated ^

Prig (2), a pert, pragmatical fellow. with primrose by a popular blunder.
(E.) From the verb to prick, in the sense prince. (F. — L.) Y. prince. - \..prin-
to trim, adorn, dress up. Lowl. Sc. prig- cipem, ace. o\ princeps, a cliief, lit. taking '
ine-dai7zty, prick-7ne-daiiity, a prig. See the first place.' — L. prin-, for prtj?i-us,
above. first capere, to take see Capital.
; ;
Prini,neat. (F. — L.) O.F./;7>/, masc, principal. (F.-L.) Y. principal.-

prime, fem., prime, forward, also pi'inie, "L. principalis, chitf. —L. princip-, stem of
masc. and fem., thin, slender, small, as che- princeps, a chief (above).
7jeux primes, 'smooth or delicate hair;' principle. (F - L.) The / is an E. .
Cot. The sense is first-grown, small, deli- addition, as in syllable. — Y. principe, a

cate. —L. primus, first (below). f[ The principle, maxim; orig. bcgmning. — L.
word was perhaps confused with prink, to principium, a beginning. — L. priricip-,
deck: see Prank. stem of princeps, taking the first place ;
prime (i), first, chief. F. see prince (above;.

(F. — L.)
prime, properly prime,' the first canonical
'
Print, sb. (F. — L.) M. E. printe,
hour. — L. prJina, fem. of pri7Jms. first. prcnte, preinte short for empreinte, bor- ;
PrJnnis is for *prismiis, and is related to rowed from M. F. empreiiite, a stamp, '
pris-ctts, ancient, pris-tinns, primitive, print Cot. See Imprint. Der. print, '
and to prius, adv., former. Brugm. ii. vb. re-print. ;
§ 165. Cf. A. S. /^r-7//«, first, ix ova. fore Prior (i), former. (L.) L. prior,
(see Former) Gk. -npw-Tos, first, from former. U?ed as comparative of the su-
;
npo ; Skt. pra-ta-ma-, first. Der. prijn- perl. primus see Prime. ;
ary ; prim-ate, O. F. primat, L. ace. prim- prior (2), head of a prior}'. (F. L.) —
dtem, hovapriynas, a chief man. M. E. prioiir. — A. F. prioitr F. prieiir. ;
prime 2). to make a gun quite ready. — L. priorem, ace. oi prior, former, hence,
(F. — L.) Cf. prime, to trim trees ; prime, a superior see above. ;
first position in fencing and esp. the phr. ;Prise, Prize, a lever. (F. L.) 'Prise, —
* to put into prime order.' peculiar use a lever AHalliwell. Hence to prise open
;
'
'
oi prime (i). a box,' or corruptly, to pry open.' — F. '
prim.ero, an old game at cards. (Span. prise, a grasp, tight hold (hence, leverage).
— L.) Span, primero, lit. first.' — L. pri- Orig. fem. of pr-is, pp. of prendre, to
"
viarius, chief; see Premier. grasp. —L. prehendere, to grasp. See

prim,eval. (L.) Coined from L./rF/;^- Prehensile.
rts, first ; ceu-7im, age ; with suffix -al; cf. Prism. (L. — Gk.) 'L. prisma. •^QV.
L. prwicetins primeval, ,
rrpicrfxa (stem irpiafxaT-), a prism ; lit. a
primitive. (F.-L.) Y. primitif~ piece sawn off. — Gk. rrpieiv, for *Trpicr€iv,
L. primitlictis, earliest of its kind. — L. to saw. (Gk. v^Trptj.) Her. prismat-zc.
primit-us, adv., for the first time. — L. Prison. (F.-L.) O. F. prisun, F.
frlmus, first. prison; cf. Ital. prigione, a prison. — L.
primogeniture. (F.-L.) M. F./;-?- 2iCC. prensionem, ace. o{ prensio, a seizing,
Cot. — T. seizure, —l^.prensus, for prehensus, pp. of
;
mogeniturc, the being eldest
'
'
prhnogetiitus, first-born. — L. primo-, for prehendere, to seize. See Prehensile.

41 I
; - ;
PRISTINE PRODIGY
Pristine, ancient. (F. L.) M. F. — Problem. (F. -L.-Gk.) O.Y.pro-
pristine. — L
pristiniis, ancient ; allied to hleme F. problcme. — L. pi'oblema. — Gk.
;
'L. pris-cus, former, and to prime (i). vpo^Xrjjxa, a thing thrown forward, or put
Private. (L.) L./rfz/J/?/^, apart; pp. forward as a question for discussion. — Gk.
oi prill are, to bereave. — L. prTuus, single forward PXfjfia, a casting, from j8aA-
irpo, ;
lit. put forward, sundered from the rest. \(iv, to cast.

Privet, a shrub. (F. ? - L. ?) Privet Proboscis. (L.-Gk.) \.. proboscis.^
is of unknown origin. Privet also occurs Gk. irpoôaKis, an elephant's trimk or
as a spelling of private, and one of the 'feeder.' — Gk. vpu, in front; P6(TK€iv, to
names of privet is privy, spelt priiiie by feed ; see Botany.
Tusser ;but there is no sure connexion. Proceed. (F. L.) O.F. proceder.~ —
We also find, for privet, the names prijn, L. procedere, to go forward. — 'L.pi'o, before
primprint, prime print perhaps print ;
cedere, to go. See Cede. Der. process
may have arisen from prim't, i. e. primed (mod. F. proces) process-ioti. ;
or trimmed. Prob. named from being Proclaim. (F. L.) Y. proc lamer, —
formally cut and trimmed cf. prime, to ; 'to proclame ; Cot. — L. procldjndre, to
'
cut trees (Halliwell). See Prim and call out. — L. pro, forth; cldmdre, to cry
Prime (i). out. See Claim.
Privilege. (F. — L.) O.Y. privilege. Proclivity. (L.) From L. prdclT-
— L. prlidlegiiun, (i) a bill against a uitds, a downward slope, tendency. — L.
person, (2) an ordinance in favour of one, prdclTuiis, sloping forward. — L. p7'd, for-
a privilege. — L. prTui-, iox prmus, single ;
ward clnms, a slope.
; (-y^KLEL) Cf.
leg-, stem oi lex, law. Acclivity.
privy, private. (F. - L.) O. F. prive Procrastinate, to postpone. (L.)
(Y.priv^), priva.te. — L,. prhtdtus, private; From pp. of L. prdo'astindre^ to delay,
see Private. put off till the morrow. — L. pro, forward,
Prize (Oj thing captured from the
2. off; crastinus, belonging to the morrow,
enemy or won in a lottery. (F. L.) F. — from eras, morrow.
prise, a seizure, also, a prize see Prise. ; Procreate. (L.) L. procredtus^ pp.
Prize (2), to value highly. (F. L.) — o{ procredre, to generate. — L. pro, before,
M.E.prisen. — F. priser, to esteem. — O. F. forth credre, to produce.
; See Create.
pris {¥ prix^, a price, value. — L, pretiiim,
. Proctor. (L.) M. ¥.. proketotir short ;
value. See Price. form oi proairatour. — O. F. procurator. —

Prize (3) the same as Prise.
, L. ace. prociirdtorem see Procurator. ;
Pro-, prefix. (L. orGk. or¥. — L.) L. ; Procumbent, (L.) \.. pro-
prostrate.
pro-, prefix, before cf. also pro ( ^ prod),
; cumbent-, stem of procutnbens, pres. jDt. of
an abl. form, used as a prep. Also Gk. procumbere, to sink forwards. — L. pro,
TTpo-j prefix vp6, prep., before
; cf. Skt. ; forwards cumbere, to recline, allied to
;
pra, before, away. See pjê-, prefix pri- ;

cubdre, to lie down. See Covey
or, pri-me, pri-vate, prow, pro-vost, &c. Procurator. (L.) L. prdcfa-dtor, a
Proa, Proe, Prow, Prau, a small manager, deputy. — L. prdcurdre; see
ship. (Malay.) Malay praku, prau, a below.
general term lor small ships. procure. (F. — L.) F. procurer. — L.
Probable. (F.-L.) ¥. probable. -"L. procfD-dre, to take care of, manage. — L.
probdbilis, that may be proved. — L. pro- pro, before; curdre, to take care, from
bare, to test, prove, orig. to try the cura, care. See Cure.
goodness. — L. p7-obus, good, excellent. Prodigal. (F.-L.) O.Y. prodigal.
See Prove. Late Lat. prodigdlis due to L. prddigus, ;
probation. _(F. — L.) ¥. probation. lavish ; for '^prod-agus. Y,. prod-, forth ; —
— L. ace. probdtionem, a trial, proof. — L. and agere, to do, act. See Agent.
probdtus, pp. oi prob are, to test. Prodigy. (F. — L.) Englished from F.
probe. (L.) A coined word cf. Late ; prodige, a prodigy, wonder. — \^.prddigium,
L. proba, a proof. — L. probdre, to test ; see a token, portent, prophetic sign. )3. Per-
above. haps for *prddagium, i.e. a saying before-
probity. (F. — L.) F./r^/^zV^, honesty. hand, irom prod {pro), before, and *agium,
— 'L.probitdtetn, ace. oiprobitds, \\one?,\.y. — a saying, as in ad-agium see Adage. ;
l^.probus, honest, excellent. Brugm.'i. § 759.

412
PRODUCE PROLOCUTOR
Produce, vb. (L.) L. prodHcere, to offspring. — Y.pro-, forth ;
genus, kin. See
bring forward. — L. /rJ, forward; diicere, Genus.
to lead. See Duke. Der. product-ive, Prognostic, a presage. (F.-L. -Gk.)
-ion (from the pp. below). M. Y.prognostiqiie\ Cot.. — Y.prognosticon.
product, sb. (L.) \^. prodtictns^^xo- — Gk. TTpoyyajariKuu, a token of the future.
duced pp. oi prodilcere {zibovt).
;
— Gk. Trpos before; yvcuaTiKoSf good at
Proem. (F. — L. Gk.) M. F. pro'eme. — knowing. See Gnostic.
Cot. — 'L..proa:miui}i. — Programme, Program. - L. -
;
*a proem, preface ' (F.
Gk. -npooiîov, an introduction. — Gk. -npo^ Gk.) Now spelt as if froiV' Y. programme ;
before oiixos, a way, path, from y'EI,

; iormerly p?-ogramma (1706), from L. pro-
to go. gramma.— Gk. vpoypapLfia, a public notice
Profane, impious. (F. — L.) Y. profane. in writing.
irpu, beforehand — Gk.
ypdfxpLa, ;
— L. pi'ofanus, unholy; lit. before (i.e. a writing, from ypdtpeiv, to write.

outside of) the temple. — L. pro^ before Progress, advancement. (F. — L.)
;
fdnum, a temple. 'M.Y,progrez{Y.progr^s). — L.progressum,

Profess. (F.-L.) WefindM. E./r^- ace. of progrcssiis, an advance. — L. pro-
fessed, pp.. hnglished from O. Y. profes, gi-esstis, pp. of progredT, to go forward. —
masc, profcsse, fem., professed. — L. pi-o- Y.pro, forward and gradi, to walk. See ;
fesstis, pp. of profit erl. to avow. — L. pro^ Grade.

forth \faterl., to speak see Confess. ; Prohibit, to check. (L.) From L.
Proffer. (F.-L.) From O. F./r^rz>, prohibitits, pp. oi prohibere, to hold before
porofrir (Godefroy), to proffer. — O. F. one, put in one's way, prohibit. — L. /rJ,
por-^ prefix (L. ^r^-) and ofrir., offrir., before
; habere, to have, keep. ; See
from L. offer7'e^ to offer. See Offer. Habit.
Proficient. (L.) L. proficient-^ stem Project, sb., a plan. (F. - L.) M. F.
of pres. pt. oi proficere^ to make progress, project {Y. projet), a project, purpose. — L.
advance. — l^.pro, forward \faccre, to make. proiectiim, neut. of prniectiis, pp. of pro-
See Fact. icere {p}'oiicere), to ding forth hence (in ;
Profile. (Ital. -L.) \y2\. profilo, Si Late L.) to purpose, plan. — L. /rJ, forth ;
sketch of a picture, outline (Florio). — L. iacere, to cast. See Jet (i).

pro, before, in front filuni, a thread (Ital.
; Prolate, extended in the direction of
flo, thread, line). ^T The mod. Y. profit the polar axis. (L.) L./rJ/^/z^J, extended.
is also from Ital. profilo. — L. pro, forward; Idtus, carried, pp. of
Profit. (F.-L.) M.E./;-^/.-F./r^- tollere, to lift, bear. See Tolerate.
fit. — L. profectum, neut. oi profectus, pp. Prolepsis, anticipation. (L. — Gk.) L.
of proficere, to make progress, be profit- prolepsis. — Gk. irpoK-qifis, lit. a taking be-
able. See Proficient. forehand.— Gk. -npo, before; XTJxpLs, a seiz-
Profligate. (L.) L. proflTgattis, cast ing, from Xi]-<p-opai, fut. of Xap^dvuv, to
down, abandoned, dissolute pp. oi proflT- ;
seize. See Catalepsy.
gdre, to dash down. — L. pro, forward; Proletarian, a citizen of the lowest
fligere, to strike, dash. See Affiict. class, useful only by producing children.
Profound, deep. (F.-L.) Y.profond. (L.) From L. prdletdrius, one who ser\-ed
— L. profundum, ace. oiprofundiis, deep. the state by help of his children only.
— L./r<?, forward, hence downward; fund- — Y. proles, offspring (below).
us, bottom, allied to Bottom. HeT.pro- prolific. '^F. -L.) Y.p7'olifique,ii\x\i.'
fund-ity. IM. Y.profondite. in\. — Y. prd/i-, decl. stem oi proles, off-
Profuse, lavish. (L.) \.. profustis,\>^. spring ficuSf from facere, to make.
;
oip r ofundere, to pour forth. — L./rJ,forth; Perhaps L. proles = pro-oles, from pro,
fiindere, to pour. See Fuse (i). before, and *olere, to grow, whence
Progenitor. (F. — L.^ Formerly /r^- ad-olescere, to grow up ; cf. sub-oles,
genitoiir. — M. Y
progeniteur. — Y.. progeni-
.
indoles. See Adult.
to7'em, ace. oi progenitor, an ancestor.— Prolix. F. — L. ) F. prolixe. — L. pro-
L. pro, before genitor, a parent, from the
;
lixus, extended. Lit. that which has '
base of ^/^;z^r(?, to beget. (-^GEN.) See flowed forth or beyond bounds

' from ;
Genu^. pro, forth, liqtiere, llquT, to flow. Cf.

progeny. (F. — L.) O.Y progenie.— .
e-lixics, soaked. See Liquid.
L. progeniem, ace. of progenies, lineage, Prolocutor, the chairman of a con-
41.^
; —,
PROLOGUE PROPER
ference. (L.) prolocfitor, an advocate.
"L,. pro7igue in Levins (1570). The M. E.
•mYa. prdlocfihis , pp. oi proloqjiT, to speak p7'07ige, a pang, sharp pain, is the same
in public. — L. pro, publicly locjuT, to; word. Cf. M. E. p7-a7igele7t, to constrain
speak.See Loquacious. (Havelok). Also Dn. pra7ige7t, to pinch,
Prologue, a preface. (F. -L. — Gk.) oppress ;M. Du. p7-ange7i, to oppress,
Y. prologue. — L.prdlogu7?t, ace. oiprologJis. shackle, constrain p7-ange, a muzzle,;
— Gk. TTpoKoyos, a fore-speech. — Gk. Trpo, shackle, collar Low (j. p7-a7tge7t, to press,
;
before Xoyos, a speech.

; See Logic. push hard p7-a7ige, a stake G. pra7tger,
; ;
Prolong, to continue. (F. L.) M, E. — a pillory Goth, aiia-praggan = -pra7tga7i)

; \^
prolongeii. — F. prolo7iger. L. prolongdre, — to press. All from a Teut. base *p7-a7ig,

to prolong. — L. pro-, forward longiis, ; to press, nip, push.
long. Doublet, purloin.
See Long. Pronoun. (F. — L.) Coined from L.
Promenade, a walk. (F.-L.^ Formed pro, for and E. nou/t suggested by F.
; ;
with O. F. suffix -ade{<,\.. -dta) from O. F. pro/10771, L. p7V7id77ie7t, a pronoun. See

promener, to walk. — Late 'L.. promindre., Noun.
to drive forwards. — l^.pro, forwards Late : Pronounce. (F.-L.) Y.pro7io7icer.
L. mmdre, to drive, lead from L. mindri, ;
— L. p7'07iuntid7'e, to pronounce, lit. tell
to threaten. See Menace. forth. — L. pro, forth; nu7itid7-e, to tell.
Prominent, projecting, forward. (L^ See ITuncio. Der. p7'07iu7iciat-ion, from
L. prcmineni-, stem of pres. pt. of pro- L. pp. p7-07iU7itidt-us, with suffix -ion-.
minere, to project forward. — L. /n7, for- Proof, a test, evidence. (F.— L.) For-
ward ;-minere, to project. See Me- merly /r^T/t? (1551); altered from M. E.
nace. p7'eef, preove. — Y p7'euve, a trial; Cot.
.
Promiscuous, mixed, confused. (L.) Late \^.p7'oba, a proof. — Y^.probare, to test.

For \^ pro miStilus, mixed. — \^.prd, forward See Prove, Probable.
(here of slight force) miscere, to mix. ; Prop. (E.) M.Y. proppe. [Also Irish
See Miscellaneous. p7-opa, Gael. p7-op, a prop, support; bor-
Promise, an agreement to do a thing. rowed from E.] Cf. t^yx. prop, a stopple ;
(F. — L.) Formerly /;w;^(?j-. — F./;w;^^5.r^, M. Du. p7-op, p7-oppe, 'a prop, a stopple,'
*a promise;' Cot. — L.. pro missa, fern, of Hexham p7-oppen, to prop, stay, or bear
;
'
prdmissus, pp. oi promittere, to send or up,' Hexham Low G. p7'opp, a plug, G.

;
put forth, to promise. — L. pro, forward pf7'opf, a cork, also a graft. All from a
mittere, to send. See Missile. Der. Teut. base */;-?//, to stop up, to support.
proniiss-o-ry. % In the sense of ' graft,' the G. pfropf
Promontory, a headland. (L.) L. is due to L. propdgo see Propagate. ;
promonttiriuin, a ridge, headland, Prob. Propagate. (L.) From the pp. ot

from p?-omijiere, to jut out see Promi- ; Y,. propdgd7'e {ox p>-0'), to peg down, pro-
nent, and cf. Mount. pagate by layers; di\\.\e^\.op7'opdges, propdgo

Promote, to advance, further. (L.) {or p7'0-), a layer, and from the same source
From L. promo t-us, pp. of promouere, to as C077ipdgcs, a fastening together. — L. p7-o,
move forward. — L. p7'o, forward mouere, ; forth pdg-, base of pange/'e, to fasten, set
;
to move. See Move. (hence, to peg down). Der. p7'opaga7idist,

Prompt. Y. prompt. -1.. a. coined word ; from the name of the society
(F.-L.)
promp{um, ace. of projnptus, promtus, entitled Coiig/'cgatio de propaganda fide.
brought to light, at hand, ready, pp. of constituted at Rome, a. D. 1622. And
promei-e, to bring forward; {ox*prod-imere see Prune (1).
— L. p7'od, forward e77ie7-e, to take, bring. Propel, to urge forward. (L.) L. pro-
;
Cf. Exempt. pelle7'c, to drive forward. — L./rJ, forward;

Promulgate. (L.) From pp. of L. pellere, to drive; see Pulse (i). Der.
prd!iiulgd7'e to publish. (Of imknown P7'opuls-io7t, from pp. p7'dptdsus.
origin.) Propensity, an inclination. (L.)
Prone. (F. — L.) M.
F./;w/£'. — L./rJ- Coined from L. p7vpensus, hanging down,
num, ace. of prd7tus, inclined towards. inclining towards; pp. oi p7'opendere, to
Prmus is prob. allied to Gk. nprjvrjs, hang down or forward. — L. /;v, forward,
headlong cf. Skt. p7-avana, inclined to,
; pe7idere, to hang. See Pendant.
prone. Proper, one's own, peculiar, suitable.
Prong, spike of a fork. (E.) Spelt (F.-L.) M. E. /r^/r^. — F. /r^/n'. — L.
414
— ;
PROPERTY PROSTHETIC
prop}'mm, ace. of proprius, one's own. Proscenium, the front part of a stage.
Prob. ixom pro prTuo. (L.— Gk.) L. pros c enizcm. ^ Gk. vpo-
property. (F. —
L.) ^\.Y..propcrtee. (Ticriviov, the place before the stage (or
— O. F. properte, property (Littre), also scene). — Gk. TT/jo, before; CKrjvrj, a scene.
propriety, fitness. ^L.. pfoprietdtem, ace. of See Scene.
proprietas property, ownership ; also pro-
, Proscribe. (L.) L. pj-dscrlherc, lit.
priety of terms. — L./r^/rzwj-, one's own. to write jHiblicly y>\). prcscriphis (whence ;
Prophecy. (F. L. -Gk.) yi.R.pro-— proscription). '-\.. pro, publicly; scribere,

phecie, sb. — O. F./r(3/^^r/<:', variant oi pro- to write. See Scribe.
phetie, a prophecy. — L. prophetia. — Gk. Prose. (F. - L.) F. prose. - L. prosa,
Trpo(pT]T€ia, a prediction. — Gk. irpoc})r]TT]s, a for prorsa ordtio, direct speech hence, ;
prophet (below). Hqv. prophesy, vb. unimbellished speech ; fern, of prorsus,

prophet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.Y.pro- forward, short for prduers7is, lit. turned
pkete.^L. p7'opheta.''G^. npoiprjTTjs, one forward. — L. p7-d, forward ; tiersus, pp. of
who declares, an expounder, a projihet. iierte7'e, to turn. See Verse.
Gk. TTpo, publicly, lit. before; (prj-iî, I Prosecute. (L.) Yxovi\V..prdsecfitus,
speak ; with suffix -ttjs of the agent, (y' pp. of p7-dseq2ii, to pursue. — L. p7-d, for-
BHA.) Allied to Fame. ward seqnT, to follow. See Sequence. ;
Propinquity, nearness. (F. L.) Doublet, ptirsiie. -

O. F. propi7iquitd. L. propinquitateni^ —
Proselyte, a convert. (F.-L.-Gk.)
ace. of propinqtiitds, nearness. L. pro- O. F. p7'oseiite. — L. proselytn77i, ace. of
—
pinquzis, near. —
L. /^-^j/^, adv., near. p7'oselytics. — Gk. vpoarjXvros, one who has
Propitious, favourable. (L.) For L. come to a place, a stranger, a convert

propiiius, favourable. Prob. a term in to Judaism; Acts ii. 10. — Gk. irpoofp-
augury, with the sense ' flying forwards.' — Xo/uai, I approach, 2 aor. TrpouTJXOcv
L. pro-, forward petere, to seek, orig. to i=iTpoarj\v6oi').^Gk. -npo^, to; epxofâi, I
;
fly. See Petition. Der. propitiate, from come. [Gk. 'ipxoixai and rjXvQov are from
pp. of L. propitidre, to render propitious. different roots the latter goes with lAfu- ;
—
Proportion. (F. L.) Y .proportion. aofxai, I will come from -y^LEUDH.] ;
— L. ace. prdportionem, from proportio, Prosody. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.p7-osodie.

comparative relation. L. /rJ, before, in — L. prosddia. — Gk. vpoawdia, a song sung
—
relation to portio, a portion ; see Por- to an instrument, a tone, accent, prosody,
;
tion. (or laws of verse). — Gk, npui, to, accom-

—
Propose. (F. L. aw^ Gk.) Y pro- panying cyd:], an ode. See Ode. . ;
poser.! lit. to place before. — L. pro, before ; Prosopopoeia, personification. (L.-

F. poser, to place, from Gk. See Pose. Gk.) prosdpopceia. — Gk. vpoaajTTorrotia
\^.
Proposition. (F. — L.) Y. proposition. personification. — Gk. irpcaojiTonoiiiv, to per-

— L. a statement. — L.
zee. propositionem, sonify. —Gk. -npoawTTo-v, a face, a person;
propositus, pp. of prdpdnere, to put forth. TToiiiv, make. Ylpuowirov is from upo^,
to
— L. pro, pdnere, to put.
forth ;
towards, and wn-, stem oiw\ps, face, appear-
propound. (L.) The d is excrescent ance. See Pros-, Optic, and Poem.
formerly propoune, propone. — L. prdpdnere Prospect. (L.) L. prospecttis, a view.
(above). — L. p7-ospectns, pp. of prospice7'e, to lof k
—
Propriety. (F. L.) M.Y. propriety, :i forward. — L. pro, forward specere, to look. ;
property, also a comely assortment,' Cot. See Species.

' Der. p7-ospectiis = 1^. pro-
— L. ace. proprietdtem, from proprietds, spectns, a view.
property also, propriety. — L. proprius,
; Prosperous. (L.) L. prosper^ adj.,
one's own. TiowÂBt, property. prosperous with suffix -oiis. Cf. L. p7-o- ;
Prorogue. (F. — L.) O.Y. proi-ogtur. sperns, by-form o{ p7-osper. Lit. according '
— L. prdrogdre, to propose an extension of to one's hope.' — L. /r^, for, according to ;
office, lit. to ask publicly hence, to defer. sper-, weak grade of sper- for spes, hope.
;
— L. pro, publicly 7-ogdre, to ask. See Der. prosper, vb. ; O. V p7-osperer, L. p7-o-
; .
Rogation. sperdre, to prosper horn prosper, adj. ;
Pros-, towards. (Gk.) Gk, tt/jo's, to- Prosthetic, prefixed. (Gk.) Modern ;
wards fuller form Trpori, extended from as if for Gk. *7rpocr^€Ti«o?, lit. disposed to
;
77/30, before. +
Skt. prati, towards, from add due to Gk. npuaOir-os, added, put ;
pra, before. See Pro-. to. — Gk. TT/Dos, to Oe-Tus, placed, put, ;
41 5
——;
PROSTITUTE PROW
verbal adj. from the base 6(-, to place. See thrust forth. — L. pro. forth ; trudere (pp.
Thesis. trusus^ t o t h rust
, D
er. protrus-ion (from
.
Prostitute. (L.) L./fvTf///«/a,

pp. f. the pp."". Cf Intrude.
o\ J^yrsfitucfw to expose openly, prostitme. Protuberant. ^L.) From stem of
— h./>ro, forth statue re, lo place, causal of
; pres. pt. oi protuherare, to bulge out.
stilre, to stand. See State. L. pro. forward; tiiber, a swelling. See
Prostrate. (L.> L,.f/vstni/us, pp. of Tuber.
/•"Js:c?-f:^r(\ to throw forward on the Prond. (F.-L.?) M. E. /rW, later
ground. — L. fro. forward ; stcruerCs to proiiJ ; older form /;;//. A. S. prut,
spread. See Stratum. "Der. frostrat-ion. proud; whence the Icel. priiSr, prouii. is
Protean. ^L. — Gk.) Yiov^'L.Frotetis supposed to have been borrowed cf. lân. ;
i^misdivided as PfJte-us), a sea-god who pruJ, stately, p. A late word in A. S.

oltea changed his form. — Gk, Ilparrci/s, and prob. merely borrowed from O. French.
a <e;i-god :cf. vpojTos, first, chief. — O. F. proJ. prud, fern, prode, prtide^
Protect. (L.^ From L. p7otectus, pp. valiant, notable (taken in a bad sense).
\>{ p--dtegcre, to protect lit. cover in front.
; See further under Prowess. "Dex. pride.
— L. pro. in front tegere^ to cover. See Prove, to test, demonstrate. (L.) The
;
Teguments usual old sense is to tost or try. — A. S.

Protest. (F.-L.) Y. protester. ^-L. profiatt. [Cf. O. Y.proz'er, later prouver,
prottsrdri, to protest, bear public witness. 'to prove, try, essay, verifie Cot.^ — L. ;
'
— L. fro, forth, in public testarT, to probdre, to test, try the goodness of — L.

;
witness, from testis, a witness. See Testa- probus, excellent. See Probable.
ment. Provender. (F. - L.) The final r is
Prothalamium. ,L.-Gk.) Late L. an O. K. addition. — O. F. provcndre
*pro:haia)?iiui!:. — iJtk.*JTpodaXa}xiov a song i^Godefroy), usually /;v7zr;*^/<?. 'provender,
.
written before a marriage a coined word. also, a prebendary;' Cot. — Late \..
; pm-
— Gk. trpo, before: OciXayio?. a bedroom, betida. an allowance of provisions, also
bride-chamber. Coined to accompany a prebend see Prebend. ;
epithalaviiiitn. q.v. Proverb. i^F. L.) Y.proz>erbe.—L. —

Protocol, the first draught of a docu- proue7-bium, a common saying. —L. /;v,
-
ment. (,F. L. - Gk.^ M. F. protocole, the publicly uerb-to/i, a word, cognate with
-
;
first draught or copy of a deed.' — Late L. E. Word.

protocolium.'^'L.'W.t Gk. tt/jcutovoWoi', ex- Provide. (L.^ I., prouidere {x>\). pro-
plained by Scheler to mean orig. a first uTsus^, to foresee, act with foresight. — L.
leaf, glued on to MSS., in order to register pro, before ; uidere, to see. See Vision.
by whom the MS. was written, ^^c. By a Der. prozudeiit, provis-ion.
decree of Justinian, certain MSS. were to Province. (F. - L.) Y.provinee. — L.
be thus accompanied by a fly-leaf. It prouiucia. a territory brought under
means first glued on,' i. e. fastened on at Roman government. (Of doubtful origin.)
'
the beginning. — Gk. npajro-i, first KoWjv. Provision. (F. L.^ Y. provision.'-'
; —
to glue, from KoWa, glue. Tlpîros is a L. ace. prouJsiouem, foresight, fore-
superl. form from vpo. before; see Pro-. thought, purveyance. — L. prours-us. pi>.
protomartyr. ^F. - L. - Gk.^ M. F. o{ proiiidrre. to provide for. See Provide.
protomartyre. — Late 'L. protomartyr. — Gk. Provoke. (F. L.) Y provoquer Cot. — .
\
npojTOfiapTup. lit. ' first martyr.' —

Gk. irpW' — L. p!-ouocdre, to call forth. — L. pro.
TO'S. first (above^ fxapTvp, a martyr
;
see forth UiWlre, to call.
; See Vocal.
;
Martyr. Provost, a prefect. (L.^ A. V. provost ;

prototype. ,F. -L. -Gk.^
Y. proto- [cf M. F. pievost, the provost or presidt nt
'
type. —'L,. ace. prototypum.'-QtV. vpa^roof a college;' Cot.] A.S. prafost.— \..
Tvnov, a prototype, neut. of npcoTuTv-nos, preepositus, a prefect, one set over. — L.
according to the first form. — Gk. TrpcuTo-s, pneponere, to set over. — L. prcv, before ;
first \âbove^ rvn-os, a type; see Type.
; poture, to put. See Position.
Protract. (L.> From L. protraetus, Prow, front part of a ship. (F.— L.
pp. of proiranere. to draw forward, also Gk.^ O. F. prou'c {Y . prouc^, prow. [Cf
to extend, prolong. "'L.pro, forth trahere. ; Ital. prodal] — Y. prom, a ]-)row the 2nd ;
to draw. See Trace (i\ Portray. r disappearing to avoid the double trill (as
Protrude. (L.^ L. protnldere, to also in Prov. Span. Port, pjva, Genoese
41 6
PROWESS PSYCHICAL
priia).''(jV. irf>(^pa, the prow. — Gk. irpo-, prduidens^ foreseeing, pres. pt. cf praui-
L'.fore, in front. See Pro-. dere, to foresee. — h.pro, before uidere, to ;
Prowess, bravery. (t. L., M. ?:. — see. See Viaion,

provjf::, prue:se.~'0. ¥. prouezse, prowess ; Prune \'j, to trim trees. (F. ?— L.?y
'
forrne'l with :,uffix -esse '<L. -?V?a from Very difficult. M. E. proinen, prunen, to
O. \ prou (F. preuXj, valiant, p. Ktym.
. dre-.i oneself up smanly, trim Gascoigne ;
'^lisputc'^] we also find O. 1' prod, prtid,

; . has proyne, to prune off shoots. iJnt
proz, prous, pi-u\ Prov. proz, Ital. prode^ these are two fiistinct words. i. The
valiant, notable ^whence Ital. prodezza, M. K. proirun, to trim, esp. used of a bird
prowess,. Also O. Y prou, sb., advantage . dressing its feathers, is from O. Y poioign .
whence M. E./r<7zt/, advantage;. Although a stem oi poroindre^ used in the same sense ;
O. Y prodyi2A u-sed to translate L. probus

. and ungere, to anoint.
.from L. pro, prefix,
the spelling with d shows there is no con- 2. Proine. to prune trees, is from O. F.
nexion Ixrtween these forms, y. Schel r por roignier, from L. pro, prefix, and
*'
explains it from L. prod-, as occurring v.. roignier, to prune <

L. *rotundidre, to
p7-dd-esse, to benefit so that prod wa- ; make round. See Hound.
taken to mean 'for the benefit of; ano Prune 2;, a plum. (F.-L.-Gk.)
we even find F. prou used as an adverb, as F. pyrune. — L. prufium. — Gk. vpoivov,
in prou, 'much, greatly, enough;' Got. shorr.':r form rA Trpoi ^-.(^v, a plum,
prod is the old form of prd, before. pmnella, pmnello,
a strong
Prowl. (O. Low G.; M. E. prollen, woollen stuff, of a dark colour.
orig.
to search after continually. *
I p7-olle, I go ^F. —L. — Gk., Y. prunelle, a sloe '^with
;
here and there to seke a thyng Pals- ' ref. to the colour, whence prunella is a
;
grave. Prollyn, scrutor.

'
Prollynge, or Latinised forrn. Dimin. of F. prune
sekynge, perscrutacio;' Prompt. Parv. It above^.
aloo meant to rob, plunder. Like the Pmrient. (L."y L. /rwr/iew/-, stem of
word plunder, it prob. meant * to filch pres. pt. of priirire, to itch, orig. to bum.
trifles,' or to sneak after trifles'; from
*
Allien to L. Freeze. Erugm. i. § 562.
Low G. prull, prulle, a trifle, thing of Pry, to peer into, search inquisitively.
small value Oiremen). Cf. iJu. prul, 'a Î-.-L *
Y^. prien. — O. Y .prier, preer,
M .
' ^ •
••
bawble* ^ ^twd J, prul/en, 'lumber, lug- to pillage [to search for plunder]. — Late
gage, pelf, trumpery, toys' (id., prullen ;
L. preddre, to plunder, also to investigate ;
kooper, a ragman (Calisch; E. Fries. ; |
Y>VlC.^Y. prceda, prey; see Prey.
prulle, prill, 3. iuî-. Root unknown. j
—
Psalm. 'Y. ijV.j 'Si. Y. psalm, for-
Proximity. Y. — h.j Y proximiti. . merly salm. A.S. seal/n.^L. psalmus."
— L. proximitdtem, ace. of proxiviitds, Gk. -/oAfio?, a touching, twitching the
nearness. — L. proximuSy very near; a strings of a harp; also a song, psalm.—
saperl, form from prope, near. See Pro- j
Gk. xpdWuv, to touch, twitch, twang a
pinquity. I
harp. Der. psalmod-y, F. psalmodie, L.
Proxy. (T-ate L. — L.) Palsgrave has psalviodia, Gk. \pakyuu.lio., a singing to the
prockesy short for procuracy. — Late L. harp, from worj^ a song see Ode.
;
;
pivcurdtia, used for Y.procurdtio, manage- psaltery, a stringed instrument.

ment.— L. prrdciirdre, to manage, to pro- l-.-L. -Gk.) O. F. psalterie (12th
cure. See Procure. cent.;. — L. psalterium.''ij\^. ^paKriipiov, a j
Pmde, a woman of affected modesty. [kind of harp, — Gk. ifaXiTip, a harper.—

(F\— L.; Y. prude, M. Y prreude, orig. in Gk. \pa\-?.(iv, to twang a harp
.
with ;
a good sense, chaste; used but not suffix -rr,p of the agent. Der. psalter,
originally^ as the fern, of F. preux, O. !•. O, F. psaltier, a book of psalms, L.
preu, excellent, which at first had but one psalterium, (ly a psalter)-, (2^ a psalter.
form for the masc. and fem. (Godefroy^. Psendonym. (F.-Gk., Y.pseudo-
Perhaps the forms preudomme, preude- nyme ('1690^. — Gk. 4^fvlu,vvfj.os, adj., called
femme arose from misunderstanding the by a false name. — Gk. ^tOS-os, falsehood
O. F. phrases preu d'omnie and preu de '•./-ei/o/,?, false), from iptvouv^ to lie ; owfxa,
fenwie ''Toblcr O. F. p7-eti is a variant
. a r.ame.
of O. Y prod, prou
. see Prowess. ; Pshaw, interjection. ''E.) An imita-
Prudent. (F. — 1 ..j Y . prudent. — L. li-e v.fjrd cL pish, pooh.
:
prudent em, ace. oi prudens, contr. form of Psycllical, pertaining to the souL (L.
417
! ;;
PSYCHOLOGY PUKE
— Gk.) From psychic tis.^G'k. ipvxiKos,
Y,. puddig, thick, stumpy ; Westphal. puddekj
belonging to the soul or life. — Gk. ^vxh- a lump, a pudding. Apparently from
soul, life, orig. breath. — Gk. xpvx^^v, to a Teut. base *pud, to swell out, similar to
blow. ^piit', cf. A. S. pud-uc, a wen (Toller) ;
psychology. (Gk.) Gk.^ûxo-, for and see Poodle and Pout. p. Cf. also
'>pvxv, soul, life ; -\oyia, from Xoyos, a dis- Irish putog, a pudding, Gael, putag; W.
course, from Xiyetv, to speak. poten, a paunch, a pudding Com. pot,
;
Ptarmigan, a bird. (Gael.) For- a bag, pudding also \V. pivtyji, a short
;
merly tcrmigant — Gael, tarmachan Irish ; round body, Gael. ////, a buoy, inflated
tannochan. <^ The/ was probably due to skin; all borrowed words. See Pout.
a notion of a Greek origin but Gk. lirap- ; Puddle (i), a small dirty pool. (E.)
\xiKT] means '
milfoil ' M. E. podel. Dimin., with E. suffix -^/,
Puberty. f'F. L.) F. pubcrfj, youth. - of A. S. ptidd, a ditch, a furrow (ToUerV
— L. piH>ertdfem, ace. of pubertas, age of puddle (2\ to make thick or muddy.
maturity. — L. piibes, the signs of manhood, (E.) From the sb. above.
hair. AXW&d \.o pii pus, pu-er, a. hoy. Der. Puerile. (F. — L.) M.F./z/^r?/ (15th
pubescence, sb. due to pfibescent-, stem of cent.). — L, pucrilis, boyish. — L. ///^r, a
pres. pt. oi pnbescere, to arrive at puberty. boy.
Public. (F. — L.) F. public, masc, puerperal, relating to child-birth.
publique, fern. Coi. •''L. publicus, belong-
; (L.) From h. pHe>pera,itm. adj., bearing
ing to the people also poublicos, poplicos ; a child. — L. p2ier, a boy and parere, to
;
;in inscriptions). — L. /<?/«///.?, the people. bear see Parent.

;
publican. (L.) M. E. publican. — L. Puff, to blow. (E.) ls\.Y..puffen\ oi

ptiblicdnus a tax-gatherer, Luke iii. 12
, ;
imitative origin. +G- puffen, to puff, pop,
orig. an adj., belonging to the public Dan. pttffe, to pop, ^weA. puffa, to crack,
revenue. — L. pnblictis (above). push \V. pwff^, a puff (from E.).
;
publication. i^F. — L.) Y .publication. pufiS.n, a bird. (E.) From its puffed
— L. 2icc.publicatidnem. — \^. publicdtus, pp. out appearance, or from its swelling beak.
oi publicdre,\.o make public. — L. ^//3/zVM.r, Pug, a monkey, a kind of dog. (E.)
public. Orig. an imp, or little demon ( Ben Jonson) ;
publish. (F. — L.) ^L E. publishen. see Nares, s. v. puck. A
later form of
An analogical formation founded on F. ;
puck. Cf. Dan. disX.puge, a * puck,' sprite
publier, to publish. — L./«^//m;-fc' (above). and (perhaps) Dan. dial, pugge, a toad.
Puce, the name of a colour. (F. — L.) •
A. pug-dog is a dog with a short monkey-
Lit. '
flea-colour.' — Y.ptice, a flea couleur ;
like face;' Wedgwood.
pjice, puce; O.Y pulce. — h. pillicem, ace.
. Puggry, Puggery, a scarf round the
of prdex, a flea. ^
Said to be the same as hat. (Hind.) Hind, pagri, a turban
puke, which was also the name of a dark- Yule.
brown colour, but the ioxxvi puke is difficult Pugilism. (L.) From L. pugil, a
to explain. The Picard and Walloon form boxer. Allied to 'L.pugnus, Gk. wvy-fx-f],
oi puce was puche. the fist.
Puck. (E.) W.Y. pouke. K.^.puca pugnacious. (L.) Coined from L.
(Napier) whence \x\%\\puca, an elf, sprite
; pugnaci-, decl. stem oipugnax. combative.
;
W. pwca, /wa'. Icel. puki, an imp. + — L. pugndre, to fight. — L. pugnus, the

Pucker, to gather into folds. (Scand.) fist.
Particularly used of the folds in the top of Puisne, Puny. (F.-L.^ Funyh for
a poke or bag, when gathered together by puisne, a law-term, implying inferior in
drawing the string tight. So also M. Ital. rank. — A. F. and M. F. puisnS, pimy, '
Cot. — L. post ndtus,

;
saccolare, to pucker, from sacco, a sack younger, born after ; '
and E. purse, as to pmse up the brows.' born after. See NataL

'
Cf. Norman F. poiique. for F. poche, a Puissant, mighty. (F.-L.) Y. puis-

pouch, bag. See Poke (i). sant, powerful. Cf. \\-a\.possente. powerful.
Pudding, an intestine filled with meat, From *possient- for ^possent-, stem of a
a sausage hence, a sort of light food, barbarous L. *possefis, substituted for L.
;
made of flour, eggs, &c. (E.) M. E, potens, powerful.

pudding, poding. Cf. Low G. pudding, a Puke, to vomit. (E. ?) Prob. of imita-
pudding ptidde-wurst, a black-pudding
;
tive origin, partly suggested by spew. Cf.
;
418
;
PULE PUN
G. spucken, to spit; O. F. esconfir, to is for *pel-itd ; Gk. mk-vayiai, 'I draw
cf.
spit, sput, esput, a spitting. near quickly ;' Brugm. ii. § O12.
Pule, to chirp, to whimper. fF. — L.) F. pulse 'i I, a throb. (F.-L.) F.pOtds.
piauler, to cheep as a young bird, to pule
'
the pulse Cot. — L. piilstnn, ace. of
' ;
'
or howle Cot. In Gascon, pioiila.

;
' Cf. pulsus, the beating of the pulse. — L. pulsus,
Ital. pigolare, to chirp, moan. Imitative pp. of pellere âbovej.
words ;allied to L. pipildre, pTpdre, to Pulse (2), grain or seed of beans, peas,
chirp see Pipe.
; &c. (L.) MÊ. puis. -L. puis, a thick
Pull. (K.) U.E.pidlen'yA.^.ptilliait, pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, &c.
to pull, pluck. +
Low G. pule7i, to pick, (hence applied to the pulse itself). 4-Gk.
pinch, pull, pluck, tear; Dan. dial, pulle. 770AT09, porridge. Der. poultice, q. v.
Cf. also Low Q.pulleji, to drink in gulps Pulverise. F. — L.) M.F .pulverizer; (
(cf. E. to take a /w//). Cot. — Late L. pidverizdre, to reduce to

Pullet. (K. - L.) M. E. polete. - O. F. dust L. puluerdre, the same. — L. /«/z<^r- ;
poleie, later poule/te, fern, of F. ponlet, (for *pulues-), stem oi puluis, dust. Allied
a chicken, dimin. of F. potile, a hen.— Late to pollis, pollen, fine meal, palea, chaff;
L. ptilla, fern, oi ptillus, a chicken. wSee Gk. ttciXt], meal, dust.
Pool (2). Puma,
a quadruped. (Peruvian.) Peruv.
Pulley. (F. -L. -Gk.?) From F. puiua.
poiilie, a pully ;' Cot.
'
Cf. l\2i\. puleggia Pum.ice. (F. — L.) \^K.9). pumic-stdn,
;
Late L, poledia, a crane Due. Perhaps pumice-stone.]

; M. E. pomice. — M. F,
from Late L. *pdlidia, orig. pi. of *pdli- pumice. '^F.. piimic-, stem of pfanex,
(iium<,QfV. îrookiSiov, a little colt, dimin. pumice. From an Idg. base */(?zw-, whence
of ircbXos, a colt. Cf. O. F. poulier, a also A. S./dm, foam from its foam-like ;
pulley, answering to Late Gk. vo^Kapiov, r:])])earance. See Foam.

a little colt. p. The M. E. forms are Fum.m.el, the same as Pommel.
poliue ( -^pollve, riming with drive), Ch. Pum.p (i)> a m.achine for raising water.
also poleyne, Prompt. Parv. The latter F. — Teut.) M. E. pumpe. — F. povipe. — (
form is from F. poulain, ' a fole, a colt, G. pumpe, also plumpe, which is like-
also the rope wherewith wine is let down \\ise an imitative form. Cf. prov. G.
into a seller [cellar], a pulley-rope Cot. plumpen, to pump, p. The G. plumpen
;
'
" Late L. ptdldnus, a colt. — L. pidlus, also means to plump, fall plump, move
a young animal see Pullet. ; So al.-o E. suddenly and violently, from the plunging
pidley s.nsweis to mod. Y.poulie. y. The action of the piston. It is therefore allied
transference of sense causes no difficulty to E. Plump (2), of imitative origin.
;
7.
thusM.F.pou^re,a filly, also means a beam, We
even find prov. F. plump, to pump.
and F. chevre, a goat, also means a kind Corn, plumpy, to pump; also F)\x. pomp,
of crane the names of animals are applied Swed. pump, Dan. pompe, Russ. pojnpa,
;
to contrivances for exerting force. Cf. also a pump, all borrowed words and (the ;
Late L. poldmis, a pulley or pulley-rope, imitative forms) Span, and Port, bomba,
also a kind of sledge. %
Diez derives E. a pump, a bomb.
Ptdley from F. poidie, and then, con- Pum.p (2 a thin-soled shoe. (F. — L. — "i ,
versely, F. poulie from E. ptdl. This is Gi< ) So called because used for pomp or
very unlikely. G. Paris (Î\o??iania, July, ornament cf. F. a pied de plomb el de ;
'98, p. 486) suggests Gk. *Tro\i5iov, dimin. pompe, with a slow and stately gate,' i. e. '
of TTuAo?, a pivot, axis; see Pole (2). <jait; Cot. See Pomp.
Pulmonary, affecting the lungs. (L.) Pumpion, Pumpkin, a kind of
ptdmondrms, affecting the lungs. — L. gourd. (F.-L, -Gk. The old forms are
pidmon-, stem of pulmo, a lung. Gk. pumpion and pompon. — M. F. pompo7t, a
+ '
vXcu/xoov, a lung. See Pneumatic. pumpion or melon Cot. cf. l^.'oX.popone ;

' ;
Pulp. (F. — L.) F. pu/pe. — 'L. ptdpa, Florio •,^F.pepdnevi, ace. o\pepo, a large I
pulp of fruit, pith. melon. — Gk. tt(ttoji', a kind of melon, eaten

Pulpit. (F. - L.) O. F. pidpite. - L. quite ripe. — Gk. nf-rrcoi', mellow, from rreTr-
pulpitmn, a scaffold, stage for actors. TfLv, to ripen; see Cook.

Pulsate, to throb. (L.) From pp. of j
Pun. (Ital. ? — L. ?) Of uncertain origin,
L. pulsdre, to throb, beat frequent, form ;
I
Also uiê^}, at first, in the forms pun7iel and
oi pellere (pp. pulsus), to drive. L. peldo j
pundigrion. Perhaps the latter represents
4 19
—
- ;'
PUNCH PUPA
\iz\.puntiglio,2. cavil, orig. a small point. - print, or seale' upon it, which was made
iisX.'punto, a point. —
L. puncttim, a point. with a puncheon or stamp. See Pun-
Pxinch(i), to perforate. (^F.-L.) M.E. cheon {i). ^ So also M. Ital. punzone
punchen, to prick which seems to have
; means both puncheon or bodkin, and
been coined from the sh.ptinchion,pHnchoit, puncheon or wine-vessel.
piinsoiin, a dagger, awl. See Puncheon ( i ^. Punchinello ?ee Punch (4). ;
Punch to beat, bruise. (F.

(2), L.) — Punctate, dotted. (L.) Coined from
Short for pitnish ; M. E. punchen and L. punct-nm, a point; with suffix -ate
pimischen are equivalent (Prompt. Parv.). (L. -dtus).'-!^. pujictus,-\^-p. oipujigere, to
See Punish. prick see Pungent.
;
Punch (3), a beverage. (Hind. -Skt.) punctilio. (Span. L.) Span, pun- —
So called from consisting oifive ingredients, tiUo, a nice point of honour; dimin. of
spirit, water, lemon-juice, sugar, spice ; in- punio, a point. — L. punctuf/i, a point ; see
troduced from India, by way of Goa men- Punctate, Point.
;
tioned A.D. 1669. — Hind, panch, five. punctual. (F.-L.) Vi.Y.ponctuel,

See Five. % Tlie Cot. — Late L. punctualis. —
;
Skt. pancha, five. punctuall '

'
Hind, short a is pronounced like E. ti in punctu-m, a point see Point. ;
imid\ occurs again \\\ pundit, ptinkah.

it punctuate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Punch (4). a short, hump- backed fellow L. pnnctudre, to determine, define. — Lo
in a puppet-show. (Ital. — L.) A contrac- punctu-fH. a point (above).
tion for Puitchineilo, which, occurs a.d. 1666 puncture. (L.) L./zmr/^^m, aprick.
(Nares). This is a corruption of Ital. /«/- — L. punctus, pp. oi pungere, to prick.
duello (by the change of / to n, the Ital. ci Pundit, a learned man. (Skt.) Skt.
being sounded as E. chi). Pulcinello is the pandita- (with cerebral nd), adj., learned,
droll clown in Neapolitan comedy we sb., a wise man, scholar. — Skt. pand,
;
also find VisA. piincinella, 'punch, buffoon,' to heap up or together. See note to
Meadows. Adimin. form of \\.:i\.. piilcino, Punch (3),
a young chicken cf. pulcella, a young
; Pungent. (L.) 1^. pungent-, stem o[
girl from L. pullits, the young of any pres. pt. of pungere, to prick, pt. t. pii-
;
animal, allied io piier, a boy. See Pullet. p2is;-i, pp. punctus. (Base PUG.)
The lit. sense oi pulcinello is little chicken Punish. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. /«-
;
thence, a little boy, a puppet. •[[ Confused nischen. — F. puniss-, stem of pres. pt. of
with prov. E. punch, short, fat, which is punir, to punish. — L. pi'mh'e, to punish. —
(perhaps) allied to Bunch. Judy is for L. pcvjia, penalty. — Gk. iroivq, penalty.
Judith, once a common name. See Pain.
Puncheon (i), a punch or awl. (F. Punkah, a large fan. (Hind. — Skt.)
L.) M. E. pimchon, punsoun. — Gascon Hind, pankhd, a fan allied to pankha,
;
pounchoun, M. F. poinson (F. poin,ôn), a wing, feather, paksha, a wing. Allied

'
a bodkin, also a puncheon, a stamp,' &c. to Skt. paksha-, a wing. Cf. Pers. pankan,
Cot. Cf. Span, punzon, a punch, Ital. a sieve, a fan. See note to Punch (3).
punzone, a punch, bodkin, also a wine- Punt (i), a flat-bottomed boat. (L.-C.)
barrel.— L. punctionem, ace. of punctio, A. S. pu)it. —
L. ponto, a punt (also a
a pricking, puncture. The gender of this pontoon) a word of Gaulish origin.
;
word was changed from fem. to masc, From Celtic type ^qonfo- cf. L. contus ;
whilst at the same time the sense was <Gk. KovTos, apunting-pole, whence prov.
changed from pricking to ' pricker.' — L.
' '
E. quoni, quant, a punting-pole.
piinctus, pp. of pungere, to prick ; see Punt (2), to play at a game at cards
Pungent. See also Puncheon (2\ called basset. (F. — Span. — L.) Y.ponte,
Puncheon (2), a cask. (F. — L.?) From a punt, a punter, a red ace, ponter, to
Gascon poujichoun, a punch or awl ;
punt. — Span. /;/«^(9, a point, also a pip at
M. F. poinson (F. poincon), 'a bodkin, ca.T<is.-'h. punct7{m, a point. See Point.
also a puncheon [steel tool], also a stamp, ^ Or immediately from Spanish.
mark, print, or scale also, a wine-vessell
;
;
Puny see Puisne.

;
Cot. This is a difficult word but I con- ; Pupa, a

chrysalis. (L.) L. pupa, a
clude that the O.Y. poinson {¥. poinson) girl, doll, puppet (hence, undeveloped
remains the same word in all its senses, and insect). Fem. oi pupus, a boy; allied to
that the cask was named from the * mark, pjitiis, puer, a boy. (-y^ PEU.)
420
; ;' '
PUPIL PURPLE
pupil a scholar, ward. (F. — L.)
(i), designate one who aimed at greai puri/y
O. F. pupile, F. pupiile (masc). — L. /?^- of life ;see below.
pilhwi, ace. of pupilhis, an orphan-bo}', purity. (F.-L.) 'SLY. purelee.-'Y.
ward dimin. oi piipus, a boy (above).
; purete, purity
'
Cot. — L. ace. pftiitdtem,
:
'
pupil (2), the central spot of the eye. pureness. — L. piirus, pure.
(F. - L.) F. pupiile (fern.) - L. pilpilla, a
.
Purl (i\ to flow \\\\\\ a murmuring
little girl, also pupil (name due to the sound. (E.) Cf. M. E. prille, pirle, a
small images seen in the pupil). Fem. of whirly-gig (toy). So also ^wed. p07-/a, to
pupillus (above). purl, bubble as a stream a frequent, form
;
puppet. (F.-L.) M.E./<J/^/. — M.F. ;

from a base pzir-, imitative of the sound.
poupette, a little baby, puppet
'
Cot. ' See Purr, Purl (4).
Dimin. of L. //7/a; see Pupa (above). Purl (2\ spiced beer. (F.-L.) In
puppy, (i) a whelp; (2) a dandy. (F. Phillips, ed. 1706. But it should be
— L.) 1. Y.poupce, 'a baby, a puppet ;
pearl. It was a term in cookery; thus
Cot. Here 'baby' really means 'doll,' Sucre perld is sugar boiled twice, bouillon
but it is clear that, in E., the term was perlc\ jelly-broth. Cf. (J>. perlen, to pearl,
applied to the young of an animal, esp. of rise in small bubbles like pearls. See
a dog. The F. potipt'e (as if<L. *pupdtd) Pearl.
is a derivative of L. pupa see Pupa \ Purl (3\ to form an edging on lace, in-
(above). 2. In the sense of ' dandy,' /«//j' vert stitches in knitting. fF. L.) Fre- —
represents M. ¥ poupin^popin, spruce, trim
. quently misspelt pearl. Contraction of
(as \{<i'L.*p7tpinus) from the same source.
; purfie. —
M. F. porirfilcr, to purfle, em-
Hex. pup, short ior puppy. broider on an edge. — Y pour {Y.pro), con-
.
Pur-, prefix. (F.-L.) O. Y.pur-, F. fused (as often) with Y. par (L. per),
pour-, pour, (Span, por), for; a curious throughout fil. a thread, from Y.. flluvi,
\
variation of L. pro, for. Thus pur- and a thread. See File (i). Profile.
pro- are equivalent and pur-vey, pro-vide
; Purl (4', to upset. (E.) Better//;-/;
are doublets. from M. E. pirle, a whirligig, formed by
Purblind. (F.-L.a«Ê.) Ox\g.pu>e- the frequent, suffix -/ from the imitative
blind, i.e. wholly blind, M. E. /z^r blind, word pirr. to whirl. See Purr, Pirouette.
Rob. of Glouc. p. 376. See Pure and
;
So also Ital. pirlare, to twirle round
'
Blind. It afterwards came to mean Florio. See Purl (i).

partly blind, prob. through confusion with Purlieu, the border of a forest, &c.
the verb to pore, as Sir T. Elyot writes (F. — L.) Y ormexXy pou7-a Ilee, altered to
pore-blind. (Similarly parboil, to boil purlieti by confusion with F. lieu, a place;
thoroughly, came to mean to boil partially.) also spelt purley. The O. F. poziralee,
Pure = wholly, Tw. Nt., v. 86. poralee is a sort of translation of Late L.
Purchase, vb. (F.-L.) M. E./^/r- peramlmldtio, which meant all that ground'
chasen, purcJiacen.'-O. F. purchacer, to near any forest, which, being made forest
pursue eagerly, acquire, get. — O. F. /z/r by Henry II., Rich. I., or king John, were
\Y.pour'\, from 'L, pro ; and O. F. chacer inc) hy peraf/ibulatiofis gc?intGd by Henry
see Chase (i). III., severed again from the same Man- '
;
Pure. (F. — Y. pur, mvisc, p?ire,

L.") wood's Forest Laws. The etymology is
fem., pure. — L. pilrus, pure. Cf. Skt.^/7, from O. F. pur (F. pour)<,Y. pro, and
to purify. (yPEU). O. F. alee, a going, for which see Alley.
purge. (F.-L.) Y.purger.—l^.pur- Purloin, to steal. (F. — L.) O. F. pur-
gdre, to purify. L. purgare = *pur-igdre loignier.porloignier,\.o prolong, retard, de-
(Plautus has expurigdtid). — L. pur-us, lay (hence to keep back, detain, filch).—
pure; agere, to make. L. prolongdre, to prolong. — L. pro, for-
purify. (F. - L.) F. purifier. - L. ward longus, long. See Long. Doublet, ;
purificdre, to make pure. — L. //7r/-, for proloni^.

purus, pure facere^ to make. Der. puri-
;
Purple. (F.-L.-Gk.) U.Y.pufpre
fic-at-ion. (with r). — O. F. porpre, later pourpj-c,
Purim, an annual Jewish festival the purple. — L. purpura, the purple-fish.—
;
feast of lots. (Heb.) Ileb. piirim, lots Gk. TTopcpvpa, the purple-fish cf. Gk. ;
pi. o{ pier, a lot. See Esther ix. 26. TTop<px)p€os purple, orig. an epithet of ihe ,
Puritan. (L.) coined word, to surging sea. — Gk. vopcpvptLV, reduplicated

A
421
;
.,
PURPORT PUTRID
form of (pvp^LV, to mix up, stir violently, porueien, {purveien, porveieit), to provide.
allied to Skt. root bimr, to be active. — A. F. ptvveier, purveer (O. Y. porvoir,
Purport, to imply. O. F. (F.-L.) F. pourvoir) to provide. — L. prouidere, to
,
piirporter, poiirporter, to declare, inform provide. See Provide.

(hence, imply) we also ^nd pirrporl, sb.,
; purview, a proviso. (F. — L.) Now
tenor (Roquefort). — O. F. ptir, F. pouj; applied to the enacting part of a statute ;
from L. p7'o, according to porter, to carry, ;

so called because it orig, began v^'x'Oixpurveu
bring, from L. portdre. F"or the sense, cf est,\X. is provided. —O. F. porveu, pp. of
import. See Port (i). O. F. poj-voir (F. pou7-voir), to provide.—
Purpose (i), to intend. (F. — L. and L. prouidere, to provide (above).
Gk.) O. Y .piirposer, a variant oi p7'oposer, Pus, white matter from a sore. (L.) L.
to propose, intend. — L. pro, before and ; pils (gen. pu7-is), pus.+Gk. ttGov, matter ;
Y. poser, to place ; see Pose (i). Skt. pay a-, pus, from ptly, to stink.
Purpose (2), intention. (F. L.) M.E. — Allied to Foul. (-/PEU.) Brugm.i. §113.
purpos. — O. Y poiirpos, a variant oipropos,
. Push. (F. — L.) M. E. posse7i, piissen.
a purpose. — L. propositiun, a thing pro- — O. F. pousscr, poulser, to push, thrust. —
posed, neut. of pp. oiproponerc, to propose. L. pulsd7-e, to beat, thrust, frequent, of
— \^. pro, before; ponere, to place. See pelle7-e, to drive. See Pulsate.
Position. Pusillanimous.
(L.) L. pusilla7n-
Purr, Pur. (E.) m-is, mean-spirited; with suffix -cwj. — L.
An imitative word for
various sounds, chiefly of the murmuring of pusill'US, mean, small; a7ii7nus, courage.
a cat. Cf. Scotch pirr, a gentle wind ; E. Fusillus is related to pusus, small; cf.
hrizz
; Irish bururiis, a gurgling sound. ptitus, a boy. (VPEU.)
See Purl (î), Purl (4), and Pirouette. Puss, a cat, hare. (E.) Prob. an imita-
Purse. (L.-Gk.) M. E. /z/r.y; also tive word, from the spitting of the cat.
pors. A. S. ptirs, Eng. Studien, xi. 65. We
find also Du. poes, Low G. puus,puus-
[Also Inirs. — O. F. horse, later bourse, a katte, Swed. dial, piis, 'Norw.pt/se, ptms;
purse.] — Late L. bursa, a purse. — Gk. Irish and Gael. p7is (from E.). And even
ISvpar], a hide, skin of which purses were S. Tamil pusei, a cat pusha in the Cash-
; ;
made. Der. purse, vb., to wrinkle up, like gar dialect of Afghan. ; hilh.pui, a word
a purse drawn together. to call a cat.
Purslain, Purslane, a herb. (F.- Pustule. (F.-L.) F. pustzile..~h.
L.) M. E. purslane, porseleyne.'^yi.Y piistula, another form oi pusula, a blister,
porcelaine, pojircelaine, purslane Cot. pimple. Perhaps allied to Gk. (pvcraAis,
;
Formed from L. porcildca, purslain (Pliny) ; a bladder, (pvadw, I blow.

usually spelt portiddca. Put. (E.) M.E. putten; A. S.potiajt,
Pursue. (F.— L.) O.Y. p07-suir, pur- to push, thrust; [whence also Gael, put,
siiir, poursuir; mod. Norman F. porsuir, to push, thrust W. pzvtio, Corn, poot^ to ;
mod. Y poursuivre , to pursue. — O. Y .par, push, kick]. Du. pote7i, to plant, %e\.,poot,
.
+
pur<^Y,. pro; and .$-f^/r-<Late L. sequere, a twig, M. Du. pote, a scion, plant (see
for L. sequi, to follow. Der. pursu-ant P>anck) N. Fries, putje, Dan. putte, to ;
from the pres. pt. of O. F. pursuir; pur- put, place Swed. dial. /////«, to push. ;
S2<iv-ant, from the pres. pt. oi potirsuivre Putative, reputed. (F. L.) Y.puta- —
pursuit, from Y pourstiite, fern. sb. answer- tif. — 'L.putdtluus, presumptive. — \..putd-
.
ing to L. proseciita, fem. of the pp. of L. tus, pp. oi putdi'e, to think, suppose. The
prosequi, to pursue. orig. sense was to make clean, then to
—
Pursy, short-winded. (F. L.) M.E. make clear, to come to a clear result. — L.
puixy, also pitrcyf (Palsgrave). — jNI. F. putus, clean. (-/PEU.)
pourcif (Palsgrave), variant of poulsif, Putrefy. (F. - L.) M. F. put7-efier\
'
pursie, short-winded,' Cot. — M. F. poulser, as if from L. *put7-ijicd7-e ; but the true
Y.pousser, to push, also to pant see Push. L. forms are pntrefacere, to make putrid,
;
Purtenance. (F.-L.) ShortforM.E. putrefierT, to become putrid. — L. /?///?W,

apu7-tena}tce ; see Appurtenance. putrid (below) facere, to make. ;
—
Purulent. (F. L.) Y. purulent. ^1., putrid. (F.-L.) M. F./z//;-/^^.-L.
pitrzdentus, full of matter. — L. pur-, stem putridus, stinking. — L. putri-, decl. stem
of /);7i', matter see Pus.
; of puter, putris, rotten ; cf. put7-ere, to be
—
Purvey. (F. L.) IA..Y. pumeien, Toiten, pate 7'e, to stink. See Pus.
42
,
; '
PUTTOCK QUADROON
Futtock, a kite, hawk. (F. and E.) G. quaken, Icel. kvaka, Dan. qvcekke, to
M. E. puttok. The surname Puttock was croak, quack. Cf. L. coaxdre, to croak,
also somet.mes spelt Ftitthaivk.'—^xov.Y.. Gk. /coci^, a croaking.
putt, for poult, a chicken and E. hawk. ; quack (2), cry up a nostrum. (Du.)
to
See Poult. Due to the older word qteacksalver hence, ;
Putty. (F.-LowG.) M.F./^/d^^, cal- to act as a quack-salver or a quack. —

cined tin, also putty; orig. a potful (of Du. kwakzalver, a quacksalver. — Du.
bits of broken metal) cf. M. F. pottein,
; kwakzalven, vb., to apply salves in a
bits of broken metal, pottin, solder. All trifling way. Cf. Du. kwcikken, to croak,
from Y.pot, a pot, of Germanic origin. See which came to mean to trifle, linger '
Pot. (Franck) and Du. zalf, a salve

; see ;
Puzzle, a difficult question. (F. — L. Salve.

and Gk.) Orig. a sb., and short for op- Quadragesima, forty days of Lent.
posal, spelt both opposayle and apposayle in (L.) L. qtiadrdgesima^WX.. fortieth fem. ;
Lydgate, with the sense of question. These of qiiadrdgesimus older form qiiadrd- ;
are from the verb oppose, like deni-al from gensuvius, fortieth. — L. quadrdginid, foi ty.
deny, &c. See Pose (2). — L. quadra-, related to quattvor, four;
Pygmy. (F.-L.-Gk.) l^l.Y.pygm^, -giJitd, allied to Gk. -Kovra (for *biK0V7a),
adj., dwarf-like Cot."!., pygntcciis, adj., and to L. decent, ten. See quadrate.
;
dwarf-like from pi, Pygmcei, the race of

; quadrangle. (F.-L.) F. quad-
Pygmies. — Gk. Ylvîxaloi, pygmies, fabulous rangle. "Yj. quadrangidum, sb., neut. of
dwarfs of the length of a -nvyfiri, i.e. about qziadrajigtihis, four-cornered. — L. quadr-,
13I in. (from the elbow to the knuckles). related to quattuor, four angulus, angle. ;
— Gk. nvyjj.rj, a fist see Pugilist.

; See Angle (i).
Pylorus. (L. — Gk.) L.py/orus. ~G'k. quadrant. (L.) M.E. ^^â^raw/". — L.
TTvXojpos, the lower orifice of the stomach, quadrant-, stem of qiiadrans, sb., a fourth
entrance to the intestines orig. a gate- part.
; Extended from L. quadr- (above).
keeper. — Gk. *-nv\a-fop6s (Frellwitz) quadrate. (L.) \..quadrat^lS,^^^.Q{
;
from TTuAa = nvX-t], a gate fopos (cf. ovpos)

;
qiiadrdre, to make square. — L. quadr-,
a keeper, watcher, allied to "Wary. allied to $rzâ//wr, four; seePour. Brugm.
Pyramid. (L- — Gk.) Formerly py- ii. § 16S.
ramis." L. pyi-ajuis (stem pyramid-).— quadrennial. (L.) For quadrien-
Gk. TTvpa/jLis (stem irvpafxiS-), a pyramid. nial, adj. — L. quad7-ienni-u77i. a space of
Prob. of Egyptian origin. four years; with suffix -a/. — L. quadri-,
Pyre. (L. — Gk.) L.pyra. — Gk.-nvpd, belonging to four annus, a year ;see ;
a funeral pile. — Gk. irvp, fire allied to E. ; Annals.

Fire. quadrilateral. (L.) \..quadrilater-
pyrites. (L. — Gk.) 'L.pyrltes. — Gk. us^ four-sided ;
— L. quadri-
with suffix -al.
a flint, pyrites; orig. an adj.,
irvpiT-qs, (above); later-, for *lates-, stem of latus,
belonging to fire. — Gk. T^vp, fire. a side. See Lateral.
pyroteclinic, belonging to fireworks. quadrille. (F. -Span.-L.) Formerly
(Gk.) Coined from Gk. irvpo-, for irvp, a game at cards for four. — F. quadrille,
fire tcxîkos, artistic, from Tex^V, ^^
; art (i) fern., a troop of horses (2) masc, ;
see Technical. but orig. fem., a game at cards. The

Pjrfclion, a large snake. (L. — Gk.) former answers to Ital. quadriglia, M.
L. python, a serpent slain by Apollo near Ital. squadriglia, a troop ; but the latter
Delphi. — Gk. YlvQojv (the same).— Gk. to Span, cuadrilla, a meeting of four
T^vQio, a former name of Delphi. persons. — Span, cuadra, a square. — Late
Pyx. (L. — Gk.) Shortened from L. L. quadra, fem. of quadr us, square.
pyxis, a box. — Gk. t^v^ls, a box. — Gk. quadrillion, a million raised to the
TTvôs, box-wood. Allied to Box (i), fourth power. (L.) Coined by prefixing
Box (2). L. quadr- i.e. four, to -illion, which is
7n-illion without the vt.
<2-
quadroon. Span. — L.^ For quart-
Quack (i), to make
a noise as a duck. cuarteron, the child ofacreole
rooti. "ii'pan.
(E.) M. E. queke, as a duck's cry an ;

and a Spaniard one who is, in a fourth
;
imitative word. +
Du. kwaken, kwakken. part, a black; also a fourth part. -Span.
423
QUADRUPED QUARRY
ciiarto, a fourth part. — L. qtiartum^ ace. of qualite "1-,. qudlitdtcm, ace. of qiidlitds,
.
quart lis fourth^ ; see quartern. sort, kind. — L. qudli-s, of what sort.
quadruped. L. quadnipedtis,
(L.^) Allied to E. Which.
four-footed quadruped-, stem of qtiadru-
;
qualify. (F. — L.) Y. qualifier. — l^zXt
pes, quadripes, four-footed. — L. qtiadru-, L. qudlijicd7'e , to endue with a quality. —
four times pes, a foot
;
see quadrant. ;
L. qudli-s, of what sort facere, to make.
;
quadruple. (F.-L.) Y. quadruple. Qualm. (E.) M. E. qualm, usually *a

— L. qitadrnplum, ace. of quadruphis, pestilence.' A. S. cxvealm, pestilence. +
four-fold. — L. quadru- (above); -plus, O. Sax. quaint, destruction, death; O.H.G.
signifying fold'; see Double.
* qualm, destruction. [Perhaps not the
Quaff, to drink in large draughts. (E.) same word as Du. kwalm, thick vapour.]
Spelt quaught (Palsgrave) quaft (Sir T. ;
Teut. type *kwalmoz, masc. ; from *kwal,
More)t A
Southern form of Lowl. Sc. 2nd grade of *ktvel-an-, to die. See
zuanchi, to quaff; from waucht, sb. a Quell.
draught. — O. Northumb. *wahi = A. S. Quandary, a perplexity. (L. -- Gk.)
weaht, moistened
' from weccan, vb. to
'
; Orig. a morbid state of mind Knt. of ;
moisten. Allied to Du. wak, moist. See Burning Pestle, i. i. It probably arose
Wake (2). from 'condarye, for hypo-condarye, a morbid
Quagga, a quadruped. (Kaffir.) A slate of mind. I, seeing him so troubled,
'
Xosa-Kaffir word. — Kafhr iqwai'a (W. j. asked him what newes . . had put him
.
Davis) where the r is guttural. See N.

;
in so great a hypo-condarye Blackball,
;
'
and Q. 9 S. v. 3. Brief Narration, ab. 1640 (Spalding Club),

Quagmire. (E-) Spelt quake-mire in p. 175. See Hypochondria. (H. B.)
Stanihurst i.e. quaking bog.
; Quantity. (F.-L.) M.Y.quautitee.
Quaigh, Quaich, a cup. (C.-L.) — Y. quantity. — L. quantiidtem, ace. of
Gael. cuach.-'L,. caucus, a cup. quantitds, quantity. — L. quanti-, for quan-
Quail (1), to cower. (F.-L.) Not tus, how much. Related to quam ; and
from A. S. cwelati, to die, though perhaps to quis, who. Brugm. i. § 413.
sometimes confused with it. But the same Quarantine. (F.-L.) O.Y.quaran-
word as prov. E. quail, to curdle, used of tine (Roquefort), usually quarantaine, a
milk. See Prompt. Parv., and Way's space of forty days. — F. quaraute. forty. —
note. The M. E. quailen, to curdle, coagu- L. quadi-dgintd, forty; see Quadra-
late, is from O. F. coailler, quailier, F, gesima.
cailler, to coagulate, to curdle (see Supp. Quarrel (i), a dispute. (F.-L.) M.E.
to Godefroy). — L. coaguldre; see Coagu- — O. F. querele, later quej'elle. —
querele.
late. Cf. Ital. cagliare, to curdle also, ; L. querela, a complaint. — L. querl, to
to lack courage, to quail M. Ital. quag- ; complain. See Querulous.
Uare, the same (Torriano). Quarrel (2), a square-headed cross-bow
Quail (2), a bird. i^F. — Low L. — Low bdt. (F. — L.) M.Y.quaj-el. -'O.Y. quarrel,
G. ) M.E. quaille. " O.Y. quaiile, F. M. F, quarreau, a diamond, square tile,
caille. — Low L. quaquila, a quail. — M.Du. cross-bow bolt. — Late L. quadj-ellus, a
quackel, Du. kwakkel, a quail. — M. Du. quarrel. — L. quadrus, square see Quad- ;
quacken, Du. kxvaken, to quack. From rate.

the noise which the bird makes. See quarry (1), a place where stones are
Quack. dug. (F. — L. ) Formerly ^//rtrr^r M.E. ;
Quaint, neat, odd, whimsical. (F. — L.) quarrere, a place where stones are squared.
M. E. queint, also quoiut, coint, commonly — O. F. qua7-ricre, a quarry F. carHere. — ;
with the sense of famous.' — O. F. and Late L. quadrdria, a quarry for squared
'
M. F. coint, 'quaint, compt, neat, fine;' stones. — L. quadi'dre, to square. — L. quad-

Cot. — L. cognitus, well-known, pp. of rus, square. The sense was suggested ^
cognoscere, to know see Cognisance. by L. quadrdtdrius, a stone-squarer, also
;
Der. ac-quaint. a stone-cutter (merely).

Quake. (E.) M. E. quaken, cwakieii. Quarry (2), a heap of slaughtered
A. S. cwacian, to quake cf. czueccan, to game. (F.-L.)
; M.E. querre. — O.Y.
wag 1''. Fries, kwakkelen, to be unsteady. curee, cuiree (F. curee), intestines of a
;
Der. Quak-er (a. d. 1650) see Haydn. slain animal, the part given to hounds
; ;
Quality. (F. — L.) M. E. qualitee. - F. so called because wrapped in the skin. — F.

424
,; ;
QUART QUERN
cut?; a skin, hide. — L. coTiiini^ hide. See Quay, a wharf. (F.-C.) Formerly
Cuirass. kay, key; M. E. key, keye.~^\.Y. quay
Quart, the fourth of a gallon. (F. L.) — {Y.quai),' the key ol a havtn Cot. - Bret. ; '
M E. quartc. — F. qiiarte. — L. quarta (i. e.

. kae, an enclosure, a quay W. cae, an ;
/ari), a fourth part; fern, oi quartus fourth. , enclosure, hedge. Celt, type *kagi-; allied
Related to L. qiiatttior, four, iirugm. i. to Haw, Hedge.
§ 279- Quean, a woman
used slightingly. ;
quartan. (F.-L.) Y.qtiartaine,!^- (E.) A. S. civene. 0. H. G. queiia, a +

curring on the fourth day (said of a fever). wife; (ô\\\.k'wind. Teut. type */^7<;'^«<v/-.
— L. quartdna i^febris), a quartan fever; Also Irish ben, W. bun, a woman Russ. ;
{q\\\. oiqtiartdnus, belonging to the fourth. je7ia, wife Idg. type *^{w]end. Cf. Gk.
;
— 1,. quartus, fourth (above). ywrj, Pers. zaji. See Queen. Brugm. i.
CLUarter. (F. - L. ) M. t:. qtiarter. - § 670.
O. F. quarter^ qiiaitier. — L. qttartdrms, Queasy. (Scand.) M.E.quaysy,queysy,
fuurth part. — L. quartus, fourth. causing or feeling nausea. — Norweg. kveis,
quartern, fourth of a pint. (F. — L.) sickness after a debauch Icel. idra-kveisa, ;
Short for qiiarteron. M. E. quarteroiin. — colic. Cf. Icel. kveisa, a whitlow, boil
O. F. qiiarteron^ a quartern. — Late L. Low G. quese, a blister quesen-kopp, a ;
quarteronetii, ace. of qtiartero, a fourth brain-disease in sheep; E. Fries, kzvdse,

part. — Late L. quarterns, from L. quartus, a blister, boil, worm causing giddiness in
fourth. sheep.
quartet, quartette. (Ital.-L.) Queen. (E.) Differing in gradation
Ital. qiiartetto {quartette is a F. spelling) from quean, which spelling is restricted to
dimin. of quarto, fourth. — L. quartus, the use of the word in a lower sense. A. S.
fourth. cwen, a woman O. Merc. kwden.-\'\c^\.
;
quarto, having the sheet folded into kvdn,\i'\iQ', Goth. ;^7£'e'«i-, woman. Teut.
four leaves. (L.) From L. phr. in quarto, type '^kw&niz,{&vi\.; Idg. type *g{iu)eni-,
in a fourth part ; where quarto is abl. of cf. Skt. -Jdtii-, wife. Brugm. i. § 677.
quarttts, fourth. (V<^wEN.)
Quartz, a mineral. (G.) G. quarz, Queer. (LowG.) A cant word. — Low
rock-crystal ; M. H. G.
quarz. G. queer, across ; cf. quere, obliquity. In
Quash. (F. — L.) M. E. quaschen.— A\vdelay's Fraternity of Vagabonds, p. 4,
O. F. quasser, later casser, to break, quash. '
a quire fellow ' is one who has just come
— L. quassdre, to shatter; frequent, of out of prison cf. Low G.; der quere m
qiiatere (supine quassuni), to shake. liggen, to lie across, lie queerly. So also
Quassia, a South-American tree. (Per- G. quer, transverse; querkopf, a queer
sonal name.) Named by Linnaeus (like fellow. G. quer answers to O. H. G.
dahl-ia from Dahl) from Quassi, a negro twer, transverse, Icel. J>ve>-r (whence E.
of Surinam, who pointed out the use of t/nvart). See Thwart.
the bark as a tonic in 1730. Quassi is a Quell, to subdue. (E.) M. E. quelIen,
common negro name. to kill. A. S. cwellan, to kill ; causal of
Quaternary, consisting of fours. (F. cwelan, to die.+Du. kwellen, Icel. kvelja,
— L.) F. quaternaire.'^Ya. qziaterndrius. Swed. qvdlja, Dan. qvcele, to torment,
— L. qtiaternt, pi., four at a time. — L. choke all
; causal lorms. Teut. type
qv.atiuor, four. ^kwaljan- ; from *kzval, 2nd stem of
quaternion. (L.) L. quaternion- ^'kivel-an-, to die. See Quail (1).
stem of quaternio, a band of four men ; Quench. (E.) W.Y.. quenchen. A. S.
Acts xii. 4. — L. quaterni, pi. see above. ;
cwencan, to extinguish causal of A. S. ;
quatrain. — L.) F. quatrain, a

(F. civincan (pt. t. ctvanc), to go out, be ex-
stanza of four lines. — F. quatre, four. — L. tinguished. Cf. O. Fries, kwinka, to be
quatttior, four. extinguished.
Quaver, vl). (E.) Frequent, of quave, Querimonious, fretful. (L.) From
M. E. quauen \u — v), to quake. Allied I>. querifytonia, a complaint. — L. quert, to
to M. E. qtiappen, to throb, palpitate. Cf tnplain with Idg. suffixes -mon-Jd-.
;
Compare Quake. Der. quaver, sb., a Quern, Kern, a handmill for grinding
note in music, orig. a trill, shake. And grain. (E.) M.Y.. querne. A.^. cweorft,
see quiver (i). cwym ; orig. '
that which grinds.' + Du.
42
,' ,
;
QUERULOUS QUINSY
kweern, Icel. kvern, Dan, quarn, Swed. and of Teut. origin.+Low G. kill, a goose-
qvarn, Goth, kivairnus. Tent, type quill (Berghaus) Westphalian kwidle
;
^kwernuz. Cf, also ^xxs^.Jerjiove, a mill- (Woeste) G. kiel, M. H. G. kil or kil.

;
stone Lith. gima, stone in a hand-mill.

; Quill (2), to pleat a ruff. (F.-L.)
Brugm. i. § 670. From O. F. cuillir (F. cueillir'), to gather,
Querulous, fretful. (L.) L. qtui'ulus, pluck ; also used in the sense of to pleat
full of complaints. — L. qtierl, to complain. see Rom. Rose, 1219, and Chaucer's
+ Skt. fvas, to sigh. Brugm. § 355. i. translation. — Folk-L. *colligh'e, for L. col-
Query, an enquiry. (L.) For qucere, ligere, to cull, collect. See Cull. Allied
i.e. enquire thou. — L. qttare, imp. sing. to the Guernsey word enqtiiller, to pleat
2 pers. of qitcerere, to seek for '^quces-ere, ;
(Metivier).
as in L. qU(£so, I beg. Brugm. ii. § 662. Quillet, a sly trick in argument. (L.)
quest, a search. (F. L.) O. F. — Short for L. quidlibet, anything you choose.
quesie F. quite. — L. quasiia (res), a thing
;
— L. quid, anything ; libet,\i pleases (you\
sought ; fern, of pp. of qucerere, to seek. Quilt, a bed-cover, &c. (F.-L.) M.E.
question. (F. — L.) F. quesdon.-^L. quilte. — A.¥. and O. F. cuilte, a quilt
ace. quiTstionem, an enquiry. —L. qucBs-, (Î2th cent.).— L. culcita, a cushion, mat-
base oiqiitxrerc, to seek with suffix -tion-. ;
tress, pillow, quilt.
Queue, a tail. (F. — L.) F. qiieue, a Quinary, consisting of fives. (L.) L.
tail. — L. Cauda, a tail ; see CaudaL qutndrius, arranged by fives. — L. qulni,
Quibble. (L-) Dimin. of quib, a sar- five at a time. For *qtiinc-ni, from quin-
casm (Ash) ; which is a weakened form of que, five. Cf. bini, two at a time. See
quip. See Quip. Fiva.
^
Quick, E. quik.
living, lively. (E.) M. Quince. (F. — L. — Gk.) Formerly
A. S. cwic, cwiczi.-^Dn. kwik, Icel. kvikr, quence, qnytis. (Cf. M. F, coignasse, ' the
Dan. qvik, Swed. qvick^ O. H. G. quec- greatest kind of quince,' Cot.) Merely the
Teut. type ^kwikuz or '^kwikwoz, allied to pi. form of M. E, quytie, coine, or coin,
the shorter Teut. type '^kwiwoz, as in Goth. a quince, — O. F. coin, F. coitig, a quince,
kwius, living; cf. Irish beo, W. byw, L. [The same as Prov. codoing; cf. Ital.
uiuus, lAlh-gywas, Rn&s. Jzvoz, alive; Gk. cotogna, a quince.] — L. ^cotonium^ for
îos, life Skt.^Tz^, to live. Brugm. i. § § 85
;
^cydonium (the Ital. cotogna being from
;
318, 677. Der. quick-silver', A.'S. cwic- L. cydonia, a quince). — Gk. kvSui'lov /xtj\ov,
seolfor. a quince, lit. a Cydonian apple. — Gk.
quicken. (E.) M. E. quihten, orig. KvScovla, Kvôjvls, Cydonia, one of the chief
to become alive. — A. S. cwic, alive. cities of Crete.
Quid, a mouthful of tobacco. (E.) Quincunx, an arrangement by fives.
Merely another form of cud M. E. ; qtiide, (L.) Applied to trees arranged like
cud. See Cud. the spots on the side of a die marked
Quiddity, a nicety, cavil. (L.) Late 5 ; L. quincunx. —
L. quinque, five ; uncia,
L. quidditds, the nature of a thing. — L. an ounce, small mark, such as a spot on
quid, what i. e. what is it ? Neut. oiquis,
; a die ; see Uncial.
who see "Who.
; Quinine, extract of Peruvian bark. (F.
Quiet, adj. (^L.) L. quietus, quiet; orig. — Peruv.) F. quinine, formed with suffix
pp. of '^quiere, only used in the inceptive -ine (L. -ind), from F. quina, Peruvian
form quiescere, to be still. Cf. quies, rest. bark, — Peruvian kina, or kina-kina, said
Allied to O. Pers. shiydti-, a place of to mean bark,' esp. that which we call '
delight, home Pers. shad, pleased ; and Peruvian bark. ;
to E. While. Brugm. i. §§ 130, 675; Quinquagesiuia. (L.) l^.quinqud-

Horn, § 767. Der, quiet sb, and vb. gesifua {dies),î\.\e.\.\\{6.diy); fem. oi quin-
^
;
quietus, sb. quiescent, from stem

;
of pres. qud£esimus,Mtieth.. — L. quinqud- (or quin- ,
pt. of quiescere. que, five, allied to E, Five -gesimus, for ;
Quill U), a feather, pen. (E. ?) M. E. "^-gensimus, allied to decern, ten see ;
quille. Quylle, a stalk,

•
Calamus Quadragesima. So also quinquati-
;
^
Prompt. Parv. Quill also meant the faucet gular, having five angles ; quinqui-ennial
of a barrel, or a reed to wind yarn on. lasting five years.
This is a difficult and doubtful word, not Quinsy. (F. - Gk.) Formerly also
found at an early date. Apparently E., squinancy. — O, F. quinancie (Supp. to
426
— ; ^
QUINTAIN QUOTE
Godefroy, s. v. esquinance) also squin-
; L. ciira see Cure.
; Cf E. Fries, kiire
ancie (i6th cent.) ; sqtiinance, 'the squin- kiirke, a whim.
ancy or squinzie ' Cot. Formed (some-
;
Quit, freed, free. (F.-L.) Orig. an
limes with prefixed ^ = O. F. es-, L. ex, very) adj., as in ' quit claim.' M. E. quyt, quit,
from Gk. KvvdyKT], lit. a dog-throttling, also quyte, free; adj.-O. F. quite, dis-
applied to a bad kind of sore throat. — Gk. charged, released, free. — Late L. quitus,
KVV-, stem of kvoju, a dog; d^x-fiv, to quitttis, altered forms of Late L. quietus,
choke. at rest, hence, free. Cf. Late L. quiela
Quintain. (F. — L.) M. F. qtdntaine, cldina7itia, A. F. quite claifne, E. qtiit
a post with arms, for beginners to tilt at. claim quietut?i cld/ndre, quitum clamdre,
;
The form of the word is such that it must to quit a claim quictdj-e, qultdye,quittdre,
;
be allied to L. quintdna, a street in the to free from debt. See Quiet. Der. quit,
camp, which separated the Jifth maniple vb., F. quitter, O. F. quiter, from the
from the sixth ; where was the market and adj.; hence quitt-ance, O. F. quitance,
business-place of the camp. Doubtless Late L. quttantia quietantia acquit. ;
this public place was also the scene of Cf. Coy.

martial exercises and trials of skill the ; quite. (F. — L.) M.E. quite; an ad-
Late L. quintdna means (i) a quintain, verbial use of the M. E. adj. quite, free,
also (2) a part of a street (space) where now spelt quit see above. ;
carriages could pass. — L. qtiintdtucs, from Quiver ( I), to shiver. (E.) Allied to
qiiintus, fifth. For *quinc-tus, from quht- obsolete adj. quiver, full of motion, brisk ;
que, five. See Five. A. S. cwifer, in the comp. adv. cwifer-lice,

Quintal, a hundred-weight. (F. — eagerly. Cf. M. Du. kuyven, kuyveren, to
Span. — Arab. — L.) F. quintal iQot.).'^ quiver (Kilian) E. Fries, kwifer, lively,
;
Span, quintal.'-' Axoh. qintdr, a weight of kwifern, to be lively.

100 lbs. Not a true Arab, word; but Quiver (2), a case for arrows. (F.—
formed from L. centum, a hundred. O. H. G.) O. F. cuivre, cuevre, coivre,
Quintessence, pure essence. (F. — L.) a quiver. — O. Sax. cokar; cf. O. H. G.
Lit. 'fifth essence.'— L. quinta essentia, kohhar (G. kbcher), a quiver A. S. cocer, ;
fifth essence (in addition to the four a quiver. Teut. type *kukuro-, whence
elements). See below and Essence. ; Med. L. cucurtim, a quiver.
Quintuple, fiye-fold. (F.-L.) F. Quixotic. (Span.)' Named from Don
quintuple. — L. ^ quinttiplus a coined word. , Qtdxote or Quijote, a novel by Cervantes.
— L. qtmitu-s, fifth, for ^quinctus\ from uoif ; the same as Coif.
quinque, five ; -plus, Double.
i. e. juoin, a wedge. (F. — L.) The same
-fold ; see
Quip, a taunt, cavil. (L.) Formerly as F. coifi see Coin. ;
quippy Drant's Horace, bk. ii. sat. i.—

\ Quoit, Coit, a ring of iron for throwing
L. quippe, forsooth (ironical). For *quid- at a mark. ^F. — L. ?) M.E. coite, coyte;
pe; Brugm. i, § 585. Der. quibble. cf Lowl. Sc. coit, to push about, justle.
Quire (i\ a collection of sheets of Prob. from O. F. coitier, quoitier, to press,
paper. (F. — L.) Spelt cwaer'vsx the Ancren push, hasten, incite, urge on (which prob.
Riwle. — O. F. quaier (i3ta cent."), later also to hurl \ Of unknown
had the sense '
'
quayer, cayer; mod. F. ra^zVr. — Late L. oiigin. Cf

Prov. coitar, to hasten, urge.
quatei-nuni, a collection of four leaves (we Quorum. (L.î It was usual to nomi-
find Late L. quatermis, glossed by A. F. nate members of a committee, of whom
quaer in Wright's Voc. i. 116); whence {quorum) a certain number must be present
also Ital. quaderno, a quire. Allied to L. to form a meeting. — L. qudrum, of whom
quatttwr.^ four. [The suffix -num is lost gen. pi. oi qui, who. Allied to "Who.
as in F. enferixova L. infermwi.'] % Not Quota, a share. (Ital. — L.) Ital. quota,
from L. quaternio, which could not thus a share. — L. quota {pars), how great a
sufi"er loss of the ace. termination -nidne?n. part fem. of quotus, how great. — L. quot,
;
Quire (2), a band of singers; see how many; allied to qtu, who; see
Choir. Who.
Quirk, a cavil. (M. Du. - F. - L.) quote. (F. — L.) Formerlyalsor^?/^.
M. Du. kuerkeii, 'a cunning trick,' Hex- O. F. qiioter, cotcr, to quote. — Late L. quo-
ham. Dimin. of M. Du. kiire, Du. kuur, tare, to mark off into chapters nnd verses,
a whim, also a cure. — F. cure, a cure. — for references hence, to give a relerence.
;
427
— ;,
QUOTH RACK
— L. quoins, how many, how much, with Race a swift course.
(i), (Scand.)
M. E. ras (North) \i'ces (South'), from
allusion to chapters, &c. ; see above. ;
Quoth, he said. (E.) Properly a pt. t. A. S. r&s\ — Icel. ras, a running, race.
Tent, base *ras-. Hence it is not for
M. E. quoth, qttod.^K.S>. cwad, pt. t. of
*rans, i. e. a running (as in Noreen).
cwedan, to say.+Icel. kvad, pt. t. of kveda,
to say Goth, kzvatk, pt. t. oikwithan, to Race (2), a family. (F.-Ital.) Y.race.
say.
;
Der. quotha, for quoth he. — Ital. razza, raza, also M. Ital. raggia,
'
a race, broode,' Florio. Of doubtful
Quotidian, daily. (F.-L.) Y.quoti-
origin but answering to L. type *radia,
dien."!.. quotididnus, daily. — L. quoti-.,
;
allied to radidre, to radiate. (Korting,

for quotus,how many dies, a day. Thus ;
quotididnus = on however many a day, on § 6612.)

any day, daily. Race (3\ a root. (F.-L.) ' race of A
ginger Wint. Ta. iv. 3. 50. — O. F. rai's,
quotient. (F.-L
;
^rL.) Y. quotient, ;
'
rai'z, a root. — L. rddicein, ace. of radix,

the part which falls to each man's share ;
a root. See Radix, Radish.

Cot.-L. *qHotiefit-, the imaginary stem
Raceme, a cluster. (F. - L.) F. raceme.
of L. quotiens, how many times which is ;
really indeclinable. -L. quot^ how many. — L. racemum, ace. of racenius, a cluster.
See Quote. Rack (i), a grating above a manger, an
instrument of torture. (E.) In some senses
the word is doubtless English cf. M. E.
B. ;
rekke, a rack for hay. In the particular

Rabbet, to cut the edges of boards so sense to torture,' it may have been bor-
'
that they overlap and can be joined. (F. rowed from M. Du. racken, to rack, to
-L.) M. E. rabet, sb., Prompt. Parv. torture. The radical sense of rack is to
'
Rabetynge togedyr of two bordys id. extend, stretch out ' ;hence, as sb., rack is ;
Apparently from O. F. rabatre, to abate, a straight bar (cf. G. rack, a rail, bar) ;
diminish hence, to thin down. - F. re- (L.
; hence, a framework, such as the bars in
re-)y again; and abatre, to abate; see a grating above a manger, a frame-work
Abate. Confused with F. rabote?; to plane used for torture, a bar with teeth in which
from F. rabot, a plan.e cf. Bebate. ;a cog-wheel can work. On the rack — in
Rabbi, Rabbin, sir. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) great anxiety arack-renth a rent stretched ;
L. rabbi, John i. 38. -Gk. paiQ^/.-Heb. to its full value, or nearly so. Allied words
rabbi, literally my master.' — Heb. rab, are Icel. rakkr, straight, rekkja, to strain,
'
great; as sb., master; and i, my. — Heb. M. Du. racken, to stretch, reach out, to
root rdbab, to be great. (The form rabbin rack Swed. rak, straight, G. rack, a rack, ;
is French.) rail, recken, to stretch esp. Low G. rakk, ;
Rabbit. (Walloon - M. Du.) M. E. a shelf, as in E. plate-rack. Cf. Goth.

rabet. — Walloon rabett (Remncle). Dimin. uf-rakja7i, to stretch out. Rack is used ^
of M. Du. robbe, dimin. robbeken, a rabbit in many senses see rack (2), rack (3), &c. ;
(Kilian). The true E. name is cony.

.j Rack
(2), light vapoury clouds, mist.
Rabble. (M. Du.) From the noise (Scand.) See Hamlet, ii. 2. 506 Antony, ;
made by a crowd. — M. Du. rabbelen, to iv. 14. 10. M. E. rak. — Icel. rek, drift,
chatter Low G. rabbeln, to chatter, motion, a thing drifted cf. skyrek, the rack
; :
babble. The suffix -le gives a frequentative or drifting clouds. — Icel. reka, to drive,
force; 7'abble = that which keeps on making thrust, toss cognate with A. S. wrecan, ;
a noise. Cf. Rap and see Rapparee.

; to drive. See Wreak. Cf. Swed. skeppet
Rabid, mad. (L.) L. ra3/a'^^5•, mad. vrdker = the ship drifts.
L. rabere, to rage, rave. Cf. Rage. Rack (3), to pour off liquor, to clear it
Raca. (Chaldee.) Matt. v. 22. Chaldee from dregs or lees. (F. — L. ?) Minsheu
rekd, worthless hence, foolish.
; (1627) speaks of rackt wines.' — M. F. ^
Raccoon, Racoon. (N. American raqud; whence vin raque, small, or corse '
Indian.) Spelt rackoon in Bailey (1735). wine, squeezed from the dregs of the
The native W. Indian name. * Arathkone grapes, already drained of all their best
a beast like a fox ' glossary of Indian
;
moisture;' Cot. Cf. Languedoc raqua.
Words subjoined to A Historic of Travaile to glean grapes raquo, skin of grapes
;
into Virginia, by W. Strachey (pub. by the (D'Hombres); Span. rfl.yf<?w, sour; rascar,
Hakluyt Soc. in 1849). to scrape. Prob. of L. origin see Rascal. ;
428
; ;
RACK RAIN
Rack (4), the same as wrack in the ; raf, rcefr.^ a roof, cognate with O.H.G. ru/o,
phr. *
to go to rack and riiin^ sec \ a spar, rafter. Allied to Gk. oprxpos, a roof,
"Wrack. (pi^jdv, to cover. (v'KEBII.) Not ^
Rack (5); see Arrack. allied to A. S. krof, a roof.
Rack neck of mutton. (E.) A.S.
6), a rafter, a beam to support a roof. CE.)
kracca, the back of the head 'occiput) ;
AS. rcefter. An extension of the word
see Somncr, nnd Vocab. 463. 21. *f We abc)vc.
also find rack ("j), for reck, to care rack ; Rag. (Scand.) M. E. rag'^ê. We only
''8), to relate, from A. S. racu, an account find A.S. raggie, for *raggige, rough,
rack (9;, a pace of a horse, i. e. a rocking shaggy as if formed from a sb. *ragg-.'—
;
pace; see Rock (2). Also rack (10), a Norw. ragg, rough hair, whence ragged,
track, cart-rut, from A. S. rcuu, a track. shaggy (E. ragged); Swed. ragg, rough
Racket 'i), Raqnet, a bat with a hair, whence raggig, shaggy; Icel. rogg,
net-work blade. '^Jb. — .Span. — Arab.; M.K. shagginess, raggadr, shaggy. Grig, sense
raket borrowed from O. F.
; cf. M. F. ;
'
shagginess,' whence the notion of untidi-
raquette. — ^^B.r\.
raqneta, a racket, battle- ness. % The resemblance to Gk. paKos,
dore,— Arab, rdhat, the palm of the hand a shred of cloth, is accidental. Der. rag-
(hence the game of fives, which preceded stone, i. e. rugged stone ; rag-wort, i. e.
rackets). To this day, tennis is called in ragged plant.
F. paufne, i. e. palm of the hand, though Rage. (F.-L.)
V. rage.-^.. rcbiem,
DOW jjlayed with bats. ace. of rabies, rage. — L. rabcre, to rage.
|
Racket (2), Of imitative

a noise. 'Ê.) And see Rave.
origin ; ci. Gael, racaid,
rattle^ rap. .So also \
—
Ragout. (F. L.) F. ragout, a sea-
a noise Irish racan^ noise
; Gael, rac, to ;
i
sonjfl dish. — F. ragoCiter, to coax a sick
make a noise like geese or ducks. Hian's appetite. — P'. re-, again; a, t(>
Racoon goilter, to taste. — ]., re- ; ad; gtcstdre, to
}
; see Raccoon. I
Racy, of strong flavour, spirited. (F. — taste. See Gust (2;.

Ital. with E. suffix.)
; Kac-y ^ indica- Raid. (North E. A Northern form
tive of its race, due to its breed. See of E. road. Cf. Icel. reid, a riding, a
Race '2). road. See Road.
Radiant. ''L.) From stem of pres. Rail îj, a bar. (F.-L.) M. E. ra/A
pt. of L. radidre, to shine. — L. radius, a Not found in A. S. — O. F. reille, a rail,
ray. bar; Norman dial, raile.^l^. regula, a
Radical ; see Radix. bar. See Riile. Cf. Low G. regel, a rail,
Radish. Prov. — L.) F. radis
'^F. — cross-bar .Swed. regel, a bar, bolt
; G. ;
not a true F. word, but borrowed from \riegel, O. H. G. rigil, a bar, bolt; all
Proven9al). — Prov. raditz, a root, — L from L.
rddicem see Radix. ;Or the F. radis ^ Rail (2), to brawl, scold. (F.) F,
is from Ital. radice. railler, to deride; O. F. raille, sb.,
Radius, a ray. ^L.) L. radius, a ray. mockery. Origin unknown. Der. raill-
Doublet, ray (1). er-y, F. raillerie, banter.
Radix, L. radix (stem
a root. ''L.î Rail (?,)> a bird. (F.-Tent.) O. F.
rddtc-), a root. +
Gk. puhi^, a branch, rod ;
raalle M. F. rasle, a rayle,' Cot. F.
;
*
;
^dapLvoi, a twig. See Root and Wort. rale. (From its cry.)
Der. radic-al, L. rddlcdlis. Rail (4), part of a woman's night-dre-3.
Rafle, a kind of lottery. (F. - G.; (E.) See Halliwell and Palsgrave. M.E.
M. E. rajle, a game at dice. — M. F. rafle, reêl.Â.^. hrcegl, hregl, a dress, robe,
raffle, a game at three dice O. F. rajle, ;
swaddling-clothes. -|- O. Fries, hreil, reil;
a gust of wind F. rajler, to snatch up. —
; O. H. G. hregil, a garment. Teut. type
G. raffeln, to snatch up frequent, of ; *hragiloin, neut.
rafffen, to snatch away, carry off hastily. Raiment. (F. — L. a//^ Scand.; with
See Rap (2). F suffix.) Short for arrai-ment; see
Raft. (Scand.) M. E. raft, a spar, Array.
beam; orig. sense *
rafter.' — Icel.
raptr Rain. (E.) M.E.r^/«. A.S. r^<^«, also
iraftr), a rafter, beam (where the final r is ren contraction ;.-|-Du. regen, Icel.
(by
merely the sign of the nom. case); Dan. Dan. Swed. regn, G. regen, Goth, rign^
raft,a rafter, a beam. Allied to Icel. rain.
429
'
RAINDEER RANCH
Raiudeer ; see Eeindeer. 7-amm. Cf. Icel. rawr, strong. Her. ram,
Raise. (Scand.) M. E. rm^w. — Ice]. vb.. to butt, push, thrust; ram-rod.
reisa, to make to rise, causal of rJsa (pt. Ramadan, a great Mohammedan fast.
t. reis ', to rise ; so also Dan. reise, Swed. (Arab.") So called because kept in the ninth
resa, to raise. See Bise, Rear (i). month, namedA'awaf/rt'w. — Arab, raviaddv,
Raisin. — L.) M. E. reisin. — O. F.
(F. pronounced 7-amazdn in Turkish and Per-
raisin, a grape; also a bunch. — Folk- sian. the ninth month of the lunar
As it is in
I.. racimiim, for L. racenmm, ace. of race- year, it may
take place in any season but ;
viHS, a cluster. it is supposed to have been originally held
Rajah, prince. (Skt.) Skt. rdjd, the in the hot season. The word implies con- '
nom. case from the stem rdjan, a king. suming fire ' from Arab, root rained, it
;
Cognate with L. rex ; see Regal. was hot. (Devic, Richardson.)

rajpOOt,a prince. (Hind. — Skt.) Hind. Ramble. .E.) Frequentative of M. E.
rajpfit, lit. son of a rajah.' —
a prince ;
' ramieti (?), prov. E. rame, to rove, to gad
king putra, son.
Skt. 7-dj-d, a ;
about (Yks.) cf. E. Fries. I'amen, rd?nen,
:
Rake (i), an implement. (E.) A. S, to rove, ramble. The b is excrescent, and

raca, a rake. +
Du. rakel, a rake, Dan. ramble is for prov. E. rammle, to ramble
rage, a poker, Swed. raka, an oven-rake (Whitby Glossary).
(with base rak-) also Icel. reka, a shovel,
; Ramify. (F. —
L.) Y. ra7niJier,\.o\)\xt
G. rechen, a rake .with base rek-^. Allied forth branches (hence, to branch off). L. —
to Goth, rikan (Teut. type *rek-an-, pt. t. rami-, for rdtnus, a branch, bovigh ; -ficdi-e,
rak'^,, to collect, heap up. Cf. Icel. raka, for facere, to make. With L. rd77tus, cf
vb., to rake. Der. ?-ake^ vb. Gk. padaj-LV-,^, a twig. § 529. Brugm. i.
Rake (E.)
(2), a dissolute Not man.
I
Ramp, Romp, to bound, leap
pro- ;
M. E. rakel, rash, oddly corrupted to rake- i

perly to climb, scramble, rear also to ;
hell (Trench, Nares\ and finally shortened 1

sport boisterously. (F. Teut.) M. E. —
to rake. But really ^see N.E. D.) from rampe7i, to rage ; cf. ra}np-ant (F. 7-amp-
rake and helL '
Suche a feloe as a manne anf), rearing, said of a lion. — F. ramper,
;
should rake helle for ; Udall. ' •
to creep, run, crawle, climb ' Cot. Orig.
Rake (3\ the projection of the extremi- sense ' to clamber ' cf. M. Ital. rampa7-e,
;
ties of a ship beyond the keel, the inclina- to 7-ampo, a hook.

clutch, According
tion of a mast from the perpendicular. to Diez, the Ital. 7'ampa7-e (Prov. rapa7-')
(Scand.) In sea-language, the rake of a
'
is a nasilised form from Low G. 7'appe7i,
ship is so much of her hull or main body, to snatch hastily, Dan. 7-appe, to hasten ;
as hangs over both the ends of her keel ;

cf. G. raffeii, to snatch; see Rape (i).
Phillips (1706). Evidently from rake, vb., But Korting derives Ital. rampa, a grip,
to reach, extend (H alii well). Swed. dial. — from Low G. ramp (LUbben), Bavar,
raka, to reach, raka ram, to reach over, f rampf, a cramp, seizure; which is allied
project; Dan. ragefrejn, to project, jut out. to 7-ampf, 2nd grade of O. H. G. 7-impfa7i,
Cf. Icel. rakr, Swed. rak, straight. Allied to cramp. Cf. Ripple (2).
to Rack (iV Rampart. (F. L.) — Also spelt 7-ai7i-
Rakehell, a vagabond see Raks (2). ; pire, 7-at7ipier, ra77ipar. — M. F. rei7ipart,

Raki, arrack. (Turk. — Arab) Turk. 7-empar, a rampart of a fort. — M. F. re7n-
rdqi. arrack. — Arab, 'araq, arrack; seeparer, to put again into a state of defence.
Arrack. — L. 7-e-, again; im- (in), in pardre, to ;
Rally (i), to re-assemble. (F.-L.) F. get ready. See Pare.

rallier.— F. re-, again allier, to ally ; : see Ramsons, broad-leaved garlic. (E.)
Ally. Cf. prov. F. raller, to rally, grow A double plural : for 7-ains-e7i-s. Here
convalescent dial, de la Meuse (Labour-
; 7-af7tse7t = K.S. hramsaii, ramsons;
a pi.
asse). form, from a sing. //rawx^.+Swed. rat7is-
Rally (2}, to banter. (F.) also We lok (M' = leek); Dan. raiiis; Lithuan.
find the sb. rallery, ' pleasant drolling,' kermtisze, wild garlic Irish ci-eariik, W.
;
Phillips, ed. 1706. This is, of course, craf, garlic; Gk. Koonvov^BXi onion ^Stokes-
another spelling of raillery and rally is \ Fick. p. 98).
merely another form of rail (2), from F. Ranch, Rancho, a rude hut. (Span.
railler, to deride. See Rail {2'). — Teut.) Common in Mexico. — Span.
Ram. (E.) A. S. raw.+Du. raw, G. raiicho, a mess, set of persons who eat
430
; ;:
RANCID RAPE
and drink together formerly, a ranke,'
;
*
Dan. ransoge. — Icel. rann, a house, abode
Minshen. Prob. borrowed from Prov. sak-, related to sakja., to seek. The Icel.
renc, a rank; O. F. reng\ see Rank, ran7i stands for *raz7i, ar.d is the same as
Range. A. .S. cern, a cot, Goth. 7-az7i, a house see ;
Rancid. ^L.) \u.rancidus.xii,v.z\^. Cf. barn. Cf. A. S. rasn, a plank, beam ;
L. rancens, stinking, as if from an infin. and see Seek. ^ Cf. Norman dial. ra«-
*ra7tce> e, to stink. saquer, Gael. ra7i7isaich, from Scand.
rancour. (F. —
L.) 'SL'^.j-ancour.^ Ransom, redemption. (F. — L.; M.E.
A.F. rancour. — L. rancorem, ace. oirajtcor, ra7isoiai fwith final «). — O. F. rahison,
spite, orig. rancidness. See above. later ranco7i, a ransom. — L. redemptid7iem,
Random, said or done at hazard. ''F.— ace. of 7-ed£7nptio^ a buying back. — L.
Teut.) M. K. randon esp. in phr. in
; 7-ede77iptiis pp. of redimere. to redeem
, see ;
randon, in great haste. — O. F. randon, the Redeem. Doublet, redenipticn.

force and swiftness of a great stream Rant. (Du.) M. Du. ra«a^/^«, todote,
whence phr. a randon, in great haste, with be enraged also spelt ra7ide7i see Kilian.
; ;
impetuosity from O. F. randir, to run

; Cf. W'estphal. ratiter7i, to prate.
swiftly. So also Span, de rendon, de rondon, Rantipole, a romping child. (Low G.)
rashly, impetuously. — G. rand.^ a brim, Cf. M. Du. u>ra7itigh, E. Fries. wra7iterig.
edge, verge, margin whence Ital. a randa,
; Low G. •wi-a7itig, peevish, quarrelsome
with difficulty, exactly Hit. near the verge). ;
and Poll. See Frampold.
Cf. G. bis am rande voll, full to the brim. [
RanuncalnS. L.) L. rammcuhis, a
The sense of O. F. randir has reference to little frog also, a plant.
; Double dimin.
the course of z. full or brimming \'\\tx.-\- of rd7ia, a frog.
A. S. rand^ Icel. rond, Dan. rand, rim, Rap (i , to strike smartly; a smart
verge Swed. rand, a stripe.
; See Rind. stroke. (Scand.) Dan. 7-ap, a rap, tap;
Range. (F.-O.H.G.) The sense 'to Swed. rapp, a blow Swed. rappa. to beat ;
rove arose from the trooping about of

' cf. G. rappebi, to rattle. Of imitative
ranks of armed men. — F. ranger (O. F. origin ; allied to Rattle, Racket '2).
renger), to range, rank, order, array, lit. Rap (2). to snatch, seize hastily. (E.)
*
to put into a rank.' — F. rang \0. F. reng), M. E. rapen, to hasten, act hastily. Cf.
a rank (below). M. Du. rapefi, to rap up, gather,' He.x-
'
rank a row, line of soldiers, class.

''i), ham Du. rap, quick; Icel. Jwapa., to
:
F.-O. H. G.) M. E. re7ig, renk.-O. F. fall, tumble, hasten, hurry ; Swed. 7-appa.,
reng'F. rang., a rank, row, list, range.— to snatch, Dan. rappe, to make
seize,
O. H. G. hrinc, a ring, ring of men, hence haste Swed. rapp, Dan. rap., quick,
;
a row or rank of men. See Ring. brisk G. raffe7i, to snatch. From Teut.
;
Rank 2), coarse in growth, very fertile ; base *hrap-. %

Chiefly in the phrase to
also rancid. TE.) The sense 'rancid' is 7'ap and see Rapt, Rape (i).
7'e7id. And
due to confusion with O. F. ranee, musty,' '
RapacionS. (L.) Coined from L.
Cot., which is from L. rancidiis. But M.E. rapdci-, for rapax, grasping. — L. rapere,
rank means strong, forward ; from A. S. to grasp. Brugm. i. § 477.
ranc, strong, proud, forward. -f-Du. rank, Rape (1 \ a seizing by force. (F. — L.)
lank, slender 'like things of quick growth) ;
A. F. and Norm. dial, rape, rap cf. Late :
Icel. rakkr (ioj *7-ankr), straight, slender. L. rappus, rapus (for L. raptus\ O. F.
Swed. rank, long and thin, Dan. rajik, erect. rapL — L. raptuf7i, ace. of raptus, a rape.
Rankle, to fester. F. — L. — Gk. — L. raptus, pp. of rapere, to s-eize.
A. F. rankler, to fester O. F. draoncler, ; Cf. O. F. 7-aper. Gascon rapa, to seize.
raoncler, rancler ''so that it once began p. But, apparently, confused with M. E.
with d; see Godefroy). — O. F. draoiule. 7-ape, haste. hurr}% a common w ord see ;
raoncle, ranch, an eruption of the skin.— Chaucer's lines to Adam .Scrivener. — Icel.
Late L. dracunculus, dranctdus^ (i) a down, hrapadr, a hurry,
h7'ap, ruin, falling
little dragon {2) a kind of ulcer fas
;
hrapa, to hasten Swed. rapp, Dan. rap., ;
dragons were supposed to be venomous 1. quick see Rap Ta).

;
Der. rape, vb.
— Late L. d^-aco, a dragon. See Dragon. Rape '2j, a plant. (L.) M.E. rape.^^
(Phil. Soc. Trans. 1891.) L. 7'dpa, rdpum, a turnip, a rape.+Gk.
Ransack. (Scand.) Icel. rannsaka, to p'lmjs, a turnip, pacpaiis, a radish Russ. ;
search a house, ransack ; Swed. ransaka, 7-iepa, a turnip G. riibe. ;
431
— );'
RAPE RAT
KSipe (3\ a division of a county, in form from rdsum, supine of radere, to
Sussex. (E.) Of uncertain origin. It scrape see Rase (below) and Rash (2).
; ;
occurs in Domesday Book as rap, and was Rase, Raze, to scrape, efface. (F.—
spelt rope in 13S0. Prob. from A. S. rap, L.) M.E. rasen, to scrape. — F. raser.^
a rope used for measurement. See Rope.
; Late L. rdsare, to graze, to demolish.
Rapid. (F. — L.) F. rapide. — L. rapi- — L. rdstirn, supine of rddere, to scrape.
dus, quick, lit. snatching away. — L. Allied to Rodent.
rapere, to snatch. See Rapacious. Rash (1); headstrong. (E.) M. E.
Rapier, a light narrow sword. (F. rash, rasch, E. Fries, rask; cf. A. S.
Span. — O. H.G.) M. F. rapiere, rappiere, mscan, to flash. +Du. rasch, G. rasch',
also raspiere (Littre^ it was considered ;
Dan. Swed. rask, quick, rash Icel. ;
as Spanish. Rapiere, Spanische sworde

' ;
roskr, vigorous N. Fries, radsk, quick.
;
Palsgrave, p. 90S. Perhaps raspiere was '^ Brugni. i. § 795, connects this word
a name given in contempt, meaning 'a with O. H. G. rad, a wheel see Rotary. ;
rasper' or poker; hence it was called Rash. (2), a slight eruption on the body.
'
a proking-spit of Spaine ' ; Nares. Cf. ', F. — L.) O. F. 7-asche, rasque, rache.
Span, raspadera, a raker. — Span, raspar, The same as Prov. rasca, the itch. So
to rasp, scratch. — O. H. G. raspon, to rasp. called from the wish to scratch
it cf. Prov. ;
See Rasp. So Diez % ; Littre rejects this rascar, to scratch, equivalent to a Late L.
probable solution. *rasicdre. — 'L rdsum, supine of rddere,
v
—
Rapine, F. L.) F. rapine, ' rapine, to scrape. See Rascal.
ravine Cot. — L. rapTna, robbery, plunder.
;
' Rash (3\ to pull, tear violently. (F.—

— L. rapere, to seize. See Rapacious. L.) I\ashi>ig off helmes
'
¥. Q. v. 3. 8. ;
'
Rapparee, an Irish robber. (Irish.' M.K.aracen, afterwards shortened to racen.

Irish rapaire, a noisy fellow, sloven, — O. F. esrachier ^F. arracher^, to root up,
robber, thief; cf. rapal, noise, rapach, pull away violently. — 'L.exrddfcdre, to root
noisy. Cf. Gael, rapair, a noisy fellow. out. — L. ex, out ; rddicdre, to root, from
All perhaps friim E. rabble (Macbain). rddic-,, stem of radix, a root. See
Rappee, a kind of snuff. (F. — O. H. G. Radix.
r. rap^, lit. rasped, reduced to powder ; Rash (4\ a kind of serge. (F. — Ital.)
pp. of raper, to rasp see Rasp. ;
M. F. ras, serge. — Ital. rascia, '
silk rash ;'
Rapt, carried away. (L.") From L. Florio. From Rascia, a district in the S.
raptiis, pp. of japere, to seize see Milton, ; of Bosnia.
P. L. iii. 522. ^
But in What thus raps '
Rasher, a thin slice of broiled bacon.
you,' Cymb. 1. 6. 51, the word may be E. (E.) '
Rasher on the coales, quasi rashly
Sie Rap (2V or hastily roasted,'Minsheu. This is
raptorial. (L.) Used of birds of prey. right cf. ;
* Rashed, burnt in cooking, by
— L. raptor-i-. from raptor, one who seizes being too hastily dressed;' Halliwell.
with — L.
rapere, to seize.
suflfix -a/. See Rash (i).
rapture. (L.) Coined, as if from L. Rasorlal. (L.) 'L.rasor-i-. from 7-dsor,
* rapt lira, from L. raptus, pp. of rapere. one who scrapes — L. ; with suffix -al.
Rare. (F. — L.) F. rare. — Y,. rdruni, rds-jun, supine of rddere, to scrape.
ace. of 7'drus, rare. Rasp, vb. (F. G.) M.E. -O.H.
Rascal, a knave, villain. (F.-L.) M.E. raspen. — O. F. rasper (F. rdper). O.H.G. —
raskaille, the common herd. [It was a raspon, whence G. raspeln. to rasp. Cf.
term of the chase certain animals, not
; O. H. G. h7-espan, to pluck, to rake
worth hunting, were so called. The hart, together. Cf. Rap (2).
till he was six years old, was accounted rasp-berry, a kind of fiuit. (F.-
rascayle.'] A. F. raskayle, a rabble also ; O.H.G. andE. ; ) Formerly called raspis,
*rascaille, whence mod. F. racaille, '
the raspes, but this merely a
is pi. form used as
rascality or base or rascall sort, the a singular. Named from its uneven sur-
scumme, dregs, offals, outcasts of any face. So also M. Ital. 7-aspo, a rasp, also
company,' Cot. Due to an O. F. word a raspberry.
cognate with Prov. Span. Port, rascar, Rat. (E.^ yi.E.rat. A.S. n^/. M.Du. +
to scrape the orig. sense being
; scrap- '
ratte, Du. rat, Dan. Swed. ratta, G.
rotte,
ings cf.
'
M. F. rasqtie, ' scurfe
; Cot. '
; ratte, ratz ; Low L. ratus, 7'ato (whence F.
All from a Late L. ^rdsicdre, a frequent 7'at) ; Irish and Gael. 7'adan, Bret. 7'az.
43
;.
RATAFIA RAVEL
Der. rat^ vb., to desert one's party, as |
Also spelt ra/a« ^Johnson). — Malay r^/a;/,
ratsare said to leave a falling house. the rattan-cane.
And see Ratten. Biatten, to take away a workman's
Ratafia, a liquor. (F. — Arab, and tools for offending the trades' union.
Malay.; F. ratafia ; cf. tafia^ rum-arrack. (F.-LowL.-Teut.; Ratten is the Hal-
— Malay arnq tafia, the spirit called tafia ;
lamshire (Sheffield) word for a rat hence ;
where araq is borrowed from Arab. 'n7-aq, applied to working secret mischief, which
arrack. is attributed to rats. I have been rat- '
Ratcll, a rack or bar with teeth. (G. tened; I had just put a new cat-gut band
Also, a wheel with teeth in clockwork. ; upon my lathe, and last night the rats have
It answers to G. ratsche (N. E. D.). G. carried it off;' N. and Q. 3 S, xii. 192.
ratsche, a watchman's rattle (Weigand). M. E. raton, a rat. — F. raton. dimin. of
Der. ratch-et, in watch-work, the small F. rat see Rat '
;
teeth at the bottom of the fusee or barrel Rattle, to clatter. (E.) M. E. ratelen.
that stop it in winding up Phillips. A. S. *h7-(stelan, only preserved in A. S.
;
'
Rate a proportion, standard, tax.

(i), h7'cetele,hrcetelwyrt, rattle-wort, a plant
(F. —
E.) rate, price, value. — L.
A. F. which derives its name from the rattling
rata, fern, of ratus, determined, fixed, of the seeds in the capsules. +Du. ratele7i,
settled, pp. of rear, I think, judge, deem. G. rasseln, to rattle; allied to Gk. Kpid-
I5rugm. i. § 200. aivfiv, to shake. Cf. also Gk. KûTakov,
Rate (2), to scold, chide. (F. — L.) a rattle.
M. E. raten, Ch. C. T. 3463 araten, to ; Ranght, of Reach, q. v.
pt. t.
reprove. Also spelt retteii, aretten. — O.F. Ravage, plunder. (F.-E.)

sb., F.
reter, rateir, areter, aratter, to accuse, to ravage, ravage'
Cot. — F. ravir, to bear
;
'
impute; Norman dial, reter, retter, to away suddenly. — Folk-E. rapJre. E. rapere,
blame. — L. ad, to and reputdre, to count.
; to seize. See Rapid. Der. ravage, vb.,
See Repute. %
Not from rate (i). F. ravager.
Rath, early Rather, sooner. (E.)
; Rave. (F. — L.^ M. E. raven. Ô. Y
leather the compar. of j-ath, early, soon.
\s raver, cited by Diez, s. v. rever, as a Eor-
A. S. hralie, adv., quickly, hf-ced, adj., raine word hence the derivative ravasser,
;
quick, swift; hence hraSor, sooner.-f-Icel. 'to rave, talk idly;' Cot. Godefroy has
hra^r, swift ; M. H. G. rad, hrad, quick ;
O. F. resver, raver, rever, to stroll about,
Du. rad, swift. Cf. O. Ir. crofhim, I shake. also to rave cf. F. rdver, dial, de la Meuse
;
Ratify. ';F.-L.) F. r«/?/^r. Eate L. - (Eabourassej. Allied to Span, rabiar, to

ratificdre, to confirm. — E. 7-ati-, for ratus, rave, a verb formed from the sb. rahia,
settled ; -ficdre, iov facere, to make. See rage, allied to E. rabies, rage. — E. 7abe7'e,
Rate î). to rage; see Rabid. This is the ^
ratio. (E.) calculation. — E.
L. r^/z'^, solution given by Diez but see Korting, ;
ratus, ])p. of reor, I think, deem. s. V. rabia.
ration, rate orallowance of provisions. Ravel, to untwist, unweave, entangle.

(F. —
E.) ¥. ration. '^'L. rationem, ace. of (M. Du.) The orig. sense has reference to
ratio above;. Doublet, reaso7i. the untwisting of a string or woven texture,
Ratlines, Ratlins, Rattlings, the ends of threads of which become after-
the small transverse ropes crossing the wards entangled. To unravel is to disen-
shroudsof a ship. (E. a«a?F. — E.) Now ; tangle to ravel out is to unweave. — M.
;
turned into rat-lines, as if affording ladders Du. ravelen, to ravel ; mod. Du. rafelen,
for rats to get up by. But the old term E. Fries, rafehi, to fray out, unweave
was raddelities, or raddelyng of the Eow G. reffeln, to fray out. Cf. Du.
shrozodes, Naval Accounts (1485-97), ed. 7-afel, F^. Fries, rafel, rdfel, a frayed edge.
Oppenheim, pp. 185, 207. Prob. the Also Norman dial. 7-aviler, to ravel ;
same as prov. E. raddlings, long pieces of Pomeran. rabbeln, uprabbehi, to ravel out.
underwood twisted between upright stakes Of unknown origin but cf. A. S. drafia7i or ;
(hence. cross-Muts oi the shrouds) cf, Du. drdfia7i'>), to unravel, Gregory's Pastoral
;
weeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. prov. Care, ed. Sweet, p. 245, 1. 22. The %
Y..raddle, a hurdle perhaps allied to rod. ;
M. Du. ravelen, to dote (from O. F. rdver,
Palsgrave has radyll of a carte.'
' see Rave), is a different word. Der, ttn-
Rattan, a Malacca cane. (Malay.) ravel.
433
;
RAVELIN REAM
Ravelin, a detached work in fortifica- "SuQdi-^prejix, again. (F. — L. ; or
Re-,
tion, with two embankments raised before L. 7-e-, red-; commonly re-, except
L.)
the counterscarp. (F. — Y red-eem,
Ital.) red-olent, red-dition, 7'ed-ound^
. ravelin. in
— M. Ital. ravellino, I'evellino (Ital. rivel- red-icndant. Hence a large number of %
lind), a ravelin. Origin unknown thought compounds, such as re-address, re-arrange,
;
to be from L. r^-, back, uallum^ a ram- which cause no difficulty.

part which is unlikely.
;
(i), to attain. Reach
(E.) M. E.
Raven (i), a bird. (E.) M. E. raven. 7'cchen, pt. t. raghte, ranghte, pp. 7-aught.
A. S. hmfn, hrefn.-\'T)w. raaf, Icel. hrafn., — A. S. riecan, racean, pt. t. riehte.'\-Y)y^.
Dan. ravn, G. rabe. Tent, type ^hrabnoz^ reiken, O. Friesic reka G. reichen. The ;
m. Perhaps allied to Gk. K6p-a^, a raven, A. S. riecan is closely allied to the sb.
L. cor-iuis. ge-riec, opportunity giving as the orig. ;
Raven (2), to plunder, to devour. (F.

— sense to seize an opportunity.' Teut. '
L.) Better spelt ravin. From M. E. ravine, type ^raikjan-. (Distinct from A, S. reccan,
sb., plunder. — O. F. ravine, rapidity, im- to stretch.) Der. reach, sb., which also
petuosity (oldest sense plunder,' as in L.). means 'a stretch in a river.'
'
— L. rapina, plunder see Rapine. ; 1 2), to try to vomit Reach

see Retell. ;
ravine, a hollow gorge. (F. — L.) F. Read. (,E.) yi.Y,.reden. K.^. r&dan
ravine, a hollow worn by floods, also a (strong verb), to counsel, consult, inter-
great flood O. F. ravine (above).
; pret, read with the remarkable pt. t. ;
ravish, to seize with violence. (F. — reord. [Also as a weak vb., pt. t. r&dde ;
L.) M.
E. rauischen.'^Y. raviss-, stem prob. by confusion with r&dan, to dispose
of pres. pt. of ravir, to ravish. Folk-L. — of, to govern.] Allied to Goth, garedan,
raptre, for L. rapere, to seize. to provide, Icel. rdQa (pt. t. red), to advise,
Raw. (E.) M. E. raw. K.^.hreaw, G. rat hen i^pt. t. rieih), to advise. Teut.
kriew. -^'Du. raairw ; Icel. hrdr, Dan. raa, type "^r^dan-. Perhaps allied to L. re-i'i,
Swed. ra O. H. G. rdo, G. roh. Teut.
; to think. Der. riddle (i), q. v.
types *hratuoz, '^hrawoz. Allied to L. Ready. (E.) M. E. redi ; with change
crudtis, raw, Skt. krura-, sore, cruel, hard ; of suffix from A. S. riede, ready orig. ;
also to Gk. Kpkas (for ^Kpefas), raw flesh, '

equipped for riding,' or '
prepared for a
Skt. kravya-, raw flesh Lat. cruor, blood ; ;
raid' ; [ready =^^ fully dressed,' is common
Russ. krove, Lith. kraiijas, Irish cril, W. in Tudor F,.]; usual form ^^-r^^^^. A. S. —
^r<7«, blood. Brugm, i. § 492. (y'KREU.'i rdd, 2nd stem of rldan, to ride. So also
Ray(n. (F.-L.) O. F. ray, F. rai. G. be-reit, ready, from reit-en, to ride
— L. radium, ace. of radius, a ray. See Goth, garaids, Icel. g-reiQr, ready cf. ;
Radius. Goth, raidjan, to order, appoint. And

Ray fish. (F.-L.)
(2), O. F. raye,
a cf. G. fertig, ready, ixomfahren, to go.
F. raie. — L.
rdia, a ray. See Ride.
Ray (3), a dance. (Du.) M. Du. rey, Real (1), actual. (F. — L.; ^rL.) Either
a dance Du. rei, a chorus.
; from O. F. reel {¥. r4el), or directly from
Rayah., a person, not a Mohammedan, Late L. redlis, belonging to the thing itself.
who pays the capitation-tax, a word in use — L. 1-es, a thing. Der. real-ist.
in Turkey. (Arab.) It may be explained Real (2), a small Spanish coin. (Span.
as subject,' though the orig. sense is
'
a ' — L.) Span, real, lit. a royal coin. — L. '
'
flock,' or pastured cattle. — Arab, rdiyah, regdlis. royal ; see Regal.

rdiyaif), a flock, subject, peasant from ; Realgar, red arsenic. (F. — Span.—
ray, pasturing, tending flocks. Cf. Ryot. Arab.) F. r/a/^«r. — Span, rejalgar, red
Raze, the same as Rase (above). sulphuret of arsenic. — Arab, rahj al-ghdr,
razor. (F. — L.) F. rasoir, a razor, powder of the mine, mineral powder. —
lit. a shaver, — F. raser, to shave; see Arab, rahj, powder ; al, the ghdr, a ;
Rase. cavern, mine.

Razzia, a sudden raid. (F. — Algiers.) Realm. (F. — L.) M. E. roialme,
F. razzia, razia borrowed from the Alger-
;
reabne. — K.Y reabne (F. royatime), a
.
ine razia, which is a peculiar pronunciation kingdom answering to a Late L. '^regdli-

;
of Arab, ghdzta, a raid, expedition against men. — L. regdlis, royal see Regal. ;
infidels (Devic). — Arab. ghdzT, a hero, a Ream. (F. — Span. — Arab.) M. E.

leader of an expedition. rceme.~'0. F. raime (F. rame^, a ream or
434
. '
REAP RECEPTACLE
bundle of paper. — Span, rcsma, a ream. — Rebel. (F.-L.) The verb is from the
Arab. i'isma{t),Y)\. rizajii, a bundle. sb., and the sb. was orig. an adj. M.E.
Reap. (E.) M. E. repe?i (pt. t. rep, pp. rebel, adj., rebellious. — Y.rebelle, rebellious.
i-open\ O. Merc, reopan, A. S. repan, — L. rebellcm, ace. of rebellis, renewing
pt. t. rcrp, pt. t. pi. TiBpon. [But a com- war. - L. re-, again belhim, war = O. L. ;
moner form is A. S. rfpan (pt. t. rap, pp. dticIliitn,\\^T; sec Duel. T^qt, rebel, ih.
ripen); whence A. S. 7'ip, E. ripe; see and vb. ; rcbell-ion, -ions.
Ripe. The co-existence of these two Rebound; see Bound (1).
strong verbs remarkable.] The A. S.
is Rebuff, a repulse. (Ital.) In Milton,
repan is from a Teut. base ^rep-, whence P. L. ii. 936. - Ital. relmffo, ribuffo, a
Du, 7'epel, a flax-comb (see Ripple (i)), check. — Ital. ribziffare, to check, chide '
;
and Swed. repa, to rip up (see Rip). The Florio. — Ital. I'i- L. re-), back bziffarc, a
f ;
A. S. ripan is from a Teut. base ^reip-, word of imitative origin, like E. puff; see
whence Ripe and Rope. Puflf.
Rear (i\ to raise. (E.) M. E. reren. Rebuke, to reprove. (F.-L.) M.E.
A. S. rceran, to rear the exact equivalent ; 7'ebnkcn; A.F. rebuker.-~-0.¥. (Picard)
of Icel. reisa, to Teut. type "^raizjdn-
raise. rebuker, to defeat (a plan) ; O. F. rebukier,
(cf. Goth, tir-raisjan, to raise up) whence ; rebuchier (Godefroy). — O. F. i-e- (L. re-),
A.S. ricran, by Verner's law. See Raise. again, back and O. North. F. biuqiier,
;
Causal form of risan, to rise (pt. t. rds = buskier, O. F. buschier, to beat, orig. to
Goth. rais). Doublet, raise. cut trees, to lop. This verb is from U. F.
Rear (2\ the back part. (F.-L.) M.E. btische, F. btlche, a log Late L. busca, a ;
rere, chiefly in adv. arere, arrere, in the log. Cf. Picard busker, bukcr, to strike,
rear. —
O. F. riere, backward; whence beat (Corblet) \\'alloon busquer, buquery
;
ariere (F. arriere), behind, backward.— to strike, buqiie, a log (Sigart) Norm, ;
L. retro, backward; whence ad retro^p-Y dial, bilquette, a billet. Orig. to lop, to '
arriere. See Retro-. cut back.' For O. F. rebuker., see Chardry,

Rear (3), insufficiently cooked. (E.) Vie des Set Dormans, 1. 15S9.
M.E. rere. A. S. hrer, half-cooked. Rebus, a representation of a word by
Rearmouse ; see Reremouse. pictures. Thus Bolton was repre-
(L.)
Rearward, the rear-guard. (F. L. — sented by pictures of a bolt and a tun. — L.
and G.) The old spelling is rereward, rebus, by things, i. e. by mean^ of things ;
M. E. rerewarde, e. guard in the rear. i. abl. pi. oij-es, a thing. See Real (i).
See Rear (2) and Ward. Rebut. (F.-L.a;/^M.H.G.) O. F.
Reason. (F, -L.) M. E. resoun, r^Z'ciz</ifr,to repulse. —L. re-, again M.H.G. ;
reisim. — A. F. and O. F. reison (F. raison). bozen, to beat ; see Beat.

'•'L. ratione?n, ace. of raiio, calculation, Recall. Scand.)
(L. and
From L.
reason. See Ratio. re-, back ; and
Scand. origin.
call, of
Reave, to rob. (E.) M. E. 7'euen Recant. (L.) L. recantare, to sing
( = reven) ; pt.
rafte, refte, pp. raft., reft.
t. back, echo also, to recant, recall. — L. re-,
;
A.S. reafia7z, to despoil, lit. to strip cf. ; back cantdre, to sing. See Cant (i).
;
A. S. reaf, clothing, a robe, spoil, plunder. Recede. (L.) L. 7-ecedere, to go back.

— A. S. reaf 2nd grade of strong verb to go see Cede. — L. re-, back cedere, ; ;
reofan, to break. + Icel. A. F. receiv-, a

raufa, to reave, Receive. (F. — L.)
raiif, spoil,from ratf, 2nd grade oirj'ufa, stem of 7'eceivre, O. F. recoivre — Y,. reci- .
to break up, violate G. rauben, to rob, pere, to take back. — L. re-, back; capere,
;
raub, plunder. The strong verb is of the to take. See Capacious.

Teut. type *reuhan- (pt. t. ^raiib). Cf. L. Recent. (F.— L.) M.F. 7-ecent (F.
rumpere, to break. Brugm. i. § 701. ?rcent).'-~L. recent-, stem of recens, fresh,
Rebate, to blunt a sword's edge. (F. —
new. orig.' beginning anew.' — L.r^-, again;
L.) O. F. rebatre, to beat back again.— -cent-, a stem allied to Kus?,. po-chin-ate, to
F. re- L. re-), back O. F. batre, F. battre, begin, O. Irish cet-, first and to Gk. Kaivos,
; ;
to beat see Batter (1).

; new (Prellwitz).
Rebeck, a three-stringed fiddle. (F.— Receptacle. (F. - L.") F. receptacle.
Arab.) O. F. rebec, also spelt rebebe; — L. receptdculum, a place to store away.
M. Ital. ribecca, also ribebba, a rebeck. — — L. 7'ecept-us, pp. of recipere see Re- ;
Arab, rabdb, rabdba{t), a rebeck (Devic). ceive.
435
RECEPTION RECOUP
reception . ( F. — L. ) F. rkeptmi .
—
Recluse. (F.-L.) M.E. rechiscy
L. ace. receptionem^ a taking back. — L. orig. fcm. — O. F. recluse, fem. of reclus,
recepUis as above.
; pp. of reclorre, to shut up. — L. recliidere,
IteceSS. (L.) L. recessits, a retreat. — to unclose but in late Lat. to shut up. —
;
L. recessits, pp. of re-cedere, to recede. L. re-, back ; claudere, to shut. See

See Beeede. Clause.
Reclieat, a signal of recall, in hunting. Recognise. (F. — L.) Formed from
(F. - L.) From A. F. rechet, variant of O. F. the sb. recognisance (Chaucer, C. T. 1 3 260).
recet^ a place of refuge, a retreat (Gode- — O. F. recognisatice, an acknowledgment.
froy). — L. reception, ace. of recepiiis, a -•O.Y recognis-ajit, Y>xes. part, oi recog- .
retreating, retreat. — L. receptus, pp. of noistre {Y.reconnattre).-^]^. re-cognosceie,

yecipere, to receive see Receive. ; to know again. See Cognisance. Der.
recipe. (L.) L. recipe, take thou; recognit-ion (from L. pp. recognit-tis).
imp. of rccipere, to receive (above). Recoil, vb. (F. — L.) M.E. recoilen.
recipient. (L.) L. recipient-, stem — A. F. recuiller; F. reculer, to recoyle, '
of pres. pt. of rccipere, to receive. retire;' Cot. Lit. to go backwards. — F.

Reciprocal. (L.) From L. recipro- re-, back ciil, the hinder part. — L. re-, ;
ctis, returning, alternating. Lit. directed back cilhwi, ace. of ciiliis, the hinder
'
;
backwards and forwards from L. *?'e-co-, part. ;

'
backwards (from re-, back) and ^pro-co-, Recollect, to remember. (F. — L.)
;
forwards, vjYiQnce procul, afar off. Brugm. Lit. to gather again from re-, again, ' ;
'
ii. ^ 86. and collect see Collect. ;
Recite. ( F. — L.) M. F. reciter. - L. Recommend,

to commend to another.
recitdre, to recite. — L. re-, again citdre, to (F. — L.) From Re- and Commend;
;
quote see Cite.

; imitated from F. recommander, to recom- '
Reck, to regard. (E.) M. E. rekken ; mend Cot. ; '
often recchen. A. S. reccan, reccean (for Recompense, to reward. (F. — L.)

*rak-jait) but the pt. t. in use is rdh-te, M. F. recompenser, to recompence
; Cot. ' ;
'
from an infin. 7'ecan (for ^rok-jan')^ from — h. re-, again; compensdre,\.o compen-
the strong grade *rok-. Icel. 7-cekja sate +
see Compensate. ; ;
O. Sax. rokjan, to reck, heed. Formed Reconcile. (F.-L.) O^ F. recon-

from a sb. with base rac-, strong grade cilier. — L.. re-, again; conciliare, to con-
roc-, care, which exists in the cognate ciliate see Conciliate. ;
M. H. G. ruoch, O. H. G. ruoh, care, heed Recondite, secret. (L.) L. reconditus,

(whence the M. H. G. ruochen, O. H. G. put away, hidden, secret pp. oirecondere, ;
riiohhjan, to reck), p. The Teut. stem "^rok- to put back again. — L. re-, back condere, ;
is the strong grade of *rak-, as seen in to put together, p. The L. condere (pt. t.
Icel. rok, a reason, A. S. racii, account, condidi) is from con- {cuj?i), with, and the
reckoning, O. Sax. raka, a business, weak grade of -^DHE, to place, put.
affair, O. H. G. rahha. Der. reck-less, Brugm. i, § 573.
A. S. rece-leas cf. Du. roekeloos, G.
; Reconnoitre, to survey. (F.-L.)
riichlos. O. F. reconoistre, M. F. recognoistre, to '
reckon. (E.) M. E. rekenen. A. S. recognise, to take a precise view of;' Cot.

ge-recenian, to explain allied to ge-reccan, — L. re-cognoscere, to know again. See
;
r^<r(:«;^, to rule, order, direct, explain, ordain, Recognise.

tell.+Du. rekenen (whence Icel. reikna, ; Record. (F. — L.) M.E. recorden."
to reckon, Dan. regne, Swed. rdkna, are O. F. recorder. — I^. recorddre, recorddri, to
borrowed) G. rechnen,0. H. G. rehhanon, recall to mind. — L. re-, again cord-, stem
; ;
to compute, reckon, p. All secondary of cor, heart. See Heart.

verbs allied to the sb. seen in A. S. racu,
; Recount. (F. — L.) F. raconter, to
an account, Icel. rok, neut. pi., a reason, teil, relate. — F. re- (L. r<j-), again aconter, ;
ground, origin, O. H. G. rahha, a thing, to account from a (L. ad), to, and conter, ;
subject. See Reck. to count. See Count (2). Recount =

Reclaim ; from Re- and Claim. re-account.
Recline. (L.) L. redlndre, to lean Recoup, to diminish a loss. (F.-L.
back, lie down. — L. re-, back; *clindre, and Gk.) Lit. to secure a piece or shred.
to lean. See Lean (i) and Incline. — F. recoupe, a shred. — F. recouper, to cut
436
-
RECOURSE REDOUND
again. — L. re-^ again; and F. conper, to Recuperative, tending to recover.
cut see Coppice.
; (L.) L. recuperdtiuus, properly) recover-
,
Recourse. F. — L.) F. recozirs.^'L. able.— L. recuperdre, to recover. See

7-ecursuvi, ace. oirecurstis, a running back ;
Recover.
from pp. of recurrere^ to run back. — L. Recur. (L.) 1.. recurrere, to run hack,
re-, back currere, to ran ; see Cxirrent.
; — L.
recur. ?e-, back; currere, to run; see
Hecover. ( F. — L.) O. F. recovrer, re- Current.
cuvrer (F. recouvrer).^'L,. recuperdre, to Recusant, opposing an opinion. (F.—
recover, also to recruit oneself. difficult A L.) F. recusant, 'rejecting,' Cot.; pres.
word perhaps orig. to make good again,' pt.
;
'
of rccuser.^L,. rccusdre, to reject,
from Sabine mprus, good, of which the oppose a cause or opinion. — L. re-, back ;
orig. sense may have been desirable,' from caussa, a cause.'

See Cause.
L. cupere, to desire. Brugm. ii. § 74. Red. (E.) M. E. reed (with long vowel).
Recreant. (F. L.) —
O.F. recreant, +
A. S. r<fa(/. Du. rood, Icel. raudr, Dan.
faint-hearted pres. pt. of recroire, to be-
;
Swed. rod, G. roth, Goth, rauds. Teut.
lieve again, also to give up, give back type *raudoz. Further allied to Gk.
(hence, to give in). — Late L. recredere, to epvOpos, Irish and Gael, ruath, W. rhiidd,
believe again, recant, give in. — L. re-, L. ruber '{ox *rudhro- red; cf. Russ. ruda, ..
again ; credere, to believe ; see Creed. Skt. rudhira-, blood. Note also the Ice),
Recreation. (F.— L.) yi.Y. recrea- strong verb rjoâ (pt. t. rauti), to rtdden ;
tion. — L. recredtionem, ace. of recredtio, A. S. 7'eoian, to redden Teut. type * 7-eu- ;
orig. recovery from illness (hence, amuse- dan-, pt. t. *raud. 'VREUDH.)
ment).— L. recredtiis, pp. of recredre, to Reddition, a restoring. (F.-L.) F.
revive, refresh.- L. re-, again; credre,\.o reddition. —
L. redditionejn, ace. of redditio,
make. See Create. a restoring. —
L. reddere, to give back. — L.
Recriminate. L. re-, (L.) From red-, back da)-e, to give.
; See Date (1).
again and crwiindius, pp. of crhnindrT,
; Redeem, to atone for. (L.) Formerly
to accuse of crime, from crijuin-, for redeme. Coined from L. red-, back, and
crimen, a crime. See Crime. e7nere, to buy. [Cf. M. F. redimer, to '
Recruit. (F. — L.) F. recruter, to levy redeem;' Cot. — L, rediincj-e, to buy back.]
troops (Littre). An ill-formed word, Der. redempt-ion (from the pp. redempttts).
from recrute, mistaken form of recrxie, a disease of infants. (E.) Redgum,
fem. of recrtl, pp. of recroitre, to grow ^L E. reed gounde, lit. red matter of a ' '
again. F. recrtie, sb., means a levy of sore) Prompt. Parv. From A. S. read,
'
;
troops,' lit. new-grown.' — L. recrescere, red gund, matter of a sore.

'
;
to grow again. — L. re-, again; crescere, Redintegration, renovation. (L.)

to grow see Crescent. ;
From L. redintegrdtio, restoration. — L.
Rectangle, a four-sided right-angled red-, again integer, whole, entire. See ;
figure. (F. — L.) F. rectangle, adj., right Integer.

angled (Cot.). — L. rectangulus, having a Redolent, fragrant. (F.-L.) M. F.
right angle. — L. rect-us, right; angulus, redolent. — L. redolent-, stem of pres. pt. of
an angle. Rectus was orig. the pp. of regere, redolere, to emit odour. — L. red-, again;
to rule. See Regent and Angle (i). olere, for *odere, to be odorous ; see
rectify. (F. L.) F. r^<:///f^r. — Late
— Odour.
L. rectificdre, to make right.- L. recti-, Redoubt, an intrenched place of retreat.
for rectus, right (above) ; -Jicdre, iorfacere, (F.— —
Ital. L.) Ill spelt; through con-
to make. fusion with redoubtable. F. redoute. — ltal.
rectilinear. (L.) From L. rectillne- ridotto, a place of retreat. — Ital. ridotto,
us, formed by straight lines. — L. recti-, ridutto, pp. of ridurre, to bring home.—
for rectus, right, straight ; linea, a line. L. redncere,\.o bring back. — L. re-, back ;
rectitnde. (F.-L.) Y. rectitude. lead.

di'icere, to See Duke.
L. rectitudo, uprightness. — L. recti- Redoubtable. M.F. re-
(F.-L.)
(above) ; with suffix -ttcdo. doubtable, terrible. - O. F. redouter, M.F.
Rectunbent. (L.) \u. recumbent-, %\.tvci redoubter, to fear. See Re- and Doubt.
of pres. pt. oirecrunbere, to recline; where Redound. (F. — L.) F. redonder.^\^.
cumbere is a nasalised form allied to cubdre, redunddre. to overflow. — L. red-, again,
to lie down. See Incumbent and Covey. back unda, a wave. See Undulate.
;
437
;;
REDRESS REFRESH
Redress. ^F. — L.) F. redresser, to A. S. gerefa, an officer orig. sense perhaps
;
put straight again, — F. re-, again d/esser,

;
'
numberer,' registrar ôf soldiers) for ;
to erect, dress ; see Dress. *ge-rcfja. From -7'cf, a host (,as in secg-
Redstart, a bird with a red tail. (E.) •rif. a host of men) cf. O. H. G. rnova^
;
From Red ; and

start, a tail 'Â. S. steort). a number. %
Xot allied to G.grif. Der.
Reduce. (L.^ Orig. to bring back. — borough-7-eeve port-reeve ; sheriff, q. v. ;
L. reducere, to bring back. — L. 7-e-, back ;Refection, refreshment. [^b\ L.) —

dilurc, to lead. See Duke. Der. reduction M. F. refection, a repast. — L. ace. refec-
(from the pp. reduct-us). tioneni, lit. a remaking. — L. rcfectns, pp. of
Redundant. (L.^ From stem of pres. reficere, to remake, restore. — L. re-, again;
pt. of L. rediijiddre, to redound. See face re, to make. See Fact.
Hedound. Refel. vL.) L. refellere, to refute,
Reechy, dirty. (E.) Lit. 'smoky;' shew to be false. — L. re-, back ; fallere,
palatalised form of reeky cf. Low. So.
\ to deceive see Fallible.
;
reekie. smoky. See Reek. Refer, to assign. ,F. L.) O. F. referer —

Reed. (E.) M. E. reed. A. S. hreod, (F. r^firer).^!^. referre, to bear back, re-
a reed.-l-Du. riet; G. riet, ried. Teut. late, refer. — L. re-, back ; ferre^ to bear
type ^h?-cudom, neut. see Fertile.
Reef U \ a ridge of rocks. (Du.") For- Refine. (F.— L.) Coined from ;r- and
merly riff. — Du. 7-if, a reef. 4- Icel. 7-7/, a fine (,1), but imitated from F. raffner, to
reef, allied to rifa, a fissure, rift Dan. rev, refine, comp. of L. re-, again, L. af- = ad^
;
a sand-bank {revie, a shoal, revue, to split); to, and F.Jin. fine. Der. refine- fu ent cf. ;
Swed. refva, ref. a sand-bank, a cleft, gap. F. raffin^ment.

The Du. and Icel. riv, Dan. rev, may Reflect. .L.) 'L.reffectere, \\\..iohî\^
represent a Teut. type *rebjom. n. ; perhaps back, hence to return rays, &c. — L. re-,
allied to Rib. Cf. Norw. ribbe, a moun- back ffectere, to bend ; see Flexible.
;
tain-ridge. Reform. (F. — L.) F. reformer, to

Reef 2\ a portion of a sail. (Du.) shape anew. — L. re-, again formdre, to ;
M. E. r/^ — Du. reef, 'a riff in a sail,' form see Form. ;
Sewel ISL Du. rif, iHft. a reef.+Icel. rif,

; Refract, to bend back rays of light.
a reef in a sail Dan. reb, Swed. ref, reef; i^L.)
; L. refractus, pp. of refringere, to
Low G. rcff, riff, a small sail ; Pomeran. bend back. — L. re-, back; frangere, to
raff, a little extra sail, bonnet. break see Fragile.
; Der. refract-or-y^
Reek, vapour, (E.) W.Y^.reke. O.Tylerc, a mistaken form for refractary, from L. re-
rec, vapour ;O. Fries. ;-<?/('.+Icel. reykr, fractdrius, stubborn, obstinate. Also re-
Swed. r'ok, Dan. r'og ; Du. rook, G. ranch f-angible, a mistaken form for refringible.
;
Teut. base '^rauk-. From '^rauk, 2nd grade Refrain (i\ to restrain, forbear, (F. —
of Teut. *reiikan-,\.o smoke; as in A. S. L.) M. E. refreinen. — O.Y refretier, to .
reocan, Icel. rjnka, O. H. G. riohhan, G. repress ; Cot. —

L. refrcitare, to bridle,
riechen. Brugm. i. § 217. —
hold in with a bit. L. re-, back frenum, ;
Reel (i), a small spindle for winding a bit, curb. The orig. sense oifemim is
yarn, (E.) ^L E. 7r/t? A.S. //;v^/, a reel. prob. due to a derivation from L. frend-
;
•4-E. Fries. rel\ N. Fries, reel. Kluge ere, to champ as if for *frend-num. If
;
derives A. S. hreol from a form '^hroehil, so, it is allied to Grind. Prob. %

but this would give A. S. hrel\ see Eng. sometimes confused with M. F. refreindre,
Stud. xi. 512. Der. reel, vb., to wind, ' to bridle,' Cot. this is from L. refringere,
;
turn round, stagger. to break back (below).

Reel (2), a Highland dance. (Gael.) Refrain (2), the burden of a song.
Gael, righil, riiidhil, riiithil. a reel. (F. —
L.) F. refrain so also Prov. ;
Reest, the wood on which a plough- refranks, a refrain, refranker, refrenker, to

coulter is fixed. (E.) Also wrif^j/ (wrongly), repeat. So called from frequent repetition ;
rest. A. S. reost. the O. F. refreindre, to pull back, is the
Reeve (i^, to pass a rope through a same word as Prov. refrenker, to repeat
ring. (Du.") Du. reven. to reeve. — Du. both are from L. refringere, to break back
reef, a reef in a sail because a reeved rope
; refract, hence, to repeat^.- L. re-, back;
is used for reefing see Reef (2).
; frangere, to break ; see Fragile.
Reeve (2% an officer, steward. (E.) Refresh. (F. -L, ajid G.) M. E. re.
43S
';;
REFRIGERATE REGRET
freschen.Ô.Y refreschir \ . IF. regarder^ to look, look at, view. — L.
Cot. — L. r^-,
again O. H. G. frisc (G.
; frisch), fresh. re-, back F. garder, to tûard, observe ; ;
See Fresh. of O. II. (t. origin see Guard. ;
Refrigerate. ''L.) From pp. of L. 7-e- Regatta. (Ital.) Grig, a strife, con-
frlgerdre. to make cool again. — L. re-, tention, hence a race, rowing-match. —
again frJgei-dre^ to cool, from frtgus, Ital. regatta, rigatta,
;
a strife for the '
cold. See Frigid. maistne;' Florio, — M. Ital. rigattare, to

Reft, pp. of reave ; ?eeReave. contend for the mastery, to wrangle, to
Refuge. (F. — L.) M. E. refuge. ^Y. haggle as a huckster docs. So also .Span.
refuge. — L. refugium, an escape. — L. regatear, to haggle, retail provisions, to
refugere, to flee back. L. r^-, back —
rival in sailing. Of unknown origin.
fugere, to flee see Fugitive.
; Regenerate. (L.; From pp. of r^-
refugee . ( F. - L.) M
F. refugiS, pp. generdre, to prodixe anew. — L. re-, again ;
,
of se rejugier, to take refuge. — F. refuge genera re, to produce, from gener-, for
(above . '^genes-, stem of genus, kindred. See
Refulgent. (L.) From L. refulgent-, Genus.
stem of pres. pt. of refulgere, to flash back Regent. ^F.-L.i M. F. regeyit, a
— L. re-, h2Lc\i ftilgere , to shine.
;
See I — L. regent-, stem
regent, vice-gerent. of
Fulgent. j
pres. pt. of regere, to rule. Allied to Gk.
Refund, to repay. (L.) 'L. refu7idere, \ opiynv, to stretch, Goth, uf-rakjan, to
to pour back, also to restore, give back j
stretch out, Skt. rj, to stretch, rdj, to
^see below;. I
govern. (y'KEG.j See Eight. Brugm.
refuse, deny a request. (F.-L.)
to [
i. §47^.
M. E. refusen.'Ô. F. i-eftiser (the same as regicide, slayer of a king slaying of ;
Port, refusar, Ital. refusare,io reject). It a king. F. — L.) M.F. regicide Min- i
answers to a Late L. type *refusdre, formed sheu). — L. regi-^ for rex^ king, allied to
as a frequentative of refundere, to pour regere, to rule ; -cida, a slayer, from
back, also to restore, give back ^whence cadere, to slay. Also: from L, rigi- ;as
to reject), — L. re-, back fundere, to pour ;
before ,-cidium, a slaying, from ccedere.
see Fuse (i). p. We may also note E. regimen. (L.) h. regimen, guida.nce.
refuse, sb., O. F. refus, refuse cf. O. F. ;
— L. regere, to rule, direct.
mettre en refus, faire refus a, to abandon, regiment. (F. — L.) M.F. regiment,
reject (Godefroy;. '
a regiment of souldiers,' Cot. also, a ;
refute, to oppose, disprove. (F. — L.) government. — L.r^^z'w^w/z/w, rule, govern-

M.F. refuter. — 'h. refictd^'e, to repel, rebut. ment. — L. regere, to rule.
The orig. sense was prob. to '
beat back
;
—
region. (F. L.) ^\.Y region.'— Y.. .
see Confute. regionem, ace. of regio, territory. — L.

Regain. rF.-L. a«^ O.H. G.) F. regere, to rule, govern.
regagner.— 'L. re-, back; and F. gagner, Register. (F.-L.) M.F. registre,
to gain. See Gain ''i). '
a recordCot. — Late L. registrutn, more
;
'
Regal. (F. — L.) M.F. ^^^â/, royal; Cot. correctly regestum, a book in v\ hich things
— L. regdlis, adj., from reg-, stem of rex, are recorded (L. regeruntur — lu. reges- .
a king. Allied to L. regere, to rule. Cf. tum. neut. of pp. of r<?^^r^r^, tobringback,
Skt. rdjan-, a king O. Irish ri. Erugm.
; record. — L. re-, back; gerere, to carry.
j- §§ J 35) 549 c. Der. regal-ia, insignia See Gerund. Cf. L. regesta, pi., a register.
of a king; neut. pi. oiregdlis. Regnant, reigning. (L.) \..regnant-,
Regale, to entertain. (F. Ital.?) M.F. — stem, ol pres. pt. of 7-egnare, to reign. — L.
regaler, to entertain. Not allied to regal, regnum, kingdom. — L. regei'e, to rule.
as Cotgrave suggests but the same as ; See Regent.
Span, regalar, to make much of, pamper ;
Regress, return. ;L.) L. rcgrcssus,
orig. to melt CDitz). 1. Diez derives it sb.-L. regressus, pp. of regredi, to go
from L. regeldre, to melt, thaw from L. ; back. - L. re-, back ;
gradl, to go. See
re-, back, geldre, to freeze (see Gelid). Grade.
2. Hatzfeld derives F. rigaler (ultimately) Regret, L. and Scand.)
sorrow.
(F. —
from Ital. regalare, to give presents to ;
F. regret, grief regretter, to lament (Cot.).
;
from Ital. gala, mirth. See Gala. The oldest form of the verb is regrater.
Regard, vb. (F.-L. and O. H. G.) Of disputed origin ; see Scheler. The
439
; ;
REGULAR RELIC
most likely solution is that which derives ex, much, very, and gaudere, to rejoice.
O, F. regrater from L. re-, again, and the See Gaud.
verb which appears in Icel. grata, Swed. Rejoin. (F.-L.) Lit. to join again;
grata, Dan. grcede, A. S. grktan, Lowl. Sc. in legal language, to answer to a reply. —
greit, to weep, bewail. See Greet (2). F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre, to rejoin.
Cf. *
I mone
as a chylde dothe for the — L. reiungere, to join again. — L. re-,
wantyng of his nourse or mother, je again; iungere,\.o']o\a.. See Join. Der.
regrete Palsgrave.
;
' rejoinder, the F. infin. mood used
which is
Regular. (L.) L- regularis, according as a sb., as in the case of attainder.
to rule. — L. regula, a rule regere, to rule. ; Relapse, to slide back into a former
See Regent. state. (L.) From L. relapstis, pp. of re-
Rehearse. (F. — L.) W.^.^-ehej-sen. IdbT, to slide back. — L. re-, back Idbt, to ;
— O. F. reherser, rehercer, to harrow over slide ; see Lapse.

again ; hence, to go over the same ground. Relate, to describe, tell,(F. — L,) F.
— L. re-, again O. F. hei'cer, to harrow,
; 1-elater, ' to relate
;
Cot, ' — Late L. reldtdre,
from herce, sb., a harrow. See Hearse. to relate. — L, reldtus, used as pp. of referre,
Reign, sb. (F. -L.) M. E. regne.- to relate (but from a different root). L. —
M. regne.'-l^.
F, regniim, kingdom.— L. re-, againIdtus, for tldtus, borne, pp. of
;
regere, to rule. See Regent. tollere, to bear. See Tolerate.

Reimburse, to refund. (F. — L. and Relax. (L.) L, r^/a.;t:ar(?, to relax. — L,
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by re-, again ; laxdre, to slacken see Lax, ;
substituting L. re-im- for F. rem- (with Doublet, release.

the same force). — L. re-, again; zw- relay a of fresh dogs or horses,
(i), set
(for ifi), in ; F. botirse, a purse. See a fresh supply, (F, — L,) Orig, used of
Purse. dogs and horses. — F. relais, a relay
Rein. (F.-L.) M. E. reine.-O. F. chiens de relais, chevaux de relais, dogs or
reine, rein of a bridle. (The same as Ital. horses kept in reserve Cot. The orig. ;
rediiia, Span, rienda, transposed form of sense is a rest,' and chiens de relais are
'
redtJia.) — Late L. *retina, not found, but dogs kept at rest cf. a relais at rest, that ;
'
a short form allied to L. retindctilu7ii, a is not used,' Cot.; and see relais in
rein. — L. retinere, to hold back. — L. re-, Godefroy. — O. F. relaissier, to relinquish.
back tenere, to hold. See Retain.
;
— L. relaxdre, to loosen, let loose, allow
Reindeer, Raindeer, a kind of deer. to rest see Lax. Cf. Italian cani di ;
(Scand.) M. E. raynedere. Formed by rilasso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition

adding deer (see Deer) to Icel. hreinn, of Florio by Torriano, 1688).
a reindeer cf. also O. Swed. ren, a rein-
; Relay (2), to lay again. (L. and ¥..)
deer, A. S. hrdn. [We also find Dan. From re- and lay. See Lay (i).
rensdyr, Du. rendier, G. rennthier.'] Teut. Release. (F.— L.) yi.Y.. relessen,re-
type *hrainoz a true Teut. word, as the lesen.Ô. F. relessier (M. F. I'elaisser), to
;
forms shew. p. Diez refers us to Lapp relax. — L. relaxdre, to relax see Relax. ;
raingo, but this is merely a bad spelling Relegate, to consign to exile. (L.)
of Swed. renko, i.e. rein-cow. The true From pp. of L. 7'elegdre, to send away,
Lapp word is patso, a reindeer nor can remove. — L. re-, again, back; legdre, to ;
the Icel. word have been suggested by send, appoint see Legate. ;
Lapp reino, a pasturage for rein-deer Relent. (F. - L.) Altered from F. ra-
Ihre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 374. lentir, to slacken, to relent (cf. L. relen-
Reins, the lower part of the back. (F. tescere, to slacken). — F. ra-, for re-a- (L,
— L.) O. F, reins. — L. renes, pi,, kidneys, re-ad) L, lentus, slack, slow, allied to ;
reins. lenis, gentle, and to E, lithe. See Lenient

Reject. (F. -L.) yi.Y.rejecter{\(i\\\ and Lithe.
cent. F. rejeter oldest spelling regeter).
; ; Relevant. (F. L.) The orig. sense —
— O. F. re-, back geter, getter, to throw, ;
is helpful
'
hence, of use for the matter
' ;
from L. tact are see Jet (1). ; in hand. — F. relevant, pres. part, oirelever,
Rejoice. (F.— L.) M. E, reioisen.— to raise up, assist, help. — L. releudre, to
O. F. resjdis-, stem of pres, pt, of resjdir raise again. — L. re-, again leudre, to raise, ;
(mod. F. r(/otnr)îo gladden,rejoice. — L. from leuis, light. See Levity.

re-, again O. F. esjo'ir, to rejoice, from L.
; Relic, a memoriaL (F. — L.) Chiefly
440
;
RELICT REMUNERATE
in the pi. ; M. E. relikes.^Y. reliques, s. word. — L. re-, back; vianddre,\.o send;
pi., ' reliques;' Cot. — L. reliquids, ace. of see Mandate.
reliqiiicB, pi., remains. —L. relinqiiere, to Remark, to take notice of. (F. — L.
leave behind. back; linquo'e, to — L. 7'e-, and Teut.) F. reniarqtier to mark, ,
leave. See Belinquish, Licence. note, heed. — L. re-, again; viarqtier, to

relict, a widow. (L.) L. relicta, fern, mark, from marque, sb., a mark see ;
of relicius, pp. of relinqiiere., to leave Mark (1).

behind (above). Remedy. (F. — L.) yV.Y. rcmedie.—
Relieve. (,F. L.~ M. E. releueu ( = — A. F. reviedic, O. F. reniede, mod. F.
re/even).-~ F. relever, to raise up, relieve. — rt-fHt'dc."!.. remeditan, a remedy; that
L. relciiare, to raise again see Relevant ;
which heals again. — L. r^-, again inederi, ;
Der. relief, M. E. relef, O. F. relief {Y. to heal. See Medicine.

reliefs, a sb. due to the verb relever. Remember. (F.-L.) O.Y. remem-
Religion. (F. L.) F. religion Cot. — ;
remember. — L.
brer.'^Y,. re?>ienwrdrT, to
— L. ace. 7-eligidjiefn, ivom religio, \i\tX.y ;
1-e-, inemordre to make mention of,
again ; ,
allied to religens, fearing the gods, pious. from memor, mindful. See Memory.
]\e-ligens is the opposite of neg-ligens, Remind, to bring to mind again. (L.
negligent see Neglect. Allied also to
; and E.) \ rom Re- and Mind,
di-Iigent, and to Gk. dA.676tr, to reverence. Reminiscence. (F.-L.) M. F. r^-
Relinquish. (F.-L.) O.Y. relen- viiniscence. — L. reminiscentia, remem-
qttis-, pr. pt. stem of relenquir, to leave brance. — L. remitiiscent-, stem of pres. pt.
(Godefroy). — L. relinqiiere, to leave be- of reniiniscT, to remember. — L. re-, again ;
hind see Relic.

;
and base oivie-min-i. I remember. Allied
reliquary, a casket for relics. (F. L.) — to Gk. ixk-yLov-a, I yearn, Skt. man, to
F. reliqiiaire, a casket wherein reliques be
' think. (VMEN.)
Cot. — Late L. reliqziidriiim same Remit, to abate. (L.; L. remittere
;
kept ' ;
sense).— L. reliquid-, orig. stem oi reli- f
pp. re?nissiis),to send back, slacken, abate.

QidcE, relics see Relic (above ; . — L. re-, back; mittere, to send; see
relique ; the same as Relic. Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp.
Relish, orig. an after-taste. (F. — L.) remissus remiss-ion.
:
M. E. reies, an after-taste. Sir Cleges, Remnant. (F. — L.) M. E. rejuan-

208. — O.
F. reles, relais, that which is left aiint. — O. F. remanant. — L. remanent-,
behind also a relay; see Relay (i).
;
stem of pres. pt. of remattere, to remain ;
Reluctant. (L.) From stem of pres. see Remain.
pt. of reliictdre, reluctdrt, to struggle Remonstrate. (L.) From pp. of
against. —
L. re-, back lucidrJ, to struggle, ; Late L. remonstrdre, to expose, to produce
from a wrestling.
hicta, Allied to Gk. arguments against. — L. re-, again; vion-
to bend, writhe in wrestling;
Xv-^-'i^fîv, strdre, to show, from 7nonstrum, a portent
Lith. lugnas, flexible, Skt. ruj, to bend, see Monster.
break. (VLEUG.) Remorse. (F. — L.) M.F. remors ;
Rely, to repose on trustfully. (F. — L.) Cot. — Late L. remorsus, remorse. — L.

AVe find 'to relye their faithe upon'; remorsus, pp. of j'emordere, to bite again,
where relye = fasten. — F. relier, to bind to vex. — L. re-, again mordh'e, to bite ; ;
up, or together. — L. religdre, to fasten. L. see Mordacity.

re-, back Hgdre, to bind see Ligament.
; ; Remote, distant. (L.) L. remotus,
^ But much influenced by E. lie, vb., to pp. of remouere, to remove see Remove. ;
repose, though this would have required Or from M. F. remote, f. remove, re- '
a pp. relain. Der. reli-ance. moved,' Cot. from L. pp. f. rejnota.

;
Remain. (F.-L.^ O. F. pres. s. (» Remount, to mount again. (F.-L.)

reynain cf. M. F. impers. vb. il remain-t,
; F. remonter. — F. re-, again ; monter, to
it remains. [The infin. remaitidre is mount; see Mount (2).
preserved in E. retnainder, used as a Remove. (F. — L.) M..Y .remouvoir,
sb.] — L. reman-eo, I remain; reman-et, Cot. See Re- and Move.
it remains rentanere, to remain. — L. re-,
; Remunerate, to recompense. (L.)
behind manere, to stay. See Mansion.
; From pp. of rejniinerare, remiinerari,
Remand, to send back. (F. — L.") M.F. to reward. — L. r^-, again munerdre, to ;
remander.'^'L. remanddi-e, to send back bestow a gift, from muner- (for *miines-),
44 I
; —
RENAISSANCE REPEAT
stem of miinus, a gift, also, an office. See Der. renunciat-ion, F. renonciation, from
Municipal. L. pp. retiuntidtiis.
Renaissance, revival of learning. Renovate. (L.) From L. renoudtus,
—
(F. L.) M. F. renaissance, 'a. new birth,' pp. of renoudre, to renew. — L. re-, again ;
Cot. —
L. re-, again nascentia, birth, from ; nozidre, to make new, from notius, new.
nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasci, to be See Novel.
born. See Natal. Renown, fame. (F. — L.) M. E.
Benal. (F. L.) M. F. renal - L. - renoiin." K. F. renoun, renun; O. F.
rendlis, adj. from renes, s. pi., reins. See
; renon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port, rename,
Keins. Span. renoJ7ibre, renown.] — O. F. renotner,
Renard ; see Eeynard. to make famous. — L. re-, again; noini-
Rencounter, Rencontre. (F.— ndre, to name, from ndmen, a name ; see
L.) F. rencontre, a meeting. — F, rencon- Noun.
trer, to meet. — F. r^-, again; encotttrer, Rent (1), a tear; see Rend.
to meet, encounter ; see Encounter. Rent (2), annual payment. (F. L.) —
Rend. (E.) M. E. renden. A. S. M. E. rente. — Y. rente. [Cf. Ital. rendita,
rendan, to cut or tear.+O. Fries, renda, rent.]— Late L. rendita, nasalised form of
to tear North Fr. renne, ranne, to tear
; L. reddita, fern, of pp. oif-eddere, to render;
I
apart. Der.
rent, sb., from pp. rent. see Render.
Render. (F. L.) yi.Y..rendren. Y.— — Renunciation. (F.-L.) ^l.Y.re-
Cot. — L. ace.
;
rend?'e.—'\^. reddere, to give back.— L. nonciation, renunciation
< '
red-, back; dare, to give; see Date (i). remmtidtionem, prop, an announcement.
rendezvous. (F. L.) Y.^-endezvons, — — L. renuntidt-us pp. of renuntidre, orig.
,
'
a rendevous, place appointed for the to announce ; see Renounce.
assemblie of souldiers Cot. — F. rendez ;
' Repair (i), amend. (F. — L.)
to restore,
vous<, L. reddite vos, render yourselves ;
M. F. reparer. — Y..
repardre, to recover,
imperative pi. of reddere (above). repair, make ready anew. — L. re-, again ;
Renegade, Renegade. (Span. - L.) pardre, to get ready see Pare. Der. ;
Span, renegado, an apostate, one who has repar-able, M. F. reparable, L. repardbilis ;

denied the faith orig. pp. of renegar, to
; repar-at-ion, M. F. reparation.
forsake the faith. — L. re-, again negdre, ; Repair (2), to resort to. (F.-L.) M.F.
to deny. See Negation. repairer, to haunt Cot. Older form re-
;
Renew. ',L. and E.) From L. re-, pairier (Burguy). — L. repatridre, to repair
again and E. neiu.
; to one's own country. — L. re-, back patria, ;
Rennet (i), the prepared inner mem- native country, from patri-, for pater, a
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make father.
milk coagulate. (E.) M. E. renet; from Repartee, a witty reply. (F. - L.) F.
M. E. rennen, to run pro v. E. run, to ;
repartie, a reply
'
Cot.
;
Orig. fem. of '
congeal, coagulate. See Run. Hence reparti, pp. of M. F. repartir, to re-divide,

rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken- to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. — F.
ticisms) also erning (Derbyshire), from
; re-, again partir, to part, also to rush,
;
A. S. irnan, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel, dart off, burst out laughing. — L. re-,
runsel, renninge, curds, or milk-runnet,' '
again partire, to share, from parti-, for
;
from rinnen, to presse, curdle; Hexham.

'
' pars, a part. See Part.
Cf. G. rijDien, to run, curdle, coagulate. Repast, a meal. (F. L.) O.F. repast, —
Rennet (2), a sweet kind of apple. (F. later repas.^'L. re-, again; pastuni, ace.
— L.) Formerly spelt r^«a/^, from an odd oi pasttis, food, from pascere, to feed. See
notion that it was derived from L. 7'endtiis, Pastor.
born again — F. reinette, rainette, a rennet
! Repay. (F. - L.) O. F. repaier. - O. F.
the same as rainette, a little frog from ; re- (L. re-), back; paier, to pay; see
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a Pay.
frog. — L. rdna, a frog. Cf. Ranunculus. Repeal. (F.-L.) Altered from O. F.
Renounce. (F. — L.) Y.rejioncer.<~ rapeler, Y. rappeler, to repeal. — O. F. re-
L. renuntidre, to bring back a report, also (L. r^-) ; apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
to disclaim, renounce. — L. re-, back, See Appeal. Repeal— re-appeal.
again nuntidre, to tell, bring news, from
; Repeat. —
L.) Formerly r^//?/^.
(F.
nimiius, a messenger. See Nuncio. M. F. repeter, Cot.«-L. repctere, to attack
443
,
REPEL REPTILE
again, reseek, repeat. — L. re-,a.gain;peêre, lay up, store. — L. re-, again ;
pone re, to
to attack; see Petition. Der. repet-it- place see Position.
;
io7i. Reprehend, to reprove. iL.) L. re-

Biepel.(L-) L. repellere, to drive back. preliendere, to hold back, check, blame.—
— L. back pellere, to drive ; see
re-, ;
L. re-, back; preJiendere, to seize, to hold.
Pulse. Der. repulse, from pp. reptdsus. See Prehensile.
Hepent, to me. (F. L.) F. repentir, — Represent. (F.-L.) o.F. rcpre-
to repent. —
L. re-, again; poenitere, to senter.'^'L,. repraseittdre, to bring before
cause to repent ; see Penitent. again, exhibit. — L. re-, again; p?-cisentdre,
Repercussion. (L.) From Re- and to present; see Present (2).
Percussion. Repress. iF.-L.) From F. re-,
Repertory, a treasury. (F.-L.) M.F. again, and presser, to press but used with ;
repertoire. — L. repertorium, an inventory. sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus] to

— L. repertor, a finder, discoverer. — L. press back, check. — L. re-, back pre7nere, ;
repertre, to find out. — L. re-, again parlre ;

to press ;see Press.
( Fnnius), usually parere, to produce ; see Reprieve, vb. (F. L.) [A doublet —
Parent, of 7'eprove.'] M. E. repreve7i, to reprove,
Repine. Compounded of L. re-,
(I-) reject, disallow to 7-eprieve a sentence is
;
again ; see Pine (2).

ar\d pine, to fret ; to disallow it. — O. ¥. repreuve, 3rd pres.
Replace. (F. - L. and Gk.) From 7'e- sing, indie, of 7-ep7'over (F. rip7-ouver), to
(F. re-, L. re-), again ; and Place. reprove; see Reprove. Cf. Schwan, §
Replenish. (F.-L.) O.Y.repleniss-, 34^4).
stem of pres. pt. of replenir, to fill up Reprimand. (F. — L.)
F. 7-ipri77ia7ide
again now obsolete. — L. r^-, again Late
;
; ; foimerly a reproot
7-ep7'i77iende, '
Cot.— '
L. *plentre, to fill, from L. plenus, full. L. 7'Cp7-i77ie7ida, a thing that ought to be

replete, full. (F.-L.) M. F. repjei, repressed; hence, a check. Fem. of the
masc. replete, fem., full. — L. repletus,
; gerundive of 7'eprii?iere, to repress; see
filled up pp. of replere, to fill again. — L. Repress.
;
re-, againplere, to fill ; see Plenary.

; Reprisal. J. - Ital. - L.) M. F. ;v-
Replevy, to get back detained goods presaille, a taking or seizing on, a reprisal.
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. (F. [The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
— Teut.) F. re- (L. re-), again; O. F. rep7-ise, to seize in return from F. i'ep7-is, ;
plevir, to be surety. See Pledge. pp. of 7'epre7id}-e L. 7-ep7-ehe7idere, (here) <

Reply. (F. L.) -
]\L E. replien. - to seize again.] — Ital. 7-ipresaglia, booty. —
O. F. replier, the old form afterwards re- M. Ital. 7'ip7-esa, a taking again ; fem. of ?7-
placed by the learned form ripliqtier, to p7'eso, pp. of ripre7ide7'e, to reprehend, also
' '
reply. — L. replied re, lit. to fold back as a to retake. — L. rep7-ehe7ide7-e, to seize again,
;
law term, to reply. — L. re-, back ; plicdre, also, to reprehend see Reprehend. ;
to fold. Der. replica, a repetition; from Reproach. (F. — L.) F. reprocher, to

Ital. replica, a sb. due to L. replicdre, to reproach. Cf. Span. 7-eprochar, Prov. 7-e-
repeat, reply. propchar, to reproach answering to Late ;
Report. (F. - L.) M. E. reporten. - F. L. '^rep7'opidre, to bring near to, impute

reporter, to carry back. — L. reportdre, to, reproach. — L. ;'<?-, again; propi-tis,
to carry back. — L. re-, back portdre, to nearer, comp. of prope, near. See Pro-
;
carry; L-ee Port (i). The E. sense 'to pinquity. •[ translation of L. obicere A
relate' is due to F. rapporter, O. F. {objice7-e., to bring near or cast before one,
raporter with prefix ra-
; L. re-ad. to reproach. <
Repose. (F. — L. andGk..) F. reposer, Reprobate. (L.) L. rep7-ohdtus, xz-
to rest, pause Late L. repausdre, to pause, proved, rejected pp. of reprobare, to reject
; ;
rest. — L. re-, again pansdre, to pause, upon trial. — L. 7-e-, back; p7-obdre,\.o test.
;
from pausa, sb., due to Gk. navai^, a pause. See Probable.

^ Important this is the verb which seems
; reprove. (F.-L.) M. E. reproven,
to have given rise to poser and its com- also 7'ep7-eve7t. — F. 7'ep7'over (F. riprmi-
pounds. See Pose. vc7-^\ to reprove, condemn. — L. reprobdre,
Repository, a storehouse. (F. L.^ to reject, reprove (above). —

M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. — L. reposi- Reptile, crawling; usually, as a sb.
torium. — 'L, repositus, pp. of reponere, to (F. — L.) F. ;r////(f, crawling Cot. — L.
;
'
'
443
; .
REPUBLIC RESIST
reptilem, ace. of reptilis, creeping. L. — scinder, to cancel ; Cot. L. rescindei-e, to —
reptus, pp. of repere, to creep.+Lithuan. cut off, annul. — L. re-, back scindere, to ;
repioti, to creep. cut. Allied to Schism. (-/SKHEID.)

Republic. (F.— L.) M. F. repubUque, Rescript. (F.-L.) W.¥. rescript, ^.
the commonwealth
'
Cot. — L. respublica,
; ' reply in writing. — L. rescriptu??i, neut. of
a republic. — L. res, a matter, state ptib- ; pp. of rcscribere, to write back. — L. re-,
lica, fem. oi pub lie us, public. See Real. back scribere, to write see Scribe.
; ;
Repudiate. (L.) From pp. of L. re- Rescue, vb. (F. — L.) '^l.Y. rescouen.
pudidre, to reject. — L. repudium, a casting — O. F.rescourre, to rescue, save. [The
off, divorce. Perhaps from L. re-, away; same word as Ital. r/j'«^^/^r^.] Late L. —
pud-, base of pudere, to feel shame ; cf. rescutere (a. d. i 308) ; for re-excutere, to
pudor, shame, pro-pudium, a shameful drive again. — L. re-, again; ex,
away
action. away quatere, to shake
;
see Quash. ;
Repugnant, (F.-L.) Vl.Y. repugn- % The M. E. sb. was rescous, from O. F.

ant, pres. pt. of repugner, to repugne, '
rescotisse <
Late L. pp. fem. rescussa.
thwart;' Cot. — L. re-pugndre, to fight Research. (F.-L.) Compounded of
against. — L. re-, back ; pugndre, to fight Re-, again, and Search. Cf. Norman
see Pugilism. dial, rccerche, research.
Repulse. (L.) From L. repulsa, sb., Resemble. (F. — L.) O.Y. resembler.
a refusal or repulsdre, vb. — L. repuls-tis,
; — O. F. re-, again se?nbkr, to seem, be ;
pp. of repelle7X see Repel.; Cf Norman like. — L, re-, again simuldre, to make ;
dial, repulser, to repulse. like ; see Simulate.

Repute. (F.-L.) M. F. reputer. - L. Resent. (F. — L.) M.F. se resentir (or
reputdre, to repute (lit. reconsider). — L. ressentir), to have a deep sense of. — L. 7'e-,
re-, again ;
putdre, to think ; see Pu- again ; sentire, to feel. See Sense. Der.
tative. resentment
Request. (F.-L.) O.Y. requeste.- Reserve. (F.-L.) O.Y.reserver.'~l..
L. requTsTta, a thing asked, fem. of pp. reserudre, to keep back. — L. re-, back;
of requtrere, to ask back. — L. re-, back ;
serudre, to keep see Serve. ;
and qucsrere, to seek. See Quest. reservoir. (F.-L.) F. reservoir."

require. (F. — L.) M. E. requeren, Late L. reserudtorium, a store-house,
but also requircn.-^yi.Y. reqicerir; O. F. formed from reserudre, to reserve. Cf.
requerre, with i pr. s. requier. — L. Late L. seruatorium, a store-house
requTrere (above). Der. requis-ite, from (Lewis).
pp. requisitus. Reside. (F. — L.) M. F. resider, to re-
Requiem. (L.) The Mass for the side, stay. — L. residere, to sit or remain
Dead was called requiem, because it began behind. — L. re-, back; sedere, to sit; see
'
Requiem seternam dona eis.' — L. reqtiiem, Sedentary. Der. residence.
ace. of requies, repose. — L. re- ;
quies, residue. (F. - L.) O F. residu. - L. .
rest. See Quiet. residuum, a remainder, neut. of residuus,

Requite. (F. — L.) Also spelt r^^wzV, remaining. — L. residere (above).
Temp. iii. 3. 71. From r^- and quit; see Resign, to yield up. (F.-L.) M.F.
Quit. resigner. — L. resigndre, to unseal, annul,
ReredoSy a screen at the back of a resign. — L. r^-, back; signdre, to sign,
thing, esp. of an altar. (F. L.) From — from signiim, a sign, mark. See Sign.
M. E. rere, rear and F. dos, back, from L.
; Resilient. (L.) L. resilient-, stem of
dorsum, back. See Rear (2) and Dorsal. pres. part, of resilire, to leap back. — L.
Reremouse, Rearmouse, a bat. re-, back ; salire, to leap. See Salient.
(E.) A. hreretnus, a bat
S. from the ; Resin, Rosin. (F.--L.-Gk.) M.E.
flapping of its wings. — A. S. hreran, to recyn, recine. — M.F. resine, rosin Cot. ' ;
'
agitate, allied to hror, adj., stirring, quick; Norman dial, rosine. — L. resina, Jer. 8 li.
mus, a mouse. Cf. prov. Y.Jlitier-mouse, (Vulgate). — Gk. pijTivT}, resin, gum from
a flutter-mouse or bat. And cf. Uproar. trees. See Prellwitz.
^ Perhaps a popular etymology cf. early ; Resist. (F.-L.) O. F. resister.-L.
A, S. hreatha-mus, a bat Epinal Gl. 978. ; resistere, to stand back, withstand. — L. re-,
Rere ward ; see Rearward. back ; sistere, to stand, from stdre, to
Rescind, to repeal. (F.-L.) F, re- stand ; see State.
444
—
RESOLUTE RESUSCITATE
Resolute. (L.) L- resolfiUis, pp. of halting-place,'which (like O. H. G. 7-asia)
resoluere (below). is from Teut. root *7-as, to dwell, as seen
resolve. (L) L- resoluere, to loosen, in Goth, raz-n, a house. See Kansack.
melt; hence to separate into parts (also, Brugm. i. § 903 c.
to decide, resolve). — L. r^-, back soluere, ; Rest (2 \ to remain, be left over. (F.
to loosen see Solve.
; Der. resohit-ion L.) F. restcr,io remain. — L. }-estdrc, to
(from pp. resoliitiis^. stop behind, remain. — L. re-, back; stdre,
Resonant. (L.) From resonant-^ stem to stand see State.; Distinct from ^
of pres. pt. of L. resonarc, to sound back, rest (i\ repose.
echo, resound. — L. re-^ back; sondre, to Restaurant. (F.-L.) Mod. F. re-
sound, from sojius, sound. See Sound (3).
;
staurant, lit. '
restoring pres. pt. of
'
Resort, to betake oneself to. (F. — L.) restaurer, to restore, refresh ; see Re-
M. F. resortir, ressortir, to goe '
issue, store.
forth againe, resort;' Cot. Orig. a law Restharrow, a plant. (F. and E.)
term to
; appeal. — Late L. resortire, to For arrest -harrow, because its tough roots
resort to a tribunal cf. resortirj, to re- ; stop the harrow, Cf. the F. name arrcte-
turn to any one. — L. re-, again sortiri, to ; hoeuf, lit. '
stop-ox.'
obtain ; so that re-soTtlrl is to re-obtain, Restitution. (F.-L.) Y. restitution.
gain by appeal. — L. re-, again sorti-, for ; — L. rcstitfdidnevi, of restitutio, a ace.
sors, a lot see Sort. ; restoring. — L, restituttis, pp. of restiiuere,
Resound. (F. — L.) O. F. resoner to restore. — L. re-, again; statitere, to
(i2th cent.). — L. resoudre see He- ; set up. place, causal of stdre, to stand see ;
sonant. State.
Resource. (F. — L.) "^LY. resource, Restive. (F. — L.) Confused w'x'Cd rest-
Cot, — F.
;
later ressource, '
a new source ' less, but it really means stubborn, refusing
re-, again ; source, source ; see Source. to move. — M.F. restif,^ xt^sX^, stubborn,
Respect, sb. (F. - L.) F. respect, drawing backward;' Cot. — F. rester, to
'
respect, regard ;' Qo\.. — l^.respectuin,t!iCC. remain see Rest (2). % Hence E. rusty
;
of respectiis, a looking at. — L. respcctus, in the phr. to turn rusty = to be stubborn.

pp. of respicere, to look at, look back Restore. (F. — L.) O.Y. restorer, 2t.\%o
upon. — L. re-, back specere, to see; see
; restaurer.— \^. restaurdre, to restore. —L.
Species. Der. respect, vb. respect-able, ; 7'e-,again ^staurare, to set up
; see ;
respect-ive also dis-respect.

; Store. Brugm. i. § 198.
respite, delay, reprieve. (F. — L.) Restrain. (F.-L.) O.Y.restraign-,
O. F. respit, a respite. Orig. sense regard, as in restraign-ant, pres. pt. of restraindre
respect had to a suit on the part of a (F. rest7-eind7-e), to restrain. — L. rcstring-
judge. — L. ace. respectum, respect (above). ere, to draw back tightly, bind back. — L.
Respire, to breathe, take rest. (F. — L.) re-, back stringere, to bind ; see Strin-
;
F. respirer. — 'L. respirdre, to breathe gent. Der. restraint, from O. F. re-

again or back. — L. r^-, back; spirdre,io strainte, fem. of pp. of restraindre.
breathe see Spirit.
; restrict. (L.) From L. restrictus, pp.
Resplendent. L.) From L. re- oi restringere, to bind back (above).
splende/it-, stem of pres. pt. of resplen- Result, vb. (F.-L.) yi.Y.resulter,
dere. to glitter. — L. r.?-, again splendere, ;
'
to rebound or leap back ; also to rise of,
to shine; see Splendour. come out of;' Cot. — L. resultdre,\.o re-
Respond. (F. — L.) O. F. respondre. — bound frequent, oiresiliie, to leap back ;
;
L. respondere (pp. responsus), to answer. see Resilient. Der. result-ant.

— L. re-, back spondere, to promise see
; ; Resume, to take up again. vF.-L.)
Sponsor. Der. response, from O. F. re- AL F. resu»ier. L. resumere. — L. re-, —
spons, an answer, from L. responsum, neut. again silmere, to take
; see Assume. ;
of pp. responsus. Der. resumpt-io7i (from pp. 7-esu7npt-tts).

Rest (i), repose. (E.) A. S. rest, rcest, Resurrection. (F. - L.^ O. F. resu7"
rest. Cf. Du. rust, Dan. Swed. rast, I eel. rection. — L. ace. 7-esu7'7-ectidnc77i. — L.
rdst (the distance between two resting- 7'esurrectus, ])p. of 7-esu7gcre, to rise again.
places), Goth, rasta (a stage), O. H. G. — L. re-, again; suige/-e, to rise; see
rasta, G. rast, rest. The A. S. rest, fern., Surge.
answers to Teut. type *rast-jd, orig. ' a Resuscitate, to revive. (L.^ L.resHS-
445
, —
- ,
RET RETROSPECT
citatus, pp. of restisctfdre,io revive. L. — rete7m, pp. of 7-ete7iir, to retain ; see Re-
re-, again, siis-, up, and citdre, to rouse ;
tain.
see Cite. Retire. (F.-Teut.) yi.Y retirer, 'to .
Bet, to steep flax. (M. Du.) M. Du. retire, withdraw;' Cot. — F. re-, back;
reten, reeten, to steep flax; Du. 7'eten. tirer, to pull see Tier, Tirade.
;
Cf. Pomeran. rote?i, Swed. 7-dta, Norw. Retort, a censure returned ; tube for
7vyta, to ret ; also Du. rete, rente, Low distilling. (F. — L.) M. F. reto7't, pp.
G. rate, E. Fries. rdtte,2i retting-pit. Lit. '
twisted, violently returned,' 7-etorte, ' a
'
to make formed by mutation
rotten ;
' lymbeck,' Cot. ; lit. a thing twisted back.
from Teut. ^rant; for which see Rotten. — M. F. reto7't, pp. of retordre, to twist
Cf Du. rooten, to ret. back. — L. 7'etorque>-e, to twist back.
Retail, sb. (F. - L.) To sell by retail L. 7'e-, back ; torque >'e, to twist ; see
is to sell by small pieces. — O. F. retail, a Torture.
shred, paring, small piece. — O. F. retailler, Retract. (F. — L.) M. F. ret7-acter,
to shred, cut small. — O. F. re- ( =L. re-), '
to revoke ;' Cot. — L. 7'etractdre, frequent,
again tailler, to cut see Tailor.
; ; of retrahere, to draw back. — L. re-, back ;
Retain. (F. — L.) F. 7-etenir. — 'L. re- to draw: see

t7-ahe7-e, Tract (i).
tinere, to hold back; pp. retentus.^l^. retreat, sb. (F.— L.) M. E. r^/r(?/^.
i-e-, back tenere, to hold ; see Tenable.
; O. F. retrete, later 7'etraite, a retreat, fem.
Der. retent-ion (from the pp.). of 7'etret, pp. of 7'et7'aire, to withdraw. — L.
Retaliate, to repay. (L.) From pp. I'etrahere, to draw back (above).
of L. retdlidre, to requite allied to tdlio, ; Retrench. (F.-L. ?) ^L F. ;r/r^«-
retaliation in kind, as in lex tdlionis, the cher, 'to curtail, diminish Cot. L. 7-e-, ;
' —
law of retaliation. — L. tali-, deal, stem of back; and O. F. trencher, to cut; see
talis, such, of such a kind. Cf. Gk. Tr]- Trench.
Xlko?, of such an age. From the Idg. base Retribution. (F-_-L.) \l.Y.retri-
td-, allied to Gk. to, E. t/ia-t. See That. butio7t.'-l^. z.Q,z. 7-etributionc7)i, requital.—
Retard, to delay. (F. - L.) F. retarder, L. 7'etributus, pp. of retribue7'e, to pay
to hinder. — L. retarddre, to delay. — L. re-, back. — L. re-, back ; tribuere, to pay see ;
again tarddre, to make slow, from tardus,

; Tribute.
slow. See Tardy. Retrieve, to recover. (F. — L. atid
Retch, Reach, to try to vomit. (E.) Gk.) Formerly retreve.'-O.Y . 7-etreuve,
A. S. hnecan, to clear the throat, hawk, 3rd pers. sing, indie, of retrover, later
spit. — A. S. hrdca, spittle; cf. hracgebrcec retrouver, to find again. —L. ;-(?-, again;
hoarseness. 4" Icel. hrcekja, to spit from ; O. F. t7vver, to find see Trover. ;
hrdki, spittle. Prob. of imitative origin. Retro-, backwards. (L.) L. retro,

Retention. (F. L.) yi.Y. retention. — backwards a case of a comparative form
;
'
retention Cot. — L. ace. retentionejii, a
;
' from re- or red-, back. The suffix -tro
holding back. — L. retent-ns, held back, {-trd), in ci-t7'd, ci-trd, answers to Goth.
pp. of retinere see Retain. ; -p)-o in pa-J))'d, thence; see Brugm. ii. § 75.
Reticent, silent. (L.) From stem of See Rear (2).
pres. pt. of L. reticere, to be very silent. — Retrocession. (F.-L.) F. r^t7-o-
L. re-, back, very; and tacei'e, to be silent. cessio7i. — Late L. 7'etrocessionem, ace. of
See Tacit. ret7'ocessio, a going back. — L. retrocess-us
Reticule. (F.-L.) F. riticule, a net pp. of ret7-dcedere, to go further back. — L.
for the hair, reticuhun,
a reticule. — L. 7-etrd, backwards cedere, to go ; see Cede.
;
a little net ; Retrograde, going backward.^ (F. -

double dimin. of
a net. I'ete,
% Formerly also ridicule (both in Y. and L.) O. F. reti'ograde. — L. 7'etrogradus,

E.), by confusion with Ridicule (Littre). retrograde (used of a planet). — L. retro-
Cf. prov. F. rMictile, a reticule, dial, of gradi, to go backwards. — L. ret7'd, back-
Verdun (Fertiault). wards ;
g7-adi, to go ; see Grade.
retina, the innermost coating of the retrogression. (L.) Coined from
eye. (L.) Neo-Lat. 7'etina so called ; pp. of L. retro-gradi (above).
because resembling network. Coined from Retrospect. (L.) From L. retro-
7-eti-, for rete, a net. spectus,(unused) pp. of 7'etrospicere, to
Retinue. (F. — L.) M.E. 7-ete7zt{e.— look back. — L. ret7-d, back; spece>-e, to
O. F. 7-ete7iue, a body of retainers ; fem. of look.
446
'
.;
RETURN RHAPSODY
Return, vb. (F. — L.) F. retoumer revert. (F. — L.) M. F. revertir, to *
(Cot.). — F. re- ( = L. r^-), back; tourner, revert, returne;' Cot. — E. retiertere

to turn see Ttirn.
;
(above\
Reveal. (F. - L.) M. F. reveler, to '
Review. (F. -L.) From Re- and
reveale ' Cot. ;
—
L. reiieldre., to draw back View.
a veil. —
L. re-, back; ueha/i,\t\\ see Veil. ; Revile. ^F. - L.) M. i:. reuilen - '
Reveille, an alarum at break of day. revilcn); A. F. reviler (Gower — F. r^-, .
(F. -L.) [Cf. F. r^veil, a reveille, M. F. again and F. vil (L. tiilis), cheap ; .=ee
;
*a hnnt's-iip, or inorning-soni,^ for

resvcil, Vile. Lit. 'to cheapen.'
a new married wife, the day after the mar- Revise. (F.-L.) O.Y.reviser."!..
riage Cot.]
; ' The E. reveille \N2LS a tri- reuisere, to look back upon, revisit. — L.
syllable, and represented F. reveillez, wake re-, again ; to survey, from tusiis,
Jiisere^
ye, impel, plural of riveiller, to awaken pp. ot nidere, to see see Vision.
;
O. F. resveiller. — O. F. r<?- (L. re-, again) ; Revisit. (F.-L.) From Re- and
and esveiller, to awaken, from L. ex, out, Visit.
and xiigildre, to watch (from uigil, awake). Revive. (F. — L.) F. revivre.^-l^. re-
See Vigil. ^
The E. word is also spelt nmere, to live again, revive. — L. ;y-,
reveillez Brand, Pop. Antiq., ed. Ellis, ii.
;
again ; inuere, to live Vivid.
; see
1 76. The F. reveillez is used as a sb. (in Revoke. (F.-L.) O.Y.j-evocqueriY.
the E. sense) in the dialect of Forez, near rdvoqitcr). — L. retiocdre, to recall. — L. re-,
Lyons (Graz). back ; see Vocal.
iiocdre, to call ;
Revel, a noisy feast. (F. -L.) M. E. Revolt, a rebellion. (F. — Ital.- L.)
reuel {revel), sb. — O. F. revel, pride, re- M. F. revolte, ' a revolt ' Cot. — W. Ital. ;
bellion, sport, jest, disturbance, disorder revolta (Ital. rivolta), a revolt; fern, of
(Roquefort). — O. F. reveler, to rebel, hence, revolto, turned, overthrown, pp. of rwol-
to riot. — L. rebelldrs, to rebel see Eebel. ; vere, to turn, roll back, overturn. — L. re-
Der. revell-er ; whence rcvel-r-y. icoluere, to roll back (below).
Revenge. (F. L.) 0.¥. revengier, — revolve. (L.) L. retwlnere, to turn

also revencher, to avenge oneself (F. re- again, revolve. — L. r^-, again; uoluere, to
va9icher).~'¥. re- ( = L. re-), again O. F. ; turn ; see Voluble. Der. revolut-ion. from
vengier, venger, from L. uindicdre, to pp. reuohlius.
vindicate see Vindicate.
; Revulsion. (F. L.) M.F. revulsion, —
Revenue, income. (F. L.) M. F. re- — 'a plucking away; also the drawing of
;
venu, m., and revenue, f. revenue, rent * humours from one part of the body into
Cot. From revenu, pp. of revenir, to another;' Cot. — L. reiiulsiojtem, ace. of
come back. — F. re-, back ; venir, to come. reiiulsio, a plucking back. — L. retaclsus,
— L. re-, back Jientre, to come see ; ; pp. of reiiellere, to pull back. — L. re-,
Venture. back uellere, to pull, pluck.
; Cf. Con-
Reverberate. pp. of L. (L.) From vulse.

7'eiierberdre, to beat back (hence, to re- Reward, vb. (F.-L. ^«^0. H. G.)
echo).—!.. ;-^-, back; tterberdre^ to beat, A. F. rezvarder; O. F. regarder, to look
from tierber, a scourge. back upon, regard (with favour) see ;
Revere. (F. — L.) reverer {¥ W.Y . Regard. Doublet, regard.

rev&er), to reverence. — L. reuereri, to Reynard, Renard, a fox. (F.-
revere, stand in awe of. — L. re-, again; Teut. ) O. F. renard, regnard ( F. renard).
tiererJ, to fear, feel awe, allied to E. — Low G. (M. Flemish) Reinaert, the
Wary. Der. reverence, O. F. reverence, name given to the fox in the celebrated
L. reuerentia also rever-end. ;
M. Flemish epic so called. Cognate with
Reverie, Revery. (F. L.) F. - O. H. G. Reginhart, lit. 'strong in coun-
7-everie, a raving, a vain fancy, a revery. — sel from O. H. G. regin-, ragin-, an-
; '
F. rever, formerly resver, raver, to rave. swering to Goth, ra^'w, judgment, counsel,
See Bave. and hart (E. hard), strong.
Reverse. (F. — L.) M. E. reuers Rhapsody. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.m/-
{revers).-'0.¥. revers.'^L,. reuersns, lit. sodie, Cot. — L. rha/sodia. — Gk. paifwdia,
turned backwards pp. oireuertere, to turn ;
the reciting of epic poetry, part of an epic
backward. — L, re-, back ueriere, to turn ; ;
poem, a rhapsody, tirade. — Gk. âiô^So?,
see Verse. one who strings (lit. stitches) songs to-
447
RHETORIC RICKETS
gether, a reciter of epic poetry. — Gk. pad/-, Perhaps allied to G. rebe, a tendril ; from
stem of fat. of pa-miiv, to stitch together, the idea of clasping (Kluge).
fasten together whij, an ode ;see Ode. ; Ribald. (F. -Teut.) yi.Y.. ribald,
Rhetoric. (F. - L. Gk.) O. F. rhe- - ribatid. — O. F. ribald (F. riband). — LowL.
toriqiie Cot. — L. rhetorica, i. e. rhetorica
; 7-ibaldiis, a ruffian ; cf. Low L. j-ibalda, a
arsj the art of rhetoric fern, of r/ieforicus,
; Of Teut. origin. - O. H. G. prostitute.
adj. — Gk. /JT/Topttfo?, M. H. G. rJbe, a prostitute cf. O. F.
rhetorical ; adj. from hrlpa, ;
prjTojp, an orator, speaker. For fpij-Tcxjp. riber, to be wanton. The suffix -aid
related by gradation to ('ipeiv, to speak is due to O. H. G. wait, power. Cf.
(for */^6/)-jj/etv). Allied to Verb. Korting, § 4019.
Itheuin. ( F. — L. — Gk. ) M.F. rhenme. Riband, Ribbon. (F.) \\. E. liban,
— L. rkeuuia.^GX^. ^cC/xa (stem pevp-ar-), reban. [Also Irish i-ibin, a ribbon Gael. ;
a flow, flux, rheum. — Gk. p€v-aopai, fut. of ribean, a ribbon, fillet; from E.] — O. F.
pieiv, to flow; (for *<t ps f -dv). -^Skt sru, 7-iban (F. ruban), a ribbon (Littre) Gas- ;
to flow. Allied to Stream. (VSREU.) con and Languedoc ribaii Norman dial. ;
Der. rhetimat-ic. riban. Low L. rubdnus (a. D. 1367).

I&llinoceros. (L. — Gk.) 'L.rhTnoceivs. Origin unknown cf. Dan. vride-baatid, a ;
— Gk. piv6K(poj<5,\\L nose-horned.' — Gk. twisted band.

'
pivo-, for pis, nose; Kepas, a horn, allied Rice. ( F. - Ital. - L. - Gk. - O. Pers.)
to Horn. O. F. ris, rice; F. W2;. — Ital. riso.-^L.
Hhizome, a rootlike stem. (F. — Gk.) oryza. — Gk. opvâ, opvôv, rice, grain. From
F. rAizo//ie. — Gk. pi^cvpa, root. — Gk. an O. Pers. form, preserved in the Pushto
pLCovf, to cause to take root. — Gk. piâ, (Afghan) wrijzey, wrijey., rice ivrijzdh, ;
root. See Root. a grain of rice (Raverty). Hence also

Rhododendron. (L -Gk.) L.r/iodo- Arab, tiriizz, ruzz, whence Span, arroz,
dendron. "Gk. poSodevdpov, the rose-bay, rice. Allied forms are Pers. birinj, Armen.
oleander. — Gk. poSo-, for p65ov, rose; brinj, rice Skt. vrihi-, rice. (Horn, § 208; ;
Sevdfjoi', tree. Gk. p68ov is of Armenian Yule.)

origin ; see Rose. Rich. (E.) M. E. I'lchc — K.^. rice,
Rhodomontade ; see Rodomon- powerful, rich. [We also find O.F. riche,
tade. from O. Sax. 7-iki, allied to O. H. G. rihhi,
Rhomb, Rhombus. (L.-Gk.) L. M. H. G. 7'iche (G. reich), powerful. ] +
rhombus (F. rhombe)." Gk. popôs, a thing Du. rijk, Icel. rikr, Swed. rik, Dan. ng^
twirled round, whirling spindle, a thing in Goth, reiks. Teut, type *rTkiz, powerful,
the shape of a whirling spindle, a four- from the base rik- as seen in Goth, reiks,
sided figure with equal sides but unequal a ruler cognate with the Celtic base rig-,
;
angles. — Gk. ê/ijSeti', to revolve. Allied as in Gaulish rix, a king (cf. O. Irish ri,
to "Wrinkle (Prellwitz). See also gen. 7-ig, a king, W. rhi, a chief) unless ;
Rumb. the Teut. base rJk- is merely borrowed

Rhubarb. (F. -Late L.-Gk.) O. F. from the Celtic rig-. Cf. L. i-ex, gen. reg-is,
reiibarbe; F. rhubaybe.''\jdXt L. rheti- a king. All from VREG, to rule (L. reg-
barbartim (= rheum barbanun\ — Gk. ere). See Regent. Brugm. i. §§ 135,549 c.
pr]ov /3ap)3a/)oj' , rhubarb ; lit. '
Rheum from riches. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E. richesse,
the barbarian country.' Gk. prjov is an a sing. sb. the pi. being richesses. — Y.
;
adj. from p\, the rha-plant, rhubarb, which richesse, wealth. - O. H. G. j-Thhi, M. H. G.
was also called Rhd Poniiaim. Rhd rlche (G. reich), rich (above). The suffix
took its name from the river Rha, i. e. the is F. -esse, L. -itia.
Volga. And see Barbarous. Rick. (E.) Rick hirora K.S. hrycce,
Rhumb ; see Rumb. as in corn-hrycce, corn-rick. also find We
Rhyme; see Rime (0. M. E. reek, A.S. hreac. a heap, a rick.+
Rhythm. (F. -L.-Gk.) yi.Y.rithme, Icel. hraukr, a rick Du. rook.; Cf. O.
Cot. — h.rhylhj/ius. — Gk. pvOpos. measured Irish c7-nach. a rick and see Ruck (2).
;
motion, time, measure. — Gk. penv, to flow. Rickets, a disease of children, ac-
See Rheum. companied by softness of the bones and
Rib. (E.) M. E. rtbbe. A.S. r/bb.'\- great weakness, (E.) A
prov. E. word
Du. r/b, Ice], rif, Swed. ref-been (rib-bone), first noticed about A. D. 1620 ; whence the
Dan. rib-been G. rippe\ Russ. rebro.
\ medical term rachitis was coined about
448
;
RICOCHET RIG
1650, with allusion to Gk. âx'?, tlie spine. (^North-riding = Aôrth-thriding). — Icel.
Cf. prov. E. rickety^ i.e. tottery, weak, PriSjtingr, the third part of a thing, third
unstable. Formed from M. E. luj'ikken, part of a shire. — Icel./rzdz, third cognate ;
to twist, wrest, still in use in the phrase with A. S. pridda, Third,

third. See
*
to wrick one's ankle,' Allied to A.S. Three. So also Norw. tridjung, a third
7vriftgan, twist see Wring
to and ; part.
Wry. Du. wrikken, Svved. ricka,
Cf. Rife. (Scand.) M. K. r//, late A.S.
to be rickety Swed. rickug, rickety.
;
;-//", — Icel. rifr, munificent, abundant; M.
Biicochetjtherebound of a cannon-ball. Swed. rif, rife; Norw. riv.-\-'^\. Du. rijf,
(F.)F. ricochet, the sport of skimming a abundant
'
; Low G. rive, abundant, munifi-
thinne stone on the water, called a Duck cent, extravagant. Cf. Icel. reifr, glad
and a Drake Cot. Origin unknown.
;
' reifa, to bestow.
Rid (i), to free. (E.) M. E. riddeii, Riff-raff, refuse. (F.-Teut.) M.E. 77/
7-eddeu. A. S. hreddan, to snatch away, and raf, things of small value, hence every
deliver. +
O. Fries. Jiredda, Du. redden, bit. —
M. F. rif et raf, every bit also ;
Dan. redde, Swed. rddda; G. retten. Teut. 1-ifIe et rafle. '

II ne luy lairra rif ny raf,
type *hradja7z-. Cf. Skt. crath, to untie. lie will strip him of all ;' Cot. Here rif
Rid (2), to clear, esp. land. (Scand.) or rifle is a thing of small value, from
Prov. E. rid. M. E. ruden (pp. rid).— rifler, to rifle, ransack and rafle is from;
Icel. rydja (orig. hrytija\ to clear, clear M. F. raffler, to rifle, ravage. Both are
out; Dan. rydde, to clear, grub up land. words of Teut. origin, drawn together by
Teut. type Virudjan-^ from *-hrtid-, weak their sound, though of different origin. F.
grade of ^hrenthan- (Icel. hrjoda), to rifler is from Icel. hrlfa (see Rifle (i)) ;
strip. ^
Coni'used with rz^(i). M. F. raffler is from G. raffeti, to seize.
Riddle (I ), an enigma. (E.) Properly Rifle ( I ) to spoil, plunder. ( F. Teut.)
) —
riddles and the pi. should be riddles-es.
;
M. F, rifler, 'to rifle, spoile ;' Cot. Norm,
M. E. redels.-'K. S. radels, radelse, a dial, rifler (Dumeril). Formed, with
riddle, ambiguity, something requiring frequentative -/-, from Icel. hrtfa, rifa,
explanation. — A. S. rckdan, to discern, ex- to catch, grapple, grasp ; allied to Icel.
plain see Read.+Du. raadsel, for *raad-
;
hrifsa, plunder.
is-lo-, the A. S. -els being for -isl; G. Rifle (2), a kind of musket. (F.—
rdthsel, a riddle. ^ We
still say to read Teut.) Short for rifled gun, from the verb
a riddle, i. e. to explain it. rifle, to groove. — O. F. rifler, to scratch,
Riddle (2), a large sieve. (E.) M. E. graze (Godefroy). — Low G. rifeln, to
ridil. A vS. hridder, a vessel for winnowing
. furrow, chamfer; E. Fries, riffeln (the
com older form hrlder (Sweet) the
; ; same), riffel, a groove; Dan. rifle, to rifle,
suffixed -er and -z7 {-le) being equivalent. groove, rifle, a groove Swed. refla, to ;
4-0. H. G. ritera Irish creathair, Gael.

;
rifle. So also G. riefe, a furrow; riefefi,
criathar L. cribrum.
;
Lit. sense sepa- '
riefeln, to rifle (from Low G.). All allied
rater.' All from Idg. root '^krei, to to Rival, and to Rive.
separate cf. Gk. Kpl-veiv.
; See Critic. rift. (Scand.) Dan. and Norw. rift,
Ride. (E.) M. E. ridetj, pt. t. rood, pp. rift, rent. — Norw.

riva, Dan. rive, to tear.
riden. A. S. ridan, pt. t. rdd, pp. ride?z. Cf. Icel. ript, a breach of contract. See
+Du, rijden, Icel, rl6a, Dan. 77^.?, Swed. Rive.
rida ; G. reiten. Also O. Irish riad-aim, Rig (i), to fit up a ship. (Scand.) Spelt
I drive, ride. (VÊIDH.) Brugm. i. rygge in Palsgrave. -Norw. rigga, to bind
§ 210. Der. road, read-y. up, wrap round, also to rig a ship i-igg, ;
Ridge. yi.Y..rigge,rugge. A.S.

(E.) sb., rigging. Cf. Swed. dial, rigga pa, U
hrycg, the back of a man or beast. +Du. harness a horse. Also Westphal. riggen,
rug, back, ridge, Dan. ryg, Swed. rygg, Du. rijgen, G. reihen, to stitch together,
Icel. hryggr; G. riicken, O. H. G. hrucki. put in a row cf. E. Fries, rige,
orig. to ;
Cf. O.Irish croccenn, (1) hide, (2) the back. risê, See Row (i).
a row.
Ridiculous. (L.) 'L.ridicul-t/s,]a.ugh- JElig (2), a frolic, prank. (E.?) We also
able ;with suffix -ous. — L. ridere, to find rig, to be wanton riggish, wanton, ;
laugh. pôr %vrig, and allied to wriggle see ;
Riding, one of the three divisions of the Wriggle. Cf. Norw. rigga, to rock E. ;
county of York. (Scand.) Yox thridiug Fries, wriggen, to wriggle Du. wrikken, ;
449
; ;
RIG RIP
to stir to and fro^ icriggelen, to wriggle which a different word from M. H. G.
is
and see Rickets. rim, O. H. G. rim (A. S. rfw), in the

Rig (3% a ridge. (E.) M.E. rig, sense of 'number.' From F. i-iine came
Northern form of rigge, rugge, a ridge. also Ital. Span. Port, rima; also Du.
See Ridge. 7'ijm, Icel. ri7>ia, G. rei7}i.
Right. (E.) M. E. right . A. S. riht, Rime (2), hoarfrost. (F.) For hrime.
ryJit; O. Merc. reht.-if-V)yx. regt, recht, A. S. hrijn, hoarfrost. Du. + riji>i, Icel.
Icel. rettr (for *rehtr), Dan. 7'et, Swed. hrlm, Dan. riim^ Swed. ri7n. Allied to
rat, G. recht, O. H. G. reht, Goth, raihts. Du. 7-ijp, G. reif, hoar-frost.
Teut. type '^rehtoz ; Idg. type ^rektos^ as Rim.er, a tool for enlarging holes in
in L. rectus. Cf. W. rhaith, sb., right, metal. (E.) From A. S. ry77ia7i, to en-
O. Ir. recht; Pers. rdst. See Regent. — A. S. 7'U7n, wide.
large. See Room.
^VRKG.) Rimple, to ripple, as the surface of
righteous. (E.) Corruption of M.E. water. (E.) To ri7nple is to shew
rightzvis ; A. S. rihtwis, i. e. wise as to wrinkles. — A. S. hry77ipel, a wrinkle. —
v/hat is right. — A. S. 7'iht, right; zvis, A. S. hi-u77ip-, riwip-, weak grade of
wise. hri77ipa7i or ri7Jipa7i, to wrinkle. Du. +
Rigid. (L.) 'L.rigiihis,s\.\^.~''L.rigere, rimpel, a wrinkle, ri77ipelc7i, to wrinkle
to be stiff. Brngm.
i. § 875. O. H. G. hri77ifa7i, M. H. G. 7-i77ipfen (cf.
Rigmarole. (Scand. and F. — L.) G. 7'ii77ipfeii) to crook bend, wrinkle. (See
; , ,
Well i<;nown to be a corruption of ragmaji- Franck.j See Rumple.

roll, orig. a deed with many signatures, a Rind. (E.) M. E. rind, ri7ide. A. S.
long list of names hence, a long stupid rinde, bark of a tree, crust (of bread).
;
+
story. Lit. ' coward's roll.' — Icel. ragmcniii, M. Du. and G. rijide, bark. Allied to
a coward, from ragr, a coward, and madr Rim.
{ = jnaiiiir), a man; with the addition of (i), a circle. (E.) Ring
M. E. ring.
roll, for which see Roll. The Icel. ragr A. S. h7'ing.-\-'Dvi. ri7ig. Low G. ri7ig, riyik^
seems to be allied to Icel. argr, a coward, Icel. hringr, Swed. Dan. G. ring, O. H. G.
A. S. eafg. hri7tc. Teut. type '^hre7tgoz Idg. type ;
Rigol, a circlet. (Ital.-O. H. G.) In *kre7ighos also *kro72ghos, as in O. Bulg. ;
Shak.-Ital. rigolo, a little wheel (Tor- krq,gii, Russ. krtigie), a circle. See Rank
riano) cf. riga, a line, a stripe. — O. H.G.
; and Harangue.
riga, riga, a line, the circumference of a (2), to sound a bell. (E.) Ring
M.E.
circle (G. reihe). See (i). Row
ringen. A. S. hringan, to clash, ring a ;
Rile ; see Roil. weak verb, as in Scand. ; but English has

Rill, a streamlet. (Low G.) Cf. Low G. pt. t. rang, by analogy with satig from
rifle, E. Eriesic and Dan. dial, rille, a sing. Icel. hringja, Dan. ri7ige, Swed. +
streamlet. Apparently for * rithele cf. 7'itiga. Cf. Icel. //r<z«!^, a din
; 'L. cla7ige7'e, ;
A. S. riQe, a stream Low G. ride, a to clang.

;
stream G. -reide (in place-names). See

; Rink, a course for the game of curling,
Phil. Soc. Trans. 188S, p. 166. «[ Norm, &c. (E.) peculiar form of ritig, in the A
dial, risk, rille, the name of a river, sense oi prize-i-ing, &c. Cf. Low G. 7-ink,
written Ridula, Risila, Risla in old a ring.
tharters (Robin, p. 432). Rinse. (F.) M. F. ri7iser, ' to reinse
Rim. (E.) M. E. ri7n. A. S. rinia, a linnen clothes Cot. F. rincer from ;
' ;
verge, edge cf. W. I'hiin, rhimp, rhimyn,

; O. F. rdincer (Littre). Cf. O. F. reiytcier^
a rim, edge. +
Icel. 7'imi, a strip of land. to rinse (Godefroy). Of unknown origin.
Perhaps allied to G. rand, a rim, and to Riot. (F. - O. H. G. ?) O. F. rioie, a
Rind (Kluge). Brugm. i. § 421. brawling. The same as Prov. 7'iota, Ital.
Rim.e (i), verse, poetry, &c. (F. — L. 7-ioita, dispute, strife. Of unknown origin ;
— Gk.) Usually spelt rhyjtie, by confusion see Korting.
with rhythm, but not before A. D. 1550. Rip. (Scand.; or F. — Scand.) M.E.
M, E. rime. — F. rime, rime, or meeter
'
ripeti, to grope, search into

'
;7ypeiz vp, to ;
'
Cot. Cf. M. F. rithme, rime, or meeter seek out (cf. E. 7-ip tip). Cf. O. F. 7'iper,
'
;
id. Prob. from L. rhythmus, rhythm to scratch (Godefroy). — Norweg. rzâ, to

;
of Gk. origin ; see Rhythm. ^

Hence scratch, Swed. dial. 7'ipa, to scratch, pluck
also M. H.G. rim, in the sense of * verse,' asunder (like E. rip ope7i) ; Dan. oprippe,
450
; —
.
RIPE ROAD
*o rip up Swed. rcpa upp, to rip up, repa.,
; Rite. (L.) L. rilus, a custom. Skt. +
to scratch. Allied to Du. repel, G. riffel, rid-, a going, way, usage; fiom rl, to go,
a flax-comb; see Bipple (i). The Taut. flow. Cf Ijrugm. ii. § 498. Der. 7~itu-al,
base takes a double form ; see Reap ; of. from L. ritn-, deck stem oiriins.
Ripe ;^ below) and Rope. Rival. (F. - L.) F. rival.
rJudlis, - L.
Ripe. (E.) M. E. ripe. A. S. ripe, fit sb., one who uses the same brook as another,
for reaping ; of. rip, harvest. — A. S. rlpan, a near neighbour, a rival. — L. riutis, a
to reap. + Du. rijp, G. reif, ripe. See stream. Cf Skt. rJ, to go, flow.
Rip, Reap, Rive, to tear. (Scand.) M. E. riuen
Ripple (i\ to pluck the seeds from {ti = v).-''[ct\. rifa, pt, t. reif, \^^. ri/inn
flax-stalks. E. ripplen, ripelen,
(E.) M. (>-E. riven", to rive; Dan. i-ive, Swed.
to ripple from the sb. ripple, a llax-comb
; rifva. Cf Gk. kpuvnv, to dash down;
(Jamieson). Formed, with suffix -le, of L. rfpa, a bank (shore). See Reef.
the agent, from the weak grade, ^rip-, of Rivel, to wrinkle. (E.) M.E. riiielen
A. S. ripan, to reap, cut see Reap. Cf. ; {21 = v). A. wrinkled (Eng.
S. ri/eled,
Swed. repa, to ripple flax, orig. to scratch, Stud, xi, 66) cf ge-rijlian, to wrinkle a
; ;
rip; see Rip (above). Du. repelen, to + frequent, form from the weak grade of
ripple, from repel, a ripple, from M, Du, Teut. *reifan-, as seen in Icel. rifa, to
repen, to beat flax G. riffeln, to ripple, ;
rive; see Rive f above). Ci. K.'^.gej'ifod,
from riffel, a ripple. wrinkled; JEM. Horn. i. 614.
Ripple (2), to cause or shew wrinkles River. (F. — L.) M. E. riuer {u = v).
on the surface, said of water. (Scand.) A — A. F. rivere, O. F. riviere. (F. rivih'e.)
late word ; the same as Ripple (3) below. The same as Span, ribera, a shore, strand,
The older word was Riraple, q. v. sea-coast, Ital. rivicra, shore, bank, also
Ripple (3), to graze slightly, (Scand.) a river; Late L. ripdria, (i) shore, bank,
* Ripple, rescindere ;' Levins
(1570). Fre- (2) river, -"^ Late L. ripdrius, belonging
quentative of Rip (above). to a shore. —L, ripa, shore, bank. Allied
Rise. (E.) '^.Y.. risen. K.^. risan, to Rive,
pt. t. rds, pp. risen. '\-Y)yx. rijzen, orig. to Rivet. (F. — Scand.) F. rivet, * the
move, also in M. Du. to fall (contrary to welt of a shoe,' Cot. also a rivet (Littre).
;
the E. sense) ; Icel. risa O. H. G. risan, ;

— F. 7-iver, to rivet, clench, fasten back.
to move up or
to rise, to fall down,
Goth. ; Icel. rifa, to tack, sew loosely together ;
ur-reisan, to arise. Teut. type *reis-an-, rifa sai7ian, to stitch together. Cf. Shet-
to slip away. Der. raise, rear, vb. land riv, to sew coarsely, Aberdeen riv,
Risible. (F. L.) F. risible. L. risi- - - to rivet.
bilis, laughable. — L, risus, pp. of ridere, Rivulet. (L.) Dimin.fiom L.m«//?^j-,
to laugh. See Ridiculous. a small stream dimin. oi7'itnts, a stream;
;
Risk. _(F. - Ital. - L.) F. risque, peril lit, flowing.' Cf Ital. 7-ivoletto (Torriano'
'
Cot. Orig. a maritime word. — Ital. risco, See Rival.

peril Florio the same word (probably)
; ; Rix-dollar, a coin, (Du.-G.) Du,
as Span, risco, a steep abrupt rock whence ; rijks-daalder, a rix-dollar, — G. reichs-
the sense of peril,' as shewn by Span, ar-
' ihaler, a dollar of the empire, — G. 7'eic/iS,
riesgar, O. Span, arriscar, to venture into gen. case of 7-eich, empire, allied to G.
danger (lit. to go against a rock). The 7-eich, rich and thaler, a dollar; see Rich
;
orig. sense of risco is cut off, sheer, like a and Dollar.

sharp rock. — L. resecdre, to cut back, cut Roach, a fish. (F.— Teut.) M.'E.7'ocJie.
off short (curiously verified by the use of -O. North, F. and Walloon 7-oche, O, F.
the Como word resega, a saw, also risk ;
roce {7'osse inCot,\ — M. Du, 7'och, a skate ;
Diaz) and cf Port, risco, (i) rock, (2)

; cf Dan, 7-okke, Swed. rocka, a ray Low ;
danger. — L. re-, back secdre, to cut see ; ; G. 7-Hclie, w^hence G. 7-oc/ie, a roach, ray.
Section. ("See further in Diaz and Kort- Origin unknown. There is a remarkable
ing.''' confusion between roach, skate, ray, and
Rissole, a minced-meat fritter. (F. — thornback. Cf A. S. reohhe, a fish.
L.) F, rissole O. F. roissole, roiissole.'^
; Road. (E.) M. E. rood, rode (both for
Late L. type *7'usseola from L. russens, ; ships and horses), — A. S. rdd, a road, also
reddish, or rather brownish; from the a raid. — A. S. rdd, 2nd stem of rido7i, to
colour. —L, russus, red. See Russet. ride. See Ride, Doublet, raid.
451
+ '
;
ROAM RODOMONTADE
JELoSilH. L.) M. E. rouieji.
(P- — O. H. G. Ruodperht (G. Rziprecht, 1. e.
Coined from O. F. romier, a pilgrim to Rupert). Lit. fame- bright,' illustrious
*
Rome cf. O. F. routed, a pilgrim, romeree,

; in fame.— O.H.G. mod-, allied to Icel.
a pilgrimage Span, romero, a pilgrim
;
;
hrodr, fame; O. H. G. /i?;'/// = E. bright.
M. E. Ronie-yennere, a runner to Rome, See Hobgoblin.
pilgrim also Late L. rojiieus, Ital. Romeo,
; Robust. (F.-L.) ¥. robuste. ^l..
one who goes to Rome, a pilgrim. All robnstns, strong. — O. L. robns (L. 7-obnr),
from L. Roma, Rome. strength orig. a tough tree, oak.
;
Roan. (F.) "M.Y.roiien; 'cheval rouen, Roc, a huge bird. .F. Pers.) F. rock —
a roane horse Cot. Mod. F. roiian,
;
' (LittreJ. — Pers. name of a huge
rukh, the
Span, roano^ Ital. rovano, roano (F'lorio). bird also a hero.
;
Origin unknown. •[ Sometimes derived Rocbet, a fine white linen robe, like a
from the town of Rouen, with which surplice, worn by bishops. (F. — M. H. G.)
;
Ital. rovano can have nothing to do. F. 7'ochet, a frock a prelate's rochet
'
;
Hoan tree, Ro-wan-tree, the moun- Cot. — M. H. G. roc (G. rock), a frock, coat.
tain ash. (Scand.) Spelt roitn-tree, roan- 4-L)u. rok, O. Fries, rokk, A. S. rocc, Icel.
tree,roivan-tree in Jamieson. -- Swed. fonn, rokkr, the same ; Teut. type *7-nkkoz.
M. Swed. rami, rdnn, roan-tree; Dan. Rock (i), a large mass of stone. (F.)
ron, Icel. reynir. The Icel. reynir is foi- O. F. 7-oke (13th cent.), also jvque, rocqne\
*reyinir<J^rau^nir, a derivative of raiibr, commonly roche, a rock. The same as
red ;from the colour of the berries (No- Walloon 7'oc, Languedoc 7'oqtw, f., Prov.
reen). See Red. roca. Span.Port, roca, 7-ocha, Ital.
7'oca,
Itoar. (E.) yi.Y..roren. KS.rdrian, 7'occa, 7'occia, a rock. Cf. Low L. rocca
to bellow. +
M. H. G. rcren cf. Lith. ; (Ducange). We
also find Ir. and Gael.
r'ejii, I scold, Brugm. ii. §§ 465, 741. 7-oc (prob. from E.), and Bret. 7-och (prob.
Perhaps of imitative origin. from F.). K\.%o K.'&. stdn-7'occ (nth c).
Roast. (F.-G.?) M.E. rosten.-O. F. Origin unknown.
Cot. (F. 7-oiir. - O.H.G. Rock
(2), to shake, totter. (E.) M.E.
;
rostir, to rest ' ' )
rosten, to roast. — O. H. G. rost, a grate, rokketi. A. S. I'occia/i (^C. Hall) N. Fries. ;
gridiron. -|~Dn. roosten, to roast; rooster, 7'ocke. Dan. rokke, to rock, shake, +
a gridiron. Cf. also Irish rost, roast meat, Swed. dial. 7-nkka, to wag. Allied to
Gael, rost, roist, W. rhostio, from E. Dan. rykke, to pull, ryk, a pull
;
Icel. ;
Bret, rosta, from F. 7ykkr, a hasty pull G. 7'uck, a pull, jolt ;
Rob (i). (F.-O. H. G.) M.E. robhen. Du. 7-uk, a jerk. Teut. types *rukkdjan-,
— O. F. robber, more commonly rober, to ^rukkjaji-, to jolt, jerk (Franck). The
disrobe, spoil, strip off clothing, plunder. base ^rukk- may be related to *7-e7tka7i-,
— F. robe, a robe see Robe. ; to shake, as seen in Swed. dial. 7-i7ika, to
Rob (2), a conserve of fruit. (F. — Span. shake (pt. t. rank, supine 7'U7ikit) Swed. ;
— Arab.) F. rob, 'the juice of black riinka, to shake. See Rietz.

whortleberries preserved;' Cot. — Span. Rock
(.^), a distaff. (Scand.) \z€i. rokkr,
}-ob, thickened juice of fruit with honey. — Swed. 7'ock, Dan. 7-ok, a distaff. +G. 7-ockcn ;
Arab, rubb, a decoction of the juice of Du. 7-0 k, 7-okke7i.

'
citrons and other fruits, inspissated juice, rocket (i), a kind of fire-work. (Ital.
rob ;
Richardson.
' — G.) M.Ital. 7'occhetto, a bobbin towinde '
Robbins, Robins, ropes for fastening silke upon a squib of wilde fier Florio. ;
; '
sails. (E.) Lowl. Sc. ra-bajid, rai-band. So named from its shape, resembling that
E. Fries, rd-batid; where m=yard of a of a bobbin or a distaff. — M, H. G. rocke,
ship. Cf. Icel. r(7, Dan. ?'aa, Swed. ra, G. G. 7-ocke7i, a distaff (above).
rahe, yard; and Band. Rocket
(2), a plant. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.
Robe. >F.-0. II.G.-) F. robe, for- r^^«^//^. — Ital. ruchetta, dimin. of riica,
merly also robbe. - M. H. G. roiib, O. H. G. garden -rocket. — L. eruca, a sort of cole-
raup (G. raiib\, booty, spoil hence, a wort whence also G. 7'anke, rocket.
; :
garment taken from the slain, clothing. Rod, a wand, (li.) See Rood.
A. S. reaf, Icel. ran/, sb. ; see under Reave. Rodent, gnawing. (L.) From ro-
Der. dis-robe. dettt-,steTn of pres. part, of rddere, to gnaw.
Robin. (F. -O.H.G.) F. Robin, Allied to Rase.
proper name; pet name for Robert. — Rodomontade, vain boasting. (F. -
452
; ;
;
ROE ROOT
Ital.) F. rodomontade. — Ital. rodovwntata, Rondeau. TF. — L.> F. rondeau, a
a boast. Due to the boastful character of kind of poem, O. F. rondel; see Roundel.
Ixodomonie, in the Orlando Furioso of Rood, the cross; a measure of land. (E.)
Ariosto, b. xiv. The same word as rod, which is shoitened
Roe (0> ^ female deer. (E.) M. E. ro. from M. E. rood (also rod^, a rood, a rod.
A. S. rd, early form i'dha.-\-\cQ\. rd, Dan. Both rood and rod are used as measures,
raa, Swed. ra, Du. I'ce, G. reh. Der, roe- though the former is restricted to square
buck. measure, and the latter to linear both ;
Roe (2), spawn. (Scand.) For roan; senses are due to the use of a rod for
the final n was dropped, being mistaken measurement. A. S. rod, a gallows, cross,
for the pi. suffix, as in shoon for shoes, properly a rod or pole.-+0. Fries, i-dde,
eyne for eyes. M. E. rowne. — Icel. hrog)i, gallows O. Sax. roda, cross, gallows Du.
; ;
+
Dan. rogn, Swed. rom, roe. G. rogeti, roe roede^ rod, perch, wand; G. rut he, a rod
(whence F. rogue, roe). of land O. H. G. ruota, a rod, pole.
;
Rogation. (F. — L.) F. rogation. ^'L. Teut. type *rddd, fern., a rod, pole. The %
ace. rogdtionan, a supplication. — L. rogd- short m
;Wis due to the final d; cf. red,
tus, pp. of rogdre, to ask. head, dead. The A. S. rodd is not older
Rogrue. (F. — C.) F. r^^z/^, arrogant, than the 11th cent. Cf. Ratlines.
'
proud, presumptuous, rude, surly;' Cot. Roof. (E.) U.Y. rdf. A.S. hrd/.-\-
Cf. E. rogit'ish, saucy. The orig. sense Du. roef, a cabin, Icel. hrdf, a shed. Cf.
was a surly fellow hence a vagabond.— also Ir. ero, a hovel ^^ craw, a pig-sty
; ; .
;
Bret. 7-ok, rag, airogant, proud. Or from Bret, croti, a stable. Teut. type *^hrdfo-\
Low G. rook, a rook, a thief. (Doubtful Idg. type "^krdpo-.
see Scheler.) Rook
(i), a kind of crow. (E.) M. E.
Roil, Rile, to vex. (F. ?) The old rook. A. S. >^;w.+Icel. hrokr, Dan. raage,
word roil meant (i) to disturb, (2) to vex. Swed. roka, M. H. G. ruoch, O. II.G.
See Davies, Supp. Gloss. Of doubtful hruoh, a jackdaw. Teut. type *hrdkoz,
origin ;
prob. French. Cf. O. F. roeillier, masc. cf. Gk. KpccC^tiv I'for *Kpw'^-y(iiv), to
;
roillier, to roll, to give one a beating; caw. Of imitative origin ct. Goth. ;
M. F. roniller, to pummel. hrfikjan. to crow.

Roistering, turbulent. (F. - L.) Rook
( 2, a castle, at chess. (F. — Span.
From the sb. roister, a bully, turbulent Pers.) —
M. E. rook. — F. roc. — Span.
fellow. — F. rusti-e, 'a ruffin, royster,sawcie roqtce I'cf. Ital. r^^r^),- Pers. rokh, a rook.
fellow;' Cot. By-form of O. F. i-uste, a Said to have meant 'warrior' (Devic).
rustic, the r being epentlietic; cf. O. F. Room,
space, a chamber. (E.) The old
ruistre, rtiiste, rtiste, adj.. strong, vigorous, meaning is space, place. M. E. roum.
rude, violent (Godefroy). — L. rusticum, A.S.riim; 'nsefdon ri/m'=^ they had no
ace. of rusticus, rustic. See Rustic. room, Luke ii. 7. also find adj. r«w, We
Roll, vb. (F. -
L.) M. E. rollen. - spacious. 4* Du. ruim, adj., spacious,
O. F. roler, F. r<?M/(?r. — Late L. rottddre, rnim, sb., room Icel. rutfir, spacious,
;
to revolve, roll. — L. rotula, a little wheel rum, space Dan. and Swed. 7um, adj. and
;
dimin. of rota, a wheel. See Rotary. sb. ; Goth, rums, adj. and sb., G. raum,
Der. roll, sb., a scroll, O. F. role, L. sb. Teut. type *rfimoz. adj., whence the
rotulns. sb. forms are derived. Allied to L. rus,
Romance. (F. — L.) O. F. romanz, open country see Rural.
;
Der. roomy,
romans, a romance. The form is due to adj., used for M. E. roum, adj.
late L. adv. romdnice, as in the phr. ro- Roost, sb. (E.) M. E. roost, a perch
indnice loquiÔ. F. parler romanz, to for fowls. A.S. hi-ost, the same.+M. Du.
speak Romance, i. e. the vulgar Latin roest, a hen-roost; O. Sax. hrost, the
dialect of every-day life, as distinguished woodwork of a roof. Cf. Lowl. Sc. roost,
from book-Latin. Romdîice, i. e. Roman- the inside of a roof; the orig. roost was on
like, is from L. Komdnns, Roman. — L. the rafters inside a roof. Der. roost, vb.
Roma, Rome. Root (i), lowest part of a plant. (Scand.)
romaunt. (F. — L.) O. F. romant, M. E. rote. ^lce\. rot, Swed. rot, Dan. rod,
oblique case of O. F. romanz, a romance a root. For *wrdt, cognate with L. radix,
see above. Der. romant-ic. and allied to Goth, ivaurts, a root, A.S.
Romp ; see Ramp. wyrt, a wort, a root; the initial iv being
453
;
; ;
ROOT ROULETTE
dropped, as is usual in Icelandic in the and Irish roth, W. rhod,
Lithuan. ratas G. ;
combination wr (later vr). See below. rad, a wheel. Also Skt. ratha-, a chariot,
And see Radix and "Wort. car. All from Idg. root RET, as in
Root (2), Rout, grub up, as
vb., to O. Irish reth-i?n, I run ; Lith. ritt-ti, I roll,
a hog. (E.) A. S. wrotan, to grub up turn round. Brugm. i. § 159. Der. rotate,
(strong vb.) ; whence prov. E. wroiit^ t!ie from pp. of L. rotdre, to turn round.
same. Cf. A. S. wrot, sb., a swine's snout Rote (i), routine, repetition. (F. — L.)
G. rilssel, a snout. -^M. Du. ivroeten, the M. E. bi 7-ote, with repetition, by heart
same Icel. rota, to grub up, Dan. 7-ode,
; lit. in a beaten track. — O.F. rote (F. route),
Low G. wrdteji, O. H. G. ruozzait. a way, a beaten track. See Route.

Rope. (E.) M. E. roop. A. S. rap, a Rote (2), an old musical instrument. (F.
cord, rope.+Da. reep, lct\. reip, Swed. rep, -G.-C.) O.F. rote^ a kind of fiddle;
Dan. reb Goth, skauda-raip, shoe-latchet
; answering to O. H. G. hi'Ota, rota, a rote ;
G. reif, circle, hoop, ring, sometimes a Low L. chrotta. Of Celtic origin. — W,*
rope. All from Teut. base '^raip-, with crzvth, a violin Gael, cruit, a harp ; O.
;
the sense of ' strip,' hence * string.' Per- Irish crot, a harp. (Stokes-Fick, p. 99.)
haps from the 2nd grade of Teut. '^reip- See Crowd (2).
an-, to cut ; see Reap (Franck). And Rother, an ox. (E.) M.E. rtiQer.
cf. Ripe, Rip. Der. j-op-y, stringy, glutin- Late A. S. hrHderti, pi. ; orig. hryQer,
ous ; stir-riip. hrider', and (in comp.) h7'id-. Hi'i8'<,
Roquelaure, a short cloak. (F.) cognate with G. 7-ind. Cf. alsoDu.
//r/;z9'-,
Named after the duke of Roquelaure (ab. 7-u7id. See Kluge and Franck.
1 71 5).— Todd. Rotten, putrid. (Scand.) M. E. 7-oten.
Rose. (L. — Gk. — Armenian A.S. rose. — Icel. 7'oti7i7i, Swed. 7-utte7t, Dan. 7'aade7i,
.)
— L. rosa; borrowed from Gk. pohov, a rotten. The Icel. roti7i7t is the pp. of a
rose (whence a form * p^hio. rosd\ ; > lost strong verb '^7'jdta, to decay, orig. to
iEolic ^pohov (for ^^fpodov). — Armen. soak, wet, allied to A. S. 7'eotan, O. H. G.
zvard, a rose ; whence also Pers. gill. 7'iitza7i, to weep, shed tears cf. Lith. ;
See Julep. Dsr. rhododendron (Gk. bev- raudoti, Skt. rud, to weep. (-y'REUD.)
bpov, a tree). See Rot. Brugm. i. § 594.
Rosemary. (F.-L.) M.E.?wwar/«. Rotundity. (F.— L.) Y.7'oto7tditi.~-
— O. F. rosmarin (Cot.). — L. ros77iarmiis, L. rotunditate77t, ace. of 7'otiinditds, round-
rosmarinum, rosemary, lit. sea-dew; called ness. — L. rotundits, round ; see Round.
maris in Ovid. — L. ?w, dew manmis,
7-ds ; Rouble, Ruble, a Russian coin.
marine. Named from some fancied con- (Russ.) Russ. 7-uble, a rouble, 100 co-
nexion with sea-spray altered to rosemary ; pecks. Perhaps from Pers. 7'iip7ya, a ru-
(as if for rose of Mary). pee (Miklosich). See Rupee.
Rosin ; see Resin. —
Roue. (F. L.) F. ri?«-^, lit. broken
Roster, a military register. (Du.) on the wheel hence a profligate, supposed
;
From Du. I'ooster, a grate, gridiron ; hence, to merit that punishment. Pp. oirouer, to
a list in parallel lines ; lit. ' roaster.' — Du. turn round (L. 7'0td7'e). — F. 7'oue, a wheel.
roosten, to roastsee Roast. ; — L. 7'ota, a wheel. See Rotary.
Rostrum. (L.) L. rostrtim., a beak Rouge, red paint. (F. - L.) F. rouge,
pi. rostra, a pulpit for speakers in the red. — L. ace. rubeiwi ,x^^ (whence F. 7'ouge,
;
forum, adorned with beaks of ships taken like F. 7'age from L. rabie77i). Allied to
from the Antiates. For '^rod-trnf?t. 'L. — L. ruber, red. See Red.
rodere, to gnaw, to peck. See Rodent. Rough. (E.) ^l.Y..7-otigh,rugh., 7'O'w,
(Cf. claus-trum <
*claud-trujn.) ruh, &c. A. S.rough, hairy
rfih, also ;
Rot, vb. (E.) A weak verb; the riig.'\-'Dvi. ruig, M. Du. 7-u, Dan. ru, Low
proper pp. is rotted, but rotte?i is com- G. rutcg, O. H. G. 7'uh, G. 7'atih. Cf.
moner, which is a Scand. form (see below). Lithuan. raukas, a fold, rkkti, to wrinkle.
M. E. roten, pp. roted. A. S. rotian, pp. ^ Distinct from raw.
rotod.-^-X^xx. rotten, to rot O. H. G. rozen
; Rouleau. (F. —
L.) F. ;w//m«, a roll
(also rozen), to rot. See further under of paper; hence, coins in a roll of paper.
Rotten. Dimin. of O. F. 7'ole, M. F. rotile, a roll
Rotary, turning like a wheel. (L.) see Roll.
Formed from L. rota, a wheel. Gael. + roulette, a game of chance. (F. — L.)
454
''
ROUN RUBBLE
F. roulette, a game in which a ball rolls on hedge-row. Teut. type *rai^g)'wd, fern.,
a turning table dimin. of rouelle, a little
; from a root-verb ^reihioan- (pt. t. *raihw) ;
wheel ; see Rowel. whence also G. reih-e, a row, Du. 7-ij, M.

Roun, Round, whisper. (E.) to Du. rij-e, a row, O. H. G. riga, a line.
Shak. has rottiid, with excrescent </. M.E. Idg. root *reikh, whence Skt. rikhd, a
roiinen. A. S. rfaiian, to whisper. — A. S. line.
riiJi, a whisper.+G. ratincn, to whisper; Row (2), to propel with oars. (E.)
from O. H. G. run, a secret see Rune. ; M. E. rcz£/(r;z. — A. S. r^zev?^, to row.+Du.
Round. (F.-L.) O. F. roond, F. roeijcn. Icel. roa, Swed. ro, Dan. roe,
rond. — Y.. rotioidits, round. — L. rota, a M. H.G. rilejen. Allied to O. Ir. rCx)n,
wheel. See Rotary. L. remus, an oar, Skt. aritra-. a paddle,
roundel, a kind of ballad. (F. — L.) rudder, Lithuan. irti, to row Gk. (perfios, ;
O. F. 7'ondd, later rondeau, a poem a paddle, oar. Der. rudder.

containini; a line which recurs or comes Row (3), an uproar. (Scand.) For
rt?z^«^/ again. — F. rond, round (above). rouse for loss of final s, cf. pea, cherry,
;
roundelay. (F. — L.) 'Sl.Y.rondelet, sherry, shay (chaise). See Rouse (2).
dimin. of O. F. rondel above. Prob. ^ Rowan-tree see Roan-tree. ;
confused, in spelling, with E. lay, a song. Rowel. (F. - L.) M. F. rouelle, a little
Rouse (i), to excite, to wake up. wheel (on a bit or a spur). — Late L.
(Scand.) Exciter, to stir up, rowse
* ;
rotella, dimin. of rota, a wheel. See
Cot. — Swed. rusa, to rush, rusa tcpp, to Rotary.
start up ; Dan. rzise, to rush. Cf. A. S. Rowlock, Rollock, Rullock, the
hreosan, to rush, to fall dowTi quickly ; place of support for an oar. (E.) Spelt
from Teut. base *hreus-. orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 237.
Rouse (2), a drinking-bout. (Scand.) A corruption of oar-lock. A. S. drloc, a
—
In Shak. — Dan. riiits, intoxication; Dan. rowlock. — A. S. dr, oar loc, cognate with ;
sove riisen ud=to sleep out a rouse, to G. loch, a hole. The orig. rowlocks were
sleep oneself sober; Swed. n/s, drunken- actual holes, and were called also oar-
ness. +Du. roes, drunkenness. Prob. allied holes.
to East Friesic rftse, noise, uproar, row
;
'
Royal. (F.-L.) W.Y.. real,roiaL~
riisen, to make a noise. [G. rausch, a O. F. real, roial (F. royal). — L. regdlis,
drunken fit, is borrowed from some other royal ; see Regal. Doublet, regal.
Teut. dialect.] ^
Otherwise, roiise is short Rub. (E.) M. E. rubben. Not in A. S.
for carouse; to drittk carouse'>to drink a -\-Dan. rubbe, Norw. rubba, E. Fries.
rouse ; N. E. D. rubben, to rub, scrub; Norw. 7'ubben,xoy\^,
Rout (i) a defeat, (2) a troop or crowd. uneven E. Fries, rubberig, rough
; Du. ;
(F. — L.) F. route, 'a rowt, defeature; robbelig, 'rugged,' Sewel also (from E.) ;
also a rowt, heard, flock, troope also a ; Gael, rub, to rub, Irish rubadh, a rubbing,
Cot. — L. rupta, pp. of W. rhwbio, to rub. Further allied to
;
rutt, way, path '
ruptus, broken from riunpere. This L.

; Icel. riljinn, rough, Lith. rupas, rough.
rupta came to mean (i) a defeat, flying % Not allied to G. reiben rather to L. ;
mass of broken troops; (2) a fragment of riimpere and E. Reave.

an army, a troop (3) a way broken or cut
; Rubbish, broken stones, waste matter,
through a forest, a way, route. refuse. (F. — O. H. G.) M. E. robows,
route, a way, course. (F. — L.) F. robeux, Prompt. Parv. pi. of an old form ;
route, a way, route see the word above.

;
* rebel, clearly represented by mod. E.
routine, a beaten track. (F. — L.) F. rubble; see below. %
Rid^bish is, in fact,
routine, usual course lit. small path.
; a corrupt form of the old plural of rubble.
Dimin. of F. route (above). rubble, broken stones, rubbish. (F.—
Rover, a pirate, (Du.) M. E. rover. — O. H. G. ^Rubble, or rubbish of old
1
Du. roover, a robber, pirate, thief. — Du. h ouses Baret ( 1 5 80)

;
'
E. robell, Pal-
. M .
rooven, to rob. — Du. roof, spoil. A. S. + ladius, p. 13, 1. 340. This answers exactly
reaf, Icel. rauf, G. raub, spoil see ; to an old form *robel, O. F. *robel, only
Reave. Der. rove, vb., to wander; found in the pi. robeux. A grete loode '
evolved from the sb. of robeux cited by Way in Prompt.

;
'
Row (0, aline, rank. .E.) 'S[.E.rowe. Parv. A. F. robous (for '^robetis^, rubbish,
— A. S. rdzu, rcezVy a row ; hegerdiv, a Liber Albus, p. 579. Obviously the dimin.
455
;.; '
RUBICUND RUGGED
of F. robe of 'trash,' so well
in the sense from ruffle, verbal sb. from ruffle, vb.,
preserved in the cognate Ital. Toba^ a '
which was in early use. See RufSe (1).
gowne, a robe, wealth, goods, geare, trash, Ruff (2), the name of a bird. (E. ?)
pelfe,' Florio. Cf. Ital. robaccia, old Said to be named from the male having a
goods, rubbish robiccia, trifles, rubbish
; ;7(^ round its neck in the breeding season.
from roba. See Robe. But the female is called a reeve, which
Rulbicund, ruddy. (F. -L.) Y.rubi- points to formation by vowel-change from
cond. — L. riioiciindus^ very red. — L. some different source.
riibere, to be red. See Ilsd. Ruff (3), a fish. (E. ?) M. E. ruffe.
rubric, '^ direction printed in red. ( V Origin unknown.
— L.) F. rtibriqiie. — L. rtibrlca, red Ruff (4), a game at cards. (F.) A
earth; also a title written in red. — L. modification of O. F. roffle, roujle, rotiffe,
ruber, red (above). M. F. rojijie, 'hand-ruffe, at cards,' Cot-
ruby, a red gem. (F. — L.) O. F. rubi, grave jouer h la 7'onjle, to play at hand-
;
'
nibis F. rtcbis (where s is the old sign

; ruffe, also to snore,' id. Cf. Ital. rojifa, ruff;
of the nom. case). Cf. Span, ritbi, rithin, ronfare, to snort, to trump at cards. From
Port, rubim, Ital. riibino. — Late L. rubiniis, Tuscan ronfiare (F. ronjler), to snore,
a ruby from its colour. — L. riibeus, red
; ;
snort ;supposed to be from L. 7'e-iu-Jldre,
riibere, to be red. Allied to Red. to re-inflate (Korting). See Inflate. But
Ruck (i), a fold, crease. (Scand.) Icel. it may be of imitative origin.
hriikka, a wrinkle; cf. hrokkiii, curled, Ruffian, a bully. (F.- Ital. -Teut.)
pp. of hrokkva, to recoil, give way, curl Walloon roufflau, M. F. riijien, ruffien,
Norw. rukka, a wrinkle. Cf. Swed. rynka, 'a bawd, pandar;' Cot. — Ital. ruffiano,
;
Dan. rynke, a wrinkle. From Teut. base rofflano, *a pander, ruffian, swaggrer
*hrenk- (Noreen). Florio. For '^ruffldnus, formed with L.
Ruck (2), a heap, small pile. (Scand.) suffix -anus from Low G. ruffeln, to act
Norw. and M. Swed. riika, a heap cf. Icel. ; as pandar. See RufBLe (2).
hraukr, a rick, heap; see Rick. Ruffle (0, to disorder a dress. (E.)
Rudder. (E.) M. E. roder, rot her. M. \i. ruffelen, to entangle, run into knots;
A. S. roSer, a paddle. Here r^-5^r = rowing also (apparently) to rumple. Cursor Mundi,
implement; from rJw-a;;, to row. (Paddles 26391 Allied to Ruff (i) above.
. +
M. Du.
preceded rudders.) +
Du. roer (for roedcr), ruyffelen, to ruffle, wrinkle, 7'uyffel, a
an oar, rudder; Swed. roder, ror \ Dan. wrinkle, a crumple ; E. Fries, ruffelen,
ror\ G. ruder. See (2). Row ruffeln, to pleat. P>om *ruf, weak grade
Ruddock, a red-breast. (E.) A.'^.rud- of Teut. *reufan-, to break, tear; see
duc. Hence W. rhuddog, Corn, ruddoc, Reave. Cf. Lithuan. ruple, rough bark
a red-breast. See below. on old trees. Der. ruffle, sb.
ruddy. (E.) M. E. rody, A. S. rndig, RufB.e (2), to bluster, be turbulent.
ruddy. From A. S. ^rud-, weak grade of (M. Du.) Obsolete. Rufflers were cheat-
reodan, to redden, a strong verb, whence ing bullies, highwaymen, lawless or violent
also A. S. read, red see Red. ; men (Nares). — M. Du. roffelejt, roffen, to
Rude. (F.-L.) F. rude. — L. rudem, pandar (Oudemans) ;Low G. ruffeln, to
ace. of riidis, rough, raw, rude. pandar, ruffeler, a pimp, intriguant Dan. ;
rudiment. (F.-L.) F. rudimeiit.'^ ruffer, a pandar. A ruffler and a rufflan

L. rudimentuDi, a thing in the first rough are much the same. See Ruffian.
state, a first attempt. — L. rudi-s, rude. Rug. (Scand.) Swed. rugg, rough en-
Rue (0> to be sorry for. (E.) M. E. tangled hair, cf. M. Swed. rtiggig, rough,
reiven, A. S. hreoiuan (pt. t. hreaw).^ hairy ;Icel. rogg, shagginess. Also Low
O. Sax. hrewajt, O. H. G. hriuwaji, G. G. ruug, rough, rugen, to be rough (like
retten. Cf. Icel. hryggr, grieved, hrygd, flocks of hair) E. P'ries. rug, rough, ruge,
;
ruth. Teut. type * hre'W7van- io pity. , a roughness, a rough side of a skin ruger, ;
Rue (2), a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. a rough-hided or furry animal {e.g. a cat).

îie. — 'L. nl/a. — Gk. pvrri, rue; whence See Rough.
also G. raute. Cf. A. S. rude, rue. rugged. (Scand.) M. E. rugged; also
Ruff a kind of frill. (E.) 'Ruffe
( I ), ruggy, Ch. C. T., A 28S3. The litter is
of a shirt Levins (1570). So called from
;
'
from M. Swed. rugglg, rough, hairy.—
its uneven surface; apparently shortened Swed. rt{gg, rough entangled hair (above).
456
';
RUGOSE RUNAGATE
Rugose, of wrinkles. (L.) L. ru-
full Ruminate. (L.) From pp. of L. rt'f
^dsus'z.^]., Irom ruga, a wringle. Cf. Lith. minare, to chew the cud, ruminate. — L.
rankas, a wrinkle, runku, I grow wrinkled. rtanin- for rumen., the throat, gullet,
,
Brugm. ii. § 628. Allied to L. ru-gire, to roar, bray, Gk.

Billin. (F. — L.) Y. ruine.'''L. ruTna, uj-pv-yr], a roaring, Cj-pv-onai, I roar; Skt.
an overthrow. — L. ruere, to rush, fall ru, to hum, bray. roar. (y'REU.) See
down. Brugm. ii. § 529. Rumour.
Rule, sb. (F. — L.) M.Y.. i-eiile, riwle. Rummiage, to search thoroughly.
— A. F. renle, O. F. rinle, reule (F. regie). (Du. ; with F. suffix.) Due to the sb.
— L. regiila, a rule. — L. regere, to rule. stowage. — Prov. (S. F.) ar-
rumffiage, i. e.
See Regent. rumage (mod. Prov. arrimage), stowage.
Rum (0? a spirituous liquor. (Prov. E.) — Prov. arrumer (mod. Prov. arrufie?-), to
Called runibo in Smollett, Per. Pickle, c. ii stow. — L. ad-; and Prov. rum, from Du.
and c. ix this is short for the sailor's r«zw a ship's hold. See Room.
; I
word rumhozvling, grog. Orig. called Rum.m.er, a sort of drinking-glas?.

Rnmbidlion in Barbadoes, A. D. 1651; (iJu.j Used for Rhenish wine. 'Rhenish
from Devonsh. rtanbtillion, uproar, rum- rummers Dryden, — Du. ivemer, romer, ;
'
pus, which is prob. allied to Rumble. a wine-glass Low G. i-'dmer, a large ;
Rum (2), strange, queer. (Hindi.) 'Ktim, wine-glass hence G. romer, a rummer. ;
gallant, a cant word ;' Bailey (1737)- Rn?/! Du. roemer is prob. from Du. roem,
really means Gypsy' hence good' from boasting, praise
'
;
'
as if a glass to drink ;
'
a Gypsy point of view, but 'suspicious' in praise of a toast'; Franck. Cf. G.

from an outsider's point of view. Hence rzihtn, praise O. Sax. hrdf?2 also Icel. ; ;
rome bonze, rum booze, good wine. Rom hro6r, praise. Also M. Du. roomer %
means 'a husband, a Gypsy'; roynmani, (Hexham); which some explain as a
adj. Gypsy. This Gypsy word rom answers
, Romish glnss.' '
to Hindi dom (with initial cerebral d, re- Rum.Our. (F. — L. M. E. rumour. —

sembling r), a man of low caste Skt. F. rumeur.^-Y^. ace. rumorein, from rii-
;
domba-, 'a man of low caste, who gains mor, a noise, murmur. Cf. L. riimitdre, to
;
his livelihood by singing and dancing spread reports.- y'REU, to make a hum-
Ben fey. ming noise. See Rumble, Ruminate.
Rumb, Rhum.b, a line for directing (E.) Rump.
M. E. rtimpe. -|- Icel.
a ship's course on a chart a point of the rumpr, Swed. rumpa, Dan. rumpe; M.
;
compass. (F. — Span, — L. — Gk.) See Du. ro77ipe, the bulke of a body or corps, '
Rtimb in Phillips. — F. rti?nb, a roomb, or or a bodie without ahead,' Hexham Du.

'
;
point of the compasse, a line drawn directly rojnp Low G. rump, trunk (of the body) ; ;
from wind to wind in a compasse, travers- G. 7-umpf.

boord, or sea-card;' Cot. — Span, (and Rumiple. (E.) The M. E. form is
Port.) riimbo, a ship's course represented riiHplen, to rimple. Rimp/e and rumple
by spiral lines on a globe). — L. rhombum, are from the same verb, viz. A.S. hrimpan
ace. of rhombus, a magician's circle, a (pp. gehrtimpen) to wrinkle see Rimple. , ;
rhombus. — Gk. pofxôs, a top, a magic +

M. Du. rompeleji, rovipen, to wrinkle;
wheel, whirling motion also a rhombus. rompel, rimpel, a wrinkle cf. G. riimpfen,
;
;
See Rhomb. Rhoiiib meant revolution of to wrinkle O. H. G. hri7)ifan, str. vb. ;
the sphere, Milton, P. L. viii. 134; hence Run. (E.) M. E. rinuen, pt. t. ran,
whirling or spiral lines, &c. ^
No con- pp. ru7inen, 7'07t7ren\ A.S. r/wwaw, pt. t.
nexion with Du. r?/?>//, which merely means rat27t, pp. ge7-u7i77e7i also found m the ;
room or space, or sometimes the hold of a transposed form /rwa;/, pt. t. ar7t. Du. +
ship, room or capacity.
i. e. its re7i7ien, Icel. Dan. 7'en7ia, i-i7ide, .Swed.
Rumble, to make a low, heavy sound. ri7i7ia, Goth. 7-i7ina7i, G. ri7iner. See
(E.) Prov. E. rommle, ruvimle M. E. ;
Brugm. i. § 67 ; ii. § 654.
rombleti (with excrescent ^). Frequent, Runagate, a vagabond (F.-L.) A
form, meaning to repeat the sound ruvi '
' corruption of M.E. re7iegat an apostate, ,
cf. L. ru?nor, a rumour Skt. ru, to hum. ;

villain Ch. C. T. 5353. [The corruption
;
See Rumour. + Du.

rommelen, Low G. was due to a popular etymology from
and Pomeran. rummeln, Dan. rumle, to 7-u7tne a gate, run on the road, hence, to
rumble, buzz. be a vagabond.] — O. F. re7iegat, a rene- *
457
; ;
RUNDLET RUTH
gadoe
;
' Cot. — Late
L. renegdtus, pp. of water), to rustle. Cf. M. Swed. ruska, to
renegdre, to deny again, forsake the faith. rush. Perhaps the same as A. S. hryscan,
— L. 7-e, again negdre, to deny see
; ; to be strident, to rustle.
Negation. Rush (2), a plant. (E. ^r L.) M. E.
Rundlet, B>unlet, a small barrel. rusche, rische, resche. A. S. risce, resce,
(F. — L.) Formerly roundlet', dimin. of a rush oldest form rise.
; Du. rusch, +
O. F. rondelle, a little barrel, named from rush, reed E. Fries, riiske Low G.
; ;
its roundness. — F. rond, round. — L. rotitn- rusk; N. Fries, rusken, pi., rushes. Per-
dus, round. — L. rota, a wheel see ; haps borrowed from L, ruscum, butcher's
Round. broom but this does not account for A.S.
;
Rune, one of the old characters used rise. More likely allied to E. rash, as if
for incised inscriptions. learned (E.) A of quick growth. Cf. Lowl. Sc. rash, a
term. A. S. run, a rune, mystery, rush also E. Fries, risk, quick, slender
;
secret conference, whisper. Orig. sense Low G. ruseh, quick. Der. bul-rush (prob.
*
whisper or murmur, hence a mystery,
' for bole-rush, round-stemmed rush); cf.
lastly an incised character, because writing bull-weed, knapweed.
was a secret known to few. Goth, runa, + Rusk. (Span.) Span, rosea de mar,
O. H. G. runa, a secret, counsel; O. Irish sea-rusks, a kind of biscuit rasca, a roll ;
run, W. rhitt, a secret. Idg. type *rund, (twist) of bread, also a screw. Cf Port.
/em. Cf. Gk. kptwaw, I search out, rosea, the winding of a snake. Origin
epevva, fem., an enquiry. unknown.
Rnng', a round of a ladder. (E.) M. E. Russet. (F.-L.) W.Y.. russet. -^yi.Y.
;
range, a stake. A. S. hrung, a stake of a rousset, '
russet, ruddy Cot.
' Dimin. of
cart, beam or spar.+M, Du. range, a beam F. 7'aux (fem. ;'£»z^w^), reddish. — L. 7'ussus,
of a plough G. rujige, a pin, a bolt
; reddish. Allied to Gk. k-pv9-p6s, red;
Goth, hrugga {=^hrunga), a staff. Cf. see Red. Cf. Brugm. i. § 759.
also Icel. rang, rib in a ship. Perhaps rust. (E.) Prov. E. rowst. A. S.
allied to Ring. The sense seems to be rust, rust ; orig. redness. Allied to A. S.
'
rounded stick.' rudu, ruddiness, and read, red.+Du. roest,
Hunnel, a stream. (E.) A. S. rynel; Dan. rust, Swed. G. rost. Teut. type
cf.ryne, a course, allied to runn-, weak '^rusto-, from Idg. *reudh-to- see Ruddy. ;
grade of rinnen, to run see Run. ; Cf. Lith. rudis, rust; L. rohiga, rUbigo',
BiUnt, a bullock, heifer. (Du.) From Polish rdza, rust. Brugm. i. § 759.
Du. rund (Hexham). And see Rother. Rustic. (F.-L.) F. rustique.-l.,
Rupee, an Indian coin. (Hind. — Skt.) rusticus, belonging to the country. — L.
Hindustani rupiyah,^ rupee. — Skt. rilpya-, rils, the country. Cf
Russ. 7'aviina, a
handsome, also (âs sb.) wrought silver.— plain, Zend ravan, O. Irish roe, a plain
Skt. rupa-, beauty. see Room.
Rupture. (F.-L.) F. rupture. •^l.. Rustle. (E.) Cf A. S. ge-hruxl, a
ruptiira, a breakage. — L.
rupt-us, pp. of noise, tumult. Frequent, of Rush (i),
rmjipere, to break (pt. t. rupT). Allied to q. V.Cf M. Du. ruyselen, '
to rustle,'
Reave. (VREUP.) Brugm. i. § 466. Hexham Low G. and Pomer. russeln M.
; ;
Rural, belonging to the country. F. — Swed. ruska, to shake, rush G. ratischen, ;
L.) F. rttral.^lj. rurdlis, adj. — L. riir-, rusehen, to rustle, to rush.

stem of riis, country. See Rustic. Rut (I ^, a track left by a wheel. (F. -^
Rusa, a kind of deer, (Malay.) Malay L.) F. route, 'a rutt, way;' Cot. See
riisa, a deer. See Babirusa. Rout. Doublets, rout, route.
Ruse, a trick. (F. — L.) F. ruse, a Rut (F.
(2\ to copulate, as deer.
L.) —
trick, — F. ruser, to beguile contr. from ; M. E. rutien, to rut from rut, sb. — M. F. ;
O, F, reiiser, to refuse, recoil, escape, rut, ruit, *

the rut of deer or boars.' — L.
dodge. — L. recusdre, to refuse, to oppose riigittan, ace. of rugitus, the roaring of
a cause. — L. re-, back caussa, a cause. ; lions hence, the noise made by deer in
;
See Recusant. rut-time. — L. rUgire. to roar (whence

Rush (i), to move swiftly forward. M. F. ruir). See Rumour.
(E.) M. E, ruse hen. -f- M. H. G, ruschen Ruth, pity. (E.) yi.Y^.reuthe. Formed
(G. raiischen), to rush, rustle, roar (as from A.S. hreow, s. f, pity (cf G. reue^,
water) ;Du. ruischen, to murmur (as by adding -th ; suggested by Icel. hryggQ,
458
;
RYE SAD
hrygS, ruth, sorrow. From A. S. hreowan, wine. (F. — L.) Formerly also .y^r;&, mean-
to rue see Rue (i).
; ing a 'dry' wine. — F. sec, dry; vin sec,
Rye. (E.) M. E. reye. A. S. ryge, rye. sack. Cf. Span, seco, dry. — L. siccum, ace.
+ Du. rogge, Icel. rtigr, Dan. rug, Swed. of siccus, dry. Sherris sack = Span, seco
rug, G. roggeii', O. H. G. rocco. Cf. Russ. de Xeres see Sherry.;
rojie), rye Lithuan. ruggei, pi. sb., rye.

; Sackbut, a kind of wind-instrument.
Ityot ; the same as Rayah, q. v. (F.-L. — Gk. — Chaldee.)
F. saquebute, a
sackbut. Substituted, by some perversion,
for L. sajnbfica, Dan. iii. 5 A'ulg.), which
was a kind of harp.-Gk. aafxkvicrj.—
Chald. sabb(e)k/id,' a kind of harp. €[[ Cf.
Sabaoth, hosts. (Heb.) Heb. isevcCoth, Span, sacabuche, a tube used as a pump;
armies ; pi. of tsdvcV, an army. — Heb. also, a sackbut, trombone. Explained,
tsdva to go forth as a soldier.
, by popular etymology, as that which '
Sabbath. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E. exhausts the chest,'' from the exertion
sabat. — L. sahbaUim. — Gk. aa^ârov. — used as if from Span, sacar, to draw out,
;
Heb. shabbdth. rest, sabbath, sabbath-day. exhaust, the same as M. F. sacquer, to draw
— Heb. shdbath, to rest. out hastily, lit. to draw out of a sack, from
Sable, an animal. (F. —Slavonic.) O.F. Heb. saq, a sack b7tche, maw, stomach, ;
sable. — Russ. sobole, the sable also a fur- ; chest.

tippet Polish sobol.
; As black sable ^ Sacrament. (L.^ L. sacrdmentum,
was best liked, the word sable (in E. and an engagement, military oath, vow in ;
F.) also means 'black.' late L., a sacrament. — L. sacrdre, to

Sabre, Saber. (F.-G.-Gk.?) F. render sacred. — L. sacr-,{o\ sacer, sacred
sabre. — G. sdbel (older form also sabel), (below).
a falchion. Said to be from Mid. Gk. sacred. (F.-L.) Sacred is the pp.
{"a^So?, crooked (Diez). also find Russ. We of M. E.sacren, to consecrate, render holy
sablia, Pol. szabla, Hungar. szablya, Serv. a verb now obsolete. — F. sacrer, to conse-
sablj'a, Wallach. sabie ; all supposed to be crate. — L. sacrdre, to consecrate. — L. sacr-,
borrowed words. for sacer, holy. From base sac- of L.
Saccharine. (F.- L. - Gk. - Skt.) sanclre, to make holy. Brugm. ii. § 744.
F. saccharin, adj. from L. saccharon,
; (VSAK.^
sugar. — Gk. aaKxapov. — Skt. ârkaj-d, sacrifice. (F.-L.) F. sacrifice. - L.
gravel, candied sugar ; see Sugar. sacrificitivi, lit. a rendering sacred ; cf.
Sacerdotal. (F. L.) ¥. sacerdotal. — sacrificdre, to sacrifice. L. sacri-, for —

— L. sacerdotdlis, belonging to a priest. — sacer, sacred -ficdre, ior facere, to make.
;
L. sacerdot-, stem of sacerdds, a priest, lit. sacrilege. (F. L.) M.F. sacrilege. —
'presenter of offerings or sacred gifts' — L. sacrilegitwi, the stealing of sacred
(Corssen). — L. saccr, sacred dare, to give. ; things. — L. sac7-i-. for sacer, sacred; legere,
Cf. dos (stem dot-), a dowry, from dare. to gather, steal ; see Legend.
Sack (i), a bag. (L.-Gk.-Heb.- sacristan, sexton. (F.-L.) Sa-
Egyptian ?) M. E. sak. A. S. sacc. — L. cristan is rare it is commonly sexton,
;
sacczis. — Gk. (tolkkos. — Heb. sat/, sack- M. E. sextein, orig. a keeper of the sacred
cloth, a sack of corn. Prob. of Egyptian vestments, a grave-digger.—
after^vards
origin ;cf. Coptic sok, sack-cloth (Peyron). A. F. secrestein, M. F. sacristain, a sexton '
From L. saccus are borrowed Du. zak, G. or vestry-keeper Cot. — Late L. sacrist-a,
;
'
sack, &c. Der. sack-cloth. a sacristan; with suffix -dnus.^h. sacr-,

sack plunder.
(2), to(F.-L., &c.) for sacer (above) with suffix -fsta. ;
From the sb. sack, pillage. — F. sac, ruin, Sad. (E.)orig. sense was sated ;
The
spoil. From the use of a sack in removing hence grieved.
tired, A. S. sa^d, sated,
plunder Cot. has h sac, ci sac, the word
;
'
satiated. -f-0. Sax. sad, Icel. sadr, Goth.
whereby a commander authorizeth his satks, G. satt, sated, full. Teut. type
souldiers to sack a place.' Cf. Late L. sac- *sa-doz, sated a pp. form. Allied to O.
;
care, to put into a bag Late L. saccus, a;

Ir. sd-it/i satiety, sa-thech, sated L. sa-tur,
, ;
garment, a purse, L. saccus, a sack see ; full ; Lith. so-tlis, full, so-tas, satiety ; Gk.
above. a-aai, d-jj-evai, to satiate, i
V^^' ^^•)
Sack (3), the name of an old Spanish Brugm. i. § 196. Allied to Sate, Satiate.
459
—
SADDLE SALIC
Saddle. M.E.sade/. A.S.saiioI.
(E.^ ex*"^ j^tJoj, to urge on ships, Od. i.\. 279.
-fDu. zac/j/, Icel. soSull, Swed. Dan. SeeScheme.
sadel, G. sattel, O. H. G. satul. Teut. Saint. (F.-L.^ M.E. seint, saint. ^
type *saduIoz possibly borrowed from a
;
A. F. seint; F. saint. — L,. sanctum, ace.
derivative of Idg. *sed, to sit, in some oisancttis, holy. — L. sanctus, pp. of sanctre,
other Idg. language. Cf O. Slav, sedlo, to render sacred ; see Sacred.
Russ. siedlo, L. sella (for *sedla, from sedere, sainfoin. — L.)
F. sainfoin, M.F.
(F.
to sit) but none of these exhibits the
; sainct-foin (Cot.); as if 'holy hay.' — L.
grade '^sad. sanctum fcEfizan ,h.o\y hay. But thought %
Sadducee. (L. -Gk.-Heb.) L. pi. to rejuesent sain foin, i. e. ' wholesome
Saddiiccei. — Gk. pi. 'S.ab'bovKa.ioi. — Heb. pi. hay.' — L. sdnut/i fie>iiifn see Sane. ;
tseduqi7n pi. of tsddoq, just, righteous. —

; Sake. ,E.) M.
E. sake, purpose, cause.
Heb. tsddaq, to be just. Some derive it A. S. sacu, strife, dispute, crime, law-suit;
from Tsddoq (Zadok)^ the founder of the orig. contention.' •+ Du. zaak, matter,
'
sect,whose name meant the just.' '

affair, business Icel. sok, a charge, crime
;
;
Safe. (F.-L.) M.E. sauf.^Y. saiif, Dan. sag, Swed. sak, G. sache. Teut.
safe. — L.
saluum, ace. of salmis, safe. See type *sakd, fern., strife. From Teut.
Salvation. Cf. O. Norman dial, saf, *sakan-, to contend, as in Goth, sakan,
safe. A. S. sacan, O. H. G. sahhan, str. vb. See
Saffron, a plant. (F.-Arab.) A. F. Soke.
sajfran, ¥. safran. — Arab, zdfardn, Saker, a kind of falcon a small piece ;
saffron. of artillery. F. — Span. — Arab.)

, ^The
Sag, to droop. (E.) M. E. saggen. gun was called after the falcon cf musket.) ;
Not in A. S. Low G. sakken, to settle (as — AL F. sacre, ' a saker the hawk, and the ;
dregs) ; E. Fries, sakken, Du. zakkeu, to artillery so called Cot. —Span, sacre, a
;
'
sink Swed. sacka, to settle, sink down

;
;
saker (in both senses). — Arab, saqr, a
cf Dan. sakke, to have stern-way. Hardly hawk; Rich, Diet., p. 938. Engelmann
allied to siuk. has shewn that the word is not of Lat.
Saga, a tale. (Scand.) Icel. saga, a origin, as said by Diez. (Devic and ;
tale; cf. Icel. segâ, to say. See Say (i), Korting, § 1642.)
Saw (2). Salaam, Salam. (Arab) Arab.
Sagacious. (L.) From L. sagdci-, sald/u, saluting, wishing peace ; a saluta-
deck stem, of sagax, of quick perception ;
tion. — Arab. J"a/;//, saluting. + Heb. i"/^'7/^;;/,
with suffix -oiis. — 'L. sdgtj-e, to perceive by peace, from shdlam, to be safe.
the senses. +Goth. sok-jan, A. S. secan, to Salad. (F.-ItaL-L.) F. salade.-
seek. See Seek. Brugm. i. § 187. M. Ital. salata, a salad of herbs lit. ;
Sage (i), wise. (F.-L.) F. sage.~ 'salted;' fem. of salato, salted, pickled,
Late L. *sabms, for L. -sapius, whence pp. oi salare, to salt. — Ital. sale, salt.
7iesapius, unwise (Petronius) see Schwan. ; L. sal, salt. See Salt.
— L. sapere, to be wise. See Sapid. Salamander, a reptile. (F. - L. -
Sage (2), a plant. (F.-L.) M.E. Gk. ) F. salamandre. — \-,. salajnandra.
sauge.''O.Y. sauge. — l^. sahda,
sage ; — Gk. aaXafj.dvdpa, a kind of lizard. Of
from its supposed healing — L.
virtues. Eastern origin cf. Pers. samandar, a
;
salliare, to heal ; sahius, safe, hale, sound. salamander.

See Salvation. Salary, stipend. (F. L.) F. salaire. —
Sagittarius. (L.) L. Sagittarius, an — L. saldriian, orig. salt-money, given to
archer. — L. sagitta, an arrow. soldiers to buy salt. — L. sal, salt. See
Sago, a starch. (Malay.) Malay sdgu, Salt.
sdgu, sago, ])ith of a tree named rmnbiya. Sale. (E.) M.E. sale. A. S. sala.'\'
Sahib, sir, master; a title. (Hind.— Icel. sala, fem., sal, neut., a sale, bargain;
Arab.) Hind. — Arab, sahib, lord,
j-a>^2/5. Swed. sahi O. H. G. sala. Orig. sense
;
master ; orig. '

companion.' Rich. Diet., '
delivery,' or * a handing over ' as in ;
p 924. O. H. G. sala. Der. sell, handsel.

Sail, sb. (E.) M. E. seil. A. S. segel, Salic, SaUque. (F- G.) F. OH.
segl, a sail.+Du. zeil, Icel. segl, Dan. seil, Salique, belonging to the Salic tribe. This
Swed. G. segel. Teut. type *seglom, neut. was a Frankish tribe, prob. named from
Sense imknown; perhaps driver' cf. Gk. the river Sala (now Yssel).
'
;
460
SALIENT SALVE
Salient. (L.) From pres. pt. of L. *saltoz; cf. W. salt, and T.
hallt, adj.
salire, to leap, spring forward. -f-Gk. aAA.o- salstis, salted. The
forms appear in sb.
^lal, I leap. (y'SAL.) Brugm. i. § 514 L. sal, Gk. a\s, Russ. sole; also in Goth.
'3 . salt, G. salz, Du. zout also in O. Irish ;
Saline. (F. — L/;

F. salin, fem. saline, salann, \V. halen, halan. (See Kluge ai:d
adj. — L. saliniis, as in salince, salt-pits.— Prellwitz.) Brugm. i.
L. sal, salt. See Salt. Saltation, dancing. (L.) Rare from ;
Saliva. (L.) L-jc/fw^, spittle; whence L. saltdtio, a dancing. — L. saltatns. pp. of

also O. Ir. saile, "W. halhv, saliva. Der. saltdre, to dance, frequent, of salire, to
saliv-ate. leap. See Salient.
Sallet, a kind of helmet. (F.-Ital.- Salt-cellar. (E. ; ^w^^F.-L., For
L.) Also salade.^lSl. F. salade, a sallet, salt-sellar or salt-selar, where selar is an
head-piece. — Ital. celaia (or Span, celada), old word 'salt-holder'; so that the
for
a helmet. — L. ciclata (cassis), an orna- prefix salt is superfluous. — A. F. saler;
mented helmet. — L. ccEldiiis, pp. oi ccElare, M. F. saliere, *a salt-seller;' Cot. — L.
to engrave, ornament (steel). — L. f^/z/w, saldritivi, salt-cellar in late L.^ from L. ;
a chisel, graver. Allied to cadere, to cut. saldrius, adj., belonging to salt. — L. sdl,
Brugm. § 944. See Caesura.
i. salt. See Salary.
Sallow (i;, Sally, a kind of willow. Saltire,in heraldry, a St. Andrew's cross.
(E.) M. E. ja/w<f. - O. Merc, salh (A. S. (F. — L.; A cross in this position ( x ).—
sealh), a willow pi. salas, later saigas, ;
O. F. salteiir, a saltire M. F. Godefroy) ;
4-Icel. selja, Swed. sdlg, sdlj, Dan. selj'e, saultoir, St. Andrew's cross (Cot.). Also
G. sahl-weide, O.H.G. salaha fwhence M. F. sautoir, orig. a stirrup of a triangular
F. saule) ; also L. salix, Gael, seileach, shape A, a saltire (the cross being
also,
Irish jazV, saileach, W. ^^/j/.g' (pl.)? ^k* named from the position of the stirrup's
e\iiCT}, a willow. sides). — Late L. saltdtoritim, a stirrup.—
Sallow (2;, pale, wan. Ê.) M. E. L. saltdtoriiis, belonging to leaping or
salovj. A. S. sahi, sallow, -f F)u. zahnv, springing suitable for mounting a horse.
;
Icel. J'<77r, O. H. G. Jfl/t?, tawny whence — L. saltdtor, a leaper. — L. saltdre, fre-

'
F. sale, dirty). Teut. type

'
*salwoz. quent, of salire, to leap. See Salient.
Brugm. i. 375 (9). Salt-petre, nitre. E. andF. - L. and ;
- F.
j
Sally. F.-L.) M.E. salie;i. Gk.) t or >L F. salpesire, salt-petre Cot. i .
saillir, to issue forth ; also to leap. — L. — LateL. salpetra; L. sal petrce, salt of
the rock. — L. sCd, sa't
[
salire, to leap. See Salient. Der. sally, Gk. nkrpa, a rock ; ;
sb., from F. saillie, a sally, from the fem. see Salt and Petrify.
of pp. sailli. Salubrious. L.) From L. sahlbri-,
Salmagundi, a seasoned hodge-podge. healthful. For '^saliit-bris, i. e. healthful.
(F. — Ital. - L.; F. salmigondis, spelt sal- — L. sah'it-, stem of salils, health; -bris,
inagonditi in Cotgrave, who describes the adj. sufifix (Brugm. ii. § 77). The L. salus
dish. Grig, 'seasoned salt-meats.' — Ital. !
is allied to saluus, safe, whole ; see Salva-
salami, pi. of salame, salt-meat, from L. tion.
salutary. F. — L.) — L.
j
sal, salt conditi, pi. of condito, seasoned,

; I
( F. salutaire.
iavoury, fiom L. conditiis, pp. of condire, saliitdris, healthful. — L. saiiit-, stem cf
to pickle, season. salils, health ; allied to saliins, hale.
Salmon. (F. — L.) M. E. salmon, sati- salute. (L.) L. salfitdre, to wish
mon. — O. F. saiimon; A. F. salmon. — h. health to, to greet. — L. saint- (above .
salmonem, ace. oi salmo, a salmon. Per- Salvage. (F. — L.) O. F. salvage, lit.
haps a leaper.' — L. salire, to leap,
'
•'
a saving.' - O. F. salver, F. saiiver, to

— L. save. -L. salnus
^
Saloon. (F. - O. H. G.) F. salon, large !

save. saludre, to
room. — F. salle, room. — O. H. G. sal ',G. (below).
saal), an abode, hall, room.+Du. zaal, I
salvation. (F. — L.) O.F. salvation.
Icel. salr, A. S. sa:l, sele, salor, hall. dig. -L. ace. saludtionem, ace. of saluatio, a
'
an abode Goth, saljan, to dwell.
;
' cf. saving. — L. saluattts, pp. of saliidre, to
Salt. E. salt.
vE.) M.
O. Merc, salt, save. — L. saliius, safe. Brugm. § 860 c. i.
A. S. sealt, both adj. and sb. So also Salve, ointment. (E.) M. E. saliie
O. Fries, salt, Icel. saltr, Dan. Swed. salt, (= salve). A. S. sealf; O. Merc, salh,
Du. zout, all adjectives, from a Teut. type salf.^\)M. zalf, G.salbe; cf. Goth, salbon,
46
;, ,;
SALVER SANHEDRIM
vb., to anoint. Teut. type *sa//'d, fern. Sanatory. (L.) From L. sdnator, a
Allied to Gk. eXiros, oil, fat (Hesychius) ;
healer. — L. sdnd7-e, to heal. — L. sdnus,
Skt. sar-pis, clarified butter. Brugm. i. whole, sane ; see Sane.
Sanctify. (F.-L.) Y sa7ictifiei:''\.. ,
Salver, a plate on which anything is sa7itijica7-e, to make holy. — L. sancti-,

presented. (Span. — L.) In place of Span. for sanctus, holy ; -Jicd7'e, for facere, to
salva, a salver, a plate on which anything make. See Saint.
is presented it also means the previous
; sanctimony. (F.-L.) M.F. sancti-
tasting of viands before they are served up. — L. sa}icti7}idnia holiness. — L.
7710717C. ,
— Span. salva7-, to save, free from risk, to sa7icUis, holy ; see Saint.
taste the food or drink of nobles to save sanction. (F.-L.) F. sa7ictioii.^"L.
them from poison. — L. sahidre, to save sa7ictid7ie77i, ace. of saiictio, a rendering
(below). A salver {salvo) is properly
^ sacred. — L. sa7tctus, pp. oisaiici7-e. to render
a plate or tray on which drink was pre- sacred. See Sacred.
sented to the taster, and then to the drinker sanctity. (L.) From L. sanctiids,
of a health cf. Span, hacer la salva, to
; holiness ; cf. F. saintetc, — L. sanctus,
drink one's health, also, to make the holy ; see Saint.
essay. sanctuary. (F.-L.) M. E. sein-
Sambo, the offspring of a negro and tua7-ic, a shrine. — O.F. saintuarie (F.
mulatto. (Span. — L. — Gk.) S^xn.zambo, sa7ictiiaire). — L. sanctudriutn, a shrine. —
formerly fumbo (Pineda), bandy-legged L. sanctus, holy (above).
also as sb., a sambo (in contempt). — Late Sand. (E.) A. S. sand. '\'V)\x. zand
L. sca7nbns.'-'G\i. CKajxôs, crooked, said Icel. sandr; Swed. Dan. G. sand; Bava-
of the legs. rian sam{b')d, Teut. types '^sa?)i' a)doz, m.,
Same. (E.) M.E. same. K.^. same, ^sa77i{â)do}u, n. Idg. type *sa7)i9dho5,
;
only as adv., as in swd same swd 7nen, the Cf. Gk. a/xaOos, sand.
same as men, just like men. The adj. use Sandal, - L. - Gk.— Pers.)
shoe. (F.
is Scand. from Icel. sa7nr, Dan. Swed.
; F. sandale, f. — L.
sandalia, pi. of sanda-
sa!?i»ie, the same.+O. H. G. sam, adj., //?/w. — Gk. oavhaXiov, dimin. oi aavlaXov
saina, adv. Goth, sama, the same (cf.
; a wooden sole bound on to the feet with
sama/ia, together), Gk. 6p.6s, Skt. sama-, straps. Of Pers. origin ; cf. Pers. sandal^
same cf. Russ. samuii, same. Allied to
; a sandal.
Skt. i'(3;w, with, Gk. aixa^ together, L. simtil, Sandal-wood. (F. - L. Gk. - Pers. -
together, sii7iilis, like. - Skt.) Y. sa7idal, safztal.^-'La.te L. san-
Samite, a rich silk stuff (F. — L. — Gk.) . taht77i. — Gk. aavrdkov. — Pers. sandal,
O. F. samit.'^'L.Â.Q. L. exa77iitu7n.'—ha.\Q. cha7idal, chanda7i. — Skt. chandana-,
Gk. €â/x'.Tov, a stuff woven with six kinds sandal, the tree.
of thread. — Gk. l£, six; fiiros, a thread of Sandblind, half-blind. (E.) In Shake-
the woof. See Dimity. speare a corruption of sa7n-blind, half
;
Samovar, a tea-um. (Russ.) Russ. blind. The prefix == A. S. sd77i-, half, cog-
sai/iova7'\ nate with L. se77ii-, Gk. T]yLi- see Semi-, ;
Sampan, a small boat. (Malay — Chin.) Hemi-.

Malay jaw/âi^. — Cliin.
saiipan (Yule). Sandwich.. (E.> Named from John
Sam.phire, a herb. (F. — L. ^/Z(/ Gk.) Montague, 4th Earl of Sa?idivich, died
Spelt sai7ipier in Baret (1580). — F. sai7it 1 792, who used to have sandzviches brought
Fierte, St. Peter; whence he7-be de saint to him at the gaming-table. —A. S. Sand-
Pio're, samphire. — L. sa7ictum, ace. of wTc, Sandwich, a town in Kent.
saiicttis, holy; Petru7)i, ace. of Pet7-us, Sane. (L.) L. sd/ius, of sound mind,
Peter see Petrel.
; whole, safe. Prob. allied to Icel. so7i, G.
Sample. (F.-L.) M. E. sa77iple.- siih7ie, atonement (Kluge).
O. F. essa77iple, exemple. ••'L,. exeT7iplu7?7 Sanguine. (F. - L.) F. sa7iguin,
an example, sample see Example. ; bloody, of a sanguine complexion. — L.
sam.pler. (F. — L.) O. v. exa77iplaire sattguineus, adj. from sa7igui]i- (for *san-
;
(XIV cent.), the same as exe7?ipla77'e, a gucfi-), stem oi sa7tgjtis, blood.

pattern. — L. exe77ipldrm77i, late form of Sanhedrim. (Heb.-Gk.) Late Heb.
exemplar, a copy. — L. exe77ipldris serving , satthedrin, borrowed from Gk. crvvidpiov,
as a copy. — L. exe7Jtphi77i (above). a council lit. a sitting together. — Gk.
;
462
SANS SASSAFRAS
<Tvv, together; (Spa, a seat, from ((ofxat, Sarcenet, Sarsnet, a thin silk. (F.
I sit ; see Sit. — L. - C;k. — Arab. O. F. sarcenet, a sti tf
)
Sans. (F.--L.) F. i-awj, without ; O.F. made by the Saracens. — Low L. saraceni-
sens. — L,. sine, without. — L. si ne, if not, fz^w, sarcenet. — L. Saraceniis, Saracen ; see
except. Saracen.
Sanskrit. (Skt.) Skt, satfiskrta, lit. Sarcophagus. (L.-Gk.) L. sarco-
'symmetrically formed.' — Skt. savi, to- phagtis, a stone tomb made of a lime- ;
gether; ki-ta, made, from kr, to make; stone which was supposed to consume the
cf. L. credre, to make. See Create. corpse (Pliny). — Gk. crapKocfxiyo^, flesh-
Sap (i), juice of plants. (E.) A, S. consuming; hencelime-stone. — Gk.aap/co-,
seep. +Du. sap Low G. sapp O. H. G. for (rdp^, llesh
; ; (payuv, to eat. See ;
saf, cf. G. saft Icel. safi.

; ^
Not allied Sarcasm.
to Gk. OTTO? but perhaps borrowed from
; Sardine (i\ a small fish. (F.- L.-
L. sapa. Gk.) F. sardine. — L. sardJna, sarda. —
—
Sap (2), to undermine. (F. Late L.) Gk. aapVivT], aapla, a kind of fish.
O.F. sapper, F. saper.-'O.Y sappe (F. Sardine (2), a gem. (L.-Gk.) L. sar-
.
sape), a kind of hoe. (Cf. Span, zapa, dinns. — Gk. oapdiios; Rev, iv. 3. Named
Ital. â//^, mattock.) — Late L. sappa, sapa, from Sardis, in Asia Minor (Pliny).
a hoe. Origin unknown Diez suggested
; Sardins, a gem. L. — Gk.) Rev. xxi.
Gk. aKairavri, a hoe from CKcnrTeiVj to 20. — L. sardizis (Vulgate). — Gk. aapbios,
;
dig. adpmov, a gem of Sardis (above).

Sapid, savoury. (L.) Rare. h. sapidtis, Sardonic, used of grim laughter. (F.
savoury. — L. sapcre, to taste also to be — L. — Gk.)
; F. sardoniqtie, formerly j-ar-
wise. Cf. O. H.G. int-seffen, to taste, donieti, in phrase vis sardonien, a forced '
mark. Brugm. ii. § 718. Der. in-sipid. or carelesse mirth ;' Cot. — L. Sardoniais,
sapience. (F. — L.) F. sapience. <- L. usually Sardoniiis. — Gk. caphavios, also
sapieiitia, wisdom. — L. sapient-^ stem of aapdovios, said to be derived from aap-
pres. pt. oi sapere, to be wise. 86vioi', a plant of Sardinia (SdpSo)), said to
Saponaceous, soapy. (L. - Teut.) screw up the face of the eater see Vergil, ;
Coined, as if from L. *sapdjidc£us, from Eel. vii. 41.

L. sdponevi, ace. of sdpo, soap (Pliny). Sardonyx, a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. sar-
See Soap. donyx. — Gk. oaphCvv^, i. e. Sardian onyx.
Sapphic, a kind of metre. (L.-Gk.) — Gk. aapd-, for SdpSeis, Sardis, in Lydia;
L. sapphictis, belonging to Sappho. — oi'v^, onyx. See Onyx.
Gk. "SaiTipw, Sappho of Lesbos, died about Sarsaparilla. (Span.) Span, sarza-
592 B.C. parilla, a plant. (Span.) Zarza means
Sapphire. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F. bramble,' perhaps from Basque sartzia, *
saphir. — L. sapphirus. — Gk. odinfieipoi, a bramble par-ilia is generally referred to ;
a sapphire. — Heb. sappir (with initial Parillo, the name of a physician who pre-
samech), a sapphire. Cf. Pars, saffir, scribed the use of sarsaparilla.
sapphire. Sarsnet; see Sarcenet.
Saraband. (F.-Span.-Pers.) F. Sash (i), a case or frame for panes of
sarabande, a Spanish dance. — Span, zara- glass. (F.-L.) Adapted from F. f/ftfji'/j-,
banda, a dance of Moorish origin. — Pers. a frame of wood for a window,' Cot.
'
or ;
sarband, lit. a fillet for fastening a lady's from O. F. chasse (F. chdsse), a case, shrine.
'
head-dress.' — Pers. j<2r, head band, band. — L. capsa, a case.

; See Chase (3) and
Saracen. (L.-Gk.- Arab.) 'L.sara- Case (2).
cemis, lit. one of the Eastern people.— Sash (2\ a scarf, girdle. (Arab.) For-
Late Gk. 2a/xi/f7;i/oy. — Arab, sharqin, pi. merly shash. — Arab, shdsk, muslin hence, ;
of sharqiy, eastern. — Arab, sharq, east, a muslin turban (Dozy). Cf. Arab.
rising sun. — Arab, root sharaqa, it rose. shdshiyaif), a little turban (Richardson).
Sarcasm, a sneer. (F. — L, — Gk.) F. Sassafras, a kind of laurel. (F.-
sarcasme. — L. sarcasmtis. — Gk. crapKaa/xo?, -Span.— L. ) F sassafras. — Span sasafras,
. .
a sneer. — Gk. capKaêiv, to tear flesh, to from O. Span, sassafragia, the herb saxi-
bite the lips in rage, to sneer. — Gk. oapK-, frage sassafras was so nnmed from being
;
stem of adpf, flesh. Der. sarcastic, Gk. supposed to possess the like virtue. — L.
(TapKacTTtKos, sneering. saxifraga) see Saxifrage.
463
; — ;
SATAN SAVORY
Satan. (Heb.) Heb. sdtdjt, an enemy. satyrus.'^Qik. adrvpos, a satyr, a sylvaa
— Heb. root sdtan, to persecute. god.
Satchel, a small bag. (F. — L., &c.) Sauce. (F.-L.) F. sauce.— L. salsa,
O.K. sachel. a little bag. — L. saccelluni, a thing salted fem. of salsiis, salted.
;
ace. of sacccllns, dimin. of sacciis^ a sack ;

See Salt. Der. sauc-er, orig. a vessel for
sea Sack. snuce; satic-y, full of sauce, pungent.
Sate, Satiate. (L.) Sate is from Saunders, a corrupt form of Sandal-
sated, used as a short form of satiate in wood.
sense of *
satisfied.' (Suggested by L. sat Saunter. (F. - L.) From A. F.
iox satis; satur, full.)— L. satidtus, pp. of sauntrer, adventure oneself. I find
to
satidre, to sate, fill full. L. sat, satis, — mention of a man * qc sauntre en ewe,'
sufficient ; satur, to Sad.
full. Allied who ventures on the water, who goes to
Brugm. 196.i. Der. satiety, M. F.
§ sea; Year-book of 11 Edw. IIL p. 619.
satiety, from L. ace. satietdtem, fullness. — A. F. S-, for es-, out (L. ex) and ;
Satellite. (F. L.) F. satellite, 'a — auntrer, for aventurer, to adventure or

sergeant, catchpole ; ' Cot. — L. satellitein, \ enture, from aventtire, an adventure. See
ace. oi satelles, an attendant. Adventure. [A mere guess.]
—
Satin. (F. L.) ¥. satin. {\t:i\.setino, Saurian, one of the lizard tribe. (Gk.)
Port, j-^///;/.) —
Late L. sdtTnus, setlniis, From Gk. cravpa, cravpos, a lizard.
satin. — Late Y,. seta, silk; V.. seta, saeta, Sausage. (F. — L.) ¥ or medy sausige
a bristle, a hair. Brugm. i. § 209. for *sausice) ; cf. Guernsey sauciche. F.
Satire. (F.— L.) F. satire. — L. satira, saucisse. — Late L. salsicia, fem. oisalsicius,
satura, a species of poetry orig. < a ; adj.(Georges), made of salted or seasoned
medley.' Derived from satura lanx, a full meat. — L. salsus, salted. — L. sal, salt. See
dish, dish full of mixed ingredients; where Salt.
satura is fem. oi satur, full. Cf. Sate. Sauterne,awine. (F.) YxomSatttej-Tte
satisfy. (F. L.) —
O. F. satisfier inFrance, department of Gironde.
(later satisfaire). Formed as if from Late Savage. (F.-L.) M. E. sauage.—
L. *satis/icdre, substituted for L. satis- A. F. savage O. F. savaige, salvage (F.
;
facere, lit. 'to make enough.' — L. satis, sauvage). — !-,. siludticus, belonging to a
enough facere, to make.
;
Der. satisfact- wood, wild. — L. silua, a wood. See
ion, from pp. satisfactus. Silvan.
Satrap, a Persian viceroy. (F. — L. Savanna, a meadow-plain. (Span. —
Gk. — Pers.) F. satrape.^^Y,. satraparn, Carib.) Spelt zauana R. Eden, ed. Arber, ;
ncc. of satrapes. — Gk. cxaTpaTnjs. — O. Pers. p. 148. Span, sabana said to be of ;
khsatj'a-pdvd, guardian of a province Caribbean origin (Oviedo). This sabana ^

from khsatra, province, and pa, to protect is different from sdbana, a sheet for a bed ;
(Spiegel). Cf. Zend shoithra-pdn, pro- from L. sabana pi. of sabanum, a linea y
tector of a region (Fick, i. 305), from Zend cloth used as a fem. sing. — Gk. odâvov^ ;
shoithra, a region, pd)i, protector; Skt. a linen cloth, towel.

kshetra-, a field, region, from kshi, to Save. (F. — L.) M. E. sauuen ( =
dwell, and/^, to protect. sauven). — A. F. saver, sauver; Y. sauver.
Saturate. (L.) F^rom pp. of L. satur- — L. saludre, to save. — L. saluus, safe.
dre, to fill full — L. satur, full. Cf. Sate. See Salvation.
Saturnine. (F. — L.) O.Y. saturnin Saveloy, Cervelas, a kind of
(usually Saturnieri), under the influence sausage. (F. — Ital. — L.) Formerly cer-
of the malign planet Saturn hence, melan- velas (Phillips). — F. cej-velas, M.F. ce7-velat.
;
choly. — L. Sdturnus, Saturn said to — Ital. cervellato (Torriano), a saveloy

;
mean the sower

'
as if from satum, from its containing brains. — Ital. cervelio,
'
;
supine of serere, to sow (Festus) which brain.- L. cerebellum, dimin. oi cerebrum,

;
is improbable. brain. See Cerebral.

Saturday. (L. ajid E.) A. S. Sater- Savin, Savine, Sabine, a shrub.
dctg, also Sceterfi-dceg, ScBternes dceg, i. e. (L.) A. S. safine. — L. sabina orig. Sabina ;
Saturn's day; a translation of L. Sdturni herba, a Sabine herb. The Sabines were
dies ; cf. Du. Zaterdag. — L. Sdturnus, a people of central Italy.
Saturn ; A. S. dcBg, a day. Savory, a plant. (F. - L.) M. F.
Satyr. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y.satyre.~\u. savorie, a popular perversion of O. F.
464
' ;
SAVOUR SCALE
sarrie (whence F. sarrieiie).'-\^. saitireia, scatiberk, scaberk, a scabbard ; answering
savory. to O. F. escaitberc, only found in the
Savour. (F. — L.) O. P\ Ja^w<;', later pi. escaubers (Godefroy). The F. word is
savejir. — L. saporem, ace. of sapor, taste. made up of O. F. escale, a scale, husk, case;
— L. sapere, to taste. See Sapid. and -berc, a protection (as in O. F. hau-
Savoy, a kind of cabbage. (F.) berc, hal-berc, a hauberk^ — O. H. G. scala,
Brought from Savoy. a scale, husk, case; bergan, to hide, pro-
Saw (i), a cutting instrument. (E.) tect. Thus scabbard --^ scatiberk — scale-
M. E. saive. A, S. sagu, lit.a cutter ;
from berk, with the reduplicated sense of cover- *
2nd grade of Teut. root SEG< y'SEK, to cover,' or protecting case. See Scale (i)
cut.-f Du. zaag, \cq\. sog, Dan. sav, Swed. and Hauberk.
sag, G. sage. See Secant. Der. see-saw, Scabious. (F.-L.) Vi.Y .scabietise,i.
a reduplicated form cf. scythe, sedge. ;
— L. scabiosa {herbd), a plant supposed to
Saw (2), a saying. (E.) M. E. sawe. be good for skin-eruptions. — L. scabies, an
A. S. sagu,z. saying; cf. A.S. secgati, to itch. See Scab.
say. Allied to Lith. pa-saka, a saying. Scaffold. (F.-L. ««^ Gk.? M. E.
Doublet, saga. See Say. scafo/d. — O.V. *escafalt, only found as
Saxhorn, a kind of horn. Named escafaut, eschafatit (also chajaut), mod. F.
after the inventor, Adolphe Sax, a French- echafaiid, a scaffold. Short for escadafalt
man ab. 1840.
;
(Burguy), where es- represents L. ex, prep.
Saxifrage, a plant. (F. - L.) F. cf. Span, and Ital. catafalco, a funeral
saxifrage. — L. saxifraga, spleen-wort so ; canopy, also a stage, scaffold (whence F.
named because it was supposed to break and E. catafalque^, p. The former part
stones in the bladder. — L. saxi-^ for saxiun, oi catafalco may be allied to Span, catar,
a stone frag-, base oi frangere, to break.
;
in the sense to view.'
'
The latter part
Cf. Sassafras. is perhaps due to L. fala, a kind ot
Saxon, a Teut. race. (L. — Teut.) Late scaffold. (Doubtful.)
L. Saxones, pi., Saxons. — A.S. Seaxaji, Scald (I), to burn. (F.-L.) M. E.
Saxons because armed with a short
; scalden. — O. F. *escalder, later eschauder,
sword. — A. S. seax, a knife, lit. cutter ' ; to scald (F. ^chaiider). — !.. excalddre, to
O. Fries, sax', cf. L. saxum, a stone wash in hot water. — L. ex, out, very and ;
implement. Erugm. i. § 549 c. caldiis = calidtis, hot. See Caldron.

Say(i),to speak. (E.) M. E. seggen, Scald (2), scabby. (Scand.) For
pr. s. sey-eth, sei-th. A. S. secgaii. North, scalled, i. e. afflicted with the scall; see
pr. s. seg-ed, pt. t. sagde, pp. ges(igd.-if;V)\x. Scan.

zeggen. Icel. segja, Dan. sige, Swed. saga, Scald (3), a poet. (Scand.) Icel. skald,
G. sagen, O. H. G. sagen. Cf. Lithuan. a poet, older form skald (Noreen).
sakyti, to say; Gk. Ivvîri (for *€i'-cr«7r-6), Scale (i), a shell, a flake. (F.—
O. L. in-sec-e, imp. s., tell, say. See O. H. G.) M. E. scale. ~0. F. escale (F.
Sweet, N. E. Gr. § 1 293. ^cale). — O. H. G. scala (G. schale). A. S. +
Say (2), a kind of serge. (F. — L. — Gk.) scealu, scalu, a shell, husk, scale Dan. and ;
O. F. saie, say. (Cf. Span, saya, sayo, a Swed. skal, a shell, pod. From Teut. base
tunic; sayete, a thin stuff.) So called ''skal, 2nd grade of str. vb. *skel-an-, to
because used for making a kind of coat cleave, divide cf. Lith. skel-ti, to cleave ; ;
called in Latin saga^ sagtivi, or sagtis Gk. aKaKKnv,io stir up, to hoe. (-/SQEL.) ;
Late L. saguni, (i) a mantle, (2) a kind of See Shale, Shell, and Skill.
cloth. — Gk. aarôs, a soldier's mantle; scale (2), a bowl or dish of a balance.
allied to (ya-^-q, harness, adyfia, a pack- (F. — Teut.) [Formerly also .fr^/<? cf. Icel. ;
saddle see Sumpter.

;
skal, a scale of a balance.] M E. scale. - .
Say (3), to essay; short for assay or O. F. escale, a cup (Godefroy). - Icel. skal,
essay ; see Essay. Dan. skaal, Swed. skal, bowl ; Du. scJuml,
bowl. Allied to Scale (1) being
Scab. (Scand.) Dan. Swed. skad. -f- scale, ;
G. schabe\ A.S. sceab, scceb, scab, itch. from Teut. base skc^l-, 3rd grade of *skelan-.
Lit. ' something that is scratched cf. L. ;
' Scale (3), a ladder, gradation. (L.)
L.
scabere, to scratch, scabies, itch. See scala, a ladder. L. scd-la<*sca7i{t)-sld,
Shave and Shabby. i. e. *scan{dysld from scandere, to climb.
;
Scabbard. (F.-Teut.) y[..Y..scaubert, See Scan. Brugm. i. § 414.
465
— ;
SCALENE SCARF
Scalene. (L. — Gk.) 'L. sca/enus, adj. as in skant, a dole, skanta, to measure
— Gk. uneven.
aKa\T]t'6s, scalene, closely. Cf. O. H. G. skani, short. Der.
Scall, scab on the skin. (Scand.) From scant-y.
Icel. skalli, a bald head orig. a peeled ; Scantling, a cut piece of timber, a
head. Cf. from skala,
Swed. skallig, bald, pattern. (F. — Teut.
with L. prefix^ ;
to peel. Allied to Swed. skal, a husk ;

From O. North F. escantillon, for O. F.
see Scale (i), Der. scald {2)=-scalled, eschantillon, a small cantle, scantling,
'
afflicted with scall. sample Cot. — O. F. es-, prefix, from L.

;
'
Scallion, a plant allied to garlic. (F. ex cantel, a cantle see Cantle.

; ;
— L. —Gk. — Phoenician.) O. F. escalogne, Scapegoat. Here scape is short for

a scallion see further under Shallot.
;
escape ; see Escape.
Scallop, Scollop, a kind of shell-fish. Scapular, belonging to the shoulder-
(F. -Tent.) M. E. skalop. - O. F. escalope, blades. (L.) Late L. jra/zii/arw, adj., from
a shell. — M. Du. schelpe (Du. schelp), a scapula, pi. shoulder-blades. Der. scapii-
shell, especially a scallop-shell. Allied to lar-y, a kind of scarf (worn over the
Scale and Shell. Der. scallop, vb.,
(i) "aWouXditx^^Y .scaptilaire. Late X^.scapuldre.
to cut nn edge into scallop-like curves. Scar (i), mark of a wound. (F. L. —
scalp. Scand.) M.E.j'r^/?^ (Northern).
V
Gk.) M. F. escare.
eschara, a scar,— L.
— Icel. skdlpr, M. Swed. skalp, a sheath ;
esp. of a burn. — Gk. kaxapa, a hearth, fire-
Dan. husk, shell of a pea; also
dial, skalp, place, scar of a burn.
M. Ital. scalpo, the scalp, a word borrowed Scar (2), Scaur, a rock. (Scand.) M.E.
from Teutonic. Cf. M. Du. schelpe, a — Icel. sker, a skerry, isolated rock
scarre.
shell (hence, skull). See Scallop. Dan. skicer, Swed. skdr. So called because
Scalpel, a small sharp knife. (L.) L. cut off from the main land see Shear. ;
scalpelliityi, dimin. of scalprum, a knife. — Scaramouch, a buffoon. (F. - Ital. -

L. scalpere, to cut. O. H. G.) From Scaramoche, a famous
Scaiumony, a cathartic gum -resin. Italian zany who acted in England in 1673
(F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. scammonie. — L. (Blount\ Also c?i\\Qd Scaraj?wuche, which
scafHinoma. — G. aKa/xfxa>via, aKa/xajvia, was the F. spelling but his real name was
;
scammony, a kind of bind-weed. Scaramticcia, of which the lit. sense is a '
Scamp. (F. — L.) Formerly a vaga- skirmish,' being the same word as the
bond, or fugitive. — O. North F. escamper, O. F. escarmouche, a skirmish. See Skir-
s'csca/uper, to flee O. F. eschamper, to
;
mish.
decamp. — L. ex, out and campus, battle- ; Scarce. (F. - L.) M. E. - O. F.
scars.
field. Der. scamp-er^ to run or fiee escars, eschars, scarce, scanty, niggard (F.
away. — Late L. scarps}is,'iôxi form of
t'c/âr.y).
Scan. ^Yioxiiox scand the (^ was

(L.) \ excarpsus, used as a substitute for L. ex'-
prob. mistaken for the pp. suffix -ed.-^Y.. cerptus, pp. of excerpcre, to select; see
scandere, to climb; also, to scan a verse. Excerpt, Thus the sense was ' picked out,'
-f Skt. skand, to spring up. Brugm. i. select, scarce.
§ 63.S. Scare. (Scand.) M. E. skerren, to scare;
Scandal. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. scandale. from skerre, adj., timid, shy. — Icel. i'/y'^rr,
— L. scandahini. — Gk. OKavhaXov, a snare timid, shy allied to skirrask, to shun, lit.
; ;
also a scandal, offence, stumbling-block. to sheer off; see Sheer (2).

Orig. the spring of a trap, the stick which Scarf (i), a light sash or band. (F.
sprang up when the trap was shut, and on O. Low G.) Confused, as to sound, with
which the bait was placed usually called ; Scarf (2). The particular sense is due to
cr/cai/SdAT/^poi/. — >^SKAND, to spring up. O. North F. escarpe, O. F. and M. F. es-
See Scan. Doublet, slander. charpe, a scarf; Cot. — M. Du. scharpe,
Scansion. (L.) From L. scansio, a a scrip (Oudemans) ; Low G. schrap. Ci.
scanning. — L. scansus, pp. of scandere, to E. Fries, scherpe, a scarf, which, like G.
scan see Scan.
; schdrpe, is prob. from F. See below.
Scant, adj. (Scand.) M. E. skant, in- Scarf (2), to join timber together.
sufficient. — Icel. skamt, neut. of skammr, (Scand.) From Swed. skarf, a scarf, seam,
short, brief; whence skamta, to dole out joint. -J- Bavarian scharben, to cut a notch
(hence to scant or stint) Icel. skamtr, a ; in timber, G. scha?'ben, O. H. G. scarbon,
dole. In Norwegian, nt appears for ;;;/, to cut small. From Teut. *skarb, 2nd
466
;
SCARIFY SCIATIC
grade of *skerb-an-, to as in A. S. cut, inquiring; pi. aKciTTiKoi, the Sceptics, fol-
sceorfan^ pt. t. scearf, to scrape. lowers of Pyrrho 3rd century, u. c). — Gk.
;
Scarify. (F. — L. Gk.) F. scarifier. — GKiTTTOfxai, I consider see Species. ;
— L. scarificdre, to scarify, scratch open Sceptre. (F.-L.-Gk.) ¥. sceptre.-

from jc"ar//^;-^, to scarify. — Gk.cr/£-a^£(/jaojua<, L. sceptriwi." Gk. oKTjnTfiou. a stafi to lean
I scratch. — Gk. aKapupos, a sharp pointed on, a sceptre. — Gk. ofcqvTdv. to prop also ;
instrument. Allied to L. scrf/'Cre, to write, to hurl. Cf. L. scdpiis, a shaft, stem.

and to E. Scribe. Schedule. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
Scarlet. (F.-Pers.) O.F. escar/aU, ccdti/e.-^'M. t'. schedtile. cedule, 'a sched-
scarlet. (Span, escar/afa, Ital. scar/aUo.) ule, scrowle,' C ot. ; F. c^dzile. — L. schedula,
— Pers. saqaldt, siqaldt, suqidt, scarlet a small leaf of paper; dimin. oischeda (or
cloth. Orig, the name of a stuff, which scida), a strip of papyrus bark. Late Gk.
was often of a scarlet colour cf. ' scarlet ; ox^^'V> a tablet, is borrowed from L. ; hence
reed,' Ch. Prol. 456. Hence Pers. % the L. word must be from
the kindred Gk.
saqlattln, scarlet cloth, whence M. P2. wood, from ox}îiv,
oxihr], a cleft iîece of
ciclatoitn (Chaucer). The Turkish ?V/Cvr /a/, to cleave. See Schism.
scarlet, merely borrowed from Ital.
is Scheme. (L. — Gk.) ¥om\ti\y schema.
scarlatto (Zenker). See Sucldt in Yule. — L. schema. — G\i. ax^/â, form, apjear-
scarlatina, scarlet fever. (Ital. — ance, also used as a term in rhetoric. — Gk.
Pers.) Ital. scarlattina. — Ital. scarlatto, oxn'> as in axri-(Toj, fut. of ^x-dv, to hold,
scarlet cloth (above). have (base o^X')- ^f- ^^^- ^<^^y to bear.
Scarp. (F.-Ital.-Teut.) Y.escarpe. (VSEGH.)
— Ital. a curtein of a wall
Scarpa, '
so
;
' Schism. (F. - L. — Gk.) F. schisvie.
called because cut sharp, i. e. steep. — Du, — L. schisma. — Gk. ax}aixa, a rent, split,
scherp; M. H. G. scharfi scharpf, sharp; schism. — Gk. oxîîv (base <tx*S-)> to
see Sharp. cleave. + L. scindere, Skt. chhid, to cut.
Scathe, to harm. (Scand). From Icel. Brugm, i. §§ 5S6, 599.
skada, Swed. skada, Dan. shade, -f- A. S. schist, slate-rock. (Gk.) Gk. ax}(i-
sceadan (pt. t. scod) G. Du. schaden ; ;
Tos, easily cleft. — Gk. ax<C«''' (above).
Goth, ga-skathjan (pt. t. ga-skotli). Cf. Gk. School (i). (F.-L.-Gk. , M.E. scole.
a-aKr]Gr}s, unharmed. Der. scathe, sb., Icel. A. F. and O. F. escole, school— L. schola.
skadi. — Gk. o-xoA.77, rest, leisure, employment of
Scatter. (E.) M.E. scatere?!. North- leisure time, also a school. Orig. 'a
ern form of Shatter, q. v. -4- Gk. cr/ceS- pause ;
' from axo-, a grade of the base of
dvvvfii, I sprinkle, OKeb-aais, a scattering; '(^X'îv, to hold; see Scheme. (y'SEGH.'
Skt. skhad, to cut. Cf. Squander. Der. schol-ar, A. F. escoler; scholi-ast.
Scavenger. (F. — Teut.) Formerly from Gk. ox^î-oor-qs, a commentator.
scavager the n is intrusive.
; The sense School V-), a shoal offish. (Du.") Du.
has much changed a scavager was an
; school visschen, a shole of fishes,' Sewel.
'
officer who acted as inspector of goods Doublet of shoal. See Shoal (i).
for sale, and subsequently had to attend Schooner. (Scand.) Properly scooner,
to cleansing of streets. Scavage, i. e. in- but spelt as if derived from Dutch, which
spection, is an A. F. Avord, with F. suffix is not the case, the Du. schooner being oi
-age (^L. -dticuin) from O. F. escazna-er,

; E. origin. First called a scooner in 1713,
to examine, inspect. — O. Sax. skawon, to when the first schooner wrs so named in
behold cognate with A. S. scedwian, to
; Gloucester, Massachusetts, from the remark
look at. See Show. that 'she scoons,''\. e. glides swiftly. This
Scene. (L. —
Gk.) L. scena, sccena verb is the Clydesdale seen or scoon, to
(whence also F. scene). -^Gli. cK-qv-i^, a glide swiftly, applied to stones with which
sheltered place, tent, stage, scene. Der. one makes ducks and drakes in the water.
' '
pro-scenhim. — Icel.sknnda, to speed. See Shun.

Scent, vb. (F. — L.) A false spelling Schorl, black tourmaline. (Swed.)
iox sent, as in Hamlet, i. 5. 58 (ed. 1623). Swed. skdrl (with sk as E. sh). Perhaps
— F. — L. scji-
sentir, 'to feel, sent;' Cot. suggested by Swed. skor, brittle.
tire, to feel,perceive. See Sense. Sciatic, pertaining to the hip-joint. (F.
—
Sceptic. (F. L. Gk.) F. sceptique. — — L. - Gk.) F. sciatique, adj - L. sciaticns, .
—
— L. scepticus. Gk. aKenrLKos, thoughtful, corruption of L. ischiadicus, subject to gout
467
; ;
SCIENCE SCORE
in the hips. — Gk. subject to
i<r\ia5iK.^, ! of Teut. to scold, blame, as seen
*,c;{'<'.<ij«-,
pains in the loins. — Gk. ur^mS-. stem of! in O. Fries, sifJJa, Du. scheMeft \j^t.. t.
uT^mc, pain in the loins. — Gk. l<T\iov, the i
schcU\, G. s.heltm (.pt. t. scha^t^, to scold :
socket in which the thigh-bone turns. Der. {

ci. Dan. skieUe, wk. vb., to scold. If the
s:i^:i\--.T. fern, of L. adj. sciaticus. orig. sense was *
to push,' it is allied to O.
*to
Science. i,F. — L."^ F. .u;>«<y. — L. I Sax.
S.ix. skr..\:.:f:. to push off ,a bo.it
scicntia. knowledge. — L. scunt-, stem of Scollop see Scallop.
;
j
pres. pt. oi scire, to know, orig. to discern. i

Sconce vi\ a small fort, bulwark. t^F.
Alii Der. con-, fre-scienct
Skill. - L.^ Also applied to a helmet, and even
Scimetar, Cimetar. ^F. or Ital. - to the head. — O. F. fsconse, a hiding-place,
Pers. ?) F. ivV/w/tWY. a scymitar; Cot, *
' sconce; orig. fern, of pp. escons. — 'L.ab-
Ci. Ital. scimitarra, 'a simitar,' Florio. scoMsa. fern, oi absconsus, used iâs well .is
Prob. from Pers. shimshir, sharfuhir, 'a abs.wsditits^ as pp. of avsccndcrf, to hide;
cimeter,' Rich. Diet., p. 909. Lit. lion's see Abscond.
claw. — Pers. sham, nail, claw ; shc>\ sconce v-^« ^ candle-stick. (^F. — L.^
lion. M. E. sccncc, scons, a covered light, lan-
Scintillation. ^F.-L.) ¥. scintilla- tern. — O. F. csconse, a dark Lantern i^Roquc-
tion. — L. ace. scintillJtiotum, a sparkling. fort"*. — Late L. absconsa, a. dark lantern;
— L. scintillare., to sparkle. — L. scinti.'Ja, from L. absconsus. hidden.
a spark. Scoop. v^F. — Scand.> M. E. .v^'/^, sb.
Sciolist. ,L.^ Formed, with suffix -isf, — O. F. cscopc [¥. tfcopc'^, a scoop t^Hatz-
from L. sciol-us, a smatterer. — L. sciiis, feld\ — Swed. skopa, a scoop, -f ^^- E)"*
knowing. — L. scT-re, to know. See schoepe, M. II. G. schucfc, a scoop; cf. C«.
Science. schopfen, to draw water, to scoop. Froni
Scion. F.-L.) M. E. -fi^«;/. - O. F. Teut. *-skoPj 2nd grade of Teut. *skap-, as
M. F. sion, F. scion, *a
lion, scion, shoot;' in O. Sa.\. skcppiati \iox *skap/an^, Du.
Cot. Orig. '
a cutting.' — O. F. sicr, F. schcppcn, O. II. G. schcpfan '^pt. t. scuof^,
rrzV;-, to cut. — L. scccirc, to cut. (But the to draw up water.
Ficsrd form is chion.) Scope. V^tal. — Gk.> Ital. sccpo. a mark
ScirrllOUS, pertaining to a hard swell- to shoot at, scope; Florio. — Gk. a/conos, a
ing. (^L. — Gk.") From
L^Xc'L. scirrhus, mark, a watcher allied to Gk. CKfVTOfiai,
;
sb., a form used for L. scirros,a. hard swell- I see, spy, which is cognate with L.
ing. — Gk. a Hippos, afci'pos, CKippcufia, a hard spccere ; see Species.
swelling. — Gk. ampos, hard. Scorbutic, afflicted with scurvy. (Lo\f
Scissors. ,F.-L.) [Ill spelt, and L.^ From Low L. .c.-^;7';7/w.^ scurvy ; said
not from scindere., to cut.] M. E. siscures, to be Latinised from M. Du. scheur-en, to
cisonres. — O. F. cisoires, shears used ; break, tear, and bot, a bone (Weigand) ;
instead of ciseaiix, sizars,' Cot. The '

which is doubtful. From L. scorbutus
latter is the pi. of O. F. cisg/, chisel see ; were formed Low G. scharbock, schar-
Chisel. Both words are due to L. ccrdey-e, M. Du. scheurbuyck (^Du. biiuk, scurvy ;
to cut see Cfiesura.

; No doubt the word ^ These forms are due scheurbuik'), scurvy.
was confused with L. scissor, which pro- to popular etymology, as the lit. sense of
perly means a cutter,' hence, a tailor
*
M. Du. scheurbuyck is rupture of the *
from L. scindere, to cut. belly,' from schciireu, to tear, and buyck

Scoff. (Scand.^ M. E. skof. Swed. dial. (mod. Du. buik^,^^ belly. See Scurvy.
skoff-, as in skoffs-ord, n. pi., words of Scorch. (F. — L.) Orig. to tlay Knt. ;
abuse, skoff-scra, to abuse O. Fries. de la Tour, p. 6. — O. F. escorcker, lit. to

;
schof. a scoff Icel. skauf, shop, mockery.

; May (Ital. scoriicareX-"!.. ex, off; cortic-,
Cf. M. Du. schoppcn, schobbcn, to scoff, stem of cortex, bark, rind, husk. Confused
Icel. skopci, to scoff; also Dan. skiiffe, to with M. E. scorklen, to burn, scorkncn, to
deceive see Scufiae.
; The orig. sense parch cf. Norw. skrokkna, to shrivel, ;
was prob. ' a rub or a shove of. Swed.

' '
skrokkcn, shrunken allied to Shrink.
'
; ;
skiiff, a push, G. schupfen, to push see Score. (^Scand.) M. E. score, properly

;
Shove. a cut hence twenty, denoted by a long ;
Scold. (Perhaps Frisian.) M. E. cut on a cut stick. — Icel. skor, a score, cut
scoldcn also skalde, scolde, sb., a scold. also twenty; cf. Swed. skara, Dan. skaar,
;
The sb. is formed from skald, 2nd grade score, cut. From Teut. *skor-, Ic^X.skor-,
*
468
SCORIA SCRAPE
weak j^ra'Je of :ker-a, to cut, shear; see ]
:coriata ans-wers to 1^ excoriata, lit flayed
Shear. off, hence a strip of leather for a whip, a
Scoria, slafj.— Gk.)

''L. L. scoria. -^ thong pp. of extendiare, to flay ofF, in
;
(jV.. rjKojpia, dros«, scum. — Gk. <T«cwp, dung, Eat': E., to whip; ve Excoriate.
ordure-. -f-A. S. zcearn, dnng. Scout (1), a spy. F. - L., ME.
Scorn. ^. !>•; — K, i^<>r«. — O. F.
M. scoute. — 6. F. O. F.
escoule, a «py. —
escorne, scorn; Cot. — O. F. escorner, to escouter, to listen. Folk-L. *ascolt, re,—
humiliate, mock at; orig. 'to deprive of for 1^ ausculidre, to listen ; tee Atusculta-
horns;' from L. ex, out, cornu, a horn. tion.
^ liut much influenced by .M. PL. unrnen. Scout 2), to ridicule an idea. ''.Scar.d.)
to scorn, from O. F. eicarnir^ escharnir, Allied to Lowl. Scratch scout, to pour out
to deride from O. H. G, scerndn, to
; a liquid forcibly, to shoot it out- — Icel.
deride, a vb. due to the sb. ^cern, derision. skata, skuti, a taunt cf skot-yrfii, scoffs. ;
—
Scorpion. F. L. -Gk., Y. scorpion. — IceL skitt- a weak grade of the base of
,
— L. -.corpidnem, ace. of scorpio, the saa.e skjota, to shoot. Cf. Swed. skjuta, Ci, to
as scorpitis. — Gk. dKopvlo^, a scorpion, also shoot, < 2) to shove skjuta skulden /<2, to
;
a prickly .sea-fi.sh. V^KERP.; ca-.i the blame on Dan. skyde, to shoot,

;
Scotcll, cut with narrow incisions.

to cast ^blame on , repel. .See Shoot.
Scand.; To is to cut slightly
:cotch short ; ScowL '.Scand.^ M. E scoulen. Not
ioTSCor-ch,iiri extension of score; see Score. in A. S. — Dan. skule, to scowl, cast down
'
•
With knyfe scortche not the lioorde ; the eyes ; allied to Y^. Fries, and Ix)w G.
Babees Book, p. 80. Confused with schiUen, \)xx.schuilen, to hide oneself, prov.
M. E. scorchen, to flay, which suggested G. schulen, to hide the eyes, look slih,
its form. peep. From the sb. seen in E. Fries.
Scot-free, from payment. (Y.—
free schtil, Du. schiiil, Dan. skiul, shelter, Icel.
Tent.; and O. F. escot Y.^cot^,
.'..i-. skjol, shelter, cover. See Sheal.
payrnf^nt, csp. a contribution to a common Scrabble, to scrawl. ^Scand.; Lit. ' to
fund, into which it is shot.^\<it\. :ko(, a scratch or scrape;' for prov. E. scrapple,
shot, a contribution. 4- I^Q- schot^ G. schoss, frequent, of scrape. Cf Du. schrabhen, to
a shot, a scot. From *ikut-, weak grade scratch E, Fries, schrabhen, schrappen,
;
of Tent. *skeut-aft-, to shoot. See Shoot. schrapen, to scratch. See Scrape.

Scoundrel. ^Scand.^ Lit. 'a loathsome Scraggy, lean, rough. (.Scand.) Allied
fellov,.' .Xherdeensh- scoonrel; for *scztn- to M. E. '^croggy, covered with thin strag-
ner-e/, whf;re -e/ is an agential suffix. gling bushes. From prov. E. scrag,
From Lowl. .Scotch scunner, sconrur, to a forked branch, lean person cf. scrog, a ;
loathe, also (formerly; to shrink through stcnted bush. — .Swed. dial, skragga, a weak
fear, act as a coward; so that a scoonrel old man cf. Icel. skroggsligr, scraggy
; ;
is one who shrinks, a coward. See North Fries, skrog, a lean man Dan. skrog, ;
Barbour, Bruce, xvii. 651. The verb scun- a carcase. See Shrug, Shrink.
ner is the frequentative of the North, form Scramble. Scand.; Nasalised form of
of A. S. scun-ian, to shun; see Shun. prov. E. :crabble, to scramble, allied to
Cf. Swed. dial, skunna sig, Icel. skunda, scraffle, to scramble, scrapple, to grub
to hasten. about frequentatives of scrape, prov. E.
;
Scour Ci), to cleanse. (F. — L.; O. F. scrap, to scrape.

escurer, to scour, Cf. Span, escurar, Scrannel, thin, weakly, wretched.
M. scurare, to scour, rub up. — L. ('.Scand.; In Milton, Lycidas, 124. Prov.
Ital.
excHrdre, to take great care of —
L. ex,Ê. scranny, thin, lean; scrannel, a lean
very; ciirdre, to take care, from ciira, care. \
person ''Lincolnshire^. — Swed. dial, skran
(Korting.) Or from M. Du. schueren. weak; Norweg. skran, thin, lean, or)r';
Scour '2^, to run along. (F. — L.) 'Ca- Dan. skranten, sickly, weakly. Cf. Swed.
milla scours the plain Pope. — O. F. ;
' dial, and Norw. skrinn, thin, lean, weak,
e:corre, e;coiirre, to run out ''as a spy).— dry.
L. excurrere. — L. ex, out currere, to run. ; Scrap. (Scand.) Icel. skrap, scraps,
Scourge. ^F.— L.) K.Y . escorge; cf trifle-:, lit. 'scrapings.' — Icel. skrapa, to
O. F. escorgiee (Y . ^courgde^, a scourge. scrape.
Cf Ital. scuriada, M. Ital. scoriata, a scrape. '^Scand.) Orig. to scratch
scourge, scoriare, to whip. The M. Ital. ,
with something sharp. - \zc\. skrapa, Swed.
469
;
SCRATCH SCRUB
skrapa, Dan. skrabe, scrape.
to Du. + Scrimmage ; see Skirmish.
schrap&tt. From Teut. *skrap-, 2nd grade Scrip ( I ), a small bag. (Scand.) A. F.
of Teut. '^skrepan-, to scrape; as in A.S. escrepe, a scarf. —
skreppa, Swed. Icel.
screp-an, pt. t. scrcep. Cf. Russ. skrebok\ skrdppa, a scrip. Orig. sense scrap,' '
a scraper. because made of a scrap of stuff; cf. N.

Scratch. (Scand.) Due to the con- Fries, skrap, a scrip.
fusion of M. E. skratten, to scratch, with Scrip (2), a piece of writing; the same
M. E. craccheji^ to scratch, p. M. E. word as script (below).
skratten stands for s-kratten, where the script. (F. — L.) M. F. escript, *a
s- (due to F. es-, L. ex-^ is intensive, and writing.' — L. scriptum, neut. of pp. of
kratten is from Swed. /^r<^//a (below), y- scribere, to write.
M. E. cracchen stands for *y^ra/j^«. — Swed. scripture. (F. — L.) M.'Ej. scripture,
kratsa, to scrape, krats, a scraper. — Swed. a writing. — M.F. escriptzire. — L. scriptilra,
kratta, to rake, scrape cf. Icel. krota, to
; a writing. — L. scriptus, pp. of scribere, to
engrave. From Teut. *kret-an-, to cut write.
(pt. t. *krat^ pp. *kroi-anoz). So also Du. scrivener. (F. L.) Formerly a —
krassen \iox '^kratsen), G. kratzen, O. H. G. scriven the suffix -er, of the agent, is an
;
chrazzon, to scratch. And see Grate (2). E. addition. M. E. scriuein = scrivein). (^
Scrawl. (Scand.) A
contraction of — O. F. escrivain. —Late L. scribanum,
scrabble, to write carelessly. Confused % ace. of scribdmis, a. notary. — L. sc?'ibere,
with M.E. scratikn, to crawl, a form of to write.
crawl with prefix s ( = 0. F. es-<,L.. ex) Scrofula. (L.) L. scrofula, a little
used with an intensive force. pig ; whence the used in the pi. scrofulce,
Scream. (Scand.) M.E. so-emen.'— sense of scrofulous swellings perhaps ;
Icel. skrcema^ Swed. skrania^Y)-xVi, sh?'cemme, from the swollen appearance of the glands.
to scare; orig. to cry aloud. Cf. Swed. Dimin. of scrofa, a breeding sow. So also
skrdn, a scream ; Dan. skraale, to roar. Gk. x^'/wSes, scrofulous glands from ;
Screech. (Scand.) Cf. M. E. scrJken ; Xorôs, a pig.

Lowl. Sc. scraik. — Icel. skrakja, to shriek Scroll, a of paper. roll (F. — Teut.)
ci.^wtd.skrika, to shriek, Dan. skrige.-^ Dimin. (with of M. E. scrowe, a
suffix -/)
Gael, sgreuch^ to shriek. Cf. Shriek. scroll. — M. F. escroue,
a scrowle Cot. — '
;
'
Screen. (F. — Teut.) yi.Y.. scren.^ M. Du. schroode, a shred, strip, slip of
O. F. escren (Littre) escratt, a skreen,'
;
'
paper; O. H. G. scrot (the same). Allied
Cot. (Mod. F. icran.) Also found as to Shred.
zjiO.Y .escranne (Godefroy). — G. schranne, Scroyles, rascals. (F. — L.) In K.
a railing, grate, p. In the sense of coarse '
John, ii. I. 375. — O.F. escroelles, later
sieve,' it is the same word so called be-
; escrouelles, lit. the king's evil,' i. e.
'
cause it screens (or wards off) the coarser scrofula ; Cot. — Late L. '^scrobellce (only
particles, and prevents them from coming found as scroellce), scrofula, dimin. of
through. *scrobiila, for scrofula ; see Scrofula.
Screw (i). (F. — Teut.) Formerly Transferred, as a term of abuse, from the
seme. — M. F. escroue, 'a. scrue;' Cot.; disease to the person said to be afflicted
O. F. escroe (Godefroy). F. ^C7'0ii. Per- with it. (See Korting.)
haps from Low G. schruve cf. M. Du. ; Scrub brush-wood. (Scand.) Dan.
(
I ),
schroeve, Du. schroef, G. schraube, a screw. dial, skrub, brush-wood Norw. skrubba, ;
% The Icel. skrufa, Swed. skruf, Dan. the dwarf cornel-tree. See Shrub. Der.
skrue, are from Low G. and it is doubtful
; scrtibb-y, mean, orig. shrubby, stunted.
whether the Du. and G. words are really Scrub (2), to rub hard. (Scand.) M. E.
Teutonic. scrobbcn, to scrub. — Swed. skrubba, Dan.
Screw (2), a vicious horse. (E.) The skriibbe, to scrub. Low G. schrubben +
;
North E. form of shrew, q. v. Du. schrohben ; N. Fries, skrobbe, E. Fries.

Scribble. (L. tuith E. suffix.) Formed
; schrubben. According to Franck, it is
from scribe with frequent, sufhx -le; the allied by gradation to Du. and E. Fries.
suffix giving it a verbal force. schrabben, to scratch see Scrabble, ;
scribe. (L.) L. .y^rJ<â, a writer. — L. Scrape, p. It is also, perhaps, related to

scribere, to write, orig. to scratch or cut shrub. Cf. E. broom, from the shrub so
slightly. called Lowl. Scotch scrubber, a handful
;
'
470
; '
SCRUFF SCUTIFORM
of heath tied tightly together for clean- &c. (F. - L.)
The suffix -^ ( = F. -ie) is
ing culinary utensils ' Jamieson. ;
the same as in butter-y,pantr-y. The orig.
Scruif ; see Scuft. sense was that of keejnng the dishes.' —'
Scruple. (F. — L.) F. scruptde, 'a O. F. escuelerie, esculerie, the office of

little sharp stone in a mans shooe,' Cot.
. . keeping the dishes (Godefroy). — O. F. es-
hence a hindrance, perplexity, doubt, also ciielle (F. ecuelle), a dish.-L. scutella, a
a small weight. — L. scrfcpulum, ace. of dish; dimin. oi scutra, a flat tray.
%crnpulus, a sharp stone, dimin. of scrnpus Scullion, a kitchen menial. (F. L.) —
(the same). Minsheu explains sctillioi ns being named
Scrutiny. (L.) 'L.scrutinium.^c^xQ- '
eo quod scutellas curat,' thus associating
ful enquiry. — L. scrutdri^ to search into itwith scullery. But there is no trace in
carefully, as if among broken pieces. — L. O. F. of any such form. Palsgrave has :
scriita, s. broken pieces.

pi., '
Scoulyon of the kechyn, souillon and ; '
Scud, to run quickly. (Scand.) Cf. Cotgravc explains F. souillon by *a

Dan. skyde, to shoot ; skyde over stevn^ lit. scullion.' Perhaps this is the real source,
'to shoot over the stem,' to scud along; the being inserted by association with
c
skudsteen, a stone quoit, called in Scotch a scullery. — F. soiiiller, to soil, to be dirty.
scudding-stane. Cf. Swed. dial, skudda, to See Soil (2) and Sully.
shoot the bolt of a door. See Scuttle (3), Sculpture. (F.-L.) Y. sculpture. ~\..
Scout (2), and Shoot. sculptura, sculpture, lit. a cutting. — E.
Scuffle. (Scand.) The frequentative sculptus, pp. of sctdpere, to cut, carve ;
of Swed. skuffa^ to push, shove, jog. allied to scalpere, to cut.

Cf M. Du. schnffelen, to drive on, also Scum. (Scand.) Dan. skum, froth;
to run or shuffle off, from Du. schiciven, Swed. skuj?i, froth ; EL. Fries. J(r//?7w.-f Du.
to shove. See Shuffle, Shove. schuivi ; G. schauni (as in vieer-schaiaii).
Scuft, Scuff, Scruff, the nape of (VSKEU, to cover.) Der. skim.
the neck. (^Scand.) O. Icel. skopi {^pron. Scupper. (F.) ^Scuppers, the holes
skoft), hair of the head, mod. Icel. skott, through which the water runs off the deck ;
a fox's tail N. Fries, sktift, the nape of
; Coles (1684). Phillips has scoper-holes.
a horse's neck.-f-G. schopf, a tuft of hair ;
Yox scoop-er, i. e. lader out of water from ;
O. H. G. sacft, hair Goth, skuft, hair of

; scoop, vb., to lade out water. (The Du.
the head. Allied to Sheaf; cf. Icel. name is spiegat, lit. 'spit-hole.') See
skaiif, a fox's brush. Scoop.
Sculk, Skulk. (Scand.) M. E. Scurf. (Scand.) From Swed. skorf,
skulken. — Dan. skulke, to sculk, slink ;
Dan. skurv, scurf; Icel. skurfur, pi.
Swed. skolka, to play the truant. A + A. S. scurf .1
scorf; Du. schurft, G.
derivative of Dan. shile, to scowl ; see schoj-f. From *skorf-, weak grade of
Scowl. Allied to Icel. skolla, to sculk, ^skerfan-, as in A. S. sceoj-fan, to scarify,
keep aloof. gnaw. Der. scurv-y.
Scull ( I ) Skull, the cranium. ( Scand .)
, Scurrile, buffoon-like. (L.) E. scur-
M. E. skulle, scolle. Named from its shell- rilis, adj., fiom scurra, a buffoon.
like shape. — Swed. dial, skulle, variant of Scurvy, scabby, shabby. (Scand.)
skolli, scull ; Norw. skolt, scull. From An adj. formed from sciirf {sibowe) Hence .
Teut. *skol, weak grade of *skelan- (pt. t. scurvy disease, the scurvy, much confused
*skar), to cleave, divide. From the form with F. scorbut, the scurvy (Eittre).
*skal we have Swed. hufviid-skalle, the Scutage, a tax on a knight's fee. (M.
scull (also kufvud-skar), and D?ji. hjerne- Eat.) From Med. E. scillagium.-^'L. scu-
skal, scull see scale (2).
; tum, a knight's shield, orig. a shield. See
Scull (2), a small light oar. (Scand.?) Esquire.
Perhaps named from the slightly hollowed Scutch, to beat flax. (F. -Scand.)
blades. See Scull (0- Cf. M. Swed. From O. F. escotiche, escuche, a scutch or
skolla, skalla, a thin plate ; Swed. hufvud- swingle. — Norw. skoka, skuku, a scutch
skdl, scull (of the head) ; vdg-skal, scale for beating flax.
(of abalance) ; skalig, concave. Der. Scutcheon ; see Escutcheon.
use sculls.
scull, vb., to Scutiform. (F. - E.) M. F. scuti-
Scull (3', a shoal of fish ; see School (2). forme, shaped like a shield. — E. scuti-, for
Scullery, a place for swilling dishes, sciltum, shield forma, form. ;
471
;; ,;
SCUTTLE SECULAR
Scuttle a shallow basket or vessel.
(i), Allied to Russ. suxoi, dry Lith. sazfsas, ;
(L.) A
Northern form. Icel. skutill; dry Gk. auos (for *aavaos), dry; cf. Skt.
;
A. S. scutel, a vessel. — L. scutella, allied fush, for *sush, to dry up. Idg. type
to scutula, a small tray ; cf. scutra, a tray. *sausos. See Austere. Brugm. i. § 214.
See Scullery. Search, to explore. (F. — L.) M. E,
Scuttle (2), an opening in a hatchway serchen, cerchen. — O. F. cercher (F. cher-
of a ship. (F. - Span. - Teut.) O. F. cher) prov. F. sercher, dial, of Verdun
;
escoictille, scuttle. — Span, escetilla, the hole (Fertiault). — L, circdre, to go round ;
in the hatch of a ship. — Span, escotar, to hence, to explore. — L. circus, a ring see ;
cut, hollow out, or slope out a garment Circus. Der. re-search cf. shark. ;
to fit the neck or bosom. — Span, escote, the Season. (F. — L.) M. E, seson. — O, F.
sloping of a jacket, &c. — Du. schoot, lap, seson, seison, saison. [Cf. Span, sazon,
bosom ; Low G. schoot ; Icel. skaiit ; see O. Prov, sadons, sasos, Bartsch.] — Late L.
Sheet. 5F ^*^ Diez ; but Span, escotilla sationem, ace. of satio, sowing-time, i, e.
is rather a dimin. from Low G. schott, spring, regarded as the chief season for pre-
a trap-door. Cf. E. shutter. Der. scuttle^ paring crops. — L, satus, pp, of serere, to
vb.. to sink a ship by making holes in it. sow. ^
The Span, word is estacion, Ital.
Scuttle (3), to hurry along. (Scand.) stagione from ace, of L. statio, a station,
;
Cf. Swed. dial, shitta, to take a long hence a stage (period).

jump; also prov. E. scuddle (Bailey), fre- Seat, sb. (Scand.) Icel. Si^ti, a seat
quent, oi said; see Scud and Shoot. Swed, sate; Dan. j-£?</<?. — Icel. sat-, 3rd
Scythe. (E.) M. E. sithe. A. S. sUe, grade oisitja, to sit; see Sit. Der, seat,y\>.
old ioxm.sigt!)e. Lit. 'cutter;' from -y^SEK. Secant, a line that cuts another, or that
+ Icel. sigQj-, Low G. seged, segd; cf. cuts a circle. (L.) From j'^fcaw/-, stem of
O. H. G. segaiisa, G. sense. See Secant. pres, pt. oi secdre, to cut, Russ. siech\ to +
Se-, away, apart. (L.) L. se-, prefix hew, Brugm, i. § 635. (-y^SEK.) See
full form sedy without. Saw, Scythe, Sickle.
Sea. (E.) M. E. see. A. S. see, sea, Secede. (L.) L. secedere, to go apart,
lake.+Du. zee\ Icel. seer; Dan. so; Swed. withdraw. — L. se-, sed, apart; cedere, to
sjo ; G. see ; Goth, sahvs. Teut. type go. See Cede. Der. secess-ion (from the
*saiwiz. pp. secess-us').
Seal (I ), a stamp. (F.-L.) l\.Y..seel. Seclude. (L.) L. sechldere, to shut
— O. F. seel, a sij^net (F. sceau). — 'L. — L. se (for sed), apart; claudere, to
off,
sigillum, a seal, mark ; dimin. form allied shut. See Se- and Clause, Der. seclus-
to signunty a mark. See Sign. Der. ion, from the pp. seclus-us.
seal, vb. Second. (F. — L,) O.^. second.— \..
Seal (2), a sea-calf. (E.) M. E. sele. sectmdus, second, next following, — L,
A. S. seolh.-\'\zt\. selr; Dan, sal; Swed, sequi, to follow. See Sequence,
sjdl ; O. H. G, selah. Secret. (F. — L,) M,¥.. secre, secree.
Seam (i). (E.) A. S. jmw. + Icel. — O. F. secret, secret ' Cot. — L. secretus,
*
;
satcfiir; G.satwi; Dn. zoom Dan. Swed. ; secret, set apart pp. of secernere, to sepa-
;
som. Teut. type *saumoz, m. from root ; rate.— L. se, apart cernere, to separate.
;
*seu-, *siw. (VSIW.) Cf. Skt. sil-tra-, See Se- and Concern. Der. secrete, vb.,
a thread. See Sew (i). from L. secretus ; secret-io?i.
Seam (2), a horse-load, (Late L. — Gk.) secretary. (F. L.) O. Y. secretaire.—
M, E, seem, A. S. seafu. Borrowed (like — Late L. secretdrium, ace, oi secretdrius
G, satim) from Late L. satima, late form a confidential officer. — L. secret-us, secret
of sagma, a horse-load, pack. — Gk. oay[xa, (above).
a pack-saddle. See Sumpter. —
Sect. (F. L,") F, secte, 'a sect or
Seamstress, Sempstress. (E. faction;' Cot. — Late L. secta, a set of
with F. suffix^ A. S. seamestre, a seam- people, a suit of clothes, a suit at law. — L,
stress ; with (< F. -esse <. Gk,
suffix -ess sec- (as in sec-undus), base of sequi, to
-to- era). — A. S.
seam, a seam (see Seam) ;
follow, sue. %
Not from secdre, to cut.
tvith suffix -estre see Spinster. ; Section. (F. L.) F. section. — L, —
Sear, Sere, withered. (E.) M. E. sectidtiem, ace. of sectio, a cutting. — L.
sere, A. S. sear, dry searian, to dry up.
; secl-2is, pp. of secdre, to cut. See Secant.
+M. Du. sore, Du. zoor^ Low G. soor. Secular. (F. L.) —
lA.Y.. seculere.—
47
SECURE SEIZE
;
M. F. seculier, ' secular, temporall ' Cot. Seek. (E.) M. E. seken. A. S. secan,
— L. worldly. — L. seen-
seciilaris, secular, pt. t. soh-te, to sctk, stiive after. -|-Du.
Iiim, scTcuhcm, a generation, an age, the zoeken; Icel. scekja, scekja ; Dan. soge;
world. Swed. sbka; Goth, sokjan; G. suchen.
Secure. (L.) L- secilrus, free from Teut. type *sdk-jan- from *sdk- ^ Idg.
;
anxiety. — L. j<?-, apart from ; ciira, anxiety. *sdg-, as in L. sdglre, to perceive, Gk.
Doublets, sicker, sure. q'êopLoi, I consider; cf. O. Ir. sagim,
Sedau-chair. (F.) Named from I seek for. Der. be-seeeh.
Sedan, a town in France. Cf. F. sedan, Seel, to close up the eyes. (F.-L.)
cloth made at Sedan (Littre). M. F. si/ler, 'to seal up the eie-lids;' Cot.
Sedate, quiet. (L.) L, j-rt/«/«i-, pp. of Also spelt ciller. — O. F. cil, eye-lid. — L.
seddre, to settle or make calm, causal of eilinm, eye-lid which is probably allied ;
sedere, to sit. See below. to Gk. Ttt KvKa, the parts under the e)es.
sedentary. (P\ — L.) F. s^deîtaire. See Supercilious.
— L. sidoitdriiis, ever sitting. — L. sedent-, Seem. (E.) 'hi.Y.. sevien. A.S. seman,
pres. i^t.of j-^^/Jr^jtosit. SeeSit. (-^SED.) to satisfy, conciliate (hence, to suit, a sense
Brugm. i. § 574. due to the adj. seetnly; see below). For
Sedge. F.) M. E. segge. - A. S. secge, '^som-ian, where *so?n- is the strong grade
I
g., d., and ace. of secg, f., sedge lit. of sam-, as in E. same.-{'\ct\. seema, to
;
'cutter,' i. e. sword-grass; from the shape honour, bear with, conform to, allied to
;
cf. secg, m. a sword. The A. S. secg, f. = seemr, fit, sof/ia, to befit, and to sanir, same.
Teut. type *sag-jd] from *sax-, 2nd grade See Same.
of Teut. root *sex-, to cut. Low G. segge, +seemly, fit. (Scand.) M.E. 5-^/y///t7/.—
coarse grass. Cf. Irish seisg, sedge. Icel. Si2niiligr, seemly. — Icel. seeinr, fit;
(VSEK, to cut.) See Secant. with suffix -ligr, like (-ly) where scim- ;
Sediment. (F. — L.) '^l.Y. sediment. is the mutated form of *som- (as in Icel.
— L. sedimentti77i,z. settling (of dregs).— som-a, to befit\ strong grade of *S(j?n-,
L. sedere, to sit, settle. See Sit. as in Icel. saina, to beseem, cognate with
Sedition. (F. — L.) O. F. seditioti. — L. Goth, sainjan, to please, lit. ' to be the
ace. seditionem, a going apart, dissension, same,' agree with. — Icel. savir^ same ;
mutiny. — L. sed-, apart; it-Jim, supine of see Same.

i>-e, to go. (VJÎ-) Seer ; see See.
Seduce, to lead astray. (L.) L. seducere, Seesaw. (E.) A reduplicated form;
to lead aside. — L. se (for secT), apart dil- from the verb to saw. ; From the motion
cere, to lead. See Se- and Duke. Der. of a sawyer. See Sa'w (i).
seduct-ion (from the pp. seduct-us). Seethe, to boil. (E.) Pt. t. sod; pp. sod-
Sedulous, diligent. (L.) L. sedulus, den. M. E. sethen, pt. t. seeih (pi. soden),
diligent. Cf. sedulo, adv. busily; from pp. soden. A. S. seoda?i, pt. t. sead, pp.
se, apart from, dolo, abl. of dolus, guile. soden.-\-lct\. sjoda, pt. t. sauS Dan. syde ; ;
Brugm. i. § 244. Swed. sj'uda G. sieden. Teut. type *seuth- ;
See (i), to perceive by the eye. (E.) an-, pt. t. *satith, pp. *sud-anoz. Allied
M. E. seen, sen. A. S. seon', pt. t. seah, to Goth, saiiths, a burnt-offering.
pp. gesewen. -^-Dn. zien; Icel. sj'd; Dan. Segment. (E.) E. seguientum, a piece
see; Swed.se; G.se/ien; Goth, saihwan, cut off; for ^sec-nientmn.'-L. secdre, to
^tA.sahw. Teut. type ^j-Mzf/iZW-. Brugm. cut. See Secant.
i.§ 665. Der. seer, i.e. see-er. Segregate, to separate from others.
See (2), seat of a bishop. (F. — L.) (L.) From
pp. of segregdre, to set apart
M. E. se. — O.Y. sed, ^^, seat. L. sedem, — from a flock. - L. se-, apart greg-, stem ;
ace. of sedes, a seat. — L. sed-, as in sed-l, of grex, a flock. See Se- and Gre-
pt. t. of sedere, to sit. See Sit. garious.
Seed. (E.) A. S. seed, seed. From Seignior. (F.-L.) O. F. seignor,
A. sdwan, to sow.+Du. zaad, Icel. sceQi, seigneur, lord. — L. seniorem, ace. oi senior,
S.
sad, Dan. Seed, Swed. sad, G. saat. Cf. older, hence, greater see Senior. ;
Goth, mana-seths, the world, lit. man- Seine, a large fishing-net. (F.-L.-
'
seed Lat. se-men, seed.

; ' -
The A. S. seed Gk. ) F. seine. L. sagena. - Gk. aayrjvr],
answers to Teut. type *Sie-doTn, neut. See a large fishing-net.
Sow. Brugm. i. § 132. Seize, to grasp. (F. — LateL.) M. E.
4 73
;
SELAH SENESCHAL
seysen, saisen, a law term, to put one in seminary. (L.) L. seminarium, a
seisin or possession of a thing, also, to take seed-garden, seed-plot (hence a place of
possession; hence, to seize, take, O. F. — education). —L. setnin- (above).
saisir, seisir, to put in possession
of, to Semolina. (Ital. - L.) Ital. semo-
take possession. — Late
L. sacire, to put, lina, m., small seed, paste for soups
place. ^
It is usual to refer this verb to dimin, of semola, bran. — L. simila, line
O. H. G. *sazjan, to set, put, place, but wheaten flower. See SiraneL
this is an impossible form (it was really Sempiternal, everlasting. (L.) F.
sezzen) or else to Goth. satja?t, to set,
;
sempiternel. — L. sejupiteni-us, everlasting.
which would have given '^sadir, *sair. See — L. sempi-, for semper, always with ;
Set. Der. scis-in, O. F. seisine, saisine, suffix -ter-nus. |3. L. sejuper was perhaps
from the verb saisir. formerly *sem-perti, where *sem- probably

Selah, a pause. (Heb.) Supposed to meant one,' as in L. sem-el, once, sifu-
'
mean a '
pause.' plex, one-fold. Brugm. i. § 1023 (12); ii.
Seldom. (E.) A, S. seldan, seldttm, § 160(1).
seldon^ seldom, lit. rarely ; cf. sdd-lic, forms Seam-
Sempster. (E.) Later
strange, seld-sTene, rarely seen, strange. -|- stress, Sempstress
with F. suffix. ;
Du. zelden, Icel. sjaldaUy Dan. sielden^ A. S. seaviestre, a sempster with suffix ;
Swed. sdllan, G. selten, adv., seldom. -ess ( = F. -esse Gk. -laaa). — A. S. seavi, <
Allied to Goth, sildalciks, wonderful. a seam (see Seam) with suffix -estre ; ;
Select, choice. (L.) L. selectus, pp. see Spinster.

oiseligere, to choose. — L. se-, apart legere, Senary, belonging to six. _(L.) L.
;
to pick, choose. See Se- and Legend. sendrius, adj., from seni, six apiece ; for
Der. select, vb. ^sex-nz. — L. sex, six see Six. ;
Self. (E.) A. S. self, also seolf, silf, Senate, a council of elders. (F. — L.)
self.+Du. zelf; Icel. sjdlfr; Dan. selv, O.F. senat.—L, sendtiiDi., ace. oi sendtus,
Swed. sjelf; Goth, silba G. selb, selb-st. council of elders. — L. sen-, as in sen-ex,
;
Sell (i), to deliver for money. (E.) old, sen-itim, old age. Cf. O. Gk. 'ivos,
A. S. sellan, sillan, syllan, to hand over, old, Goth, sineigs, O. Ir. sen, W. heny O.
deliver; a secondary verb, from the sb. Skt. Sana-, old. Brugm. i. § 117.
Sale.+Icel. seija, Dan. s<:i;Ige, Swed. sdlja, Send. (E.) K.S.sendan.-\-'D\x.zenden',
O. H. G. and Goth, saijan, to hand over, Icel. senda Dan. sende; Swed. sdnda\ ;
offer. Teut. type *saljan-. Goth, sand/an G. senden. Teut. type ;
Sell (2), a saddle. (F.-L.) O.Y.se/le, ^sandjan-, for ^santhjati-, by Verner's law,
seat, saddle. — L. sella, seat for *sed-la. from '^santh, 2nd grade oi^senthan-, to go.
;
— L. sedere, to sit. Brugm. i. § 475. See Llence send is a causal verb, meaning ' to
Saddle. make to go.' The Teut. *sentkan- (pt. t.
Selvage. (Du.) Also selvedge. Lit. *satitli) is a lost strong verb, of which the
' self-edge.' — M. Du. selfegge, selvage.— prime grade appears in Goth, sinth-s,
M. Du. self, self; egge, edge; [mod. Du. A.S. sl6 (for "^sinS), a journey, way, Teut.
zelfkant, selvage from zelf, self,
; kant, type '^senthoz, m., Idg. type *sentos, as
edge] ; Low G. sulf-egge, self-edge, seen in O. Irish set (for "^sent), W. hynt,
selvage. Bret, hent (for '^sent), a way. Cf. G.
Semblance, appearance. (F. — L.) gesinde, followers Goth, gasintlija, a ;
semblance, appearance. -»F. sembler, to travelling companion.

seem. — L. siniildre, sinnildre, to make Sendal, Cendal, a rich thin silken
like. — L. similis, like. See Simulate. stuff. (F. - Late L. - Skt.) O. F. sendal,
+
Sem.i-, half. (L.) L. semi-, half. Gk. cendal; Late L. cendalum, cindadiis, cin-
?7/^(-, half; A. S. J^;;^,half Skt. sdnii, half, ddtus, &c.
; So called because brought
prob. related to Skt. sdmya-, equality, from India. — Skt. sindhu-, the Indus, also
from sama, even, same (Benfey). Allied Scinde. — Skt. syand, to flow see Indigo. :
to Same. Der. semi-breve, &c. Cf. Gk. ffivSduv, fine Indian linen.
Seminal, relating to seed. (F. — L.) Seneschal, a steward. (F,-Teut.)
M.F. sejuiftal.'^lu. semindlis, relating to O. F, seneschal. Grig, sense ' old servant,'
seed. — L. semin-, for semen, seed. — L. se- — Goth, sin-, old (only preserved in superl.
as in se-nJ, pt. t. of serere, to sow ; with sin-ista, eldest, and in sin-eigs, old) skalks, ;
suffix -men. See Sow (i). a servant. Cf. Senate and Marshal.
474
; : ;;
SENILE SERAGLIO
senile, old. (L.) L. semh's, old; cf. Gk.) L. j^za. — Gk. crTjnia, cuttle-fish,
sen-ex, old. See Senate, sepia.
senior. (L.) L. senior, older; comp. Sepoy. (Pers.) Pers. sipdhl (pro-
of senex, old. nounced nearly as sepoy), horseman,
a
Senna. (Ital. Arab.) —
Ital. sefta soldier. — Pers. sipdh, supah, an army
(Florio).— Arab, sand, senna. (Horn, § 699).
Sennet, a signal-call on a trumpet. (F. Sept, a clan. (F. — L.) Used in the
— L.) See Nares ; and Wright's note to 16th cent, as synonymous with sect, of
K. Lear, i. i. 33. Also spelt s/neL — O. ¥. which it is an arbitrary variant. Ducange
presumably a signal
sinet, senet, segttei, *
' has Late L. septa for Ital. setta (< L.
dimin. of F. signe, a sign, mark, note. — L. secta) ; and Wedgwood cites Prov. cepte, a
sigmwi, a signal see Sign, Tocsin. ; sect. vSee Sect.
Sennight ; short for seven night, a September. (L.) L. Septe/nber, the
week. seventh month of the Roman year. — L.
Sense. (F. L.) —
F. se?is, 'sence;' septem, seven. See Seven.
Cot. — L. seitsum, ace. of sensus, feeling. septenary. (I*) L. septmdrius,
— L. sensus, pp. of sentlre, to feel, per- consisting of seven. — L. sepieni, pi., seven
ceive. apiece. — L. septe?n, seven.
sensual. (L.) Late L. sensudlis, en- septennial. (L.) From L. septe^t-
dowed wiih feeling. — L. sensii-s, feeling. — nium, a period of seven years. — L. septen-
L. scjisus, pp. of sentlre., to feel. nis, adj., of seven years. — L. sept-em, seven
sentence. (F. — L.) Y .sentence. -^Y,. annus, year.
sententia, a way of thinking ; for *senii- Septuagesima. (L.) Lit. 'seventieth'
entia.-'L,. sentient-, stem of pres. pt. of (day). —
L. septuagesima {dies) seventieth
sentlre, to feel, think. (day), fem. of septtidgcsiinus, seventieth. —
sentiment. (F. — L.) VL.Y.. sente- L. septudginta, seventy. — L. septem, seven ;
ment.'Ô.V . sentement ; as if from a -ginta, related to Gk. -Kovra, for ^hiKovra,

Late L. *sentlmentuin. — L. sentlre (above). from 5e«a, ten.
Sentinel. (F. - Ital. - L. ?) M. F. sen- Sepulchre. (F. — L.) O.Y. sepukre.
tinelle. — Ital. sentinella, '
a watch, a sen- — L. sepnlcru7n, ill-spelt sepulchrum, a
tinell
;
' Florio. Cf M. F. sentinelle, a tomb. — L. sepnl-tus, pp. of sepellre, to
watch-tower (Godefroy). Etym. uncertain; bury. Der. sepult-ure, from the pp. se-
apparently ultimately from L. sentlre, to pulttis.
perceive. See Korting, §§ 7365, 7377. Sequel. (F. — L.) M. F. sequele, 'a
Sentry. — L.)
Spelt sentrie in
(F. sequell;' Cot. — L. sequela, a result. — L.
Minsheu {162'j), se7itery in Milton, P. L. sequl, to follow. See below.
ii. 412. Minsheu also has centrie as a sequence. (F. - L.) O. F. sequence, a
short form of sancttiary. Cotgrave has sequence. — L. seqtientia, sb., a following ;
'
Garite, a place of refuge, . a sentry, or . from sequent-, stem of sequens, pies. pt. of
little lodge for a sentinell also ' Bar- ' ; sequl, to follow. +
Lith. j<?^//, to follow;
bacatte, a sentrie, scout-house.' It meant
. . Gk. enoixai, Irish seich-im, I follow Skt. ;
a place of safety. See Sanctuary. sack, to follow. (VSEQ.) Brugm. i.
Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx of § 118.

a flower. (F. — L.) F. s^pale, a sepal. sequester. (F.-L.) yi.Y .sequestrer,
Coined to pair off with Y petale, a petal, . to sequester or lay aside. — L. sequestrdre,
by taking part of the Lat. adj. sep-ar, to surrender, lay aside. — L. sequester, a
separate, and adding the same suffix -die mediator, trustee, agent. Prob. orig. '
a
(Littre). Thus sep-al is, as it were, short follower.' — L. seqtil, to follow.
for separ-al, where separ- was regarded as Sequin, a gold coin. (F. - Ital. - Arab.)
being allied to L. separdre, to separate. F. sequin Cot. — Ital. zecchino, a Venetian
:
See Separate. coin. — Ital.

c<f6-t-a, a mint; Florio. Arab. —
Separate, to keep apart. (L.) L. sikka't), pron. sikkah, a die for coins.
separdtus, pp. of separare, to sever. — L. Seraglio. (ItaL -L.) Misused in E.
se, apart; pardre, to get ready, set. Der. the true sense merely 'enclosure'; but
is
separate, adj., kept apart (not so old as it was confused with Pers. sardy or serdl,
the verb in E.). Doublet, sever. a palace, king's court, seraglio. Really
Sepia, ink from the cuttlefish. (L.— from Ital. serraglio, an enclosure formed ;
475
;
SERAI SETTLE
with suffix -aglio (<L. -dculum) from Late Serous ; see Serum.
L. serdre, to bar, to bolt, shut in. L. sera, — Serpent. (F.-L.) Y. serpent. ~\u.ser-
a bar, bolt, —
L. serere, to join together; pentem, ace. of serpens, a serpent orig. ;
see Series. Andsee below. pres. pt. of serpere, to creep, +Gk. epirfiv,
Serai, a palace. (Pers.) Pers. serdt, to creep ; Skt. srp, to creep, sarpa-, a
a palace (Horn, § 727). snake. Brugm. i.' § 477. (ySERP.)
Seraph. (Heb.) Coined from the pi. Serrated, notched like a saw. (L.) L.
form seraphim. — Heb. seraphim, s. pi., serrdtus, notched like a saw. — L. serra, a
seraphs, exalted ones (Gesenius).
lit. saw.
Seraskier, a Turkish general. (F.— Serried, crowded together. (F'. — L.)
Turk. — Pers. ajid Arab.^ F. seraskier, ¥. serrer, to compact, press close, lock.—
s^rast/iner. — Turk, serasker, chief of the Folk-L. serrdre, for L. serdre, to bolt,—
army, with a light sound of / after the k. L. sera, a bolt. — L. serere, to join. Cf.
— Pers. sar, head (with initial shi) and ;
Seraglio.
Arab, 'askar, an army (Devic). The Pers. Serum, whey. (L.) L. serum., whey,
sar is cognate with Skt, îras, head; cf. serum. -j-Gk. opos, whey ; Skt. sara{s), adj.,
Gk. Kapa, head. And see Sirdar. flowing, sb., whey. {^ SER, to flow.)
Sere; see Sear. But cf Brugm. i. § 466. Der. ser-otis, adj.
Serecloth see Cerecloth.
; Y.servir. — Li.serutre,
Serve. (F.-L.)
Serene. (L.) L. j^^vwmj, bright, clear. to serve. — L.
seruus, a slave cf. sertidre^ ;
Brugm. i. § g2o (4). to keep, protect. Der. serv-ant, from

serenade. (F. — Ital. — L.) M. F. pres. pt. of F. servir serv-ice, F. service, ;
serenade. — Ital. serenaia, music beneath a L. seruititim serv-ile, L. seruilis

; serv- ;
lady's window; orig.fem, of pp. oi serenare, itude, Y. servitude, L, ace. seruitiidinem \

to make clear or to cheer, to be merry. — also serf, sergeant.
L. seremis, bright. Service-tree, a kind of wild pear-tree.
Serf. (F. - L. ) F. serf, a servant. - L. (L. and E.) Service is a corruption of
serutwi, ace. of seruus, a slave. See serv-es (dissyllabic), the M. E. plural of
Serve. serf ox serve, the name of the fruit. A. S.
Serge. (F.-L.-Gk.- Chinese?.) F. syrf, the fruit of the service-tree ; syrf-
serge, a silken stuff. — L. serica, fem. of treow, a service-tree (correctly, sirf-tree).
sericus, silken, the same as Sericus, belong- — L. sorbus, the tree ; sorbum, its fruit.
ing to the Seres. — QV. ^fjpfs, pi., Chinese ; Session. (F. L.) —
Y. session. — !^,
cf arjp, a silkworm. The name Seres is sessionefn, ace. oi sessio, a sitting. — L. ses-
from the Chinese se, set, silk. sus, pp. of sedere, to sit. See Sit.
Sergeant, Serjeant. (F.-L.) M.E. Set (i). (E.) A. S. scttan, to set, make
sergeant, sergant. — O. F. sergant, serjant, to sit causal of sittan, to sit (derived
;
an officer. — Late L. seriiientem, ace. of from the 2nd grade *sat^. Icel. setja ; +
seruiens, an officer; orig. pres. pt. of Dan. scBtte Swed. sdtta ; G. setzen ; Du. ;
serutre, to serve. See Serve. zetten Goth, satjan ; all causal forms.
;
Series, a row. (L.) L. series, a row. Teut. type "^satjan-. See Sit,
— L. serere, to join or bind together (pp. Set (2). When we speak of a set of
serltis) -\' Gk. ('ipetv
.
(for '^'c^pj/eiv); cf. things, this is a variant oi sect. The Late
Ivith. seris, a thread ; Icel. sorvi, a neck- Latin word is secta, common in old wills;
lace. for which we also find setta.
Serif, the short cross-line at the end of Seton, an artificial irritation under the
a stroke of a letter. (Du.) Adapted (with skin. (F. - L.) F. seton, in use in the
ser- for Du. schr-) from Du. schreef, M.Du. 16th century the orig. sense is 'a thread.'
;
schreve, a dash, short line. Allied to Formed (as if from Late L. *setd) from
O. H. G. screvon, to scratch, incise. L. seta, a bristle, stiff hair. See Satin.
Serious. (F.-L.) O. F. serieux.- Settee, a seat with a long back appa- ;
Late L. seriosus, serious. — L. serins, rently an arbitrary variation of settle, sb,,

grave, earnest. Cf. G. schwer, heavy which see below,
Lith. swariis, heavy. settle (i), a long bench with a high
—
Sermon. (F. L.) F. sermon. — 'L. back. (E.) A.S. j^//,aseat.-fGoth, «V/j;
sermdne?n, ace. of sermo, a speech, dis- G. sessel; L. sella (for *sed-la). See
course. Sell (2), Sit.
4? 6
;'
;
SETTLE SHADE
settle (2), to fix, adjust. (E.) M. E. oi sexus,%Qy.\ also sectis,x\. Was it orig.
setlen. A. S. seilan, to fix ; also, to take '
division ' from sec-dre, to cut ? See Seg-
;
a seat, settle down as in a seat, from A. S. ment, Secant. Der. sex-u-al, L. sexudlis.
setl, a seat; see above. Perhaps it may % Sexagenary. (L.) L. sexdi:;endrtus,
have been affected by M. E. sahilen, to belonging to si.xty. - L. sexdgini, sixty
reconcile, A. S. sahtlian, scehtlian, to recon- each; distribute form of sexdginta, sixty.
cile. —
A. S. seht^ saht, reconciliation — L. sex, six and -gitita, related to
;
borrowed from Icel. sdtt, scett, reconcili- Gk. -Kovra, for *8(KovTa, from Sf/ca, ten.
ation, peace; which Noreen (§ 73) con- See Six and Ten.
nects with L. sancttis, holy. Sexagesima. L. sexdgesima (L.)
Seven. (E.) K.^. seofon,sibHn.-\-D\x. {dies), i. e. sixtieth .day)
fem. of sexdgesi- ;
zeven; Icel. sj'au, sjo ; T)a.T\. syv; Swed. wus, sixtieth, ordinal form of sexdginta,
sju ; G. sieben ; Goth, sibun
L. septevi ; ;
sixty.
Gk. \vra W. saith ; Irish seacht Russ.; ; sexennial. (L.) From L. sexen-
setne\ Lith. septy7ii\ Skt. sapta. Idg;. nium. a period of six years. — L. sex, six ;
type *sept9m. Der. seven-tcen, A. S. atiniis, a year.

seofontyne seven-ty, A. S. hund-seofontig
; sextant, the sixth part of a circle.
{htind being dropped) ; seven-th. (L.) L. sextant-, stem of sextans, a sixth
Sever, to separate. (F. - L.) O. F. part. — L. sext-us, sixth, from sex, six ;
sevrer. —
L. separate, to separate. See with suffix -ans, like that of a pres. pt. of
Separate. Der. dissever. a verb in -are.
several, adj. (F. — L.) O.Y. severaL Sexton ; see Sacristan.
— Late L. separdle, a thing set apart. — L. Sextuple, sixfold. (L.) Coined from
separdre, to separate (above). sextu-s, sixth with suffix -pie (as in qitad-
;
Severe. (F. — L.) O.Y. severe. "^^ ru-ple), answering to L. -plic-, stem of
seuerus, severe, serious, grave. Der. -plex, as seen in du-plex, com-plex.
sever-ily, M.
F. severite.
Sew (i), to fasten with thread. (E.)
M. E. sowen, sewen. A. S. shviati, to sew. SH.
-flcel. syja Dan. sye Swed. sy O.H.G.
; ; ;
siuzvan Goth, siujan ; L. stiere

; Lilh. ; Shabby, mean. (E.) Also shabbed;
suti\ Russ. 5-/^zV(2 Skt. siv, to sew.
; Cf. shabby and shabbed are the native E.
Gk. Kaff-crvdv, to sew together ; and see equivalents of the Scand. scabby and
Hymen. (-y^SIW.) scabbed. See Scab. For the sense, cf.
Sew (2), to follow ; the same as Sue scurvy ( = scurfy^ E. Fries, schabbig,
;
see Sequence. scabby, also miserable, mean.

Sewer (i), a large drain. (F. — L." Shackle. (E.) A. S. sceacul, bond,
Frequently spelt shore. From O. Y .sewiere, fetter orig. a loose bond
: from its shak- ;
setciviere, a sluice, channel for draining a ing about. -f- Icel. skoknll, pole of a car-
pond. — Late L. type *exaqudria, short riage, from skaka, to shake Swed. skakel, ;
for Late L. exaqzidtotium, a channel for loose shaft of a carriage Dan. skagle, the ;
draining. — L. ex, out ; aqtia, water. (The same. Cf. Swed. dial, skak, a chain. See
derivation of E. ezver from L. aquaria is Shake.
parallel.) Shad, a fish. (E.) A. S. sceadd. -^Viov.
Sewer (a"*, the officer who formerly set G. schade, a shad Irish sgadan, O. Irish
; cf.
and tasted dishes, &c. (F, — L.) ^

Sew are, scatdn, a herring; W. ysgadan, pi., her-
;
at mete,Depositor, dapifer, sepulator rings.
Prompt. Parv. [Hence M. E. sewen, to Shaddock, a large species of orange.
set meat, bring in dishes, &c.] The M. E. lE.) Named from Captain Shaddock, \s\io
seware, sewere is short for assewer, asseotir firstintroduced it into the West Indies from
(N. E. D.). — O. F. asseour, one who sets China, late in the seventeenlh century.
the table. — O.F. asseoir, to set, place; Shade, Shadow. (E ) M. E. shade,
orig. to sit beside. — L. assidere, to sit by. shadwe. A. S. sceadti, shadow, fem. sb.
— L. as-, for ad, near sedere, to sit. Sec ; The M. E. shade is from the A. S. nom.
Sit and Assess. ^
Perhaps confused with sceadti the M. E. shadwe
;
(mod. E.
M. E. seiv, pottage, from A. S. seaw, juice. shadow) is from the dat. case sceadive.
Sex. (F. - L.) F. sexe. — L. sexiini, ace. 4- Du. schadtnv, Goth, skadits, shadow;
477
;; ;;
SHAFT SHANK
G. schatten, O. Irish scdih, Corn, seed, shallot fem. of Ascalonhis, belonging to
;
shade: Gk. (Tkotos, OKOTia, gloom. Ascalon. — Gk. h-oKaK^v, Ascalon a chief
' ;
Shaft. (EJ a. S. sceaft, shaft of a city of the Philistines. — Heb. Ashqelon.

spear. -ficel. skapf, skaft, Dan. Svv. shaft ; Shallow. (E.) M. E. schalowe ; cf.
G. sc/iaft, Du. schacht (for schaft). Further also schold, schald, Barbour, Bruce, ix. 354:
allied to L. scdptis, a shaft, stem, stalk ; for which see Shoal. An E. word but ;
Gk. 0/crjiTTpou, Doric aKarrrov, a staff, of doubtful origin. However, M.E. schal-
sceptre. All apparently from Idg. root owe is allied to M. E. schal-d, shallow, as
*ska_p, to su|)port. 2. Or else shaf-t = they have a common base schal-. And
that which is shaven or cut smooth from perhaps allied to Low G. schaal, schalig,
;
Shave, q. v. G. schal, insipid, stale (as liquids when

Shag, rough hair. (E.) A. S. sceacga, little is left in the vessel) cf. Du. ver- ;
hair, -f Icel. skcgg, Swed. skligg, a beard, schalefi, to grow stale or flat.
Dan. shiag, beard, awn, wattle; cf. Icel. Shalm ; see Shawm.
skaga, to jut out. The orig. sense is rough- Sham. (E.) A London slang term, due
'
ness.' See Shaw. Der. shagg-y^ adj. to Northern E. sham, a shame, disgrace
Shag tobacco is rough tobacco. (hence, trick). Wheea's shatfi is it' = '
Shagreen, a rough-grained leather. whose fault is it ? Whitby Glossary. See

(F. — Turkish.) F. chagrin. It was orig. Shame.
made of the skin of the back of the horse Shamble, to walk awkwardly. (E.)
or mule. — Turk, sdghri, saghrt, back of a Lowl. Sc. shammel, shamble, to rack the
horse, shagreen. limbs with long strides also, to distort ;
Shah, king of Persia. (Pers.) Pers. shammel shanks, crooked legs. Cf. E.
shah, a king. O. Pers. khshdyathiya, a fries. scha?nel, shamefaced, modest, also
king allied to Skt. kshatrayVi), dominion,
; poor, miserable O. Fries. ska7nel, poor
; ;
from kshi, to rule cf. Gk. KTaop-aL, I

; Du. schamel. If this connexion be right,
possess. Lit. sense ruler Horn, § 772
' '
;
;
the adj. is formed from the sb. shame ; see
Brugm.i. §920. See Cheek. Dev.pa-sha. Shame.
Shake. (E.) A.S. sceacafiyScacajijpt.t. Shambles. (L.) Orig. stalls on which
scoc, pp. scacen. -Îcel. skaka, Sw. skaka, butchers expose meat for sale ; pi. of
Dan. skage. Teut. type ^skakan-. shamble, a bench, butcher's bench or stall.
Shako, a military cap. (F. — Hung.) A. S. scaviel, a stool. — L. sca?nellum, a
F. shako. — Hungarian
csako, a cap, shako stool, little bench ; allied to scamnwn,
spelt tsdko in Dankovsky's Magyar Lexicon, step, bench, scabellH?n, foot-stool. L. scajn-
p. 900. imm is for *scab-num, ^scap-tnim, allied
Shale, a slaty rock. (G.) G. schale, a lo scdptis, a stem. Brugm. i. § 241.
shell, peel, scale whence schal-gehirge, a
; Shame. (E.) A. S. sceamu, scamti.J^
mount.iia formed of thin strata. Hence Icel. skomvi Dan. Sw. skam-, G. scham.
;
also O. F. cscale and E. scale (i). See Allied to Goth, skanda, shame, G. schande.
Ssale K 1). shamefaced, modest. (E.) Corrup-
Shall. (E.) A. S. sceal, I shall, I must tion of M.E. shamefast, modest.— A. S.
pt. t. sceolde, I should, ought. The orig, scamfcest, lit. firm in shame, i.e. in modesty.
sense was ' to owe,' to be liable for cf. ; — A. S. scannt, shame, modesty fast, fast, ;
Lith. skilti, to owe, be liable.+Icel. skal, firm see Fast.

;
pt. t. skyhii; Sw. skall; Dan. skal\ Du. Shammy, Shamoy, a kind of leather.
zal\ G.soll; Goth, skal, in^n.skulaJt. Cf. (F. — G.) Ong.chamois\c?i\.\-iQx; see Blount
G. schuld, debt, guilt Lith. skel'eti, to be
; and Phillips. See Chamois.
liable. Brugm. i. § 795. Shampoo. (Hind.) Hindustani f/z^w/-
Shalloon, a light woollen stuff. (F.) nd, to join, to stuff, press, thrust in, sham-
From Chalons, in France, E. of Paris. poo ; from the kneading or pressure used
Shallop, a light boat. (F.-Du.) F. in the operation. Perhaps directly from
chalotipe [whence Span, chahipa, a flat- ' the imperative chdmpo of the same verb
bottomed boat,' Minsheu (1623) Port. ; Yule.
chalupa'] — Du. sloep, a sloop. See Sloop.
. Shamrock. (C.) Irish seamrog, trefoil,
Shallot, Shalot, a kind of onion. (F. dimin. of seatnar, trefoil Gael, seamrag. ;
— L. — Gk. - Heb.) O. F. eschalote, variant Shank, lower part of the leg. (E.
of escalosrne, a shallot. — L. ascalonia, a A. S. sceanca, scanca, bone of the leg.
478
; ;
SHANTY SHEAR
+Du. schonk, Dan. skank. S\ve<l. skank. skaba)!, G. schaben Lith. skapoti, to shave, ;
Further related to l>. schenkcl^ shank G. cut, Russ. skopiie, to castrate, Gk, a/mTTTetv,
;
schinken, ham. Der. skiiik. to dig. Ct. al>-o E. scabere^ to scrape.

Shanty, a hut. (Irish.) Said to be (VSQAB, SQAP.) Brugm. i. §§ 569,
from Irish scan, old tigh, a house.; 701.
Shape, vb. (E.) M. E. schapen a new Shaw, thicket. (E.) A.S. j-ca^rt'.-f Icel.
;
formation from the sb. schap, A. S. ge- skogr, a shaw, wood; Swed. skog, Dan.
sceap ; or from the pp., on the analogy of skov, North Fries, skog. Allied to Icel.
sceacan, pp. sceacen. The .A.. S. vb. is skagi, a ness (Noreen) N. Fries, skage, ;
sceppan, scieppan, with a weak infin. pt. a nook of land

; cf. Icel. skaga, to jut out. ;
t. scop, pp. scapen. +

Icel. skapa, Swed. Allied to Shag.
skapa, Dan. skabe, Goth, ga-skapjaii, G. Shawl. (Pers.) Vtxs. skill {y>xo\\. shazui],
schaffen Du. scheppeit (weak). AH from a shawl, mantle.
;
Teut. type *skopan-^ ^skapjan-, pt. t. Shawm,

Shalm, a musical instrument.
*skdp, Cf. Lith. skabeti^ to cut, hew. (F. — L. — Gk.) O. F. chakmie, a reed
Brugm. i. § 701. pipe allied to chaiune, a straw
; cf. ;
Shard, Sherd, fragment. (E.) A. S. M. H. G. schalmle.'^'L. calatmis, a reed,

sceard, a fragment lit. cut thing.' From — Gk. /caA.a;/o?, a reed.
;
'
See Haulm.
^skar, and grade of ^sker-an-, to shear. She. (E.) M. E. sche, scho aku sccEy ;
See Shear. Cf. Icel. skard, a notch. A. S. Chron. 1 140. In the Northumbrian
Der. pot-sherd. dialect, we find scho used as a dem. pro-
share (i), a portion. (E.) A. S. scearti, noun, though the A. S. seo is the fem. of the
j
a share, part. From *skar (above). def. article. The A. S. seo would have
share (2), a plough-share. (E.) A. S. become see, but this form never occurs ;
scear, plough-share. From the same. rather, it became seo (Lind. sio, John iv.
Shark, a voracious fish. (F. — L.) The 23) whence (perhaps influenced by the ;
name of the fish is from the Tudor verb Icel. m. and f. demonstr. pron. sja, that),
to shark, to prowl to shark for a dinner, came Northumb. scho or she
; and this ;
to try to get one to shark for a living

; seems to have suggested the Midland sche,
see Cent. Diet. Prob. from North F. she, sê the true South, form being heo, ;
vPicard) cherqtder, equivalent to O. F. he (which caused confusion with the masc.

cercher (E. search, later altered to mod, he). [We also find such forms as hyo,
F. chercher. Cf. cercher le broiist, to Iiio, ho, ^ho, ^0, mod. Lane, hoo, all from
'
hunt after feasts ; Cot. Godefroy hastwo heo.'] The A. S. seo is the fem. of se, orig.
'
;
examples of the spelling cherqtiier. Cf. that cognate with Goth, sa, that.-f Du.
'
'
Ital. cercare del pane, to shift for how to zip, G. sie

'
Icel. su, fem. of sd, that ;
Torriano. — L. circdre, to go round. Goth, so, fem. of sa, that Gk. jj, fem. of
;
live ' ;
— L. circus, a ring. See Search. If this b Skt. sd, she, fem. oi sa^ sas, he. For
;
be right, to shark is a variant oi to search, Icel, sjj see Noreen, § 399. See Sweet,
but was much used (formerly) in the sense E. Gr, § 1068.
of to prowl about for a living. Hence Sheaf. (E.) M. E. scheef. A. S. sccaf,
shark, sb. (i), a greedy fellow (Johnson) a sheaf, pile of corn shoved together.—
(2) a greedy fish. A. S. sccaf, 2nd grade of scufan, to shove.
Sharp. (E.) A. S. scearp.-\-'Xy\x. scherp, +
Du. schoof, Icel. skatif, Bavar. schanb,
Icel. skarpr, Swed. Dan. skarp, G. scharf. sheaf; from Teut. *skaub, 2nd grade of
Teut. type "^skai'poz. Prob. allied to *sk!7ban-, to shove; see Shove.
Scrape. Der. scarp, escarpment. Sheal, a temporary summerhut. (Scand.)
Shatter. (E.) M. E. schateren, to Also spelt shiel, shielin, shee/in.'- Icel.
scatter, to dash as a falling stream ; hence skjol, a shelter, cover, Dan. Swed. skjul,
to break in pieces. A. S. scaterian, to a shed; Icel. skyli, a shed. Cf Skt. skii,
scatter, A. S. Chron. 1137. Cf. E. Fries. to cover.
schattern, Du. schateren, to resound M.; Shear. (E.) A. S. sceran, pt. t. scar,
Du. schetteren, to rattle. See Scatter, pp. scoren.-^Y>\.\. scheren, \ce\.skera, Swed.
which is a doublet cf. Milton, Lye. 5.
; skdra, Dan. skcere, G. scheren, to shear.
Shave. (E.) A.':^. sceafan, scafan,^t Teut. type *skeran-, pt. t. *skar, pp. "^skor-
t. scof, pp. scafen.^'Dw. schaven Icel. anoz. Allied to O. Ir. scar-aim, I separate,
;
ska/a) SvNêd. skafva, Dan. skave, Goth. Gael, sgar, to sever; W.ysgar, to part;
479
;;
SHEATH SHELTER
Gk. Keipdv (for *(a)K€pyeiv), to cut Lith. ; draw, go away ; scheerje van hier, sheer
k/rwis, an axe. (y'SQER.) Brugm. i. off! (Sewel). Cf. Low G. schere hen, get
§§ 5^5, 631. out ! See Shear.
Sheath. (E.) A. S. scca5, sued, a Sheet. (E.) M. E. Scheie. Anglian
sheath, orig. that which separates, hence scete,A. S. sciete, scyte, a sheet also (with- ;
a husk, shell, pod. -|- Du. scheede, Dan. out mutation) sceat, sceata, a corner, nook,
skede, Swed. skida, G. scheide, a sheath fold of a garment, corner of a sail, hence a
Icel. skeiHr, fern, pi,, a sheath (lit. things sheet or rope fastened to a corner of a sail,
that separate or open). All from the called in A. S. sceat-line (sheet -line).
Teut. base *skaith for which see Shed ;
Cf. A. S. sceat, 2nd grade of sceoian, to
(1). Der. sheathe, vb. shoot, hence to jut out. The orig. sense
Shebeen, a liquor-shop. (Irish — E.) of sheet was projection,' hence corner,'
' '
Apparently a dimin. (with suffix -Jti) of +

&c. Icel. skaut, corner, sheet of a sail;
Irish seapa, a shop. — E. shop see Shop. ; Swed. skote, the lap ; Du. schoot, shoot,
Shed (i), to part, pour, spill. (E.) Orig. sprig, sheet; Goth, skatits, hem of a gar-
*
to separate.' A. S. sceddan, scddatt, pt. t. ment G. schooss, flap of a coat, lap,
;
scead, seed, pp. scedden, to shed; whence bosom. All from Teut. "^ skaut, 2nd grade
M. E. seheden, weak verb (with long e, but of *skeutan-, to shoot see Shoot. ;
the e has been shortened, the pt. t. being Sheet-anchor, an anchor to be shot* '
shadde or shedde). Goth, skaidan, G. + out in emergency. (E.) PVom prov. E.

seheiden, to part; O. Sax. skeSan, O. Fries. sheet, M.E. scheten, A.S. sceotan, to shoot.
skc'da, skeda. From Teut. base *skeith, See Shoot.
varying to *skeid, to split (see Shide) or ; Sheik, a chief. (Arab.) Arab, sheikh^
from the 2nd grade ^skaith, *skaid. The an elder, chief; orig. sense old.' '
Idg. root would, regularly, be *skheit, but Shekel, a Jewish weight and coin.
we only find -y^SKHElD; cf. G\i.axK^^^y (Heb.) Heb. sheqel, a shekel (weight),—
for *ox'i^yiiv, to cleave L. seindere, to ; Heb, shdqal, to weigh.
cut IJth. skedziti, I separate.
; All from Shekinah. (Heb.) It signifies the
an older y'SKHEI. Brugm. i.§§ 201,599. visible presence of God lit. dwelling.' — ; '
Shed (2), a slight shelter, hut. (E.) O. Heb. shekandh, dwelling. — Heb. ^/i^/âw,
Kentish shed (written ssed), shade; a to dwell.
dialectal form; Ayenbite of Inwyt. See Sheldrake. (E.) For shehi-drake, i.e.
Shade. variegated or spotted drake. Cf. Orkney
Sheen, fairness, splendour. (E.) M. E. sheld-fowl, a sheldrake (Cent. Diet.).
;
schene, adj., fair. A. S. scene, scTene, scyne, '
Sheld, flecked, party-coloured Coles '
fair, '
showy; ' allied to sceaiuian, to show, (1684). M.E. sheld IS a shield; and the
see. + O. Sax. scdni, adj. ; Du. schoon, allusion is to the patch round the breast.
adj. G. schon, adj. cf. Goth, ibna-skauns,
; ; Cf. A. S. scild, a shield, used also of part
of like appearance. Teut. type *skau- of a bird's plumage (Grein). So also Icel.
niz, '
showy ;
'
see Show. % Not allied skjdldu7igr, a sheldrake, skj'oldottr, dappled,
to shine. from skjoldr, a shield. See Shield,
Sheep. (E.) A.S. scedp,scep', Y>\.un- Shelf. U.¥..schelfe,shelfe. A.S.
(E.)
changed. -f-O. Sax. skdp Du. schaap \
;
scilfe, story (of a building), shelf. Orig.
G. schaf. Teut. type '^sk&poni, neut. a thin piece, flake allied to shell and
;
Sheer (l), bright, pure, perpendicular. i-i?7/.-f-Low G. schelf, a board, shelf; cf.
(Scand.) A sheer descent is a clear (un- schelfern, to flake off; also E. Fries.
broken) one. M.E. shere, bright. — Icel. schalfer, schilfer, a chip, splinter ; Du.
skcerr,Dan. skcei% sheer, bright Teut, type ; schilfer, a scale. Extended forms, from
^skairiz. Cf Icel. skirr, A. S. scir, bright the root of Skill and Scale.
G. schier,Go\.h.. skeii's [TtVi\..\.ypQ *skeiroz)\ Shell. (E.) M.E. shelle, sb. A.S.
from the base {^skci-) of the verb to shine ; scell, scyU.'^Y)\\.schel\ \z€\..skel; Goth.
see Shine (Noreen), % The
sh (for .yi) skalj'a, a tile, Teut. type *skaljd, fern.
is due to A. S. i-^'r. Der. Sheer- Thurs- The sense is thin flake' cf, Swed. skala,
'
;
day, the day before Good Friday ; cf, Icel. to peel. See Scale, Skill. Der. shell,
ski7-a, to cleanse, baptize. verb.
Sheer (2), to deviate from one's course. Shelter. (E.) A
curious development
(Du.) Du. scheren, to shear, cut, with- of M. E, sheldtruine, a body of guards or
480
;
SHELVE SHINGLES
troops, a squadron ; frequently spelt shel- wheel of a pulley, Du. schijf, G. scheibe,
troH, sheltrtin it came to mean a guard
; a siice, disc. See Shiver (2).
or protection of any kind (P. Plovvm., Shillelagh, an oaken stick used as a
Halliwell). — A. S. scildtriwia, lit. ' shield- cudgel. Irish.)
I Named from ^-^/7/,?/a^'-/^
troop,' a guard. — A. S. scild, shield ; a barony in Wicklow famous for oaks. It
tninia, a band of men, allied to truviy means 'descendants of Elach from Irish '
;
firm. See Shield and Trim. siol, seed, descendants.

Shelve, to slope down. (E.^ deri- A Shilling. (E.) A. S. j«7//w^. Du. +
vative of shelf, but the connexion is not schelli7ig', Icel. skilliyigr \ Dan. Swed.
clear. Ashelf came to mean a slab of skilling\ Goth, skilliggs (for *skil lings);
stratified rocks, also a sand-bank and ; G. schilling. p. The suffix -i?tg is a
the sense of ' slope prob. refers to the
' diminutive which occurs also in H. farth-
sloping edges of the latter. Torriano ing, and in A. S. pen-ing, a penny. The
translates M. Ital, stralare by to shelve '
base is either *skel-, to resound, ring; or
or go aside, aslope, awry ' a sense per- ; *skil-, to divide see Skill. Reason for
;
haps suggested by M. Du. scheel, awry, the name uncertain but cf. Swed. skil-
;
G. schel, scheel. jcjuynt, Dan. skilleviynt, small change,

Shepherd. (E.) A. S. sccapkyrde, a small money.
keeper of sheep; see Herd (2). Der. Shillyshally. (E.) Formerly shill
shepherd-ess. /, shall I a reduplicated form oi shall I.
\
Sherbet, a drink. (Arab.) Arab. Shimmer, to glimmer. (E.) A.S.

sharbat, a drink, draught, sherbet, syrup. scimrian, frequent, form oi scImati,scTmian,
— Arab, root shariba, he drank. Der. to shine, allied to scinaft^ to shine see ;
shrub (2), syrup. Shine. -j-Du. schcmcren; Swed, skimra;

Sherd see Shard.
; G. schi7n??ieni. Cf. O. H. G. scimo, a
Shere-Thursday ; see Sheer (i). bright light, Icel. skimi, a gleam, Irish
Sheriff. (E. ' For shire-reeve. A. S. sgeimh, sgiamh, beauty.
scir-gerefa, a shire-reeve ; see Shire and Shin. (E.) A. S. scinu; also scin-
Reeve. Der. sheriff-al-ty^ usually spelt ban, shin-bone. +
Du. scheen G. schiejie, ;
shrievalty. also a splint Swed. sken-ben, Dan. skinne-

;
Sherry. (Span. — L.) Formerly sher- bcen, shin-bone. dig. sense perhaps
ris sh being an old pron. of Span. x.
;
'
thinly covered bone,' and allied to Skin
— Span. Xercs, a town in Spain, near (Franck ; Cf. A. S. scia, shin.
doubtful).
Cadiz. — L. Cczsai-is, gen. case of Ccesar, Shine. A. S. sclnan, pt. t. scan,
(E.)
proper name (Dozy). pp. scinen. +
Du. schijnen, Icel. skina
Shew Show.
; see Dan. skinne; Swed. skina Goth, skeinan ; ;
Shibboleth, a test-word of pronun- (J^.scheinen. (BaseSKEI.) Cf. Sheer (i),

ciation. (Heb.) Heb. shibboleth, an ear Shimmer.
of corn, also a river see Judges xii. 6.
; Shingle (0, a wooden tile. (L.) M.E.
Shide, a thin piece of board. (E.) A. S. shingle, corruption of shijtdle (Minsheu),
scTd, a billet of wood from the base ; as shewn by the corresponding G. schindel,
{*skeid) of the verb to shed.-^-lcQX. skid, a shingle, splint, thin piece of wood.—
G. scheit, a billet O. Irish sciath, a shield.
; L. scindula, a shingle, as if from L. scin-
See Shed, Sheath. dere, to cleave; but really for scandnla,
Shield. (E.) A. S. scild, sceld.-\-T>Vi. a shingle.
schild, Icel. skfoldr, Dan. skiold, Swed. Shingle (2), coarse round gravel on the
skold, Goth, skildns, G. schild. Teut. sea-shore. (Scand.) Corruption of Norweg.
type *skelduz, m. Perhaps 'thin board'; singl or singling, coarse gravel, shingle,
cf. Lith. skel-ti, to split. named from the crunching or ringing noise
Shieling; see Sheal. made by walking on it. Norweg. singla, —
Shift. (E.) M. E. schiften, to divide, to ring, Swed. dial, singla (,the
tinkle,
change, shift, remove ; orig. ' to divide.' same) frequent, form of Swed. dial, sitiga,
;
A.S. sciftan, to divide. Icel. skipta + the same word as E. sing; see Sing. Ct.
(for skiftd), to divide, part, shift, change ;
Lowl. Sc. chingle, shingle, allied to chink.
Swed. skifta, Dan. skifte, the same. Allied Shingles. (F. — L.) A variant of
to Icel. skifa, to cut into slices, sklfa, a sengles, pi. of the old word sengle. a girth ;
slice, prov. E. shive, a slice, sheave, a the disease encircling the body like a belt.
481
;
SHIP SHORE
— O. North. F. chengle, O. F. angle, Orig. an adj., meaning ' shallow,' formerly
sangle, 'a girth, a sengle ' Cot. — L.
;
shole; M.t.. shold ox shald; see Shallow.
cingiila, a belt. — L. cutgeix, to surround; A. S. sceald, shallow ; found in place-
see Cincture. names. Cf. Pomeran. scholl, shallow
Ship. (E.) A. S. scip. + Du. schip, water and note E. old, prov. E. ole, from
;
Icel. skip, Dan. skib, Swed. skepp, Goth. O. Merc, aid, A. S. eald.
skip^ G. schiff. Taut, type "^skipom, neut. Shear, a prop; see Shore (2).
Hence i">^?^, skipper, equip. Shock (i), a violent jolt. (E.) M. E.
Shire. (E.) A.S. sar, a shire, province
schokken, to shock, jolt. E. Fries, schok-
orig. employment, government.' Cf. A. S.
' ken.'^Y)\x. schok, sb., schokken, vb. Low ;
scirian, to appoint, allot O. H. G. scira, ; G. schokken, schtikken, vb. O. H. G. ;
business. ^ Not allied to Shear. scoc, sb. (whence F. choc, sb,, choquer, vb.).
Shirk. (F.-L. ?) The verb /^ ^/^zVZ- Cf. G. schaukel, a swing. See Shog.
seems to be a variant of sherk or shark, to Shock
(2), a pile of sheaves of corn.
prowl about hence, to act in a paltry (E.)
; M. E. schokke.Jcyi. Du. schocke, a
way, to keep out of danger. See Shark. shock, cock, heap; so called from being
Shirt. (E.) yi.^. shirte, shiirte. A.S. tossed together; from M. Du. schocken, to
scyrte.^ K.'i. scort, short; see Short,+ jolt, shock, cock, heap up; see Shock (i)
Icel. skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle Swed. above. Cf. Swed. skock, a heap, flock;
;
skjorta, Dan. skiorte. So called because Dan. dial, skok, N. Fries, skock, a heap of
short. Doublet, skirt. six sheaves.
Shittah - tree, Shittim - wood. (.^\ a rough-coated dog. Shock
(E.)
(Heb.) Shittim is a pi. form. — Heb. Shock- headed Vi, rough-headed, with shaggy
shittah, pi. shittim, a kind of acacia (the t hair. Perhaps from Shock (2), a heap.
is teth). Of Egypt, origin (Gesenius). Shoddy, a material obtained from tear-
Shive, Sheave ; see Shiver (2). ing into fibres old woollen goods. (E.)
Shiver (i), to tremble. (E.) For- Etym. uncertain but cf. Devon shod, shed, ;
merly shever, in Baret (1580); M. E. spilt, M.E. schoden, scheden^ to separate;

chiiieren, cheueren {chiveren, cheveren), see Shed.
where ch stands for earlier c{k), as if from Shoe. (E.) M. E. scho. A. S. sceo, scoh ;
an A. S. *cifer, which I suppose to be a pi. sceos, j'^rî". Du. schoen; Icel. skor; +
variant of ^wz/"^r. See Quiver (i). The ^
Swed. and Dan. sko; Goth, skohs] G.
spelling with sh was due to confusion with schnh. Teut. type "^skohoz, masc.
the word below. Shog, to jog on. (E.) M.E. schoggen,
Shiver (2), a splinter, small piece of to jog; variant of schokken, to jolt. See
wood. (E.) A
shiver is a small piece; Shock (i) and cf. Jog. ;
hence to shiver, to break in pieces. Again, Shoot. (E.) K.^. scedtan,\2Xtx ioxnx
shiver is the dimin. of shive, a thin slice, of sceotan, str. vb. [with eo for eo as in
the same as prov. E. sheave, a thin disc of chooseA, pt. t. sceat, pp. scoten, of which ;
wood, wheel of a pulley. E. Fries, schife, only the pp. shotten is preserved (in the
schive, schlf, N. Fries, skiv, skeev. +
Du. phrase shotten herring ^2^. herring that has
schijf; Icel. sklfa, Dan. skive, Swed. lost its \o€).'3f\)w. schieten; Icel. skjota;
skifva G. scheihe, a slice.
; Teut. base Dan. skyde Sw. skjiita G. schiessen. ; ;
'^skeib, Idg. root "^skeip whence Gk. Teut. type ^skeiitan-, pt. t. *skaut, pp.
;
(TKoiTTos, a potter's disc (Hesychius). See "^skutanoz. Brugm. i. § 623.

Shift. Shop. (E.) A. S. sceoppa, a stall, booth.
Shoal (i ), a multitude of fishes, a troop, Allied to scypen, a pen for cattle. Low +
crowd. (E.) Spelt sho/e in Spenser M. E. ; G. schitpp, a shed G. schoppen, a. shed,
;
sco/e, a troop, throng, crowd. A. S. sco/u, covert whence O, F. eschoppe, a shop).

a troop. -{-O. Sax. sko/a, a troop, band; Shore ( i). strand of a lake or sea. (E,)
Du. school, a shoal. Teut. type *sktild, M.E. schore. A.S. score (Somner); cf.
fem. ; from *skul-, weak grade of*sket-, to A. S. scoren clif, a shorn cliff, precipice.
separate, set apart. See Skill. The % Cf. A. S. scor-, weak grade of sceran, to
sailor's phrase a school of fish exhibits
'
' shear. See Shear.
the Du. form of the same word it also ; Shore (2), a prop. (E.) M. E.
Shear,
appears as saiU, Troil. v. 5. 22. schore. Not E. Fries, schor,
in A. S.
Shoal (2), a shallow, a sandbank. (E.) !
schore (also schdr, schare), a prop. Cf.
;;
SHORE SHRINK
A. S.sceorian, to project, jut out. Du. + sktir\ Goth, skiira, a storm; G. schaucr,
schoor, a prop M. Dn. schooren, to under-
;
<). II. G. scur, Bruj^m. i. § 627.
prop; Norweg. skora, prop. Cf. also Shred. (E.* M. K. sh>ede, ?b. A. S.
Icel. skorSa, a prop, stay, esp. under a sc )eade.'\-V^ .\)\>.. schroode, a shied Kilian") ( :
boat; skorda, vb., to under-prop, shore up. Pomeran. schrood. trom Teut. *skrattd,
Shore (SJ, a sewer; see Sewer. 2nd grade of *skj-eud- ; for which see
Short. (E.) A. S. sceort, short. Cf. Shroud.
Du. schorten, lack (fall short), Icel.
to Shrew, a scold. (E.) M. E. shrewe,
skorir, shoitness, O. H.G. sairz, sliort. adj., applied to both sexes, wicked, bad.
The Teut. base would appear to be *skert-, A. S. screawa, a shrew-mouse, fabled to
to cut as if extended from *sker-, to cut
; have a very venomous bite. Der. shrew,
see Shear. Cf. also Icel. skard)-, dimin- to curse, talk like a shrew be-shrew. ;
ished, cut down. But as the G. kurz % shrewd, malicious, cunning. (E.) The
is from L. ciirius, short, it is usual to old sense is malicious.'
'
M. E. schrewed,
explain all these words as borrowed from accursed, depraved, hence malicious; pp.
a L. iyêêx-curtus', which is improbable. oi schretven, to curse, from the adj. schrcive,
Shot. (E.) M. E. schot. A. S. scoi, a malicious, bad (above).
shot, ge-sceot, implements for shooting cf. ; shrew-mouse, an animal like a
A. S. scot-, weak grade of sceotan, to shoot. mouse. (E.) A.S. screazva', see Shrew
+ Icel. skot,X)\.\. schot^ a shot, shooting; (above).
G. sc/mss, a shot. See Shoot. Shriek. (E.) A native form of
Shoulder. (E.) A. S. sculder, sculdor. screech;from M. E. schriken, to shriek.
+Du. schouder, Swed. skuldra, Dan. skid- See Screech. Imitative see Shrike. ;
der, G. schiilter. Perhaps allied to O. H. Shrievalty see Sheriff.

;
G. skerti, the shoulder; cf. also O. H. G. Shrift, confession. (L.) A. S. scrift,

harti, the shoulder-blade. confession, prescribed penance. Cf. A. S.
Shout. (E.) M. E. shouien ; Chaucer, serif-, weak grade of scrTf-an, to shrive, to
Troil. ii. 614. Cf. Icel. skilta, skiili, a impose a penance ult. of L. origin ; see
;
taunt ; see Soout (2). Shrive. -|- Icel. skript, Swed. skHft, Dan.
Shove. (E.) M. E. shouven. A. S. skrifie;Du. and G. schrift, writing. See
senfa 71, pt. t. sceaf, pp. scofen, to shove. + Shrive.
Icel. skiifa ; Du. schuiven, G. schieben Shrike, the butcher-bird. fE.) Cf.
(pt. schob) ; Goth, skiuban.
t. Teut. type Westphalian sehrik, a shrike; Icel. skrikja,
*skeiiban- or *skuban-, pt. t. *skajib, pp. a shrike, lit. shrieker,' from Icel. skrikja,
'
*skubanoz. Qi. Lich. skubus, quick, hasty, to titter, orig. to shriek, and allied to Icel.
industrious; Skt. ksubh,\.o become agitated, skrcekja, to screech. See Shriek and
kshobha-, agitation. Brugm. i.§ 992. Screech.
shovel. (E.) A. S. scojl, a shovel, for Shrill. (E.) M.E. shril; ci. Lowl.
lifting and shoving cf. A.S. scof-, weaker ; Scotch skirl, a shrill cry, skirl, to cry
grade oi scilfan above). 4"Du. schoffel\ G.
i
aloud. Cf. E. Fries, schrel, Low G. schrell,
schaufel, O. H. G. skuvala a form which ; G. j-<;//rz7/, shrill A.S. seralletan,X.o cry
;
makes a connexion with shove doubtful. aloud ; Norweg. skryla, skreela, to cr}'
Der. shovel-er, a kind of duck. shrilly. From Teut. root *skrel (2nd grade
Show, Shew. vE.) M. E. schewen, vb. ^skral), to cry aloud.
A. S. sceaiinaft, to see, behold later, to ; Shrimp. (E.) M. E. shrimp ; cf. Lowl.
make to see, point out, show. Du. schou- + Scotch scrimp, to scrimpit, dwarf-
straiten,
wen, Dan. skue, G. schatien, to behold. ish. A parallel form to shrink cf. A. S. ;
Cf. Goth, zis-skaws, cautious, wakeful. serimman, to shrink Dan. dial, skrimpc,;
Teut. base "^skaw, Idg. root *skau cf. Gk. ; a lean cow. See the traces of O. Swed.
Ovo-OKoos, an inspector of an offering also ;
skrimpa, strong verb, to contract, in mod.
L. caii-e?-e, to heed, can-tus, watchful Swed. dialects (Rietz) ; and ci. M. H. G.
Gk. Koioj, I observe; Skt. kav-i-, wise. sch7-i?npfen, to shrink, G. sehrumpfen,
From the same root we have cautious. Dan. skrumpen, shrivelled ; Du. sehrompe,
Brugm. i. §§ 163, 639. Der. sheen^ a wrinkle. See Shrink.
scavenger. Shrine. (L.) A.S. ^rr/";/, a box. — L.
ShoWer. (E.) M. E. schour. A. S. seriniuin, chest, box.
scfir. -f Du. schoer ; Icel. skur ; Swed. Shrink. (E.) A. S. scri7uan, pt. t.
483
;
SHRIVE SICCA
scranc, pp. scruncen, to contract, shrivel schiitteln, to shake, frequent, of O. H. G.
up. +
M. Dii. schrinken, to shrink, grow skuttan.
smaller; Swed. skrynka, a wrinkle. Allied Shufi9.e. (E.) Frequentative of shove.
to Shrimp, Shru?. E. Fries, schuffeln, to shuffle along, from
Shrive ; see Shrove-tide. schtifen, to shove, push. Cf. sctiffle, which
Shrivel. (E.) In Shak. An E. word. is the frequentative of Swed. skuffa, to push,
+Swed. dial, skryvla, to shrivel up, to shove. See Scuffle.
wrinkle ; shyvla, a wrinkle. Perhaps Shun. (E.) M. E. shimien, shonieu.
allied to Swed, skrojiig, rough, and to G. A. S. scunian, to shun, avoid orig. sense ;
schroff, rugged. (perhaps) to hurry away, hasten. Cf. Icel.

Shroud. (E.) A. S. scrud, garment, skiinda, skynda, Swed. skynda sig, Dan.
clothing. 4-Icel. skruS, ornament, shrouds skynde, to hasten, hurry, speed. Der.
of a ship; Dan. and Swed. sknid, dress, scoundrel, schooner.
attire. Orig. a shred
of stuff, a piece cut
' '
Shunt. (E.) Prov. E. shunt, to turn
or torn off; cf. A. S. screade (— mod. E. aside ; M. E. shunten, to start aside, avoid.
shred). The Teut. base is *skreud, to cut Perhaps allied to Scuttle (3).
the 2nd grade ^skrand appears in Shrad, Shut. (E.) M. E. shut ten, shit ten.
q.v. Cf. L. scnlta, broken bits? Der. A. S. scyttan, to shut to fasten a door
;
scroll. with a bolt (called a shuttle). still We

Shrove-tide, Shrove-Tuesday. say Ho shoot a bolt.' The A. S. scyttan
(L. and E) The time for shrift or con- is a weak verb ; cf. scut-, weak grade of
fession. The sb. shrove is formed from sceotan, to shoot.+Du. schiitten, G. schiit-
shrove, 2nd grade oi shrive (M. E. schriiien, zen (from the same grade). See Shoot.
pt. t. schroof).'-~A..'$,. scrifan, to shrive, shuttle. (E.) So called from being
impose a penance, pt. t. scraf, pp. sci-if-en shot across the threads in weaving. M. E.
(whence scrif-t, shrift). +0. Fries, skrlva schitel, also a bolt of a door ; A. S. scyttel,
(pt. t. skref) ; O. Sax. skridan, to write ;
a bolt. Formed, with suffix -^/of the agent,
Du. schrijven schreef) Dan. sJkrive
(pt. t. ;
from Teut. *skut=A. S. scut-, weak grade
(pt.t. skrev) Swed. skrifva (pt. t, skref) ;
; of sceotan, to shoot. +Dan. skytte, skyttel^
G. schreiben (pt. t. schrieb). Teut. type a shuttle ;cf. Du. schiet-spoel, a shuttle,
^skreiban-, pt. t. *skraib, pp. *skribanoz. lit.*
shoot-spool.' Der. shuttle-cock from ;
Conjugated as a genuine Teut. verb, but its being shot backwards and forwards
probably an early borrowing from Lat. like a shuttle, and because furnished with
scribere, to write. See Scribe. feathers. ^ Not for shuttle-cork.
Shrub (0, a low dwarf tree. (E.) M. E. Shuttle-cock see above. ;
schi'ob. A. S. ^scrob, a shrub whence ; Shy. (E.) M. E. shey, scheouh, said of

scrybb, underwood. Cf. prov. E. shruff^ a shy horse. — A. S. cf. E.
sceoh, timid ;
light rubbish wood, j-<:r^, refuse of wood ;

shy Swed. skygg,
Fries. schdi.-\-T)2,Xi. sky, ;
Norw. skrtibba, the dwarf cornel E. ;

skittish, shy, coy Du. schuw, shy
; G. ;
dial, scrub, underwood Dan. dial, skrub^ ; scheu, timid, shy, M. H. G. schiech, Teut.
brushwood. type *skeuhoz. See Eschew.
Shrub (2), a drink, chiefly made with
rum. (Arab.) Arab, shirb, shurb, a drink.
— Arab, root shariba, he drank. See
Sherbet. Si-Sy.
Shrug. (E.) M.
E. shrnggen, to shiver. Siamang, a large ape. (Malay.)
The old sense was
to shrink, shrink up. Malay sidniaiig.
Cf. Dan. skriigge, skrtikke, to stoop ; Swed. Sib, related. A. S. sibb, akin to
(£.) ;
dial, skrukka, skrngga, to huddle oneself see Gossip. Cf. M. Swed. sif, akin to.
together, allied to skrinka, to shrink, Sibilant, hissing. (L.) L, sibilant-,
Norw. skrukken, shrunken. See Shrink. stem of pres. part, of sTbildre, to hiss. — L.
Shudder. (E.) M. E. schoderen, slbilus, hissing. Imitative.
schuderen. lôw G.schttddern; Dan. dial. Sibyl. (L. - Gk.) L. Sibylla. - Gk.
skiiddre, to shudder. A frequentative 'SiPvWa, a Sibyl or prophetess.
verb. Cf. E. Fries, schiidden, to shake Sicca, in phr. sicca rupee, newly coined
;
O. Sax. skuddian, to shake; M. Du. rupee. (Hind. —

Pers. Arab.) —
Hind.
schudden, to shake, tremble. Also G. sikka, a die for coining. — Pers. sikka(h), the
484
;;; ;
SICK SILLABUB
same. — Arab, sikka(h), sakk, the same. A.S. sican, to sigh, pt. t. sdc (in on-sdc),
Rich. Diet., pp. 839, 837. Cf. Sequin. pp. sicen. Cf. Swed. sucka, Dan. sukke,
Sick. (E.) ^\.E. sik, sek. K.'S.seoc. to sigh, groan. Of imitative origin.
•^T}n. ziek \cG\.sjtikr\ Dan. syg; Swed.
\ Sight. (E.) U.Y.. sight. A.S.-si/it,
sjuk G. siech
; Goth, sinks, which is
; gesiht,commonly gesi/iS. Verbal sb. allied
related to Goth, smkan, to be ill (pt. t. to A.S. scon,Xo see. •\- Tû. gezigt; Dan.
sank). Tent, type *seukoz. sigfe; Swed. sigt G. sickt. See See. ;
Sicker, Siker, certain, secure. (L.) Sign. (F,-L.) O.V.signe. — L.signum,

M. E. siker. Borrowed from Late L. a mark. Der. sign, vb. sign-at-ure, fiom ;
securus, for L. seciirus, secure whence also ; the pp. of the L. verb signdre, to sign.
O. Fries, sike)', sikur, Du. zeker, G. sicker, Brugm. i. § 762 (3). Der. sennet.
O. H. G. sichur, Swed. siiker, Dan. sikker, signal. (F.-L.) F\ j/;^wo/. - Late L.
W. See Secure.
sicr. signdle, sb., neut. of L. signdlis, belonging
Sickle. (L.) A. S. sicol.-^'L. secula, to a sign. — L. sigmivi, a sign.
a sickle, cutter. — L. sec-dre, to cut. See signet. (F.-L.) Y. signet; dimin.
Secant. Cf. Scythe, Saw (i). of F. signe ; see Sign above).
Side. (E.) M.E. i-zrtV. A. S. i-/V<?, side ; signify. (F. - L.) F. signifier, to be-
allied to A. S. sTd, long, wide. + Du. zijde ;
token.— L. signijicdre, to shew by signs.—
Icel. sTQa (allied to Icel. slQr, long, hang- L. signi-, for signum, a sign ; -Jicdre, for
ing down) ; Dan. side \ Swed. sida G. facere, to make.
;
seite. Signer. (Ital. — L.) Ital. j?^«^r^, sir.

Sidereal, starry. (L.) For sideral, — L. ace. seniorem see Seignior. ;
from L. sIderdliSj relating to the stars. L. — Silence. (F. L.) F. silejice. -

L. -
sider-, for * sides-, stem of sidus, a star. silentium, silence. L. silent-, stem of pres.—
Cf. C07i-sider. pt. of silere, to be silent. Cf. Goth, aîa-
Sidesmen. (E.) Officers chosen to silan, to be silent. Der. silent, from L.
assist a churchwarden ; also called side- silent-, stem of silens, pres. pt. of silere.
i.e. men at one's side.
7nen, Cf. L. assessor, Silex, flint. (L.) L. silex (stem silic-),
onewho sits beside another. flint. Der. silic-a. Brugm. i. § 980.
Siege. (F. — L.) The orig. sense was Silhouette. (F.) This meagre form
'seat,' or * a sitting down,' esp. in order to of portrait, made by tracing the outline of
besiege a town. — O. F. siege, a seat, throne a shadow, was named (in derision) after
F. siege. Not immediately from L. sedes, Etienne de Silhouette, FVench minister of
but from a verb answering to a Lat. type finance in 1759.
*sedicdre', cf. Late L. assedium, a siege, Silk. (Chinese ?) A.S. seolc, seoluc (cf.
for L. obsidiitm, a siege ; both words 77iilk, A. S. vieolc) Icel. silki; Ch. Slav. ;
being due to L. sedh'e, to sit see Se- ; shelhliRuss. sheik') Perhaps from Chinese .
dentary. Der. be-siege, with E. prefix. se, sei, silk cf. L. Serictim, silk, neut.
;
Sienna, a pigment. (Ital.) Made from of Sericns, adj., belonging to the Seres;
earth of Sienna, a place in Tuscany. from Gk. 2^/36?, pi., Chinese. See Serge.
Sierra, a chain of hills. (Span.-L.) Sill, base of a door. (E.) A. S. syll,
Span, sierra, a saw, an outline of hills. — a base, support. +
Icel. syll, svill, a sill
L. serra, a saw. Swed. syll, dial, svill; Dan. syld;
Swed.
Siesta, orig. a noon-day nap. (Span. G. schtuelle, threshold. Cf. Goth, â-
sill,
— L.) Span, siesta, the hottest part of the suljan, to lay a foundation. The Teut.
day, the time for a nap, gen. from one to base appears to be *swel, to found, to form
three o'clock. But orig. the sixth hour, or as a base 2nd grade *swal, whence G.
;
noon. — L. sexta {hora), sixth hour, noon ;

schwelle ; the weak grade * swul, *stil gives
fern, oi sextus, sixth. — L. sex, six. Goth, ga-sitljan and A. S. syll, f. (Teut.
Sieve. (E.) M. E. sive. A.S. sife type *snl-Jd). Der. ground-sill, spelt
oldest spelling sibi (8th cent.).4-L)u- zeef; grunsel Milton, P. L. i. 460.
in
G. sieb. Teut. types *sibiz, *siboz, neut. Sillabub, a mixture of wine with milk,
cf. Lith. sijote, to sift. &c. (E.) F'ormerly sillibouk, or 7uerri-
sift. (E.) A. S. siftan, to sift allied ; bouk. 'Laid aigre, a sillibub or merri-
to A.S. sife, a sieve. +
Du. ziften, to sift, bowke ' Cot. Apparently from E. silly
;
zift, a sieve zeef, a sieve.

; (merry) and M. E. bouk, A.S. biic, the
Sigh., vb. (E.) M. E. sighen, also syken. belly. A
jocose name.
485
; ; ';
SILLY SIN
Silly. (E.) Orig. ' timely
;
' then happy, — Heb. SJmiidn, Simeon lit. 'hearkening.' ;
lucky, blessed, innocent ; lastly, simple, — Heb. root shd?na', to hear.

foolish. M. E. sell, sili ; thus syly man in Simoom. (Arab.) Arab, safniwi, a
Seven Sages, ed. Wright, 1361=^^/2 man sultry pestilential wind ; from its poisonous
in Seven Sages, ed. Weber, 1473. A.S. nature. — Arab, root samma, he poisoned
s^lig., ges&lig^ timely from s&l, time, ; (Devic).
season, happiness.+Du. zalig, G. selig, Simper, to smirk. (Scand.) From
blest, happy cf. also Icel. scell, Swed. sdll,
; Scand. ; cf. Norw. semper, fine, smart
Goth. sSls, good. Dan. dial, semper, simper^ affected, coy,
Silo, a pit for storing grain or fodder. prudish; M. Swed. seniper, one who
(Span. — L. — Gk.) Span. silo. — L. sirum, affectedly refrains from eating ; cf. Bavar.
ace. of sTrus. — Gk. cTpbs. Der. en-sil- zimpej'n, to be affectedly coy (from Low
age. G.). Formed from M. Swed. sipp, si?np^
Silt. (Scand.) 1. Either formed, with an affected woman, Swed. sipp, adj.,
participial suffix -t, from
finical, prim. All from the notion of sip-
sile (M. E. silen),
to drain. — Swed. ping, or taking only a little at a time;
sila, to drain, strain,
filter sil, a filter.
; 2. Or from M. Swed. hence, prudish, affected, coy, &c. Cf. Low
sylta, mud Dan. sylt, a salt-marsh. From G. sipp, prim, den Mtmd sipp trekken, to
;
*sull'j weak grade of sail- see Salt. make a small mouth and M. Du. sippen,
; ;
Silvan, Sylvan. (L.) The spelling to sip. See note to Sip.

with J)/ is bad. — L. siludnns, belonging to Simple. (F. — L.) F. simple. - L. sim-
a wood. — L. silua, a wood. Cf. Gk. vXt], plicejn, ace. of simplex, lit. ' one-fold.' —
a wood (connexion with sihia doubtful L. sim- (appearing also in sin-guli, one by
Brugm. i. § 102). one, sem-el, once, si?n-til, together) ; and
Silver. (E.) O. Merc, sylftir (Matt. plic-, ixova. plicdre, to fold see Simulate ;
X. 9) A.S. seolfor
; earlier sioIofr.-\-'D\\. and Ply.
',
Der. simplicity, F. simplicity,
zilver; Icel. silfr; Dan. solv wSwed. silfver; from L. ace. simplicitdtem
; simpli-fy, to ;
G. silber\ Goth. silubr\ Russ. serebro\ make simple.

Lith. siddbras. simpleton. (F. — L.) simp le-t-on,
I.e.
—
Similar. (F. L.) Y similai7-e \ 2,% \i . with double suffix ; formed with F. suffix
from L. "^siynildris, extended from similis, -on from Picard and M. F. simplet, a simple
like. Cf. samail, Jr. samhail, W.
O. Ir. person, fern. si77iplette, a simple wench ' ;
hafal, like. Allied to simul, together, and Cot. — F. si77iple, simple ; with suffixed
to E. Same. Brugm. i. §§ 438, 442. -t. (So also 77msk-et-oon) Cf. Span.
simile. (L.) L. sifnile, a comparison, si77iplo7i, a simpleton.
a like thing; neut. oi similis, like. Simulate. (L.) Frompp. ofL. jzV/m-
similitude. ^F. —L.) Y similitude.
. Idre, also si77iild7'e, to make like. — L.
— L. ace. similitudinem, likeness. — L. similis, like ; si77iiil, together, lit. '
at once.'
similis, like. From Idg. *se77i-, one; cf. Goth. sij7t-le,
Simious, monkey-like. (L.) From L. once ; Gk. tv, neut., one, fiia, i. (for
simia, an ape. — L. swms (Gk. ciixos), flat- *a/j.-ia) ; Skt. sa-krt, once ; Gk. a-na^,
nosed. once; Brugm. ii, § 165.
Simmer. (E.) frequentative form, A simultaneous. (L.) Late L. si77ZHl-
from the base sim, to express the sound of tdneus', coined from L. si77nilt-ifn, at the
gentle boiling. Cf. Dan. smrwie, G. sum- same time. — L. si7/iul, together.
men, Swed. dial, sumtna, to hum, buzz. Sin. (E.) A.S. syn7i{si7i7i, senn).'\-'D\x.
Simnel, a kind of rich cake. (F. — L.) zonde Icel. synd, sy7iQ ; Dan. Swed. sy7id\
;
O. F. simenel; Late L. simenellus, simin- G. siinde, O. H. G. su7itea. Thus the A. S.

elhis, bread of fine flour also called sii7i- ;
sy7in represents a Teut. type ^stmdjd, fern.,
clla in Late L. — L. simila, wheat-flour of or rather an Idg. type *S97itjd where "^s^nt ;
the finest quality; whence siminellus,iox is the weak grade of se7it sont. Allied :
*similellus. Allied to Gk. crffiidaXis, fine to L. sons (stem sonf-'), guilty, sinful, orig.
flour. Cf. Semolina. '
real.' [' Language regards iht guilty man
Simony, traffic in ecclesiastical prefer- as the man who it was Curtius.] Cf. '
ment. (F. — L. — Gk. — Heb.) F.simonie; Ion. Gk. k-ovT-, stem of lojv (for "^ka-uv),
Late L. simdnia. Named from Simon being, pres. pt. of et/it, I am. See Sooth.
Magtis (Acts viii. 18). — Gk. %]xq:v, Simon. Der. si7t, vb.
486
;; ;
SINCE SIRRAH
Since. (E.) Written for sins, which is intrans., t sane, pp. suncen.'\-\)yx.
pt.
short for M. E. sithens^ since. This is zinken Icel. sokkva (lor sinkva
; Dan. .
;
formed, with adverbial suffix -i', from M. E. synke; Swed. sjunka; G. sinken\ Goth.
sithen, since, a modification of A. S. siddan, sigk7uan {{ox*singkivan). p. For the trans,
for Sid da7i, after that. p. The A. S. si6 form, cf. A. S. sencan, to cause to sink, G.
was orig. an adj., meaning 'late,' but here senken. Der. sink, orig. a place into which
represents the compar. adv., later, after filth sank or was ct)llected; Cor. i. i. 126.
cf. Goth, seithzcs, late, seithii, adv., late, Brugm. i. §§ 421 3\ 677.
-seiths, adv., later.The A. S. dan is the Sinople, green. F. - L. — Gk.) F. sirô- (
instrumental of the definite article or de- ple, green

'
Cot. — Late L. sinopis,
;
'
monst. pronoun. The G. seitdeni, since, greenish, also reddish L. sinopis, red ;
is similarly formed. See Sievers, §§ 323, ochre. — Gk. atvojms, oivw-niKri, a red earth
3.^7- found in Cappadocia, and imported from
Sincere. (F. L.) —
O.Y sincere. •~'L. . Sinope, on the Black Sea.
sincenis, pure, sincere. Der. sincerity, Sinus, a bend, fold, &c. (L.) L. sinus,
from M. F. sincerity, from L. ace. sinceri- a bosom, bend, bay, fold. Now only used
idtem. in anatomy, and, in the form sine, in
Sinciput. (L.) The fore part of the mathematics. Der. sinuous, L. siniiosus,
head; half head.' — L. sinciput,\\'x\{
lit. ' full of curves.
the head.— L. semi-, half; and caput see \ Sip, vb. 'E.) yi.^. sippen. It answers
Semi- and Capital. Brugm. i. § 121. to A. S. sypian, to absorb moisture, a causal
Sinder, the true spelling of Cinder, form allied to A. S. sfipan, to sup. See
q. v. Sup. %
In the E. Fries, sippen, to sip,
Sine. (L.) From L. sinus, a bosom, M. Du. sippen, to sip, Norw. sipla, to sip,
a fold, a curve; peculiarly used. See the i suggests a connexion with Low G.
Sinus. sipen, to drip but cf. E. Fries, siipken,
;
Sinecure. (L.) For sine cura, without to sip, Swed. dial, syppa, to drink. Der.
cure of souls ; hence, an office without sip, sb.
work. Siphon. (F.-L.-Gk.) Y .siphon. ^\..
Sinew. (E.) M. E. sinewe. A. S. simt siphonem, ace. of sFpho, a siphon, bent pipe
(dat. sinwe), seomi.'\-T)Vi. zemiw Dan. \
for drawing off liquids. — Gk. oicpajv, a small
sene Swed. sena G. sehne also Icel. sin.
; ; ;
pipe or reed.
Perhaps allied to Skt. sndva{s), a tendon. Sippet, a little sop. (E.) Dimin, of sop,
Sing. (E.) A.
S. singan, orig. to sing, with vowel-change (from Teut. zt to j>z).
resound; pt. sang, pp. sungen.
t. See See Sop.
Song ; and see singe. 4- Du. zingen Sir, Sire. (F. — L.) Sir is short for
lce\. Swed. sjtinga;
syng/a; Dan. sy7!ge ; sire. — F. si)'e, sir. — L. senior, older, elder
Goth, siggwan (for "^singivajt) G. singen. ; (the word seignior being from the ace.
singe, to scorch. (E.) For senge\ seniorem). Sire is a variant of O. F. senre
M. E. sengen. A. S. sengan, to singe lit. ; <L. senior (see Schwan).
*
to make to sing,' from the hissing of a Sirdar, a commander. (Pers.) Pers.
burning log, &c. Causal of singan, to sarddr, a chief. — Pers. sar, head (cf. Gk.
sing (above). +
Du. zengen, G. sengen, uapa) ; -ddr, possessmg, holding.
causal verbs, similarly formed. Siren. (L. — Gk.) L. j- /><?«. — Gk-aetp??!/,
Single. (L.) L. singuhis, single, sepa- a nymph who enticed seamen to destruc-
rate, in Plautus and in late Latin in ; tion by her magic song.
classical Latin, we have only singuli, pi., Sirloin, Surloin. (F.-L.) M.E..f«r-
one by one. Allied to Simple, q. v. loyn; cent. - O. F. surlonge (14th
XV
Brugm. i. § 441. %
M.E. and O. F. sengle. cent.), the surloin. —
F. sur, upon, above
singular. (F.-L.) yi.Y^.singtder.^ l^from L. super')', longe, loin; see Loin.
F. singtilier. — L. singiddris^ single. — L. % The story about turning the loin into
singult, pi., one by one (above). sir-loin by knighting it is mere trash.
Sinister. (L.) L. sinister, on the left Sirname, for Surname, q v.
hand, inauspicious. Sirocco, a hot wind. (Ital. — Arab.)

Sink. (E-) Properly intransitive [the Ital. j-/r(?rr(?, south-east wind. — Arab, sharq,
transitive form should rather end in -ch\ cf. east (Device See Saracen.
drench from drink], — A. S. sincan, Sirrah. (Prov. — L.) Sirra (Minsheu)*-
4S7
—
SIR-REVERENCE SKERRY
serrha (Levins). A
contemptuous pro- Size (1), an allowance of food; also
nunciation of the F. sire by the men of magnitude. (F. — L.) Short for assize;
Provence, who called it j-mz. — O. F. sire, see Assize (i).
Prov. sira, sir. — L. senior; see Sir. Size (2), weak glue. (Ital.-L.) Ital.
Sir-reverence. (L.) Short for save- sisa, '
syse or glew ;
' Short for
Florio.
reverence, a translation of L. sabia reuer- assisa, size. So called from making colours
entid, i. e. reverence to you being preserved, lie flat, —
M. Ital. assisare, * to sute [suit]
or, by your leave. — L. salud, abl. fern, well
;
Florio.
' —
Ital. assiso, pp. oiassidere,
of sahms, safe; and reuerentid, abl. of to sit; also, to situate. L. assidere, lit. —
reuerentia. to sit near. —
L. as- (for ad) , near ; sedere,
Sirup ; see Syrup. to sit. See Sit.
Siskin, (Low G. — Sla-
a song-bird. Skain, Skene, Skean, Skein, a
vonic.) Low
G. zieske, ziseke, a siskin; dagger, knife. (Irish.) Irish and Gael.
Du. sijsje, where the dimin. suffix -je sgian, a knife ; O. Irish scian W.ysgieti, ;
answers to an older suffix -ken, so that a cutting instrument. Cf. W. ysgi, a

sijsje implies an older form sijsken. Cf. cutting off; Gk. cxafti^j to slit.
l3an. sisgen, a siskin Swed. siska. Of ; Skate (i), a large flat fish. (Scand.)
Slavonic origin. — Polish czyzik, dimin. M.E. scate. ^lct\. skata; Norw. skata.
form of czyz, a siskin Sloven, chizhek ; ; Cf. L. squdtiis, a skate (Pliny) ; also Irish
Kuss. chij\ See Miklosich, p. 36. sgat, a skate (from E.)
Sister. (E.) A.S. S7oeostor,simisier; Skate (2), Scate, a frame with a
M. E. siister ; affected by Icel. systir.-\-Yy\x. steel blade, for sliding on ice. (Dn. F. —
zuster\ Icel. systir, Swed. syster, Dan. Low Properly skates
G.) the s being ;
sbster, G oth . swistar ; G . sch zvester. Further dropped because skates looked like a pi.
allied to L. soror (for ^-sivesor) ; O. Ir. sitir, form. [Cf. scatches (another form of
W. ckwaer, Lith. sesu ; Skt. svasar-. skateses,'^\., but usually meaning stilts').] '
Erugra. ii. § 122. Der. cousin, q. v. — Du. schaatsen, skates, a pi. form, from a
Sit. (E.) A. S. sittan, pt. t. scet, pp. sing, schaats, whence schaatsryder, a skate-
scten.-ifTyxx. zitten ; Icel. sitja ; Dan. sidde; rider, skater (Sewel) ; M. Du. skaeisen, pi.
Swed. G. sitzen. Teut. type *setjati-,
sitta ;
— O. North. ¥. escache, Picard form of O.F.
pt. t. "^sat, pp. '^setanoz. Further allied to eschace, a stilt (12th cent.); whence F.
Goth, sitan W. seddu L. sedere Gk.
; ; ; icliasse. [So also M. Du. kaetsen, lit. ' to
'iôixai, I sit Skt. sad. See Sedentary.
; catch;' from Picard cacher, for O.F.
(VSED.) Der. set. chacerP\ — Low G. schake, a shank, leg.
Site. (F. L.) F. site ; M. F. sit, - L.
- Thus scatches ox skates ^xq shanks,' contri- '
sittim, ace. of situs, a site, place. — L. situs, vances for lengthening the stride; cf. F.
pp. oisinere, to let, suffer, permit; the orig. ^chasse, a stilt, as above.
sense seems to have been to place. Hence Skein, Skain, a knot (or quantity) of
Position, q. v. But see Brugm. i. § 920. thread or silk. (F. - C. ?) M. E. skeyne,
Sith, since. (E.) Short for M. E. sithen; a quantity of yarn. — M.F. escaigne, *a
see Since. skain;' Cot.; Y.icagne. Perhaps of Celtic
Situate. (L.) Late L. situdtus, pp. of origin; cf. Gael, sgeinnidh, flax, thread
situdre, to place. — L. situ-, for situs, a (unless this is from E.). Der. (probably)
place. See Site. skainsniates, companions (Shak.), as if as-
Six. (E.) A.S. j-z.r.+Icel., Dan., and sociated in winding yarn ; but cf. Skain.
Swed. sex G. sechs ; Goth, saihs ; Russ.
; Skeleton. (Gk.) Gk. OKiXeruv, a
sheste \V. chivech
; Gael, and Irish se ; ; dried body neut. of aêAeros, dried. — Gk.
;
L. sex ; Gk. 'i^ Lith. szeszi Pers. shash

; ;
;
atceWeiv, to dry, parch.
Skt. shash. See Brugm. ii. § 170. Der. Skelluui, a cheat. (Du.) See Nares.
six-th, M.E. sixte, A. S. six-ia; six-ty, Du. schelm, a rogue, villain the Du. sch ;
A. S. sixtig. See Sexagenarian. being rendered (as in landscape) by sk = sc.

Sizar, a student admitted at lower fees, + G. schebn O. H. G. scelmo, a pestilence,
;
at Cambridge, than a pensioner. (F. — L.) carrion, worthless rogue.

Named from size, formerly a farthing's- Skeptic ; see Sceptic.
worth of bread or drink (Blount). Size is Skerry, a rock surrounded by sea.
short for assize, an allowance of provisions; (Scand.)From Icel. sker, a skerry; see
see Assize (i). See below. Scar (2).
488
;
SKETCH SKITTISH
Sketch. (Du.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) Du. a thin film on milk ; E. Fries, schiimen, to
schets, a draught, sketch. — Ital. schizzo, a skim.
first rough draught. — L. schedhan, a thing Skin. (Scand.) \ct\. skinn.Sw^di. skinn,
made hastily; from schedius, adj., hastily Dan. skind, skin. Cf G. schinden, to skin,
made. — Gk. ax^^'-o^j sudden allied to ;
flay; also W. cen, ^\w,ysgen, dandriff.
o'xfSoi', near ; from the base ^x^-j to hold. Skink, serve out wine.
to (Scand.)
Allied to Scheme. M. E. skenken [also schenken, from A.S.
;
Ske'W. (O. Low G.) M. E. skewen, scencan, to pour out; orig. to draw off
verb, to turn aside. —M. Du. schinven, tlirough a pipe from A.S. scanc,^. shank,
;
schowwen, to avoid, shun Low G. ; shaiik-bone, hollow bone (hence, a pipe)].

schinven, scJiouen, to avoid. O. 11. G. + — Icel. skcitkja. Dr.n. skienke. -4- Du.
sciiihen, G. schezien,io avoid; from scheu, schenken, G. schtnken, to skink. Teut.
adj., shy. Thus to skew is to turn aside, type *skankja7t- from *skank-, a shank,
;
like a shying horse, derived from and is pipe of bone. See Nunchion.
the adj. appearing in E. shy. See Shy. Skip. (Scand.) M.E. skippen; also
Der. askew, i. e. on the skew. skeppen (Cursor Mundiy. Cf. Swed. dial.
Skewbald, piebald. (O. Low G. ajtd skopa, to skip, leap (as animals to dance , ;
C.) Marked in a skezv or irregular man- M. Swed. skuppa, skoppa, Rietz Icel. ;
ner; see Bald. Ci. pie-bald. ^ We find, skoppa, to spin like a top. And cf M. H. G.
however, M.E. ^/^^zt^^c/, pie-bald perhaps ;
scuften, to gallop. (The E. i is for y,
from M. E. skewes (blotches?), used as the mutation of «.) Cf Mid. Dan. skobe, to
pi.of sky, a cloud. If so, there is no con- dance, to skip.
nexion with Skew (above). Skipper. (Du.) Du. schipper, a ma-
Skewer. (Doubtful.) Formerly sktier riner. — Du. schip, a ship cognate with E.;
(a. D. 141 1). Etym. unknown. % Prov. ship see Ship.

;
E. skiver, a skewer, is the Scand. form Skirmish. (F.-O.H.G.) Also spelt

answering to E. shiver, a small piece cf E. scarmishe, sb., from
; sci-immage. ^L
Dan. dial, skivrt, small sticks for fuel. scar7>iishen, vb. — O. F. eskermiss-, a stem
See Shiver (2). of eskerniir, to fence, fight. [Cf M. F". es-
Skid. (Scand.) Orig. a thin slip of cartnotuhe, a skirmish, bickering Cot.] ' ;
'
wood, to put under a wheel. — Norw. skida, — O. H. G. sker7nan, to defend, fight, also
a thin plank cf. Icel. skltS, a billet of

;
scirman. — O. H. G. scir7n (G. schirtn],
wood see Shide.
;
a shield, screen, shelter, guard, defence.
Skiff. (F.-Ital.-G.) ls\.Y.esqtiif, 'a To skir77iish is, properly, to fight behind
skiffe Cot. - Ital. schifo. - M. H. G. skif, cover, hence to advance, under shelter, to
;
G. schiff, a ship ; see Ship. fight, p. Note also O. F. esker77iisor, es-

Skill, discernment, tact. (Scand.) M.E. cre77iisseor, a fencer; escremissevie7it,
skil, often in the sense of reason.' — Icel. fencing.
'
skil, a distinction cf skilja, to part, sepa-

; Skirr, Scnr, to scour a country. (F.
rate, distinguish Dan. skiel, Swed. skal, — L.) Variants of Scour (2). Cf. M. E.
;
reason Dan. skille, Swed. skilja, to sepa- scurrotir. a scout.

;
rate. Allied to Lith. skelti, to cleave Swed. Skirret, the water-parsnip.

;
Scand.)
skala, to peel. From Teut. root *skel; see M.E. ski7-wit older form ^-^z'rw^//. As if ;
Scale (i). Der. skill, vb., as in phr. it sheer white,' from the colour of the root
' '
skills not,' i. e. makes no difference ; from from Icel. sktrr, sheer, bright; /^z//7r, white.
Icel. skilja, often used impersonally, with Prob. a popular form, and perverted from
the sense 'it differs.' O. F. eschervis iM. F. che7~vi), a skirret.—
Skillet, a small pot. (Scand.) For- Span. chi7'ivia. — Arab, karawld, kafuna, ;
merly skellet. A
dimin., with F. suffix -et, whence also Carraway.
of M. E. skele (prov. E. skeet",, a. milk- Skirt. (Scand.) U.Y.. sky7't. ^ lct\.
pail Cath. Angl. — Icel. skjola, a pail, skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle; see Shirt.
;
bucket. xV doublet of shi7-t, but restricted to the
Skim, to take off scum. (Scand.) Dan. lower part of a garment.

skiun»ie, Swed. skumma, to skim from Skittish. (Scand.) From Lowl. Scotch
;
skuni, scum. The E. verb preserves an skit, to flounce, caper about. This is a
old vowel-change from ti to y, later i\ cf secondan,' verb, of Scand. origin, from the
fill ixomftcll. And cf. Dan. dial, skimmel, verb to j--^^^/. — Swed. dial, skutta, skotta,
489
;
SKITTLES SLAP
to leap about *skut, weak grade of lap up.
; cf. Of imitative origin : cf. slobber,
Swed. skjiita, to shoot. 2. Note Swed. slubber. See Slaver.
skytt, Icel. skyti, a marksman ; whence Slack. (E.) \l.Y..slak. A.S. slac,
the verb to skit in the sense to aim at or sleac, slack, slow. -f Icel. slakr ; Swed. Dan.
reflect upon a person, and the sb. skit, slak prov. G. schlak, slack, loose.
;
Teut.
an oblique taunt. See Shoot. type '^slakoz, Orig. sense ' fluid see '
;
skittles, a game. (Scand.) Formerly below. Allied to Lax; Brugm. i. § 193.

skittle-pins so called because sJiot at by
; slag, dross, scoria. (Swed.) Swed.
a skittle or projectile. — Dan. skyttel, a slagg, dross of metal so called from flow-
;
shuttle Icel. skutill, a projectile, harpoon,

; ing over when fused Norw. slagga, to
;
bolt of a door. Cf. Icel. skut-, weak grade flow over. Cf. Icel. slagna, to flow over,
of skjota, to shoot see Shoot. ; slag, slagi, wet, damp, water penetrating
Skua, a gull, bird. (Scand.) \zt\..skufr, walls. It is a variant of slack, as seen
skilmr, the skua, or brown gull. Prob. by G. schlacke, * dross, slacks, sediment,'
from the colour. Cf. Icel. skumi, dusk ; Fliigel ; schlackern, to trickle, schlack,
Swed. and Norweg. skttm, dusky, dull (of slack, dross)'^, sloppy ; Low G. slakke,
the weather), dusky (in colour); cf. Sky. slag.
Skulk; see Sculk. slake, to slacken, quench, wet. (E.)
Skull ; see Scull. A. S. slacian, to grow slack ; cf. prov. E.
Skunk, a quadruped. (N. American sleek, to quench, A. S. sleccan, to grow
Indian.) Said to be from the Abenaki slack (hence, to make slack, slacken).—
segongw, a skunk ; this is a dialect of A. ^. sleac, slack ; see Slack. "4"Icel. slbkva
Algonquin (Lower Canada). (pp. slokinn) to slake Swed. sldcka, to , ;
Sky. (Scand.) M. E. skye, a cloud.— quench, allay, slake, from slak, adj.
Icel. sky, a cloud Dan. Swed. sky, a cloud.
; Slade, a valley. (E.) M. E. slad[e).
Mlied to A. S. sceo^ O. Sax. scio, a cloud A.S. .r/^^. 4- Westphal. slade, a ravine;
A. S. scila, shade; Skt. skii, to cover. Dan. dial, slade, a flat piece of land.
(VSKEU.) Slag, Slake ; see Slack.
Slab (i), a thin slip of timber or stone. Slam. (Scand.) Norweg. slemba, slem-
(F. -
Teut.) M. E. slab, slabbe. Ap- ina, to smack, bang, slam a door; Swed.
parently a weakened form of prov. E. slap, dial. sldnwia,\.o push hastily; Icel. slamra,
a slab (Halliwell). — O. F. esclape, ' eclat to slam. Cf. Swed. slammer, a noise.;
de menues csclapes de bois,' i. e. thin x-Vllied to Slap. Of imitative origin.

slabs of wood Godefroy. Prob. of Teut.
; Slander, scandal. (F. L. Gk.) M.E. — —
origin. (Wedgwood cites ' Languedoc sclandre, sclaxindre. — O. F. esclandre, scan-
esclapa, to split wood, bos esclapa, split dal. The oldest O. F. form was escandle,
logs, esclapo, a slab of wood or stone.') v/Yitnctescandre, and ^n2i\\y esclattdre, with
Cf. Ital. schiappare, to split. Perhaps from inserted /. It is merely another form of
the prefix es- (L. ex) , and Low G. klappen, Scandal, q. v.
to clap, make an explosive sound. (Kor- Slang, vulgar language. (Scand.) Nor-
ting, § 54.S3.) weg. sleng, a slinging, a device, a burthen
Slab (2), slimy. (Scand.) The same as of a song, slengja, to sling, slengja kjeften,
M. Dan. slab, slippery ; also, mire. Prov. to slang, abuse (lit. 'to sling the jaw'),
E. slab, a puddle ; cf. Norw. slabb, filth ;
slengjenamn, a slang-name, slengjeord, a
Irish slab, Gael, slaib, mire, mud.
slaib, slang word, insulting word. All from
Also M. E. slabben, to wallow E. Fries. ; slengja, to sling, causal form from the 2nd
slabben, Du. slabben, to lap up; Swed. grade of the Icel. slyngva, to sling. See
dial, slabba, to splash, to soil. And see Sling.
Slabber below. Slant, to slope. (Scand.) M.E. sle7tten,
Slabber, to slaver. (E.)
slaberen, M. E. to slope, glide. — Swed. dial, slenta, sldftta,
frequent, of M.
slabben, to wallow E. causal of slinta (pt. t. slant), to slide, slip
(above). -f-E. Fries, slabbern, to lap, sup, with the foot Swed. slinta, to slip, glance
;
or lick up Low G. slabbern, slubbern,

; aside. The E. adj. slant, sloping, an-
to slabber, lap, sip, frequent, of slabben, swers to Swed. dial, slant, slippery. Der.
to lap G. schlabbem, schlabben, to lap, to
; a-slant, i.e. on the slant.
slabber. Cf. prov. E. slap, to hck up food, Slap. (E.) M. E. slappe, a smart blow ;
eat quickly ; Dan. dial, slabbe, slappe, to an imitative word ; allied to Slam.+Low
490
;;
SLASH SLEEP
G. slapp, sound of a blow, a slap ; G. slabbern, to slabber. See Slabber. Der.
schlapp, interj., slap! schlappe^ sb., a slaver, sb., from Icel. slafr, slefa, slaver.
slap, schlappen, to slap. Der. slap-bang, Slay (1), to kill. (E.j The form slay'i^
violently ; slap-dash, off hand. due to the pp. slai-n else, the infm. would ;
Slash. (F.-Teut.) [Loyf\.Sc.slash,\.o have been slee. Orig. to smite. M.E.

work from Swed. slaska, Dan.
in wet, is sleen. — A. S. slcan (contracted form of
slaske, to dabble in water.] The sense to '
*slahan), to smite, pt. t. sloh, pp. slegeii
cut appears in sitsh and slash^ i. e. much
'
' (whence M. E. slein, E. .y/am).+Du. slaan ;
cutting; Tarn. Shrew, iv. 3. 90. — O. P\ Icel. sld; Dan. slaae Swed, slH; Goth. ;
esclachier, to break in pieces. — O.K. es- slahan G. schlagen.

; Teut. type *slah-
(L. ex), very; and Teut. type *klakjan, an- ; cf. O. Irish slig-ini, I strike.
M. H. G. klecken, to break with a clack ; slay (2), sley, a weaver's reed. (E.)
cf. F. claqtie, a clack, M, H. G. klac. A. S. slcih(£ ; see sleahe in A. S. Diet. ;
(Korting, § 4.=;4i.) orig. form *slcege, gen. *slagan ; Camb.

Slat, a thin bar of wood. (F. — Teut.) Phil. Trans. 1899, p. 139 (231). So called
M. E. slat, a slate see below. ; Hardly % from striking the web together. — A. S.
from Gael, and Irish slat, a rod, twig sleatt {<.*sla/ian), to strike; see Slay
though these are related to lath. (iV
Slate ( i), a flake of stone. (F. - Teut.) Sleave, Sleave-silk, soft floss silk.
M. E, slat, sclat.—O. F. csciat, a splinter, (Low G.) Ravelled sleave,' i. e. tangled
'
slice of wood, &c. (hence, a thin slice of loose silk. Cf Dan. dial, slove, a knot,
slate). — O.F. esclater, to split, burst, twist, tangle (in thread).— E. Fries, slove,
shiver. This answers to a Late L. type slqfe, a bow-knot, a noose G. dial. ;
*exclapitare, to break with a clap from ; schldufe (G. schleife). From Slip,
L. ex, and Low G. klapp, a clap, loud Sled, a sledge! (Du.) ^L E. slede.—
noise. (Korting, § 4543.) The a in ^ M. Du. sledde (Du. slede). + Icel. sleSi,
slate was orig. short. Dan. slcede, Swed. slede, a sledge ; G.

Slate to bait, ridicule, criticise
(2), schlitte7i, a sledge. From the weak grade
sharply, abuse. (E.) Vi.Y.. sleten\ A.S. of the verb to slide ; see Slide.
slatan, to bait, set dogs on (an animal) sledge. (Du.) This is a corrupt form ;
causal vb. from slitan, to slit, tear, rend apparently due to sleds ^
pi. of sled.
see Slit. Sledge-hammer. (E.) A redupli-
Slattern, an untidy woman. (Scand.) cated form a sledge means a hammer.' —
;
'
From prov. E. slatter, to waste, to be un- A. S. slecg, dat. slecge, a hea\7 hammer,
tidy, tothrow about frequent, of slat, to
; smiter. For Teut. type *slag-jd, fem. ;
dash or throw about. — Icel. sletta, to slap, from *slag, for *slah, base of A. S. slean,
dab, dash liquids about Norweg. sletta, to ; to smite. +L)u. slegge, slei, Swed, sldgga,
fling about, jerk ;
a dab,
Icel. sletta, sb., Icel. sleggja, a sledge or heavy hammer.
spot of ink. Allied to which are Dan. See Slay \1^.
slat^ a slop slat, slatten, slattet, loose,
; Sleek, Slick, smooth, glossy. (E.)
flabby slattes, to become slack ; slatte,
; M. E. slike. + Icel. slikr, sleek, smooth.
a slattern Low G. slatje, a slattern.
; Allied to Du. slijk. North Fries, slick, E.
9^ Slut is quite distinct. Fries, silk, slime G. schlick, grease cf.
; ;
Slaughter, sb. (Scand.) ^l.Y..slaghtcr. the Low G. strong verb sliken (pt. t. sleek,
— Icel. sldtr, slaughter, whence sldtra, to pp. sleke?t) = G. schleichen{^\.. t. schlich),X.o
slaughter cattle; cf. Noreen, § 224. The slink, crawl, move as if through mire see ;
A. S. word is -sleaht, whence M. E. slaught. Slink. The Teut. type of the verb is
-f Du. Swed. slagt, G. schlacht (Teut. type *skikan-, pt. t. *slaik, pp. *slikanoz. Orig.
'^slah-ta). All Vrom *slah, the base of sense 'greasy,' like soft mud.
Slay, q.v. Sleep, vb. (E.) A. S. slcipan, slepan,
Slave. (F.-L.-Gk.- Slavonic.) F. Y>i.\.. slep.-\-'Dw. slapen; Ooih. slepan; G.
esclave. — Late L. sclavus, a Slavonian schlafen, to sleep. The sb. is A. S. slap,
captive, a slave. — Late Gk. 'EaKXalS-qvos, Du. slaap, Goth, steps, G. schlaf, O. LI.G.
allied to Low G.
;
the same. The origin of Slavon-ian is sldf, orig. drowsiness

'
'
unknown Miklosich, p. 308. slapp, G. unbent,

schlaff, lax, loose, flabby,
;
Slaver, to slabber. (Scand.) Icel. relaxed (as in sleep). Teut. type *slapan-,
slafra, to slaver cognate with Low G.
;
redupl. vb. Allied to L. Idbi, to glide;
491
;; ;
;
SLEEPER SLIT
Russ. slahuii, weak, slack. Cf. E. sleepy^ O. H. G. slttan, to siide, G. schlitten, a
i. e. inactive. sleclge. Also Lith. slidus, slippery.
sleeper, a block of wood under rails Slight, adj. (O. Low G.) M. E. slight,
from the vb. above. (E.) Cf. F. dormant, a orig. senseeven or flat then plain, smooth, ;
sleeper from dormir, to sleep.

; simple, trivial, &c. — M. Du. slicht^ even,
Sleet. (E.) M. E. sleeL From O. plain, slecht, slight, simple, vile ; cf.
Merc. *sletej A. S. *slyte, not found. Cf. E. slichten, '

to slight, to make even
or plaine,'
Fries, slaite, hail Low G. sloten, pi. hail-
; Hexham ; O. Low G. slight, even, simple,
stones (LUbben) G. schlosse, hailstone.
; bad.+Icel. smooth, trivial
slettr, flat,
From Teut. type *slauti- ; orig. sense un- Dan. slet, level, bad
Swed. slat, smooth,
;
known. Dan. shid, sleet.

Cf. also Norw. % worthless, slight Goth, slaihts, smooth
;
;
seems to be unrelated.
sletta, sleet, G. schlecht, bad, schlicht, smooth, plain,
Sleeve. (E.) O. Merc, slef, a sleeve ;
homely; O. H. G. sleht, smooth. Teut.
A. S. slyf.-^M. Du. sieve, a sleeve; N. type ^slehtoz, smooth. Root unknown.
Fries, slief; cf. M. Du. sloove, a veil, cover Slim. (Du.) Orig. sense ' oblique '
Du. sloof, an apron Low G. sluwe, a husk, ;

thence weak, poor, thin, bad, slight prov. ;
shell. From Teut. variant form

root *i'/^«(^ ; E. slim, crafty. — M. Du. slim, awry, crafty.
o{*sletip, whence M. H. G. slotife,di cover, + G. schlimm, bad, cunning; M. H. G.
allied to M. H. G. sloufen, to let slip, cover. oblique, slanting, awry Dan. Swed. slit?ip, ;
Cf. Goth, sluipan (pt. t. slaup, pp. slu- stem, worthless; Icel. slcemr, vile.
pans), to slip, creep into. It is thus allied Slime. (E.) A. S. j'/z'w.+Du. slijm ;
to slip, from the slipping of the sleeve on Icel. slifH Swed. slejn ; Dan. sliim G. ; ;
and off, in dressing and undressing. See schleim. Cf. L. iTmus, mud.
Slip, and Slop (2). Sling, vb. (Scand .) From Icel. slyngva,
Sleigh. (Du.) An ill-spelt word slongva, to sling, throw, pp. slunginn ;
there is no final guttural. — Du. slee, short Swed. slinga, to twist cf. O. H. G. schlin- ;
for slede, a sledge; cf. Du. sleekoets, for gan, to wind, twist, sling, Du. slingeren,
sledekoeis, lit. a sledge -coach.'
' Cf. Norw. to toss, sling. Teut. type '^slengwan- ;
slee, for slede, a sledge see Sled. pt. t. ^ slang.

;
A. S. slingan (rare), to ^
Sleigllt, dexterity. (Scand.) For creep, seems to be a variant of slincan.
sleighth M. E. sleighthe. — Icel. slcegS, sly- See below.
;
Der. sling, sb. slang, q. v. ;
ness, cunning. — Icel. slcegr, sly. So also Slink. (E.) A. S. slincan, to creep
Swed. sl'djd, dexterity, from slog, dexterous. nasalised form of A. S. *slTcan (not found),
See Sly, Sloid. which is cognate with Low G. silken, to
Slender, thin, feeble. (F. -O. LowG.) creep (pt. t. sleek, pp. sleken), and G.
M. E. sdendre, slendre. — O. F. esclendre, schleichen, to creep (pt. t. xr ////<://).+ Swed.
'sklendre;' Palsgrave, p. 323. —M. Du. dial. slinka{:^\..t. slank); cf. Lith. slinkti,io
slinder, slender, thin ; as sb., a water- creep. Allied to Sleek ; also to Sling.
snake, named from its gliding or trailing. Slip. (E.) A weak verb ; due to the
— M. Du. slinderen, also slidderen, to drag, weak grade of A. S. *sltpan cf. A. S. slip- ;
train along, trail Low G. slindern, to or, slipig, slippery. + Du. slippen, Swed.
;
slide on the ice (whence Low G. slender, slippa, O. H. G. slip/an, to slip, weak
a trailing gown). Nasalised forms from verbs allied to Du. slijpen, G. schleifen,
;
the verb to slide. Cf. O. H. G. slintan in to grind smooth, whet, polish. also We
Schade. find A. S. sliipan, pt. t. sleap, pp. slopen ;
Sleuth - hound, a slot-hound see ;

cf. Goth, sliupan, pt. t. slaup, -pp. slzipans,
Slot (2). to slip or creep into. Teut. types *sleipan-

Slice, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. slice, and *slet(pan-. The latter is allied to L.
sclice. — O. F. esclice, a splinter, shiver, lubriciis, slippery see Lubricate.
; Cf.
piece of split wood. — O. F. esclicir, to slit Brugm. i. §§ 553, 563. Der. slipp-er, a
(whence E. slice, vb.). — O. H. G. '^slitjan, loose shoe easily slipped on slipper-y, ;
slizzen, related to sclizan, slizan, to slit, from A. S. slipor, slippery, with added -y.
shiver (whence O. F. esclier, to shiver), And see sleeve, sloop.

cognate wilh E. slit ; see Slit. Slit. (E.) M. E. slitten, weak verb;
Slick; see Sleek. from the weak grade of sliten, strong verb.
Slide, vb. (E.) A. S. slldan, pt. t. sldd, — A. S. slttan, to slit, rend pt. t. slat, pp. ;
pp. sliden. Cf. also A. S. slider, slippery ;

sliten. -^Jcel. slita, Swed. slita, Dan. slide,
492
;;;
SLIVER SLOW
to rend ; Du. slijten, to wear out O. H. G. ; O. Fries, and Du. slot, a lock, fastening,—
sltzan, G. schleissen, to slit, whence schlit- Du. (Teut. *slut-), weak grade of
slot-
zen, to slice. Teut. type *slei(an-, pt. t. sluiten, to shut so also Low G. slot, a
;
*slait. Der. slice. bar, from sluten, to shut G. schloss, ;
Sliver, a twig, (E.) M. E.

splinter, a lock, a castle. We find also Swed. shita,
sliver, dimin. of prov. E. slive, a slice, G. schliessen, O. H. G. sliozan, to shut
chip from M. E. sliuen {sliven), to cleave.
;
allied to O. Fries, sluta, also skluia, lo
— A. S. -slTfan, to cleave, pt. t. -sldf; in shut and hence to L. clatuiere, to shut
;
io-slJfan. A parallel form to A. S. slitan, see Clause. (ySKLEUD.) ^f Slot, a

pt. t. slat; see Slit. narrow depression or aperture, may be
Slobber, Slubber, to do
carelessly, from Du, shot, a trench, a furrow.
to sully. (Scand.) Dan.
slubbre, to Slot (2), track of a deer. (O. F.-
slabber; Swed. dial, shibbra, to slubber, Scand.) O. F. esclot, track, trace. — Icel.
slobber, be disorderly, frequent, of Swed. sloS, a track, trail (whence, immediately,
mix liquids carelessly, to
dial, sliibba, to M. E. sloth, sleuth, a track, E. sleuth-
be careless. Cf. also Du. slobberen, to hound) Swed. dial, slo, a track.
;
sup up; Low

G. shibbertt, to lap, sip. Sloth. slowness.'
(E.) For
Lit. '
Allied to Slabber. *slozu-th, directly adj. slow. from the

See
Sloe. (E.) M. E. slo. A. S. sld, sldh, Slow. ^
The M. E. word was slewth,
pi. sldn.^'Dw. slee, ^L Du. skeii\ Dan. from A. S. sllwS, sloth; Tei;t. type
slaaen Swed. slan G. schlehe, pi. schle-
; ;
^slaiwipd. Der. sloth, an animal (trans-
hen\ O. H.G. sleha. lating Span, perezoso, slothful, a sloth)
Slogan, war-cry. (Gael.) Q^tX.sluagh- slothful.
ghairjH, the signal for battle, lit. cry of Sloiicll, to have a clownish look or
*
the host.' — Gael, (and Irish) sluagh, host, gait. (F.) Cf. slouch, sb,, a great lub-
army (W. llu) ; gairm, outcry, gairtn, to berly fellow (Phillips). — O. F. esloucher,
cry out; cf. \r\s\i gaii'ni, \V. garm, outcry, eslochier, to be loose in the joint, to waver.
O. Irish ^«z>, ^.gazvr, outcry, L,.garnre, — O. F. es- (L. ex), out, away; lochier
to prate. Cf. Slughorn. (F, locher),\.o shake, to be loose, prob. from
Sloid, manual dexterity. (Swed.) Eng- M. H. G. lucke, G, locker, loose. Perhaps
lished from Swed. slq/d; see Sleight. affected by Norw. sloka, to go slowly and
—
Sloop, a ship. (Du. Low G.) Du. heavily, Swed, sloka, to droop.
sloe/>, M. Du. sloepe, a sloop. — Low G. Slough (i), a muddy pool, mire, (E.)
sluup, slupe, a sloop; whence i.apparently) M, E. slogh slough. A S. sloh (stem slog- , .
^.
,
the O. F. chalotipe^ a shallop see Shallop. a slough. Hardly allied to Irish slugpholl,
;
Perhaps from Low G. shipetiy to glide, a whirlpool; j-///î3zV;/, I swallow up; Gael,
orig. to slip. See Slip. slugan, a gulf, from shcig, to swallow up.
Slop (i), a puddle. (E.) M. E. sloppe, Rather, to Bavar. schlung, a chasm.
a pool. —A. S. -sloppe, -slyppe, the sloppy Slough (2), the cast skin of a snake,
droppings of a cow. as in cii-sloppe (cow- &c. the dead part which separates from ;
slip) ; also A. S. slyppe, a viscid substance. a sore, (E,) Pronounced sluf. M. E.

Orig. sense * something slippery cf. Icel. slouh, slughe, slouê, skin of a snake.
'
;
sibp, slimy offal of fish. See further below. The corresponding word appears in Swed.
slop (2), a loose garment. (E.) M. E. dialects as slug (Rietz), which is prob,
sloppe. A. S. -slop, -slype, in comp. ofer- allied to G, schlauch, M. H. G. sliich, a
slop, ofer-slype, an upper garment. From skin, bag.
A. S. slop- (Teut. *j-/w/-), weaker grade of Sloven. (Du.) M, E. j/<7W>'«, — M. Du.
slupan, to slip because the outer garment slof, sloef, a sloven with M. E. suffix -ein
; ;
is easily slipped on. So also Du. slop, a ( — F. -ain, L, -anus). Cf, Du. slof, care-
gap in a hedge to slip through prov. E. less; slof, sb., neglect, an old slipper;
;
sloppy, loose. +
Icel. sloppr, a slop, long sloffen, to neglect, to go slipshod. So also
loose gown. Compare Sleeve. Low G. sluf, slovenly; sliiffen, to be care-
slope, an incline. (E.) M. E. slope less E. Fries, sluf, sluffe, a sloven
; ;
a- slope, on the slope, ready to slip. From sluffen, to be careless.

the weak grade {slop-) of A, S. sliipan, Slow. (E.) A. S, slaw, slow, Du. +
to slip. See above. slceuw, Icel. slcer, sljor Dan, slov, Swed. ;
Slot (i), a bolt of a door, bar. (Du.) slo, blunt, dull ; O. Sax. sleu ; O. H, G. slco.
493
; ;;
SLOW-WORM SMALL
Teut. type '^slaiwoz allied to L. laeuus, \ schhwip. Of
imitative origin ; cf. Norw.
Russ. lievidi, Gk. Aaios, left (of the hand). and Lowl. Sc. slump, the noise made by
Blow-worm. (E.) In popular ety- an object falling into water. Cf. plu7np,
mology, it is ' a slow worm,' but the true dump.
sense is ' slay-worm,' the snake that strikes. Slur, to contaminate, pass over lightly
A. S. sld-wyrm where sId seems to be
; with slight notice. (M. Du.) The orig.
borrowed from Icel. sld, to strike. This sense is to trail in mud, draggle hence, ;
is clearer from Swed, sla or ormsla, a to pass over slightingly. — ]\L Du. sleurcn,
slow-worm, where orm = E. ivorjyi, and slooren, to drag, trail cf. sloorigh, filthie,' ;
'
sla is striker,' from sla^ to strike

'
so also Hexham, and M. E. slor, mud; Du. sleiwen^
;
Norw. onnslo, a slow-worm, also called to trail. Also Low G. sliiren, sloren, to
slo, from slaa, to strike. draggle, Swed. dial, slora, to be negligent
Slubber ; see Slobber. Norw. sljra, to be negligent, sully, sloda,
Sludge, soft, greasy mud. (E.) M.E. sloa, to draggle, sloda, sloe, a trail E. ;
sbuche, sliche. North Fries, slick, E. Fries. Fries, sluren, slitren, to go about carelessly
silk, slime. -f-Du. slijk, prov. G. schlick, and noisily.
grease see Sleek.
; %
The u is due to Slut. (Scand.) M. E. slutte, Cf. Icel.
conTusion with E. dial, shid, wet mud cf. sldttr, a heavy, loglike fellow Swed. dial. ;
;
Du. s ladder, a sloven. slata, a slut, slater, an idler Dan. dial. ;
Slug, to be inactive. (Scand.) M. E. slotcr, a slovenly person Norw. slotl, an ;
sluggeit, vb., shigge, a sluggard. — Dan. idler. Also Icel. slofa, to droop, Norw.
slug, weakened form of sink, appearing in slula, to droop allied to Dan. slat, slatten, ;
shigoret, shikoret, having drooping ears loose, flabby. Cf. slot-, weak grade of
Swed. dial, slogga, to be sluggish cf. Norw. sletta (strong verb), to dangle,
;
Norw. sloka, to slouch, Swed. sloka, to drift, idle about (Aasen). p. From the
droop. Note also Low G. slukkern, slak- 2nd grade slat{f) we have Dan. slatte, a
kern, to be loose, slukk, melancholy, slut, and slat, loose see Slattern. Note ;
downcast Du. sluik, slender, thin. Der. also Bavarian schlotzen, schhitzen, a slut;
;
slugg-ard, with F. sufhx -ard ( = 0. H. G. schlotzen, to be careless.

-hart, cognate with E. hard^. Sly, cunning. (Scand.) M. E. sligh,
Slug-horn, a battle-cry. (C.) Igno- sleih, sleh. — Icel. slcegr, sly, cunning
rantly used by Chatterton and Browning Swed. handy, dexterous prob. allied
slog, ;
to mean a sort of horn but really Mid. ; to Slay. ^

Distinct from Swed. slug ;
So, slogorm, a corruption of slogan, a Dan. slug, shi; Du. shnv; G. schlau.
war-cry. See Slogan. Der. sleight.
Sluice, a flood-gate. (F.-L.) O. F. Smack (i), taste. (E.) M. E. s?nak,
eschise, 'a sluce, floudgate;' Cot. — Late smach. A. S. smcec, taste, flavour; cf.
L. exclusa, a flood-gate lit. shut off ; s?uceccan,to taste, -f- M. Du. smaeck,
(water) pp. of ex-cludcre, to shut out. —
; Du. sinaak\ Dan. smag, Swed. smak;
L. ex, out claude?-e, to shut.
; G. geschmack, taste. Der. smack, vb., to
Slum; pi. slums, dirty back streets. taste.
(E.) Cf. prov. E. slump, wet mire LowSm.ack (2), a sounding blow. (Scand.)
;
G. slam, mire (Liibben) Dan. and Swed. Confused with the word above, but per-
;
slafn, G. schlaiiiDi, mire. haps distinct prob. of imitative origin. ;
Slumber, verb. (E.) The 3 is ex- — Swed. smacka, to smack, Swed. dial.
crescent. M. E. shimeren, frequent, of st?iakka, io throw down noisily; smdkka,
M. E. slumen to slumber from slume to hit smartly Dan. smczkke, to rap
; ; E. ; ;
(also sloumbe), sb., slumber, A.S. sluma, Fries, smakken, to smack the lips. Cf.
sb., slumber. -|- Du. shiimeren; Dan. Dan. s/ficek, a smack, rap Du. smak, a ;
sht}7iix, frequent, of sliimme, to slumber; loud noise.

Swed. sliimra, vb. G. schlumtnej-n, vb.
; Smack (3), a fishing-boat. (Du.) M.
The sb. sluma is from Teut. root '^sleu-, Du. sniacke, Du. smak, a smack, hoy
to be silent 2nd grade *slau, whence whence also Dan. smakke.
; Genei-ally
Goth, slawan, to be silent (Kluge). thought to stand for snack cf. A. S. snacc, ;
Slump, a sudden fall or failure. (E.) a small vessel Icel. snekkja, a swift vessel, ;
Prov. E. Cf. Swed. 'Da.n.shimp, a chance, Dan. snekke, Swed. sndcka.

accident Low G. shimp (Danneil) G. Sm.all. (E.) A. S. i-w^/.+Du. Dan.
; ;
494
;
SMALLAGE SMITH
Swed. narrow, thin
sfnaly Goth, stjials, ; are causal forms cf. Westphal. smelten^ ;
small G. schmal, narrow.

; Allied to Icel. O. H. G. smelzaji, str. vb., to melt. From
small, small cattle, sheep Gk. iJ.fj\ov, a ; the Teut. verb *smeitaii-, to melt, pt. t.
sheep ; Russ. maluii, small. % Icel. smdr, * smalt (whence E. smalt), pp. *smultanoz.
Dan. smaa, Swtd. smd, small, are allied And Gk. ^4\d€iu, to melt, render fluid.
cf.
to O. H. G. smdhi, small. Brugm. i. § 475.
Smallage, celery. (E. and F. -L.)
; Sm.elt ( 2 a fi sh ( E. ) A S smelt, smylt.
~)
, . . .
For small ache ; from F. ache, parsley < 4- Dan. smelt, Norw. smelta. The pro v.
L. apittni, parsley. E. smolt means a young salmon, when it
Smalt, blue enamel. (Ttal. - O. H. G.) first assumes its silvery scales and prov. ;
Ital. smalto, enamel. From the 2nd grade K. s?nolt means smooth and shining.' '
of O. 11. G. snielzan, str. vb.. to become Sm,ew, a small diving-bird. (E.) Also
liquid, whence also O. II. G. svieken, called smee, stneeth. Cognate with E.
G. schttielzen, weak vb., to smelt from the ; Fries, sment, Du. s?nient, smew. The Du.
method of preparation; see Smelt (i). smient is explained as small duck '; from '
See also Enamel. O. Du. *s7)iehi amid, small duck where ;
Smaragdus. (L. — Gk.") l^.smaragdus. *sfnehi is cognate with O. II. G. smdhi,

— Gk. (jfj-apaySos, an emerald. Cf. Skt. Icel. smd-r, Swed. jwa, small; and *anud
marakata{j)i), marakta{77t), an emerald. {*anid) is Du, eend, A. S. ejied, G. ente,
See Emerald. duck. Cf. G. schmal-ente, small wild duck.
Smart, to feel pain. (E.) M. E. Smile, vb. (Scand.) Swed. smila, to
smerlen. A. S. smeortan.'\-'D\x. smarten, smile, smirk Dan. siiiile. Allied to L.
;
Dan. smerte, Swed. smdrta, G. schmerzen. mirdri, to wonder at Russ. smiekh', a ;
Also allied to L. nio7-dere, to bite Skt. ; laugh; Gk. fxaSaoj, I smile; Skt. smz, to
mrdy to rub, grind, crush ; Gk. a^fpSaKfos, smile.(VSMEI.)
terrible. (V^MERD.) Der. smart, sb. : Sm.irch, to besmear. (E.) Extended
smart, adj., painful, also pungent, brisk, from M. E. smeren, to smear see;
lively, A. S. smeart. Smear.

Sm.ash. (E.) A late word. Apparently Smirk. (E.) A.S.S7?iercian,smean-iany
formed from E. fnash, to mix up, by pre- to smile. Cf. O. Northumb. S77ierdo7i,
fixing s- (from O. F. es-, L. ex), an in- '
deridebant,' Mat. ix. 24.
tensive prefix. Sm.ite. (E.) K.'^. S77iita7i, pt.t. S77idt,
Smattering, sb. (E.) M.Y.. smateren. pp. S77iitc7i.'\-T)Vi. smijte7i Dan. smidc, to ;
to make a noise
hence, to prate, talk
; lling G. sch77ieiss£7i, to smite, fling, cast
;
ignorantly. Cf. Swed. smattra, to clatter; O. H. G. S77uza7i, to throw, stroke, smear.

G. schmettern, to smash, to resound. Cf. Goth. bis77ieitaii, to besmear, p. The
From a repetition of smat, an imitative orig, sense smear or rub over, as
was to '
'
sound ; see Smack (2). Cf. M. H. G. in Gothic; cf. M. Swed. S77nta, to smite,
smelse^t, to prattle. [Parallel to prat-ile, s7/ieta, to smear. To rub over seems to '
'
chat-ter; cf. Swed. snattra, to chatter.] have been a sarcastic expression for * to
Smear. (E.) A. S. s?nirian, to smear. beat we find ivell a7toy7ited^\\t\\ beaten,

'
;
— A. S. smeru, smeoru, fat, grease. So Romance of Partenay, 5653. 1.
also Icel.smyrja, Dan. sjiiore, Swed. Sm.ith. (E.) A. S. S77nd, a worker

smdrj'a, G. schmieren, to smear and Du. ;
with the hammer. +Du. S77nd', lc&\.s77nSr;
smeer, Dan. Swed. smdr, G. schmeer, fat, Dan. Swed. S77ied\ G. schmied; (ioth.
grease, O. H. G. smero Goth, smairthr, ;
-S77iitha. Cf. Icel. S77il6, smith's work;
fatness. Cf. O. Irish smir, marrow W. ; Du. S77iijdig, G. gesch77ieidig, malleable
mer, marrow ; Lith. smarsas, fat Gk. ; (with i). The forms ^s/>iith, *s/7iTth,
fivpov, unguent. Der. smtr-c/i. point to a lost strong verb *S77ieith-a7i-, to
Sm.ell, odour. (E.) JSI. E. smel, smut'. forge, t. *S77iaith, pp. *s77ntha7ioz, to
pt.
Allied to Du. smeulen, Low G. stnelen, forge, actually preserved in Swed. dial.
E. Fries, smdlen, to smoulder. Cf. smida, to forge, pt. t. smed, pp. smidert
Smoulder. Der. sffiell, vb. (Rietz). Hence, as weak verbs, Dan.
Sm.elt (i),to fuse ore. (Scand.) Dan. smede, Swed. S77iida, to forye. Cf. O.H.G.
smelte, to smelt ; Swed. smdlta, to smelt. s77iJda, metal, Gk. api-Xt], a graver's tool.
(Properly a Swed. word.) M. T)\\.smilten, + Brugm. i. § S49. Der. S77iith-y, A. S.
smelten. G. schmelzen, to smelt. These S77ii6(je (Icel. si7ii8ja).
495
; ;
SMOCK SNARE
SxnOCk, a woman's shirt. (E.) M. E. G. schmuck, trim, spruce; cf. schmiicken,
sniok. A. S. smoc. For sniocc; Teut. to adorn, M. H. G. smucken, to clothe,
type ^ stmignoz, Idg.
type *s??iuqnos adorn, derived from the weak grade of
Brugm. i. § 899. The Teut. ^smug- is re- the M. H. G. strong verb smiegen,
to creep
presented by A. S. smog-, weaker grade of into, cognate with A.
sjuugan, to creep. S.
svi'tgajt, to creep into. So called because p. Thus smug meant dressed or trim ' '
'
'
'crept into/ or put over the head. Cf. allied to smock, attire. See Smock.
Shetland smook, to draw on a glove or Sm.Uggle, to import or export
stocki.ig. +
Icel. smokkr, a smock from ; secretly. (Scand.) Dan. smugle, to
sm?g-, weak grade of srnjilga, to creep smuggle; cf. i smug, secretly, stnug-
through a hole, to put on a garment over handel, contraband trade Swed. smtiga, ;
the head. Cf. M. Swed. smog, a round a lurking-hole, Icel. s?nuga, a hole to
hole for the head. creep through. —Icel. sf?iug-, weak grade
Smoke, sb. (E.) A. S. smoca. Cf. oi smjuga, to creep, creep through a hole,
A. S. smoc-, weak grade of the strong verb cognate with A. S. smugan, to creep ; see
smeocan (pt. t. smeac), to smoke, reek.-f- Smock.
Du. smook, sb. G. schmauch, sb. Per-; Sm.ut, a spot of dirt or soot. (E.) For
haps Irish much, smoke, W. mwg^ smoke, the base smiit-^ cf. M. E. smotten, bi-smo-
are from E. Cf. Lith. smaiig-ui, I choke teren, to smut G. schmutz, dirt.
; p. We
Gk. ajXJxeLv (2 aor. ((T/xvyr^v), to smoulder. also iind smutch, for * smuts from Swed. ;
Der. smoke, vb., from A. S. svtociatt, weak smuts, smut, dirt ; whence Swed. smutsa,
verb. Brugm. i. § 849. to soil ; see Smudge.
Sm30th, M. E. s moothe
adj. (E.) ; Snack ; see Snatch.
also A. S. smede, Northumb.
smethe. Snaffle. (Du.) For snaffle-piece, i.e.
smocSe sometimes smoJ, smooth. The
; nose-piece. — Du. snavel, a horse's muzzle ;
form smede represents *smoth-joz (with M. Du. snavel, snahel, bill, snout cf. ;
mutation of to ^j and further, the base

<? ; O. Fries, snavel, mouth G. schnabel, bill. ;
*.y;;/J/,^- represents a Teut. base *.rwa;zM-, so Dimin. of M. Du. snabbe, snebbe, Du.
that ^smothjoz is for *smanth-joz, '
creamy.' sjieb, bill, lit. 'snapper;' from *-snabben^
The base appears inBohem. smant, cream parallel form to M. Du. snappen, to snap
(Russ. svietana) ; whence the G. schmant, up see Snap.
; Cf. Du. snebbig, snap-
cream, borrowed. Cf. Bavar. schviand,
is pish Lith. snapas, bill.
;
cream. HeT.smoothe, vb. Snag, a short branch, knot on a stick,

Smother, sb. (E.) Y ormtxly smortker; abrupt projection. (Scand.) Prob. of
M. E. sffiorther, a suffocating smoke, lit. Scand. origin cf. Norw. snage, a project-
;
*that which stifles ; ' formed (with suffix ing tongue of land Icel. snagi, a clothes-
;
-ther of the agent) from A. S. smor-ian, to peg. Hence, perhaps, prov. E. snag, to
smother. 4-Du. and E. Fries, smoren,
stifle, trim, cut small branches from a tree ; Gael.
to smother.
stifle, snaigh, to hew, cut down, trim trees Irish ;
Sm.Oulder, vb. (E.) M.E. smolderen, snaigh, a hewing, cutting.

vb. from M. E. smolder, sb., a stifling
; Snail. (E.) M.,Y.snayle. K.S.snagl,
smoke. Smol-der *smol-iher. Cf. Low < snegel, a snail. 4- Icel. snigill, Dan. snegl\
G. smelen, smdlen, to smoulder sfnoln, ; Swed. snigel, a slug. Teut. types *snagiloz,
to give out fumes (Danneil) Du. smeulen. ; *SJiegiloz, masc. Allied to A. S. snaca,
Allied to Small. a snake (Noreen, § 252). See below and ;
Smudge. (Scand.) M. E. smogen cf. Low G. siiigge, G. schnecke, a snail.
(Hall.) weakened form oi smtctch. — Y)a.n.

; snake. (E.) A. S. snaca, a snake
smtuis, smut, dirt ; smiidse, to soil. Cf. +Icel. snakr, S7tdkr; Dan. snog-, Swed.
M. E. smod, dirt ; E. Fries, and Low G. snok. From Teut. verb '^•snak-an-, to creep,
smiidden, to soil ; Du. smoddig, dirty. See pt. t. '^sfiok, as seen in O. H. G. snahhan,
Smut. pt. t. snuoh.
Smug, neat, spruce. (Scand. — G.) For- Snap, vb. (Du.) Du. snappen, to snap,
merly smoog, smug; weakened form of snatch. +
Dan. snappe, Swed. sjtappa,
*smuk. — Dan. smuk, pretty, fine, fair; G. schnappen M. H. G. snaben. Base
;
(South Dan. smugg, N. Fries, smock, *snap, similar to *snak. See Snafle,
schmuck, Outzen) M. Swed. smiick, Snatch. ;
elegant, fair. — Low G. smuk, neat, trim; Snare, a noose. (E.) A.S. sneare, cord,
496
;; ;;;
SNARL SNORT
string, noose.^'Du. snaar, a string; Icel. ('lip allied to snappen, to snap, intercept
;
sttara; Dan. j-//ar^; Swtd. snara; O.H.G. slc Snap. +

E. Fries, snippen Low G. ;
snarahka, a noose. p. The O. H. G. snippeln, to cut small G. schnippen, to ;
snarahha shews an orig. final guttural snap, allied to schnappen. Cf E. Fries.

the sb. is from a strong verb, seen in snip, sharp snip, snippe, a small piece of
;
O. H. G. S7terhan, to twist tightly from ; lanil. ^

Prob. confused witli Nip. Der.
a base SNERH - Idg. ^SNERK, whence snip, sb. snipp-et, a small piece.
;
Gk. vapKrj^ cramp; see Narcissus. Cf Snipe, a bird. (Scand.) M.E. iwj/^.-
-V^SNER, to twi^t, wind see Nerve. ; Icel. snipa, a snipe Dan. sneppe, a snipe ; ;
y. All from -y'SNE, to wind, spin whence ; Swed. sncippa, a sand-piper.-f-Du. snip,
L. 7iere, to spin, G. schiitir, a string. sncp, M. Du. snippe, sneppe; G. schnepfe.
Snarl, vb. (E.) Frequentative form of It refers to the long bill lit. snipper.' ;
'
snar, to shew one's teeth like a dog, spelt See Snip, Snap.
snarre in Palsgrave. Not found in A. S. Snite wipe the nose. (E.) A. S.
(i), to
but cf. M. Du. snarren, 'to brawl, to scould, *snytati,whence snyting, sb., a sneezing ;
or to snarle,' Hexham. 4- G. schnai'ren, to E. Fries, sniiten, to snite. 4-Du. sniiiten,

growl, snarl; M. H. G. snar, a growling. from smiit, snout, nose Icel. snyta, Swed. ;
And see Sneer, Snort. snyta, Dan. snyde, to snite from Swed. ;
Snatch. (E.) M. E. siiacchen, as if smtt, Dan. snnde, snout see Snout. ;
from *s)iak- cf. Lowland Sc. stiak, a

; Snite (2), a snipe. (E.) M. E. snite.
snap of the jaws. -f-Du. snakken, to gasp. A. S. snite, a snite or snipe. Cf Snipe.
Base *snak, parallel to *snap. See Snivel, to snuffle, to whimper. (E.)
Snap. Der. snack, sb., a portion, lit. a ' M. E. snuvelen, snenelen {snevelen); as if
bit snatched up,' a hasty meal, a share; to from A. S. *-snyflian. From A. S. snofi,
go snacks =^\.o go shares. Also prov. E. mucus. Cf. Swed. snojla, Dan. sndvle, to
sneck, snap or latch of a door. snuffle ; Low G.sniiff, snuff, a nose, snout.
Sneak. (E.) Variant of M. E. sniken, See Snufif.
A. S. snican, to creep, Teut. type *sneikan- ; Snob. (Scand.) Prov. E. jw*?^, a vulgar
l)t. t. *sitaik, pp. *snikanoz. The A. S. person, also, a journeyman shoemaker,
pt. t. Slide would give a deriv. *sncecan, S7tap, a lad, servant, usually in a ludicrous
representing E. sneak. Cf Guernsey sne- sense Lowl. Sc. snah, a cobbler's boy. —
;
quer, to rob s\\\y. -\-lce\. snik-inn, hanker- Dan. dial, sjiopp, smipp, bashful, silly ;
ing after, from a lost strong verb Swed. ; Icel. sndpr, a dolt, with the notion of
dial, snika (pt. t. SJtek), to hanker after; impostor, a boaster, used as a by-word;
Dan. sniga si§; to sneak, slink Gael, ; Swed. dial, sndpp, a boy, anything stumpy ;
and Irish snai'g, snaigh, to creep (from E.). cf. Swed. dial, snoppa, to cut off, make
Sneap, to pinch, check see Snub. ; stumpy ; and see Snub. Cf. Swed. snopen,
Sneer, to scoff. (E.) M. E. sjteren. ashamed.
Cf. E. Fries, sniren, to frizzle, to cause Snood, a fillet, ribbon. (E.) A. S. snod,
a hissing noise, to sneer at Dan. sncerre,
; a fillet; orig. 'a twist,' wreath. Cf. Icel.
to grin like a dog, shew one's teeth at a snuQr, a twist Swed. snodd, a string
;
person ; allied to Snarl. also W. ysnoden, a fillet ; Irish snathe, a

Sneeze, vb. (E.) M.E.i-wî-^?;?; Chaucer thread. All from Idg. root *sne, *s7id, to
)i:isfnesen (Cant. Tales, H. 62\ of which spin, to twist whence G. schnu-r, a string
;
snesen, occurring in the Camb. MS , is cf Icel. snua, Dan. snoe, Swed. sno, to
a modification. A. S. fneosan., to sneeze. twist, twine.
+Du.y«zVs^;z Swed. ^/^zyj^z Vidin. fnyse.
; ; Snore, vb. (E.) M. E. snoren; for
Cf. Gk. TTi/t'ct;, I breathe see Pneumatic.
; *f7ioren ; cf. A. S. fnora, sb., a snoring,
Base *fnetis-, parallel form to '^hnetis- see ; snore. From A. %.f7ior- {<,fnus-), weak
Neese. grade oi f7icosa7i to sneeze see Sneeze. , ;
Sniff, to scent. (Scand.) M. E. snetiien Inlluenced by Snort.

(snevien). •'Icel. *sne//a, to sniff, a lost Snort, vb. (E.) M. E. s7iorte7i, to snore.
verb, -whence sna/dr, sharp-scented, snefill, Low G. S7tu7-te7i, S7ia)-te7i, to make an
n. slight scent ; Dan. snive, to sniff, explosive noise. From *S7iur- ; as in Low
ijimilar to Icel. snippa, to sniff; and cf. G. S7in7-7-en, hum, M. Du. s7iorren, to
to
woppa, a snout. murmur. Variant forms are Dan. sno7-ke^
Snip, vb. (Du.) Vfw. snippen, iosnx^, to snort ; Swed. s7iorka, to threaten (orig. to
497
;;
SNOT SOBRIQUET
fume, be angry) ; Dn. snorken ; G. scJinar- candle ; Dan. sjiubbe, to nip off. See Snub.
chen. And see Snarl. Der. sntiff, sb.
Snot, mucus from the nose, i E.) M. E. Snug. (Scand.) Cf. prov. E. S7iug, tidy,
snotte.A. S. ge-snot\ O. Fries, snotte ;
trimmed up snog, the same. — Icel. snoggr,
;
Du. Dan. snot. Allied to Snite (ij and smooth, said of wool or hair M. Swed. ;
snout. snygg, short-haired, trimmed, Swed. snygg,

snout. (E.) M.E, snoiite^ E. Fries. cleanly, neat, genteel Dan. dial, snog, ;
smiit\ Swed. snut, snout,

siiute. \-\)v.. neat, smart. Cf. E. Fries, sniigge, snigge,
muzzle Dan. snude
; G. schnaiize. Cf. ;
smooth, neat. Grig. trimmed hence ' ;
'
Dan. smie, to sniff, Low G. snaii, prov. neat, smart, tidy, comfortable. Cf. Snag.
G. schnau, snout, beak. From a base So. (E.) M. E. .y^. A. S. i-w«.-fDu.
whence Teut. vb. "^snfltan-^ pt. t.
*sneti: zoo, Icel. svd, svo, so ; Dan. saa, Swed. sd,
^snaut, pp. *snutauoz. From the ist grade G. so, Goth, swa Teut. types *i-zt'^, '^swo, ;
we have Swed. snilt, Du. smiit, E. snout ;

*swa. Cf. Gk. <hs. p. From a case of Idg.
from the 2nd, G. schnauze and from the ;
*szvos, one's own cf. L. suus, Skt. sva, ;
3rd, E. sjiot. one's own. Lit. in one's own way.' See '
Snow. (E.") K.^. sndiv.-\-V>\x. sneeiiw, Prellwitz ; Brugm. i. § 362.
Icel. sHcEK, Dan. snee, Swed. sno, Goth. Soak. (E.) suck up, It also means to
snaiws, G. schnee ; also Lith. snegas, Russ. imbibe. M. E. soên, (i) to suck, (2) to
smeg\ L. nix (gen. nuns'), Gk. ace. i//</)a, soak. A. S. sodan, to soak from A. S. ;
Irish 5;/m.-M, W. ?/;/. (VSNEIGH.) Cf. soc- (Teut. su/e-), weak grade oi silcan, to
'L\\.h.. sfiigti, to snow, L. ningit, Gk. vei(pei, suck. See Suck. Cf. W. swga, soaked,
it snows. Brugm. i. § 394. sugno, to suck.
Snub, to check, reprimand. (Scand.) Soap. (E.) yi.Y^.sope. A. S. .yrt/^.+
Also sned, snib. M.E. snibben. '~T>2ca. Du. zeep ;
[cf. Icel. sdpa, Swed. sapa, from
snibbe, to reprimand Swed. sniibba, Icel.
;
A. S.] ; G. seife. Teut. type *saipdn^
smibba, N. Fries, snubbe, to snub, chide. fern. ; from 2nd grade of *seipan-,
'^saip,
Grig, to snip off' the end of a thing
'
cf. ;
to trickle (M. H. G. sifen) hence also ;
Icel. snubbotr, snubbed, nipped, with the A. S. sap, resin, pomade, allied to sdpe.
tip cut off; Swed. dial, snubba, to snip or % L. sdpo (whence F. savon, &c.) was
clip off; E. Fries, smibbeln, to snap or borrowed from Teutonic the true L. ;
snatch away. |3. Allied to obs. E. sneap, (cognate) word seems to be sebum, tallow,
to pinch, nip, answering to Icel. sneypa, to grease.
castrate, also to disgrace, snub Swed. ; Soar. (F. - L.) M. E. soren. — F. essorer,
snopa, to castrate. Cf. also Dan. dial. to expose to air in M.F., 'to sore up/ Cot.
;
sneve, to dock, to snub, to nip. Der. — Late L. 'êxaurdre, to expose to air. —

snub-nosed, i. e. with a short or stumpy L. ex, out aufa, breeze, air.
; Perhaps
nose, as if with the end cut off. L. aura was borrowed from Gk. avpa, a
snub-nosed see above. , breeze formed, apparently, with suffix -ra
;
Snuff (i), to sniff, smell. fDu.) From from y'AVV, variant of WE, to blow. See
M. Du. smiffcn\ cf. sniiyven (Du. snuiven), Air.
'
to snuffe out the filth out of ones nose,' Sob, vb. (E.) M. E. sobben, related to
Hexham ; Du.
smelling, scent
snt(/, E. ; A. S. seojian, to lament. +
G, seufzen,
Fries, smifen, sniiven, to snuff up.-J-Swed. to sigh, O. H. G. silfton, to sob, O. H, G.
snufva, a catarrh, sjiiifven, a sniff, scent siift, a sigh, sob ; all from O. H. G. sufan,
cf. G. schnmiben, schnatifen, schniebejt, to to sup, sup up. Allied to Sup. Der.
snuff, snort (from a Teut. base ^sneub) ;
sob, sb.
G. schnupfen, a catarrh, schtiiipfen, to take Sober. (F. — L.) M. E. sobre. — F. sobre.
snuff. Der. snuff, powdered tobacco L. sobrittm, ace. of sobrius, sober. L. so- —
also snuff-le, prov. G. schnuffeln, schniif- = se-, apart, hence, not -briiis, drunk, as ;
feln. in e-brius. See Ebriety. (Doubtful.)

Snuff (2), to snip off the top of a candle- Der. sobriety, M. F. sobriety, L. ace.
wick. (E.) M. E. snuffen, to snuff out sdbrietdtejH.
a candle; cf. snoffe, sb., the snuff of a Sobriquet, Soubriquet, a nick-
candle. Parallel to '^snitppen cf. prov. E. ; name. (K.) F. .J-^^rz^w^^", surname, nick- '
name, a jeast broken on a man

;
snop, to eat off, as cattle do young shoots Cot. '
Swed. dial, snoppa, to snip off, snuff a |

He also spells it sotbriquet, soubriquet.
498
''' ;
soc SOIREE
From O. F. soubzhriqzcet, a chuck under ibid. (Similarly O. F. soidde, glasswort,
the chin (14th cent.) hence, a quip, an ; answers to L. solida prob. from the hard- ;
affront, a nickname. Here O. F. soubz, F. ness of the products obtained from glass-
sous, is from L. subtus, below briquet has ; wort.) —L. solidus, solid, hard. See Solid.
been conjectured to stand for bcqiiet, diniin. Der. sod-iuni, a coined word.
of bee, beak, mouth cf. llal. soito-bccco, a
; Sodden ; see Seethe.
chuck under the chin. Percu.ssit super '
Soder, Solder, a firm cement from
mentonem faciendo dictum le soubriquet ;
fusible metals. (1^ — L.) ormerh soder, . 1*
A. D. 1335. See Korting, and Littre. sowder, sometimes soulder now pro- ;
Soc, Socage; see Soke. nounced (sod -or). F. soudure, M. F. —

Sociable. (F. — L.) F. sociable. "1.. souldtire, a souldering, and particularly
'
socidbilis, companionable. — L. socid-re, to the knot of soulder which fastens the led
accompany. — L. socius, companion, fol- [lead] of a glasse window Cot. — O. F. ;
'
lower allied to L. seqzil, to follow. See

; souder, soulder. io consolidate, make firm.
Sequence. Der. associate, dissociate. — L. soliddre, to make firm. — L. solidus,
social. (L. ) L. socidlis, adj., from firm. See Solid.
socitis above). Sodomy. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F.
society. (F. — L.) M. F. w«V//. — L. sodoviie, imputed to the inhabitants
a sin
ace, societdtcrn, from nom. societds, fellow- of Sodom. —
F. Sodome, Sodom. — L.
ship.— L. socius, a companion; see So- Sodoina. — Gk. 'X65o/xa. — Heb. .Seddin.
ciable. Sofa. (Arab.) Arvih. suffat, suffah, Sl ^
Sock. (L.) A. S. socc.'-'l.. soccus, a sopha ;

Rich. Diet. p. 936. — Arab, root
'
light shoe, slipper, sock, buskin of a saffa, to draw up in line, to put a seat to a
comedian. saddle ibid. ;
Socket. (F. -L. ?) Cf. F. dial, soquette, Soft. (E.) A. S. softe, adv. soft, also ;
a stump of dead wood, patois de la Meuse sefte adj. (with ?-mutation). G. Sax. +
(Labourasse) ; Walloon sokett, a stump. sdfto, adv., softly ; G. sauft, soft ; O. H. (i.
Godefroy has socquet, (apparently) a cup- sa??ifto, adv., gently ; Du. zacht, for zaft
board. Prob. an A. F. dimin, of O. F. soc, (whence G. sacht). Der. soft-en.
a wooden clog (a. D. 1473). Cotg. has Soil (i), ground, country. L.) (F. —
'
socquc, a sock or sole of durt, cleaving to M. E. soile. — A.¥. soil; F. seuil,
(cf.
the foot in a cloggy way.' Cf. Port, socco, threshold of a door < L. solium). —Late
wooden shoe or clog, mod. F. socqtie, a L. solea, soil, ground. Allied to L. solum,
clog. p. All from L. soccus, sock, shoe, ground whence F. sol, soil, ground (from
;
hence, a v.'ooden shoe or clog. I conclude which, however, the E. word cannot be
that socket is a dimin. of sock, notwith- directly derived). Cf. Gk. 'il-a<pos, founda-
standing the change in sense cf. E. shoe, ; tion, ground. See Sole (0.
a kind of socket, as a term in machinery Soil (2), to defile. (F.-L.) M. E.
(Webster). %
O. F. soket, a small plough- soilen. [Not allied to M. E. sulen, E.
share, is from a Celtic source, being allied sully P^ — O.Y. soillier, F. souiller, to soil
to O. Irish socc, a plouglishare. se souiller, wallow as a sow. — O. F.
to
Sod. (E.) So called from the use of soil, souil, the soile of a wild boar, the
'
turf as fuel (?) ; or from its frequent mire wherein he hath wallowed Cot. '
wetness (?). The connexion with the — Late L. suil/us, a pig L. suillus, ;
verb to seethe appears clearly in Du. zode, adj., belonging to swine. L. siis, a sow. —
sod, green turf, M. Du. zode, seething, also See Sow. Der. soil, sb., a stain ; quite
sod; G. j<?a^^,sod,.y^^,bubbling up of boiling distinct from soil, ground.
water; Low G. sood, a well, sode,z. turf, sod ; Soil (3), to feed cattle with green grass,
E. Fries, sod, a well sode, a cut turf, also,
; to fatten with feeding. (F.-L.) O. F.
boiling, cooking Dan. dial, sodd, saadd,
; *so£lcr, saoler, M. F. saouler, to glut,
a sod. (See Franck.) Cf. also A. ^.seaQ, satiate (F. soiiler) ; cf. O. F. soelement,
a well, pit, seaQ, pt. t. of seoQan, to seethe ;
satiety (Godefroy). — O.F. saol, full, cloyed.
O. Fries, sdtha, sod, sdth, a well A. S. ;
— L. ace.satulhim ^Wtd. with food. — L. ,
ge-sod, a cooking. See Seethe. satur, full. See Satiate.

Soda. (Ital. — L.) Ital. J-i7^<3:, a kind of '
Soiree, an evening party. (F. — L.) F.
feame ashes whereof they make glasses ; soiree, evening; hence, an evening party.
Cf. Ital. scrata, evening. — L. ser-us, late in
;
Florio. Fem. of Ital. sodo, '

solide, tough
499
;
SOJOURN SOLITARY
the day (whence Ital. sera, F. soir, even- Sole C3\alone. (F.-L.) O. F. sol (F.
ing) with suffix -dta (>F. -ee).
; seul). — 'L.
solum, ace. oi solus, alone.
Sojourn, to dwell. (F.-L.) O. F. Solecism, impropriety in speaking or
sojorner, sojourner. — L. sub, under diiir- ; writing. (F. — L. — Gk.) M. F. soloecisme
ndre, to stay, from diurnus, daily which ; Cot. — L. solcecisjHus — Gk. ao\oiKia\x6s, a
.
is from dies, a day. See Diary. solecism. — Gk. aoXoiKiêiv, to speak incor-
Soke, Soc, a franchise, land held by rectly. — Gk. aoKoiKos, speaking incorrectly,
socage. (E.) The A. S. sacu meant 'a like an inhabitant of "2,6X01 (So/oi) in
contention,' a ' law-suit whence the Law '
; Cilicia, where the Gk. dialect wâs cor-
term sac, the power of hearing suits and ruptly spoken. Der. solecist, sb.
administering justice within a certain pre- Solemn. (P\ — L.) W.Y.. solempne.^
cinct. The A.S. socnraQant 'investigation,' O. F. solempne. — L. solemnem, ace. of
or '
a seeking into whence the Law '
; solcffinis, older forms solemiis, soUennis,
term soke, the right of hearing disputes annual, occurring yearly like a religious
and enquiring into complaints, also, the rite, religious, solemn. — L. j^Z/wi-, entire,
precinct within which such right was complete; ajinus, a year. Hence W^w«
exercised see Blount,
; Spelman, Ellis, = returning at the end of a complete year.
Thorpe, Schmid. p. Etyniologically, sac The O. Lat. sollns is cognate with W. holl,
(A.S. sacu) is the same word as Sake, whole, entire. Brugm. i. § 417. Der.
q. V. Soke (A. S. soc-) is the exercise of soletjinity, -ise.
judicial power; and soken (A. S. socn, Sol-fa, to sing the notes of the gamut.
socen^ an enquiry both allied to E. seek,
is ; (L.) It means to sing the notes by the
and derived from A. S. soc, strong grade names si, la, sol, fa, jui, re, ut (where, for
of sacan, to contend see Seek. Der. ; ut, do is now used). These names are of
soc-age, a barbarous law term made by L. origin ; see Gamut. Der. solfeggio,
adding F. -age (L. -dticum) to A. S. soc-. from Ital. solfeggio, the singing of the
(The is long.) gamut ; cf. sol-mi-sation, coined from sol
Solace, a relief. (F. — L.) '^l.'E. solas. and mi.
— O. F. solaz ^where z = fs). — L. soldtiuvi, Solicit. (F.-L.) M. F. i-^//VzV^r. - L.
a comfort. — L. sdldttis, pp. of soldri, to sollicitdre, to agitate, arouse, urge, solicit.
console. Allied to L. sollus, Gk. oKo%, — L. sollicitus, lit. wholly agitated.— L.
whole (Prellvvitz). Der. solace, vb. solli-, for sollus, whole citus, aroused, pp.
;
Solan-goose, a bird. (Scand. and E.) of ciere, to shake, excite. See Solemn
The Y.. goose is an addition. — Icel. sulan, and Cite. Der. solicitous, for L. sollicittis\
lit.'
the gannet,' where -n stands for the solicit-tt.de, M.F. solicitude, from L. sollici-
definite article def. form of Icel. -sfila,
; tildo, anxiety.
in haf-sula, i. e, sea-gannet, solan goose ; Solid. F. — L.) F. solide. — L. soliduj?i,
I
Norweg. sula, the same. ace. of solidus, firm. Der. solidar-i-ty,

Solar, belonging to the sun. (L.) L. '
a word which we owe to the F. com-
soldris, solar. — L. sol, sun. -f- Icel. sol, munists, and which signifies a fellow-
Goth, sanil, Lith. saule, W. haul, Irish ship in gain and loss, a being, so to speak,
sul, Gk. T]KLo<i (see Prellwitz); Skt. sura-, all in the same bottom Trench. Also;
'
sun, splendour. Brugm. i. § 481. solid-i-fy, from F. solidifier. to render solid.

Solder ; see Soder. Soliloquy. (L ) Late L. soliloquium,
Soldier. (F. L.) -
M. E. sodiour, a speaking to oneself (Augustine). — L. soli-,
soudiour, sotddier. — O. F. soldier, soudoier, for solus, alone; loqui, to speak. See
soiildoyer, one who fights for pay ; Late Loquacious.
L. solddrius. — Late L, soldtwi, pay. — Late Soliped, an animal with uncloven
L. solidus, a piece of money (.whence O. F. hoof. Short for solidiped. — L.
(L.)
sol, F. sou) orig. ;a solid piece,' — L. '
solidiped-, stem of solidipes, solid-hoofed
solidus, solid E. hard cash.' See Solid.
; cf. ' (Pliny). — L. solidi-, for solidus, solid ;
pes,
Sole (i), under side of foot or shoe. a foot ; see Foot.
(L.) A. S. sole. — Late L. sola, for L. solea, Solitary. (F.E. soUtarie. —
— L.) M.
sole of the foot, or of a shoe. — L. solum, A. F. solitarie; F. solitaire. ^L,. soli-
cf.
the ground. See Soil. tdrius, solitary. Short for *solitdtdrius,
Sole (2\ a fish. (F.-L.) y\..Y..sole.~ from solitdt-, stem oi solitds, loneliness.—
F. sole\ Cot. — L. solea, the sole-fish. L. solus, alone.
500
;
SOLITUDE SOOTH
solitude. TF.— L.) F. solitude. ''I., Somnambulist, one who walks in
solitfido. — L. so/i-, for solus y alone and ; his sleep. (L.) Coined (with suffix -ist =
suffix -tiido. L. -ista^Gk. -laTrjs, as in bapt-ist) from
solo. (Ital. — L.) From Ital. solo, L. sonm-iis, sleep, and ambul-dre, to walk.
alone. — L. so/us, alone. See below, and see Amble.
Solxnisation : see Sol-fa. somniferous, causing sleep. (L.) L.
Solstice. i,F. — L.)
F. solstice. — 1.. somni/er, sleep-bringing with suffix -ous. ;
solstititi?fi, the solstice; lit. a point (in the — L, soinni-, for somnus, sleep; -fer,
ecliptic) at which the sun seems to stand bringing, from ferre, to bring, p. The
still. — L. sol, the sun -stit-tini, for statum, ; F. soinnus is for *swepnos, allied to
supine of sisterc, to make to stand still, Skt. svapna-, Irish siian. \V. htin, bleep,
from stare, to stand. See State. 'V^^^ FP. See Soporiferous.
.
Soluble. (F. L.) -

F. soluble. - L. somnolence. .F. -L.) Y.sovinclcttcc.
soliihilis, dissolvable. — L. solu-, base of — L. sovnioleittia., sleepiness. L. sovnio- —
solii-tus, pp. oi soluere, to loosen; with lentus, sleepy. — L. sovino- (for soinnus^,
suffix -bilis. See solve. sleep (above) ; with suffix -lentus.
solution. (F. — L.') F. solution.-' Son. (E.) ^\.\L.so}ie. A.^. stmu.-^-
L. solUtionem, ace. oi solfitio, a loosing.— iJu. zoo7i ; Icel. sunr., Dan. s'o7i, Swec]. sou^
L. solilt-usj pp. of soluere, to loosen, < G. sohn. Goth, sunus. Teut. type *sunuz.
solve. I
Cf. Lith. Russ. suin^ Skt. siluu-y
j77;///j-, \
solve. (L.) Late L. solvere ; L. soluere, from Skt. su, su, to beget Gk. vius, viys ;
to loosen, relax, explain ; pp. solutus. — L. (for *aiyvs) O. Irish suth, birth. (-/SU.)
;
so- (for se-), apart; luere., to loosen, allied Brugm. §§ 104, 292,
i.
toGk. to E. Lose.
Kv-iiv, to set free, and Sonata. (Ital.-L.) Ital. sonata, a
Bnigm. Der. solvettt, from the
i. § 121. sounding, a sonata. From the fern, of pp.
stem of the ; and see above.
pres. pt. of Ital. sonar e, to sound. — L. son a re, to
Sombre, gloomy. (F. — L.) Y.so?nbre,'so\in^,[TomsonuSySO\md. See Sound (3),
gloomy. Cf. Port, and Span, sombrio, Song. 'F.) }^\.Y..song. A.S. ja«^.-
gloomy, from Port, and Span. so7}ibra, A. S. sang, 2nd grade of singan, to sing.+
shade. Diez refers these to L. umbra, Du. zatig; Icel. songr Swed. satig; I)an. ;
shade, with prefix j«(^; ci.V\o\ .sotz-of?ibrar. and G. sang; Goth. sagg7i)s (for saftgws) ;
to shade. (See Korting.) Littre refers cl. Gk. o^cp-q. voice. See Sing. I
them to L. tunbra, shade, with prefix ex\ SOngster. (E.' K.S. saîgystrc, sang-
:
intensive Either solution seems pos- (?J/r.?, a singer. — A. S. sa7ig, 2nd grade of
.
sible the latter is the simpler.

; See singa7i, to sing with double suffix -es-t7-e ;
Umbrage. of the agent. Der. sojtgstr-ess, with F.

sombrero, a broad-brimmed hat. suffix, from Gk. -laaa. '
(Span. — L.) Span, i-^w^^r^;'^. — Span. .r<?w- Sonnet. (F. — Ital. L.) F. so7i}iet.'-
bra (above). Ital. sonetto, a sonnet, canzonet dimin. of ;
Some. (E.) A. S. sutfi, some one, a sono, a sound, tune. — L. so7itt7/i, ace. of
certain one, one ;
pi. su77ie, some. + Icel. S071US, a sound. Der. so7t7iet-eer, Ital. sonet-
sut7ir, Goth, stuns. 0. H. G. siun, some tiej-e, a son net- writer. See Sound (3).
one Dan. sotn/ne, pi. cf. Swed. so7nlige, pi.,
; ; sonorous. (L.) For L. so7idrus. loud-
some. Allied to Same. Der. so7ne-body, sounding. — L. so7ior-. stem oi so7ior, sound,
•thi7ig, -ti7?ie, -tit7ies where -s is an ad- ; noise. — I,, sonare, to sound. — L. so7ius,
verbial suffix). sound.
-some, suffix. (E.) A. S, -sum, as in Soon. fE.^ W.Y.. so7ie. A.S. j-J;/a.-f-
wy7i-su77i ^ E. win-so7ne. Cf. G. Iang-sa7n, O. Sax. sd7ia, sd7io O. Fries., O. Sax ;
,
slow. From the weak grade of Teut. M. H. G. sd7i cf. Goth. su7is aiw, suns,
;
*saj7io-, same ; see Same. immediately.

Somersault, Somerset. (F. - Ital. Soot. Ê.) A.S. 5^/.+Icel. .rJ/, Swed.
— L.) M.F. soubresault, *
a sobresault or sot,Dan. sod cf. Lith. sodis, soot. Per-
;
summersault, an active trick in tumbling ;' haps from the 0- grade of Idg. root SED
Cot. — Ital. soprasalto. — ltaX. sopra, above, (Teut. SET), to sit, rest upon. See Sit.
over; salto, a leap. — L. supra, above, (Noreen, § 146; Streitberg, § 95.) Cf.
over saltuvi, ace. of saltus, a leap, from
; also Gael, siiith, soot.
pp. of L. saltre, to leap see Salient. ; Sooth, true. (E.) A. S. soS, true
501
SOOTHE SORTIE
whence sod, neut. sb., the truth. [The A.S. supreme ; highest voice in music. — Late L,
sd6 stands for *sonth-, Teut. ^santh- ; the superdnus, chief; see Sovereign.
loss o{ n following the lengthening of <?.] Sorcery. (F. — L.) O. F. sorcerie,
-f-Icel. sannr (for *santkr), Swed, sami, casting of lots, magic. — O. F. sorcicr, a
Dan. sand; from Teut. base *santhoz, sorcerer. — Late L. sortidrins, a teller of
Idg. '^sonlos, short for *es-ont-, lit. being, fortunes by lots, sorcerer. — L. sorti-, from
that which is, from -vÊS, to be. Allied sort-^ stem oi sors, a lot.
to L. -sens, being, as in ab-sens (stem ab- Sordid, dirty, vile. (F. — L.) F. sor-
sent-), prcB-sens ^stem prce-sent-) Skt. ; dide. — h. sordidtts, dirty. — L. so7'di-, for
sat-ya-, true. See Suttee and Essence. sordes, îxt. Cf. Russ. j-o/, filth. Brugm. i.
'Dex.for-sooth, i. e. for a truth ; sooth-say, p. 1092.
to say truth. Sore, adj. (E.) M. E. sor. A. S. sdr,
soothe. (E.) The orig. sense was to painful. + Du. zeer, Icel. sdrr, Swed. sdr,
assent to as being true, hence to say yes to, O. H. G. ser, wounded, painful ; cf. G.
humour, flatter, approve of. 'Is't good sehr, sorely, very, versthren, to wound.
to soothe him in these contraries ? ' Com. Teut. type *sairoz, adj. Cf. O. Irish sdeth,
Errors, iv. 4. 82. M. E. sodien, to con- soeth, tribulation ; but hardly L. scbuus, \
firm, verify. A.S. ge-sd6ian, to confirm, dire. Der. sore, sb., A. S. sdr (Gath. sair) ;
prove to be true. — A.S. so^, true; see and sore, adv., very see Sorry. ;
Sooth. Sorrel (I ), a 'plant. (F.-M. H. G.)

soothsay. (E.) To say sooth, i. e. O. F. sorel (F. snrelle).^M. H. G. stir (G.
tell truth, predict. saner' , sour ; from its taste. So also A. S.
Sop, sb. (E.) M. E. soppe. It answers siire, sorrel, from stir, sour. See Sour.
to aa A. S. * soppe, a sop (whence soppian, Sorrel (2), of a reddish-brown calour.
to sop up) regularly formed from sop-
; (F. — Teut.) O. F. sorel ; dimin. from
(Teut. '^sup-) weaker grade of siipan, to O.F. sor, F. saur, sorrel of colour. — Low
sup. Cf. Icel. soppa, a sop, from the G. soor, sear, dried up, withered ; cognate
weaker grade of supa, to sup also Du. ; with E. sear. See Sear.
sop, M. Du. zoppe, M. Swed. soppa, Low Sorrow, grief. (E.) M. E. sorwe,
G. soppe, G. suppe. See Sup. sorje. A. S. sorge, gen. dat. and ace. of
Sophist, a captious reasoner. (F. — L. sorh, sorg, sorrow, anxiety. -4- Du. zo7g,
— Gk.) Usually j^/,^z>/^r in old authors, Dan. Swêd. sorg, G. soige, Goth, saurga,
but the final r is unoriginal. — O. F. care, grief. Teut. type *sorgd, f. Cf.
sophiste. — Late L. sophista. — Gk. aoipiaTrji, O. Irish serg,. sickness, Lith. sirgti, to be
a skilful man, also a Sophist, teacher of ill, suffer. Not allied to sore or sorry, ^
arts for money (see Liddell) — Gk. (To(pi^f:iy, though the present sense of sorry shews
.
to instruct. — Gk. aoôs, wise. Der. sophist- confusion with it. See below.
r-y, sophist-ic (Gk. ao(piaTLK6s) sophis-vi Sorry, sore in mind, aggrieved. (E.)
;
(Gk. aoijnafia, a device). M. E. so7y. A.S. sdrig, adj., sorry, sad,

Sophy, a shah of Persia, A. D. 1505- sore in mind ; from sdr, sore.+Du. zeerig,
1736. (Fers. — Arab.) In Shak. Merch. Swed. sarig, sore, full of sores, words
Ven. ii. I. 26. Pers. Sa^, a title. — Arab. which preserve the orig. sense. Spelt %
sa/iy, pure. %
Distinct from Suji, a with two r's owing to the shortening of
Moslem mystic from Arab, siifty, intel- M. E. o in sory, due to the addition of the
;
ligent. suffix -y (A. S. -ig) ; but not orig. allied ta

Soporiferous, inducing sleep. (L.) sorrow.
From L. soporifer, sleep - bringing by Sort, a kind. (F. — L.) F. sorte, fem.,
;
adding -(3//J. — L.i-<?^<?;-/-,from sopor-, %\.&ci\ of sort, kind; O.F. sorte, fem., a company;
sopor, sleep -fer, bringing, from ferre, to allied to F. sort, masc, luck, fate. — L.
;
bring. The L. sopor is allied to Skt. svap- sorte?n, ace. oi sors, lot. Perhaps allied to
na-, sleep (from svap, to sleep), Gk. vitvos, Series. Brugm. i. § 516 (i).
sleep, A.S. simfen,z. dream. (-y^SWEP.) Sortie. (F. — L.) F. sortie, a going
Brugm. i. § 551. See Somniferous. forth fem. of sorti, pp. of sortir, to sally
;
soporific, causing sleep. (L.) L. forth. Cf. Span, surtida, a sortie, from^
sopori- (above) and -fie-, tor facere, to O. Span, surtir, to rise.
; p. F. sortir,
make, cause. Span, surtir, answer to a Folk-L. forni
Soprano. (Ital. — L.) Ital. soprano. "^sortire, to rise up, from '^sortiim, for L.
502,
;,
SOT SOW
survecHim^ supine of su7'gere, to rise up sounding-lead. Diez derives F. sondey
see Surge. The contraction of sun-ecttim from a supposed L. *sitb-7indarc, to go
to sortum is proved to be correct by Ital. under the water from L. sub, under, and
;
sorto, occurring as pp. of sorgere, to rise ;

unda, a wave cf. ab-ound, red-ound, and
;
and by Span, stirto, pp. of surgir. sombre. ^

Yet we find A. S. sund-gyrd,
Sot, a stupid fellow, drunkard. (Late a sounding-rod sund-lTne, sund-rdp, a
;
L.) M. E. sot (Ancren Riwle\ A. S. sot, sounding-line or rope ; which point to a

soft. Late L. sottiis (Ducange) ab. a.d. ; derivation from Sound (2).
800. Prob. of Teut. origin cf. M. Du. ; Soup. (F.-Teut.) F. soupe. - F.
zot M. H. G. sate, a sot.
; Distinct from ^ soiiper, to sup. — Low G. supen, to drink,
Span, zote, a blockhead Ital. zotico (Florio; quaff. See Sup, and Sop.
has zottico). The Ital. zotico has been re- Sour. (E.) A. S. sfir. -|- Du. ztiiir,
ferred to L. ididticus^ idiotic, in which case Icel. su7'r, Dan. suur, Swed. sur, G. sauer;
Span, zote may represent L. idiotes, of Gk. W. sur, sour, Lith. stirus, salt ; Russ.
origin see Idiot.
; Ducange \x2is Jottiais surovuii, raw, coarse, harsh, rough.
a foolish game; cf. M. ¥..jottes, unlearned Brugm. i. § 114,
people. Source. (F.-L.) M.E. ^^z/r^.-O. F.
Sou. (F. - L.) F. soti, O. F. sol, a sorse, surse (F. source), a source. Here
coin. — Late L. solidiis, solid, also a coin ; sorse is fem. of sors, old pp. of O. F. sordre
cf I. s.d., i. e. librce, solidi, denarii. See (F. sourdre), to rise. — L. surgere, to rise ;
Solid. see Surge.

Soubriquet ; see Sobriquet. Souse (i), pickle. (F.-G.) From
Souchong, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) O. F. soucii, pickle (Godefroy). — G. sulze,
^dc<L\iont%^siti-chiing, for siao-chimg,'-\\\.\\t pickle ; allied to Salt. Hence souse, vb.,
sort;' Yule, p. 691. to soak in brine.
Sough, a sighing sound. (E.) M.E. Souse (2), Sowse, to swoop down
swogh, swottgh, from A. S. swogan^ to upon. (F. — L.) sours, the From M.E.
resound. Cf Icel. arn-sngr, the rush- upward spring or the swoop of a bird of
ing sound of an eagle's wings ; and see prey Ch. — O. F. sorse, a rise, also a
;
Surf. source; see Source. Phil. Soc. Trans.

Soul. (E.) A. S. sawel, sdwl. Du. + 1888, p. 18.
ziel, Icel. sdla, sal, Dan. Swed. sjdl,
sicel, South. (E.) A.S. 5/75. + Du. 2Z«./;
G. seele, Goth, saizvala. Brugm. i. § 200. Icel. su^r, also sunnr, south (cf. sudreyjar,
Sound (i), adj., healthy. (E.) M. E. lit. southern islands, Sodor, the Hebrides) ;
sound, A. S. i-z/wrt'.-f-Du. gezond; Swed. Dan. Swed, syd, Swed. szmnan, the south ;
V)?i\i.sund\ O. gestmd. Perhaps allied to O.H.G. simd, G. siid. p. The Teut.

Goth, swinths, strong. base is *stinth-, south perhaps allied to ;
Sound (2), strait of the sea. (E.) M.E. Sun, q.v. Connexion with Gk. v6to$,
sound. A. S. sund, (i) a swimming, (2) south wind (Brugmann), is doubtful see ;
power to swim, (3) a strait of the sea, that Prellwitz. i)er. south-em cf. O. H. G. ;
could be swum across. Icel. Dan. Swed. + sundroni, southern, Icel. sudrcenti.
G. sund. Probably derived from ^swtim Souvenir. (F. — L.) ¥. souvenir, sb.,
(A. S. swtim-), weak grade of swimman, a remembrance merely the verb souvenir,
;
to swim with suffix -doz for Idg. pp.

; to remember, used as a sb. — L. subuemre,
suffix -tos. Brugm. i. § 377 (2). See to occur to one's mind. — L. sub, under,
Swim. Der. sound, swimming-bladder near uenire, to come.
; See Venture.
of a fish, another use of the same word Sovereign. (F. L.) 'b^l.'E. sojierain —
Shetland soond, Icel. sund- magi. isoverain). — A. F. soverein O. F. soiive- ;
Sound a noise.
(3), (F.-L.) The rain. — Late L. stiperdnus, chief. — L. super,
final d is added. M.E. soun. — Y. son. above. See Super-.
— L. somuii, ace. oi soniis (for ^swenos), a Sow (i), to scatter seed. (E.) A. S.
sound. +
Skt. svana-, sound A. S. swin, ; sdwan, pt. t. seow, pp. sdwen. + Du.
melody. (y^SWEN.) Brugm. ii. § 519. zaaijen, Icel. sd, Dan. saae, Swed. sa,
Sound (4), to measure depth of water. O. H. G. sazven, G. sden, Goth, saian.
(F. — L.) In Palsgrave. — F. scolder, to Also W. hau, Lith. s'eti, Russ. sieiate, L.
sound the depth of. Cf. Span. Port, sondar, serere (pt.t. se-ui, pp. sa-tum), to sow; Gk.
to sound ; Span. Port, sonda, F. sonde, a i-qixL (for ôi-orj-ixi), I send, throw. (VSE,
503
;
sow SPARABLE
to cast.) Brugm. i. §§ 132, 310. Der. tween the outer mouldings of an arch and
seed; cf. season. a horizontal line above it. As if from
Sow a female pig.
(2), (E.) Also O. F. *espanderel, from O. F. espandeur,
applied to oblong pieces of melted metal, that which spreads. — O. F. espandre, to
whence smaller pieces branch out, called spread, expand. See Expand, Spawn.
pigs. M. E. sowe. A. S. sugu, also sii.-\- Spangle. (E.) M. E. spangel, dimin. of
Du. zog, Dan. so, Swed. so,
Icel. syr, spang, a metal fastening (hence, small
sugga, G. sazi VV. kwch, Irish suig, L.
; shining ornament). A. S. spange, a metal
sfls, Gk. vs, a sow Zend hu, a boar. ; clasp. -J- E. Fries, and M. Du. spange, a thin
Perhaps producer,'_from the prolific nature
' plate of metal Icel. spdng; G. spange,
;
of the sow. (ySQ, to produce.) Der. brooch, clasp, buckle.

swine. Spaniel. (F. - Span. - L.) M. E.
Soy, a sauce. (Japanese.) Also sooj'a, spaniel, spanejeole. — O. F. espagneul, a
*
which has been corrupted into soy Eng. ;
' spaniel, Spanish dog. — Span. Espafiol,
Cycl. Japanese shoyn, soy, sauce though ; Spanish. — Span. Espafia, Spain. — L. His-
the name is now given to the bean {Do- pania, Spain.
lichos sojo) whence soy is made. But the Spank, to slap, move quickly. (E.) We
Jap. name for the bean is daidzu. also have spanker, a large active man or
Spa, a place where is a spring of mineral animal spanking^ large, lusty.
; An E.
water. (Belgium.) Named after â;, S.W. word. -f- Low G. spakkern, spenkern, to
of Liege, in Belgium. run and spring about quickly E. Fries. ;
Space. (F. — L.) F. espace. — L. spatium, spenkelen, spenkern, to burst, fly about;
a space. Allied to Span. Brugm. i. § 193. Dan. spanke, to strut about. From a base
Der. spac-ious. *spak, significant of quick action cf. E. ;
Spade (i). (E.) A. S. spcedn, spada, Fries, spaken, to split, burst with heat.
a spade. +Du. spade, Icel. spa6i, Dan. Der. spank-er, an after-sail in a barque.
Swed. spade, G. spatcn Gk. oiradri, Span-neVT, quite new. (Scand.) The
;
broad blade, sword-blade, spathe of a a has been shortened by the stress upon it.
ilower (whence L. spat ha, F. epee). From M. E. span-netve. — \ct\. spdnnyr, spdnyr,
its flat surface. (VSPA, to draw out.) span-new, lit. 'new as a chip.' — Icel.
Der. spaddle, a paddle. spdnn, a chip, shaving, spoon nyr, new. ;
spade (2), at cards. (Span. — L. — Gk.) See Spoon.

A substitution for the Span, espada, mean- Spar (i)j a beam, bar. (E.) M. E.
ing (i) a sword, (2) a spade at cards. spa7're. The A. S. sb. is vouched for by
Der. spad-ille, ace of spades, F. spadille. the derived verb sparrian, to fasten a door
Span, espadilla, small sword, ace of spades, with a bar.-f-Du. spar, Icel. sparri, Dan.
dimin. of Span, spada, a spade (< L. Swed. sparre O. H. G. sparro, G. sparren, ;
spatha <
Gk. anaOt]). See Spade (i). spar, bar. [Irish and Gael, sparr, beam,
Spalpeen, a mean fellow. (Irish.) Irish are from E.j Der. spar, vb., to fasten a
spailpin, a common labourer, a mean door.
fellow, Gael, spailpean. From Ir. spailp, Spar (2), a mineral. (E.) A. S. spcer-
a beau 01 ig. pride.
; stdn, a spar-stone. sparkalk,
Cf. G.
Span, to measure, grasp. (E.) M. E. plaster. *i| Distinct from G. spai, spath,
spannen. A. S. spannan, to bind, pt. t. spar.
spcnn; gespannan, to bind, connect. +^^«>^par (3), to box, wrangle. (F. — Teut.)
O. H. G. spannan, to extend, eonnect<'Ûsed of fighting-cocks. — M. F. ^j^/a^^r, ' to
Du. spannen, to span, stretch, put horses fling or yerk out with the heels Cot. — ;
'
to, Dan. spu-nde, Swed. spiijina, to stretch, Low G. sparre, sb., a struggling, striving
span, buckle Icel.; spenna, to clasp. G. sich sperren, to struggle against, resist,
Allied to Space and Spin. (^SPA.) oppose. Allied to Skt. sphur, to throb,
Der. span, sb., stretch of the hand, 9 inches struggle Gk. tnraipeiv, uawaipdv, to strug-
;
in space. gle convulsively ; Russ. sporite, to quarrel,

Spancel. (North E.) * A rope to tye wrangle. (VSPER.) And see Spiir,
a cows hinder legs Ray. From span, Spurn. Brugm. i. § 509 (3).
; '
to tie, and Icel. seil (A. S. sal), a rope. Sparable, a small nail used for boots.
+ Du. spanzeel; G. spannseil. (E.) Formerly sparrow-bill', from the
Spandrel. (F.— L.) The space be- shape.
504
;
SPARE SPECIE
Spare, frugal, lean. (E.) A. S. spcer, quentative of spat-, with the sense to
spare; whence spartan, vb., to spaie.4" throw, to splash. E. Fries, spatten, to
Icel. sparr, Dan. spar-so/n, Swed. spar-savi, burst, fly out, spirt. +Du. spatten, to
G. spa?--saf)i, spdr-lich, thrifty. Der. spai'- throw, spatter, splash. Der. spatter-
ing, spare-rib ; spare, vb., from A. S. dashes, gaiters, to protect against spatter-
spariaii (above) ; so also Du. and G. ings and dashes. See Spats.
spareji, Icel. and S)\vc<\. spara, Dnn. spaj-e. Spatula, a broad-bladcd knife for
Spark (i), a small paiticle of fire. (E.) spreading pin isters. (L. -Gk.) L. spatu/a,
O. Merc, spcerca (Sweet, A.S. spearca.'\- ; dimin. of spatha. — Gk. oiraO-q, a broad
M. Du. sparcke; Low G. sparke. Perhaps blade. See Spade (1).
so called from the crackling of a fire-brand, Spavin, a swelling near the joints of
which throws out sparks of. Icel. spraka, ; horses, producing lameness. (F. — Teut.)
to crackle, Lith. sprageti, to crackle like M. E. spaveyne.'—O. F. esparvin (13th c.
burning fire-wcod, Gk. acjâpayos, a crack- in Ilatzfeld) M. F. esparvain, a spavin
;
'
ling. Brug. i. § 531. in the leg of a horse Cot. The same as;
'
Spark (2), a gay young fellow. (Scand.) Span, esparavan, (1) a sparrow-hawk, (2)
The same as Wiltsh. sprack, lively. Icel. — spavin ; answering to a 1 ow L. adj. *spar-
sparkr, sprightly, vi\%o sprcekr Swed. dial. \ vdntis, belonging to a sparrow, parallel to
sprdker, sprdk, s/rdg, talkative. Cf. Spark Late L. sparvdriiis, a sparrow-hawk, lit.
(i). Der. sprag, i.e. sprack, used by Sir belonging to sparrows cf. G. sperber, a ;
Hugh, Merry Wives, iv. i. 84. sparrow-hawk. Perhaps the lit. sense is
Sparkle, vb., to throw out sparks, to '
spnrrow-like,' from the hopping or spar-
glitter. (E.) Cf. Du. sparkelen, to sparkle. row-like motion of a horse afflicted with
The form spark-le is frequentative. See spavin. Derived from O. G. spaiTce, a 1 1 .
Spark (i). sparrow, cognate with E. Sparrow, q. v.

Sparrow. (E.) A. S. spcarwa.-\-\zt\. % Generally explained as 'sparrow-hawk-
^pdrr, Dan. sptcrv, Swed. spa)/, Goth. like,' contrary to grammar and sense.
sparzva; O. H. G. sparo, G. sper-ling. However, the result is, in any C£se, doubtful,
Lit. 'flatterer;' from VSPER, to quiver. Spaw, the same as Spa, q. v.
See Spar (3). Der. sparrozv-hazvk; and Spawn, the epgs of fish or frog>. (F.
see sparable, spavin. — L.) l^rom M. E. spatvnen, spanen, to
Sparse, th.nly scattered. (L.) 1.. spar- spawn, as fishes Prompt. Parv. For
;
sus, pp. of spargerc, to scatter, sprinkle. spaiind, with loss of d. See Wright's Voc.
Allied to Gk. o-neipdv see Sperm. ; i. 164 N.
; &
Q. 6 S. v. 465. -M. F. espan-
Spasm. (F. — L. — Gk.)
¥. spaspie, the dre, to shed, spill, pour out, scatter abroad
'
cramp. — L. spasnnun, ace. of spasnivs. — in great abundance ; Cot. — L. expandere,

'
Gk.aTratr/xoy.aspasm. — Gk. airav ,a-na(iiv,\.Q to spread out, shed sbroad see Expand. ;
draw, pluck. (y'SPA.) Tiev. spasju-od-ic, Speak. (E.) M. E. .r/^/rw, also (before
from Gk. aTraa/xco^Tjs, convulsive. A. D. 1200) spreken the word has lost an
;
Spat (i), a blow, a slap. (E.) Of r. Late A. S. specan, A. S. sprecan, pt. t.

imitative origin cf. s/ap, slam, pat.
;
sprcec, pp. sprecen. 4- Du. spreken G. ;
Spat (2), young of shell-fish. (E.) sprechen, pt. t. spj'ach. All perhaps from
From spat-, to eject, the base of spatter. Teut. base SPREK, to make a noise; cf.
Cf. Dn. spat, a speckle, spot; and see \q.g\. spraka, to crackle; see Spark (i),
Spatter. and Prellwitz, s. v. aijidpafos.
Spate, a river-flood. (F. — Teut.) Cf. Spear. (E.) M. E. and A. S. spere.-^

Irish spcid, a great river-flood ; borrowed Du. speer, Icel. spjor, Dan. spcer, G. speer;
from E. spate. The same as North E. cf. L. spams, a small missile-weapon, dart.
spait, a torrent of rain ; also spelt speat. Perhaps allied to spar, a beam, bar (hence,
G. Douglas has spait, a torrent cf. Verg. ; a pole).
Aen. ii. 496. — A. F. *espeit = 0. F. espoit, Special. (F. — L.) '^\\o\i iox especial
a spouting out (Godefroy). — E. Erie?. see Especial.
speiten, speuten, spoiten, W. Flem. speeten, Specie, money in gold or silver. (L.)
Du. sptiiten, to spout see Spout. ; Evolved as from the old word species,
a sb.
Spats, gaiters. (E.) Short for spatter- 'money paid by tale,' Phillips; prob. by
dashes. confusion with L. abl. specie, as U paid in
Spatter, to besprinkle. (E.) fre- A specie = ^tiid in visible coin.
505
; ;;
SPECIES SPENCER
species, a kind. (L.) L. species^ look, Speir, toask. (E.) Northern E, A.S.
appearance, kind, sort. L. specere, to— spyrian, to ask, track out. — A.S. spor, a
look, see.+O. H. G. spehoii, G. spdhen, foot-track allied to spora, a spur ; see
;
to spy Skt. pac, spac, to spy. (y'SPEK,

;
Spur. +
Du. spetiren, Icel. spyrja, G.
to see.) Brugm. i. § 551. spib'en Low G. spd'oren, to track, from
;
specify. (F. L.) O.F. specifier, \.o — spaor, a spoor, trail (Danneil).
particularise. — L. specificdre. — L. speci- Spelicans, thin slips of wood. (Du.)
fiais, specific, particular. — L. speci-es, Vl. Du. spelleken, a small pin dimin. of ;
kind ; -Jic-, iox facere, to make. M. Du. spelle (Du. speld), a splinter. See
specimen. L. specitnen, an ex- (L.) Spell (4). % Distinct from Du. spalk,
ample, something shown. —L. sped-, for A. a splint.
S. spele,
specere, to see with suffix -7?ierz. ; Spell an incantation. (E.) M. E.
(i),
specious, showy. (F. - L.) M. F. spe- spel. A. S. spel, spell, a saying, story, nar-
cieux, fair. — L. speciosus, fair to see. — L. rative hence a form of words, spell.
; Icel. +
speci-es, appearance ; with suffix -osus. spjall, a saying O. H. G. spel, narrative
;
;
Speck, a small spot. (E.) A. S. specca, Goth. 5////, fable. Der. gospel.
a spot, mark. Allied to Low G. spakig, spell (2), to tell the names of letters
spotted with wet, spaken, to spot with wet in a word. (^F. — Tent.) M. E. spellen, of
M. Du. spickelen, to speckle, frequentative spell; also, to tell. —O.F. espeler, 'to
of M. Du. spicken, to spit Du. spikkel, a ; spell;' Cot. — Du. spellen, to spell; or
speckle, spot. Der. speck-le, a little speck; from O. H. G. spellon, to tell, relate.+
speck-k, vb. A. S. spellian, to tell, recount, from A. S.
Spectacle. (F. — L.) F. spectacle, a spell, a story (above) Goth, spillon, to ;
sight. — L. spectdcuhivi, a show. — L. spec- narrate. ^

M. E. spellen, in the sense
tare, to behold, frequentative of specere, to '
to relate,' is from A. S. spellian. also We
see. find speldren, to spell, in the Ormulum,
spectator. (L.) L. spectator, a be- from spelder, a. splinter ; see Spell (4)
holder. — L. spectd-re, to see ; with suffix but this a different word.
is
-tor. — \^. spcct-iwi, supine of specere, to Spell (3), a turn of work. (E.) Cf.
see. A. S. spelian, to supply another's room, to
spectre. (F. — L.) F. spectre, 'an act or be proxy for allied to Du. spelen,
;
image, ghost
;
' Cot. — L. spectrum, a vision. Icel. spila, G. spielen, to act a part, play a
— L. spec-ere, to see. game from the sb. appearing as Du. Swed.
;
specular. L. j/^«</am. belong-(L.) spel, Icel. Dan. spil, G. spiel, a game.

ing to a mirror. — L. specultim, a mirror. Spell (4), Spill, a thin slip of wood,
— L. spee-ere, to see. But Milton uses ^ slip of paper. (Ê.) Formerly speld. M.E.
it with reference to L. specula, a watch- speld, a splinter. A. S. speld, a torch, spill
tower also from spec-ere see below.
; ;
to light a candle. Orig. a splinter; from
speculate. (L.) From pp. of L. Teut. ^spaldan- (G. spallen), to cleave;
speculdri, to behold. — L. specula, a watch- a reduplicating verb, like O. H. G. spaltan.
tower. — L. spec-ere, to see. Der. speoulat- +Du. speld, a pin, splinter; Icel. speld, a
ion, -ive. square tablet, orig. thin piece of board,
Speech. (E.) '^.Y.. speche. LateA.S. spilda, a slice Goth, spilda, a tablet
;
space, dat. of spac, earlier form sprac, M. H. G. spelte, a splinter. Cf. Shetland
speech. — A. S. sprac-, 3rd grade oisprecan, speld, to split.
to speak. -|-Du. spraak, G. sprache, speech. Spelt, a kind of corn. (L.) A. S. spelt,
See Speak. corn. Cf Du. spelt, G. spelz. Apparently
Speed, success, velocity. (E.) A. S. borrowed from Late L. spelta, spelt; whence
sped, haste, success. For '^spodiz, with the also Ital. spelta, spelda, F. dpeautre, spelt.
usual change from J to ^. — A. S. spow-an, Spelter, pewter, zinc. (,Low G.) In
to succeed with suffix -diz (Idg. -tis).
; Blount Perhaps from Low G.
(1674).
+ Du. spoed, speed O. H. G. spuot, ;
spialter,pewter cf Du. spiauter, M. Du.
;
spot, success, to succeed.from spuoti, speauter, O. F. espeautre. This seems ^

Allied to Skt. sphiti-, increase, prosperity, to be the original of Pewter, q. v. The
ixon\ sphdy ,\.o enlarge. Brugm. i. § 156. history of these words is very obscure.
Der. speed, vb., A. S. spedan ; from sped, Spencer, a short over-jacket. (F. — L.)
sb. Named after Earl Spencer, died 1845. The
506
;
SPEND SPINE
name is from M.E. Spenser, also despenser. Leechdoms, 42. Formed from the verb
iii.
— O.F. despencier, a spender, a caterer, to spin cf. prov. E. spinner, a spider.

;
+
clerk of a kitchen; Cot. O.F. despenser, — Du. spin, Dan. spinder, Swed. spindel, G.
to spend ; frequent, of despendre. — L. dis- spinne, spider or spinner. And cf. Spindle.
pendere, to weigh out, pay. — L. dis-^ apart Spigot. (Prov.) M.E. spigot, spiHrt,
pendere, to weigh. See Pendant. a peg for a cask, Cf. Irish and Gael.
spend. (L.) A.S. j//?W<7«, to spend. spiocaid, spigot (from E.). —Prov. *espigot,
Shortened from L. dispendere, lo spend, (not found; but cf. Prov. espigonn, a
;
waste, consume. We find Late I., spcndhcm spigot, a dimin. from L. spica, an ear of
for dispendium, spensa iox dispensa; also corn. Cf. also Walloon spigot, the peak
spendibilis moneia, money for expenses of a shoe. Also Port, espicho, a spigot,
(A. D. 922). So also Ital. spendcre, to from L. spTcjihim. — L. spica, a point ; see
spend, spendio ( <
L, dispendhim), ex- below.
pense. — L. dis-, away, part pendere, to ; Spike (I , a sharp point, a nail.
weigh out, pay. ^
Or (as usually said^ (Scand.) From Icel. spJk, Swed. spik ;
from L. expendere, which does not suit cf. Dan. spiger, Du. spijker, a nail. Appa-
the F. forms ; see above. It makes no rently distinct from L. spica ; and allied
great difference. by gradation to Spoke.
Sperm, spawn, spermaceti. (F, — L.— Spike (2), an ear of corn. (L.) L.
Gk.) M.E. sperme.'^Y sperme, 'sperm, . spica, an ear of corn, a point.
seed;' Cot. — L. sperfua.'^GV. anepfxa.-^ spikenard. (F. L. and Gk. Pers. - -
Gk. GiTiipe.LV (for âvep-yfij/), to sow; —
Skt.) O. F. spiqttenard. — L. spica
orig. to scatter with a jerk of the hand. nardi, spike of nard also nardiis spTcdtus, ;
(-v/SPER.) Der. sperm-a^-u (Gk. aTrep/AaTi- i. nard furnished with spikes, in allusion
e.
Kos) ;spermaceti, L. sperma-ceti, i. e. sperm to the mode of giowth. And see Ward.
of the whale see Cetaceous.
; Spill (i), a slip of paper for lighting
Spew, Spue. (E.) A. S. splwan, candles; see Spell (4).
pt. t. spaw, pp. spiwen, to vomit. +E)u. Spill (2), to destroy, shed. (Scand.)
sptmwen, Icel. spyja, Dan. spfe, iiwed.spy, (Not allied to spoil.) M. E. spillen, to
G. speien, Goth, speiwan L. spuere, Liih. ; destroy, mar; also, to perish. — \ce\.spilla,
spjauti', Gk. •mvnv (for 'â-niveiv'), to spit. to destroy; Swed. spilla, Dan. spiide, to
(VSPIW.) Allied to puke (i), spit (2). spill. +
A. S. spildan, to destroy O. Sax. ;
Brugm. 567.
i. § spildian. Teut. type '^spelth-jan- ; allied
Sphere, a globe, ball. (F.-L.-Gk.) to G. spalien, to split.
M. E. spere.Ô. F. espere, M. F. sphere. "^ Spin, to draw out threads. (E.) A. S.
L. sphccra. — Gk. cr(paipa, a ball. spiiman, pt. t. spann, pp. sptmnen.-^-DM.
Sphinx. (L.-Gk.) L.sp/iinx.^Gk. spinnen, Icel. Swed. spinna, Dan. spinde,
ccpi-y^ (gen. aclnyyus), lit. 'the strangler,' G. spitinen, Goth, spinnan. Allied to
because the Sphinx strangled travellers Lith. pin-ti, to weave. See Span.
who could not solve her riddles. Gk. — Spinach, Spinage, a vegetable.
(jcpiyydv, to throttle. ^
The story suggests (F. — Span. — Arab. — Pers.) Spinage is a
that this is a 'popular' etymology; and '
voiced form of spinach, O. F. espinachc,
'
that the word is foreign to Greek. espinage, espinace. — Span, espinaca. —

Spice. (F.-L.) M. E, j;;!"?^^, formerly Arab, aspandkh, isfdndj of Pers. origin ;
used also in the sense of species or kind.— (Devic). fiff The Ital. spijiace and Span.
O. F. espice, spice. — L. spcciem, acc= of espinaca are relerred, by popular etymo-
species, a kind, which in Late L. meant loi^y, to L. spina, a thorn some say the ;
also a spice, drug. See Species. fruit is prickly, some say the leaves are so.
Spick and Span-new, wholly new. See Spine.
(Scand.) Lit. 'spike and spoon-new,' Spindle. (E.) The d is excrescent
where spike is a nail, and spoon is a after n. M. E. A. S.
spinel, also spindele.
splinter. See Spike and Spoon. Cf. spinl, i.e. from spinnan, to spin.
' spinner,'
Swed. dial, spik spangande ny in Rietz -f M. Du. spille (for *spinle) G. spinde I, ;
(with many variants), and Icel. spdn-nyr, O. H. G. spinnila. Der. spindl-y, thin
lit. spoon-new. splinter-new. like a spindle spindle-tree (Euonymus)
;
Spider. (E.) M. E. spitker, spidre. formerly used for spindles and skewers.
A. S. spider or *spiSer (for '^spinQer], Spine, a prickle. (F. — L.) O. F. espine^
507
SPINET SPLINT
a thorn. — L. spina, a thorn, prickle; also Spit (2), to eject from the mouth. (E.)
the back-bone. ^
Observe that in the M. E. spitten, A. S. spittan ; cf. spHtan,
sense of back-bone the word is Latin
'
' But we also find Dan.
pt. t. spHtte, to spit.
only, not F. spytte, Swed.
G. spiitzen (cf. G. spotta, prov.
spinet, a kind of musical instrument. spHcken) fi om Teut. *sput- see Spout. ; ;
(F. — Ital. — L.) So called because struck Perhaps *spit-, *sput- are both from *spew-,
by a spine or pointed quill. O.F. espinette. the root of Spew. Cf. Brugm. i. §§ 279
— Ital. spinet ta, a spinet, also a prickle; (i ), 567. Der. spittle, formerly also spettle,
dimin. oi spina, a thorn. — L. spina. spatil, spotil, A. S. spcetl, spat I.
Spink, a finch.
(Scand.) M. E. spink. Spite. (F. L.) M. E. spyt, spite. -
— Swed. dial, spink, a sparrow gull-spijik, Merely short for despite, by loss of the
;
a gold-finch Norvv. spikke (for '^'spinke), first syllable (as in fence ior de-fence). See
;
Dan. dial, spinke, small bird, -f- Gk. Despite. Der. spite-ful.
(TTiiyyos, a finch, i. e. chirper from crnl-
'
Spittle (i), saliva; see Spit (2).
;
'
(ftv, to chirp. Cf. (Trriâ, a finch, amvos, Spittle (2), a hospital. (F.-L.) M. E.
a small bird. Doublet, yf/zr/i. spitel. — O. F. ospital, hospital; see Hos-
Spinny, a thicket. (F. L.) O. F. —
pital.
espinei; M. F. espinoye, 'a thicket, grove, Splash,, to dnsh water about. (E.)
a thorny plot,' Cot. F. epinaie. — L. Coined, by prefixing s- ( = 0. F. es-, L. ex)
;
splnetian, a thicket of thorns. — L. jr^J'w^, used for emphasis, to plash, used in the
a thorn. See Spine. same sense (White Kennett). See Plash.
Spinster, orig. a woman who spins. (i); and cf. Du. piassen, to plash; E.
(E.) M. E. spinnestere. From A. S. Fries, piassen, plasken, platsken, Dan.
spinnan, to spin with A. S. suffix -estre pladske, to splash, dabble.
;
(E. -ster). p. This suffix is a compound Splay, to slope, in architecture to dis- ;
one {-es-tre). It was used in A. S. (as in locate a bone. (F. — L.) In both senses,
Du.) solely with reference to the feminine it can be proved to be a contraction for
gender, but this restricted usage was soon Display, Der. splay-footed.
set aside in a great many M. E, words. Spleen. (L. - Gk.) M. E. splen. -
Cf. Du. spinster, a spinster, zangster, a L. splen. — Gk. crvKrjv, the spleen. Cf. Skt.
female singer also E. seamst7'ess (i. e. plihan-\ L. lien.
; Brugm. i. § 549 (c).
seatn-ster-ess). songstress (i.e. song-ster-ess), Der. splen-ctic.
where the F. fem. suffix -ess is superadded. Splendour. (F.-L.) Y. splendenr.^
Spiracle. (F.-L.) F. spiracle, 'a L. splendorem, ace. of splendor, brightness.
breathing-hole ' Cot. — L. spirdculuni,
; — L. splendere, to shine. Der. re-splendent.
air-hole.— L. spirdre, to breathe. Spleuchan, a tobacco-pouch. (Gael.)
Spire (i), a tapering stem, sprout, Gael, splinchan, Irish spliiichan, a pouch.
steeple. (E.) A. S. spir, spike, stalk. -f Splice. (Du.) M. Du. splissen, to in-
Icel. spira, spar, stilt, Dan. spire, germ, terweave rope-ends ; so named from split-
sprout, Swed. spira, a pistil, G. spiere, a ting the rope-ends beforehand from Du. ;
-spar. ^Distinct from Spire (2). splitsen, to splice (really an older form).
Spire (21, a coil, wreath. (F. — L. Gk.) — Formed from split-, weak grade of Du.
F. spire. — L. spira, a coil, twist, wreath. splijten, to split. +
Dan. splidse, to splice
— Gk. aneipa (for *anep-ya) , a coil ; allied (for *splitse), allied to splitte, to split;
to airdpTou, a rope, airvpis, a basket. Swed. splissa ; G. splissen, to splice. See
(VSPER.) Der. spir-a/, F. spira/, L. Split. Der. splice, sb.
spiralis. splint, splent, a thin piece of split
Spirit. (F. - L.) M. E. spirit. - A. F. wood. (Scand.) Formerly splent; from
e spirit F. esprit. --L,. <x.cc. sph'ituni from
\ , O. F. esplente, a thin steel plate. — Swed.
spiritus, breath — L. spira re, to breathe. splint, a kind of spike, a forelock (flat
Doublet, sprite. iron peg) ; Dan. splint, a splinter ; cf. Low
Spirt; see Spurt. G. splittte, an iron pin ; E. Fries, splint e,
Spit (i\ a skewer, iron prong for roast- splint, the same. Cf. Swed. splinta, to
ing meat. (E.) M. E. spite. A. S. spitu, splinter, ultimately allied to Dan. splitte,
a spit.-f-Du. spit, Dan. spid, Swed. spett; Swed. dial, splitta, to split; see Split.
M. H. G. spiz, G. spies s, a spit ; cf. spitze, Der. splinter; cf. Du. and E. Fries.
a point, top. |
splinter.
508
.
SPLIT SPRAIN
Split. (Du. ?) Apparently borrowed Spook, a ghost. (Du.) Du. spook;
from M. Du. splitten, to split cf. Dan. ; Low G. spook, Swed. spoke, a ghost cf. ;
splitte, to split, Swed. dial, splitta, to dis- Du. spoken, Low G. spoken, Swed. spdka,
entangle or separate yarn. From the weak to haunt.
grade split- of the Teut. strong verb *splci- Spool, a reel for winding yarn on. (M.
tan-, as seen in O. Fries, spllla, Du. spiij- Du.) M.E. spole. - M. Du. spoele, Du.
ien, E. Fries, spiiien, Low G. spliten, G. spoel, a spool, quill ;Low G. spole. -^-^wtd.
spleissen, to split, cleave. Hence also spole, Dan. spole, G. spule, spool, bobbin.
L)an. split, Du. spleet, a split, rent, G. Cf. Icel. spolr (base spal-)^ a bar.
sp'eisse, a splinter. Spoom, to run before the wind. (L.)
Splutter, to speak hastily and con- Lit. 'to throw up spume or foam.' — L.
fusedly. (E.) Of imitative origin a ; spuma, foam.
variant of sputter, which is a frequentative Spoon, an instrument for supping liquids.
of spout', see Spout, Spurt. It means (E.) E. spon.M.A. S. spdn, a chip,
'
to keep on spouting out spout being '
; splinter of wood (which was the orig.
formerly used âs now) in the sense to '
spoon). +Du. spaan, Icel. spdnn, sponn,
talk.' Pray, spoict some French ; Beaum.
'
' Dan. spaan, Swed. span, G. spahn, a chip.
and Fletcher, Coxcomb, iv. 4. Cf. Low Spoor, a trail. (Du.) Du. spoor; see
G. sprtctten, to spout, spurt. Spur. Cf. A. S. spor, a foot-track ; see
Spoil, to i)lunder. {¥.-!..) M. E. Speir.
spoilen. — O. F. espoillier ; F. spolier, to '
Sporadic, scattered here and there.
spoile ' Cot. — L. spolidre, to strip off Gk. (TiTopadiKos, scattered. — Gk.
;
(Gk. )
spoil. — L.j/^/////«, spoil, booty orig, skin ; cTTTopaS-, stem of a-nopas, scattered. — Gk.
stripped off, dress of a slain warrior. Der. aneipeiv (for *0iT(p-y(iv), to scatter.
spoil, sb. ; spoliation, from L. pp. spolidtus. spore. (Gk.) Gk. anopos, seed-time;
Spoke, a bar of a wheel. (E.) A. S. also a seed. —
Gk. a-ndpeiv, to sow.
spdca, a spoke. -f-Du. speek, a spoke, G, L. - Gk.) Sporran. (Gael.-
Gael.
speiche, prov. G. spache, a spoke. Teut. a purse, pouch worn with the
sporan,
types *spaiko}t-. *spaikdn-. Allied by kilt Irish sparan, sburan, the same. For
;
gradation to Spike (i). *s-burran<,'^s-burs-an. — L. bursa, a purse.

Spokesman. (E.) In Shak. Two — Gk. Pvpca, a hide. See Purse.
Gent. ii. i. 151. Formed from spoke, Sport, mirth. (F.-L.) Shoit for dis-
pt. t. of speak, instead of from the infin. port, desport (so also splay for display'). ;
speak; for the s, cf. hunt-s-man, sports- The verb is M. E. disporten, to amuse see ;
man. Disport.
Spoliation; SpoiL see Spot, a blot, mark made by wet. piece
Spondee. ^L. - Gk.) The metrical foot of ground. (E.) ^\.Y.. spot. Cf. Norvv.
marked (--). — L. spondeus.-^Gk. anov- spott, m., a spot, a small piece of ground
Seios, a spondee, used for solemn melodies (distinct from spott, f., mockery'); Icel.
at treaties or truces.— Gk. airovZai, a solemn spotti, spottr, a small piece ; E. Fries, spot^
treaty, truce pi. of onovdrj, a drink-offer-
; a spot cf. M. Du. spotten, to s-pot, stain. ;
ing, libation to the gods. — Gk. airivhuv, From Teut. *sput-, weaker grade of ^spil-
to pour out. Prob. allied to Sponsor. tan- see Spout. ;
Briigm. i. § 143, ii. § 802. Der. sponda-ic. Spouse. (,F. - L.) From O. F. espouse^
Sponge. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. esponge a spouse. — L. sponsa, a betrothed woman ;
{¥. ^pofige). — !.. spongia. — Gk. (nroyyid, fern. pp. of spondere, to promise ; see
a sponge; also (Tn6-^yos (Attic a<p6yyos^ Sponsor.
+ L. fungus, a fungus (from its spongy Spout, to squirt out, rush out as a liquid
nature). out of a pipe. (E.) M. E. spouten. Cf.
Sponsor. L. sponsor, a surety. -
(L.) Swed. sputa, occasionally used for spruta^
L. sponsus, pp. of spondere, to promise. to squirt, spout, spurt, spatter; Du. spuiten^
Prob. allied to Gk. cnroubal, a truce, and to to spout, spuit, a squirt; Dan. spyte, to
Spondee. Brugm. i. § 143. spit, sputter. From Teut. *sputan-, to spit
Spontaneous. L. spontane-us,
(L.) out, with weaker grade *sput- (Franck).
willing; with suffix -ous. — h. spont-, as Sprack, Sprag; see Spark (2.
seen in abl. sponte, of one's own accord, Sprain, vb. (F. — L.) Formed from
from a lost nom. *spons. O. F. espreign-, a stem of O. F. espreindre.
509
'; ;;
SPRAT SPRUCE-BEER
*to press, wring,' Cot.; (cf. sfj-aiji from that a cricket-bat is sprung; or to spring
O. F. estreindrc). Mod. F. dpreindre. — (i. e. burst) a mine. Teut. type *spre7igan-.
L. exprimere, to press out (whence esprein- Perhaps allied to Gk. o-rripxî-v, to drive
dre, by analogy with F. forms from verbs in on (Prellwitz) but this is doubtful. Der.
;
-ingere). — !^. ex, out; p>-emere, to press. spring, sb., a leap, also a bursting out of
See Press. Der. sprain, sb. water, also the budding time of year, also
Sprat, a small fish. (E.) M. E. sprot. a crack in a mast sp7-inge, a snare made
;
A. S. sp7'ott. Cf. A. S. sprot, a sprout. -|- with a flexible (springing) rod, likeO.H.G.
Du. sprot, a sprat ; also (in M. Du.) a spri72ga.
sprout of a tree. *
Sprat, a small fish, Sprinkle. (Du. ?) Y oxvsxtxU sp^-enkle
;
considered as the fry of the herring perhaps boirowed from Du. sp7'enkelen, to
Wedgwood. From A. S. sprot- (Teut. sprinkle. Cf. G. sp/-e7ikcl7i, to sprinkle,
*sprut-)^ weaker grade of sp7'utaii-, to from M. H. G. sp7-ejikel, a spot, allied to
sprout with the sense of * fry,' or young
; Icel. sprekla, Swed. sp7'dkla, a little spot.
one. See Sprout. See Kluge (s. v. sp7-e7ikel).
Sprawl, to toss about the limbs. (E.) Sprint; see Spurt (2).
M. E. spraulen. A. S. spreawlian, to Sprit, a spar extending a fore-and-aft
move convulsively, to sprawl. •+" Norsv. sail. (E.) M.E. .f/r^/,apole. A.S. spreot,
sprala, Dan. spmlla, sprcelde, Swed. dial. a pole ; orig. a sprout, shoot, branch of a
sprala, spralla, N. F>ies. spraivle. tree. Allied to A. S. spri~ita7i, to sprout
Spray (i ), foam tossed with the wind. see Sprout. +E. Yri^^. spret Du. spriet; ;
(Low G.) A
word, given in Bailey's
late INI. Swed. spr'dte.
Diet. (1735). From Low G. sprei, a slight Sprite, a spirit. (F. L.) The false —
drizzle (Schambach) in Coburg, spree cf. ; ; spelling sp}-ight is common, and is retained
Bavar. sprceen, to drizzle (Schmeller) G. ; in the adj. sp7-ightly. M. E. sp7ît, sprite.
spruhen M. H. G. sp7-Lejen, sprcewen Du.
; ;
— F. esprit, the spirit hence, a spirit. — ;
sproeien (see Franck). L. sph'itu7fi, ace. of splrittis ; see Spirit.

Spray (2), sprig of a tree. (E.) M. E. Sprout, to germinate. (E.) M. E.
spray answering to A. S. *sp7'£Eg, allied
; sp7'nte7i. A. S. '^sp7-iitan (fovmd in the pp.
to A. S. sprcEc, a shoot, spray; cf. Dan. d-sp7-ote7i) ; O. Files, sprida, strong verb,
sprag, a spray (Molbech), Swed. dial. pp. sp7-titen, to sprout. G. sprutcn, +Low
spragge, a green branch, Icel. sprek, a to sprout ; Du. sp7'uite7i, G.sp7'iessen (pt.t.
stick. Cf. also Lith. sproga, a spray of spross) Swed. spi'uta, Dan. sp7'ude, to
;
a tree, also a rift, from sprog-ti, to crackle, squirt, spurt, spout. Teut. type '^spriitan-,
split, sprout, bud. (Difficult and doubtful.) pt. t. '^sp7-aiity pp. '^sprtitajioz. Compare
Spread. (E.) A. S. jr/n^^«?z, toextend. Spout.
•4-Du. spreiden. Low G. sprede7i, G. sprei- Spruce, fine, smart. (F. G.) Hall's —
te7i ; cf. Swed. sp/'ida, Dan. spj'ede, to Chronicle tells us that a particular kind
spread. Teut. type *sp7'aidjaii- from a ; of fashionable dress was that in which men
Teut. root "^spreid. '
were appareyled after the manner of
Spree, a frolic. (Scand.?) Cf. Irish P7'zcssia or Sp7-uce see Richardson's Diet.
'
;
spre, a spark, flash, animation, spirit M. E. sprtue, Prussia, P. Plowman, C. vii.

Lowl. Sc. spree, a frolic, also spelt spray 279, B. xiii. 393 also written (more
;
(Scott) ; cf. Swed. dial, sprag, lively con- usually) p/'uce.Ô.Y. Prtice (F. P7'usse),
versation. Perhaps allied to Spry. Prussia. — G. Pixussen, Prussia. See
Sprig. M. E. sprigge. Allied to
(E.) Spruce-beer.
A. a twig.+lcel. sp7-ek, a stick;
S. sprac, Spruce-beer, a kind of beer. (G. ;
Low G. sprikk, E. Fries, sprikke, sprik, co7ûsed with F. E.) The E. name
and
stick, twig. Allied to Spray (2). for German sprosse7i-bier, i.e. 'sprouts-
Sprightly, Spritely. (F.-L; %vith beer,' obtained from the young sprouts of
Y.. suffix.) Spiightly is a false spelling; the black spruce fir. — G. sprosscn, pi. of
spritely is from Sprite, q. v. spross, a sprout (from sp7-iessen, to sprout) ;
Spring, vb.
(E.) A. S. spri7igan, and bier, cognate with E. beer see Sprout ;
pt. t. sprang, pp. spru7tgen. Du. G. + and Beer. p. Englished as Spruce-bee^-,

sp)-inge7i, Swed. sp7-inga, Dan. spri7ige ;
i. e. Prussian beer, where Spruce meant
Icel. springa, to burst, split, p. Orig. /'; ussia see Spruce above.
; So also
sense to ' split or crack,* as \/hen we say sp7'ucc Jir (substituted for sprossen-fichte)
5
—
SPRY SQUANDER
meant Prussian fir ; and spruce leather spout. Icel. spretta is for *sprenta, *sprin-
meant Prussian leather. ia (Noreen). See Sprint.
Spry, active. TE.?) Cf. Swed. dial. Sputter. fK.j The frequentative of
sprygg, very active, allied to skittish ; spout. It means
keep on spouting'
to
Swed. dial, sprdg, sprak, spirited, mettle- out'; bence to speak rapidly and indis-
some. See Spark (2). tinctly. Cf. Du. dial. (Groningen) spot-
Spue see Spew.
; tern, to sputter; Low G. sputtem, Norw.
Spume, foam. (L.) L. spuma, foam ;
sputra, to spout. % Distinct Irom but
for *spoi?na; Brugm. i. § 791. Cf. Skt. allied to spatter and spot.
pJiena-, A. '^.fdm, foam. Spy, to see. (F.-O. II. (;.; Short for
Spunk, tmder ; a match, spark, spirit, espy ; see Espy. Der. spry, sb.
mettle. (C — L. -Gk.) Orig. tinder.' '
I
Squab, (i) to fall plump (2) a sofa, a
;
Gael, spongy Irish sponc, sponge, spongy young bird. (^Scand.j See squab, squob in
wood, tinder. — L. spongia, a sponge see ; Halliwell. And see squab, to fall plump,
Sponge. Cf. W. ysbwjig^ a sponge, from squab, with a sudden fall, in Johnson.
Latin. 1. From Swed. dial, skvapp, a word imita-
Spur. (E.) M. E. sptire. A. S. spiira, tive of a splash cf. G. schwapp, a slap,

;
spora, a spur.+Du. spoor, a spur (allied E. s'cvap, to strike. 2. From Swed. dial.
to spoor, a track) ; Icel. spori, Dan. spore. skvabb, loose or fat flesh, skvabba, a fat
Swed. sporre, O. H. G. sporo, spur. From woman, skvalbig, flabby allied to Norw. ;
the weak grade of Teut. *sper-an-, to kick. skvapa, to tremble, shake, and cf. M. E.
Brugm. i. § 793 (2j. (^SPER.) See quappen, to throb, and E. quaver; see
Spar (3). The orig. sense is 'kicker'; Quaver. Cf. Icel. kvap, jelly, jelly-like
from itsuse on the heel; cf. Lith. spir-ti, things.
to kick. Der. spur, vb. See Spoor, squabble, to wrangle. Scand.") Swed.
Spurn. dial, skvabbel, a di--^pule. — Swed. dial.
Spurge, a plant. (F.-L.) Named skvappa, to chide, lit. make a splashing,
from its corroding (and so cleansing from the sb. skvapp, sqvapp, a splash. Cf.
away) warts. — O. F. spurge, espnirge. — Prov. E. sxvabble, to squabble, allied to
O. ¥. espurger, to purge away. — L. ex- swab, to splash over, swap, to strike.
purgdre, to cleanse away. — L. ex, away Squad, a small troop. (F. — Ital. — L.) ;
purgdre, to cleanse. See Pii:"ge. M. F. esquadre, escadre. — Ital. squadra, a

Spurious. (L.) L. spun-US, false; squadron see Square. ;
with suffix -ous. squadron. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F.

Spurn. (E.) M. E. spurnen, to kick esquadroii. "lial. squadrone; augmentative
against, hence to reject. A. S. spurjuxn, ot squadra fa.ho\e).
to kick against fpt. t. spearn, pp. spornen). Squalid. (L.) L. squdUdus, rough,
Allied to Spur, -f Icel. spema (pt. t. dirty. — L.
squdlere, to be rough, parched,
spam) ; Swed. spjdrna L. spernere, to ;
dirty. Der. squal-or, sb.
despise, a cognate form. (Base *spern ;
Squall, to cr}' ouL (Scand.) Swed.
y^SPER.) See Spar (3). Brugm. i. § sqvala, to gush out violently, sqval, a rush
of water, sqval-regn, a violent shower of
Spurry, a plant. (F. — G. — Late L.) rain 'E. sqzcall, sb., a burst of rainy ; Dan.
M. F. sptirrie, ' spurry or frank, a Dutch sqvaldre, to clamour, sqvalder, clamour,
[German herb ' ; ' Cot. Of Teut. origin.; noisy talk Swed. dial, sbuala, to gush
;
cf. G. spdrge/, spergel, spark, spurry.— out, cry out, chatter. -J" Gael, sgal, a loud
Late L. spergula, a. d. 1482 fWeigand). cry, sound of high wind ; allied to G.
Spurt (i), Spirt, to spout out. (E.) schallen, Icel. skjalla (pt. t. shall), to re-
The older sense is to germinate. Spurt \
sound, and \V. chwaht, to babble.
stands for sprut ; M. K. sprutten, to sprout |
Squander, to dissipate. (E.) Orig.
or shoot. A. S. spryttan, to produce as a j
to disperse, scatter abroad ; Dryden, Annus
sprout or shoot causal form from A. S.
; Mirabilis, st. 67. Nasalised i'orm allied to
spriitan. to sprout. See Sprout. Lowl. Sc. squatter, to splash about, scatter,
Spurt (3), a violent exertion. (Scand.) squander, prov. E. swatter, to throw water
Formerly jr/?>/. — Icel. sprettr, a spurt, about Swed. dial, skvdttra, to squander.
;
spring, bound, run. — Icel. sprelta (pt. t. These are frequentativcs from Dan, sqvatte,
spratt) , to start, spring ; also to sprout, to [
to splash, spurt, also to squander ; Swed,
51
;
SQUARE SQUIRT
sqviitta, to squirt, Icel. skvetta (for sweymous, Prompt. Parv. also squazmojis, ;
*skzvenia, perhaps allied to G. onivbuv, to skoy7nus, disdainful. — A. F. escoytnous,

pour out see Noreen), to squirt out water.
; delicate, niceas to food (Bozon). The
Tiie d appears in M. Du. sivadderen, to form answers to L. type *schematosus or
dabble in water Svved. dial, skvadra, to
; *schefndsus from sche?na (Gk. axfip-o.),
;
gush out of a hole (as water). Cf. scatter scheme, form, air, mien, manner. Not %
and Gk. OKeb-aais, a scattering. related to Shame.
Square. (F. - L.) M. E. square. - Squeeze, to crush, press tightly. (E.)
O. F. esquarrc', squared esqiiarre, a square,
; The prefixed s is due to O. F. es- ( = L. -ex),
squareness. Cf. Ital. sqiiadrare, to square ;
very queeze = late M. E. queisen, to
;
squadra, a square, also a squadron of men squeeze. This M. E. queiseti probably

(orig. a square). All from Late L. *ex- represents O. Merc. *cwesan, answering to
quadnh'e, intensive (with prefix ex) of L. A. S. czviesan, cwysan, to crush, chiefly in
quadrdre, to square. — L. quadrus, four- the comp. td-civlesan.
cornered; see Quxdrats. Squib,
a paper tube, with com-
(1)
Squash, to crush. (F.-L.) a. The a lampoon.
bustibles; (Scand.)
(2) 1.
mod. E. sqicash appears to be due to quash, Squibs were sometimes fastened slightly to
with the prefix s- = O. F. es- <
L. ex-, a rope, so as to run along it like a rocket
used as an intensive. — O. F. esquasser, whence the name. From M. E. sqtiippen,
to break in pieces, from O. F. es-, and szvippen, to move swiftly, fly, sweep, dash.
quasser, casser, to break see Quash.
; — Icel. svipa, to flash, dart, svipr, a swift
p. But it commonly keeps the sense of movement Norw. svipa. to run swiftly.
;
M. E. squachen, to crush. — O. F. esqua- 2. A

squib also means a political lampoon,
chier, to crush, also spelt escacker, to but was formerly applied, not to the lam-
'
squash;' Cot. (Mo 1. F. ecacher). The poon itself, but to the writer of it see ;
F. cacher answers to a Late L. type '^coac- Tatler, no. 88, Nov. i, 1709. squib A
ticdre, due to L. co-actdre, to constrain, thus meant a firework, a flashy fellow,
force, press. The prefix es--=l^. ex, ex- making a noise, but doing no harm. Squih
tremely L. coactdre is formed ivomcoact-tis, also means child's squirt, from its shooting
;
pp. oi cogere { = coigere),X.o drive together. out water instead of fire. Cf. G. schweif-
See Ex- and Cogent; also Con- and stern, a comet.
Agent. Der. squash, sb., an unripe Squill. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. squille,
peascod (nearly flat). squill, sea-onion
'
Cot. L. squilla^ ; ' —
squat, to cower. (F. -L.) Lit. to lie scilla. — Gk. oKiWa, a squill.
flat, as if pressed down the old sense is to
; Squinancy, old spelling of quinsy.
press down, squash. M. E. squatten, to Squint, to look askew. (E.) The same
crush flat. — O. F. esquatir, to llatten, as prov. E. (Suffolk) squink, to wink. Of
crush. — O. F. es- ( = L. ex'), extremely obscure origin. Cf. M. TiVi.scJntyî, 'cross,
;
quatir, to beat down. Diez shows that oblique, byas-wise,' Hexham; E. Fries.
O. F. quatir (Late L. type '^coactlre) is schiin, oblique, awry ; Du. schuin,o\i\\o^t\
a derivative of L. coactus, pp. of cogere, schuinen, to slant; schuinte, a slope, obli-
to press, compel see above.
; Cf. M. Ital. quity.
quattare, to squat, lie close.'
'
Squire (i), the same as Esquire.
Squaw, a female. (W. Indian.) Massa- Squire (2), a square, carpenter's rule.
chusetts squa,eshqua, Narragansett squdtvs, (F, —
L.) M.E. squire. — O. Y. esquire,
a female (Webster) Cree isktvezu.
; esquierre mod. F". ^querre. ;
variant A
Squeak, to cry out shrilly. (Scand.) of O. F. esqiiarre; see Square.
M. Swed. skwceka, to squeak Swed. ; Squirrel. (F. L. — Gk.) M.Y^.squirel, —
sqvdka, to croak Norw. skvaka, to cackle ; scurel. — O. F. escu7-el (F. iaa-eicil). —
;
Icel. skvakka, to sound like water shaken Late L. sciirellus, a squirrel for *sciu7'el- ;
in a bottle. Allied to Quack. his, dimin. of sciurus, a squirrel. — Gk.

Squeal. (Scand.) M. Swe.l. sqwala, aKiovpos, a squirrel lit. ' a shadow-tail,' ;
Swed. dial. sqvdla, 'Norw.skve//a,to squeal. from his bushy — Gk. am-d, shadow
tail. ;
Used as a frequentative of squeak, and ap- oi'pd, tail. ^ The

explanation of the Gk.
plied to a continuous cry. See Squall. word may be due to popular etymology.
Squeamish, over-nice. (F.-Gk. ?) I
Squirt, vb. (E.) Prov. E. swirt. Cf.
Squainish, Baret (1580). M. E. skeymous, I Low G. swirtje7i, to squirt from swireUy. ;
12
;'
;;
STAB STALE
orig. to whir, like G. schwirren see ; Stagnate, to cease to flow. (L.'i From
Swirl. So
E. Fries, also kwirtjen, to L. stagndtns, jip. oistagndre, to be still,
squirt out, to dart about, from kwirt, cease to flow. — L. stagnuvi, a still pool,
turning quickly about. a stank see Stank. Der. stagnant, ixowx
;
Stab, vb. (Scand.) Cf. Irish stob-aiju, stem of pres. pt. of stagnare.
I stab Gael, stob, to fix a stake in the
; Staid, grave. (F. -M. Du.) Forme: ly
ground, from siob, a stake, pointed iron or stayed, pp. of stay, vb., to support, make
stick, stub. Apparently from Swed. dial. steady. See Stay (i).
stabbe, a thick stick or stump ; Icel. siabbi, Stain, vb. (F.— L.) Shoit for Distaiu.
a stub, stump,
to stafr, a staff
allied '1 stayne a tliynge, Je destayns;' I'als-
Dan. dial, stabb, a short peg. Allied to grave. The orig. sense was to dim the
Stub, Staff, q.v. Der. stab, sb. colour of a thing. Der. stain, sb.
Stable (i :, a stall for horses. (F. L.) — Stair, a step up. (E.) M. E. steir, steyer.
O. F. estabk, a stable. — L. stabtihitn, a K.S. stager, a stair, step; lit. a step to
stall. — L. stare, to stand still. Brugm. ii. climb by. Formed (with mutation to d)
§§ 62, 77. See Stall. from stag, 2nd grade of stigan, to climb.
stable (2\ firm. (F.-L.) O.Y.estable. •+Du. steiger, a stair cf. Icel. stegi, step,
;
— L. stabilis, firm. — 1..

stare (above). Swed. stege, ladder, Dan. stige, ladder, Ci.
Stablish. (F.-L.) Short for Es- steg, a path ; respectively from Du. stijgen,
tablish. Icel. stJga, Swed. stiga, Dan. stige, G.
Stack, a large pile of wood, &c. (Scand.) steige7i, to ; mount, climb
Teut. verb
M. E. stak. — Icel. stakkr, a stack of hay ;
*steiga7z-, pp. *stiganoz.
pt. t. *staig,
stakka, a stump (as in our chimney-stack) Allied to Skt. stigh, to ascend, Gr. aru-
Swed. stack, a rick, heap, stack; Dan. stak. Xftv. (VSTEIGH.)
Teut. type *staknoz (Noreen). The sense Staithe, a landing-place. (E.) A. S.
is a pile.'
'
Cf. Russ. stog\ a heap, hay- bank, shore. 4" Icel. stbd, haibour,
st(E(i,
rick. Allied to Stake. roadstead; M.Du. j-Zao'i?, 'a haven.' Allied

Staff. (E.) A. S. st(sf; pi. stafas, staves. to Stead.
+ Du. staf, Icel. stafr, Dan. stab, stav, Stake, a post, strong stick. (E.) M. E.
Swed. Goth, stafs or stabs, G. stab.
staf, stake. A.S.
staca, a stake. Du. staak, +
Allied to O. H. G. staben, to be stiff, E. Swed. stake. Dan. stage. From the Teut.
Fries, staf, unmoved cf. Skt. stambh, to ; base *stak, 2nd grade oi'^stek-an-yio pierce,
make firm. appearing in G. stack, pt. t. oi stechen, to
Stag, a male deer. (Scand.) Also ap- stick, pierce; sec Stick (i).
plied (m dialects) to a male animal gene- Stalactite, a kind of crystal hanging
rally. Late A. S. stagga (from Norse). — from the roof of some caverns. (Gk.)
Icel. steggr, steggi, a he-bird, drake, tom- Formed, with suffix -ite (Gk. -ittjs), from
cat ; Norw. stegg, a cock. Icel. steggr is araKoKT'Cs, trickling. — Gk. OTaXa^fiv
said to be for *stig-joz, lit. * mounter ; {=-- oTaXay-yeii'), to drip; allied to ara-
from stig-, weak grade of stiga, to mount kdv, to drip.

see Stair. (Noreen, § 140 ; but doubtful.) stalagmite, a cone of carbonate of
Stage. (F. - L.) A. F. and M. F. lime on the floor of some caverns. (Ok.
estage, -
a story, stage, loft, also a dwell- Gk. ardKayfx-a, a drop with suffix -ite ;
ing - house Cot. ;[Hence it meant a

' (Gk. -iT7/s). — Gk. araXd^fiv (above).
Stopping-place on a journey, or the dis- Stale (i)> too long kept, vapid, trite.
tance between stopping-places.] Cf. Prov. (E. or ¥. - Teut.) 1. State, as a sb.,
;
estatge, a dwelling-place answering to a means urine of cattle or horses. Cf. E.

;
Late L. form *statictim, a dwelling-place. Fries, and Low G. st alien, Swed. stalla, to
— L. stat'nm, supine oi stare, to stand. put into a also to stale (as cattle);
stall,
Stagger, to reel, vacillate. (Scand.) Dan. stalde, to stall-feed, stalle, to stale (as
A w-eakened (voiced) form of stacker, horses). From stall, sb. 2. Stale, adj.,
M. E. stakeren. 'Îctl. stakra, to push, to is that which stands too long, from M. F.
stagger frequentative of staka, to punt, estaler, to display wares on a stall, from

;
push, also to stagger Norw. stakra, ; estal, a stall. Cf. M. Du. stel, stale. Du.
staka, to stagger Swed. dial, stagra
; ;
stel, a stall, place ; G. stelle, a place.
Dan. dial, stagge, stagle. Allied to Icel. stellcn,to place, from G. stall, a stall.
stj'aki, a punt-pole and to Stake. ; See Stall.
SI
; ;
STALE STANCHION
Stale (2\ a decoy, bait Shak. (F. ;
- Stamen, male organ of a flower. (L.)
Teut.' — A. F. estale, a decoy-bird (Bozon"). Lit. *a thread.' — L. stamen, a thread, the
Perhaps adapted from A. S. .vAr/-, as in warp standing up in an upright loom. — L.
stcBl-hran. a decoy reindeer, allied to M. E. stare, to stand. Der. stamina, orig. pi.
j-/^/t', then, A.S.5/^//<,theft; allied to Steal. of stamen, lit. threads in a warp, a firm
Stale (3), Steal, the handle of any- texture.
thing. (F.^ M. E. stale^ stele. The latter stamin, a kind of stuff. (F. L.) —
answers to A. S. stela, steola, a stalk, stem. E. stamin. "W. F. esta7nine, ' the stuffe
jNI.
-f- Du. steel, stalk, stem, handle ; G. stiel, tamine ' Cot. — L. stamineus, consisting
;
stalk, handle. Cf. Gk. (mKiuv, a handle. of threads. — L. stamin-, stem of stamen,
still and stall;
Allied to the stale being a thread (above >. Also spelt stammcl,
thatby which the tool is held firm and ta/?u>u\ tammy.
unmoved. And see Stalk (i). Stammer, to stutter. (E). M. E. stam-
Stalk a stem. (E.) M. E. stalke,
(I )j eren, vb. ; A. S. stoinrian (Shrine, p. \i) ;
of which one sense is the side-piece '^stem) from A. S. stamer, stamor, adj., stammer-
of a ladder. A
dimin. form, with suffix -k, ing where the suffix -er, -or is adjectival.
;
from M. E. stale, variant of stele see ; From a base ^stam, extended from ^STA,
Stale (3> above.+Icel. stilkr, Swed. stjelk, to stand, remain fixed cf. prov. E. stam,
;
Dan. stilk, stalk cf. Gk. (rTtAeyos, stem

;
to amaze, confound related by gradation
;
of a ar^Kôv, a handle.
tree, allied to to G. stimuli, dumb. Du. stameren^+
Stalk (2), to stride. (E.) M. E. stalken. stamelen, G. stam mem, stammehi Icel. ;
A, S. stealcian, to walk warily ; allied stamma, Dan. stamme, Swed. stamma, to

to steak, steep. +
Dan. stalke, to stalk. stammer; Icel. stajur, O. H. G. stam, Goth.
The notion is that of walking cautiously. stamms, adj., stammering. See Stem (3).
Cf. perhaps A. S. stellan, styllan, to leap. Stamp, to tread heavily, to pound. (E.)
Der. stalk-ing- horse, a horse for stalking M. E. stampen. A. S. stempa>i (Jor*sta/?i-
game ; see Halliwell. pian).-^\)-a. stauipen, Icel. stappa, Swed.
Stall, a standing-place for cattle, &c. stampa, Dan. sta??ipe, G. stamp/en also ;
(E.) M. E. stal. A. S. steall, station, Gk. (TT(ix(3ea', to stamp.

stall. +Du. stal, Icel. stallr, Dan. staid, stampede, a panic (Span. — Teut.)
Swed. stall, G. stall. Teut. tj^ê *stalloz, Stampede is a sudden panic, causing cattle
perhaps for *stadloz ; cf. A. S. staîdan, to to take to flight and run for many miles
stand, E. stead; Gk. iyraO-pLvs, a stall L. ; any sudden flight due to panic — Span,
stab - luiiDi \iox '^st^dh-lom). Allied to (and Port.) estampido, a crash, sudden
Stead. Brugm. i.
593 (4). Der. stalled sound of anything bursting or falling.
ox, a fatted ox ; cf. Swed. dial, stalla.^ to Formed as if from a verb *esta/npir, akin
fatten, stalloxe, fatted ox (MoUer). to estampar, to stamp. The reference
stallion, an entire horse. (F. — appears to be to the noise made by the
O. H. G.^ E. stalon. - O. F. estalou
M. blows of a pestle upon a mortar. Of Teut.
(F. etalon\ a stallion so called because;
originsee Stamp above.
;
kept in a stall and not made to work. — Stanch, Staunch, to stop a flow of
O. H. G. stal (G. Stalin, a stall, stable ;
blood. (>. — L.) O. F. estancher, to
see Stall. stanch Walloon stanchi (Remade). —
;
Stalwart, sturdy. (E.) For stalworth. Late L. stancdre, to stanch, a variant of

M. E. stalworth, stelewtirtSe, stcalewnrde, Late L. type *stagnicdre, to catise to stag-
stalewicrde ; A. S. stcvl-wyTSe, pi., service- nate, from L. stagndre, to cease to flow;
able (said of ships) A. S. Chron. an. 896.
;
see Stagnate. «f[
It is probable that the
|3. Wefind A. S. gest''clan used as short sense was influenced b}' G. stangi, a pole,
for gestadclian. Hence Sievers explains a bar (Korting, § 7733). Der. stanch,
the form steel- or stSl- as being contracted adj., firm, sound, not leaky; cf. Y.4tanche,
from stomal, a foundation [or from a water-tight.
parallel form '^stcepi\ Thus stt^l-wyr(ie Stanchion, a support, beam, bar. (F.
is for*staSol - loyrde, lit. ' foundation- — L.) O. North F. estanchon. Norm. dial.
worthy,' i. e. firmly fixed, firm, constant etanchofi; M. Y .estanco}i,estanson, 'a prop,
cf. A.'S. stadol-fcest. steadfast. The A. S stay;' Cot. Not derived from the O. F.
stabel, staSol is allied to Stead. Cf. estancher, to prop (allied to E. stanch),
stead-fast. but a diminutive of O.F.t?j/a«c^, a situation^
514
STAND STARE
condition, also a stanchion (Scheler). — Staple a loop of iron. Ê.) A. S.
(i;,
Late L. stantia, a chamber, a house, lit. stapol, a post, pillar also, a step. Orig. ;
'that which stands firm.' — L. staiit-, stem sense a prop, something that holds finn.
of pres. pt. oi stare, to stand. See State. — A. S. stap-, base of stappan, strong
% But the word may have been confused verb, to step, tread firmly tf. stamp. ; +
with O. F. estaiicher, to prop (as above), Du. stapel, staple, stocks, a pile; Dan.
which is the same word as estancher, to stabel, Swed. stapel; G. staffel, a step,
staunch ; for which see Stanch. The stapel, a staple (below).
ultimate root is the same either wav. staple (2), a chief commodity of a
(VSTA.) place, (t. — Low G.) The sense has
Stand. (E.) A. S. sfandan, pt. t. siod, changed it formerly meant a chief market,
;
pp. 3tande7z.-{-lce\. siauda, Goth, standan ;

with reference to the plnce where things
cf. Du. staan (pt. t. stand) Swed. sta ;
were most sold. — O. F. estaple, ls\. F.
(pt. t. stod); G. stehe}i (pt. t. stand). estape, 'a staple, n mart or general market,
Cot. (F. itape.) —
;
Teut. type *standan-, pt. t. *stdth\ base a publique storehouse '
*stath, *stadj the n being orig. characteristic Low G. stapel, a heap hence a heap laid ;
of the pres. tense. Allied to L. stare, Gk. in order, store, store-house the same ;
eaTTjv, I stood,_Russ. stoiate, Skt. sthd^ to word as Staple (1). The Du. j/a/<?/ means
stand. (v'-'^TA.j See State. Tiev. stand, (1) a staple, (2) the stocks, (3; a pile or
sb. standisk, short for stand-dish, a stand-
; heap. AH from the notion of fixity or
ing dish for pen and ink. firmness.
Standard. (F. — L.) A.Y. estandard, Star. (E.) y[.Y. sterre. h.^.steorra.
a standard or ensign, O. F. estendard, a + Du. j/d-r; O.Yi.ij.sterro. Cf. Icel.
standard measure. The flag was a large stjar7ia, Dan. stierne, Swed. stjerna, Goth.
one, on a fixed (standing; pole and hence ;
St ail-no, G. stern ; also L. Stella (for *ster-
was modified by the influence of the verb la,, Gk. aarrip, Corn.stere?!, hiet.sterenji,
to stand. The O. Y. estendard, Ital. sten- W. seren, Skt. /«<>«. Oiig. sense uncertain.
dardo, are unmodified forms ; from L. Cf. Brugm. i.
§ 473 (2).
extend-ere, to extend with suffix -ard
; Star-board, the right side of a ship.
( = 0. H. G. -hart, suffix, orig. the same (E.) M. E. A. S. steorbord,
sterebou7-de.
as hart, hard). wSee Extend. i.e. the side on which the
steer-board,
Stang', a pole, stake. (Scand.) M. E. steersman stood ; in the first instance, he
stange.^Yz^. stong ''gen. stangar), a pole, used a paddle, not a helm. Cf. Icel.
stake Dan. stang, Swed. stang, Du. stang,
;
a stjorn, at the helm, or on the starboard
G. stange A. S. steng.
; From the 2nd side. — A. S. steor, a rudder or paddle to
grade of the verb to sting. Cf. Stake. steer with bord. board, border, edge or
;
Staniel, a kind of hawk. (E." A. S. side ; see Steer (2) and Board. The
stdngella lit. ; rock-yeller.' — A. S. stdn,
' O. H. G. stiiira '
G. stetier , means a prop,
rock (see Stone) and gellan, to yell (see
;
staff, paddle, rudder. alUed to Icel. stazirr,
Yell). a post, stake, Gk. oravpos. an upright pole

Stank, a pool, tank. (F.— L.) An old or stake. (^STEU, allied to ySTA.)
word once common. — Walloon stank,
; + Du. stuurboord, Icel. stjoriiborti, Dan.
O. F. estang, a pond. (The same as Prov. Swed. siyrbord; all similarly compounded.
estanc. Span, estattque, Port, tanque, a Starch. E.) Starch is stuff that
pond, pool., — L. stagnuni, a pool of i^tag-
I stiffens from the adj. Stark, stiff, strong.
;
nant or standing water. See Stagnate, Cf. G. Starke, (1) strength, (2) starch;
Stanch, Tank. from stark, adj.. strong.
Stannary, relating to tin-mines. (L.) Stare (i), to gaze fixedly. (E.) A. S.
Late L. stanjidria, a tin-mine. — L. stan- starian; from a Teut. adj. *J-/<2r^5, fixed,
man, tin. appearing in G. starr, fixed cf Skt. sthira-, ;
Stanza. (Ital. — L.) Ital. stanza, M. fixed, allied to sthd, to stand and Gk. ;
Ital. stantia, a lodging, chamber, dwell-

' orepfios, firm. (VSTA.) Du. staren + \
ing, also stance or staffe of verses Florio. ; ' Icel. stara, stira, to stare ; Swed. stirra,
So called from the stop or pause at the Dan, stirre, to stare ; O.H.G. staren.
end of it. — Late L. stantia, an abode. — % Hence *
staging hair '
is '
stiff- standing
L. stant-, stem of pres. pt. of stare, to hair.' Brugm, i. § 200.

stand ; see Stanchion, State. stare (2), to glitter. E.) M. E.
51.5
';
;
STARK STEAD
staren whence staring colours = bi ight stationem, ace. oi statio, a standing still.—
;
colours. The same word as stare (i) L. statuni, supine oi stare. Der. station-er, ;
from the glittering of staring eyes. orig. -a bookseller who had a station or
Stark, stiff, rigid, entire. (E.) A. S. stall in a market-place ; hence station-er-y,
stearc, stiff, strong. +Du. ste)-k, Icel. sterkr, things sold by a stationer. Also station-
Dan. stcerk, Swed. and G. stark. From ary, adj. See State.
Teut. verb *sterkan-, to stiffen of which ; statist, a statesman, politician. (F.—
the weak grade appears in Goth, ga-staurk- L. with Gk. suffix.')
; Coined from state
nan, to become dry, Icel. storkinn, pp. by adding -ist (L. -ista, Gk. -iaTr]i).
coagulated. Further allied to Lith. str'egti, Statne. (F.-L.) O. F. ^/a/z^^' (tri-
tobecome rigid, Pers. siitztrg, big, strong. syllabic).— L. statua, a standing image.—
Root STERG, extension of VSTER see L. statu-, for status, a position, standing. —
;
Stare (i). Der. stark, adv., as in stai'k L. statum, supine of stare, to stand.
mad. stature, height. (F. — E.) F. stature.
Stark-naked, quite naked. (E.) A — L. statura, an upright posture, height.
substitution for M. E. start-naked, lit. — L. statuni, supine oi stare, to stand.
'
tail-naked,' i. e. with the hinder parts status, condition. (L.) L. status see ;
exposed, but used in the sense of wholly State.

naked. From A. S. steort, a tail ; as in statute. (F.-L.) F. stotut.-l..
red-start, i. e. red-tail, a bird.-fDu, staart, statutuni, a statute; neut. oi statntus, pp.
Icel. stertr, Dan. stiert, Swed, stjert, G. of statuere, to place, set, causal of stare,
sterz, a tail ; cf Gk. aTopOrj, a spike. to stand.
Starling. (E.) M, E. sterling, double Staunch ; see stanch.
dimin. of M. E. stare, a starling. — A. S. Stave, piece of a cask, part of a piece
star, a starling. + Icel. starri, stari, Dan. of music. (E.) Merely another form of
steer,Swed. stare, G. staar, L. stiirniis. staff, due to M. E. dat. sing, staue {stave)
Cf. A. S. steam, a tern. and pi. staues {staves). Cf. Icel. stafr, a
Start, to move suddenly. (E.) M. E. staff, a stave ; Dan. stav, staff, stave, stave.
sterten; ^tA.stirte (Havelok, ^j'^), stzirte, See Staff.

storte (Layamon, 23951). Allied to Du. Stavesacre, the seeds of a larkspur
storten, to precipitate, fall, rush, G. stiirz- Delphinium staphisagria. (L. — Gk.)
en. Also, perhaps, to M. Du. steerten, to Lat. form of Gk. aTa<^h a-^pia where ;
run away.
flee, Some even connect it with dypia, wild, is from dypos, a field (E.
A.S. steort, a tail. See Stark-naked. acre).
Der. start-le : A. S. steartlian, to stumble. Stay (Ojto prop, delay, remain. (F.—
Starve. (E.) M.
E. steruen is t erven), M. Du.) M. F. estayer, 'to prop, stay ;
Cot. — M. F. estaye, sb. fem. a prop, stay

;'
to die (without reference to the means of '
death). A.S. steorfan, pt. t. stearf, pp. id. — M. Du. stade, also staeye, 'a prop,
storfen, to die whence -stierfan, to kill
; O. Flem. staey, a prop stay,' Hexham ; ;
(weak verb). +
Du. sterven, G. sterben. Stead. [The loss of ^ between allied to E.
Teut. type '^sterban-, pt. t. '^starb. Der. two vowels is usual in Dutch, as in broer,
starve-l-ing, doulile dimin., expressive of brother, teer (for teder), tender.] See
contempt starvation, a hybrid word, Stay (2).
;
introduced from the North about 1775. Stay (2), a rope supporting a mast. (E.)
State, a standing, position, condition, A. S. stcEg, a stay (whence F. etai, a ship's
&c. (F.-L.) O.Y.estat.-\.. station, 2izz. stay; Hatzfeld). Du. stag, Icel. Dan. +
of status, condition. — L. statuni, supine Swed. G. stag. Der. stay-sail. It is ^
of stare, to stand. 4-Gk. 'iarr)v. I stood difficult to decide whether E. stay (2) is a ;
Skt. sthd, to stand cognate with E. stand. survival of A. S. stceg, 'a. rope for a mast,'
;
(VSTA.) or is from O. F, estaye, a prop, for which

Statics, the science treating of bodies see Stay (i).
at rest. (Gk.) From Gk. arariKo^, at a Stays, a bodice. (F.-M. Du.) Merely
; 77 arariKT], statics.— Gk. craT-os,
standstill • a pi. of stay, a support. (So also bodice =
placed, standing verbal adj. from ara-,
; bodies.) See Stay (i).
allied to -arr]- in icrTT]fii, I place, stand. Stead. (E.) M. E. stede. A. S. stede,
(VST A.) a place.+Du, stede, stee, a place; cf. Du.

Station. (F.-L.) F. station. ^L. stad, a town, Icel. sta^r, statSa, a place
16
;
STEADFAST STEER
Dan. Swed. stad, town, Dan. sted, place sistance. Brugm.
ii. § 76. Der. steel,
G. stadt, statl, town, place, Goth, staths vb., A. S. sty Ian (Icel. stiela).
(gen. stadis), a place. Allied to L. statio, Steelyard (i). (Low G.) Said to be
a station; Gk. _o'Tao't?, Skt. sthiti-, a the yard in London where steel was sold
standing. (y^STA.) Der. home - stead, by German merchants (Stow) but really ;
bedstead. G. staal-hof, sample-yard,' from

for Low '
steadfast. (E.) A. S. stedcfcest, firm staal, a sample of goods see Bremen ;
in its place. — A. S. stede, place fiest, Wort. Low G. staal is from O. F. estale,
;
firm see Fast, -f- M. Du. stcdevast, Icel. a sample. — O. F. estaler

; see Stale (1). ;
statSfastr, Dan. stadfast. Steelyard (2), a kind of balance,

steady, firm. (E.) Spelt stedye in with unequal arms. (Low G.) Now
Palsgrave. (The sole example of stcdi generally misunderstood as meaning a yard
in Stratmann has another form and sense.) or bar of steel but really short for the ;
'
A new formation from stead, sb., with Steelyard beam,' or balance used in the
suffix -y suggested by steadfast.
; Steelyard; see Steelyard (i). 'The
Steak, a slice of meat for cooking. Stilliarde Berne' occurs in Letters and
(Scand.) M. E. steike. — Icel. steik, a Papers Foreign and Domestic, Hen. VIII.
I
steak so called from being stuck on a V. 104, col. 2.

; Hence prov. E. stillar,
wooden peg, and roasted before the fire ; stuliard.
cf. Icel. steikja, to roast on a spit or peg. Steenbok, a S. African antelope.
Allied to a stick and to Stick
Icel.i"/z-â, ; (Du.) Du. steenbok^ lit. rock-goat.'— Du. '
(i). +Swed. stek, roast meat, steka, to steen, stone, rock; bok, he-goat; see
roast ; allied to stick, a prick, sticka, to Buck (i).
stick, stab; Dan. steg, a roast, at vettde Steep (i \ precipitous. (E.) M. E. steep.
steg, to turn the spit. Cf. G. anstecken, to A. S. steap, steep, high. + Icel. steypbr,
put on a spit, anstecheji, to pierce. steep, lofty. Allied to stoop, whence the
Steal. (E.) A. S. stelan, pt. t. steel, pp. notion of sloping down, or tilted up; cf.
stolen.-\''D\x. stelen, Icel. stela, Dan. sticcle, Swed. stupande, sloping Norweg. stupa, ;
Swed. stjdla, G. stehlen, (ôth. stilan. to fall, stitp, a steep cliff. See Stoop.
Teut. type *stelan-, pt. t. ^stal, pp. '^stiil- steep (2), to soak in a liquid. (Scand.)
anoz. M. E. stepen, Icel steypa, to make to
Steam, sb. (E.) M. E. steem. A. S. stoop, overturn, pour out liquids, cast
steavi, vapour, smell, smoke. Du. stoom. + metals (hence to pour water over grain or
Der. steam, vb. steep it) causal of stupa, to stoop
;
see ;
Stearine, one of the proximate princi- Stoop. So also Swed. stopa, to cast
ples of animal fat. (F. — Gk.) F. stârhie ;
metals, steep corn Dan. stobe, the same.
;
formed, with suffix -ine, from Gk. a reap, steeple. (E.) O. Merc, stepel, A. S.
tallow, hardened fat. Allied to Gk. crrjuai, stypel, a lofty tower so called from its
;
to stand Brugm. ii. § 82. See Statics.

;
height. — A. S. steap, steep, high (with
steatite, a soft magnesian rock with a regular change from ea to j). Icel. +
soapy feel. (F. — Gk.) Formed with suffix stopidl; Low G. stipel.
-ite, from Gk. ariaT- as in aTiar-os, gen. Steer (1), a young ox. (E.) A. S. steor.
of ariap, tallow, fat. See above. + Du. and G. stier, a bull, Icel. stjorr,
Steed. (E.) M.E.stede. A.S. steda, Goth, sthir; Teut. type *steuroz, m.
a stud-horse, stallion, war-horse Teut. ; [Also '^theuroz, for Idg. *teiiros as in ;
type *stod-jou-. — A. S. stod, a stud (with the Icel. J>Jdrr, Swed. tjur, Dan. tyr, a steer.
usual change from to e). Cf. G. stute, Cf. also L. taurus, Gk. ravpos, Kuss.
a stud-mare Icel. stoQhestr, stud-horse,
; /«/.] p. The sense is ' full-grown ' or
stodf)ierr, stud-mare. See Stud (i). '
large,' as in Skt. sthiila- (for sthfira-),
Steel. (EO M. E. steel. O. Merc. great, large,powerful, sthfira-, a man,
steli A. S. style, which is a late Wessex
;
sthtlri, a pack-horse; cf. Zend staora-,
spelling. +Du. staal, Icel. stdl, Dan. staal, Pers. siitur, a beast of burden Der. stir-k, .
Swed. stdl, G. stahl, O. H. G. stahal. The a bullock, A. S. styr-ic (with vowel-change

O. H. G. stahal answers to O. Truss, stak- from eo \.o y) Low G. stark.
;
la-^ as in panu-sfakla-, steel for kindling Steer (2 to guide. (E.) M. E. steren.

,
fire; cf. also Skt. stak, to resist, Zend A. S. steoran, styran, to steer. 4" Du. stureHy
staxra-, strong. Named from its firm re- Icel. styra, Dan. styre, Swed. styra, G.
5 17
; ;
STELLAR STEVEDORE
sfeuern, to steer Goth, stiurjan, to con-
; stap^ G. stapfe, a footstep ; Russ. stopa,
firm, p. Weak verb
from the sb. appear-
; a step. Allied to Stamp.
ing in M. E. stere, Du. stum; Icel. siyri, Stepchild. (E.) A. S. steopcild; where
G. steuer, a rudder, still retained in siar~ cild—E. child; see Child. also find We
board; see Star-board. The O. H. G. A. S. steopbearn, step- bairn, stepchild.
stiura meant (i) a prop, staff, support, (2) steopfceder, stepfather, steopmodor, step-
a rudder and is allied to Icel. staurr, a
; mother, &c. p. The sense oi steop is or- '
stake. Noreen, § 143; Brugm. i. § 198. phaned,' and steopcild is the oldest com-
Stellar. (L.) L. 5/<?//ar/j-, starry. — L. pound we find A. S. dsteapte, pi., made
;
Stella, star; for '^ster-la, a dimin. form orphans, also O. H. G. stiufan, to deprive
allied to E. Star. Brugm. i. § 473. of parents. +Du. .y/z.?/7^zV/^, stepchild Icel. ;
Stem ( I ), trunk of a tree. (E.) M. E. stjupbarn, step- bairn Swed. styfbarn ; G.

;
stetn. A. S. stefn, stc/nn, (i) stem of a stiefkind.

tree ;(2) stem, prow of a vessel, for which Steppe, a large plain. (Russ.) Russ.
stefna (stcefiid) is also used. Apparently stepe,a waste, heath, steppe.
allied to Staflf but the primitive forms
; Stereoscope, an optical instrument for
are uncertain. +
Du. stam, trunk, steven, giving an appearance of solidity. (Gk.)
prow Icel. stafn, stani7i, stem of a vessel,
;
From Gk. o-repeo-s, solid, stiff; aKon-eiv, to
stofn, trunk Dan. staifime, trunk, stcevn,
;
behold.
prow Swed. stam^ trunk, stiif^ T^xow^fram-
; stereotype, a solid plate for printing.
stani, fore-stem, bak-stani, back-stem, (Gk.) Gk. orepeo-s, hard, solid ; and type,
stern G. stamni, trunk, vorder steven,
;
prow-post, stem, hinter steven, stern-post. Sterile. (F.-L.) O. F. sterile. ~L.

Some compare O. Irish ace of steHlis, barren. Cf. Gk.
tamon {IxJamhan), sterile m,
the stem of a tree. aitipaiiox *OTep-ya), a barren cow Goth. ;
stem (2\ prow of a vessel. (E.) See stairo, a barren woman. Brugm. i. § 838.
above. Sterling. (E.) M. E. sterling, a ster-
Stem (3), to check, stop. (E.) E. ling coin A. F. estej-ling. Said to be ;
Fries, stemmen, to check, stop, hinder. named from the Esterlings (i, e. easter-
So Icel. ste?fima. Dan. stem?ne, to dam up lings which the accent disproves. Per- ;
G. stennnen, to dam up water, check, haps M. E. sterling =^ starling; with refer-

From
resist. Teut. '^stam, to stop ; see ence to the four birds seen on many coins
Stammer. of Edward the Confessor. See Starling.
Stench, sb. (E.) A. S. stenc, a strong Stern ( I ), severe, austere. (E.) M. E.
smell, often in the sense of fragrance.— Sterne, sturne. A. S. styr7ie, stern. Allied
A. S. static, 2nd grade of stincan, to stink, to G. storrig, morose, stubborn ; Goth.
also to smell sweeily. -^(j. ge-stank. See and-stcntrran, to murmur against.
Stink. Stern (2), hind part of avesseh (Scand.)
Stencil, paint in figures by help
to Icel. a steering, steerage, helm
stjorn,
of a pierced plate. (F. — L.) From O. F. hence a name for the hind part of a vessel.
estenceler, to sparkle, also to cover with Cf. Icel. stjor-i, a steerer, allied to E.
stars, to adorn with bright colours (Gode- steer (2).
froy). — O. F. estencele, a spark. — L. type Sternutation, sneezing. (L.) L. ster-
^stincilla, mistaken form of L. scintilla, a nUtdtio, a sneezing. — L. sternntdtus, pp.
spark. See Scintillation. of sternUtdre, to sneeze, frequentative of
Stenography, shorthand writing. sternuere, to sneeze. Allied to Gk. Trrdp-
(Gk.) From Gk. ar^vo-s, narrow, close ;
vvaQai, to sneeze.
ypacp-€cv, to write. Stertorous, snoring. (L.) Coined from
Stentorian, extremely loud. (Gk.) L. stertere, to snore.
From Gk. Srej/Tcup, Stentor, a Greek at Stethoscope, the tube used in aus-
Troy, with a loud voice (Homer). — Gk. cultation, as applied to the chest. (Gk.)
(TT€v-€iv, to groan; with suffix -Tojp. (y' Lit. chest-examiner.'
' — Gk. cttjOo-s, chest
STEN.) See Stun. (TKOTT-€iv, to consider.
Step, a pace, degree, foot-print. (E.) Stevedore, one who stows a cargo.
M. E. steppe. From A. S. steppan, stcep- (Span. —
Span, estivador, a wool-
L.)
tan (for ^stapjan), a str. verb with a weak packer; hence a stower of wool for
present ; pt. t. stop, pp. stapen. Cf. Du. exportation, and generally, one who stows
;
STEW STILL
a cargo. —
Span, estivar, to compress wool, a stick, E. Fries, stikke, stik ; Du. stek ;
to stow a cargo. — L. sfjpdre, to press G. stecken.

together. Allied to Stiff. Cf. Span. stickleback, a small fish. (E.) So
estiva, O. F. estive^ stowage ; Ital. stiva, called from the stickles or small prickles on
ballast. its back. Stick-le is a diinin. of stick \2) ;
Stew, to boil slowly. (F. — Teut.) AL E. cf. E. Fries, slikel, a thorn.
shnven, orig. to bathe formed from the

; Stickler, one who parts combatants, or
old sb. stew in the sense of bath or hot- settles disputes between two who are fight-
house (as it was called) the pi. stews ; ing. {K.) Now
only used of one who in-
generally meant brothels. An Anglicised sists on etiquette or persists in an opinion.
form of O. F. esttive, a stew, stove, hot- Corruption of a sb. Ibrmcd from M. E.
house (F. //wz;^). — O. H. G. stupa, a hot stightlen, stightlien, to dispose, order,
room for a bath (mod. G. stiibe, a cham- arrange, govern, subdue; commonly used
ber). Allied to Stove, q. v. The ^ of a steward who arranged matters, acting
history of O. F. estuve and of O. IT G. as a master of ceremonies. See Will, of
stiipa is much disputed. Palerne, 1199, 2899, 3281, 3841, 5379;
Steward. (E.) K.^. stizveard,stiward, Destruction of Troy, 117, 1997, 2193,
a steward. Lit. ' a sty-ward ' from A. S. ;
13282, &c. This M. E. stightlen is a
stigit, a farmyard, weard. a ward. The frequentative of A. S. stihlan, stihtian, to
orig. sense was one who looked after the control. Cognate with M. Du. sticliten,
domestic animals, and gave them their food to build, impose a law ; Dan. stifle, to
hence, one who provides for his master's institute, Swcd. stifta, slikta, G. sliflen,
table, or who superintends household to found, institute. Cf. also Icel. stitt (for
affairs. We
also find stJwita, stigzvita, a *stikti-^, a foundation, base.
steward, where the former element is the Stiff. (K.) M. r:. sti/. A. s. sir/, stiff.
same. See Sty (i) and "Ward. -f Low G. j///(Danneil) ; Du. slij/, Dan.
Stick (i), to stab, pierce, thrust in, ad- stiv, Swed, Allied to Lith. stiprus,
stjf.
here. iÊ.) The orig. sense was to sting, strong, stip-ti, to be stiff, I,, stipes, a stem,
pierce, stab, fasten into a thing ; hence, to stipdre, to pack tight, stipiihis, firm.
be thrust into a thing, to adhere. verbs Two stifle. (Scand.) XVI. cent. From
are confused in mod. E., viz. (i) stick, to Icel. sttjla, to dam up, choke; Norweg.
pierce ; (2 ) stick, to be fixed in. a. find We stivia, to stop, hem in, lit. to stiffen;
(i) M. E. steken, strong verb, to pierce, stivra, to stiffen ; frequentatives of Norw.
pt, t. stak, pp. steken, s liken answering to;
stiva, Dan. stive, to stiffen. All from the
an A. S. *stecan, pt. t. *stcec, pp. *stecett adj. above. ^ The prov. \L stive, to stuff,
(not found) cognate with O. Fries, steka,
;
from O. F. estiver, to pack tight, is ult.
O. Sax. stekan (pt. t. stak), E. Fries. from the same root see Stevedore. ;
steken, Low G. steken (pt. t. stak. pp. Stigmatise. (F.-Gk.) Y.stiginatiser,
steken) G. stechen (pt. t. stack, pp. ge-

;
to brand with a hot iron, defame. Gk. —
stochen). Teut. type *stekan- (pt. t. *stak) ;
(XTiyfiari^dv, to mark, brand. — Gk. criy-
transferred to the ^-series from an older juaT-, base of (niyiM, a prick, mark, brand.
type *steikan- (weak grade stik) ; cf. Goth. — Gk. ariêiv (= *oriy-yfiv\ to prick.
staks, a mark, stiks, a point. Further Allied to Stick (I). (VSTEIG.)
allied to Gk. ariêiv (= (XTiy-yeiv), to Stile (i), a set of steps for climbing
prick, L. itistlgare, to prick, Skt. tij, to be over. (E.) 1,1. 'E. stile. A.^. stigel,SisU\e.
sharp; and to E. Sting. (VSTEIG.) — A. S. stig-, weak grade of stigan, to
p. Wealso find (2) A. S. stician, pt. i. stic- climb with suffix -el.
; See Stair. + M.
ode, weak verb; allied to Icel. stika, to Dn. and O.H.G. stichel.
drive piles, Swed. sticka, Dan. stikke, to Stile (2), the correct spelling of Style
stab, sting, G. stecken, to stick, set, also (r\ q.v.
stiletto, a small dagger. (Ital.-L.)
to stick fast, remain.
stick (2), a small branch of a tree. a dagger; dimin. of M. Ital.
Ital. stiletto,
(E.) M. A. S. sticca, a stick,

E. stikke. stilo, a dagger. -L. stilum, ace of stilus^
peg, nail. from its piercing or

So called an iron pin; see Style (iV
sticking into anything the orig. sense ; Still (i\ motionless. (E.' M. E. stille.
A. S. stille, still; cf. siillan, vb., to re-
being 'peg,' also a small bit of a tree.
Allied to Stick (i) above. +Icel. stika, main in a place or stall. For *steljoz\
5
+ ; '
STILL STOCK
allied to A. S. stellaii, to place, from A, S. dots. (Du.) Du. stippelen, to speckle, dot
stal, a place; cf. sieall ; see Stall. + over. — Du. dimin. of
stippel, a speckle;
Du. stil, still, stillen, to be still, stellen, stip, a point. Allied to Low G. stippelen,
to place, from sfal, a stall ; Dan. siille, to drip as raindrops (Danneil), stippen, to
Swed. siilla, G. si ill, still ; Dan. siille, to speckle G. steppen, to stitch, stif t, a tack,
;
still, also to place, Swed. slilla, to quiet peg, pin.

G. place; Dan.
slillen, to still, stellen, to Stipulation, a contract. (F.-L.) F.
staid, Swed. G. stall, a stall. Der. still, stipulation. — L. ace. stipuldtioneni, a
adv., A. S. stille, continually, ever. covenant. — L. stipuldtus, pp. oi stipiildrT,
Still (2), to distil, trickle down. (L. ;
to settle an agreement. — O. Lat. stipulus,
07-Y. — L.) In some cases, it represents firm, fast allied to stipes, a post.
; Not %
L. stilldre, to fall in drops; more often, it from stipiila, a straw, though this is an
is short for Distil, q. v. allied word.
still (3), sb., an apparatus for distilling. Stir. (E.) M. E. stii-en, sturen. A. S.
(L.) Short for M. E. stillatorie, a still, styrian, to move, stir. Allied to Icel.
from stilldt'US, pp. of stilldre (above). styj-y, a stir Du. stoi-en, Swed. stora, G.
;
Stilt. (Scand.) M. E. ^////^. - Swed. storen, to disturb, O. H. G. storen, to

stylta, Dan. stylte, a stilt Dan. sty lie, to ; scatter, destroy, disturb. Teut. types
walk on stilts. 4-Du. stelt; G. stelze, a '^sturjan-, ^stawjan- (Franck). Prob. allied
stilt O. H. G. stelza, prop, crutch. Per-
;
to Storm.
haps allied to Stalk (i) cf. E. Fries. ; Stirk; see Steer (i).
sttlte, a stem, stalk. Stirrup. (E.) For j-/>'-r<?/f , i. e. a rope
Stimulate. (L.) From pp. of L. to mount by the orig. stirrup was a looped
;
stimiildre, to prick forward. — L. .yZ/ww/.'/i-. rope for mounting into the saddle. M. E.
a goad. stirop. A. S. sti-rdp, stig-rdp. — A. S.
Sting. (E.) A,
stang, S. stingan, pt. t. stig-, weak grade mount rap,
of stigan, to ;
pp. stungen.-^lztX. stinga, Swed. stinga, a rope; see Stair and Rope.+Icel. stig-
Dan. stinge. Teut. type *stengan-. Der. reip, Du. steg-reep, G. steg-reif.
stang. Stitch, a pain in the side, a passing
stingy, mean. (E.) The same as through stuff of a needle and thread. (E.)
Norfolk stingy, pronounced (stin-ji), nip- M. E. stiche. A. S. slice, a pricking sensa-
ping, unkindly, ill-humoured. Merely the tion. — A. S. slician, to prick, pierce. See
adj. from sting, sb., which is pronounced Stick (i).
(stinj) in Wiltshire. So also '6\Ntd,.sticken, Stith, an anvil. (Scand.) M. E. stith.
from sticka, to sting.
pettish, fretful, — Icel. steH, an anvil allied to staQr, a ;
Stink. (E.) A. S. stincan, pt. t. stanc, fixed place ; named from its firmness see ;
pp. stuncen. +
Du. stinken, Dan. slinke, Stead. +
Swed. stdd, an anvil M. Du. ;
Swed. stinka, G. stinken. Cf. Gk. 70770?, stiet. Der. stith-y, properly a smithy, but
rancid. M. E. stethi.
also an anvil, like
Stint, to limit, restrain, cut short. (E.) Stiver, a Dutch penny. (Du.) Du.
Orig. to shorten.'
'
M. E. stititen (also stiiiver, a Perhaps orig. bit
small coin. '
stentan). A. S. styntan, in fof-styntan, or small piece. Franck connects it with

properly ' to make dull formed from '
; Low G. stuuf, stumpy, Icel. stilfr, a stump,
A. S. stunt, stupid, by vowel-change from Icel. styfa, to cut off.
u to y. The peculiar sense is Scand. Stoat, an animal. (Scand.) A late
Icel. stytta (for ^styjita), to shorten, from word; stole, Phillips, 1706; Levins, 1570.
stuttr, short, stunted Swed. dial, stynta,;
M. E. slot, a stoat, also a bull, stallion.
to take short steps, from stunt, short ;
See Stot.
Dan. dial, stynte, to crop. See Stunted. Stoccado, StOCCata, a thrust in
Stipend, L. stipendiinn,
salary. (L.) fencing. (Ital. — Teut.)
Stoccado is an
a tax, tribute for *stip-pendiut7i, a pay-
; accommodated form, as if it were Spanish.
ment in money. — L. slip-, stem of slips, - Ital. stoccata, a foyne, thrust,' Florio. -
'
small coin pende7-e, to weigh out, pay

; ;
Ital. stocco, a short sword, a tuck,' Florio
'
;
see Pendant. p. Slips is supposed to with pp. suffix -ata.-~G. stock, a stick,
mean pile of money
'
cf. stipdre, to heap '
; staff, trunk, stump; cognate with E.
together. stock.
Stipple, to engrave by means of small stock, a post, &c. (E.) The old sense
5
;
STOCKADE STOT
was a stump ; hence a post, trunk, stem, sto/, Goth, stols, seat, chair ; G. stithi, chair,
a fixed store, fund, capital, cattle, stalk, pillar. _ Lit. '
that which stands firm.'
butt-end of a gun, &c. A. S. stocc, stock, (V^TA.) Brugm. § 191. i.
stump. +
G. stock, O. H. G. stock Du. ; Stoop (0, to lean forward. (E.) Prov.
stok, I eel. stokkr, Dan. stok, Swed. stock. \i.st07up\ M.E. stoupen. A. S. stiipian.
Allied to A. S. stykke, G. stiick, a bit, -|-M. Du. stuypen, O. Jccl. stupa, to stoop ;
fragment. Swed. stupa, to tilt, fall. Allied to Steep

Stockade, a breastwork formed of {i\
stakes. (Span. — Teut.) Coined as if Stoop (2), a see Stoup.
beaker ;
from E. stock (above) but adapted from ; Stop. (L.) Of

L. origin. U.\l. stop-
Span, estacada, a palisade, fence. —Span. pen, A. S. -stoppian, to stop up so also Du. ;
estaca, a stake, pale. — M. Du. stake, Du. stoppen, to stop, stuff, cram, Swed. stoppa,
staak, a stake see Stake.
;
Dan. stoppe. G. stopfcn Ital. stoppare, ;
Stocking. (E.) Stocking is a dimin. to stop up with tow, Late L. stuppdre, to

form of stock, used as short for nether-stock. stop up with \o\s, cram, stop. All from
'
Un bas des chausses, a stocking, oi- 7iether- L. stupa, stuppa, coarse part of flax, hards,
stock ;
Cot.
' The clothing of the lower oakum, tow. Cf. Gk. arvvr], crrinnTT), the
part of the body consisted of a single same. Der. stopp-le, i.e. stopper; also
garment, called hose, in F. chausses. It estop, A. F. es toper, from Late L. stuppdre.
was afterwards cut in two at the knees, and Storax, a resinous gum. (L. — Gk.) L.
divided into tipper-stocks, and ttether-stocks storax, styrax. — Gk. arvpa^.
or stockings. In this case, stock means a Store, sb. (F.
L.) —
'isl.^.stor^stoor,
piece or stump, a piece cut off; see Stock. provisions. — O.
F. estor, store, provisions
Stoic. (L.-Gk.) L. Stoicus. - Gk. (Godefroy) Late L. staurum, the same
;
'%i(iSiKos, a Stoic lit. belonging to a

;
' as instaurufn, store.- L. instaurCire, to
colonnade,' because Zeno taught under a construct, build, restore Late L. instaurdre,
;
colonnade at Athens. — Gk. oroa, aroia (for to provide necessaries. — L. in, in *stau- ;
*(TTof-yd), a colonnade, row of pillars cf. ;

rdre, to set up, place, also found in re-
arv-ôs, a pillar. (-y^STEU.) staurdre, to restore. From an adj.
Stoker, tends a fire.
one who
(Du.) *staurus = Skt. sthdvara-, fixedj cf. Gk.
Orig. used to mean one who looked after a araypoj, an upright pole. (VSTA.^ Der.
fire in a brew-house (Phillips). — Du. stoker, store, vb., O. F. estorer, from Late L.
'a kindler, or setter on fire,' Hexham.— staurdre = instaurdre.
Du. stoken, to kindle a fire, stir a fire. Stork, bird. (E.) A. S. store. \-V)yx.
Allied lo Du. stok, a stock, stick (hence, a stork, Icel. storkr, Dan. and Swed. stork;
poker for a fire) cognate witli Stock. Cf.
; G. storch. Cf. Gk. roprôs, a large bird
Westphal. stoken.^ to poke a fire. (vulture, swan), Prob. allied to Stark.
Stole, long robe, scarf. (L. — Gk.) L. Storm. (E.) A. S-.y/'^rw, storm. -f- Icel.
stola. — ijV. aroXi], equipment, robe, stole. stornir, Du. Swed. Dan. storm, G. sturm.
— Gk. oTiWiiv, to equip. I
Teut. type *stur-inoz. From the same
Stolid, stupid. (L.) I>. stoliduSy firm, root as E. Stir.
stock-like, stupid. I
Story (0. (F. -L.-Gk.) U.¥..storie.
Stomach. (F.- L.-Gk.) "Sl.-E.stomak. - A. F. storie (Bartsch), O. F. estoire,
— O. F. estomac. — l^. ace. storfiachtim.^ a history, tale. — L. historia.-^GV. Icrropia,
Gk. OTOfiaxos, mouth, stomach gullet, information see History.
;
dimin. of arona, mouth. Brugm. i. § 421. Story (2), set of rooms on a level or flat.
Stone. (E.) M.E.stoon. A.S.stcfn.-\- (F. — L.) Orig. merely 'a building' or
Du. steen, Icel, steznn, Dan. Swed. sten, '
thing built.' - O. F. estorc'e, a thing
G. stein, Goth, stains. Cf. Gk. (Ttiol, sl built; fem. of pp. of estorer, to build.—
stone O. Bulgarian stena, Russ. stiena,
;
Late L, staurdre, for L. instaurdre,
a wall. Der. stan-ie/. to construct, build, &c. See Store. Der.
Stock, a shock of com. (E.) It clerestory, i. e. clear-story, stury lighlcd
answers to A. S. *stoc, from *stok-, strong with windows, as distinct from blind-story.
grade of *stak-, as in E. Stack. +Low G. Stot, stallion, bullock. (E.) M.E.
stuke, a stook Swed. dial, stuke. stot. Cf. Icel. stiitr, a bull. Swed. stut,
;
Dan. stud, a bull allied to Swed. stota, to

Stool. (E.) M.E. stool. A. S. stol, ;
seat. +
Du. stoei, Icel. sto//, Dan. Swed. push, G. stossen.
5 21
'; .
STOUP STRAW
Stoup, Stoop, fiagon. (M. Du.) M. E. Strait, adj. (F, - L.) M. E. streit. -
— M. DiT. stoop, a large cup (Kilian) A. F. estreit (F. ^troit), narrow,
slope. ;
strict.—
Du. stoop, a gallon; cf. Icel. staup, a L. strictum, 2icc. oi strictus ; see Strict.
knobby lump, also a stoup Low G. stoop, Strand ( I ), shore. (E.) K.S.strand.-^-
;
a stoup (whence Swed. stop, three pints Icel. str'dnd (gen. strandar), margin, edge
; ;
Dan. dial, stob, a stoup). -|- A. S. steap, Dan. Swed. G. strand.

a cup G. stauf, a cup. Allied to A. S.
; Strand (2), thread of a rope. (Du.)
steap, steep perhaps as being high and The final d is added. — Du. streen, a skein,
;
upright see Steep (i), and Stoop.

; hank of thread. G. strdhne, a skein, +
Stout. (F.-O. LowG.) M.'E.siout.- hank, O. H. G. streno. Cf. Du. striem,
O. F. esto2{t, stout, bold.-M. Du. stolt, a stripe.
stout, stout, bold Low G. stolt, A. S. stolt,
; Strange, (F.-L.) O. F.
foreign, odd.
the same. +
G. stolz, proud. Perhaps all estrange. — L.
extrdneum, ace. of extra-
from L. stulttis, foolish, foolhardy. Der. nens, foreign, on the outside. — L. extra,
stout, sb., a strong beer. without. See Extra and Estrange.
Stove. (E.) A. S. stofa.-\-yi. Du. stove, Strangle, to choke. (F.-L.-Gk.)
'a stewe, hot-house, or a baine,' Hex- O. F. estrangler. — l^, stranguldre. — Gk..
ham Low G. stove; cf. Icel. stofa, sttifa,
; GTpa'^'âKuiiv, aTpayyaXi^dv to strangle. ,
a bath-room with a stove G. sttibe, ;

— Gk. (TTpayydXT], a halter. — Gk. arpayyos,
O.H.G. stupa, a room (whence Ital. stufa, twisted. Allied to String and Strict.
F. ^ticve). See Stew. strangury. (L.-Gk.) \.. stranguria.
Stover, food for cattle. (F.-L.?) In — Gk. o-Tpa77oi;/3ta, retention of urine, when
Shak. M. E. stoiter {stover), necessaries.
; it falls by drops. — Gk. arpa'^y-, base of
— O. F. estover, estovoir, necessaries orig. ; (TTpdj^, a drop, that which oozes out (allied
the infin. mood of a verb which was used to (TTpayyos, twisted) ; ovp-ov, urine.
impersonally with the sense 'it is necessary.' Strap. (L.) Prov. E. strop ; A. S.
Perhaps from L. est opus (Tobler). stropp. — L. struppus (also stropptis), a
Stow, to pack away. (E.) M. E. sfowe7i^ strap, thong, fillet. (Hence F. ^trope.)
lit. to put in a place. — A. S. stowigan Strappado. (Ital. — Teut.) A modified
(Sweet) from storv, a place. Icel. ,?/(i-i'/J,
; + form of strappata was used
(just as stoccado
fire-place. Also Lith. stowa, place where a pulling, a
for stoccata^.'^W.'sX. strappata,
a thing stands, from stoti, to stand. wringing, the strappado. —Ital. strappare,
(VSTA.) to pull, wring. — H. G. (Swiss) strapfen,
Straddle. (E.) Formerly striddle pull tight, allied to G. straff, tight,
to
(Levins) frequentative of Stride.
; Low G. or Du. Du. straf-
borrowed from —
Straggle. (E.) Formerly stragle. fen, to punish, from straf, severe ; cf. E.
For strackle; cf prov. E. strackle-braincd, Fries, strahhen, to be stiff.
thoughtless. Apparently the frequentative Stratagem. (F. L. Gk.) M. F. - -
of M. E. strdken, to roam, wander P. stratageme. — L. strategema.
; Gk, arparrf- —
Plowman's Crede, 82 ; with a shortened yrjpa, the device of a general. Gk. arpa- —
before k-l. Cf. M. Dan. strage, to wander; TTjyos, general leader. — Gk. ffrpar-os, army, ,
Swed. dial, strakla, to stagger, totter, may camp dy-€iv, to lead. The Gk, arparos ;
be related. is allied to aropvvfxt, I spread. See

Straight. (E.) M. E. strei^t, orig. pp. Stratum.
of M. E. strecchen, to stretch; A. S. streht, strategy. (F. — L. — Gk.) Y.stratigie,
pp. of streccan, to stretch see Stretcli. ;
— L. strattgia.'-G^. arpaTrfyia, general-
Der. straight, adv., M. E. strei^t; straight- ship. — Gk. arpaT-qyus (above).
way straight-en.
; Strath, a fiat valley. (C.) Gael, srath,
Strain (i ), vb. (F. L.) From estraign-, — a valley with a river, low-lying country be-
;
a stem of M. F. estraind?'e, ' to wring hard side a river Irish srath,sratka, the bottom
;
Cot. — L. stri;tgere, to draw tight. See of a valley, fields beside a river W.ystrad, ;
Stringent. a flat vale. Allied to Stratum (below)

Strain (2), descent, lineage, birth. (E.) Stratum. (L.) L. strdtum, a layer,
Straiji in Shak. strene in Spenser. M. E.
; that which is spread flat neut. of stratus,;
streen, Chaucer, C.T., CI. Tale, 157. A.S. pp. of stcrnere, to spread, -f Gk. aTupvvjxi,
streon, gain, product, lineage, progeny I spread out. (VSTER.)
whence strynan^ to beget. Straw, sb. (E.) A. S. streaw (streow).
5
;;
STRAW-BERRY STRIKE
+Du. stroo, Icel. strd, Dan. straa, Swed. strdcka; G. strecken, from s track, adj.,
st7-d, G. stroh. Teut. type *stratuo7n, tight. Perhaps allied to Strong.
n. Allied to L. st?-dmen, straw, sternere,\.o Strew, Straw, vb. (E.) M. E.
strew see Strew, Stratum.
; stre-iven. A. S. strcouna)}, to strew, scatter.
straw-berry. (E.) A.S. strcaw- Closely allied to A. S. streaw, straw. +Du.
berigc, straw-berry ; perhaps from its pro- strooijen, to strew, allied to stroo, straw
paG[ation by runners cf. strew. ; G. streuen, to strew, allied to stroh, straw ;
Stray, to wander. (F. — L.) O. F. Goth, straujan fpt. t. straivida), to strew.

estt-aier, to wander ; orig. to rove about From a derivative of the root STER. as
the streets or ways. Cf. Prov. estradicr, a in L. ster-nere i^pt. t. strain'), to strew ;
wanderer in the streets, one who strays, cf. Gk. crvpvviu, I spread Skt. str, to ;
from Prov. estrada ( = O. F. cstree) , a spread. See Stratum. Brugnu i. § 570.

street M. Ital. stradiotto, a wanderer, from Der. bestrew.
;
strada, street. — L. strata, a street ; see Stricken; see Strike.

Street. Der. stray, estray, sb. Strict. (L.) \.. St rictus, 1^^. C)i strin-
Streak, a line or long mark. (E.) gere. to tighten, draw together, &c. See
M. E. streke, more commonly j'/r/Z'^. A. S. Stringent. Doublet, strait.
strica^ from *stric-, weak grade of stj-ican, Stride, vb. (E.) M. E. striden, pt. t.
to stroke, rub. Cf. E. Fries, streke, strdke, strad, strood. A. S. stridan, to stride, pt.
a stroke, streak 'Dw. streek ^\vQ^.sti-eck, t. strdd [rzLxe but cf. bestrdd. M\i. Horn,
; ; ',
a dash, streak, line Dan. streg, the same. ii. 136). So also Low G. striden (pt. t.
;
Also Goth, striks, a stroke with the pen sireed), to strive, to stride; Du. strijden,
;
G. sirich, from Teut. *i'/;7"/C\ weak grade of G. streiten, Dan. stride, strong verbs, to
*streika7i- see Strike.
; Cf. also L. striga, strive, contend Icel. strida, Swed. strida, ;
a swath, furrow. weak verbs, to strive, p. Teut. type

Stream. (E.) A. S. streaiyi. +
Du. "^streidan-, pt. t. *straid, pp. *stridanoz ;
stroom, Icel. straiimr, Swed. Dan. strom, whence also Icel. strJQ, woe, strife strlSr, ;
G. Strom. Teut. type *straumoz, m. hard, stubborn. Cf. Skt. sridh. to assail
Allied to Russ. striiia, Irish sruaim, a also, an enemy. The orig. sense was * to
stream. All from y'SREU, to flow, which contend,' hence to take long steps (as if
in Teut. and Russ. became STREU cf. in contention with another).
; Der. be-
Skt. sru, Gk. pUiv {for * a ptf-eiv), to flow. st r-ide, st7-id, straddle, strife, strive.
Cf. Bheum. -
strife. ^ F. Scand.) O. F. estrif. strife.
Street. (L.) A.S. street; O.Merc. Apparently modified from Icel. strJd, strife,
stret a very early loan-word
;
cf. Du. contention. Cf. O. Sax. and O. Fries, strld.
;
straat, G. strasse. — h. strata, i. e. strata strife Du. strijd; G. streit. From the
;
Ilia, a paved way strdta\>€vi\^ fem. of pp. verb Stride (above).

;
The connexion %
oi sternere, to strew, pave. with G. streben, Du. streven, is obscure.
Strength. (E.) A. S. strengdti ;
(for Der.strive, vb., q. v.
*strang-i-tini). — A. S. Strang, strong. See Strike, to hit. (E.) M. E. striken, orig.
Strong. to proceed, advance, to flow; hence used
Strenuous. (L.) Y,. strenn-us ,\\gox- of smooth swift motion, to strike with a
ous, active; with suffix -^^^j. Gk. aTpr]UT}s, + rod or sword. The verb is strong pt. t.;
strong, allied to arepeos, firm. strak, pp. striken ; the phrase stricken in
'
Stress, strain. (F. L.) Sometimes — years ' meant * advanced in years.' A. S.
short for distress; see Distress. Other- strTcaji, togo, proceed, advance swiftly and
wise, from O. F. estrecier, estressier, to smoothly; pt. t. strac, pp. stricen.'^Dn.
straiten, pinch, contract. This answers to strijken, to smooth, rub, stroke, spread,
a Folk-L. type *strectiare, regularly formed strike G. streichen, the same. [Cf. Icel.
;
from L. stricttts, tightened see Strict. ;

strjiika, to stroke, rub, wipe, strike; Swed.
Stretch. (E.) M. E. strecchen. - A. S. stryka, Dan. stryge, the same.] Allied to
streccan, pt. t strehte, pp. streht. Formed L. stringere, to graze, touch lightly with a
as a causal verb from A. S. strcBC, hard, swift motion striga, a row of mown bay.
;
rigid, violent, strong. Thus stretck = to Der. strike, sb., the name of a measure,
make stiff or hard, as in straining a cord. orig. an instrument with a straight edge
+Du. strekken, to stretch, from strak, for levelling (striking off) a measure of
stretched, tight, rigid ; Dan. strcekke, Swed. grain. Also streak, stroke.
23
+
STRING STRYCHNINE
String. (E.) A. S. streng, cord ; from Strong. (E.) A. S. Strang, si}'07ig.-\-
its being tightly twisted. strung, — A. S. Du. streng, Icel. strangr, Dan. streng,
strong, violent. Cf. Gk, orpayyaKi], a Swed. Strang; Cj. streng, strict. Cf. Gk.
halter; from arpayyos, tightly twisted. (Trpayyos, tightly twisted.
Du. streng, string, allied to streng, severe ; Strop, a piece of leather, for sharpening
so also Icel. st^-engr, Dan. strceng, Swed. razors. (L.) A. S. stropp, a strap, from
Strang, G. Strang, cord, string. See L. ; see Strap. Cf. Westphal. stivp.
Strong. Strophe, part of a poem or dance.
Stringêut. L. stringent-, stem of (Gk.)
(L.) Gk. arpoc/)?;, a turning; the turning
pres. pt. of stringere, to draw tight, com- of the chorus, dancing to one side of the
press, urge, also to graze, stroke; pp. orchestra, or the strain sung during this
strictus. Perhaps allied to Strike. evolution the strophe, to which the anti- ;
Strip. (E.) M. E. stripen. A. S. strie- strophe answers. — Gk. arptcpciv, to turn.

pan, strypan, to plunder, strip in com p. Strow; see strew. ;
be-strypan.-\-T)w. stroopen, to plunder; E. Structure. (,F. — L.) F.strttcture.^h.

Fries, stropen, strdpen G. streifen, from strnctura, a structure. — L. structus, pp. of
;
M. H. G. stroufejt. Teut. type '^straupjan- struere, to build, orig. to heap together. ;
from the 2nd grade of the strong verb Struggle, vb. (F.-M.Du. ?) M.E.
*streupan-, for which cf Norw. strUpa, to strogelen, stj'ugelen apparently from A.F. ;
grip, to throttle, pt. t. straup. Der. strip, es- (L. ex) ]Drefixed to M. Du. truggelen
sb., a piece stripped off; see below. (Du. troggelen), Low G. triiggehi, to beg
Stripe. (r)u.) Orig. a streak M. E. persistently, M'hich prob. also had the ;
stripe ; not an old word prob. a weaver's same sense as E. Fries. truggeln,\.o struggle
;
term. — M. Du. strijpe, a stripe in cloth, against, as when a horse jibs or refuses to
variant of strcpe (Kilian) Du. streep\ move forward, also to beg persistently.
;
Low G. stripe, a stripe, -j- Norw. stripa, All from Teut. base '^tJwiig-, as in Icel.
Dan. stribe, a stripe, streak G. streifen, J>i'uga, Dan. true, to press, ultimately
;
M. H. G. streif. From a Teut. base *streip, related to A. S. pryccan, G. driicken^ to

allied to *streik see Strike. Cf O. Irish press.
; (Doubtful.)
sriab, a stripe. ^
Low G. stripe, a stripe, Strum, to thrum on a piano. (E.)
also means a strip of cloth although st?'ip An imitative word. Made by prefixing an
;
belongs strictly to the verb above. intensive s- ( = 0. F. es- = 'L. ex), very, to
Stripling. (E.) A
double dimin. from the imitative word trum (also thrzim), as
strip, variant of stripe hence a lad as thin seen in Low G. trunnjieti, Du. tro7}unen,
;
as a strip, a growing lad not yet filled out. to drum see Drum and Thrum. ;
Strive. (F. — Scand.) M. E. striimi Strumpet. (F. - Teut. ?) M. E. stroni-

{striveti), properly a weak verb. — O. F. pet. The form answers to O. F. "êstrotn-
estriver, to strive Walloon striver. — O. F. pctte (not found), as if from M.Du. strompe,
;
estrif, strife see Strife.

; a stocking. Or (if the vi be an insertion)
Stroke (i), a blow. (E.) M. E. strook. it is from O. F. strupe, Late L. struptim,
From strdc, 2nd grade of A. S. strican, to dishonour, violation; from L. stnpriun.
strike. Cf. G. stretch, a stroke. (Unexplained.)
stroke (2), to rub gently. (E.) M. E. Strut (i), to walk about pompously.
stroken. A. S. strdcian, to stroke a causal (Scand.) M. E. strouten, to spread or swell
;
verb; from strdc, 2nd grade oi strican, to out. — Swed. dial, strtitta, to walk with
strike. Cf. G. streicheln, to stroke, from a jolting step ; Dan. strntte, strude, to
streichen, to stroke; see Strike. strut ; cf. Norw. strtit, a spout that sticks
Stroll, (F.-Teut.^
to wander. For- out, a nozzle. The orig. sense seems to
merly Formed by prefixing be to stick out stiffly
strotde, sti'oyle. cf. Icel. strHtr, a '
'
;
s- (O. F. es-, L. ex^ to troll, used (in P. PI.) hood sticking out like a horn; Low Cj.
with the sense to range '
see TrolL strutt, rigid. + G. strotzen, to strut, be
' ;
Cf. Guernsey ^treillai [= estreuU\, adj., puffed up cf. strauss, a tuft, bunch. ;
idle,vagabond (Metivier who notes that, strut (2), a support for a rafter.
;
at Valognes, dep. Manche, the equivalent (Scand.) Orig. a stiff piece of wood from ;
term is treulier, i.e. 'troller') cf. Norm, strut, to stick out or up. Cf. Icel. striltr,
;
dial, treuler, to rove (Moisy), dial, of Low G. strutt (above).

Verdun trSler, trauler. Strychnine. (Gk.) From Gk. o-t/jux- .
524
STUB STUPEFY
vos, nightshade, poison ; with F. suffix word being Germanised before it passed
-hie. into French (Diez). Cf. G. stoff, stuff,
Stub, stump of a tree. (E.) A. S. s^ydd, materials, p. The sense of the L. word is
a stub; E. Fries. sîid/>e.-^-Dn. stobbe, Icel. better preserved in the verb to stujf, i. e. to
stiibbi, Dan. stub, Swed. stiibbe. Allied cram, to stop up, M. F. estouffer, to stifle
to Icel. stfifr, a stump (Noreen) and see ; (Cot.\ G. stop/en, to fill, stuff, quilt, frcm
Stab. Also to Gk. arv-nos, a stump, Skt. Iâte L. siuppdre, to stop up ; whence also
siupa-, a heap. Allied to Stump. E. Stop, q. V.
Stubble. (F.-LateL.) U.E.stobil, stuffy, (F.-L.) From
close, stifling.
stable. — A. F, esttible. O. F. estouble. — Late O. F. choke (F. ^touffer) the
estouffer, to ;
L. stiipiila, stupla, stubble a variant of ; same to stuff or cram

as O. F. estoffer,
L. stipula, stubble, due to the influence of up. Cf. Walloon ^Z^, stifled (Remade^.—
LowG. stoppel., stubble (Liibben), Du. and O. F. estoffe, stuff (above \ ^ So Scheler,
E. Fries, stoppel, cognate with M. H. G. disputing the suggestion of Diez, who need-
sttcpfel, O. H. G. stupjila, stubble. lessly goes to the Gk. rvcpos, smoke, mist,
Stubborn. (E.) M. E. stobum, sti- in order to explain estoffe.
boni also stibornesse, stybomesse, stub-
; Stultity. (L.) Coined, with suffix-//
bornness, for which Palsgrave has siubble- (F. -fier, L. -ficdre), from L. stulti-, for
nesse. The final n is prob. due to mis- stulius, foolish.
understanding stibo7-nesse as stiborn-tiesse ; Stumble, vb. (E.) The b is ex-
in any case, it has been added; cf. bitter-ii, crescent. M.
E. stomblen, stonielen, stum-
slatter-n. *Stiibor, *stibor represent an len ; also stomeren. E. Fries, stutnineln, to
A. S. form *-styb-or -or being a common; go stumbling along ; cf. Dan. dial, stuinle,
adj. suffix, as in bzt-or, bitter. From A. S. to stumble ; Icel. stumra, Norw. stuni-
stybb, a stub. Thus stubborn = '&\.oc\<.-\\ke, ra, to stumble; Swed. dial, stanibla,
not easily moved, like an old stub or stomla, stammra, to stumble, falter. From
stump. See Stub. the base *stuf)i. Practically a doublet of
Stucco. iltal.-O. H. G.) Ital. stucco, stamtner, with reference to hesitation of
hardened, encrusted; stucco. — O. H. G. the step instead of the speech see Stam- ;
stucchi, a crust G. stuck, a piece, patch ;

; mer. Cf. O. Sax. and O. H. G. stuin,v[\vXQ.
cognate with A. S. stycce, a piece, bit. Stump. CE.) M. E, stumpe E. Fries. ;
Allied to Stock. stump. '\-\Q.t\. sttanpr, Swed. Dan. stump,

Stud (i), a collection of breeding-horses stump, end, bit Du. stomp G. stumpf.
; ;
and mares. (E.) M. E. stood. A. S. stod, Allied to G. sttimpf, blunt, stumpy Du. ;
a stud orig. an establishment or herd in

;
stomp, blunt, dull. Also to Lith. stam-
a stall.+Icel. stod, Dan. stod, M. H. G. bras, stalk of grass, &c. Biugm. i. § 424.
stuot (whence G. gestiit). Cf. Russ. stado, Stun, to make a loud din, to amaze,
a herd or drove, Lith. stodas, a drove of esp. with a blow. (E.) ^L E. stouien.
horses. (-^STA.) Der. stud-horse, steed. A. S. stunian, to make a din ge-stun, ;
a din. Cfi Icel. siynja, to groan, stynr, a

Stud (2), a rivet, large-headed nail,
&c. (E.) Also a stout post, prop hence ;
groan Du. stenen, G. stohnen, to groan,
;
a projection, boss, support. — A. S. studu, Russ. sten-ate, Lith. stcn-eti, Gk. art'j -fir,
to groan Skt. staii, to sound, to thunder.
stupu, a post. +
lcel. stoQ, Swed. stod, a ;
And
post Dan. stod, stub, stump G. stiitze,
; ;
(VSTEN.) Brugm. i. § 818 (2 .
a prop. Cf. Gk. arv-\os, a pillar. see Thunder.

(VSTEU, allied to ^STA.) Stunted, hindered in growth. (E.)
Student. (L.l From L. student-, stem From A. S. sttmt, adj., dull, obtuse,
of pres. pt. of studere, to be busy about, to stupid, orig. ' short hence, metapho-
;
'
study. rically, short of wit; also not well grown;
study, sb. (F.-L.) ^l.E. studie.- but the peculiar sense is Scand. Icel. +
A. F. estudie (F. etude). — L. studhcm, sttittr (for *stun/r\ short, stunted (No-
zeal, study. Der. studio, Ital. studio, a reen); M. Swed. .f//^;^/, cut sboit. Cf. Stint.
school, from L. studium. Stupefy. ( F. - L.) F. stup^Jicr ;
due
Stuff, materials. (F.-L.) O.Y.estofe, to L. stupefacere, to stupefy cf. I' stupi- ; .
'
stuffe ;
Cot. Walloon stcff (Remacle). fait, pp., directly from L. stupe/act us,
' ;
— L. stupa, stttppa, the coarse part of flax, made stupid. L. stupe-re, to be stupid — ;
hards, tow ; the pronunciation of this L. facere, to make.

525
+
STUPENDOUS SUBJECT
stupendous. For L. stupend- stile, as it is not Gk. M. E. stile. ^Vl. F.
(L.)
tis, amazing, to be wondered at, gerun- stile, style, a stile, manner of indicting;' '
dive of stupere, to be amazed with suffix Cot. — L. stilus, an iron pin for writing;
;
-ous. a way of writing. Der. stiletto.

stupid. (F. — L.) F. stupide. - L. Style (2), the middle part of the pistil of
stupidus, senseless. — L. stiipere, to be a flower gnomon of a dial. (Gk.) Gk. ;
amazed. arvXo^, a pillar, long upright body like a

Sturdy. (F.) It formerly meant rash pillar. Cf. Skt. sthund, a_ pillar, post.
or reckless ; hence, brave, bold. M. E. (VSTEU, by-form of -/ST A.)
sturdis stordy, rash. O. F. estoui-di, — Styptic, astringent. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
amazed, also rash, heedless ; pp. of es- styptique. — L. stypticus. — Gk. cfrv-nriKos,
astringent. — Gk. orvcpîv, to contract, draw
;
tourdir^ '
to amaze ' Cot. (Mod. F.
eloiu'dir, Ital. stordire, to stun, amaze.) together, to be astringent ; orig. to make
Of unknown origin ; see Kortine^. firm ; allied to otvttos, a stump, stem, block.
Sturgeon, a fish. (F. - 0. H. G.) Suasion, advice. (F.— L.) M.'F. sua-
O. F. esiourgeon, esturgeon Late L. ace. ; sion. —
L. ace. sudsionem ; from suasio,
sturidfiem, from nom. stiii'io. — O. H. G. persuasion. —
L. sudsus, pp. of snddere, to
stujy'o, sturo, a. sturgeon. Sometimes ex- persuade, lit. ' to make sweet.' Allied to
plained as a stirrer,' '
because it stirs up suduis = ^suaduis), sweet. See Sweet.
(^
mud by floundering at the bottom of the Brugm. i. § 187.

water cf. O. H. G. storen, to spread, stir
; suave, pleasant. (F. — L.) Y.sttave;
(G. storeii) see Stir. 4* A. S. styria,
; Cot. — i^. sudziis, sweet (above).
styriga, a sturgeon, as if from styi'ian, to Sub-, prefix. (L., t?r F.-L.) L. (and
stir Swed. Dan. stdi% sturgeon, as if from
; F.) sub-, prefix. Orig. form *sup whence ;
Swed. stora, to stir Icel. styrja Du. ; ; the comparative form sttp-er, above, allied
steiir (see Franck). Origin doubtful. to Skt. upari, above. The prefix s- prob.
Stutter. (E.) Frequentative of stut, of. s-iiper with 1^- answers to Gk. e^ ;
once common in the same sense. I stutte, from above.' Snd seems to have '
vTTepOe, '
I can nat speake my wordes redyly ;' Pals- meant up to hence it also came to mean ' '
;
grave. M. E. stoten. Cf. E. Fries, stut- just under or below it is allied to E. Up, ;
tern, to stutter; Du. stotteren (whence q. v., and to Gk. i/nd see Hypo-. Sub ; %
G. s tot tern). From M. E. stot- (Teut. becomes stic- before c, suf- before f, sug-
^^stiit) weak grade of Teut. root "^steut, for before^, sum- before ;«, sup- before _^, sur-
which cf. Du. stuiten, to stop 2nd grade ; before r; and see Sus- (below).
"^staut, as in Icel. staiita, to beat, strike, Subaltern, inferior to another. (F. —
also to stutter, Swed. stdta., Dan. stode, to L.) P\ siibaltenie Cot. — L. stibaltermis, ;
strike against, G. stossen, Goth, stajitan, subordinate. — L.i-«^, under; alter, another.
to strike. Orig. to strike against,* to trip.
'
Subaqueous, under water. (L.) L.
(y'STEUD ; from the weak grade come sub, under aqtia, water. See Aqueous.
;
Skt. tud, L. tundete, to strike.) Subdivide. (L.) L. sub, under and ;
Sty (i\ enclosure for swine. (E.) M.E. diiddere, to divide. See Divide. Der.
stie. A. S. stigH, a sty, a pen for cattle. subdivision (from the pp.).
Icel. stia^ stl, sty, kennel, Swed. stia, pig- Subdue. (F.-L.) M. 'E.sodzien (after-
sty, pen for geese, Swed. dial, sti, steg, wards learnedly' altered to subdue). First
'
pen for swine, goats, or sheep, G. steige, used in the pp. sodiced, soderued." K. F.
pen, chicken-coop, O. H. G. stia. ^subdut, as in subduz (for subdtits), pp.
Sty (-0 small tumour on the eyelid. pi., subdued. — Late L. *sul>dutus, for L.
(E.) The A. S. name was stigend, lit. subditus, subdued. — L. stibdere, to sub-
'
rising ;
' as if from the pres. pt. of siigan, due.— L. sub, unêr -de7-e, to put, weak ;
to ascend, climb, rise ; but this is doubtful. grade of a/ DHE, to put. Not from %
M. E. siyaiiye, as if it meant '
sty on eye.' L. subducere, with an alien sense.
+ Low G. siieg, stige, sty on the eye, as if Subjacent. (L.) From stem of pres.
from stigen, to rise ; E. Fries, stiger ;
pt. of L. sub-iace?-e, to lie under. — L. stib,
Norw. stig, stigje^ also stigkbyna (from under ; iacire, to lie. See Jet (i).
kdytta, a pustule). subject. (F. —
L.) M.^. sugct, subj'et.
Style (i), a pointed tool for writing, a — O. F. suiet, suiect (Isiter subiect), mod. F.
mode of writing. (F. — L.) It should be S2(jet, a suliject. — L. subiectzis, pp. of sub-
5 26
; ;
SUBJOIN SUBURB
icere^ to put under, subject. — L. sub, settle, allied to sedere, to sit. See Se-
under ; iacere, to cast, to put. 882. dentary, lirugm. i. §
Subjoin. (F.-L.) W.Y. subjoign-,t). subsidy. (F. L,) A. F, subsidie —
stem oi. subjoindre.—'l.. snl>iun<êre^ to join
(Codefroy) F. subside. — L. subsidium, ;
beneath, annex, subjoin. — L. sub, beneath; a body of troops in reserve, assistance ;
utngcre, to join. See Join. lit. that which sits in reserve. — L, sub,
subjugate, to bring under the yoke. under, in reserve sedere, to sit. Der. ;
(L.) From pp. of L. subiitgdre, vb. — L. subsidi-ary, from L. adj. subsididrius.

stib itigo, under the yoke where htgo is
; Subsist, to live, continue. (F,-L.)
abl. of iuguni, a yoke. See Yoke. F. subsistcr, to subsist; Cot. L. sub- '
' —
subjunctive. (L.) l^.snbiunctTutis^ sistere, to stay, abide. — L. sub, near to ;
lit. joining on dependently, from the use of sis/ere, to stand, also to place, from stare,
the subjunctive mood in dependent clause^. to stand. See State.

— L. snbiunctns^ pp. oi subiuugere, to sub- substance. (F. — L.) Y. substance.^
join ; see Subjoin (above). L. substantia, substance, essence. — L. sub-
Sublime. (F.-L.) Y. sublime. ^\.. stant-, stem of pres. pt. oisubstdre, to exist,
sttblTmis, lofty, raised on high. Perhaps lit, ^ to stand near or beneath.' — L, sub,
from L. sub, and iTtiien, lintel ; up to the near; stare, to stand, Der. stibstanti-al
'
j
lintel ;' Brugm. ii, § 12. also siibstant-ive, F. substantif, L. sicbstan-

!
Sublunar, under the moon, earthly. tiutis, self-existent, used of the vn b esse.
1
(L.) Coined from L. sub, ui.der and E. and afterwards ap['lied. as a grammatical
;
lunar, belonging to the moon, from L. term, to nouns substantive,

liina, moon see Lunar,
; substitute, sb. (F,-L.) Y.substitut,
Submerge, to plunge underwater. (F. a substitute. — L. substitutus, pp. of substi-
— L.) F, sub merger. L, —
subrnergcre. — tuere, to put in stead of. — L, jw^, near, in-
L. siib, under ; mergere, to dip ; see stead of; statiie}-e, to put. place, causal of
Merge. stare, to stand.
Submit. (L.) L. szibmittere, to let Subtend. (L.) L.j-7^/V(?«(/i?;'^, to stretch
down, submit, bow to (pp. subinissus).— or extend beneath. — L, j-«(J, beneath; ten-
L. sub, uncier ; mitt ere, to send. See dere. to stretch. See Tend (1).
Missile. Der. subtniss-ion, -ive. Subterfuge. (F.-L.) F. subterfuge,
Cot. — Late L. subtei-fugiiivi. —
;
Subordinate, of (L.) a shift

lower rank. '
'
From the pp. of Late L. subordindre, to L. subterftigere, to escape by stealtli, — L,

place in a lower rank, — L. sub, below; subter, stealthily {^from stib, under, with
ordiftdre, to rank, from ordin-, stem of compar. suffix) f'gere, to flee. See ;
See Order,
Of do, order. Fugitive.
Suborn, to procure secretly, bribe. (F. Subterranean, Subterraneous.
— L.) F. suborner. — L. suhortidre. — L. (L. i
From L. subterrdnc-us, underground,

sub, secretly; ornarc, to furnish, properly, — L. sub, under; terra, ground. See
to adorn. See Ornament. Terrace.
Subpoena, a writ, commanding attend- Subtle. (F.- L,) Formerly sotil, sotel',
ance under a penalty. (L.) L. sub, under; the b was a pedantic and is never
insertion,
pand, abl. of pcena, a penalty. See sounded, — O. F, sotil, soutil. later subtil.
Pain. — L, subtilem, ace. of subtilis, fine, thin,
Subscribe. (L.) L. subscrlbere, to accurate, subtle. The orig. sense oi subtilis
write (one's name) under; pp. subscriptus was finely woven
'
from L. sub. under,
'
;
(whence subscription'). — L. sub, undei- closely, and tela, a Aveb, for which see
scrJbere, to write. See Scribe, Toil (2\ Der. subtle-ty, M. E. soteltee,
Subsequent. (L.) From stem of pres. from O. F, sotillete, subtlety, from L. ace.
pt, of subseqtii, to follow close after, — L. Siditllitdter/i. Brugm. i. § 1,^4,
sub, under, near; sequi, to follow. See Subtract. L.) ¥\om I., subtractus,
Sequence. pp. of subirahere, to draw away under-
Subserve. (L-) L. sîbserulre, to serve neath, to subtract. — L. sid). beneath ; tra-
under another. — L, sid^, under ; seruJre, here, to draw. See Trace (i).
to serve. See Serve, Suburb. (F. — L.) A. F. suburbe

Subside. (1-) L. subsldere. to ?ettle *A. 1). 1285"). — L. subu7-biuvi, suburb.
down. — L, sub, under, down sTdere, to

; \
— L. sub. near; urbi- decl. stem of
|27
—
SUBVERT SUGGESTION
tirbs, a town. Der. stibin-b-an. See \
^siibitdmis, for L. sitbiUlneus, sudden,
Urbane. extended from subitus, sudden, lit. that
Subvert. — L.)
F. subvei-ti)-; Cot.
(F. which has come stealthily, orig. pp. of
— L. to turn upside ô\\n,\siibire,\.o come or go stealthily. —L. 5z//',
stibiiertere,
overthrow. — L. sub. beneath; nerfere, to under, stealthily ; fr<f, to go.
turn. See Verse. 'D^:^. siibvers-ion,ixQVii Sudorific. (F. L.) F. stidorifique, —
the pp. subiiers-tis. :ausing sweat ; as if from L. ^sjidorijicus.
—
Succeed. (F, L.) Y. succeder\ Qot. — L. sfidori-, for sud-or, sweat, allied to
L. succedere (pp. successus^, to ioWow isiidare, to sweat; -Jicus, making, from
after. — L. stic- (sub), next ccdere, to go, \facere, to make.
; See Sudatory.
come. Der. success, O. F. succes, L. sue Suds. i,E.) The proper sense is * things
ct'sstis, result, from pp. successus. sodden pi. of stid, which is derived from '
;
Succinct, concise. (L.) L. succinctus, A. S. Slid-, weak grade oi seoân, to seethe.

pp. of sticcingere, to gird up, tuck up short. Cf. prov. E. sudded, flooded M. Du. zode, ;
— L. sue- {sub), up cingere, to gird. See a seething, boiling Low G. sod, cooked
; ;
Cincture. broth, sode, a boiling. Cf. Sod.

Succory; see Chicory. Sue. (F. L.) M. E. suen, seiven.^^ —
Succour. (F. — L.) W.Y. socotireu." A. F. suer', O. F. sevre, suir (F. sutvre'),
O. F. sucurre (Burguy Mod. F. secourir. to follow. — Late L. sequere, to follow, used
.
— L. siiecur7-e7-e, to run near or to, run for L. sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
to help, aid. — L. sue- (for sub), near; Der. en-sue, pur-sue, suit, suite.
currere, to run. See Current. Suet. (F.— L.) 1*1. Y. suet. Formed,
—
Succulent, juicy. (F. L.) Y.succu- with dimin. suffix -et, from O. F. seu, suis
kut.'-'L. suculeiitus, suceuleutus full of (^Norman sieu, Walloon sew, Littre
, F. ;
]\\\cQ.'-\.. sucu-s,succti-s, juice; with suffix suif), suet, fat. — L. sebum, tallow, suet,
-lenius. See Suck. grease.
Succumb. (,L.' L. suceuinbere, to lie Suffer. (F. — L.) T^L E. soffren, suffreu.
under, to sink down.— L. sue- (for sub), -O.F. soffrir (F. souffHf). -YoW-L.
under; *eufnbeye, to recline, allied to suffertre, for L. suffen-e, to undergo. L. —
eubare, to lie down. See Covey. siif- \sub), under; ferre, to bear. See
Such, of a like kind. (E.) IÎ. E. swulc, Fertile.
s'unle, szuich, such. A. S. swyle.-^'O. Sax Suf5.ce. (F. — L.) From F. j7/^j--, base
sulik,YiVi.zulk,\c€i.slikr,'D?Ln.sUg,'i\st^. oi suffis-ajit, pres. pt. of i'/^V.?, to suffice
slik, G. sohh, (joth. swaleiks. p. The Goth. — L. sufficere, to supply. - L. suf-, for sub,
swaleiks is from swa, so, and leiks, like; : under facere, to make, put. See Fact.
;
hence such = so-like; see So and Like. Suf5.Z. (L.) From L. sujffix-us, pp. of
Suck. (E.) M. A. S. sucan,
E. souken. suffJgere, to fix beneath, fix on. — L. suf-
pt. t. [There is an A. S.
seac, pp. socen. (for sub), beneath figcre, to fix.
;
See
by- form siigan; cognate with Icel. sjuga, Fix.
siiga, Dan. sttge, Sv.ed. suga, G. saugen, Suffocate. (L-) From pp. of L.
Du. zjiigen.'] |3. The A. S. silcaji is cog- suffocare. to choke lit. to squeeze the
;
nate with L. sfigere, W. sugno, to suck, throat. —

L. st{f- (for sub), under; fauc-,
O.Irish silg-im, 1 suck cf. O. Ir. and W. ; stem oifauc-es, sb. pi., gullet, throat.
sz<g, Gael, sttgh, L. siicus, juice; see Suc- Suffrage, a vote. (F.-L.) Y. suffrage.
culent. Brugm. i. § 112. — L. suffrdgium, a vote, suffrage.
suction. U'- — L.) "M. Y. suction. Suffusion. (F.-L.) Y. suffusion. ^l..
Formed iâs if from su^'usidnem, ace. of suffusto, a pourmg
L. *suctio) from L. !
oi sugere,\o i\\ck.
suct-us,-^'i(). over. — L. suffiisus, pp. of suffundere, to
Sudatory, a sweating-bath. (L.) L. [:!Our over. — L. suf- (for sub), under, also
!
sudatorium, a sweating-bath; neut. of over yi/«^^r<?, to pour. See Fuse (i). '
suddtorius, ser^'ing for sweating. — L. Sugar. (F. — Span. — Arab. —Pers.

suddtor-, stem of suddtor, a sweater.— Skt.) F. j-z^^rr^. — Span, acwrar. — Arab.
I
h. sildd-re, to sweat; with suffix -tor (of^nssokkar; ior al, the, sokkar, sakkar, sugar.
the agent). Cognate with E. Sweat. —Vers, s/iakar. — Skt. carkard, gTavel,also
Sudden. (F. — L.) ^l.Y.sodaifi.'-O.Y. candied sugar. Prob. allied to Skt. kar-
\
sodain, sudain (F. sotidain). [Cf. Ital. km-a-, hard. i
subitaneo, subitano, sudden.] - Late L. Suggestion. (F. — L.) Y . suggestion.

;
528
, ;
SUICIDE SUMMONS
=1 . 2CC. suggestionem.^'L. suggestus, pp. Sulphur. L. L. sulphur. Cf. also
of suggerere, to bring under, supply, cuizdri-, sulphur.
-^.--L.
suggest. — L. stig- ^for sub), under gerere, ; Sultan. (F. Arab. F. sultan Arab. — —
to bring. See Gerund. sultan, \ictorious, also a ruler, prince
Suicide, self-murder; one who dies urig. dominion.' Cf. Chaldee sholtdn,
•
by his own hand. F. — L.) word coined

( A dominion, Der. sultan-a. from Ital. sul-
in England (before A.D. 1750), but on tana, fem. of sultano, sultan, from Arab.
a F. n odel yet the F. suicide was
;
sultan.
Lorrowed from us. Like homicide, the Sultry, Sweltry, very hot and op-
word has a double meaning, (ij answerinc: pressive. i- the older form,
,L. ^tiv//r)'
to L. *suicidium, from L. sui, of himself, and is short for szielter-y, from the verb
and -cJdium, a slaying, from cadere, to to swelter ^^L E. swelteren, sivalteren).
slay; (2}=L. ^suicida, from L. x?/;", of ALain, swelter ;s a freiûentative form from
himself, and -cida. a. slayer. See Caesvira. M. E. suelten, to swoon, faint, die. — A. S.
—
Suit. (F. L,} F\ jttzVif, a pursuit, suit sueltan, to die. O. Sax s^celtan Icel. + ;
at law, also a suite or following.' — Late ' svelta (pt. t- svalt Dan. suite. Swed. ,
L. *seqtiiia, variant of secta (L. secHia ,

svdlta Goth, swiltan, to die. Cf. Icel.
:
a following, a sect, a suite, a suit at sultr, Dan. suit, hmger, famine ; from the
law, suit of clothes, set, &c. see Sect. ; weak grade *svndt '>*sult. Also O.H.G.
—
suite. (F. L.y Y. suite; see above. schivelzan, to Lure, to be consumed by fire
Sulcated, furrowed. (L.) h.sulcdius, or love. The Tent, root *swelt- seems to
pp. of su'.cdre, to furrow. L. sulctts, a — !
be an extension of *swel-, to bum, as in
furrow. +
Gk, oAxos, a furrow ; from I A- S. swelan, to bum, perish with heat,
%\KiLv, to draw along cf. A. S. sulh, a
; 1 Lith. swilti, to shine, bum, Skt. sz-ar,
plough. : splendour. M. Du. zoel, ' sultrie.' Hexhairt.
Sulky, (E.
obstinate, silently sullen. Sum, amount, total. (F. L. M. E. —
Not an old form, but deduced from the sb. i
sumvie. —
F, somme. — L. sunima, sum,
sulkiness, by dropping -ness. However, ! chief part, amount ; orig. fcm. of summus
sulkiness is itself a corrupt form for sulken- \
(*sup-mus), highest, superl. form from sub
ness, formed by adding -tuss to the adj.
'
(<*jw/), above. Brugm. i. § 762. Der.

sulken. This appears as A. S. solcen, suT/im-ar-y, sb., from F sommaire, a sum-.
'
slothful, remiss chietly in the comp.

;
mrir}/ Cot., from L. summdrium, a sum-
d-solcen, also be-solcen, with a like sense. mar\-.
The sb. dsolcennes, sloth, disgust, sulkiness, Siunacll, a tree. T. — Span. — Arab.>
is quite a common word. p. Further,
|
F sumac, î. ¥ sumach. — Span, zumaque. .
a-solcen was the pp. o: a strong verb "'a-seol- — Arab, suvinidq, a species of shrub,
can, to be slothful or languid. Cf. Skt. sumach.
srj, to let flow, let loose. Summer i), hot season. (E.) M. E.
Sxilleil, morose. T. L. Orig. soli- — soTJier. sunier. A. S. sumer. snmor.^Du.
tary, hating company. M. E. solain, \
zovier, Icel. sumar, Dan. soinmer, Swed.
siilain. solitary ; also, a mess of food for sommar, G. sommer, O. H. G. sumar.
one person. — b.F. solain, lonely; given Further allied to O. Irish sam, samrad,
as a pittance for one monk in Roquefort,
' ' O. Welsh ham, W. kaf, Zend hama, sum-
and in Ducange, s. v. solatium (5 — Late . mer Skt. samd, a year. Brugm. i. § 436.
:
L. *sdldnus equivalent in sense to O. F.

;
Sum.m.er 2 a beam see Sirmpter. , ;
soltain. solitary^ Late L. solitdneiis, rare. — Siim.m.erset ; see Somersault.

L. solus, alone; see Sol 3 3\ Sumjuit, -op. F. — L.I Y.sommet,
SuUy, to tarnish, spot. E.^ M. E. top. Dimi:.. of O. F. sovi, top of a hill.—
suiien. A. S. sylian, to sully, defile, lit. to L. summum, highest point, neut. of sum-
bemire. vwith the usual change mus. highest
Formed see Sum. :
from Teut. u (,> A. S. o loy) from A. S. F.-L.) A. F. scmmoner Summon.

sol, mud, mire. p. But it is doubtful if Gocefroy O. F". somoner (Roquefort;, ;
M. E. suiien is the same word. And ifj early altered to semoner and semondre (F.
not, it must be from M. F. souiller, * to semondre^ to summon.
— L. summonire;
1
,
smutch,' Cotgrave. to remind privily. — L. sum-

for sub)^
soil, slurry, durty,
See further under Soil (2), which is under, privily : monere. to remind.
a doublet. summons, sb. (F\ — L.) M. E. jôt-
;
SUMPTER SUPERIOR
otcns. m- A. F. somons, earlier somonse, fem. to sup, drink in. + Du. znipen, Icel.
M. F. semonce, a warning, summons,'
'
supa, Swed. supa, G. saiifen, O. H. G.
Cot. ; orig. the fem. of the pp. of the verb sufan.
somoner, semondre ( above \ Thus the % Super-, prefix. (L.) L. sziper, above ;
final s of summons is not due to L. stim- cf.L. superus, upper. For s-uperus ;
moneds, as some have suggested. where s- corresponds to Gk. l^- see Sub-. ;
Sumpter, a pack-horse. (F. — Low L. Cf. Gk. vTTip, above ; vtto, from under ;
— Gk.) Siimpter is a derivative from Skt. upari, above, allied to upara-, upper,
M. E. saner, a pack-horse, which must be comparative oi upa, near, close to.
first considered, p. M. E. somer is from Superannuate. (L.) Formerly (and
O. F. somier, sommier, a pack-horse, the better) superannate. — Late L. superaH'
same as Late L. sagmdrius, corruptly sal- ndttcs, orig. that has lived beyond a year.
mdrius, a pack-horse. «- Gk. aa.^^.â, a — L. super, beyond ; annus, a year. See
pack-saddle. — Gk. aaTniv (base aaK-), to Annals.
pack, fasten on a load, orig. to fasten. Superb. (F. - L.) F. superbe. -. L.
y. Hence E. siimpter, which orig. meant superbus, proud one who thinks himself
;
(not a pack-horse, but) a pack-horse- above others. For *s7iper-fu-os, one who
driver, baggage-carrier. — O. F. sommetier, is above (cf. I^.fu-I, I was); Brugm. ii.
a pack-horse-driver answering to a Late
;
§ 4. — L. super, above. See Super-.
L. *sagmatariiis, for which Ducange has Supercargo. and Span. - C.)
(L. ;
summatarhis, saumateritis. — Gk. oayîaT-, From L. super, above

and Span, cargo, a ;
stem oi aayim (above). 8. The old word freight. vSuggested by Span, sobrccargo, a
summer, a beam, was so called from its supercargo where sobre
; L. super. See <
bearing a great weight, and is the same as Cargo.
M.E. somer (above) cf. F. sommier, 'a
; Supercilious, disdainful. (L.) From
summer,' Cot. Hence E. bressomer, familiar L. supercili-u7n, (i) an eyebrow, (2)
form of breast-Slimmer, a beam placed haughtiness, as expressed by raising the
breastwise, to support a superincumbent eyebrows. — L. super, above; cil-ium, eye-
wall. ®y I explain sumpter in K. Lear, ii. lid, allied to Gk. rd KvXa, the parts under
4. 219, as meaning 'pack-horse-driver'; the eyes (Prellwitz).
a man, not a horse. Supererogation. (L.) From ace. of
Sumptuary, relating to expenses. (L.) Late L. sttpererogdtio, that which is done
L. sumptndriiis, adj. from szmiptu-s, ex- beyond what is due. — L. supererogdre, to
pense. See below. pay out in excess. — L. super, beyond <?, ;
sumptuous, costly. (F. -L.) Y.somp- out rogdre, to ask.

; (L. erogdre = to lay
tueux (Coi.) '-'1^. — L.
siimpiuoszis, costly. out, expend.) See Rogation.
siwiptus, expense. — L. snmptus, pp. of Superficies. (L.) L. superficies, sur-
sumere, to take, use, spend a derivative ; face, outer face. — L. super, above fades, ;
from emere, to take. Brugm. i. § 240. face.

Sun. (E.) M. E. Sonne. A. S. sunne, Superfine. (F.-L.) From L. super,
fem. sb.+Du. zon, G. sonne, Goth, snnno, above a.n(^fine (i). ;
all feminine ; Tent, type *sunndn-, fem. Superfluous, excessive. (L.) L.super-
% Cf. Icel. sol, Swed. Dan. sol, L. sol, Jlu-us, overflowing with suffix -ous. — L. ;
(joth. sanil, Lith. saule, W. haul, Gk. super, over; fiuere, to flow see Fluent. ;
Tje\ioi i}\ios), Skt. siira-, surya-, the sun. Der. supejfiui-ty, F. stipe7fiuite, from L.
Der. Sun-day, A. S. sunnan-dag. ace. superjluitatefn.
Sunder, to divide. (E.) A. S. syndrian, Superinduce. (L.) 'L. super, beyond;
-sundrian, to put asunder. — A. S. sundor, and in-duccre, to induce. See Induce.
adv., asunder, apart. -J- Icel. sujidra, Dan. Superintendent, an overseer. (F. -
sbndre, Swed. s'ondra, G. sondern, to L.) M. F. superintenda7it Cot. — L. super- ;
sunder; from Icel. stmdr, Dan. Swed. intendent-, stem of pres. pt, of superinten-
sonder,a.dv., apart, G. sonder, adj., separate. dere, to superintend. — L. super^ above ;
Cf. Gk. anp for *s3nter), without

(
allied intendere, to apply the mind to
; see ;
to Gk. dv(v, L. sine, without. Brugm. i. Intend.

§ .Soo. Superior. (F. — L.) Formerly supe-
Sup, to imbibe, lap up. (E.) M. E. riour. — M. F. superieur.'^'L. superiorem,
soupen. A. S. siipati (pt. t. seap, pp. sopen). ace. of superior, higher comparative from ;
530
;
SUPERLATIVE SURCEASE
snperus, high, which is itself an old com- souple, supple, pliant. L. suppiicem^ ace. —
parative form. See Super-. of supplex, with the old sense of ' bending
Superlative. (F.-L.) Y.superlatif, under.' — L. S2ip- {'p-sub,, under; piic-, as
Cot. — L. superlatmus as a grammatical , seen m
plic&re, to fold. See Ply.
term. — L. superlotus, excessive, lit. borne ' Supplement. (F. - L.) F. suppU-
beyond.' — L. super, beyond latus, pp. of ;
t7ient Cot. — 1^. supple/ftcntutn a filling
; ,
toilere, to bear. (VTEL.) See Tolerate. up. — L. supplcre, to up. — L. sup- {sub), fill
Supernal. (F. — L.) lA.Y. stipernel, up ;

plere, to fill. See Plenary.
'
supernall
;
' Cot. Answering to a Late L. - L.) F. suppliant,
Suppliant. (F.
from
'^stiperndlis, pres. pt. o[ supplier, to pray humbly. — L.
L, supern-ns, upper
from super above ^ ;
supplicare see below.
see Super-. ;
Supernatural. (L.) From \.. super, supplicate. (L.) From pp. of L. sup-
beyond and 7iatural, adj., from nature.
;
plicare, to beseech. — L. supplic-, stem of
Supernumerary. (F.-L.) M. F. supplex, bending under or down, beseech-
supernu})ierairc (Cot.). — L. siipermtmerd- ing see Supple. ;
rius, excessive in number. — L. super, Supply. (F. — L.^ Formerly sttpploy

beyond nunierus, number.
;
(Levins). — O. Y, supploier, Y supplier, to .
Superscription. (F.-L.) M.F. supply Cot. — L. supplere, to fill up ; see ;
superscription; Cot. — L. ace. superscript Supplement.

tioncni. — \j. superscriptus, pp. oi superscrl- Support. (F.-L.) ^LE. supporten.
bere, to write above or over. — L. super, — F. supporter. — Y. support are, to carry
above scribere, to write see Scribe.
;
to a place; in Late L., to endure. — L.
;
Supersede. (F. — L.) O.Y. superseder, sup- {sub), near; portdre, to carry. See
to leave off, desist (hence to suspend or Port (1).
defer a matter). — L. supersedere, to sit Suppose. (F. — L. a7id Gk.i F. sup-
upon, to preside over, refrain, desist from. poser, to imagine. — L. sup- {sztb), under,
— L. super, upon sedere, to sit. See near Y. poser, to place, put. See Pose.
; ;
Sedentary. Der. supersess-ion (from pp. Supposition. (F.-L.) Y. supposition.

supcrsess-tis) cf. sU7rease.
;
— L. ace. suppositid7ie7n. — L. suppositus,
Superstition. (F.-L.) F. supersti- Tpi^.oi szippdne7-e. to suppose. — Y.siip- {sub),
tion.— \^. ace. superstitionem, a standing near po7ze7-e, to place. See Position. ;
near a thing, amazement, dread, religious Suppress. (L-) From L. supp7-essus,

awe, scruple. — L. superstit-, stem of pp. ot supprit7ie7-e, to suppress. — L. sup-
superstes, one who stands near, a witness. {sub) , under ;
p7-einere, to press. See Press,
— L. super, above, near; statiim, supine Suppurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
oi stare, to stand. to gather pus underneath.—
suppii7-d7'e ,
Superstructure. (L.^ From L. su- L. sup- (sub), under; pfir-, for pils,
per, above ; and StructuLre. matter. See Pus.
Supervene. (L.) L. sziperuenlre, to Supra-, prefix, above, L.) L. szipi-d, i
come upon or over, to follow, occur. — L. above, adv. and prep. allied to supe7-us, ;
super, beyond uenlre, to come.

; See upper; see Super-. 'DQv.sup7-a-7nu7ida7ie',
Venture. see Mundane.
Supervise ; see Vision. Supreme. (F.-L.) Y. suprhne. — Y.
Supine, on one's back, lazy. (L.) L. supre77ius, highest. Sup7-e-mus is from
supinus, lying on one's back. — L. '^sup, *sup7-e, an adverb, with suffix -i7ius ;
orig. form of sub, up with suffix -inus. Wrwg. ii. § 75. This '*sup7'i is allied to
;
Supper. (F.-Teut.) yi.Y,soper,- L. super., above.

O. F. soper (F. souper), a supper. It is the Sur- ;
I), prefix. (L.) For sub before
infin. mood used as a sb. — O. F. soper, to r ; only in sur-7-eptitio\is, sur-7-ogate.
sup (F. souper). — Low G. supen, Icel. silpa, Sur- (2), prefix. (F.-L.) F. 5-«r, above.
Swed. supa, to sup. See Sup. — L. super, above. See Super-.
Supplant. (F.-L.) Y suppkmter.- . Surcease> to cease, cause to cease.
L. supplajitare, to put something under (F. — L.) Not allied to cease (except in
the sole of the foot, trip up, overthrow. — popular etymology). A corruption of
O. F. su7-sis, masc, su7-sise, fern., ' sur-
L. sup- (> sub), under; planta, sole ; see
Plant. ceased, intermitted This word was ;' Cot.
Supple. (F.-L.) yi,Y.souple.^Y. also used as a sb., to signify delay' ; hence *
53J
; ;
SURCHARGE SURROGATE
surcease, vb., to delay. Sursis is the pp. Surmise, an imagination, guess. (F.
of O. F. stirseoir, * to surcease, delay,' Cot. — L.) O. F. surmise, an accusation,
— L. supersedere, to desist from, hence to charge ; orig. fem. of surmis, pp. of sur-
delay proceedings ; see Supersede. 77ietire, to put upon, lay to one's charge. —
Surcharge, sb. {¥.-!.. and C.) F. F. sur, above ifiettre, to ; put. — L. super,
surrharge, an over-charge. —F. J'wr (-<L. above; mittere, to send, put. See Mis-
super), above; and Charge. sile.
Surd, having no rational root (in Surmount. L.) Y.surmonter.^(F. —
mathematics). (L.) L. stcrdus, deaf; F. sur il^.supc)-), above monter, to mount ;
hence, deaf to reason, irrational. Surdus see Mount vi).

also means dim and connexion ;
\i\\.\i sordid Surname. (F. L. and E.) From - ;
is possible. Brugm. i. § 362. F. sur (L. super), above, over ; and E.

Sure. (F. - L.) O. F. seiir (F. st^r), Name.
form segur. — lj. securus\ see Se-
earliest Surpass. (F. — L.) F. stirpasser, to
cure. Doublet, secure. excel. — F. sur (L. super), beyond ;
passer,
Surf, the foam of the waves on the to pass ; see Pass,
shore. (E.) The r is intrusive ; spelt Surplice. (F. L.) 'M..'E. stupHs.— —
suffe, with the sense of rush,' in Hak- '
F. surplis; Cot. — Late L. superpelliceum,
luyt's Voyages, ed. J 598, vol. ii. pt. i. 227 : a surplice. — L. super, over pelliceus, ;
'
The suffe of the sea [sweep or rush of the made of skins, from iellis, a skin; see
inflowing wave] setteth her [a raft's] lading Pelisse.
dry on land.' I suppose suffe to be the Surplus. (F. L.) F. surplus, an - '
same as sough of the sea,' also spelt

' over-plus;' Cot. — Late L. sttperplus, a
souf, souch in Jamieson. M. E. swough, residuum. — L. super, above ; plUs, more.
from swoughen, siuozueu, to make a rushing See Plural.
noise. the swogh of the see,' Morte
Cf. '
Surprise, sb. (F.-L.) O.Y.sorprise,
Arth. 759. — A. S. swogatt, to make a surprise, a taking unawares. Fem. of
rushing noise see Sough. ;
sojpris, pp. of sorprendre, surprendre, to
Surface. (F. — L.) ¥. surface, upper surprise. — L. SJiper, upon ;
prehendere,
face. — F. sur, above face, face. — L. super, ;
to seize, from prce, before, and -Jiendere,
above fades, ;
face. See Pace. to seize. See Prehensile.
Surfeit, sb. ^F. - L.) O. F. surfait, Surrebutter. (F.-L. and O. H. G.)
sorfait, excess pp. of sorfaire, to
; orig. A legal term, meaning an answer or reply
augment, exaggerate. — L. super, above to a rebut. From F. sur (L. super), upon,
facere, to make. See Fact. in reply to ; and M.F. rebouter, to rebut, the
Surge, the swell of waves. (F. — L.) infin.mood being used as a sb. See Bebut.
*
Surge of the see, uague Palsgrave, ;
' And see Surrejoinder.
Coined from O. F. stem sourge-, as in Surrejoinder. (F.-L.) K rejoinder
sourge-ant, pres. pt. of soui'dre, to rise.— in reply. The plaintiff may answer him
'
L. surgere { = sur-j'igere i.e. '^sub-regere), , by a upon which the defendant

rejoinder',
to rise. — L. sub, up regere, to direct. ;
may rebut and the plaintiff may answer
;
See Regent. him by a surrebutter Blackstone, Com- ; '
Surgeon, contracted form of chirur- ment, b. iii, c. 20, From F. stir, upon, in
geon; see Chirurgeon. So also Gascon reply to and F. rejoindre, to rejoin, used
;
surgen, a surgeon O. F. surgien (Gode- ;

as a sb. See Rejoin.
froy) Der. surgical, short for chirurgical
.
;
Surrender. (F.-L.) O.Y.surrejidre,
surgery., corruption of M. E. surgenry., i.e. to give up. — F. stir (L. super), above ;
surgeon-ry, or of O.F. cirurgerie. rendre, to render, from L. reddere, to

Surloiu ; see Sirloin. restore. See Render.
Surly, proud, churlish. (E.) Spelt Surreptitious. (L.) L. surrcptiti-us,
serly (^Levins) ; syrly, Spenser, Shep. Kal. better stirreptTcitts, done stealthily with ;
July, 203. Prob. from A. S. *sur-llc, lit. suffix -ous.^1^. stirrepttim, supine of sur-
'
sour-like.' We
find sowre, meaning 'mo- ripere, to pilfer, purloin, — L. sur- (stib),
rose' (Baret) ; see Sour. Cf. G. sauer, under, secretly ; rapere, to seize. See
sour, surly ; Swed. Dan. syrlig, sourish. Rapid.
Also M. E. surdagh, * sour dough ; * Wrt. Surrogate, a substitute. (L.) L. stir-
Tocab. 663. 22. rogdtus, pp. of surrogdre, to elect in place
53^
—';
; ;;;
SURROUND SWADDLE
of another. —L. sur- (for siih), in place of Sutler, one who sells provisions in a
rogdre, to ask, elect. See Rogation. camp. (^Du. ^ Du. soetelaar (Sewel'
Surround. (F. L.) Confused with— usually zoetelaar ^L Du. zoetclaer, 'a
\
roiaid. Orig. suroimd, i.e. * to overflow ; scullion, a sutler, or a victualler,' Hexham.

as in Caxton's Statutes of Hen. VII, leaf Orig. a scullion, drudge, menial who does
c 7. — O. Y surondcr.^\.. superuiiddre^ to
. dirty work formed with suffix -aar = E.
; (
overflow (Lewis). — L. super over, above ; ^ -er) from zoeiel-en, to sullie,' Hexham. '
unddre, to flow, from uiida, a wave. Cf. Cognate with Low G. suddcln, Dan. sudle,
ab-0H7id, red-otind. G. stideln, to sully, daub. All these are
Surtout. (F. — L.") From F. sur tout, frequentative forms, with suffix el- or -/- ;
lit. '
over all.' — L. j«/^r, over; totufu, ace. from Teut. *sud-, as in Swed. sudda, to
of totus, all. See TotaL daub, stain, soil. Allied to Icel. suddi,
Surveillance, inspection. (F. —
steam from cooking, drizzling rain, sud-
L.)
F. surveillayice. superintendence. — F. sur- daligr, wet and dank, soti, broth in which
veiller, to superintend. — L. super, over meat has been sodden all from the weak ;
uigildre, to watch, from uigil, adj., awake. grade of Teut. *scuthan-, Icel. sjoda, to
See VigiL seethe. Further allied to E. suds, and to
Survey. (F. — L.) A, F. surveier, sur- the verb Seethe, q. v.
ve'er (O. F. sourveoir)^ to survey. — Late L. Suttee. (Skt.) Skt. salt, a true or
superuidere, to supervise. — L. super, over virtuous wife, a term applied to a widow
;
uidere, to see. See Vision. Doublet, who immolates herself on the funeral pile
supervise. of her husband hence (incorrectly) the ;
Survive. (F. — L.) F. survivrc, to burning of a widow. Skt. sati is the

outlive. —L. supcruiuere, to live beyond, fern, of sunt, being, existing, true, right,
outlive. — L. super, beyond; uTuere, to live. virtuous; pres. pt. of as, to be. (-yÊS.)
See Victuals. See Sooth.
Sus-, prefix. (L.) L. sus-, prefix; for Suture, a seam. (F. — L.) Y. suture.'-
*sups, extended form of *sup, sub, under. — L. sUttis, pp. of suerc, to sew
L. suliira.
Susceptible. (F. -L.) F. susceptible. see Sew.
— L. susceptibilis ready to receive. — L.
, Suzerain, a feudal lord. (F. — L.) F.
sus-,{ox *-sttp-s, under; and capt-uvi, supine suzerain, sovereign, yet subaltern
' Cot. ;
'
of capere, to take. See Capacious. A coined word, made from F. sus L. <
Suspect. (F.-L.) M.E. suspect, o\\g. slisum or surstim, above so that F. ;
a pp. with the sense suspected or suspicious. suzerain answers to a Late L. *siiserdnus
— F. suspect, suspected. — L. suspectus, pp. or surserdnus
"" p. The L. snrsiim = *su-
.
of suspicere, to suspect, lit. to look under,' ' uorsum, lit. turned upwards from su-, for ;
mistrust. —L. su- (for sus-, sups-), under ;

sub, up, and tiorsumûersum, neut. of pp.
specere, to look. See Species. o^tcertere, to turn. See Verse. Piob. %
Suspend. (F. L.) ¥. suspendre. — 1..
— imitated from O. F. soverain (from * super-
suspendere (pp. suspettsus), to hang up. anus ^, which accounts for the -er-.
L. sus- (for sups-), extension of sub, under ;

Swabber. .Du.) Older than swab,
pendere, to hang. See Pendant. Der. \h.—Du. zcuabber, 'a swabber, the dnidge
suspense, suspension. of a ship Sewel. Cf. Du. zwabberen, to
; '
Suspicion. (F. — L.) ^l.Y.. suspecion. drudge Swed. svabb, a fire-brush, svabla,
;
— A. F. suspeciun O. F. suspeccion, sus-

;
to swab ; Dan. svabre, to swab G. ;
picion ; later souspecon. Cot. (mod. F. soup- schwabber, a swabber. Cf. also Norw.
con).-'!^. suspicioneDi, ace. of suspicio, svabba, Pomeran. szvabheln, to splash
suspicion. — L. suspice>e, to suspect see ;
about E. Fries, swabbeln, G. schwabbeln.
;
Suspect. Low G. swappen (Danneil), to shake about

Sustain. (F. — L.) '^l.Y.. susteine^t." (said of liquids). Of imitative origin.
A. F. sustein-, a stem of O. F. sustenir, Compare M. E. quappen, to palpitate
sostenir soutenir).
(F. !.. sustinere, to— and E. swap, swash.
uphold. —L.
sus- (for sups-), up; tenere, Swaddle, to swathe an infant. (E.)
to hold. See Tenable. Der. sustenatice, Formerly swadle, swadell; for swathel.
O. F. sustenance, L. stistinentia, sb. sus- ; M. E. swathlen. It means to wrap in a
tentation, from L. sustentdtio, maintenance, swaddling-band, which was called a stua-
from sustentdre, frequentative of sustinere. thel or swethd. - A.S. sweM (once swce6il),
533
;
SWAGGER SWAY
a swaddling - band lit. 'that which ; bacon, rind. Green-sward is the grassy
swathes cf. O. H. G. swedil, a bandage
;
' covering of the land, green turf (of Scand.
;
see Swathe. +Du. zwoord, rind of bacon Icel. origin). ;
Swagger. (Scand.) Frequentative of sv'6r6r, skin, sward, g>-assvdrdr, green-

swag, to sway from side to side. I szvagge, sward Dan. Jleskesvdr, flesh - sward^
'
;
as a fatte persons belly sivaggeth as he gr'6nsvce7'd, green-sward; G. schwarte,xvcA^

goth ' Palsgrave. ^ Norw. svagga, to bark, skin.
;
swag ; cf. Icel. sveggja, to cause to sway. Swarm. (E.) A. S. swearm lit. that ; '
Swag is allied to sway ; see Sway. which hums

;
' from y'SWER, to hum,
Swain. (Scand.) Icel. sveinn, a boy, buzz, as in Skt. sv^', to sound, svara-, voice,
lad, servant; Sued.
Dan. svend, a sve?i, L. susurrus, a hum ; G. schwirren, to buzz.
swain, servant. +Low G. sween O. H. G. ; -f-Du. zwertn, Icel. svarmr, Dan. svmrm,
swein^ a swine-herd A. S. swan, a swine-; Swed. svdrm, G. schwarm. Cf. Lith.
herd. Tent, type *swainoz; allied ',by surma, a pipe. Brugm. i. § 375 (8).
gradation) to *sweinom, A. S. i-z<y/;?,a swine, Swart, Swarthy. (E.) The proper
pig. Thus '
swine-herd ' was the orig. form wa.ss7varl, afterwards xzâr///, whence
sense. swarth-y. M.'K. sxoart. A.S.swearl.-^
Swallow (II, a bird. (E.) A. S. Du. zwart, Icel. svartr^ Dan. sort, Swed.
sweaiwe.-^Dn. zwaluw, Icel. svala, Dan. svart, G. Schwartz, Goth, swarts. Cf.
svale, Swed. svala, G. schivalbe. Teut. A. S. sweorcan, to grow dark.
type ^swalwon, f. Cf. E. Fries, srvdlke, Swarth, a quantity of grass cut down
Low G. swaalke, a swallow. at one stroke of the scythe. (E.) In Tw.
Swallow (2), to absorb. (E.) M. E. Nt. ii. 3. 162. An error for swath, as in
sweljen, swelwen, swol^hen, swolwen; A.S. Troil. V. 5. 25. See Swath.
swelgan, to swallow, strong verb, pt. t. Swash, to strike forcibly. (E.) Of
swealk, pp. swolgen. -4- Du. zwelgen, Icel. imitative origin. Cf. Swed. dial, svasska,
svelgja, Dan. sv(vlge, Swed. svdlja, G. to make a swashing noise, as when one
schwelgen. (The weak and strong fornas walks with water in the shoes. It stands
are confused.) Der. groundsel, q. v. for *svak-sa cf. Norweg. svakka, to make
;
Swamp. (Scand.) Not an old viôrd in a noise like water under the feet prov. ;
E. — Dan. Swed. svavip, a sponge, fungus ;

E. sivack, a blow, fall, swacking, crushing,
(hence applied to swampy ground, which huge. Der. swash-buckler, one who strikes
is the usual E. use) Icel. svoppr, a sponge.
; or flourishes his shield.
Cf. G. sumpf, a swamp (whence Du. Swath, a row of mown grass. (E.) A S. .
somp) allied to M. H.G. swam, swamp,

; swceS, a track swadu, a track, foot-track,
;
G. schwamin^ a sponge, fungus; Goth. trace. E. Fries, swad, a swath. +Du.

swatfwis, sponge; Low G.swam??i, stvamp, zwad, zwade, a swath (Sewel) G. schwad. ;
fungus Du. zzvam, A. S. szvamm, fungus.

; The sense of mown grass is original cf.
' '
;
We find also prov. E. swank, stvang, a Low G. szvad, a swath, swade, a scythe.
swamp Swed. dial, svank.
; The earliest meaning may have been
Swan. (E.) A.S. swan. '\-T>\x. zwaan. '
shredor slice
'
'
cf. Norweg. svada, vb», ' ;
Icel. svanr, Dan. svane, Swed. svan, G. act. and neut.,to shred or slice off, to flake
schwan. The form resembles that of Skt. off. Franck suggests that swath answers
svan, to resound, sound, sing (L. sondre). to an Idg. pp. form '^swa-to-, from the root
swan-hopping, taking up swans to of the verb to sway with reference to the ;
mark them. (E.) The usual explanation, sweep of a scythe.

that it stands for swan-upping, is right. Swathe, enwrap, bandage. to (E.)
See old tract on tipping \n Hone, Every-day M. E. swat hen also swethen. From a \
Book, ii. 958. From the prep. up. base swath- whence A. S. siveSel {sivceHl),
;
Swap, to strike. (E.) M. E. swappen, a swaddling-band be-swe'Qian, to enwrap. ;
to strike; also, to go swiftly. E. Fries. Cf. O. H. G. swedil, swithel, a bandage

swappen, to strike with a noise, from szbap, M. H. G. swede, a plaster.
a slap, noise of a blow ; cf. Low G. szvaps, Sway, to swing, incline, rule over. (E.)
interj, crack !, said of a slap. Imitative; M. E. siveiyen. E. Fries, swdien, swdjen,
cf. slap, whap ; prov. E. swack, a blow. to sway about, to swing. Cf. Swed. svaja,
Sward. (E.) It orig. meant skin, rind, to jerk, Dan. svaie, Du. zwaaijen, to sway,
or covering. A. S. sweard, the skin of swing. Allied to Swagger.
534
SWEAR SWINE
Swear. (E.) M. E. sweren. A. S. swer- sxvearf, pp. s7uorfen, to rub, file, polish
iati, pt.swor^ pp. sworen, to swear.
t. Du. + (hence to move swiftly to and fro, to turn
zweren, Icel. sverj'a, Dan. svarge, Swed. aside in moving).+Du.£«r/z'^«, to swerve,
svdrja, G. schworen. Allied to Goth. wander, riot, rove ; O, Sax. swertati, to
swaran, Icel. svara, to answer. Orig. to *
wipe ;O. Fries, swerva, to rove ; Icel.
speak loudly;' cf.Skt. svara-, sound, voice. sverfa (pt. t. svarf), to file O. H. G. ;
See Swarm. (y'SVVER.) Der. answer. swcrban, to run round, whirl round; Goth.
Sweat, and vb. (K.) M. E. swoot,
sb. bis7vairban,\.o wipe. Teut. type *swerban-,
sweat, sb. whence sweten, to sweat. A. S.
;
pt. t. *swa7'b, pp. *szvurbanoz. Cf. E.
sxvdt, sb. whence swCetan, vb. The A. S.
; Fries, swarven, to wander, Swed. svar/va,
swcetan became M. E. sweien, and should to (urn.
be mod. E. swei, the vowel having been Swift. (E.^ A.S. swt/t. Vrom swi/',
shortened similarly A. S. Icetan > M. E,
;
weak giade of A. S. swi/an, to move
leten >
mod. E. let. The spelling sweat quickly : with suffix -/ (Idg. -tos). Cf.
is now unsuitable. The A. S. sb. swat Icel. svl/a, to rove, turn, sweep ; O. H. G.
would now be sivote, but has been super- srveibon, to move or turn quickly. Teut.
seded by the verb. Du. zweet, sb. Icel. + ; base *s7veib.
sveiti, Dan. sved, Swed. svelt, G. schweiss. Swill, to wash dishes, drink greedily.
Teut. stem *szvaito-. Allied to L. sudor. (K.) M. E. swilien. A. S. swilian, to
sweat G. Ihioj, I sweat, iZpws, sweat W.
; ; wash. Der. swill, sb., hog's-wash whence ;
chwys, sweat Skt. sveda-, sweat, from

; swill, vb., to drink like a pig. Rich. Ill,
svid, to sweat. (V^WEID.) See Suda- v. 2. 9.
tory. Brugm. i. § 331 c. Swim (i\ to move about in water. (E.)
Sweep, vb. (E.) M. E. swepen. A A. S. sivitji/nan. pt. t. szuamtn.-J^TyvL. zwem-

weak verb, formed from the base swiep-, men, svimvia, Dan. svomvie, Swed.
Icel.
as in swcepd, 3 p. s. pres. t. of A.S. swdpan, sinima G. schwivimen. Teut. type *swe»i-
;
to sweep. Cf. also O. Fries, swepa, to man-, pt. t. *swamni, pp. ^siouynmanoz.
sweep ; E. Fries, swepen (pt. t. swepde), Swim (2), to be dizzy. (E.) From
to swing, Bway, vibrate. Cf. Icel. sopa., M.E. stvivie, a dizziness. A.S. szvir?ia,
to sweep, M. Swed. sivepa, Swed. a swoon, swimming in the head. -^ Du.
sopa. From Teut. base *swaip- ; seen zwijvi, a swoon E. Fries, swim cf. Icel.
; ;
also in O. H. G. sweifan (pt. t. swief), svinii, dizziness, Dan. sviiiile, to be giddy,

whence G. schweifeu, to sweep
rove, stray, besvime, to swoon Swed. svimvia, to be
;
along ; Icel. svetpa, to sweep along, a dizzy, swivining. swoon Pomeran. swi- ;
weak verb, from an old verb svTpa (pt. t. men, to swoon Low G. swiviebi, to
;
sveip, pp. *svipinn). Teut. root *sweip. reel (Danneil). |3. A. S. szvivia =
See Swoop, Swipe. Brugm. i. § 701. swi-ma the real base is *swi {*swei) ;
;
Sweet. (E.) M.E. sivete, with by-forms whence also O. H. G. szvinan, lo decreas-e,
S7vote, sote. A.S. swete, sweet (for *swdti-) ;
disappear, allied to Swed. svindel. G.
swote, adv. sweetly. O. Sax. swoti, Du. + schwindel, dizziness Sw&A.Jorsvinna, to ;
zoet., Icel. satr, Dan. sod, Swed. sot, G. disappear, Icel. svina, to subside (as a
siissÔ.W.Q. siiozi', Qto\\\. suts. p. From swelling). The orig. notion is that of
the Idg. VSWAD,
to please whence ;
failure, giving way, subsidence, &c. see ;
Skt. svad, svdd, to taste, eat, jjl^^, svddu-, swindler.

sweet, Gk. 77^1;?, L. stidiiis. See Suave. swindler, a cheat. ;G.) XVIIlcent.
sweetheart. M.E.szveteherte,(E.) — G. schwindkr an extravagant projector,
,
lit. sweet heart, i.e. dear love see Chaucer, ; a swindler. — G. schwindeln, to be dizzy,
Troil. iii. 11 81, 1210, and last line. act thoughtlessly. — G. sch-winden, to decay,
Swell. (E.) M. E. swellen, pt. t. swal. sink, vanish, h^. +
A. S. sivindan, pt. t.
A. S. swellan, pt. t. sweall, pp. swollen.'^- sivand, to languish allied to O. H. G. ;
Du. zwellen, Icel. svella, Swed. svdlla, G. stuinau, to fail. See above.
schwellen. Teut. type *swellan-, pt. t. Swine, a sow, pig, pigs. (E.) M.E.
*swall, pp. *swullanoz. Cf. Goth, uf- szvin, both sing, and pi. A. S. swTn, a
swalleins, a swelling up. Brugm. i. § 903. pig; pi. swin, swine. Du. zwijn, a +
Swelter ; see Sultry. swine, hog; Icel. svin, 1. svin Dan. ; ]
Swerve, to turn aside. (E.) M. E. sviin, pi. sviin Swed. svin, G. schwein,
;
sweruen \swei-ven). A. S. sweorfan, pt. t. O. H. G. swTn\ Goth, swein, neut. sb.

635
, ;;
SWING SYCAMORE
sing. Teut. type *swTnom^ neut.
; So also Du . swick, ' a swich, or a whip ;
' Hexham
Russ. svineya, a swine, svinka, a pig, cf. Low
G. zwukse (Hanov. swutsche), a
svinoi, swinish. All diminutive or adjec- long thin rod. The M. Du. szvick is not
tival forms, like L. sinniis (Varro), re- Low G., but borrowed from Bavar. zzoick,
lated to swine, fromi-^j, a sow. See Sow. the lash of a whip, allied to G. zwecke, a
Brugm. i. § 95. tack,wooden peg (Franck).
Swing. (E.) M. E. swingen, pt. t. Swivel, a link turning on a pin or neck.
STvang, pp. swungen. A. S. swingan, pt. t. (E.) Spelt swiuell in Minsheu (1627) ;
szaang, pp. swungen, to scourge, also to formed, with suffix -el, from swif-, weak
lly, flutter, flap with the wings. -+• Swed. grade of A. S. swifan, to move quickly
svinga, Dan. svinge, to swing, whirl G. ; (revolve"). Allied to Swift. Lit. sense
schivingen of. also Goth, af-swaggivja^t,
;
'
which readily
that revolves.' Cf Icel.
to cause to doubt or despair. Teut. type round
sveifla, to spin ; from svifa, to turn.
*swengwan-, pt. t. ^swangw, pp. ^swujtg- Brugm. i. § 818(2).
ivanoz. Swoon, (E.) M. E. swounen,
to faint.
swinge, to beat, whip. (E.) M. E. swoghenen, szuoweneti, to swoon. Formed
swengen. A. S. sivengan, to dash, strike (with formative n, usually with a passive
(cf. sweng, a blow) the causal form of ; sense, as in Goth, verbs in -nan) from
Swing. As if ' to flourish a whip.' M. E. swowen, swoghen, to swoon, to sigh
swingle, a staff for dressing flax. deeply, also to sough, sigh. This is a
(M. Du.) M. E. swinglen, to beat flax; strong verb, from A. S. szvogan, to move
sivingle,vi s vvingle. From M. Du. sivingelen or sweep along noisily, to sough, to sigh
or swhigen, to Iteate flax,' Hexham see
'
; as the wind, a strong verb, of which the
Swing. Cf. A. S. szvingele, a scourging ; pp. geswogen occurs with the actual sense
E. Fries, swengel, G. schwengel, a pump- of ' in a swoon.' *
Se Iseg geswogen ' =- he
handle. lay in a swoon, Îfric's Hom. ii. 336. So
swingle-tree, the bar that swings at also A. S. geswowung, a swooning, A. S.
the heels of harnessed horses. (E.) M. E. Leechdoms, ii. 176, 1. 13. Cf Low G.
swmgle-tre. — M. E. swingle, a beater, but swbgen, to sigh, swtigten, to swoon ;
lit. 'a swinger,' or that which swings tre, ; Lith. swag'eti, to resound. Allied to
a piece of wood see Tree. Cf. Du.
; Sough, q.v.
zwengel, a swing; Low G. swengel Swoop, vb. (E.) M. E. swopen, usually
(Danneil), G. schwengel, a swingle-tree. in the sense to [The o, orig. open
sweep.
Swink, to toil. (E.) Obsolete once ; (<A. S. a) became close owing to the
very common. A.S. swincan, pt. t. swanc, preceding zv?\ A. S. swdpan, to sweep
pp. swuncen, to labour, work hard. From along, rush, swoop also, to sweep (pt. t. ;
the violent action allied to Swing. Cf sweop, pp. szvdpen). + Icel. sveipa, to
;
Du. zzvenk, a swing, a turn G. schwenken, sweep, swoop sopa, to sweep G. schwei-
; ; ;
to swing, whirl about. fen, to Base *swaip, allied to

rove.
Swipe, to strike with a sweeping stroke. '^swaip, 2nd grade of Teut. "'sweipafi-, as
(E.) Allied to M. E. swippen; A.S. in O. Icel. svipa, to move quickly. See
szvipian, swzppan, to scourge, heat, from Sweep.
*swip-, weak grade of Teut. '^sweipan- ; Sword. (E.) M.'E.swerd. A.St. sweord.
cf. Icel. sveipa, to sweep, swoop. Cf "f-Du. zwaard, Icel. sve?-S, Dan. svcerd,
A. S. szvipe, a whip Icel. svipa, to whip, ; Swed. svdrd, G. schweri. Teut. type
wipa, a wliip. In form, mod. E. swipe *swerdof?i, neut.
answers to O. Icel. svipa, to sweep, swoop. Sybarite, an effeminate person. (L.—
See Sweep. Gk.) L. SybarJta. — Gk. ^vlâpiTrjs, an
Swirl, to whirl in an eddy. (Scand.) inhabitant of Sybaris, a town named from
Norweg. svirla, to whirl round frequent, ; the river Sybaris, on which it was situated
of sverra (= Dan. svij-re), to whirl, orig. in Lucania, Lower Italy.
to hum. [But not Norw. svervel, a whirl- Sycamine, a tree. (L. - Gk. - Heb. ?)
pool, svervla, to swirl.] Cf. Swed. svirra, h.sycamTnus. —• Gk. crvKapilvos Lukexvii.6. ;
to murmur G. schwi7-ren, to whir Skt.

; ; Prob. a Gk. adaptation of Heb. shiqimm,
svr, to sound. See Swarm. pi. of shiqmah, a sycamore that it has ;
Switch, a pliant rod. (M. Du.) For been confused with sycamore is cbvioas.
szvich, palatalised form of swick. — yV. Sycamore, a tree. (L. — Gk. — Heb. ?)
536
SYCOPHANT SYNDIC
Better L, syco7norus. — Gk. rraOfia, fellow-feeling. — Gk. av/x-, for avv,
sycomore. —
avKu/jiopos, as if it meaiu fig-mulberry '
with TraOeTv, to suffer. See Pathos.
'
; ;
[Gk. av/co-Vj fig p.6pov, a mulberry] but

;
Symphony. (F.-L.-Gk.) F sym -
; .
prob. a Gk. adaptr.tion of Heb. shiqmdh, phonie, Cot. — L. sytnphdnia. — Gk, avyi-
a sycamore see above. ;
(/joji'i'a, music (Luke XV. 25). — Gk. avpLfpojvos,
Sycophant. (L. — Gk.) l^.sycophanta^ harmonious. — Gk. ck/x-, for avv, together;
an informer, parasite. — Gk. avKocpdvrijs, (pwi'-q, ôund. See Phonetic.
lit. fig-shewer,' also an informer, a false
'
Symposium, a merry feast. (L.-Gk.)
adviser. [Etymology certain, but the reason L. symposiiun. — Gk. ovuttugioi', a drinking-
for the peculiar use is unknown. The paity, banquet. — Gk. avfx- (for avv), to-
usual explanation, 'informer against those gether 7T0-, base of ire-nuj-Ka, I have
;
who exported sacred figs from Attica,' is drunk, noais, a drink. See Potable.
unauthorised.] — Gk. avno-v, a fig; -ipavrrjs, Symptom, an indication of disease.
lit.'
shewer,' from (paivîv, to shew. See (F. — L. — Gk.) Properly a medical term.
Hierophant. ^L F. synipto?ne Cot. — L. sympidtna. —
;
Syllable. (F.-L.-Gk.) The third / Gk. avfxvTOjfxa, a casualty, anything that

is intrusive. M. E. sillable. — O. F. siilabe, befals one. — Gk. avixmvTuv, to fall in
also sit 'able. '^'L. synaba.-'G\>i. avWalSr], with. — Gk. avp.- {avv), together; -ni-nreLV,
a syllable, lit. holding together,' so much to fall.
'
(VPET.)
of a word as makes a single sound or ele- Syn-, prefix. (L.-Gk.; ^r F.-L.-
ment. —Gk. (TvX-, for avv, together; AojS-, Gk.) A Latinised spelling of Gk. avv, to-
base of Xa^xâmv, to take, seize. gether. It becomes syl- before /; sy77i-
Syllog'isui, a reasoning from premises. before b, m, p, ph and sy- before
;
(F. — L. — Gk.) F. syllogisnie.-^l^. syllo- s or z.

^/smus. — Gk. avK\oyiaf/.6s, a reasoning.— Ssrnseresis, the coalescence of two
Gk.o-i;AAo7iô/4at, I reckon together, reason. vowels into a diphthong. (L.-Gk.) L.
— Gk. (Tv\- ( = avv), together; Xoyiô/xai, synceresis. — Gk. avvaipeats, a taking to-
I reckon, from Xoyos, discourse, reason- gether. — Gk. avv, together ai'peois, a
;
ing. taking, from alpeiv, to take. See Heresy.

Sylph, an imaginary being inhabiting Synagogue. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. syna-
the air. (F.-Gk.) F. syl/>/ie.-'Gk.(Ti\(pT], gogite, — L. synagoga. — Gk. awaywy-iT, a
a kind of worm or grub (Âristotle. On bringing together; congregation, — Gk.aur,
this word it would seem that Paracelsus together; d-ycuyri, a bringing, from aydv,
formed the name sylphe he also used the to bring, drive. (y'AG.)
;
names ^;z^w^, salamander, and nymph (all Synal08pha, a coalescence of two syl-
of Greek origin), to signify, respectively, a lables into one. (L.-Gk.) L. synalapha.
genius of earth, fire, and water. Hence — Gk. avvaXoKprj, lit. a smearing together,
the form sylph-id, a false form, but only — Gk, avv, together; d\€i<p€iv, to anoint,
explicable on the hypothesis of a Greek allied to Xinos, grease. Cf. Skt. lip, to
origin as if from a nom. *(Xi\(pis (base besmear, anoint.
;
ai\(pi5-). ^
Littre's explanation, that Synchronism, concurrence in time,
sylph is of Gaulish origin, seems to me (Gk.) Gk. avyxpoviap.v9. —Gk. avyxpovos,
futile Paracelsus could hardly have known contemporaneous. — Gk. avy-, for avv, to-
;
Gaulish. gether; xP'^ôj, time. See Chronicle.

Sylvan, misspelling of Silvan. Syncopate, to shorten a Avord by
Symbol, a sign. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dropping a syllable. (L. — Gk.) From
symbole. — L. symbolum. — Gk. avfiôKov, a pp. of L. syncopdre, of which the usual
token, pledge, a sign by which one infers sense is 'to swoon.' — L. syncope, syiicopa,
a thing. — Gk. av/j-PdWeiv, to throw to- a swoon; also, s\ncope. — Gk, avyKo-ni],
gether, compare, infer. — Gk. avfi- {avv), a cutting short, syncope, loss of strength.
together l3dX\(iv, to throw, put.
;
— Gk. avy- (written for ovv, together,
Symmetry. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. liefore k) kott-, base of kuvtciv, to cut. ;
symmetrie; Cot. — L. symmelHa. — Gk.avjx- See Apocope.

fj.€Tpta, due proportion. — Gk. (TVfj./j.€Tpo<>, Syndic. (F. — L.-Gk.) F. syndic, 'a.
of like measure with. — Gk. av/x- ( = crvv), syndick, censor, controller of manners;'
with /xerpov, a measure. See Metre.
;
Cot. — L. syndicus. — Gk, avvhiKo^, adj,,
Sympathy. (Gk.) From Gk. av^t- helping in a court of justice as a sb., a ;
537
;
SYNECDOCHE TABOUR
syndic. — Gk. ovv, together h'lKr], ; justice. shortening of a syllable. (Gk.) Gk. <ru-
Allied to Diction. (VDEIK.) aroXij, a drawing together. — Gk. cruaTeA-
Synecdoche, a figure of speech where- Keiu, to together. —
draw Gk. av-v, to-
by a part put for the whole. (L. — Gk.)
is gether ; areWdv,
to place, put. See
L. synecdoche. — Uk. aweKboxri, lit. a re- Diastole, Stole.
ceiving together. — Gk. aui/, together; la- Syzy^y, conjunction. (Gk.) Gk. crv^v
SexoAta', I receive, from l«, out, and Sf'xoât yia, conjunction. — Gk. av^vyos, conjoined.
(Ion. biKQjxat), I receive. (V'DEK.) — Gk. av-v, together; ^^^7-, weak grade
Synod. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. synode.^. of êvyvvfii, I join ; see Yoke, Conjugal.
L. synodiim, ace. oi synodns.''G]<..ahvoôs, (VYEUG.)
a coming together, a meeting. — Gk. ovv,
together oSoj, a way, a coming.
; See
Method. (VSED.)
Synonym. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. syno- Tabard, a herald's coat. (F.) M. E.
nyme.-^V.. (pi.) synonyma, lit. synonyms ;
tabard. — U. F. tabart, tabard, also tribart
from the adj. syndny??ius, synonymous, (Ducange), a kind of coat. Etym. un-
having the same sense as another word.— known. Cf. M. Ital. and L. trabea, a robe
Gk. avvwvviôs, of meaning. — Gk. avv,
like of state.
together ; name. Der. synony-
ovofia, a Tabby, a kind of waved silk. (F.—
mous, from L. synonymiis synonymy, ; Span. — Arab.) A tabby cat is one marked
from L. synonyinia, Gk. crvvcouvfiia, like- like the silk. — F. tabis (15th cent.) also ;
ness of name. See Onomatopoeia. atabis (Godefroy). — Span, tabi, a silken

Synopsis, a general view. (L. — Gk.) stuff; Low L. attabi. — Arab, 'ntdbt, a
L. synopsis. — Gk. ovvoîs, a seeing all rich watered silk. It was the name of
together. — Gk. avv, together; oxpis, sight. a quarter in Bagdad where the silk was
Der. synoptic-al, from Gk. adj. ovvoirTiKos. made ;named after prince Attab, great-
See Optic. grandson ofOmeyya. (See Dozy and De vie.)
Syntax. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. synâxe. Der. tabi-n-et, a variety of tabby from ;
— L. syntaxes. — Gk. avvraîi, arrange- Ital. tabin-o, tabine, tabby

'
Torriano. ;
'
ment hence, arrangement of words. — Gk.

; Tabernacle. (F. — L.) ¥ .tabernacle.
ovv, together rdî?, order, from rdacreiv,
;
— L. taberndcuhc??i, a tent double dimin. ;
See Tactics.
to arrange. of tabcrna, a booth. See Tavern.
Synthesis. (L. — Gk.) L. synthesis. — Tabid. (L.) L. tdbidus, wasting away.
Gk. putting together. — Gk. avv,
(7vv6eais, a — L. tdbere, to waste away, languish.
together a juitting, from nOevai, to
; deais, Table. (F. - L.) F. table. - L. tabula,
set, place. See Thesis. Der. synthet- a plank, flat board, table. Der. tabul-ate,
ic-al, from Gk. avv9€Tif{6s, skilled in put- tabul-ar, from L. tabula tabl-eau, from ;
ting together. F. tableau, dimin. of F. table. Also en-

Syphon, Syren ; Siphon, Siren. see tablature, tafferel.
Syringe. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.Y.syrin- Taboo, Tabu, to forbid the use of.
Cot. — L. syringem, The verb is formed from
;
gue, a sirmge, squirt

'
' (Polynesian.)
ace. of syrinx, a reed, pipe, tube. — Gk. the sb. taboo, which is the E. pronunciation
(Tvpiy^, a reed, pipe, shepherd's pipe, of New Zealand tapu, a prohibition or
whistle. Der. syring-a, a flowering shrub, interdict pronounced tambu in the Solo-
;
so named because the stems were used for mon Islands. Kotzebue mentions the
making Turkish pipes. '
Tabu, or interdict,' in his New Voyage
Syrnp, Sirup. (F.- Span. -Arab.) Round the World, London, 1830, ii. 178.
M. F. syrop F. sirop. — M. Span, xai-ope,
; % Not in any way connected with the
a drink ; Span, jarope. — Arab, shardb, custom of te pi, as erroneously said in
shnrdb,\^'me, beverage, syrup. — Arab, root some former editions.
shariba, he drank. See Sherbet. Tabour, Tabor, a small drum. (F.-
System, method. (L. - Gk.) XVII Span. — Arab.) M. F. tabour (mod. F. tam-
cent. — L. systema.''CL\^. avaTrjixa, a com- bour^. — Span, tambor, M. Span, atambor
plex whole put together, a system. — Gk. (where a = al, the Arab. def. article). —
(Tv-v, together (XTTJ-vai, to stand, pres. t.
;
Arab, tambfir, a kind of lute or guitar
'
'idTrjixi, I stand. See Statics. with a long neck, and six brass strings,
Systole, contraction of the heart, also a drum.' Prob. of imitative origin
38
; '
TABULAR TAINT
cf. Arab, tabl^ a drum, tabbdl, a drummer. taken, to grip. % The \V. tad, a tool, is
Der. tahour-et or tabrct^ a dimin. form ;
borrowed from M. E. takel.
also tambour. Tact. (L.) L. tactus, touch; hence,
Tabular, Tabulate ; see Table. delicacy. — L. tactus, pp. of taitgere, to
Tache (i), a iastening. (F.-Low G.) touch. See Tangent.
' A tache, a buckle, a claspe Barct
;
' Tactics, the art of manoeuvring forces.
(1580), s. V. Claspe. — O. F. tache, a nail, Gk.) Gk. raKTLKOL, neut,
pi., tactics.—
fastening (Godefroy). — E. Fries, take, a (;k. raKTiKvs, adj., tit fur arranging. — Gk.
point, prick, thorn; allied to tak, takke, TttfcTus, arrangecl, ordered verbal adj. of ;
a pointed thing, a twig Low G. takk, a ; Taofffiv (for *Tdi{-yfiv), to arrange, order.
point, pointed thing. See Taok. Cf. at- Der. tactic-ian.
tach, de-tach. Tadpole. (L.) Lit. a toad which is
Tache (2), a blemish. (F.) E. M. nearly all poll or head from its shape ; ;
tache, also tecche, a bad habit, blemish, see Poll. Formerly called a bullhead,
vice, caprice, behaviour. — F. tache, a '
which was also the name of a small fish with
spot, staine, reproach;' Cot. Also for- a large head.
merly spelt taiche, teche, teque, teke, a Tafferel, Taffrail, upper part of the
natural quality, esp. a vice, ill habit; mod. stern of a ship. (Du. — L.) T>u. tafereel,
F. tache, a stain Picard take. Cf. Ital.
; a panel, a picture, a tablet or board. For
tacca, taccia, defect, stain Port, and Span. ; ^tafel-eel, dimin. of Du. tafel, a table; cf.
tacha, defect, flaw, crack. Root unknown ;
G. tdfelei, boarded work, from G. tafel,
it is difficult to connect it with Tache (i); a table.— L. tabula, a table, plank, board.
yet this may be right. Ital. tacca also Doublet, tableau. % The spellmg taffraii
means notch or dent
' '
cf. K. Fries.
'
' ; points to confusion with rail.
takke, a notch, takje, a small notch, small Taffeta, Taffety, a thin silk stuff. (F.
twig, take (Du. tak), a twig. - Ital. - Pers.) F. taffetas, taffata Cot. ' ;
'
Tacit, silent. (L.) L. tacitus, silent. - Ital. taffeth, ' taffeta

;
' Florio. - Pers. taf-
— L. tacere, to be silent, -f- Goth, thahajt, tah, twisted, woven, taffeta. — Pers. taftan,
lct\. Pegja, Swed. tiga, O. H. G. dagat, to to twist, spin, curl (Horn, § 372).
be silent. Der. tacit -jirn, F. tacittaite, Tag", a point of metal at the end of a
L. taciturmis, silent ; tacit-urnity F\ , lace, &c. (Scand.) An aglet or tag of
'
taciticrnitt',L. ace. tacittirnitatem, silence; a poynt;' Baret (1580). — Swed. tagg, a

also re-ticent. prickle, point, tooth Norw. tagge, a tooth,
;
Tack, a small nail, a fastening also to ; cog. +

Pomeran. tagg, a point, tack ; Low
fasten. (E.) M.E. takke, tak, a fastening ;
G. takk, point, tooth. See Tack. Der.
takken, to fasten together. Of E. or Low tag-rag, for tag and rag ^ ever}' appendage
G. origin cf. E. Fries. Dan. takke, a tine,
; and shred.
pointed thing Low G. takk (the same)
; Tail (i), hairy appendage, appendage.
G. zacke, a tooth, tine, prong, twig. Allied (E.) M. E. tayl. A. S. tceêl, tcegl, a
the same tail.+Icel. tagl, Swed. tagel, hair of mane
;
to E. Fries, tak, a twig, bough ' '
as Du. tak, a twig. [The Irish taca, pin, or tail; Goth, tagl, hair; O. H. G. zagel,
peg, nail, lastenmg, Gael, iacaid, tack, a tail. Cf. Irish dual, a plait, lock of
peg, are from E.] Cf. Norman dial, taqtte, hair, Skt. daâ, a skirt. Brugm. i. §
a nail. p. Hence a tack or rope fastening
a sail ; also the verb tack, to sew slightly, Tail (2), the term applied to an estate
attach. Y- The verb to tack, in saiUng, which is
limited to certain heirs. (F. — L.)
refers to the shifting of the tacks in order Better spelt taille see Todd's Johnson. — ;
to alter the ship's course. F. taille, a cutting, shred the same word ;
Tackle, equipment, gear, tools. (Scand.^) as Tally (below). And see Entail.
M. E. takel. - Swed. and M. Swed. tackel, tailor. (F.— L.) Properly a cutter,- '
tackle of a ship Dan. takke I, tackle,

; or cutter out. M.E. taylor.Ô.Y. tail-
whence takle, to rig. Cf. Du. takel, a leor, later tailleur, 'a cutter;' Cot. — F.
pulley, takelen, to rig. The suffix -el tailler, to cut ;F. taille, a slitting, an
cf.
denotes the agent tack-le is that which

; incision.— Late L. tdliare, to cut; cf. L.
takes or holds firmly cf. M. Du. taeckel, ;
tdlea, a thin rod, stick, slip an agricultural ;
'
a rope to drawe a boate.' — Icel. taka, to term for a slip or layer.
grasp, seize, &c., also to take ; cf. E. Fries. Taint, sb. (F. — L.) F. teint, '
a stain ;
539
;;
TAKE TAMPER
Cot. — F. teint, pp. of teindre, to tinge. — 1
rowed from Low G.^ ; cf. O. Merc, tcslg,
L. tingere, to dye. See Tinge. a dye.
Take. (Scand.) M. E. taken, pt. t. tok, Tally, a stick notched so as to match
pp. taken. — Icel. taka, pt. t. tok, pp. another stick; an exact match. (F. — L.)
tekinn, to lay hold of, seize, grasp, take M. E. taille, a tally for keeping accounts. ;
Swed. taga, O. Swed. taka, Dan. tage. + — F. taille, a notch, cut. incision, cutting ;
Goth, tekan, to touch. also a tally, or score kept on a piece of

Talc, a mineral. (F. Span. Arab.) F. — — stick by notches. — F. tailler. to cut. —Late
Az/t". — Span.
/a/ti?. — Arab, talq, talc, mica. L. tdlidre, to cut ; cf. L. tdlea, a slip of
Tale, a number, a narrative. (,E.) M. E. wood. ^ The final -y in tall-y is due
/a/^. A. S. t(Bl^ a number, /a/«. a narra- to the frequent use of F. tailli, pp., to
tive. -4- Du. /aa/, speech Icel. tal, speech, ; signify "
notched '
; cf. lev-y,jtir-y, pun-y,
iala. number Dan. tale, speech, Swed.
: where -y — Y . -e.
tal. number, speech, G. zahl, number. Talmud, the body of Hebrew laws, with
Der. tal-k, tell. comments. (Chaldee.) Chaldee talmud,
Talent. - L. - Gk.) The
sense of instruction, doctrine
(F. cf. Heb. talnud, a ;
''
ability is from the parable

'
Matt. xxv. scholar, from Idmad, to learn, limmad, to
;
F. talent, a talent in money ; also will, teach.

'
desire Cot. — L. taletitum. — Gk. rakav-

;
' Talon. (F. L.) Particularly used of —
Tov, a balance, weight, sum of money, a hawk's hind claw and toe. — F. talon, a
talent. Named from being lifted and heel. —Late L. tdlonem, ace. oitdlo, heel.
Aveighed ; cf. Skt. tid, L. iollere, to lift, — L. tdliis, heel.
Gk. TaK-as, sustaining. (^TEL.) Allied an ant-eater. (Brazil.) Tamandua,
to Tolerate. Der. talent-ed, in use before From Guarani tamandiid, an ant-eater
A. D. 1640. (where a is nasal) ; see Granada, Vocab.
Talisman, a spell. (Span. Arab.— Rioplatense. —
Gk.) Span, talisman, a magical character. Tamarind. (F. — Span. Arab, and —
— Arab, tilsamdn, pi. of tilsatn, tilisfn, Fers.) M.F. tamarifid. — Span, tamarindo.
a talisman, magical image. — Late Gk, — Arab, taui)-, a ripe date Hind, India. ;
TeXecTfia, mystery, initiation Gk. rekeafia, ; Lit. Indian date.' p. The Arab, tamr is
'
a payment T€\€a/j,ui, an accomplishment.

; allied to Heb. tdmdr. a palm-tree. Hind
— Gk. TeXteiv, to accomplish, end. — Gk. is borrowed from Pers. (which turns s into
re'Ao?, end also initiation into a mystery.
; h), and is derived from Skt. sindhu-, the
Talk. (E.) E. Fries, talken, to talk river Indus. See Indigo.
cf. talke, a short tale. The Low G. Tamarisk, a tree. (L.) L. tamariseus,
taalke means (i) a jackdaw, (2) a talka- also taniarix. tamarice; of foreign origin.
tive woman. Extended (like stalk (i)) Cf. Gk. pLvpiKT]. a tamarisk.
from A. S. tal-, as in talu, a. tale, talian. Tam-bour, a small drum-like frame, for
to account, with suffix -k-, which seems to embroidering. (F. — Span. — Arab.) F.
give a frequentative force. Cf. Icel. Swed. tatnboiir, a tambour, also a drum see ;
tala, Dan. tale, to talk. See Tale and Tell. Tabour.

Tall, high in stature, lofty. (E.) [We tambourine. (F. — Span. -Arab.) F.
find M. E. tal, which meant seemly, also taynbou-rin, a tabour, dimin. of F. tambour,
obedient, obsequious, valiant allied to ; a tabour or drum ; see Tabour.
A. S. tt2l. appearing in leof-tal, friendly. Tame, adj. (E.) M. E. tame. A. S.
So also Goth, un-tals, indocile, unin- ta})i, tame ; whence te?nian, to tame.-}-
structed, from which we infer tals. docile. Du. ta?n, Icel. tamr, Swed. Dan. tam, G.
Note also A. S. ge-tal, quick, prompt; zahm. Allied to L. dotndre, Skt. dam,
O. H. G. gi-zal, quick.] The mod. E. Gk. Sayuaeti/, \V. dofi, to tame. (v^DAM.)
tall has in some cases been adopted in See Daunt.
Celtic. Cf. W. tal, high, Com. tal, high; Tamine ; the same as Tammy,
Corn, tal earn, the high rock W, taldra, Stamin. ;
tallness, loftiness. Tamper, to meddle, interfere with. (F.

Tallow. (E.) M. E. talgh. E. Fries. — L.) The same word as temper, used
talg, tallig.^M. Du. talgh, talch, tallow; bad sense
actively, but in a to influence ;
'
I>u. talk. Low G. talg\ Dan. Swed. talg; in a bad way.' Godefroy gives tra77iper as
Icel. tolgr. So also G. talg, tallow (bor- another form of temprer and tempreure, ;
540
;) ;
TAMPION TAP
tampreure, moderation, manner of operat- Tank, a pool. (Port. - L.) Port, tanque,
ing, temper of a weapon. See Temper. cognate with Span, estanque, O. F. estajig,
Tampion, a kind of plug. (F. — Teut.) a stank, pool. — L. stagnum, a pool. See
F. tampon, bung, stopple nasalised form ; Stank. %
Anglo-Indian see Yule. ;
of F. tapon, the same, augment, of O. F. Tankard. (F.) O. F. tanquard, a

ia?npe, tape, a bung. Cf. F. taper, tapper, tankard Rabelais M. Du. tanckaert, *a
;
to stop with a bung (a Picard word;.— wodden [wooden] tankard,' Hexham from
Du. tap, a bung, tap; Low G. tappe, the 1".). Prob. from Swed. sthnka, a wooden
same. See Tap (2). tankard with F. augment, suftix -ard.
;
Tan. (F. — G.) From F. tan, 'the Swed. stanka is a dimin. oi sidnna. standa,
bark of a yomig oak, wherewith leather is a vat ^Kietz note the aa in Norw.
;
tanned;' Cot. (Bret, tatin, an oak, also taankar, a tankard. Cf. Tur.or E.stafidard^
tan.) — G. tanjie, fir-tree. -|-Du. den, a fir- a tankard, standing-bowl (Greene 1,
tree; M. Du. dan, as in abies, eyn dan,' '
Tansy, a plant. f^^F. — Low L.-Gk.)
Mone, Quellen, p. 302. Der. tan, vb., M. E. tansaye, tatisey. — O. F. tanasie,
&c. tan-ling, Cymb. iv. 4. 29.
; tanaisie earlier form athanasie, atanasie.
;
Tandem. (L.) L. /aw^Vw, at length ;

(Cf. M. Ital. atanasia, Port, atanasia,
applied to two horses harnessed at length. tansy.) — Late L. *athanasia, merely the
A University joke. Latinised form of Gk. dOavaoia, immor-
Tang iS), ^ strong taste. (Du.) Cf. tality. Cf. M. Ital. atanato Jit. immortal),
M. Du. tanger, sharp, biting to the taste ;
the rose-campion Florio. Prob. from its
;
lit. pinching. — Du. tatig. a pair of pincers supposed virtue, and its use in medicine.
see Tongs. Cf. O. H. G. zangar, sharp — Gk. aQavaros, immortal. — Gk. d-, not ;
to the taste ; A. S. ge-tingan, to press Oav-eiv, 2 aor. of 6vr}OK(iv. to die.
hard upon (pt. \. getang). Tantalise. (Gk., Formed with F.
Tang (',2), to make a shrill sound. (E.) (< L. -izdre Gk. -linv), from
suffix -iser <
To tang is to ring out an imitative word ;
; Gk. TdvraA-os, Tantalus, in allusion to his
allied to tinker, tingle^ ttvang. story. The fable was that he was placed
Tang (3), tongue of a buckle, the part up to his chin in water, which fled from
of aknite which goes into the haft. (Scand. his lips whenever he desired to drink.
Icel. tangi, tang of a knife, which is nipped Allied to TavTa\i<^€n' ravraXft'dv, to oscil-
,
by the handle Norw. tange, tang of a

; late,sway like a balance intensive form ;
knife, tongue of land allied to tong,

;
from raX-j as in raXavrti', a balance. See
tongs ; see Tang (1), Tongs. Talent.
Tang (4 , seaweed ; Tantamount. F. — L.) First used as
see Tangle.
Tangent. From
L. tangent-, a verb, with the sense
(L.) to amount to as '
touching, stem of pres. pt. of tangere ;base much.' — F. tant, so much, as much, from
tag'), to touch; pp. tadiis. -f- Gk. base L. tantum, neut. of tantns, so great and ;
707-, as in T€Ta7a;r/, taking. E. amount (of F. origin) see Amount. ;
tangible. (F.-L.) ¥. tangible. ~l.. vi , to knock gently. (F. — Teut.)

Tap ;
tangibilis, touchable. — L. tangere, to F. taper, M. F. tapper, to tap, hit Cot. '

'
touch. ^hovfG.tappen, to grope, fumble, tappe,

Tangle, to knot confusedly. (Scand.) a paw E. F'ries. tappcn, to grope, tap, ;
Spelt tangell in Palsgrave. To tangle is a light blow Icel. tapsa, to tap. Prob. ;
'
to keep twisting together like seaweed of imitative origin'
cf. Russ. topate, to ;
;
a frequentative verb from North E. tang, stamp with the loot, Arab, tall, a drum ;
sea-weed. — Dan. tang, Swed. tang, Icel. E. diib-a-dub. % Perhaps a native word
pang, kelp or bladder-wrack, a sea-weed M. E. tappen occurs rather early.
(whence the idea of confused heap) ; cf. Tap

(2), a short pipe to draw liquor from
Icel. Pdngtill, sea-weed, Norw. tongiil, a a cask, a plug. (E.) M. E. tappe. A. S.
So also prov. E. tangle, sea- tsppa, (Toller) ; we also find A. S. tirp-
'
tangle-stalk. !
reed; Norman F. tangon, a kind of sea- p^re, one who taps casks.
- -
Du. tap, Icel. +
weed {Fucus Jlagelliformis, Metivier). tappi, Dan. tap, a taj) Swed. tapp, a tap, ;
Der. e?i-tangle, with F. prefix en- (<L.z'«;. handful, wisp, G. zap/en, a tap. p. The
Tanist, a presumptive heir to a prince. orig. idea was prob. a tuft or wisp of some-
(Irish.) Irish tanaiste, apparent heir. — thing, to stop a hole with cf. Swed. tapp ;
Irish tanaise, second in rank (Rhys). (above} halm-tapp, a wisp of straw. Der. ,
541
;
TAPE TARPAULING
tap-root, tap-ster, A. S. tappestre, a fern, endive Latinised as/araxfl:ô«,in Avicenna.
;
form of tceppere (above) ; tampion, q. v. (Devic supp. to Littre.)

;
—
Tape. (L. Gk.) M. E. tape, also Tardy. (F.-L.) Y.tardifAs^rdy. (Cf.
tappe. A. S. tceppe, a tape, a fillet closely ; Ital. tardivo, tardy.) From L. tard-tis,
allied to A. S. tappet, tapped, a tippet, a slow with suffix îims.
;
carpet. The A, S. pi. tappan probably Tare ( I ), a plant. (E.) yi.^.tare,

meant strips of stuff or cloth. Borrowed darnel (Matt. xiii. 25). Not in A. S. but ;
from L. tapete, cloth see Tapestry. ; the sense is peculiar to English, as the
Taper (Oj ^ small wax candle. (E.) mod. E. tare is short for tai-e-vetch, i. e,
M. E. taper. A. S. tapoi-^ taper. Cf. Irish darnel-vetch. -|- M. Du. tet-we, Du. tai-we,
tapar, a taper, W. tampr, a taper, torch. Low G. tarve, wheat
Lith. dii-wa, corn-
;
taper (2), long and slender. (E.) field ; Skt. dftrvd, a kind of grass.
Taper means taper-like, shaped like the Tare (^), an allowance. (F. Span.— —
tapers used in churches, which were some- Arab.) F. tare, loss, waste in merchandise.
times thinner at the top. Holland has : — Span, tara, tare, allowance in weight.
*
taper-wise, sharp-pointed in the top tr. ;
' Lit. 'what is thrown away.' — Arab, tarha^
of Pliny, xvi. 16. See above. The A.S. ^ what is thrown away, detriment (Devic) ;
taper-ax, a kind of ax, is unallied ; cf. /z;7z, ttirrah, thrown away. — Arab, root
Russ. topor, Pers. tabar, an ax. taraha, he threw prostrate, threw down.
Tapestry. (F.-L.-^Gk.) A corrup- Target, a small shield, &c. (F. —
tion of the old form tapisserie. F. tapis- — Scand. "djith F. suffix.)
; Formerly also
serie, tapestry. —
F. tapisser, to furnish tergat; the -et is the F. dimin. suffix. —
with tapestry. — F.
tapis, tapestry, hang- O. F. targiiete (Godefroy), a small shield ;
ings Late L. tapecius. — L. tapete, cloth,

; dimin. of O. F. ta^-gue (as in Cot), F.
hangings. — Gk. TairrjT-, stem of Tcntrjs, a targe. "XatX. targa, a target, small shield;
carpet, woollen rug. Cf. Pers. tabastah, A, S. targe; O. H. G. zarga, a frame, side
a fringed carpet tdbldan, to spin, tdftah^
; of a vessel, wall, G. zarge, frame, case,
taffeta ; see Tafifeta. edge, border. %
Distinct from Arab, dar-
Tapioca. (Brazilian.) Brazilian tapioka, kat, darakat, a shield, whence Port, and
the poisonous juice which issues from the Span, adarga, a small square target.
root of the cassava when pressed (Littre) Targam, a Chaldee paraphrase of the
hence tapioca, which is also prepared from Old Testament. (Chaldee.) Chaldee tar-
the root of the cassava. The Tupi or gum, an interpretation. — Chal. targem,\.Q
Brazilian tipi-oca means dregs squeezed '
interpret. Cf. Arab, tarjumdn, an inter-
out ' from tipi, residue, dregs, and the
; preter ; see Dragoman.
verbal root og, ok, to take by force, pull, Tariff. (F.- Span. -Arab.) F. tarij.
pluck off, hence to squeeze (Cavalcanti). M. F. tariffe, a casting of accounts. — Span.
Tapir, a quadruped. (Brazilian.) Tupi tarifa, a list of prices, book of rates. —
or Brazilian tapyra, taptra, a tapir. Arab. tarJf, giving information, notifica-
Tar. (E.) M. E. terre. A.S. teoru, tion (because a tariff gives notice). Arab. —
teru, tar; cf. also tyrwa. Du. teer, Icel. + 'irf, knowing, knowledge. — Arab, root
tjara, Dan. tiare, Swed. tjdra. p. Cf. \irafa, he knew.
Icel. tyri, ty}-vi, resinous wood ; allied to Tarn, a pool. (Scand.) M. E. terne.-^
Lithuan. dai-wa, derwa, resinous wood, Icel.tjorn (gen. tjarnar), a tarn, pool;
particularly the parts of the fir-tree that Swed. dial, tjdrn, tarn, Norw. tjorn, a pool
readily burn also to Russ. drevo, a tree,
; without an outlet.
derevo, wood, timber, W. de7'r{.i, an oak- Tarnish. (F.-O. H. G.) F. temiss-,
tree, and E. tree. Orig. sense wood,' esp. '
stem of pres. pt. of se ternir, to become
resinous wood for fuel hence resin from; dim, lose lustre (Cot.).-M. H. G. ternen,
such wood. Allied to Tree. O.H.G. tarnen, to obscure, darken; from
Tar (2), a sailor; see Tarpauling. O. H. G. tarni, secret (whence F. tenie,
Tarantella. (Ital.) dance so called A dim). +
A.S. dernan. dyrnan, to hide,
(also a tarantula) so named from Ital.
;
from derne, dyrne, adj., secret cf. O. Sax. ;
Taranto, Tarento, a town in S. Italy. derni, hidden, secret.

Taraxacum, the dandelion. (Arab.) Tarpauling, a cover of tarred canvas.
From Arab, tarasacon, explained as a (E. andl..) It means tarred pauling or
kind of succory, Pers. tarkhashqun, wild tarred palling \ a palling is a covering,
542
— ;
'
TARRAGON TATTER
from the verb pall, to cover. This verb is A perverse spelling of Tatar, owing to a
from pall, sb., a cover see Pall. Der. ; popular etymology which regarded Tatars
tarpaulin, an old name for a sailor as let loose out of lartarus or hell see
(Smollett), now
abbreviated to tar. below). From Tatar, a Tatar or inhabi-
Tarragon, a plant. (Span. — Arab. tant of Tatary (as it should be spelt).
Gk.) Span, taragona (Diez) usually /ara- ; Tartar (3), Tartarus, hell. (L.-Gk.)
gontia (cf. M. F. targon, tragoti).^ Arab, '
The gates of Tartar Tw. Nt. ii. 5. 225. \
tarkhun, dragon-wort. — Gk. Spa/ccuj/, a — L, Tartarus. -^ViV. Ta/jrapo?,. Tartarus,

dragon. See Devic, s. v. estragon ; and the infernal regions conceived to be a;
see Dragon. place of extreme cold ; cf. Gk. TapTapi^fiv^

Tarre, to incite, set on. (E.) In Shak. to shiver w ith cold.
Hamlet, ii. 2. 370. M. E. terren, terien, Task, sb. (F.-L.^ Lit. a tax. M.E.
tarien, to irritate, provoke. — A. S. tergan tns/:e. — O. North F. tasquc, Norm. dial.
(rare), tirgan, to vex, provoke N. Fries. ; a tax, O. F. tascke, a task (mod.
tasqtie,
tarre, terre, to set on a dog. See tarry. F. — Late L. tasca, a tax, another
/(7t-A^).
tarry. (E.) The present form is due foim of Late L. taxa. a tax. — L. taxdre,
to M.E. tarien, terien, to irritate, pro- to tax. See Tax.
voke, worry, vex hence to hinder, delay.
; Tassel
(i), a bunch of silk, &c., as an
[This is the true source of the word, though ornament. (F.— L.) 'b.l.lL. tassel. "O.Y.
its meaning may have been affected and tassel, zn ornament, fringe; also a piece
fixed by the O. F. larger, to delay, from of square stuff (cf. Ital. tassello, a square,
Late L. *tardicdre, to delay, from L. tardus, a collar of a cloakV — L. iaxillum, ace. of
slow; see Tardy.] — A.S. /^râw, usually taxillus, a small die; dimin. of talus, a
tirgan, to vex, provoke. ^^- tergen. + knuckle -bone, a die made of knuckle-
Low G. targen, tarren, to provoke ; prov. bone. Talus ^ *tax-lus, as shewn by the
G. zergen, to provoke. dimin. taxillus, and means a bone cut or
Tart (i), acrid, sharp, severe. (E.) squared; cf. Skt. taksh. to hew, prepare,
A. S. teart, tart, severe. Perhaps lit. tear- make. %
The application to a tassel is
ing, i.e. bitter. — A. S. *tar {leer), 2nd curious a woodcut at p. 272 of Guillim's
;
grade of teran, to tear. See Tear (i). Display of Heraldry (1660^ shews a tassel
Tart (2), a small pie. (F.-L.) M. E. ornamented with strings and dots; these
tarte. - O. F. tarte, a tart Cot.
* It ;
' strings divide it into squares, each of
seems to be a perverted form of O.F. torte, which (having a dot in the middleî re-
F. totirte, a tart, Ital. tartera, toria, a pie sembles an ace on a die. It was confused
or tart. Span, toi'ta, a round cake. — L. with L. tessella (see Tesselated) cf. ;
torta, fem. of tortus, pp. of torquere, to Tessera, tasol

'
O. E. Texts.; '
twist. Perhaps confused with L. tracta, a Tassel (2) ; the same as Tercel.
long piece of dough. Taste. (F.-L.) Orig. to handle, feel,
Tartan, a woollen stuff. (F.- Tatar.) the usual sense of E. fasten. — O. F.
M.
1. Prom F. tiretaine, 'linsie wolsie, or a taster, to handle, feel, taste. Cf. Late L.
taxta, O. F. taste, a probe for wounds so
;
kind therof, worn by French peasants ;
Cot. —Span, tirilana, a thin woollen stuff. that O. F. taster answers to a Late L.
2. Otherwise, from ^L E. Tartarin, orig. *taxitdre, iterative form of toxdre, to feel,
rich cloth of Tatary, later, coloured cloth handle i^Gellius). Again taxdre {<*tag-
of various hues, also spelt tartarne, tnrlern. sdre) is an intensive form of L. tangere,
See examples in N. E. D. to touch. See Tangent.
Tartar (i), an acid salt in casks, a Tat, to make trimming. (Scand.)
concretion on the teeth. (F. — Late L.— North E. tat. to entangle. - M. Swed. t&tte,
Arab.) A term due to the alchemists ;
Dan. dial, tat, Noiw. toatt, a thread, strand
called sal tartre, or tartre, in Chaucer. — of a rope, whence Norw. tcstta, to inter-
F. tartre, tartar,' Cot.

'
Late \^.tartarum
;
weave. Cf. Ictl.pdttr, Swed. t&t, a strand,
(by confusion with Tartarus). — Arab. fdament Dan. tot; G. docht. a wick.
;
durd, dregs, sediment, tatar of wine Tatter, a shred. (Scant! ) Also spelt
durdJy, dregs. Cf. Arab, darad, a shed- totter. — Icel. toturr; pi. totrar, tottrar,
ding of teeth which Devic connects with

;
rags, tatters ; Norw.
tottrur, alsototror,
tartar on the teeth. taltrar, pi., rags, tatters. Low G. taltern, +

Tartar (2), a native ofTartary. (Tatar.) rags, taltrig, ragged ; E. Fries talte, a rag,
543
TATTLE TEA
Caltr-'g, ragged. Thus tatter stands for Tautology. — Gk.) 1.. tautologia.
(F.
witn loss of /; cf. Low G. talfr,
talte?-, — Gk. ravToKoyia, a repetition of what has
tadder, a rag (Danneil) perhaps also ;
been said already. — Gk. TavToXuyo^, re-
A. S. tcBttec, a rag. I suppose the orig. peating what has been said. — Gk. ravro,
sense was * that which flaps or flutters short for to avru or to ovtov, the same
about,' and that it is closely allied to thing; -\oyos, speaking, from Keyeii', to
totter, q.v. speak.
Tattle, vb. (E.) 'î.'E.tatelen,toteIen, Tavern. (F. — L.) F. taveme. - I.
tateren, to tattle, prattle. also find We taberna, a hut, orig. a hut of boards a ;
M. E. titeren, to tattle, whence mod. E. tavern. Perhaps allied to L. tabula, a

tittle, in the phrase tittle-tattle. Tattle and plank, board see Table. ;
tittle are frequentative forms, from a base Taw, a game at marbles. (Gk.) Orig.
TAT or TIT, expressive of the iteration the mark from which the marbles were
of the syllables ta, ta, ta, or ti, ti, ti, to shot, and marked (originally) with a T,
indicate constant prattling. So also Du. to denote an exact spot. From Gk.
tateren, to stammer, E. taratantara, the rax), among schoolboys a letter-name ot
;
sound of a trumpet, Low G. tateln, to Semitic origin. Cf. Tee.

tattle, titetatehi, to tittle-tattle, iaat-goos, Taw, Tew, to prepare skins, curry ;
a gabbling goose, a chatterer Ital. tatta- ;
also to toil. (E.) M. E. tawen, tewan,
mella, chat, prattle. Der. tittle, weakened A. S. tawian, to prepare, dress, get ready ;
form oi tattle, as above whence tittletattle.; also, to scourge. Cf. A.^.getawa, imple-
Tattoo (i), the beat of a drum recalling ments. +
Du. touwen, to curry leather ;
soldiers to their quarters. (Du. or Low G.) O. H, G. zonwen, to make, prepare Goth. ;
Formerly iaptoo (Phillips) used as early taujan, to do, cause. See TooL
;
as A. D. 1663. — Du, taptoe, tattoo. — Du. Tawdry, showy, gaudy. (E.) Formerly
tap, a tap toe, to, i.e. shut, closed.
; Due used in the phrase tawdry lace, which meant
to the phrase appearing in Low G. tappen lace bought at .5"/. Awdiy s fair, held in the
to slaan, lit. to strike a tap to,' a prover- Isle of Ely (and elsewhere) on St. Awdry's
'
bial phrase (like E. shut up) signifying to day, Oct. 17. Tawdry is a familiar con-
close, conclude esp. used of closing the traction of 6"/. Awdry.
; p. Again, Awdry
taps of the public-houses, at the sound of is a popular form of Etheld^'ida, the
the drum. So also G. zapfenst7-eich, the Latinised form of the A. S. female name
tattoo, is lit. tap-stroke
'
and Low G. ^peipryS. It means
;
' noble strength ; ' '
tappenslag, the tattoo, is its equivalent. from A.S. ^9(?/ or cepel, noble, and/r/d or
p. The Du. tap is cognate with E. tap prydu, strength. Cf. lct\. Prn6r, the name
;
and Du. toe with E. to, prep. See Tap of a goddess and the suffix in Ger-triide.^ ;
and To. a name of O. H. G. origin.

Tattoo ( 2), to mark the skin with figures, (F. — G.^l Tawny.
For tanny; spelt
by pricking in colouring matter. (Tahitian.) tenny in heraldry. Tanny colowre, or '
See Cook's First Voyage, b. i. c. 17, b. iii. tawny ' Prompt. Parv. — F. tanne, tawny ;
;
c. 9. — Tahitian tatau, tattoo-marks de- lit. tanned pp. of tanner, to tan. — F. /a;/,
; ;
rived from ta, a mark (Littre). The sb., tan. — G. tanne, a fir-tree. See Tan.
Maori ta means to tattoo, to mark. Tax, sb. (F. -L.) M. E. taxe. - F. taxe.
Taunt, vb. (b.-L.) Hardly from O.F. — F. taxer, to tax. — L. taxd7-e, to handle,
tauter (see Liitre), occasional form of value, appraise, tax. For *tag-sdre from ;
tenter, to tempt, prove, essay, suggest, tag-, base oitangere, to touch.

' Doublet,
provoke, or move unto evill Cot. — L. task. ;
'
tentare, to try, prove, attack, assail, &c. Taxidermy, the art of stuffing the
;
see Tempt, p. Rather from the M.F. skins of animals. (Gk.) From Gk. Ta^t->,
phrase tant po7ir taut, one for another,' order (see Tactics)
' dep/x-a, a skin, from ;
Cot. cf. tit for tat. — O. F. tatint, tant, so

;
bip-(iv, to flay, cognate with Tear (i).
much. — L. tanttim, neut., so much. Tea. (Chinese.) Spelt tee in Pepys'
Taurus. (L.) L. taums, a bull.+Gk. Diary, Sept. 28, 1660; cha in Blount
TuC'pos. Allied to Steer Ti^ (1674). From the Amoy pronunciation
Taut, tight, firm. (E.) M. E. togt. \te) of the Chinese name for the plant,
App. from tog- (in tog-en, pp. of A. S. which is (in other parts of the empire)
teoh-an), to pull with added -/.
; called ch'a or ts'a Williams, Chin. Diet. ;
544
+
TEACH TEETOTALLER
p. 5 ; Douglas, Chin. Diet, of ihe Amoy -Low G.) M. E. tete, tctte.-Ô. F. tek,
vernacular, p. 481. Hence Ital. cia, tea; tette; F. tette.^how G. titte, M. Du.
F. tU, G. thee, Malay teh, tea. titte.-\-A. S. tit (pi. tittas). whence E. tit,
Teach. (E.) ^\.Y..techen. A.S.tacaii, a teat G. zitze. Cf. also W. didi, did,
;
to shew how to do, shew, pt. t. t('ehte, pp. a teat. (As if from an Idg. base DI.)
tie/it. Formed (with change of a to d ^ Distinct from Gk. titOt], titOo's, a teat,
before y, as in Teut. *taikjaii-), from tac- which appears to be allied to Skt. dhe, to
(Teut. *taik-), base of tdc-en, a token. suck, Goth, daddjan. to suckle.
Allied to Gk. deiK-vvfii, I shew. See Teazle, i- e. teasel see teasel. ;
Token. Technical. fGk.) Formed with suffix

Teak, a tree. (Malayalam.) Malayalam -al = L. -alls from Gk. t(x»''«"S, belong-
(^ :
iekka, the teak-tree Tamil tekku, the same

; ing to the arts. — Gk. Tf'xv?;, art, allied to
(H. H. Wilson). rfKToov, a carpenter. Cf. Skt. taksha7i, a
Teal, a bird. (E.) M. E. tele (13th carpenter, from /a/'j//, tocut wood. Allied
cent.\- not in A. S. Du. taling, older + to Text.
form tading (Sewel), M. Du. teelifigh, a Techy, fretful ; see Tetchy.
teal (Kilian) The A.S. form would be *ti7le.
. Ted, to spread mown grass. Scand.)
Team, a family, set, animals harnessed Icel. teQja, to spread manure, from tat5,
in a row. (E.) M. E. teyn, teem. A. S. manure cf ta^ja,
; hay grown in a well-
teajji, a family, offspring. Du. ioom, a rein + manured field, totiti-verk, hay-making, lit.
(from the notion of drawing or guiding) ;

'
ted-work.' So also Norw. tedja, Swed.
Low G. toom, offspring, also a rein; Icel. dial, tdda, to spread manure from tad, ;
taumr, a rein ; Dan. toniine, Swed. iojn, a manure. + Bavarian zetten, O. H. G. zettan,
rein G.; zatwi, a Teut. typebridle. to strew ; cf. G. ver-zettehi, to scatter.
*taii-moz, (Noreen), from
for *taug-??ioz Tedious. L. tadiosus, irksome.
(L.)
tank, 2nd grade of *teuk-a}i-^ to draw. — L. taditim, irksomeness. — L. tczdet, ii
SeeTow (1). (VDEUK.) Der. teem. irks one. (We also use tedium, sb.")
Tear (1), to rend. (E.) M. E. tere7z. Tee, a mark. (E.) From the use of a
A. S. teran, pt. t. tar, pp. tofen. -{-Goih. T to denote an exact spot. Cf. tee-totiim ;
ga-tairan, to break, destroy; Lith. dir-ti, and see Taw.

to flay, Gk. dep-eiv, to flay Russ. dra-te, ; Teem (Oj to be prolific. (E.) M. E.
to tear ; Pers. daridaii, to tear ; cf. W. temen, to teem t'eju, sb., progeny, off-
;
darn, a fragment Zend dar, to cut Skt.

; ; spring whence mod. E. tea7)i. See Team.
;
daraya, to tear. Teut. type *teran-, pt. t. The xM. E. temen answers to A. S. teman,
*/ar pp. *turaiioz.
; (
yDER.) Cf. also tyfjian, older tJeman, to teem. Teut. type
G. zehren (weak verb). Brugm. i. § 594. '^taiwijan-, from *taumoz, a team.
Tear (2), a drop of fluid from the eye. Teem (2), to empty. (Scand.' Icel.
(E.) M. E. tere. A. S. tear, tcir, also t(e7?ia, Dan. tbmme, Swed. tojiwia, vb. ;
teagor O. Northumb. taker. -|- Icel.

;
from the adj. toom see Toom. ;
tar, Dan. taar, taare, Swed. t&r, Goth. Teen, vexation, grief. (E.) M. E. toie.
tagr, O.Yi.Q. zahar A.S. teona, accusation, vexation. — A. S.
(pi. whence
zaheri,
mod. G. zdhre). Cf. teon, contracted form of *tihan, to accuse.
O. Lat. dacruma, L.
lacrmia, Gk. 8aKpv, 5dKpvfj.a, W. dagr, a '{-Go\.h..gateiha7i, to tell, make known G. ;
tear, O. Irish der. Brugm. i. § 178. Der. zeihen, to accuse cf. L. dicd7-e, to make ;
train-oil. known. Allied to Diction. (VDEIK.^

Tease, to card wool, to vex, plague. % Teen means a making known, public
(E.) M. E. tesen. A.S. tasan, to pluck, accusation, reproach, injury, vexation,
pull. + M. Du. teesen, to pluck wool Swed. ; grief, harm.
(F. -
dial, tesa, Dan. tcBse, Bavarian zaisen Teetotaller, a total abstainer.
(Schmeller), O. H. G. zeisan. All from L. ; with E. prefix a7id suffix.) 7êe-total
Teut. base *teis. is an emphasised form of Total, q.v. '1 he

teasel, a plant. (E.) M. E. tesel. word originated with R. Turner, of Pres-
A. S. tcesl, tcesel, lit teaser,' from its use
' ton, a temperance meeting about
who, at
in teasing wool. — A.S. tcesa^t, to tease. 1833, asserted that nothing but te-te-total
O. H. G. zeisala, teasel ; from zeisan, to wiir do see the Staunch Teetotaller, ed.
;
tease. by Livesey, of Preston, Jan. 1867.

J.
Teat, nipple of the female breast. (F. (Haydn.) See below.
545
;
TEETOTUM TENDER
Teetotum, Totum, a spinning toy. Temple (2), flat portion of the side of
(L.) Formerly /^////;^ (Ash, 1775, Phillips, the head above the cheek-bone. (F. — L.)
1706), So called from the side formerly M. E. templis, pi. --0. F. temples, pi., the
marked Z", which signified toHim, i. e. all temples (mod. F. tempes. Norm. dial.
the stake, from L. totum, neut. of totiis, temples). <-\.. temporal pi., the temples.
the whole ; see Total. Hence the name Der. tempor-al, adj., belonging to the
totum, or T-totiim ; which may have temples.
suggested T-total. Temporal (i), worldly, secular. (F.-
Tegument, a covering. (L.) I., tegit- L.) M. E. ternporal. — O. F. temporal,
mentiim, a covering. «- L. tegere, to cover. temporel, adj. — L. tevipordlis, temporal.—
-f.Gk. (TT^yfiv, Skt. sthag, to cover. Cf. L. tempor-, for ^tempos-, stem of tempus,
O. Irish tech^ W. ty, a house. Allied to time.
Thatch. (VSTEG.) Erugm. i. § 632. Temiporal (2), belonging to the tem-
Teil-tree, a linden tree. (F. -L. and ; ples : see Temple (2).
E.) O. F. teil, a lime-tree also, the inner Tempt. (F.-L.) O.F. /^w//^r, later
;
bark of a lime-tree (mod. F. tille),'^!-,. tenter, to tempt, prove. — L. tempt are,

tilia, a lime-tree also, the inner bark of teutdre, to handle, try the strength of,
;
a lime-tree. Irish telle. + assail, tempt frequentative of tendere (pp. ;
Telegraph. (Gk.) Modern. From tentus), to stretch (Breal). See Tend (i).
Gk. T^/Vf , afar ypatpeiv, lo write. Der.
; Ten. (E.) A. S. tyn, tien, with mu-
telegram^ coined to express telegraphic tation
'
O. Merc. ten. The long vowel
;
message ; from ypa^jxa^ a written char- appears in 'teen. -|- Du. tien
'
Icel. tiu, ;
acter. Dan. ti, Swed. tio Goth, taihun G. ; ;
telescope. (Gk.) From Gk. tÂ.€, zehn; L. decem, Gk. Seaa, Lith. deszimtis,
afar okott-uv, to behold.
; See Scppe. Russ. desiate, W. deg, Irish and Gael.
Tell, to count, narrate. (E.) A. S. deich, Pers. dak, Skt. da(â. Teut. type
tellan, pt. t. tealde, pp. teald; a weak verb *tek9n Idg. type "^dekdm. Brugm. ii.
;
(for ^tal-jatt). — K. wS. tain, number, narra- § 174. Der. ten-th; see Tithe.
tive; see Tale. +
Du. teilen, Icel. telja, Tenable, that can be held. (F.-L.)
Dan. talk, Swed. tdlja, G. zdhlen ; all F. tenable, 'holdable,' Cot. — F. tenir, to
from sbs. Teut. type '^taljan-. hold. — L. tenere, to hold, keep orig. to ;
Telluric, belonging to earth. (L.) From extend. Skt. tan, to extend, stretch Gk. + ;
L. tellur-^ stem of telltis, earth. Der. Tf/veti/ (for ^rkvyuv), to stretch. Allied
telhiri-itm, a rare metal. to Thin.
Temerity. (F. - L.) M.F. temeritL - tenacious. (L.) Coined from L.
L. ace. temeritdtem, rashness. -^ L. adv. tendc-i-, decl. stem of tenax, holding fast
tenure, rashly. The orig. sense of temere with suffix — L.
tenere (above).
-("z/i-.
was 'in the dark'; cf. Skt. iamas, gloom. tenacity. L.) M.F. te^tacite. —
(F. —
Temper, vb. (L.) M. E. tempren. L. tetidcitdtetn, ace. of tendcitds, a holding
A. S. tempriatt, to temper.— L, temperdre^ firm. — L. tendci- (above ^.
to apportion, regulate, qualify. Allied to tenant. (F. — L.) F. tenant, holding,
teinperi, tempori, adv., seasonably, and to pres. pt. of tenir. — L. tenere, to hold.
temptis, time; see Temporal ,1). Brugm. Der. lieu-tenant, q. v.
ii. ti}
132. Tench, a fish. (F.-L.) O.Y.tenche
tempest. (F.-L.) O.F.tempesteiF. (F. tayiche).-^!,. tinea, a tench.
tempete), a storm answering to a Late L.
; Tend (i), to aim at, move towards, in-
tempesta, fem. of Late L. tempestits, adj., cline, bend to. (F. L.) —
¥. tend^-e.'^^..
used instead of L. tempestas, season, fit tendere, to stretch, extend, direct, tender.
time, weather, also bad weather, storm. Allied to tenere, to hold see Tenable. ;
From L. tempus, time (above). Brugm. ii. (VTEN.) Brugm. ii. § 696 (3). Der.
§§ 102, 132. tend-enc-y, formed by adding -jj/to the obs.
Temple (i), a fane. (L.) A.S. tempi, sb. tendence, coined from the stem of the
tempel. - L. temphitn, a temple. Gk. ^ pres. part, oi tendere.
W/ifvos, a sacred enclosure, piece of ground Tend (2), to take care of. (F.-L.) A
cut off allied to refiveiv, to cut.
; TEM.) ( V docked form of Attend.
Brugm. ii. § 76. Der. templ-ar, Late L. Tender (i), soft, delicate. (F.-L.) F.
templdrius. tendre. — L. teneruvi, ace. of tener, tender,
546
TENDER TEPID
orig. thin ; allied to tenuis^ thin. (-^ Tense (1), part
of a verb, indicating
TEN.) See Thin. Der. tender, vb., to time of action. (F. — L.) M. ]•:. temps,
regard fondly, a word more or less con- Chaucer, C. T. 16343. — ^ êmps, time •
fused with tender (2) whence tender, sb., ; also O. F. tens). - L. ternpits, time, also
regard, care, K. Lear, i. 4. 230. a tense.
Tender (3\ to proffer, offer, shew. (F. Tense (2), tightly strained. (L.) L.
— L.) F. tendre, '
to tend, also to tender
. . tcnsns, pp. of tendere, to stretch ; see
or offer unto ;
' Cot. — L. tendere, to stretch Tend (i ). Der. tense-uess, with E. suffix.
out. Tend (i).
See tension, the act of straining, a strain.
tender (3), a small vessel that attends (F. — L.) F. tension, used in i6th cent.
a larger, a coal-carriage attached to a — L. tetisionem. ace. of tcnsio, a stretching.
locomotive engine. (F. — L. with E. ; — L. tens-nni, supine of tendere (above).
suffix^ Short for a//^«c/^r, i.e. attendant So also tens-or, a coined word.
on ;see Tend (a) and Attend. tent (1), a pavilion. (F.-L.) V.tenie,
tendon. (F. — L.) F. /r/zi/fw, '
a ten- — Late L. tenta, a tent; fern, of L. tentus,
don, or taile of a muscle;' Cot. From p]:). o{ tendere, to stretch, spread out.
a Late L. form îendo, gen. teudonis and Tent (2), a roll of lint used to dilate a
tendinis; cf. ^^"3^-^. tendon, Ital. tendine, wound. (F. — L.) M. E. tenie. — F. tente ;
a tendon Port, tendao.

;
Lit. stretcher.' '
Cot. A
verbal sb. from F. tenter <, L.
— L. tetidere, to stretch. tentdre, to try, prove, probe. Cf. Span.
Tendril. From O. F. Z^//-
(F.-L.) tienta, a probe. See Tempt.
drillons, pi. Cot.
'
or from an
tendrells ;
' ; Tent (3), a wine. 'Span. — L.) From
0. F. *tendrille, not recorded. also We Span, vino tinto, a deep -coloured (lit.
find O. F. tendron, a tender fellow, also '

tinted^ wine. — L. tinctus, pp. of tingere,
a tendrell ;' Cot. — F. tendre, tender; see to dye. See Tinge.
Tender (1). Tent (4', heed, attention. (F.-L.) In
Tenebrous, Tenebrious, gloomy. Lowl. Sc. tak tent. Short for attent, i. e.
(F. — L.) M. F. tcnebreux. — L. tenebrosus, attention.
gloomy. — L. tenebrcc, pi., darkness. Allied Tentacle, feeler of an insect. (L.)
to Skt. tamisra-, darkness, tavias, gloom. Coined from L. tentd-re, to feel ; with
Brugm. 413.
i. § (^TEM.) suffix -cn-Inm ; see Tempt.
Tenement, a holding. (F.-L.) M.F. tentative. v^L.) L. tentdtmus, adj.,
tenement. — Late L. tenementwn, a fief. — trying, tentative. — L. tentdre, to try; see
L. tenere, to hold. Tempt.
tenet. (L.) l^.tenet, he holds; 3rd pers. Tenter, a frame for stretching cloth.
sing. pres. of tenere. (Cf. habitat, exit.) (F\-L.) Properly tenture but a vb. tent ;
Tennis. (F. — L. M.E. ten^tz (accented ) was coined, and from it a sb. tenter, whicli
on latter <?) ; Gower, Balade to Henry IV, supplanted M.E. /<?«/// r^. — ALF. tenture,
1.295, also tenise, teneis, teneys; whence a stretching. — L. tentura, a stretching.—
Late L. tenisia, tenihidinm.^ K. F. tenetz, L. tenttis, pp. of tendere, to stretch. See
F. tenez (< L. tenete), imp. pi. of tenere, Tend (i). Der. tenter-hook.
to hold perhaps used to mean take this,'
;
"'
Tenth.. (E.) M. E. tenpe, coined (by

and ejaculated by the player in serving. analogy with seven-th, nin-th) from ten;
Tenny, a colour in heraldry. (F. — G.) the true E. word is tithe.
The same as see Tawny.

tawny oxtanny; Tenuity, thinness. (F. — L.) M. F,
Tenon. (F. L.) —
F. /«/<?«,' a tenon, teiinitd. — L. tenuitdtem. ace. of tenuitds,
thinness. — L. stretched
'
the end of a rafter put into a morteise ;

temii-s. thin lit. ;
'
Cot. So called \)^zd,\x%^\X. holds fast. "Y. out.'Cognate with Thin. (y'TLN.)
tenir, to hold fast. — L. tenere, to hold. Tenure. (F.-L.) ¥. tenure. -^ Lzte
tenor. (F. — L.j Formerly (^better) L. tenHra, a holding (of land). — L. tenere,
tenour. M. E. tenour, import. — F. tenair, to hold. See Tenable.
import, content of a matter. — L. tenorem, Teocalli, a temple. (Mexican.) From
ace. of tenor, a holding on a course, ;
teot/, a god and cat/i, a house.
;
tenor of a law. — L. tenere, to hold. The ^ Tepid. (L.^ L. tepidiis, warm. — L.

sense of tenor in music Ital. tenore) is due i
tepere, to be warm. Skt. tap, to be+
to the notion of holding or continuing the warm ; Russ. topite, to heat ; Irish te, hot
dominant note (Scheler). (i/TEP.)
547
'
TERAPHIM TERROR
Teraphim, idols, household gods. of three. — L. term, pi., by threes. — L. ter,
'Heb.) Heb. teraphim, s. pi., images three times; tres, three see Three. ;
connected with magical rites. Terra COtta, a kind of hard pottery.

Terce, the same as Tierce. (Ital. — L.) Ital. terracotta,hdi\i&di earth. —
Tercel, Tassel, the male of any hawk. L. terra, earth (below) cocta, fem. of coctits,
;
(F. — L.) M. E. tercel', dimin. tercel-et. pp. oi coquere, to cook; see Cook.
— O.F. tercel, tiercel; whence the dimin. terrace. (F.-Ital — L.) M.F. terrace,
tiercelet, 'the tassell, or male of any kind terrasse, a terrace, platform, plat. — M. Ital.
of hawke so tearmed because he is, com-
; terraccia, terrazza, a terrace, long mound of
monly, a third part lesse then the female ;
'
earth. — Ital. terra, earth. — L. terra, earth.
Cot. [Another alleged reason is, that p. Terra = *tersa, i.e. dry ground; allied
every third bird hatched was, in popular to O. Irish tlr, W. tir, earth also to Gk. ;
opinion, sure to be a male. So also Ital. T€paea9ai, to dry up. (y'TERS.) See
'
terzolo, a tassel gentle of a hauke
'
; Torrid, Thirst. Brugm. i. § 706 (b).
Florio.] — O. F. tiers, tierce, third. — L. ter- terreen, tureen, a large bowl for
tius, third see Tierce.
; soup. (F. — L.) Both spellings are bad;
Terebinth, turpentine-tree. (L. — Gk.) terrine would be better. — F. terrine, an
L. terebinthus.'—Gk. T(peîv6os, the tur- earthen pan. — L. terr-a, earth with suffix ;
pentine-tree earlier form repfxivOos.

; -ina, fem. of -inus.
Tergiversation, a subterfuge, fickle- terrene, earthly. (L.) L. terrcnus,
ness. (F. — L.) Y .tergiversation. -^X^.tergi- earthly. — L. terra, earth.
uersdtionem, ace. of tergiuersdtio, a sub- terrestrial. (L.) From L. terrestri-s,
terfuge. —L. tergiiiersdtus, pp. of tergiue?-- earthly ; with suffix -dlis. — L. terra,
sdrT, to turn one's back, turn right round, earth ; with suffix -st-tr-.
shuffle.— L. iergi-, for tergum, the back; Terrible. (F.-L.) F. terrible.-!.,
uersdrT, to turn about, pass, of uersdre, terribilis, causing terror.- L. terrere, to
frequent, of tcertere, to turn ; see frighten. See Terror.
Verse. Terrier (r), a kind of dog. (F. — L.)
Term. L.) M. E. terme.
(F. - F. - M. E. tej-rere, a burrow-dog,' one who
'
tenniniiin, ace. of terminus,

ternie.'^Y,. pursues rabbits, &c. at their holes. — F.
boundary, limit. 4- Gk. repfia, limit Skt. ; terrier, as in chien terrier, a terrier ' ;
tdraya, to cause to pass over. (-^TER.) Cot. Cf. terrier, the hole, berry, or earth
'
Termagant. (F.-Ital.-L.) M. E. of a conny [rabbit] or fox also, a little

;
Termagant Teriiagant, a (supposed) Sara-

, hillock Cot. — Late L. terrdrins, belong-
; '
cen idol, hence a ranting character in old ing to earth. — L. terra, earth. See
moralities [plays], and finally a scolding Terrace.
—
woman. O.F. Tei"uagant, Tervagan, a terrier a register of landed pro-
(2),
supposed) Saracen idol (Chanson de
(,
perty. (F. — L.) M.F. papier terrier,
a roll
Roland). — Ital. Trivigante, the same of tenants' names, &c. —Late L. terrdrius,
(Ariosto, xii. 59). Explained as Triva- as in terrdrius liber, a book wherein
gante, the moon, wandering under the three landed property is described. — L. terra,
names of Selene (or Luna) in heaven, land.
Artemis {Diajta) in earth, Persephone Terriilc. (L.) L. terrificus, causing
{Frosei'pina) in the lower world.— L. ter, terror. — L.
terri-,iox terrere, to frighten;
thrice uagant-, stem of pres. pt. oiuagdrl,
; -ficus, causing, ixorafacere, to make.
to wander. But perhaps Eastern. Terrine ; see terreen.
Termination. (F. L.) M.Y. termina- — Territory, domain. (F. L.) F. ter- —
tion.—!^, ace. terffiindtionem, a bounding, ritoire, a territory. —
L. tei'ritorium, a
ending. — L. termindtus, pp. of ter77iindre, domain, land round a town. — L. terra,
to bound, end. — L. terfninus, boundary. land. Formed as if from a sb. with decl.
See Term. stem territori-, i. e. possessor of land.
terminus, end. (L.) L. terminus Terror, dread. (F.— L.) Formerly also
(above). terrour, — F. terreur. — L. terrorem, ace.
Tern, a bird. (Scand.) Dan. terne, of terror, dread. — L. terrere, to scare,
tame, Swed. tdrna, Icel. J>ei'na, a tern. make afraid, orig. to tremble. Cf. Gk.
Cf. A. S. steam, a tern and Starling. ;
rpUiv (for *Tpf(r€iv), to tremble ; Skt. tras,
Ternary. (L.) L. temarius, consisting to tremble, be afraid; Lith. triszeti, to
548
; ;;
TERSE TEUTONIC
tremble, Russ. triasii, to shiver. Allied to testiculuvi, ace. of testiculus, dimin. of
Tremble. Brugm. ii. § 657. testis, a testicle.
Terse, concise, neat. (L.) L. tersjis, Testify. F.-L.) M.F./^j//>r.-L,

wiped off, clean, neat, pure, nice, terse ;
tcstijL.drJ, to bear witness. — L. testis, a
pp. of tergere, to wipe, wipe dry, polish a witness ; -fuarl, {ox faccre, to make.
stone. +Gk. rplêiv, to rub. testimony. (L.) \..testimdniujn,e\\-
Tertian, recurring every third day. {F. dence. — L. tesli-s, a witness; with Idg.
— L.) M. F. tertiane, a tertian ague. — L. suffixes -mon-io-.
tertidna, fern, of tertidnus, tertian. — L. Testy, fretful. (F.-L.) y{.F..testif,
tertius, third. — L. ter, thrice, tres, three. Ch.-O. F. *testif (not found); M. F.
See Tri-, testu, '
heady ;
' Cot. - O. F. teste, the
tertiary. (L.) L. tertidrius, contain- head ; see Tester.
ing a third part used to mean belonging
; Tetchy, Techy, fretful, jêevish,
to the third.- L. tertius, third (above). touchy. (F. — Low G.) The sense is full
Tesselated. (L.) L. tesselldtus, of freaks, whims, or caprices
from tetc/i, ;
checkered, furnished with small square M. E. tec/ie, tecche, tache, a bad habit,
stones (as a pavement). — L. tesselia, a small whim; see Tache (2). This is the %
square piece of stone, little cube; dimin. word which is now altered to touchy,
of tessera, a die (to play with), small as if sensitive to the touch.
cube. Tether, a rope for fastening up. TE.)
Test, a pot in which metals are tried, a Formerly written tedder. M. E. tedir.—
trial, proof. (F. — L.) M. E. /<f.y^, a pot or A. S. *teoder (not found) = 0. Fries, tiader,
vessel used in alchemy. — O. F. test {¥. tei), tieder.-^lcel. tjodr, a tether, Swed. tjuder,
a test, in chemistry. — L. testum, an earthen Dan. t'dir, Norw. tjor, tjoder; Low G.tidcr,
vessel. Closely allied to O. F. teste (F. O. H. G. zeotar, zicter. Teut. type *teu-
tete), a pot-sherd, a skull, answering to dro-, of uncertain origin sometimes re- ;
Late L. testa, a vessel used in alchemy. ferred Teut. root *teuh-

to ; see Team.
So also Ital. testo, a test, melting-pot, 9\ Gael, teadhair is from E. Cf. Bahder,
from L. testum testa, an earthen pot, pot-
; p. 147 ; Brugm. ii. § 62.
sherd, skull, head, burnt tile or brick, from Tetragon, a figure with four angles.
L. testa, a piece of baked earthenware, (F. — L. — Gk.) AL F. tetragone, adj., four-
potsherd, shell, skull. Perhaps testa =^ cornered. — L. tetragoims, adj. — Gk. Terpa.-
*tersta, i. e. dried, baked cf. terra see ; ;
ycuvos, four-cornered. — Gk. rirpa-, allied
Terrace. But cf. Pers. tast, a cup ; Horn, to riacapis, four, cognate with E. Four
§389. and an angle, from
yojvia, 701^1', a knee,
testaceous, having a hard shell. (L.) cognate with E. Knee.
L. testdce-tts, having a shell ; with suffix tetrahedron, a solid figure contained
-^wj-.- L. testa, tile, shell, &c. by four equilateral triangles. (Gk.) Gk.
Testament. —
(F. L.) F. testa;pient,a. TfTpa- (as above) -eopov, from €<3pa,a base,
;
will. — L. testdmeutufu, a will. — L. testd-ri, which is from f5-€ii/, to sit ; see Sit.
to be a witness. — L, testis, a witness. Der. tetrarch. (L. — Gk.) L. tetrarcha.
in-testate, i. e. without a will ; testa-tor, — Gk. TiTpapxqs, one of four chiefs
onewho makes a will, fern, testa-trix. Luke, iii. i. — Gk. rerp-, allied to Tiacrapts,
Tester, a sixpence flat canopy over a four
; and dpxnv, to rule. See Four and ;
bed or pulpit. (F. — L.) Mod. E. (slang) Arch-, prefix.

lizzie, a sixpence the tester, testerji, or
; tetrasyllable, a word of four sylla-
testoon was named from a French coin with bles. (F. — L. — Gk.) Coined from Gk.
a head upon it (of Louis XII of France) TtTpa-, four (as above"); and avWatLi}, a
in England all coins bore the head, so that syllable. Cf. M. F. tctrasyllabe, L. ictra-
our use of the term was borrowed. — O. F. syllabus, Gk. rtrpaavkKaôs, of four sylla-
testre, the head-piece of a bed M. F. bles. See Syllable. ;
teston, a testoon, piece of silver worth

' Tetter, a cutaneous disease. (E.) M.E.
xviij^. sterling Cot. — O. F. teste, a head. teter.
; ' A. S. teter, a kind of itch. Cf. G.
— L. testa, tile, skull. ^
A tester for a bed zittermal, atettev Bavar. zittaroch,0. II. G. ;
also appears as M. F. testiere, a head- zitaroch. Allied to L. derbiosus, scabby

'
piece,' Cot. ; from O. F. teste fas before). Skt. dadru-, a tetter.

Testicle. (F.-L.) F. testiatle.~L. Teutonic. (,L. — Gothic.) L. Teuto-
549
. ;
,
TEXT THAW
ntc7is, adj., from Teutones, sb. pi., the IceX.pegn; G. degen, a warrior, O. H. G.
Teutons, a people of Germany lit. men ;
'
degan. Teut. type *thegn6z, m. Allied
of the nation,' or 'the people.' — Goth. to Gk. t4kvov, a child from t€«-, as in ;
thiiida, a people, nation (or from a dia- r(K-iiv, 2 aor. inf. of t'ikthv, to beget.
lectal variant of this word). See Dutch. (VTEK.) Brugm. ii. § 66.
Text. ( F. - L.) M. E. texte. - F texte, . Thank, Thanks. (E.) M. E.>«/&,
a text, subject of a book. — L. textian, a a thought, kindly remembrance, goodwill;
thing woven, fabric, style of an author, hence thanks, pi., expressions of goodwill.
text of a book. — L. textus, woven, pp. of A. %. pane, pone, sb., thought, favour, con-
texere, io weave. +
Skt, /a-z^j-Z^, to cut wood, tent, thank. +
Du. dank, IceX. pdkk, Dan.
to prepare cf Russ. testate to hew. Further
; , tak, Swed. tack, Goth, thagks, i.e. '^thanks,
allied to Technical. (^TEK.) Brugm. i. remembrance, thank. Teut. type '^thankoz,
§ 594. Der. textu-al, from M. F. textu-el. m. from *thank, 2nd grade of *therikan-^
;
textile. (L.) L. /^x^/7/i-, woven. —L. to think. See Think. (yTENG.) Der.
textus, pp. of texei'e, to weave. thank, vb., A. S. pancian.
—
texture* (F. L.) F./^x/wr^, 'a tex- That. M. E. that. A. S. ticet,
(E.)
ture, web;' Cot. — L. textfira, a web. L. — orig. neuter of a demonstrative pronoun^
textus, pp. of texere, to weave. which came to be used as the definite article.
The masc. and fem. forms in use were se
{se), seo, which in late A. S. were replaced
TH. by Se, Seo, by analogy with the neuter and
Th. This from /, and should
is distinct other cases. The neut. ScEt is from
have a distinct symbol. Formerly, the the Teut. pronominal base = Idg. THA
A. S./and were used (but indiscrimin-
flf To, meaning he or that.' The suffix ' ' '
ately) to denote both the sounds now de- -/ is merely the sign of the neut. gender,
noted by th. When / degenerated into a like Lat. -d in i-d, illu-d, istu-d, qui-d.
symbol closely resembling jj/,jj/ was at last p. The declension was as follows. Sing.
substituted for it; hence we find jj-^ and ^' NOM. se, seo, Scet [replaced in late A. S.
used, by early printers, for the, that it is ; by Se, Seo, Scef]; GEN. Sees, Sare, Sees;
needless (I hope) to remark that y^ man DAT. Seem, Sam, Scire, Seem, Sam ACC. ;
was never pronounced as ye man in the Sone, Sa, ScstINSTRUMENTAL (Sy, fif^w).
',
Middle Ages, as it often is now. Plural ; nom. and acc. Sa; gen. Siera,
I here use ^ for A. S. words, and ^ or Sara DAT, Sdm.-^T>\\. de, the, dat, that
;
th for M. E. words, beginning with the Dan. den,nt\\t. det, the;

Icel. newt. pat, the;
sound of th in that and p for A. S. and ; Swed. den, neut. det, this G. der, die, das, ;
M. E. words, beginning with the sound of the, dass, that Goth, thata, neut. of def.
;
thin thin. Observe these facts, (i) Initial article. Cf Lith. tas, ta, that; Russ. tof
/// is always pronounced as in thin except ta, to, that ; Gk. to, neut. of def. art. Skt. ;
(a) in words allied to that and (/>) in words ;

tat, it, that ; L. -te, -ta, -tud (in is-te, is-ta,
allied to thoti. (2) At the end of a word, is-tud)
it is pronounced as th in thin, except Thatch, sb. (E.) M,E. pak. A.S.pcee,
when a written e follows compare breath ; thatch whence Pecean, to thatch.
; Du. +
with breathe exceptions are with, smooth.
; dak, sb., whence dekken, vb. (whence E.
(3) No word beginning with th (except deck is borrowed) \c^. pak, sb., Dan. tag, ;
thurible, formed on a Greek base) is of Swed. tak, G. dach. Teut. type '^thak-om,n.
Latin origin some (easily known) are
; From '^thak, 2nd grade of Teut. root
Greek thummim is Hebreiu all the rest
; ; *thek-, to cover, cognate with L. teg-, as
are English or Scandian. in ieg-ere, to cover, -f- Gk. rkôs, OTe-yos, a
Than, conj. (E.) Frequently written roof Irish teagh, Gael, teach, tigh, O. Irish
;
then, and orig. the same word as then. tech, W. ty, a house Lith. stogas, a thatch, ;
M. E. thanne, thomie. A. S. Sonne, than. stigti, to thatch ; Skt. sthag, to cover.

Closely allied to the def art. see That, ; (VSTEG, TEG.) Allied to Tegument.
§ p. +
Du. dan G. dajm, denn. Cf. L.
; Thaw, vb. (E.) M. E. thoiven prov. ;
turn. E. thozv {ow as in snozv) h.^. pawian, to ;
Thane, a dignitary among the English. melt. -|- Du. dooijen, to thaw, from dooi,
(E.) M..Y..pein. A.S. pegen, pegn, pen, thaw Icel.peyja. from/«, sb. Dan. toe,
; ;
a thane. Lit. * child' or 'begotten.' -f Swed. toa. Cf. G. verdauen, to digest,

66°
—;
THE THERAPEUTIC
concoct ; thanen, O. H, G. dotiwen, to Then. (E.) Frequently written than in
thaw. Perhaps allied to Gk. rrjKfiv, to old books, and originally identical with it
melt W. ioddi, to melt.
; No^ allied to ^ see Than.
dew. thence. (E.^ M. E. thennes (dissyl-
The (i), def. art. (E.) U.E. fke. A. S. labic) ; whence by contraction, later
thens.,
Se, used as nom. masc. of def. art. in late written thence. The s is an a<lverhial
MSS., but early common as an inde- suffix earlier forms were thenne, thanne,
;
clinable relative ; see That, § p. in which a final n has been lost. — A.S.
the (2), in what (or that) degree. (E.) 6a nan, thence formed from base Sa-, with
;
Only in such
phrases as the more, t/ie '
the suffix -na-n-, ox-na-na. The ba^c da- =
merrier.' This is the instrumental case Teut. base Til A see That. G. dannen,; +
of the def. art. M.E. the; A.S. tiy\ see O. H. G. dannana, thence; from base da-.
That, § p. + Goth, the, lce\. J>vi, />r, inst. Theocracy. (Gk.) Lit. government *
case of art. or dem. pronoun. by God.' From dto-, for 0(oj, God -npa- ;
Theatre. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. theatre; Tia, government, from Kpartip, to govern,

Cot.^'L.thedtrnm.'-Gk. Oearpov, a place which is from Kparvs, strong. Cf. aris-
for seeing shows. — Gk. Ocao/Mi, I see. ta - cracy, auto - cracy, demo • cracy. See
Cf. Oea, a sight see Prellwitz. ; Theism.
Thee (i). (E.) A. S. de, dat. and ace. Theodolite, an instrument used in sur-
of du, thou ; see Thou. veying. ?) F. — Gk.
Generally said to be
Thee (2), to prosper, thrive. {E.) Obso- Greek. Formerly theodelitus, meaning a *
lete. M. E. theen. — A. S. J>eon, }Jon (for circle with a graduated border used a. D. ' ;
*J>rhan), pt. \.. J)dk,J)eah, pp. pigen, po,ên, 1 57 1. Also theodolet, theodclet. Appar-
also gej)ungen, to thrive. 4- Goth, thcihan, ently imitated (it is not known why) from
•' •
O. F. theodelet, theodolet. the name of a

i
to thrive, increase G. gedeihen Tiw. gedij ; ;
en. The A. S. pp. ge-J)imgen shews that treatise, lit. a work by 7'heodulus.'' îjV.
'
the A. S. *J>Jhan is for *J)inhan (cf. O. Sax. QeoSoiXos, Theodulus lit. servant of ;
'
;
ge-}engian, to fulfiri. Teut. root *J>inx, God.' Ung theodelet coute viij. s. Gode-
*
'
*}enx, Idg. root*tenk, as in Lith. tenka, it froy.

suffices, O.Irish /i?<ra^, prosperity W. iynged, ; Theogony. (L. Gk.) L. theogonia. — —
luck ; cf. Lith. tekti, to suffice. Brugm. i. Gk. Bioôvia, the origin of the gods. — Gk.
Qdo-^, a god -•ôvia, origin, from yfv-, base
§ 421 (.^). ;
Theft. (E.) In place of ///^/M. M.E. of yiyvofiai, 1 become ; see Genus.

}efte ; for A.S. J>iefl, J)eofJ}, theft. -A. S. theology. (F. - L. - Gk.) M.E. theo-
}eof, a thief. +Icel._]%''d', O. Fries, thiufthe. logie. — M
t theologie C ot. — L. theologia.
. . ;
See Thief. — Gk. OeoXoyia, a speaking about God.

Their, belonging to them. (Scand.) Gk. OeoKoyos, adj., speaking about God.
M. E. thair. — \ct\. peirra, of them, used — Gk. 0€o-s, a god ; Ktydv, to speak.
as gen. pi. of hann, he, but really the gen. Theorbo, a large lute. (Ital.) Formerly
pi. of a dem. pronoun, as she\vn by A. S. theorda. — Ital. tiop'ba the th being due to ;
para They, and That, § p.

; see the occasional F. spelling thôrbe for tcorbe.
Theism, belief in a God. (Gk.) Coined, {Said to have been named after the in-
with -isjji (Gk.
suffix -lanos), from Gk. ventor.)
^€-oy,a god. Perhaps for an older form Theorem. (L.-Gk.) thedrcvm.'^
\..
*e€aos; cf. O. Ir. dess, God (Stokes-Fick, Gk. Oiajp-qixa, a spectacle : a subject for
p. 151), Gk. 9ia-(paTos, spoken by God contemplation, theorem Gk. dfCLpfiv, to
(Prellwitz). behold. — Gk. Otoupos, a spectator. — Gk.
Them, objective case of they. (Scand.) j
Otdofxai, I see. See Theatre.
theory. (F.-L.-Gk.^ M.F.theone,
-
-
Really an old dat. case. — -^ - -
\ct\. Peini, dat

-
o\ peir, they; see They. + A. S. /<f;;^, dat. theory Cot. - L. theoria. - Gk. (Jfcupto,
; '
pi. of def. art.; see That, § p.

beholding, contemplation, speculation.
Theme. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. /^w^.- — Gk. dfojpSs, a spectator fabove)
O.F. teme, M.F. theme, a theam ;' Cot.— ' Therapeutic, pertaining to the healing
L. thema. — Gk. d^fia, that which is laid art. (F.-L.-Gk.) ^l.Y. therapeutique,
down, a theme for argument. — Gk. base healing; Coi. -^1.. therapcutica [ars'^.xht
6€-, to place; ti-Otj-jm, I place_^+Skt. dhd, healing art; fem. oi thtrapcuticus.''GV.
to put ; see Do (i). (^DHE.) OepanevTiKds, tending. — Gk. fle^TriuTT^y, an
551
;
THERE THING
attendant. — Gk.
Ofpawevdv, to wait on.— Allied to Gael, and Irish Hugh, fat, thick;
Gk. Ocparr-, stem of Oepaxp, an assistant; W. tew, plump, from Celtic base *tegn- ;
cf. 6fpdir-cov, a servant. From y'DHER, also to Thatch. Not Scand. ^ see ;
to maintain, support cf. Skt. Mr, to main-

; below.
tain, bear, dharitri, a supporter. thicket. (E.) A. S.piccet, i. e. a thick
There, in that pLace. (E.) M. E. ther, set of bushes, &c. -f-D^-n. dial, tykke.
thar. A. S. ^Hr. The suffix -r seems to Thief. (E.) ¥\. thieves. M. E.>^/, pi.
be due to a locatival formation like that Pciies. S. peof, pi. Peofas. -}- Du. dief,
A.
in Skt. npa-ri, Gk. v^k-p. The bn?e is \ct\. PJofr, Dan. tyv, Swed. tjuf, G. dieb,
Teut. base THA
see That.-f-Du. daar,
;
Goth, thitibs. Teut. type *theuboz, for
]cel. par, Dan. Swed. der, Goth, thar, G. ^theiifoz. Perhaps allied to Lith. tup'eti,
da. Compare Here, "Where. Hence
(hence, to hide oneself). to squat down
there-, in there-by, there-tJi, there-of, &c. Thigh. (E.) U.¥..pih,peh. O.Merc.
Cf. G. day- in dar-iit, dar-aii. peh, A. S. Peoh, thigh. -J-Du. dij, Icel. PJo,
Thermometer, an instrument for mea- thigh, rump, O. H. G. dioh. Teut. type
suring the temperature. (Gk.) From Gk. ^theiihojn, n. The orig. sense is thick '
Oipno-s, warm (allied to V.. form us, warm, or plump part'; allied to Lith. tuk-ti, to
^Vt-gharma- heat); and /xeVpor, a measurer; become fat, Russ. tnchnite, to fatten
see Metre. Russ. ttik\ Pol. tiik, sb., fat Lith. tankas, ;
-
Thesaurus. (L. Gk.) See Trea- sb., fat (of animals).
sure. Thill, shaft of a cart. (E.) Also spelt
These. (E.) W.Y.. thise, these, theos; Jill; whence f//-horse. M.E.pi/le. A.S.
a new of this.
pi. The old pi. ( A. S.^ds) pi//e, slip of wood, thin board, plank,
is the mod. E. those. See Those. flooring; allied to Pe/, n., a plank, as in
Thesis. (L.-Gk.) L. thesis. -Gk. benc-Pei, a bench-board. +Icel./z^'^, plank,
Oiais, a thing laid down, a proposition.— Swed. ti/ja, a plank, floor G. die/e, plank, ;
Gk. base Oe- cf. riOrjfxi, I place. Der. board

;
Du. deei, a plank. Teut. types ;
apo-thesis, para-thesis, pros-thesis, pro- the/Jon, f., *the/om, n. Cf. Lith. ti//e,
""
thesis, all rare words, with prefixes dTro, a little plank in the floor of a boat. Cf.
vapa, TTpos, irpu respectively also ajiti- Skt. ta/a-, bottom, floor.
; (See Franck.)
thesis, hypo-thesis, meta-thesis par-en-the- Doublet, dea/, a thin board.
,
sis, syn-thesis, which see. Thimble. (L.) M. E.//;;z(5?7; formed

Theurgy, supernatural agency. (L.- (with excrescent b) from A.S. Pymei, a
Gk.) L. theurgia. — Gk. Oeovpyia, divine thumb-stall. — A. S. pUma, thumb (with
work, magic. — Gk. Ofo-s, a god €py-ov, a ; the usual change from u to y). Cf. G.
work, cognate with E. "Work. ddum/ing, a thumb-stall from daum, ;
Thews, pi- sb., sinews; (formerly) thumb.

manners. (E.) Thews in Shak. means Thin. U.¥..pinne. A.S.pymte.
(E.)
sinews or strength but M. E. thexves; 4-Du. ptmnr, Dan. tyiid (for
dujt, Icel.
almost always means habits or manners. *tynn), Swed. tunn, G. diinn, O. H. G
A. S. peawas, pi. oi peaw, habit, custom, dunni. Cf. W. teneu, Gael. Irish /a;â, Russ.
demeanour (orig. sense strength ').+0. ' tonkii, L. tenuis, Gk. ravaU, Skt. taiiu-,
Sax. than, custom O. H. G. dati, than,
;
thin Pars, tunnk, slender. Lit. stretched
;
'
discipline. Cf. Skt. tavas, strong. out.' (v^TEN.) See Tend (i).
They. (Scand.) M. E. thai (gen. thair, Thine, Thy. (E.) M. E. thm, short-
dat. and ace. thaim, thani) chiefly in the ened to thy before a following consonant.
;
Northern dialect. This usage is Scand., A. S. În, thy, possessive pronoun, declined
not E., as the A.S. corresponding forms were as an adj. allied to A. S. 'Qu, thou.+Icel. ;
used as pi. of def. art. — Icel. /^/r, nom. phin, Dan. Swed. din, G. dein, Goth, theins.
pi., they; peij'ra, gen. pi., their; Peim, Der. thy-se/f{=^ thine se/f).
dat. pi., them. So also Dan. Swed. de, Thing. (E.) A. S. ping, pine, pi,.cg,
they, dem. them Dan. deres, Swed. deras, a thing, cause, orig. a discussion
;
cf. ;
their, theirs. -|- A. S. /a, nom. pi. of def. pingiaji, to discuss, pingere, a pleader.4-
art. gen. Para; dat. pdm
;
see That, § p. Du. G. ding
; Icel. ping, a thing, also an ;
Thick. (E.) yi.¥..pikke. A.S. piece, assembling, meeting, council (so also Dan.
thick. +
O. Sax. thikki, Dn. dik, Icel. Swed. ting^. Kluge compares it with
lykkr, Dan. tyk, Swed. tjok, tjock G. dick. Goth, theihs, season, time ; and even with ;
552
THINK THORP
L. teinpus; but see tempiis in Brugm. i. the Teut. pronom. base TIIA. + Du. deze,
§ 4T2, ii. § 132. Der. hiis-iiiigs, q. v. \ce\. Pessi, G. dieser.
Think. (E.) M. t:. penken, to think ; Thistle. E.) M. E.^V///. A.S. Pistel.
orig. distinct from the impers. yh.punchen, -|-Du. distel, IccX.pistill, Dan. tidsel, Swed.
to seem, for which see Methinks. [But tistel, G. distel. The i was once long, as
confusion between the two was easy and in some E, and G. dialects ; cf. Somersets.
common. The pt. t. of M. E. penken daash-l, a thistle E. Fries, dissel.
; Teut.
should have been thoghte, and of M. E. types *pistiloz^ m., *PistiId, f.
Pimchen should have been thtighte both ; Thither. (E.) M. E. thider. A. S.
were merged in the form thoughte, mod. E. dider. Cf. Icel. Padra, there Goth. ;
t/iought.~]—K.S>. Peucan, to think, pt. t. thathro, thence ; also Skt. tatra, there,
pdhte. A weak verb allied to k. ^. pane,
;
thither. Formed from Teut. base THA
a thought, also a thank. Icel. pekkja, + (Idg. TO) with a suffix which is to be
Dan. tanke. Swed. tdnka, G. denken (pt. t. compared with L. -tro in nl-tro.
dachte) ;Goth, thagkjan, i. e. *thankjan Thole (i), Thowl, a peg to steady an
(pt. t. ihdhta). Teut. type *thankjan- ;
oar. (E.) M.E. M<?/. A. S./^/ (8th cent..
from *tha7ik, 2nd grade of root *ihenk, -j-Du.Oi?/; \ze\.polIr^ young tree, wooden
Idg. *teng; cf. O. L. tongere, to think. See peg, thole Dan. tol; Swed. tall, pine-tree ;
;
Thank. Der. be-think, with prefix be- — by. Norw. tall, toll, fir-tree, toll, a thole. Orig.
Third. (E.) Formerly thrid. M. E. sense ' young tree ' hence a bit of fir-wood
;
Pridde, Pride. A. S.pridda, third. — A. S. for a peg. Cf. Icel. pdla, a young pine,
/rz-, {or J>reo, three. +
Du. derde, Icel. Przdi, P'oll {gtu. Pallar) a young fir. ,
Dan. iredze, Swed. tred/e, G. drzife, Goth. Thole (2), to endure. M.E. Polien.
tArzd/a,W. frj'dydd, Russ. /;r///, Gk.TpiTos, A.'6. polia7i, to suffer, endure. Icel. ^^/a, +
Skt. trtiya-. Dan. taale, Swed. t&la, O. H. G. dolin
Thirl, to pierce see Thrill. ;
(whence G. gedtdd, patience), Goth, thulan.
Thirst, Lit. 'dryness.' M.E.
sb. (E.) Cf. L. toller e, toleraj-e Gk. rXfjvai, to ;
Purst. A. S. Puj'st^ pyrst, thirst whence ; suffer Skt. tul, to lift.

; See Tolerate.
Pyrstan, vb., to thirst. +
T)u. dorst, Icel. Thong, a strip of leather. (E.) For
Porsti, Dan. ioj'si, Swed. tbrst, G. dtirst, thwo7ig. M. E. thivong, a thong A. S. ;
Goth, thaurstei. p. Goth, thaurstei is pwang, a thong, string, cord also a bit. ;
from the Goth, weak stem thaurs-, as in + Icel. pivengr, a thong. From *Pwang,
-thaurs-aiis, pp. of -thairsan (pt. t. -thars), 2nd grade of Teut. *pu>engan-, to constrain
to be dry ; with suffix -/^z. The Goth. (O. Fries, thwinga). See Twinge. Cf.
-thairsan (Teut. '^persan-) is cognate with O. Fries, thwong. thwang, compulsion ;
Gk. TipaeaOai, to become dry. Cf. Skt. Du. dwang, Dan. tvang, Swed. tvhng, G.
/rj-/z, to thirst ; tarsha-, thirst. (yTERS.) zwang, constraint.
Allied to Terrace and Torrid. Thorax. (L. - Gk.) L. thorax. - Gk.
Thirteen. (E.) Vl.Y..prettene. A. S. Qwpa^,-3. breast-plate also the breast, chest.
;
—A. S. Preo, three tyn, ten

preotyne. ; with
;
Lit. '
defender ;
Skt. dhdraka-, a trunk
' cf.
pi. suffix -^.+Du. dertien^ Icel. Prettdn^ to protect clothes, from dhr, to carry,
Dan. Swed. tretton, G. dreizehn.
tretien, maintain, keep. (y^DHER.)
thirty. (E.) W.^.-pritti. K.^.prUig, Thorn. (E.) A. S. Pom. +'Du. doom,
h'ittig. — A. S. pri^ also ^n^?, three -tig, ;
Icel. Pom, Dan. tiorn, Swed. torn. G.
suffix denoting ten' see Ten.+Du. der-
'
; dorn, Goth, thaumus. Teut. type *Piir-
tig, Icel. /rfr figir, Dan. tredive, Swed. niiz, m. +
Russ. tern, the black-thorn;
trettio, G. dreissig. Polish tar7t, a thorn cf. Skt. tr7ia-,a. grass-
;
This. (E.) M.
E. ////j-, //ztJi- pi. these, ;
blade. Perhaps 'piercer'; cf. L. terere,
t/mse, thos, &c., the forms these and Mîj-i? to pierce.
being both used as plurals of this the ;
Thorough. (E.) Merely a by- form
plural of that being tho. Gradually these of the prep, through, spelt porn in Ilave-
became the settled pi. of this, whilst those lok, and ptiruh in the Ancren Riwle. It
supplanted tho as pi. of that. — t\. S. 6es, became an adverb, whence thoroughly,
Geos, Sis, this ;
pi. das. [M. E. tho answers adv., with added suffix. And hence, finally,
see That, § p.]
to A.S. da, pi. of def. art. ;
thoj'otigh, adj.
p. an emphatic form,
r<^/^ (A. S. tSe-s) is Thorp, Thorpe, a village. (E.)
due to suffixing an emphatic particle to A. '^.porp, a village. + Du. dorp, lce\. Porp.
553
;
THOSE THRESHOLD
Dan. Swed. G. dorf\ Go\.h..]>aurp, a
torp, of lightning Lith. treszketi, traszketi, to
;
field. Teut. type -^thurpo-. Cf. Lith. rattle, crack. Teut. base *tkresk Idg. ;
troba, a building, house. Also Irish treahh, root *tresk. Prob. first used of thunder,
village, W. tref^ hamlet Idg. type *trel>o-. ; then of the noise of the flail. Der. thresh-
Brugm. i. § 553. old.
Those. (E.) A. S. das, originally the Thrasonical, vain-glorious. (L. —
pi. of A. S. See This.
(Ses, this. Gk.) Coined from Thrason-, stem of
Thou. (E.) A. S. &;7, thou.+Icel./«, Thraso, tlie name of a bragging soldier in
Goth, thti, Dan. Swed. G. dii Irish and ; Terence's Eunuchus. Evidently from Gk.
Gael, tu VV. ti L. tu, Russ. tut
; ;Gk. cu, ;
6pa(T-vs, bold, spirited ; allied to Dare (1).
TV ; Pers. tu ; Skt. tva7?i. (VDHERS.)
Though. (Scand.) M. E. thogh [also ; Thrave, a number of sheaves of wheat.
theigh, A. S. tieah, 3'^^.] — Icel, pd (for (Scand.) M. E. praue, preue {thrave,
*Pauh) cf. Dan. dog, Swed. dock.'\'0. Sax.
;
threve). —Icel. J>reji, a thrave Dan. trave, ;
thok, Du. dock, yet, but G. dock, Goth. ; a score of sheaves Swed. trafve, a pile of
;
thatth, Teut. type *thatt-h, in which -h wood Swed. dial, trafve, 24 or 30 sheaves
;
seems to be an enclitic cf. L. que, and.' ;

'
set up in shocks (F. MoUer). Cf. Icel.
Thau- is prob. from the same base as That, ]>ref, a loft for corn.
•ff
In the Du. and G. dock, &c., the shorts? Thread. (E.) yi,^. Preed,Pred. A.S.
is due to loss of emphasis. Prdd {<,*Pr^-dtz) thread lit. that which
, ;
'
Thought, Better iJioght.

sb. (E.) is twisted.' — A. S. prdwan, to twist. +Du.
M. K.poght. A. S. pohi, ge-Poht, a thought, draad, lcQ\.pra6r, Dan. traad, Swed. trad,
lit. thing thought of. — A. S. pdht, pp. of thread G. draht, O. H. G. drdt^ wire,
;
Pencan, to think see Think. +Icel. /<?///,

;
Teut. type ^pr&-diz. See Throw.
Pottr; cf. G. gcdacht, adj., thought of, Threat, sb. (E.) M.E.^r^/. K.^.}reat,
orig. pp. of denken, to think. a crowd, crush of people, also great pres-
Thousand. (E.) M..Y.. pousand. A.S. sure, calamity, trouble, threat, -î A. S.
Pusend.-\-\yvi. duizend, Icel. pUsund, pUs- preat, 2nd grade of str.vb./r^(?/a;z,to afflict,
hund, pUshundrad Dan. tusind, Swed.- ; .v^jt,.jirge. +
Goth, us'thrhitan, to vex
tusen, G. tatisend, Goth, thusundi. Cf. greatl}V\G. verdriessen, to vex Russ. ;
also Lilh. Russ. tuisiacha, a

tukstatitis, trudite, to make one work, urge, vex
thousand. %
Not yet explained Icel. ; m L. trudere, to push, crowd, urge. (Base
PUs-hund, the syllable hiind— A. S. kund, TREUD.) Der. threat-en, vb.
a hundred, and is due to popular etymology, Three. (E.) M.E./r^. A.S.pri{Pry),
which may (however) be correct. prto {Preo), three. +Du. drie, Icel. Prir,
Thowl; see Thole (i). Dan. tre, Swed. tre, Goth, threis, G. drei.
Thrall, a slave. (Scand.) O. Northumb. Cf Irish, Gael, and W. tri, Russ. tri, L.
driel, borrowed from Norse, Mk. x, 44 ;
tres (neut. tri-a), Gk. rp^Ts (neut. rpUa),
the ce was perhaps shortened in M. E. Lith. trjs, Skt. masc. nom, pi. trayas;
Praldom, from Icoi.prceldomr. — \cQ\.J>rcell, Idg. masc. nom. pi. *treyes.
a thrall, serf; Dan. trizl, Swed. trdl. The Threnody, a lament. (Gk.) Gk. Opr^v-
Icel. /ri?// stands for *Prdhiloz, m., and is wbia, a lamenting. — Gk.
a wailing, Opiji^-os,
cognate with Q. H. G. dregil, drigll, a from Ope-ofxai, I cry aloud; <^drj, ode; see
thrall, serf lit. a runner,' i. e. one who
;
' Drone (i) and Ode.
runs on messages. From base of Goth. Thresh ; see Thrash.
thragjan, A. S. pragan, to run allied to ; Threshold, a piece of wood or stone
Gk. Tpe'xfJf, to run. See Trochee, Feu- under an entrance-door. (E.) Thresh-old
terer. Der. thral-doj?i, Icel. prccldomr. was usually written thresh-wold, as if it
Brugm. i. § i'^\. were the piece of wood threshed or beaten
Thrash, Thresh. (E.) Thresh is by the tread of the foot but this was due ;
older; M. E. preshen, for pershen.'^ K. S. to a popular etymology (suggested by

perscan, to thrash (strong verb). -4- Du. wald, perhaps = floor). A.S. Perscwald,
dorschen, Icel. Preskja, Dan. tczrske, Swed. late form of h.S. Perscold. -^ A. S. Persc-
troska, G. dreschen, Goth, thriskan (pt. t. an, to thresh with -old, suffix.
; Icel. +
thrask). Orig. to rattle, make a din or preskolder, threshold ; from presk-ja^ to
rattling noise; cf. Russ. tresk-ate, to crackle, thresh. |3. The A. S. perscold is from a
burst, tresk\ a crash, O. Slav, troska, stroke form *persc-o-til{p)- cf. O. H. G. drisc-u-\
554
;
THRICE THRUM
fii. And -Vo- represents Idg. -tro- ; see L. thronum, ace. oUhronjis. — Gk. Opoyoi,
Princ. of E. Etym. i. § 228 [Ji). a seat ;lit. a support. (VDHER.)
Thrice. (E.) For form of
thris, contr. Throng, a great crowd of people. (E.)
M. IL. Pries, J)ryes (dissyllabic), where the M. K.pron^. A. S. ge-Prang, a throng.
suffix -s is adverbial (orig. a mark of gen. — A.'6. Prang^ 2nd grade oi Pringan, to
case). Earlier form /;7>'. — A. S. J>rhva, crowd, press. +
Du. drang, Icel. Prongs
— A. S. J)ri, three.
thrice. See Three. G. drang, a throng cf. Dnn. trang, Swed.
;
Thrid, a thread. (E.) Another form trang, adj., narrow, close. Allied to
oi thread (Drvden, Hind and Panther, iii. Goth, ihreihan, to throng, Lith. trenh-ti,
278). to jolt, push. Der. thiong, vb.
Thrift, frugality. (Scand.) M. Y^.prift. Thropple, Thrapple, wind -pipe.
^\Q.€i. prift^ thrift; &\%o Prif, the same. (E.) I^hropple is prob. a reduction of
—Icel. weak grade Prif-. as in prif-inn, A. S. Prot'bolla, the wind-pipe; from
pp. o{ PrJfa, to thrive. Cf. Dan. trivelse, Prot-ti, throat, and bolla, prominence. See
prosperity. See Thrive. Throttle, Throat, and Bowl (2).
Thrill, Thirl, to pierce. (E.) The old Throstle, the song-thrush. (E.) M. E.
sense of thrill was to pierce also spelt prostel. A. S. prostle, a throstle. +M.H.G.
;
thirl, which is an older spelling. M. E. trostel. Teut. t} pe *Prustld, fern. Idg. ;
Pirlen, prillcn. A. S. Pyrlian, to pierce type *t?}'zdld ci. L. ttirdus, a thrush, and
; ;
shorter form oi pyre Han, the same lit. to Icel./;w/ {gen.pj-astar), Swed. and Norw.
;
'
make a hole.' — A. S. Pyrel, pyrel, a hole, trast, a thrush (from the 2nd grade, */raj/',
orig. an adj. with the sense 'pierced,' for of a Teut. base */;vj/.. Also, with initial
*Pyrh'il, as shewn by the cognate M. H. G. s, Lith. strazdas, m., strazda, {., a thrush.
durchel, pierced. Derived from A. S.purh, See further under Thrush (i). Th'ostle
through (with change of u io y), just as has a variant throshel (M. E. thrusshil,
M. H. G. durchel is from G. durch, Prompt. Parv.). Brugm. i. §§ 818 (2), 882.
through. See Through. Throttle, the wind-pipe. (E.) Dimin.
Thrive. (Scand.) Vl.Y.. prinen {thri- of throat ; G. drossel, throat. Der.
cf.
ven), pt. Praf, Prof, pp. Prii(e)i. — lcQ\.

t. throttle, vb., to press on the wind-pipe ;
prifa Preif, pp. Prifimi), to clutch,

(pt. t. M. E. throtlen.
grasp, grip, seize; hence prifask (with Through, prep. (E.) M. E. purh.
suffixed -sk = -sik, self, lit. to seize for A. S.pnrh, O. Northumb./(?r/^.+Du. door,
oneself, to thrive. + Dan. trives, Swed. G. diirch, O. H. G. dnruh Teut. type ;
trifvas, reflex, verb, to thrive; cf. Norw. ^Purh ; allied to Goth, thairh, through
triva, to seize. Der. thrif-t, q. v. (Teut. type */^r/^). p. The Goth. ///azV/^,
Throat, the gullet. (E.) M. E./r^/^. through, is allied to thairko, a hole from ;
A. S. protti, also -prote, throat.+O. H. G. Teut. base *pe7-k = Idg, base *terg, an
drozza, whence G. drossel, throat, throttle. extension of -^^TER, as in L. ter-ere, to
Prob. Du. strot, M. Du. stroot, bore. Cf. Gk. TpojyXr], a hole. Brugm.
allied to
stroote, the throat, gullet Ital. strozza, i. § 527.
; Der. thrill.
the gullet (a word of Teut. origin^ We
Throw, to cast, hurl. (E.) M. E.
also find Swed. strupe, Dan. strube, the Prowen, pt. t. pre-v, pp. Prowen. A. S.
throat. Der. throttle, q. v. Prdwan, to twist, hurl, whirl pt. i.preow, ;
Throb, to beat forcibly, as the heart. pp./;77T£'^«. [The orig. sense, to twist, is
(E.) M.
E. probben, to throb. Allied to preserved in thread.'] Allied to Du. draa-
Russ. trepete, palpitation, throbbing; L. ijen, to twist, whirl O. H. G. draen,
;
trepidus, trembling. See Trepidation. G. drehen, to turn all from Teut. base
;
Throe, a pang. (Scand.?) Vi.Y.. prowe, *Pr(B = Idg. base *t?-e, as in Gk. TprjrSs,
fhrawe. [Cf. O. ^Terc. thrauu, 'argutiae,' bored through, Tprjfxa, a hole. The grade
O. E. Texts; A. S. prea, a rebuke, afflic- *ter appears in L. terere, to bore, Gk.
tion, threat, evil which seem to have
;
Tiipfiv Tor *T(pyfiv), to bore. (y'TER.)
been confused with it.] Prob. from Icel. Thrnm (i), the tufted end of a weaver's
/rJ, a throe. Cf. A. S. Prowian, to suffer thread. (E.) M. E. priun, not found in
O. H. G. droa, burden, suffering, druoen, A. S. + Icel. profur (gen. Pramar^, the
droen, to suffer. edge, verge, brim of a thing (hence the
Throne. (F. — L. Gk.) Formerly — edge of a web) Norw. troju, tram, triimm,
;
trone (\Vyclif).-0. F. trone (F. trone).^ edge, brim ; Swed. dial, trtitnm^ tromm,
565
^
THRUM THWITE
a stump, the end of a log; M. Du. drom, donner; L. tondre, to thunder, Skt. tan,
thread on a weaver's shuttle G. trumm, ; to sound. j3. We further find K.^.tonian,
end of threads, thrum. Teut. base *pru, to thunder, prob. from L. but compare
;
weak grade of *per = Idg. */^r. Hence Skt. Ji'aw, to sound, thunder, sigh, stanita-,
it is allied to Gk. repfia, end, L. terminus; thunder, and E.j-i'z/«. (-^^STEN.) See Stun.
see Term. Thurible, a censer. (L. — Gk.) English
Thrum (2), to play noisily. (Scand.) from L. thuribulum, tiiribulum, a vessel
Icel. J>rufna, to rattle, thunder; Swed. for holding incense. — L. thilri-, tfiri-, decl.
trwnma, to beat, drum ; cf. Dan. trom?ne, stem of thi'is, tus, frankincense with suffix ;
a drum. See Drum, Strum. -bulum (as mfundi-bulumîromfundere).

Thrush (i), a bird, (E.) JVI. ¥..J>rusch. L. thus is borrowed from Gk. Ovos, incense.
A. S.}rysce, a thrush Teut. type ; — Gk. 6v-îv, to burn a sacrifice. Allied
^thruskjon, f. Cf. O. H. G. drosca or drosca, to Fume. (>/DHEU.) See Thyme.
a thrush whence G. drossel. Allied to
; Thursday. (Scand.) M..E. purs-day
Throstle, q. v. A. S. pors-day. pw'es dceg, Thursday. -»
Thrush {2), a disease marked by small A. ^.prtres, gen. oipfir, Thor; dcBg, day.
ulcerations in the mouth. (E.) In Phillips Borrowed from \ct\. Porsdagr, Thursday;
(1706). (Not related to A. S. ])yri-e, from pdrs, gen. oi Porr^ Thor, and dagr, a
dry.) Probably of Norse origin ; from day cf. Swed. Dan. Torsdag.
; So also
O. Norse *J>ruskr; whence M. Dan. torsk, A. S. PutiresdcBg (the native word) Du. ;
Dan. troske, Swed. torsk, Norw. irausk, Dojiderdag, G. Do7inerstag. All transla-
irosk, the thrush on the tongue. And tions of L. dies louis. (See Sweet, Hist. E.
prob. the same as Norw. trausk, variant of Sounds, § 578.)
fresk, a frog, also the thrush. In like Thus. (E.) M. E. thus. A. S. Ms.
manner, both Gk. Parpaxos and L. rdna +
O. Fries, and O. Sax. thus Du. dus. ;
meant (i) frog, (2) disease of the tongue. Allied to That and perhaps to This. ;
Thrust, vId. (Scand.) M.E. J>msten, Thwack, Whack, to beat. (E.)

Pristen. — Icel. prysta, to thrust, press, Prob. imitative. Compare IcQl.pjokka, to
compel. Allied to Threaten, and to L. thwack, thump; also pjaka, the same;
trndei-e, to thrust. prov. G. wackeln, to cudgel.
Thud, a dull sound of a blow. (E.) Thwaite, a clearing. (Scand.) Com-
Used by G. Douglas and Burns. A. S. mon in place-names. Icel. pveit, a. pad-
lyddan, to strike. Cf. L. ttindere. dock, orig. a clearing in woods, a cutting.
Thug', an assassin. (Hindustani.) Hind. — Icel. *Pveit, 2nd grade of *pz'Fta, not
ihag, thug (with cerebral th), a cheat, found, but ^ A, S. pwitan, to cut. See
knave, a robber who strangles travellers Thwite. Cf Norw. tveit, a cutting, also
;
Marathi thak, thag, a thug (H. H. Wilson). a clearing Dan. dial. tved. :
Thumb. (E.) M.E.J)omde; with ex- Thwart, transversely, transverse.

crescent d. A. S. pruna, the thumb. (Scand.) +
Properly an adv. afterwards ;
Du. duim, Swed. tumme, G. daujneti an adj.; lastly, a verb. M. E. thwert,

;
also \ct\.pu7nall, the thumb of a glove, thwart, across. — Icel./z/^r/, neut. oi pverr,
Dan. tommel -finger, thumb. Lit. 'the adj., perverse, adverse. Used adverbially
thick finger from ^TEU, to grow large. in phrases such as um Pvert, across,
;
'
See Tumid. Dor. thi77ible. athwart, taka Pvert, to take athwart, to

Thum.mim., perfection. (Heb.) Urim deny flatly, p. The Icel. pverr^ adj., is
and thummim = light and perfection cognate with K.S.Pweorh, perverse, trans-
;
though the forms are, strictly, plural. — verse, Dan. tvcer, transverse (whence tvcert,
Heb. tummlm, pi. of toju, perfection, adv., across), Swed. tvdr, across (whence
truth. — Heb. root tdmaju, to be perfect. t-vdrt, adv., rudely), Du. d'waj-{s) Goth. ;
Thum.p, vb. (E.) Allied to \cQ\.dumpa, thwairhs, angry; G. zwerch, adv., across,
to thump, Swed. dial, dompa, to thump, awry. From Teut. base *Pwerh, Idg. root
dumpa, to make a noise. *twerk cf. L. torquere, to twist
; Skt. ;
Thunder, sb. (E.) For tkuner the d

;
tarku-, a spindle. Brugm. i. § 593 (3).
is excrescent.yi.E.poner. A.. S. Pmior. Allied to Twirl.
— A. punian, to rattle, thunder; cf ge-
'$>. Thwite, to cut. (E.) Obsolete. A.S.
Pun, a loud noise. +Du. donder; Icel. Porr pwltan, pt. t. Pwdt, pp. Pwiten, to cut.
(for Ponr), Thor, god of thunder ; G. Der. thwaite, whittle, q. v.
556
;;
THY TIERCE
Thy ; see Thine. ticket ; Nares shews that to take things on
Thyme, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) The credit was to take on ticket' See below.
'
th is pronounced as t. Ticket,
because borrowed a bill stuck up, a label. (K.—
from French. ^\.Y.. tymc.-'^l.Y thym^ G.) M.F. . etiqiiet, a little bill, note, or '
'
the herb time Cot. ;
' — L. thynnun, ace. ticket, esp. such as is stuck tip on the gate
oithyjfius. — Gk. Ovôs,
;
Bvfxov, thyme, from of a court ' Cot. O. F. estiquet, estiqttete
its sweet smell. Cf. Gk. 9voi, incense ;
(Godefroy). — G. stecken, to stick, stick
see Thurible. (yDHEU.) up, fix see Stick.
; And see Etiquette.
Tickle. (E.) M. ticklen frequen- H ;
tative form from the base tik-, to touch

TI-TY. lightly see Tick It means to keep '
; (4).
Tiara, a wreathed ornament for the on touching lightly.' Hence also M. E.
head. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) L. /mr^.-Gk. tikel, unstable, ticklish, easily moved by a
napa, Tiapas, a Persian head-dress. Doubt- touch mod. E. ticklish, unstable.
; Not %
less of Pers. origin. necessarily a variant of Icel kitla, to tickle ; .
Tibert, acat. (F.-Teut.) SeeNares. but a parallel formation.

O. Y.Thibaut. Theobald. -O. Sax. Thiod- Tide. (E.) M. E. tide. A. S. tld, time,
bald; O. H. G. Dietbald. - O. Sax. thiod, hour, season. Du. tijd, Icel. titi, Dan. +
O. H. G. diet, diot, people (see Dutch) Swed. tid, G. zeit. Teut. type *tT-di-.
bald, bold. Allied to Time. Der. tide-waiter, an
Tibia, the large bone of the leg. (L.) officer who waits for arrival of vessels
L. tibia, shin-l)one. with the payment of duties.
tide, to secure
Tic, a twitchingof the muscles. (F. — tidings. (Scand.) M. E. tidinde, also

Teut.) F. tic, a twitching tic douloureux, ; tidinge afterwards tidings. Orig. things
; '
painful twitching, a nervous disease. For- that happen cf. A. S. tidung, tidings
;
' ;
merly F. ticq, tiqtiet, a disease suddenly tidan, to happen. But rather from Icel.
seizing a horse (Cot.). Cf. Ital. ticchio, a tidindi, neut. pi., tidings, news, Dan. ti-
vicious habit, caprice. Most likely allied dende, tidings cf. Du. tijding, G. zeitting. ;
to LowG. ttikken, to twitch; G. zticken All from the sb. above.

(M. H. G. ztccken, zticken), to twitch, shrug tidy, seasonable, neat. (E.) VL.Y.tidy,
with which cf. ztig, a draught, ziehen, to seasonable, from M. E. tid or tide, time ;
draw (Scheler). See Touch. see Tide. + Du. tijdig, Dan. Swed. tidig,
Tick (i), a small insect infesting dogs, G. zeitig, timely.

sheep. &c. (E.) M. E. tyke, teke cf. A.S. ; Tie, vb. (E.) M.E. tien, tiên, teyeii,
ticia (Sweet, O. E.T.). [The F. tiqtie is to tie A. S. tiegan, ge-tJgan an unori-
; ;
borrowed from Teutonic] M. Du. teke, + ginal verb, from A. S. teag, a bond, chain,
Du. teek, Low G. teke, take, G. zecke rope. — A. S. teah, Teut. type ^taiih, 2nd
(whence Ital. zeccd). Cf. Lith. dygus, grade of *tenhan-, to pull, draw; see Tow,
sharp, degti, to sting (Franck). Tug. Cf. Icel. tattg, a tie, tygill, a string.
Tick (2), cover of a feather bed. (L. — Tier, a rank, row. (F. — Late L.) For-
Gk.) M. E. teke, 14th cent. L. teca, - merly a better spelling
tire, Florio ex- ;
theca, a case (whence F. /"az'^). — Gk. 6i]Kr], plains Ital. tiro by a ty>-e of ordinance.' — '
a case to put a thing in, — Gk. 5?;-, base of F. tii-e, a draught, pull, also a tire;
' . .
Ti$T]fxi, I put, put away. a stroke, hit, reach, gate, course, or

An continuance of course Cot. [Cf. Span.
Tick (3), to beat as a watch. (E.) ;
'
imitative word, like click perhaps sug- ;

tiro, a set of mules; Ital. /z><?, a shoot, '
gested by Tick (4). Cf. G. ticktack, pit- shot, tire, reach, a stones caste, a tyre . .
a-pat E. Fries, tik-tak, the ticking of a

;
of ordinance Florio (1598).] - F. tirer,
; '
clock. to draw, drag, pull, &c.-Late L. tirdre^

Tick M. E. to draw, pull, extend, hurl whence also
(4), to touch lightly. (E.) ;
teck, a light touch ; whence the game called Ital. tirare. Span. Port. Prov. tirar. Of
tick or tig, in try to touch
which children unknown origin. The A. S. tier, occur- ^
each other. Not E. Fries, tikken,
in A.S. ring but once, is an obscure and doubtful
to touch lightly. +
Du. tik, a touch, pat, word, and has nothing to do with
(F.-L.)
it.
meant
tick, tikken, to tick, pat Low G. tikk, a ; Tierce, Terce. It
light touch Norw. tikka, to touch lightly.

;
a third hour, a third of a pipe or cask,
Tick (F.-G.) Short for a third card, a third thrust în fencing).—
(5), credit.
557
—;;
TIFF TIMID
O. F. tierz, twre, third. — L. tertius, third. ga-tils, fit, convenient ; A. S, ///, sb,,
— L. ter, thrice; tres, three. See Tri-, use. Der, til-th, A.S. tild, a crop,
Three. cf. Du. teelt, crop. cultivation ;
Tiff (i), to deck, dress out. (F. — O.Low

Till (2), to the time when. (Scand.)
G ) M E. tiffen. - M F tiffer, tifer (more M. E. til; chiefly in the Northern dialect
.
. . .
commonly attiffer), to deck, trim, adorn ;' O. Northumb. til. Matt. xxvi. 31. — Icel.
'
Cotg. — Du. tippen, to cut, clip, cut off ///, Dan. til, Swed. till, prep., to. Also
the tip of the hair Low G. tippen, to
; O. Fries, til, prep. Apparently allied to
touch lightly. See Tip (O. Icel. tili, tlli, aim, bent, cognate with
Tiff (2), a pet, fit of ill-humour; also O. H. G. zil, aim, mark see Till (i).
;
liquor, drink. (Scand.) Orig. 'a sniff;' Till (3), a drawer for money. (E.) The
hence (i) a pet, (2) a sip or draught of proper sense is ' drawer,' something that
beer. — Norweg. tev^ a drawing in of the can be pulled out. Dryden has tiller in
breath, sniff, teva, to sniff ; Swed. dial, this sense, tr. of Juvenal, vi. 3S4. From
tdv, smell, taste ; Icoi. Pefa, to sniff. M. E. tilien, to draw, draw out, also to
Tif5.Il, luncheon.
(Scand.) Anglo- allure also spelt tullen.
; A. S. tyllan,
Indian Northern English tiffin, i. e.
; orig. only in the comp. for-tyllan, to draw
tijing, sipping, eating and drinking out aside, lead astray. Cf. Toll (2).
of due season. From tiff, a draught of tiller, the handle of a rudder. (E.)
beer. See above. Prov. E. tiller, a handle, lit. ' puller.' From
Tiger. (F.-L.^Gk.-Pers.) M. E. M. E. tilien, to draw, pull (above).
tigre. — F. tigre. — L. tigrem, ace. of tigris, Tilt (i), the covering of a cart. (E.)
a tiger. — Gk. riypis. — Zend tighri-, an M. E. teld, later telt, the same. A. S. teld,
arrow (hence perhaps a tiger, from its a tent. The final t was due to the cognate
swiftness, also the river Tigris, from its E. Fries., Low G., and Dan. telt, Swed.
swiftness) mod. Pers. ttr, an arrow, the
;
tdlt, a tent. +
M. Du. telde, Icel. tjald,
river Tigris. — Zend tighra, sharp; allied to G. ielt.
Skt. tigma-, sharp, from tij, to be sharp. Tilt (2), to cause to heel over, to joust
Perhaps allied to Stigma. in a tourney. (E.) Orig. sense to totter' '
Tight. (Scand.) For ''thight but, as hence to cause to totter, to upset, tilt over,
;
both Dan. and Norw. have t for th, it easily upset an enemy in a tourney. M. E. tilten,
became tight. Orkney thight, water-tight; tiilten, to totter, be unsteady answering ;
prov. E. thite, tight, close, compact; M.E. to an A.S. ^tyltan (not found), regularly
ti^t^ also pi^t, thyht. — Icel. Pettr, tight, formed (by change from ea to ie,y') from
esp. water-tight Norw. tjett, tett, close, A.S. tealt, adj., unsteady, unstable. Icel.
;
+
water-tight; Swed, dial, tjett, titt\ Swed. tolta, to amble Norw. tylta, to walk on ;
tat, close, tight, solid, compact; Dan. t(jet, tiptoe Swed. tulta, to Avaddle G. zelt, an ; ;
tight, close, compact, water-tight. M. E. ambling pace. Cf. Totter. Der. tili, sb.
ti^t shews the old guttural ; the \ce\. pettr Tilth; see Till (i).
is for *pjhtr, as shewn by Du, dicht, Timber, wood for building. (E.) A.S.
digt, G. dicht, tight, M. H. G. {ge)dihte, timber, material to build with; for '^tiinro-
adv., continually. Teut. type '^pihtoz, for (the b being excrescent). + Icel, timbr,
*Penxtoz. Allied to Lith. te)ikti, I have Dan. tommer, Swed. timmer; G. zimmer,
enough, tankus, close, tight. Cf. Goth, timrjan, to build. From Teut.
Tike, a dog, low fellow. (Scand,) M.E, base '^tem-, to build cf. Gk. 5e/j,-(iv, to
;
tike, — Icel. Norw. tTk, Swed, tik, a bitch ;

build L. dom-us, a house.
; See Dome.
Dan. dial, tiig, a male dog. Brugm. i. § 421 (8). (^DEM.)
Tile. (L.) M. E. tile, contracted form Timbrel, a kind of tambourine. (F.
of A, S, tigele, a tile. — L. tegicla, a tile. — L. — Gk.) Dimin. of M. E. timbre, a small
L. tegere, to cover. See Tegument. tambourine. — O. F. timb}-e, a timbrel. —
Till (i), to cultivate. (E.) M. E. tilien. L. tympanum, a drum. — Gk. -rvix'navov,
A, S. tilian, to labour, endeavour, strive a drum. See Tympanum.
after, to till land. +
Du. telen, to breed, Tim.e. (E.) A. S. tJjna. Icel. timi + ;
cultivate, till G. zielen, to aim at, O. H. G.

; Dan. th}ie Swed. timi/ie.
; Teu*-. type
zilon, to strive after, Bavar. zelgen, to till. *ti-i>m72-. Allied to Tide.
From A. S. til, adj., beneficial, excellent ; Timid, fearful. (F.-L.) F. timide. -
of. O. H. G. zil, a goal, mark; Goth. L. timidus.^'L. timere, to fear.
558
+ ';
TIMOROUS TIRADE
timorous. (L.)Coined,wiihsuflfix-^«i-, a bell ring; I,, tinnire^ to tinkle, ring,
from L. timor, fear. — L. ttfuere^ to fear. tintinmivi, a tinkling. Cf. Tudor E. tink-
Tin. (E.) A. S. tin.-\-D\i. tin, Icel. tin, ler, a tinker (Levins).
Dan. tin, Swed.ten/i, G.zinn. DistipcJ ^
tinkle, to jingle. (E.) Frequentative
from L. stannuf?i (F. ^tain^. of M. E. tinken, to ring; see tinker.
Tincture. (L-) L. tinctHra, a dyeing. Tinsel, gaudy ornament. (F. - L "i
— L. tincttis, pp. of tingere, to dye. See From M. F. estincele, a spark, a star-lil-e

Tinge. ornament; for *escintele.^\^. scinfi/'a, a
Tind, to light or kindle. (E.) Also sjiark. See Scintillation, Stencil.
spelt tine; nearly obsolete. M.M tenden. Tint, a tinge of colour. (L.) Formerly
A. S. -tendan, to kindle, -f- Dnn. tcciide, tinct. Spenser has tinct = d}ed. — L.
Swed. tnnda, Goth, tandjan. Teut. type tinctus, pp. of tingere, to dye see Tinge. ;
*tandjan-. from the 2nd grade of a lost Or from Ital, tinta^ a dye. — L. tincta, fem.
strong verb '^tendan-, making pt. t. *tand, of tinctus.
pp. *tundanoz. See below. Tiny, very small. (F.-L.) Preceded,
tinder. (E.) M.
E. tinder, more comin Shakespeare, by the word little: as,
monly ttinder, tondre. A. S. tyndre, f., 'a little tiny boy,' * my little tiny thief,'
anything for kindling fires from a spark. 'pretty little //«_;/ kickshaws ;' spelt tiiie
Cf. O. H. G. znntira, tinder. Teut. type or tyne in ed. 1623. Prob. adapted, with
*tund-ir-dn\ from *ttmd, weak grade of loss of ihe first syllable, from O. F. and F.
*
lost verb tendan, to kindle see above. ;tan-tinet, very little; due to L. tantillus,
Icel. tundr (cf. iandri, fire) Dan. fonder, ever so little.
;
Swed. tiinder; Du. tender', G. zunder, Tip (i). (E.) Often associated with
tinder. top, but not etymologically connected with
Tine (i), the tooth or spike of a fork it. M. E. tip.'\-T>\x. Swed. Dan. tip, Low
or harrow. (E.) Formerly tijid. M. E. G. tipp; cf. G. zipfel, a small tip. Allied
tind. A. S. tind. +
Icel. tindr, Swed. to Du. and E. Fries, tepel, a nipple, teat,
tinne, Dan. dial, tind, tooth of a rake and to E. Tap (2). Cf. M. Du. tipken, a
;
M. H. G. zint. Teut. type *tendoz, m. teat. Der. tip, vb., chiefly in pp. tipped,
;
allied to L. dens (gen. dent-is), a tooth cf. i. e. furnished with a silver top or iron
;
also Skt. danta-, a tooth. Noreen, § 144. spike whence tipped-staff, later tipstaffs ;
See Toctli. an officer with a tipped staff; cf. tipple.

Tine (2), to kindle; see Tind. Tip (2), to tilt. (E.) Generally in the
Tine (3), to lose. (Scand.) Icel, tyna, phrase tip up, or tip over', a secondary
to lose. — Icel. tjon, loss, damage ; allied form of tap. Cf. tip and run, i.e. tap and
to A. S. teona, harm ; see Teen. run (a game) ; tip for tap, blow for blow
Ting'e, to dye. L. tingere, pp.
(L.) (Bullinger's Works, i. 283), now tit for tat.
tinctus, to dye (see Tint). Gk. riyfciv, + E. Fries, tippen, to tap lightly. Low G. +
to wet, dye O. H. G. thtmkon, G. tiinken,
;
tippen Swed. tippa, to tap, tip, strike
;
to dip, steep (from the weak grade). gently, touch lightly. Cf. Icel. tapsa, to
(VTENG.) tap. See Tap (i\
Tingle. M.
E, tinglen, a by-form
(E.) Tippet. (L.-Gk.) M. E. tipet, tepet.
of tinklen. to tinkle, which, again, is a A. S. tceppet, a carpet, tippet. — L. tapete,
frequentative form of M. E. tinken, to cloth, hangings ; see Tapestry.
tink (see tinker), of which a weaker form Tipple, to drink habitually. (Scand.)
is ting. '
To ting, tinnire ; tingil, tinnire
;
Norweg. tipla, to tipple, frequentative of
Levins (1570). Cf. E. Fries, tingeln. tippa, to drip from a point or tip ; Swed.
The orig. sense was to ring, then to vibrate, dial, tippa^ to drip, from tipp, a \\\<; cf.
thrill,to feel a sense of vibration as when Du. tepel, see Tip (1

a nipple, teat ; .
a bell is rung. Tipsy. (E.) Lit. unsteady.' Formed '
tinker. (E.) '^\.Y.. tinkere. So called from tip (2) with suffix -sy, as in tricksy,
because he makes a tinking%o\xx\A, in the &c. : see Tip (2") above.
mending of metal pots, &c. From M. E. Tirade, JV (F. — Ital.
strain of reproof.
tinken, to ring or tinkle Wyclif, i Cor.
;
— Late L.) F. tirade, lit. 'a lengthening
xiii. I. Of imitative origin cf. M. Du. ; out.' — Ital. tirata, a drawing, a pulling.—
iinge-tangen, to tingle, tintelen, to tinkle Ital. tirare, to pull, draw, pluck ; the same
E. Fries, tinken, tingen, tengen, to make as F. tirer; see Tier.
559
,
TIRE TO-
Tire exhaust. (E.) M. E. tirien,
(i), to Title. (F. -
L.) M. E. /zV/^.-O.F.
teorien. A. S. teorian, (i) to be tired, (2) title (F. litre'). — L. tituliij?i, ace. oitituhis,
to tire; weak verb; see Atire in New E. a superscription on a tomb or altar. Der.
Diet. Fatigatus, atered;' Voc. 170.30.
^ tiûl-ar, from F. titulaire, titular.
Tire (2\ to deck. (F.) Both as sb. Titmouse, a kind of small bird, (Scand.
and vb. M. E. tir, tyr, sb. which is ; and 'E.) Not connected with mouse; the
merely M. E. atir with the initial a dropped. true pi. should be titmotises, but titmice
Thus tire is short for attire, like peal (of is used, by confusion with ftiice. M. E.
bells) for appeal. See Attire. titmose. Compounded of tit, small (see
Tire (3). a hoop of iron that binds the Tit (i)); and A. S.wflj^, a name for several
fellies of wheels. (F.) Tire, the orna- ' small birds, e.g. A, ':^.fra:c-mdse,col-7)idse,
inent cfwomens heads, the iron band of spic-mdse, all names of birds. Du. mees, +
a cart-wheel,' Phillips, ed. 1706. Prob. G. meise, a titmouse, small bird Icel. ;
identical with tire, a woman's head-dress. DieisingriY .m^sange). Teut. type*maisdn-

Tire meant to deck, also to arrange, being f,
the sense of which was 'twittering';
;
short for attire. Palsgrave has I tyer :

' cf. L. maerere (for *f?iaesere, cf. maes-tus),
an egge, Je accoiistre I tyer with gar- ; to lament, mourn (Franck).

mentes,' &c. See Tire (2). Titter, to giggle. (E.) The same as
Tire (4), to tear a prey, as is done by M. E. titeren, to prattle from a repetition
;
predatory birds. (F. — Late L.) M. E. of the syllable ti, which was also used to
tiren, to tear a prey. — F. tirer, to pull, indicate laughter, as in the word te-hee (in
drag. See Tirade. Chaucer). See also twitter and twaddle.
Tire (5), a train. (F.-Late L.) Only And see Tattle.
in Spenser, F. Q. i. 4. 35. From F. tirer, Tittle, a jot, (F. - L.) M. E. tiiel. -
to draw see Tirade and Tier.
; O. F. title, a title M. F, litre, tiltre, ' a ;
Tiro, Tyro, a novice. (L.) L. tiro, a tittle, a small line drawn over an abridged
novice, recruit. ^
The frequent spelling word, also a title Cot. — L. titnhim, ace. ;
'
with^ is absurd. of tituhis, a title, p. In late Latin titulus

Tisic ; see Phthisis. must have meant a mark over a word, as
Tissue. (F. — L.) F. tissu, 'a ribbon, shewn by O. F. title (above). Wyclif has
,
fillet, or headband of woven stuffe Cot. ilitd for the Vulgate titulus (Matt. v. 18),
;
' i
Also tissH, masc, tissue, fem., woven old. Tittle-tattle, prattle see Tattle. ; ;
pp. oitistre (mod, F. tisser), to weave.— To. (E.) M. E. to. A. S, to. Du. +
L. texei'e, to weave. See Text. i&y, G. zu O. Irish do, Russ. do, to, up to. ;
Tit (i), a small horse or child. (Scand.) ( Cf. Gk. -Sf, towards.
Icel. tittr, a tit, bird Norw. tita, a littU
; •fe(> (2), prefix, to. (E.) Only in to-day,
bird, small trout. Cf. prov. E. titty, small \is-g0lher, to-7tiorrow, to-night, to-zvard;
Tit (2), a teat, (E.) A. S. ///, tilt, a and in the obsolete M. E. to-name, nick-
teat ;see Teat, name, and a few other words see To-day. ;
Titan, a giant. (L.-Gk.) L. Titdx.; To- (i), prefix, in twain, asunder, to

cf. titio, a firebrand. — Gk, Tirdv, a giant; pieces. (E.) Only retained in the phrase
perhaps allied to tltcj, day (Prellwitz).+ all to-brake = utterly broke asunder, Judges
Skt. tit/ia-. fire. (-/TEITH, to burn.) ix. 53. The M. E. phrase al to-drake meant
Der. titan-ic. wholly brake-asunder, the al being adver-
Tit for tat, blow for blow. (Scand.) bial, and to-brake the pt. t. of tobreken,
A corruption of tip for tap, where tip is a to break asunder. But about A. D. 1500,
slight tap (Bullinger, Works, i. 283). it was mistakenly written all-to brake, as if
Tithe, a tenth part, (E.) M. E. /zV.W, all-to meant 'altogether,' and brake was
also tethe. A. S, teoâ, tenth O. Merc. separate from to ;
and later writers much ;
-tegda fuller form teogoâ, corresponding confused the matter, which is still often
;
to Gk. Se'tfaroj, tenth. See Ten. wrongly explained. The A. S. to-, prefix,
Titillation, a tickling. (F. - L.) F. was very common, as in tdbrecan, to break
titillation.'-Y,. ace. titilldtionejn, a tick- asunder, tobldwan, to blow asunder cog- ;
ling. —L. titilldtus, pp. of titilldre, to nate with O. Friesic to-, te- and allied to ;
tickle. O. H. G. zar-, G. zer-, signifying 'asun-

Titlark. (Scand. and E.) Lit. ' small der.'
lark ;
'
from Tit (i) and Lark. To- (2), prefix; see To.
560
— ; - '
TOAD TOKEN
Toad. (E.) M. E. tode. A. S. tadige, Pers. tdr, a palm-tree
yielding toddy;
fddie, a toad. Der. tad-pole. Skt. td/a-. ^
The Hind, r has a peculiar
toad-eater. (E.) Formerly a com- [cerebral] sound, which has come to be
panion or assistant to a mountebank, who represented by din English.
pretended to eat toads, swallow fire, &c. Toe. (E.) A. S. td, pi. tdn. A con-
now represented by toady. tracted form O. Merc, td/iae. -f- Du.
;
Toast (i), scorched bread. (F.-L.) teen, Icel. td, Dan. taa, Swed. td, G, ze/ie;
O. F. tostee, a toast of bread ; orig. pp. O. H. G. ze/ia, a toe. Teut. type *taihdn.
fern. — L. tosta (for *toj-s-ta), pp. fern, of (Fuitlier connexions unknown.)
torrere, to parch ; see Torrid. Toft, a green knoll, open ground, home-
toast (2), a person whose health is stead. ^Scand.) M. E. toft, a knoll.
drunk. (F. — L.) The reference is to the Icel. topt (pron. (pron.
toft), also tiipt
toast usually put in stirrup-cups, &:c., in tuft), toft, ioDit uhe
spelling^ a oldest
drinking healths see the story in the
; place to build on. Perhaps lor *tumft'
Tatler, no. 24, June 4, 1709 (Todd). <*tu7!ip- (Noreen, 5^§ 83, 238'!, as if suit- '
Tobacco. (Span.-Hayti.) Span, i-a- able place'; from *//^;//-, weak grade of
baco. A word taken from the language of ^•tetn-an-, O. Sax. teman, to suit. Cf. G.
Hayti (Clavigero, Hist, of Mexico). Las zuftft, a. guild, O. H. G. ztauft and Goth. ;
Casas says that tabaco was the name of the ga-timan, to suit.
pipe in which the Caribs smoked the plant. Toga. L. toga, a mantle, lit. cover-
(L.")
Toboggan, a kind of snow-sledgc. ing. — L. tegere, to cover. See Tegument.

(Amer. Indian.) A Canadian perversion Together. (E.) Vi.Y^.togedere.-h.^.
of an Amer. Indian odabagaî, a sledge. to-gcedre, to-gcedere." K.'&. to, to, gador-,
Tocher, a dowry. (Gael.) Gael, and geador, together see Gather. ;
Irish tochar, a dowry, assigned ]3ortion. — Toil (i), labour; to labour. (F. L.) —
O. Irish tochtii', a putting; tochuriin, I M.E./£'z7, disturbance, tumult toilenAo-\^vX\. :
put. — O. Irish to-, do-, to; cuiT-iin, I put, about (the sense having somewhat altered).
assign. — O. F. toillier, M. F. touiller, to entangle,
Tocsin, sound of an alarm-bell. (F.— shuffle together, mix confusedly, trouble,
Teut. and L.) M. F\ toquesing (F. tocsifi), &c. see Cotgrave.
; Godefroy also gives
an alarm-bell, or its sound see Cot. Lit. ; the sb. tooil, toeil, toil, toel, a massacre,
'striking of the signal-bell.' — O. F. toqti-er, trouble, confusion, disorder. — L. tiidtcu-
to strike, touch (Picard toker, Norm. dial. Idre, to stir up (Hatzfeld). — L. ttidicula,
toquer. to strike) O. Y.si7tg (Norm. dial.
; a machine for bruising olives, dimiii. of
sin), a bell, from Late L. sigimm, a bell, tudes, a mallet. — L. tud-, as in tu-ttid-i,
L. signum, a sign; see Touch and Sign. pt. t. of tundere, to beat. Toil is often %
Tod, a bush, a measure of wool, a fox. derived from M. Du. tuyien, to till or
(Scand.) Icel. toddi, a tod of wool, bit, manure land, but it is impossible to explain
piece (the fox being named tod from his it from this source; the M. E. usage is
+
bushy tail). E. Fries, todde, a bundle ;
completely at variance with this view.
Du. todde, a rag G. zotte, zote, a tuft of
; Toil (2), a net, snare. (F. L.) Y.toiie, —
hair, anything shaggy. cloth pi. toiles, toils, snares for wild
;
To-day, this day. (H) Compounded of beasts. — L. tela, a web, thing woven for ;
tOy prep., and day to being formerly used

;
*tex-la, from texere, to weave. See Text.
in the sense of for.' Thus A. S. to dcEge =
'
toilet, toilette. (F.-L.) Y. toilette,
for the day, to-day dcege being the dat. of
;
'
a toylet, the stuff which drapers lap about
dag, day. So also to-night, to-nioiTow. their cloths, a bag to put nightcloths in ;
Toddle, walk unsteadily. (E.) The

to Cot. — F. toile, a cloth (above).
same as Lowl. Sc. tottle, to walk with Toise, a measure, 6 ft. \\ in. (F. — L.)
short steps, and equivalent to E. totter; F. toise, ' a fadome Cot. — L. tensa. sc.
;
'
see Totter. Cf tottlish, tottery, unsteady brdchia, neut. pi. of tensiis. pp. of tendere,
(Cent. Diet.) Bavarian zotteln, zotten, to
;
to stretch (reach).See Tend.
toddle, walk feebly. Tokay, a wine. (Hungary.) From
Toddy. (Hindustani Pers.) Hind. - Tokay, a town in Hungary, E. N. E. from
tdru tadi, vulgarly toddy, juice or sap of
' Pesth.
the palmyra- tree,' &c. ; H. H. \Mlson. Token. (E.) '^\.Y.. token. A.^.tdcen,
Hind, tar, a palm-tree, palmyra-tree. — tdcn. -f- Du. teeken, Icel. teikn, Dan.
56
;;
TOLERATE TONSURE
tegn, Swed. tecken, G. zeichen, Goth. Tomb. (F. -L.-Gk.) F. tombe.^'L.
taikns. Teut. types *taiknom, n., taikniz, tiimba. — Gk. rv^â, a late form of tu/x^Sos,
f. allied to Teach.
;
Usually referred to a tomb. Allied to Tumulus.
an Idg. base *deig-, by-form of *deik-, jis Tomboy, a rude girl. (L. — Gk. — Heb.
in Gk. SeiK-uvpii, I shew, cognate with and E.) From Tom and Boy.
Goth, ga-teihan^ to point out; which is Tome, a volume. (F.- L.-Gk.) F.
not wholly satisfactory. tome.^'L. ace. toinum.^Gk.. roiios, a
Tolerate. (L.) From pp. of L. /<9/^r- section, a volume. — Gk. rofi-, 2nd grade
dre, to put up with allied to tollere,
;
of T6/i-, as in Tiî-vav, to cut. Allied to
to bear, take.+Skt. tid, to lift, Gk.
lift, Tonsure. (v^TEM.)
T\T]vai, to suffer, A. S. Polian, to endure. To-morrow; see To-day.
(VTEL.) p. From L. tldtutn, supine of Tomtit, a small bird. (L. - Gk. - Heb.
toHere, usually written Idttim, are formed a«<iScand.) From Tomand Tit.
numerous derivatives, such as ab-lat-ive, Tomtom, a kind of drum. (Bengali.)
collat-ion, di-laie, e-late, ob-late, 8cc. Bengali tantan, vulgarly tomtom, a small
Toll(i),atax. (E.; ^rL.-Gk.) M.E. drum. Prob. named from the sound.
tol. A. S. to//, tribute. 4- Du. U/, Icel. ô//r, Ton, Tun, a large barrel, great weight.
Dan. io/d (for *to//), Swed. /-«//, G. zo/L (L.) M. E. tonne, a large barrel, hence a
Teut. type '^ttilloz, ra. which might be
; great weight. A. S. tunne, a barrel. So
explained as <
*ttdnoz, from the weak also Du. ton, Icel. Swed. tunna, Dan. tonde,
grade *iul (with suffix -noz) of */^/, tun, cask G. tonne, cask, weight
; Gael, ;
the root of Tale ; with the sense * that and Irish tunna, W. tynell, tun, barrel.
which is counted out or paid.' But the All from Laie L. tunna, a cask (9th cent.).
existence of by-forms, as A. S. toln, toll If the orig. sense was ' wine-skin,' perhaps
(whence tolnere, a toller), O. Sax. tolna, from O. Irish tonn, skin.
O. Fries, tolne, toll, O. H. G. zollan-tuom, Tone. (F. — L. - Gk.) F. ton. - L. ace.
as well as O. H. G. zolonari, M. Du. tol- tonum. '^Gk. rovos, a thing stretched, a
lenaer, a toller, suggest that the forms are string, note, tone. — Gk. tov-, 2nd grade
borrowed from Late L. toldnitim, for L. of Tiv-, as in *T€vy(iv >
reiveiv, to stretch.
telonium, which is from Gk. nKuviov, a +Skt. tan, to stretch. (^TEN.)
toll-house (Matt. ix. 9) from Gk. tcAoj, ; Tongs, sb. pi. tonge, tange^
(E.) M.E.
an end, a toll. Cf. F. tonlieu, a toll from ; sing. sb. the pi. is due to the tzvo arms
;
Late L. tonleium, tolneum, for L, teldniiim. of the instrument. A.S. tange, a pair of
Toll (2), to pull a bell, sound as a bell. tongs, pincers; zXsotang.-^Tixx. taug,\ct\.
(E.) The old use was to toll a bell,' i. e.
' tdtig (pi. tangir), Dan. tang, Swed. tang.,
to pull it from M. E. tollen, to stir, draw,
; G. zange. Orig. sense a biter or nip- ' ' '
pull, allied to tullen, to entice, allure, and per ' from a nasalised form of -y^DAK, to
;
prob. to A. S. fortyllan, to allure see ; bite, as in Gk. baKvuv. Brugm. i. § 420.

Till (3). Tongue. (E.) M.E. tzmge, tonge. A.S.
T0I11, a kind of resin. (S. America.) tunge. +
Icel. Swed. ticnga, Dan. tunge,
Said to be named from Tolu, a place Du. tong, G. zunge, Goth, tuggo { = tung5).
on the N. W. coast of New Granada, Teut. type *ttingd)i, f. O. Lat. dingua +
now Colombia, in S. America. (L. lingua), a tongue. Root uncertain.
Tom, name for Thomas. (L. — Gk.
pet Allied to Lingual. Brugm. i. § 441.
— Heb.) M.E. Thomme. '- L. Thomas. Tonic. (Gk.) Lit. 'giving tone.'— Late
— Gk. ©oi^tas, Thomas a twin.' Cf. Gk. ;
'
from toi/oj; see Tone.
ToviKo's, adj.,
Heb. tdmlm, pi., twin.s. To-night To-day.
; see
Tomahawk, a light war-hatchet. (W. Tonsil. (E.-L.) M.Y. tonsille; Cot.
Indian.) Algonkin tomehagen, Mohegan — L. tonsilla, formed from the pi. tonsillcc,
tumnahegan, Delaware tamoihecan, a war- the tonsils. There is one [Latin] sb. in
'
hatchet. Explained by Lacombe from

'
-li, Lat. idles, pi. m. '' wen on the neck,"
the Cree dialect otomahuk, knock him

: for *tons-li-, from tens- " stietch " (Goth.
down; otdmahwaw, he is knocked down ;' at-thinsan, to draw towards one, Lith.
Cent. Diet. t\s-ti, to stretch by pulling) ; tonsilla,
Tom.ato, a love-apple. (Span. —Mexi- " tonsils," points to an older form *tons-lo-
can.) Span, (and Port. ) /^wa/^. — Mexican or ^tons-Id; '
Brugm. ii. § 98.
iomatl, a tomato. Tonsure. (F. — L.) Y. tonsure. ^^1..
562
; ;
'.
TONTINE TORCH
tonsura, a clipping. —
L. tonsus, pp. of whipe a top ; Hexham. Or from M. ' ^
tondere, to shear, clip. Cf. Gk. rtVSetj', to Du. top, borrowed from M. II. G. top/.
gnaw; see Tome. Topaz, a gem. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. to-
Tontine, ^ kind of lottery. (F. — Ital.) past:. — L. topazHS, topazion. (it:. Tojraôs, —
Y tontine.
. Named from Laurence Tonti, ToTra^toj/, a topaz. Pliny derives it ^
a Neapolitan (about A.D. 1653). from an island called Topazas, in the Red
Too. (E.) The emphatic form of to, Sea, the position of which is conjectural' '
prep. used adverbially.

; from Gk. tottcl^hv, to conjecture. This is
Tool. (E.) M. E. /<?/, tool. A. S. tol, '
conjectural' indeed.
a tool. -\- Icel. idl, neut. pi., tools. Lit. Toper, a great drinker. (F. or Ital,—
an implement for working with Tent, ; Teut. I
Certainly allied to F. tdper, to
type '^tolom, n., for * ton- lorn where ^toti- ; cover a stake, a term in dice-playing
is related to *tau, as in A. S. taivian, to pre- whence tope, interjection (short iox j'e tope,
pare, dress, get ready. See Taw. Streit- I accept your offer) in the sense agreed ' !
berg, § 85. Also used as a term in drinking cf. M, ;
Toom, empty. (Scand.) M. E. toni, Ital. topa, in dicing, agreed throw also ! !
toor?i.-'\ze\.tofnr, Swed. Dan. torn, empty. (in drinking), I pledge you! Cf. Span.
Toot (i), to peep, spy; see Tout. topa}-, to butt, strike, accept a bet. Of
Toot (2), to (O.Low G.)
blow a horn. Teut. origin from the striking of hands
;
Spelt tate in Levins (1570). — M. Du. tuy- or of glasses together, as in I'icard toper,
ten, 'to pound a cornet,' Hexham cf. Du. ; to strike hands in bargaining, Ital. in-
toet/iojrn, a toot-horn, bugle. Cf. Swed. toppare, to strike against an obstacle.
tj'uta, Dan. tude, to howl, to toot ; Icel.Jy'ota Originally from the placing together of
(pt. t. paut), to resound, blow a horn; the tops of the thumbs, at the same time
K. Fries, and Low G. tttteri, to toot A. S. ; crying topp! See Ihre, Outzen, Urem.
Peotan, to howl cf. Goth, thuthaurn,
; ^^'orterbuch.
a trumpet. Of imitative origin but the ; Topiary. (L. —
Gk.) 7<?//a;j work is
M. Du. form may have been borrowed a term applied to clipped trees and shrubs.
from Scandinavian. L. topidj-ius, belonging to landscape gar-
Tooth. (E.) A. S. to^, pi. teQ and toQas. dening, — L. topia, fancy gardening. — Gk.
Lengthened produced loss of n {tod < ru-nos, a place, district.
tonth) .-^'Dw. tand, Icel. tonn, Dan. ta7id, topic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.Y. topiques,
Swed. tand, G. zaim, O. H. G. zajid, zan. '
topicks, books or places of logical inven-
Teut. stem *tanth- or (in Goth, ttmthus) ;
tion.'— L. topica, sb. pi., title of a work by
"^tmth-.-^-l.. dens (stem dent-), Lith. dayi- Aristotle. —
Gk. tottiko. the same), neut.
tis, W. dant, Skt. danta-, Gk. blovs (stem pi. of TOTTiKos, local, relating to tottoi or
ti5oi/T-). All participial forms Idg. stem ;
common-places. — Gk. tovos, a place.
*{e)ddnt- ; orig. sense '
eating '
; from ^ topography. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. topo-
ED, to eat ; see Eat. graphie. — L. topographia. — Gk, tojto-
Top (i), summit. (E.) M.E. A. S.
top. yfXKpla, description of a place. — Gk. tuito-s,
Z^/. + Du. top; Icel. toppr, tuft, top; Dan. a place ;
ypd^-dv, to describe.
top, tuft, crest, top Swed. topp, summit
; Topple see under Top (i).
;
G. zopf, tuft, top. Der. topp-le, to be top- Topsyturvy. (E.) Formerly top-
heavy, tumble over. turvy, topsydturvy, topsy-tervy (1528).

Top (2), a child's toy. (F.-G.) ME. [Not for top-side-tnrvy, where top-side z^
top. - A. F. *top, only found in the dimin. upper side for topsytervy is the older
;
form topet. Trocus, topet ' Glasgow ;

'
form.] Just as upside down was formerly
MS. (Godefroy) cf. '. F. topier, to turn
;
< tipsodown, so topsytervy prob. = top so
as a top also tupin, a pipkin (Cot.). —
;
tervy. Tei-vy is from M. E. ierven, to
M. H. G. topf, a top, pot, scull (apparently roll, roll back (hence, overthrow) see ;
with reference to the large hollow hum- my Gloss, to Chaucer cf. M. E. over- ;
ming-top). +
Low G. dop, a shell M. Du. ;
tyrven, to upset A.S. tearfian. to turn,
:
dop, doppe, a top (also top, from H. G.), roll over Low G. tarven, to roll or turn
;
dop, a shell, doppe, a little pot; E. Fries. up a cuff. Explained topside t'other way
%
dop. doppe, a shell. Prob. allied to M. E. by late writers, where f other %uay is a false
doppen, to dive, dip (a water-pot) ; and to gloss.
E. Dip, Deep. Cf. M. Du. toppen, ' to Torch. (F. - L.) M.E. torche.'-Y
563
; '
TORMENT TOUCH
torche, a torch, also a wreath, wreathed feet ; cf. crooked. All due to
O. F. tortis,
wisp or piece of tow (Low L. tortia, a L. tort-US, pp. of torquere, to twist.
torch), twist. — Late L. tortica, a torch ; tortuous. F. — L.) M. E. tortuos. — (
(cf. porche from porticum). — L. tortus, pp. F. tortueux.^l-,. tortuosus, crooked. — L.

oi torquere, to twist. See Torture. tortus, pp. of torquere, to twist (below).
torment. (F.-L.) O. F. torment (F. torture. (F.-L.) F. torture. - L.
tourment).'-'L. tormentum, an engine for tortura, torture, wringing pain. — L. tortus^
throwing stones, or for inflicting torture. pp. of torquere, to twist, wring, whirl.
Formed with sufhx -iiientiim from tor-, for (VTERQ.)
tore-, base of torquere, to twist, hurl. First used about 1680
Tory. (Irish.)
tormentil, a herb. (F. — L.) F. tor- the political sense.
in The Irish State
mentille (Cot.) Late L. tornientilla, Voc.
;
Papers, Jan. 24, 1656, mention tories '
713. 6. Said to be so called from its and other lawless persons.' — Irish toiridhe,
relieving tooth-ache. — O. F. torment, tor- toruighe, lit. a (hostile) pursuer, also a
ment, pain (above). searcher (hence, a plunderer) cf. toireacht, ;
Tornado, a hurricane. (Span. — L.) pursuit, search, &c. — Irish toirighim, I

Dampier speaks of tornadoes or thunder-
'
fancy, I pursue, search closely. Cf. Gael.
showers For *tronaia. — Span, tronada, a
'
toir, pursuit, search O. Irish toraeht (for ;
thunder-storm. —Span, tronar, to thunder. '^do-fo-raeht), pursuit where do (to) and ;
— L. tondre, to thunder. fo (under^ are prefixes, and raeht is from

Torpedo. (L.) L, torpedo, numbness y^REG, as in L. reg-ere, to direct, Irish
;
also a cramp-fish (which electrifies or rig-im, I stretch out.

n^xa^\^%). — V..torpere, to be numb (below). Toss, to jerk. (Scand. ?) Cf. W. tosio,
torpid, sluggish. (L.) L. torpidus, to jerk, toss tos, a quick jerk, toss bor- ; ;
benumbed. — L. torpere, to be numb or rowed from E. Perhaps from Norw. tossa,

stiff. Cf. Lith. /z>///, to grow stiff; Russ. to scatter, spread out cf. to toss hay ;
' ;
terpnute, to grow numb. Brugm. i. Dan. dial, tusse, to stir, move, shake.
Allied to Touse.
Torg,ue, a collar of twisted gold. (F. Total. (F. - L.) F. total. - Late L. to-
— L.) F. torque, in Littre. — L. torqueui, talis, adj. extended from L. tottis, entire. ;
ace. oi torques, a twisted collar, a torque. Totter, to be unsteady. E.) Prov. E. (
— L. torquere, to twist. See Torture. toiler, a form occurring in Clare's Village

Cf. W. torch, a wreath, O. Irish tore. Minstrel cf. Lowl. Sc. toller, adj. and;
Torrent. (F. — L.) F. torrent. — L. adv., unsteady (not a verb, as Jamieson

ace. torrentem, a raging stream from says). Toller, as a vb., is related to M. E.
;
torrens, raging, impetuous, boiling, hot tulten, to tilt, be unsteady (see Tilt (2));
orig. pres. pt. oitorrere, to heat (below). and is allied to A. S. tealtrian, to totter,
—
torrid. (F. L.) ¥. torride.-^L.. tor- from the adj. tealt, unsteady. + M. Du.
ridus, scorched. — L. torrcre, to scorch. + totcteren {<,*lolteren), to tremble, shake.
Gk. TfpcrecrOai^ to become dry. See Ter- Cf. prov. E. /^//<?r, a swing ; â.va.r:.zeltern,
race, Thirst. (V FERS.) to hobble along.
Torsion. (F. L.) —F. torsion, * a Toucan, a bird. (F.- Brazil.) Y. tou-
wresting;' Cot. — L. ace. torsionem, a can; a Brazilian word (Littre). — Guarani
wringing. — L. /^r^--, as in tors-T, pt. t. of tued whence Port, tiicano.
;
Granada
torquere, to twist. gives Guarani tued {ii and d both nasal).
Torso, trunk of a statue. (Ital. L.— — Touch. (F.-Teut.) Y. toucher. [Also
Gk.) Ital. torso, stump, trunk, stalk. L. — O. F. toquer, Walloon toquer, to knock
thyrsiis, stalk, stem. — Gk. dvp<xos, a stalk, or strike against Ital. toccare, to touch,;
rod, thyrsus. strike, smite.] —

Teut. *tukkdn, represented
Tort, a wrong. (F. - L.) F. tort, a by Low G. tukken = O. H. G. zucchen, G.
wrong, harm ; pp. of tordre, to twist. — zucken, to twitch, draw with a quick
L. tortus, pp. of torquere, to twist. motion ; cf. M. Du. tucken, tocken, ' to
tortoise. (F. L.) —
M. E. tortuce, knock head to head; to touch;' Hexham.
to7'tu ; later, tortoise, with changed suffix ;
A secondary verb, due to the weak grade
cf. Prov. tortesa, a tortoise. The M. E. (*tuh) of Teut. *teuhan-, as in Goth, tiu-
tortu answers to F. tortue, a tortoise; Late han, A. S. teon {<,*teohan), to pull, draw,
L. tort ilea. So named from the twisted O. H. G. ziohan (G. ziehen), cognate with
564
TOUCHY TOXICOLOGY
L. diicere, to draw, lead. (y'DEUK.) weak grade of *teuhaji-, to draw, cognate
See Tuck (i), Tow (i). Der. tocsin, with L. ducere. to draw, lead. (Vr>FUK.)
tiuk-et. Tow (2;, coarse part of hemp. (E.)
Touchy, corruption of Tetchy, q. v. M E. tow. A. S. tow-, occurring in fow-lTc
.
Tough. (E.) M. E. tough. A. S. toh, weorc, material for spinning, lit. tow-like '
tough. -4- Du. taai^ flexible, pliant, viscous, stuff,' and in tow- h us, a tow-house, house
tough G. zdh, O. H. G. zdhi, lough,
; for spinning. Orig. the operation, not the
tenacious. Teut. type *tanxuz {>*td/iuz) ;
material; cf. A. S. getawa, implements.
allied to A. S. ge-teng-e, close to, oppres- Allied to A. S. tawian, to i)repare, work ;
sive, O. Sax. bi-teng-i, oppressive. The see Taw and Tool. + M. Du. tottw. tow,
orig. sense is 'holding close together' or touiven, to tan leather, toiiwe, a weaver's
tenacious
*
cf. Tongs.'
; implement Icel. to, a tuft of wool for
;
Tour, a circuit. (F. — L.) Lit. 'a turn.' spinning.

— F. tour, lit. a turn also a turner's ;
*
Toward, Towards. (E.) M. E.
wheel,' Cot. — L. torjiiim, ace. oitornus. towardes, formed by adding -es (genitive
— Gk. Topuos, a lathe. See Turn. suffix used adverbially) to M. E. toward.
Tourmaline, the name of a mineral. The A. S. toweard is usually an adj., with
(F. — Cingalese.) F. tourma/me. Formed the sense future, about to come
'
to- ;
'
from the native name in Ceylon, where it weardes was a prep., usually put after its
was called torajnalli. Explained (vaguely) case. — A. S. to, to -weard, in the direc-
;
as a general name for the cornelian

' '
;
tion of, cognate with Icel. -verbr. M. H. G.
Clough, Singhalese Diet. (1830), ii. 246. -wert, Goth, -wairths, and allied to L.
Tournament. (F. - L. - Gk.) E. M . uersus, towards, p. All these suffixes are
tnrneinent. — A. F. totirnement, O. F. derivatives of the verb appearing in E. as
tornozement, a tournament. — A. F. tottr- worth, to become; see "Worth (2). The
neter, O. F. tornoier, to joust cf. A. F. t:er- ; same suffix appears in after-ward, in-
ney, torney, O. F. tornoi, a tourney, joust, ward, &c. ;the lit. sense is that which '
lit. a turning about. — O. F. torner, to has become or that which is made to

'
'
turn see Turn.; be,' or ' that which is turned hence e'«- '
;
tourney. (F.-L.-Gk.) A. F. /z/r- zf^r^= turned in, to-ward, turned to, &c.
ney, O. F. tornoi (above). Towel. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. towaiUe.
tourniquet. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. tonr- — F. touaille, a towel *
Cot. O. F. ;
'
toaille (Low L. tcacula, Span, toalla, Ital.

;
niquet, lit. that which turns about
'
a '
name given to a stick turned round to tovaglia).'-0. H. G. twahila, divahila (G.

tighten a bandage, to stop a flow of blood. zwehle)^ a towel. — O.H.G. twahan, to
— F. totirner, to turn (above). Cf. Picard wash.-f-A. S.J>wean {'C*J}wahan), O. Sax.
torniker, to turn round. thwahan, \ce\. J>vd, Swed. tvd, Dan. toe,
Touse, to pull about, tear. (E.) M. E. Goth, thivahan, to wash. Cf. A. S.

tusen, in comp. to-tusen, to pull about. Pwale, a towel (Sweet, O. E. T.'. ;
Pweal,
[Cf. mod. E. Towser, a dog's name, lit. a batli from J>zvean.
;
'
tearer.'] This answers to E. Fries, tusen, Tower. (F.-L.-Gk., O.Y.tur, tour.
to tear, pull, rend. G. zausen, O. H. G. + — l^.turrem, ace. oiturris, a tower. — Gk.
{er)zicsan, {zir)zusdn, to tug, pull, drag TvpoLS, rvppi'i, a tower, bastion ; cf. Gael.
about. Der. ttissle ; cf. toss. A. S. torr, conical hill, tower, castle. "^
Tout, to custom. (E.) A dialectal torr is from L. turris and late A. S. tur
solicit ;
form of toot. M. E. tot en, orig. to peep ; from O. F. tur.

hence to be on the look-out for custom. Town. (E.\ M. E. toun, an enclosure,
A. S. totian, to project, stick out (hence, town. A. S. ttln, a fence, farm, town.+
peep out) whence Toot hill. TothiII, a Du. tuin, fence, Icel. tiin, enclosure, home-
;
look-out hill (W. Twthill at Carnarvon). stead, O.H.G. zim, hedge; Irish and
Tow
(i), to tug along. (E.) M. E. Gael, diin, a fortress, W. din, a hill-fort.
towen, toên. O. Fries, toga, to pull, tow Lit. 'fastness;' cf. Gk. hv-vayns, strength, ;
cf. A. S. toh-line, a tow-line, towing-rope. Irish diir, L. durus, firm. Brugm. i. § 112,
— A. S. tog-, as in tog-en, pp. of teohan, ii. § 66.
teon^ to pull, draw. E. Fries, tagen, Icel. +
Toxicology, the science which inves-
toga, to pull O. H. G. zogon ; all simi- tigates poisons. (Gk.) From Gk. toîku-v^
;
larly formed from Teut. ""tuh {>*tug), poison for arrows (from toôv, a bow) ;
565
; ;
TOY TRAIL
from X^yeiv, to discourse, p. Toôi
-\oyia, region. (L.) L. tractus, a drawing out,
may be from y'TEKS, to hew, shape ; see course, region.— L. tractus, pp. oi trahere,
Technical. But cf L. taxus, yew-tree. to draw.
Toy, sb. (Du.) Du. tuig, tools, utensils, tract (2), a short treatise. (L.) Short
implements, stuff, refuse, trash whence ; for tractate, now little used, — L. tractdtus,
speel-iuig, playthings, toys, lit. stuff to '
a tractate, treatise, tract. L. tractdtus^ —
play with.' M. Du. tuyg, silver chains
'
pp. of tractdre, to handle see Treat. ;
with a knife, cizzais, pincushion, &c. as tractable. (L.) L. tractabiUs, man-

women wear,' Sewel. +
Icel. ^ygi, gear, ageable. — L. tractdre, to handle, frequent,
Dan. foi, gear, legi-tdi, a plaything, toy, of trahere pp. tractus) , to draw.
(
Swed. tyg, gear, trash, G. zeitg, stuff, trash, traction, a drawing along. (F. — L.)
G. spielzeug, playthings, p. The orig. M. F. traction. —Late L. ace. '^ti-actionem,
sense was stuff, material, gear and G. ; ace. of *tractio. — L, tract-us, pp. of tra-
zeng is connected with G. zeugen, to beget, here 1
above).
to )roduce, and even to witness. So also Du.
1 Trade. (E.) The old sense was path '
'
tu7g is connected with DxxJuigen, to equip, hence a beaten track, regular business.
to witness, E Fries, tugen, to produce, pre- Cf M, E. t7'ede, a tread, a step from A. S. ;
pare, equip, O. Fries, tiuga, tioga, to wit- tredan, to tread see Tread. Cf. A. S.
;
ness, M. H. G. ziugen, to produce, equip, trod, a track, from the weak grade of
witness all weak verbs, due to the strong
; tredan. But the right form occurs in
Teut. verb *teiihart- (Goth, tiuhan, A. S. Low G. trade, Swed. dial, trad, a beaten
teon^ O. H. G. ziohan, G. ziehen), cognate path, track from the 2nd grade of the
;
with L, ducere, to lead. (V DEUK.) verb. Der. trade-zvind, a wind that keeps
^ As to the sound, cf. /i^j = Flemish hui. a beaten track, or blows always in the
SeeTow (i), Team. same direction.
Trace (i), a track, foot-print. (F. — L.) Tradition. (L.) From ace. of L.
F. trace, ' trace, path, tract Cot.
;
' A trdditio, a surrender, a tradition (Col. ii. 8).
verbal sb. from M. F. tracer, to trace, follow, — L. trdditus, pp. of trddere, to deliver.
also spelt trasser. to trace out, delineate. — L./r«-, for trajis, across; -dere, {or dare,
The same as Ital. tracciare, Span, trazar, to give. See Trans-, Date.
to trace out, plan, sketch. These answer Traduce, to defame. (L.) L. trddH-
to a L. '^tractiare, formed from
Late cere, to lead over, transport, also, to de-
tractiis, pp. of trahere, to draw, drag. fame. Here trd- = trans, across; and
trace (2), one of the straps by which ducere is '
to lead.' See Trans- and
a vehicle is drawn (F. — L.) M. E. traice,
. Duke.
trace, which Palsgrave explains by O. F. TraflB.C, vb. (F.-Ital.) Y.trafiquer,
t7-ays this is a plural form = mod. F.
;
'
to trafiick Cot. - Ital. trafficare cf.
; ' ;
traits, pi. of trait. - O. F. trays, later Span, trafagar, Port, traficar, trafegiiear,
traits, traicts, pi. of traict, explained by to traffic, p. Origin unknown. It is pro-
Cotgrave as a teame-trace or trait.' Thus
* posed to derive the Ital. word from traffik,
trace — traits, pi. oi trait; see Trait. a late Hebrew form of Gk. TpoiraiKos, the
Trachea, wind-pipe. (L. — Gk.) L. Gk. rendering of L. uictoridtus, a silver
trachea. — Gk. Tpax"a, lit. the rough,' ' coin bearing the image of Victory (Athen.,
from the rings of gristle round it fem. of ; Apr. 7, 1900).
Tpaxvs, rough. Allied to Tk-Tp-qx-o., pt. t. Tragedy. (F. - L. - Gk.) O.F. /ra-
of Opicraeiv, rapaaaîv^ to disturb. gedie. — L. tragcedia. — Gk. rpayajbia, a
Track, a course. (F. — Teut.) From
;
tragedy lit. ' a goat-song
;
prob. because '
F. trac, 'a track, beaten way;' Cot. the actors were clad in goat-skins to re-
Norm. dial. trac. — Du. trek, a draught semble satyrs. — Gk. Tpaya^Sos, a tragic
trekken, to draw, pull, tow, travel, march, singer lit. goat-singer.' — Gk. rpay-os, a
;
'
&c. Allied to Low G. and E. Fries. he-goat w56s, a singer, contracted from
;
trekken, O. Fries, trekka, and O. H. G. doidos see Ode.

; Der. trag-ic, F. tra-
strong verb trehhan, to scrape, shove, gique, L. tragicus, Gk. rpayiKos, lit.
draw see Franck, Scheler regards F. trac
;
'
goatish,'
as due to F. tracer-, to trace; see Trace (i) Trail, vb. (F. — L.) M. E. trailen, to
but N. Fries, has tracke for Da. trekken. draw along, answering to A. F. trailer,
Tract (i)j a continued duration, a to trail, occurring in trailebaston (below).
566
;; . ;
TRAILBASTON TRANQUIL
— O. F. trailler^ to tow a boat allied to ; (= *trd-Jic-ere''}, to throw across, fling. -
F. irailie, a ferry-boat with a cord. — L. L. trd-, for trans, across iacere, to cast. ;
tragtcla, a drag-net, slediê, iraha, a sledge Der. trajcct (M. F. trajcct, a ferry), the
from trahere, to draw. Cf. Gascon trailho, right reading for tranect, Merch. Ven. iii.
a track; Vox'i.tralha, a net Span, tralla, ;
4- .-.^•
a cord. ^ M. Du. treylen, to draw along, Tram, a coal-wa^-gon, car on rails.

is merely borrowed from F. trailler, to '
(Scand.) We find *
sledtê ox tram'' in the
traile a deer, or hunt him upon a cold Complete Collier, 1 708 ; p. 39 ; we even
sent, to reel, or wind yarn,' Cot. or el?e ; find tram in a will dated 1555 (Surtees
from E. trail (see Franck). [The A. S. Soc. Public, xxxviii. 37;. The same as
trceglian is a very scarce word, in a gloss, Low!. Sc. tram, shaft of a cart, beam, bar,
and means to pluck.']
'
prov. E. trafn, a milk-bench lorig. a log of
trailbaston, a law term. (F.-L.) wood). The tram-road \\^% prob. nt first
Anglo-F, traylebastotin, a term applied to a log-road, then a rail-road on sleepers.—
certain lawless men. It meant trail-stick' ' Norw. trafn, door-step (of wood) traavi, ;
or '
stick -carryer.' Fully explained in a frame cf. Swed. dial. /r^ww, log, stock
;
Wright's Polit. Songs, p. 383 but con- ; of a tree, also a summer-sledge Swed. ; M .
stantly misinterpreted. The justices of tram, trnm, piece of a cut tree. Orig.
traylbaston were appointed by Kdw. I to sense a beam, shaft, bar, log then a shaft ;
try them. From trail, vb. (above) ; and of a cart, a sledge cf. E. Fries, trame, ;
O. F. baston, a stick. See Baton. trime, step of a ladder, handle of a barrow ;
train, sb. and vb. (F. — L.) M. E. Low G. traam, a beam, handle of a wheel-
train, sb., trainen, vb. — M. ¥. train, a great barrow; O. H. G. dram, tram, M. Du.
man's retinue traine, a sledge
; trainer, ; drom, a beam, O. Icel. Pram (in J)rani-
to trail along (Cot.). — Late L. tragindre, valr). %
The 'derivation from Otitram '
to drag along (Schwan). — L. trahere, to (about iSoo) is ridiculous; it ignores the

draw. Der. train-band^ corruption of accent, and contradicts the history.
iraind-band. TrammeL (F. — L.) M. E. tramaile.
Train-oil. (Du. a;;^ F.-L.-Gk.) ; — M. F. tramail, * a tramell, or a net
For oil, see Oil. P ormerly trane-oyle or for partridges;' Cot. (Mod. F. trdmail,
trane. — M. Du. traen, trayne-oyle made '
Littre Gascon tramail Ital. tramaglio^
; ;
of the fat of whales also a tear, liquor; Late L. treiuac\u\hc)n, a kind of net ^Lex
pressed out by the fire Hexham. The ; ' Salica\ Prob. from L. /r/-, threefold, and
orig. sense is tear' then drops forced out
'
; inacnla, a mesh, net (Diez). The Span, %
in boiling blubber, &c. Mod. Du. traan, a form trasfnallo is corrupt.
tear; cf G.thrdne. The G.thrdne is really Tramontane, (F. foreign to Italy. -
a pi. form = M. H. G.trehene, pi. oitrahen, Ital. — L.) F. tramontain. — Ital. tra-
M.
O. H. G. trahan, a tear; cf. O. Sax. trahni, montano, living beyond the mountains. — L.
pi., tears E. Fries, trmi, tear-drops.
; We trd-, for trans, beyond mont-, stem of ;
also find M. H. G. treher, pi., tears, which nions, mountain.

may be connected with O. Northumb. Tramp, vb. (E.) M. E. trampen not ;
tceher^ a tear, and A. S. tear, a tear. in A. S. ; E. Fries, trampen. •\'l.ov^ G. and

Similarly, Du. traan may be allied to G. trampen, Dan. trampe, Swed. trampUy
Dan. taar, a tear, and to E. tear. to tramp, tread; cf. Goth, ana-trimpan
Trait, a feature. (P\ - L.) F, trait, a (pt. t. ana-tramp) to tread on. Nasalised
,
line, stroke; Cot. — F. trait, pp. oitraire, form of base TRAP; see Trap (i).
— L. trahere, to draw.
to draw. trample. (E.) M. E. travtpden, fre-
Traitor, one who betrays. (F. — L.) quent, of M. E. /;-aw/^« (above) E. Fries. ;
O. F. traitor, oblique case from nom. trampein.-\-G. trampcln.

traitre. — L. trdditorem. ace. of trdditor, Tram-way ; see Tram.
one who betrays. — L. irddere, to betray Trance. — L.)
F. transe, a trance,
(F. '
Lit. a passing away

;
see Tradition. or swoon Cot. '
Trajectory, the curve which a pro- (from consciousness). — O. F. transir, to

(F. — L.)
jectile describes. Suggested by depart, die. — L. trans ire, to pass away
M. F. casting ' Cot. Formed
/ray>^/^zr<f, '
; see Transit
as if from L. *trdiectdrins, belonging to Tranquil. (F. — L.) F. tranquille,
projection. —
L. trdiectns, pp. of trdicere calm. — L. tranquilhis, at rest.
567
, ; ;;
TRANS- TRANSPOSE
Trans-, LO L. trans, beyond,
prefix. Translate. 'T.-L.^ F. translater,
across, over. Orig. pres. pt. of a verb Cot. — Late L. transldtdre, to translate
*trdre (whence in-trdre), to pass over Î2th cent.). "'L. trans Idtus, transferred;
cf. Skt. tara-. a crossing over, It occurs ^ used as pp. oi transferre (but from a dif-
as trans-, tran-. and tra-. Brugm. ii. ferent root). — L. trans, across, bevond
§ r79- ldt7cs, borne, used as pp. oiferre, to bear.
Transact, to perform. (L.") From L. See Tolerate.

transactus, pp. of transigere, to complete. Translucent, allo\dng light to pass
— L. trans, beyond, fully; age re, to do. through. L.. L. translucent-, stem of
See Agent. pres. pt. of translncere, to shine through.
Transalpine. (L.) From L. tra;is- — L. trans, beyond; lucere, to shine; see
c./.v:,v.-. beyor.d the Alps ; see Alp. Lucid.
Transcend. (L.) L. transcendere, to Transmigration. (F.-L.) Y.trans-
climb over, to surpass. — L. tran-, for — L. ace. transmigrdtionern,
niigrcUion.
trans, beyond scatUere, to climb.
; orig. a removing from one country to
Transcribe. .L.) L. transcribers, to another. — L. transmigrdre, to migrate
copy out from one book into another.— across. — L. trans, across migrdre, to go ;
L. tran-, for trans, across, over ; scriben see Migrate.

to write. Der. transcript, from neut. of i
Transmit. L. transmitters —
(L.^t
pp. tran-scripius also transcript-ion

: it,. tra>is, across mittere, to send see
; ;
Transept. ;L.^ Lit. cross-enclosure. Missile. Der. transmiss-ion (from pp.

— L. tran-, iox trans, across: septum, en- transmissns') .
closure, orig. neut. of pp. of J"<?/'/;r scEpTre, , Transmutation. (F.-L.^ Y. trans-

to enclose, from s.ipcs, a hedge. mutation. —
L. ace. transmutdtionem. —
Transfer. F.-L.)
transferer.- Y . L. transmiitdtiis, pp. of transmiltdre, to
L. trans-ferre, to convey across. — L. trans, change over, shift, transmute. — L. transy
acrojs ferre, to bear see Bear (i).
;
; across mfitdre, to change see Mutable.
: ;
Transfigure. trans- F. — L.' F. Transom, a thwart -piece across a

figurer. — L. transfigurare, to change the i
double window, lintel, cross-beam. (L.)
figuie or appearance. — L. trans, across ; Shortened from trans trom (see Florio,
(implying change) ; figura, figure, under Transtri and Trastt), — L. trans-
Transfix. (L.) From L. tratisfix-jis trum, a transom (Vitruvius) — L. trans, .
pp. of transftgere, to transfix. — L. /ra;zj-, going across -trutn, suffix (as in ardtrum,
;
through figere. to
;
fix ; see Fix. that which ploughs, a plough).
Transform. ^F. — L.) Y. transformer. (F. - L.) F. trans- Transparent.
— L. transfortndre, to change the shape clear-shining Cot. — L. trans, parent, ' ;
'
of — L. trans, across (implying change) ;

through parent-, stem of pres. pt. of ;
formdre, to form, irom forma, shape see pdrere, to appear see Appear. ; ;
Form. Transpicuous, transparent. (L.)

Transfuse. tL.) From L. transfusiis, Coined, as if from L. "^trajtspicuus, from
pp. of transfundcre. to \ our out of one transpicere, to see through. — L. tran-, for
vessel into another. — L. trans, across tra?is, beyond specere, to look. Compare
;
:
fundcre, to pour see Fuse (i).; perspicuous.

Transgression. 'F.— L.) F. trans- Transpire, to ooze out. (L.") From
p-ession. — L.. 3.CC. transgressidnefji. a pas- L. tran-, for t rafts, through spirdre, to ;
sage across, in late Lat. a transgression. — breathe see Spirit. :
L. transgressus, pp. of transgredi, to go Transplant. ,F.— L.) Y. transplanter.

across. — L. trans, beyond gi'cuii, to step, — L. transplantare, to plant in a new
;
go see Grade.
: place. — L. trans, across; plantdrc, to
Transient. L.) From transient-, plant, ixova. planta, a plant see Plant. ;
supposed stem of L. transiens, passing Transport. i^F. — L.) F. transporter,

away, though the real stem is transeutit- to carry or convey over Cot. — L. trans-
;
' ;
'
pres. pt. oitransire, to pass across or away. portdre, to carry across — L. trans, across ;
— L. trans, beyond tre, to go. ; portdre, to carry see Port (iV ;
transit. (L.^ L. transitus, lit. a Transpose. (F. - L. arid Gk.) F.

passing across. —L. transittim, supine of transposer, to transpose, remove. — L. trans,
transire, to pass across (above. across F. poser, to put see Pose (i). ; ;
.S68
;
TRANSPOSITION TRAVERSE
Transposition. F. t-ajis- F.-L. F. trappe, a trap. — O.H.G. trappa, a trap ;
position. — L. ace. transpositioneTJi. L. — see Trap î).

transpositus, pp. of transponere, to trans- Trapezium, rn irregular four -sided
pose. — L. ti'ans, across ponere, to put ;
rii;urc. ;L. — Gk. .. trapezium. — Gk. \
see Pcsition. Tpaviîov, a small table, also a trapezium.

Transnbstantiation, the doctrine Dimin. of rpuitiC^n, a table, ol which the
that the bread and wine in the Eucharist orig. sense was a four-footed bench. — Gk
are changed into Christ's body and blood. rpa-, a reduced form of the Idg. word lor
(F. — L.) F. traiissiibstatitiation. — Late four TTtâ, foot, allied to tiov% (stem
'
' ;
L. ace. transubstantidtioneni see Hilde- ; J7ro5-),a foot; see Foot. See Ikugm. ii.
bert of Tours died ii?,4), sermon 93.— § 168. Der. trapeze, F. trapeze, a swing
Late L. transubstantidtus pp. of tran- ,
in the shape of a trapezium, as thus C\ . :
siibstantidre coined from traits, across

;
From L. trapezium (above).
(implying change) and substantia, sub- Trappings ; see Trap 2).
stance; see Substance. Trash., refuse. (Scand.) The orig. sense
Transverse. trans- F.-L.; O.Y. I
was bits of broken sticks found under trees ;
versa placed across. — L. transnersus, '

trash and short sticks,' Evelyn. Cf. Icel.
'
turned across, laid across pp. of trans- ;

tros, rubbish, twigs used for fuel Norweg. ;
uertere, to turn across, — L. trans, across ;

irosAd\\&L-\ twigs, half-rotten branches ea.sily
uertere, to turn ; see Verse. broken Swed. trasa. a rag, tatter, Swed.
;
Trap 'i), a snare, gin. (E.) M. E. dial, tras, a heap of sticks. Derived from
trappe. A. S. treppe, a trap, for *ti-ceppe, I
the Swed. dial, phrase sla i tras, to break
whence be-trappan, vb., to entrap (cf. F. in pieces, the same as Swed. slh in kras,
J
trappe, of Teut. origin) ; E. Fries, trappe, \o break in pieces so that tr stands for
:
trap (i; a step. (2) atrap.+M- Du./ra//^, kr, just as Icel. trani means a crane (see
mouse-trap O. H. G. ti-appa. Grig, sense
;
Crane). — Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to
'
step a trap is that on which an animal
'
; crash, break ; see Crash. Trash means
steps, or puts its foot. Cf. AVestphal. 1
'
crashings,' i. e. bits readily cracked off,
trappe, a step Du. trap, a stair, step, kick,

;
dn.' twigs that break with a crash or
Swed. trappa, a stair. Allied to Du. snap.
trappen, to tread on, Norw. trappa, E. Travail, toil. (F. L.' F. travail, —
Fries, and Low G. trappen, to tread on, toil,labour. The same as Ital. travaglio,
trample. Allied to Tramp. Cf. Span. Span, trabajo, Port, trabalho, toil, labour.
tranipa, a trap. Der. t7'ap, vb.; trap-door, According to P. Meyer (Rom. x%ii. 421 '
trap-bat. It answers to Late L. trepdlium, a kind
Trap (2), to adorn, deck. (F.-Teut.) of rack for torturing mariyi s (Ducange) ;
W. E. trapped, decked from ^LE. trapp>e, ; I
perhaps made of three beams tres pdli^.
trappings of a horse, &c. Coined, with Others make it answer to Late L. *trabd-
i
unusual change from dr to tr, by sound- culum, formed from L. trab-evi, ace. of
association with trap (i). from F. drap, I
trabs, trabes, a beam. Cf. Late L. tra-
cloth, as proved by Chaucer's use of j
bdle, an axle-tree. And see below.
trapptire, trappings of a horse, from O. F. !
Trave, a shackle. (F.-L.) K trove
drapnre, with the same sense (Godefroy). was a frame of rails for confining unruly
Cf. also Late L. trapiis, cloth (usually horses. - O. F. traf. a beam (Supp. to
drappHs), trappaiu)'a, a horse's trappings.
'
Roquefort), usual form tref{Co\..). Cf. F.

Span, and Port, trapo, cloth. See Drape. en-t raver, \o shackle, en t raves, shackles;
Der. trapp-ings, sb. pi. j
,
Cot.) ; Span, trahar, to cloi:, ti-aba, a
Trap (3), of igneous rock.
a kind shackle. — L. trabem, :\cc.o( trabs, a beam.
(Swed.) Swed. trappa, a stair whence :
; Der. archi-ti-ave q. v.
trapp, trap-rock cf. Dan. trappe, stair.

;
i
Travel, to journey. F. — L.) The same

So called from its appearance its tabular ;
I
word as travail from the toil of travelling
;
masse? seem to rise in steps. Cf. Trap (i). in olden times.
trapan, trepan 2 to ensnare. (F. . Traverse, laid across. (F. L.) M. F. —

-O. H. G.) Formerly trapan. - O. F. !
travers, masc. traverse, fem. 'crosse-wise ;'
trappan, trapant, a snare, trap - door Cot. — L. transnersus, transverse. L. —
(Roquefort); a plank (Godefroy). -Late trans, across; uersus, pp. of uertere, to
L. trapenttcm, a plank for a trap-door turn ; see Verse. Der. traverse, vb., F.
TRAVERTINE TRENCH
traverser, *
to thwart or go overthwart,' a treasure. — Gk. 6T](ravp6s, a treasure,
Cot. store, hoard. — Gk. base drj-, 6r]a-, as in
Travertine, a kind of white lime- Ti-erj-fii, I place, store up, fut. Orja-cu ; (the
stone. (Ital. — L.) From Ital. travertino, suffixes are not clear). Der. treasur-y,
formerly tivertino (Florio). — L. Tibiir- O. F. tresorie.
belonging to Tibur, the modern
tTntis, adj., Treat, vb. (F. L.) F. traiter. L. - -
Tivoli. tracture, to handle ; frequentative of tra-
Travesty. (F.-Ital.-L.) Orig. a here (pp. tractus), to draw.
pp., borrowed from F. travcsii, disguised, treatise. L.) M. E. tretis. -
(F. -
pp. o{ se travestir, to change one's apparel. O. F. a thing well handled or
tretis, traitis,
— M. Ital. travestire, to disguise, mask.— nicely made answering to a Late L. form
;
L. trd- (for trans\, implying '

change '
;
tractitius.'^Y. traiter, to treat (above).
tiestlre, to clothe, which is from uestis, a treaty. (F. - L.) M. E. tretee. - O. F.
garment ;see Vest. traite [i.e. traite], a treaty, pp. of traiter,
Trawl, to fish with a drag-net. (F.— to treat (above) Late L. tractdttis.;
Teut.) Walloon t raider, O. F. trauler, Treble, threefold. (F. L.) O. F. -

to go hither and thither (Roquefort) also ; treble. "L,. triplum, ace. oitriplus, three-
spelt troller, mod. F. troler see Troll. ; fold ; see Triple.
Tray, a shallow vessel. (E.) M. E. Treddle, for Treadle see Tread. ;
trey. A. S. */rj/^, written (A. S. trig Tree. (E.) M. E. tree, tre (which also
Leechdoms, ii. 340). — A. S. trog, a trough. means dead wood, timber). A. S. treo
+ Low G. triigge (Stratmann) deriv. of or treow, a tree, timber. Icel. tj-e, Dan.
; +
trog. See Trough. (Doubtful the alleged tra ;Swed. trd, timber, also trad, a tree ;
A. S. treg'is an error for trog.) (for trd-et, lit. the wood, with post-posi-
Treachery. (F.-L.) î.¥.. treckerie, tive article) Goth, triti. Teut. type *tre- ;
tricherie. — O. F. trecherie, treachery. — zvotn, n. Cf. Russ. drevo, a tree, W. deriu,

O. F. trechier, trickier, to trick cf. Ital. ; an oak, Irish darag, Gk. SpCs, oak, Skt.
treccare, to cheat. — Late L. ^triccdre, for dru, wood cf. Skt. ddru, a kind of pine ;
;
L. trtcare, to dally (Ecclus. xxxii. 15), tri- Gk. hopv, a spear-shaft. Der. tar (^1),
cdrT, to make difficulties. — L. tricae, pi. trough.
difficulties, wiles see Intricate.
: Trefoil. (F. L.) O. F. trefoil. - L. -
Treacle. (F. — L. - Gk.) Formerly a trifoliiim, lit. three-leaf.' — L. tri-, allied '
medicament the mod. treacle is named to tres, three folium, a leaf. See Foliage.
;
;
from resembling it in appearance. M. E. Trellis, lattice-work. (F.— L.) M. E.

triacle, a sovereign remedy. — O. F. triacle, trelis.-¥. treillis, a trellis ;' Cot. Ulti- '
also spelt theriaque the / being unoriginal, mately from F. treille, a latticed frame. —
as in syllable). — L. theriaca, an antidote Late L. trichila, trie la, an arbour. But
against poisons, esp. venomous bites. — Gk. the suffix -is is due to O. F. treilis, treslis
drjpiaKa <pdpiJ.aKa, sb. pi., antidotes against (mod. F. treillis, sack-cloth), adj., applied
the bites of wild beasts. — Gk. OrjpiaKvs, to armour covered with a sort of lattice-
belonging to a wild beast. — Gk. Orjpiov, a work, Late L. trisliciuni, a covering of
wild animal. — Gk. Orjp, a wild beast. sack -cloth. — L. tres, three, liciuvi, a
Tread, vb. (E.) M. K. trcden. A. S. thread cf L. tri-lix. ;
tredan, pt. t. treed, pp. treden.-\^X^yx. treden, Tremble. (F. — L.'j F. /r^w^/^r. - Late
G. treten. We
also find Icel. trolSa, pt. t. L. tremuldre. — L. tremuhis, adj., trem-
tra^, pp. trobinn (cf. E. troddeit) Dan. bling. — L. t7-emere, to tremble. -j|- Lith.
;
trccde, Swed. trada, Goth, trudan (pt. t. trim-ti, Gk. Tpi/j.-€iv, to tremble. {^
truth). Der. tread-le, a thing to tread on TREM.) Brugm. i. § 474. Der. trem-or,
(in a lathe) also trade.
; L. tremor, a trembling tremulous, from ;
Treason. (F. - L.) M. E. traison. - L. tremulus (above) tremendous from ; ,
O. F. traison. — L, ace. traditionein. — L. L. tremendus, lit. to be feared, gerundive

trdditus, pp. of trddere, to deliver over, of tremere, to fear.
betray. Doublet, tradition. Trench, vb. (F. - L. ?) E. trenche. M .
Treasure. (F. - L. - Gk.) The former — A. F. and O. F. trencher, vb., 'to

r is intrusive. M. E. tresor.Ô. F. tresor cut, carve, slice, hew,' Cot. Now spelt
(Y.tr^sor) the same as Ital. tesoro. Span. trancher.
; p. Etym. much disputed. Cf.
tesoro. — L. thesatirum, ace. of thesaurus, Prov. trencar, trinquar. Span, and Port.
570
. ';
TREND TRICE
trinchar, Ttal. trinciare. Apparently from a cross-beam. See Transom. ^ For
Late L. ti-encdix, to cut, substituted for O. E. tres- < L. trans, cf. tres-pass.
L. ti-uncdre, to lop, from truncus, the Tret. (E. — L.) IVet, '
an allowance
trunk of a tree. Der. trench-ant, cutting;, made for the waste, whicli is always 4 iu
from the pres. part, of trencher; also every 104 pounds Phillips. It seems to
;
'
trench-er, a wooden plate, to cut things have been an allowance made in the
on, O. F. trencheor. weighing of the goods, so as to give good
Trend, to bend away, said of direction. weight. — O. E. tret, E. trait, lil. a pull '
;
(E.) M. E. trendeti, to roll, turn round. hence, a turn of the balance. — L. tractus,
Allied to A. S. trendel, a circle round pp. of trahere, to draw; see Trace (i)
the sun, a ring, d-trendlian, to roll; A. 8. and Tract (i). (Phil. Soc. Trans. 1009,
tryndel, a ring; 'Du.oju-t rent, Sihowi; Dan. p. 271.)
Swed. trind, round ; M. H. G. trendel, Trey, three. (E.-L.) A.F. ^/viV.-
O. H. G. trennila, a ball ; O. H. G. tren- L. tres, three.
nilon, to revolve. See Trundle. Tri-, relating to three. (L.) L. tri-,
Treutal, a set of thirty masses for the three times; allied to trcs (neut. tri-a),
dead. (E. L.) - O. E. trejitel, trenial three. So also Gk.r/ii-. prthx from T/jtt'» ;
(Roquefort). — F. trente, thirty. — L. trl- (neut. rpi-a), three. See Three.

gintd, thirty. —
L. trl-, thrice -ginta, allied ; triad, the union of three. (F. — L.—
to Gk. -Kovra^ short for ^'biKovro., a decad, Gk.) F. triade; Cot. — L. triad-, stem ol
from Se'/ca, ten. tj-ias, a triad. — Gk. rpias, triad.- Gk. rpi-,
Trepan (i), a small saw for removing thrice (above).

a piece of a broken skull. (F. — E. — Gk.) Trial; see Try.
M. E. trepan. — \joX^ L. trepami}n.<^Q\i. Triangle. (F.-L.) Y . triangle. ~l..
rpv-rravov, an auger, borer; also a trepan. triangnlum, triangnlus,
sb. ; neut. of
— Gk. Tpvnav, to bore. — Gk. Tpvrra, rpvirt}, three-angled. — L. tri-, thrice; anguhis,
a hole. From ^TER, to pierce, as in an angle see Tri- and;
Angle (i).
L. tej'-erc, Gk. reipeiu = *T€p}>etv). (^

Tribe, a race. (E.-L.) Y.tribH,'Oi
Trepan (2) to ensnare. See Trapan.
;
tribe Cot. - L. tribn-, decl. stem of
;
'
Trepang ; see Tripang. tribus, a tribe cf. Umbrian trifo.

; Said
Trepidation. (F. - L. ~
U.F. trepida- to have been one of the three origir.al
iion.-^lu. ace. trepiddtionem , a trembling. families in Rome as if from L. tri-, ;
— L. trepiddtus, pp. of trepiddre, to three. But see Brugm. ii. § 104.

tremble. — L. trepidiis, trembling, agitated. Tribrach, a metrical foot containing
Cf. Brugm. ii. § 797 (note). 3 short syllables. (L. -Gk.) L. tribrachys.
Trespass. (F.-L.) O.Y. trespasser, -Gk. Tp£/3paxuj.-Gk.T/)t-, three; iSpax^y,
to exceed, pass beyond (hence, in E., to short.
sin). —O. Y. ires-, from L. trails, beyond; Tribulation. (F.-L.) Y .tribulation.
passer, to pass see Pass.;
-L. ace. tribiildtidnevi, affliction. — L. /r/-
Tress, a plait of hair, ringlet. (F.— buldtus, pp. of trihnldre. to rub out corn ;
Gk.) M. E. tresse. —
F. tresse, a tress; hence, to afflict — L. trlbulmn, a sledge for
tresser, to braid hair. [The same as Ital. rubbing out corn, consisting of a wooden
treccia, a braid, plait, Span, trenza.'] — frame with iron spikes beneath it. — L. tri-,
Late L. tricia, variant of trica, a plait. — as in tri-tus, pp. of terere, to rub ; with
in three parts, threefold from suffix -bulum, denoting the agent. See
Gk. T/Jt'xa, ;
a common way of plaiting hair (Diez, Trite.

Scheler). — Gk. rpi-^ thrice, allied to rpfÛ, Tribune. (F.-L.) M. E. /r/V'ww.-F.
three see Three.
;
(Doubtful.) tribun. - L. tribfinum, ace. of tHbunus,
lit. the chief officer of a tribe. -L.
tribus,
tressure, an heraldic border. (F.—
Gk.) Formed, with F. suffix -nre, from a tribe see Tribe.
;
F. tresser, to plait. -F. tresse, a plait Tribute, sb. (F.-L.) Vi.Y.tribut.

(above) - E. tribut, tribute. L. tributum. tribute, -
lit. a thing paid ; neut. of pi). of
tribuere,
Trestle, Tressel, a support for a
table. (E.-L.) O.Y . trestel, \d.it.x tres- to assign, pay. Perhaps from L. tribu-s,
teau, a tresle for a table,' Cot. (Mod. E.
' a tribe (Brâl).
tr^feau.) — Liite L. '^transtelhtm , the same Trice (i),ashort space of time. (Scand.)
as L. transtillufn, dimin. of tra?istrum, M. E. at a tryse, at a (single) pull
571
TRICE TRILOBITE
Ipomydon, 392. From Trice (2), below trident. (F.-L.^ Y. trident. ^1..
j3. Later, in the phr. in a trice, as if imi- tridentem, ace. oi tridens, a three-pronged
tated from Span, en nn tris, in a trice, in spear. — L. tri-, three dens, tooth, prong. ;
an instant from tris, the noise made by

; triennial. (L.) Coined from L. tri-
the cracking of glass, a crack, an instant. ennium, a period of three years. — L. t?-i-,
So also Port, triz, cracking of glass, a three ; annus, year.
crash, crack, instant en hum triz, in a ; Trifle. (F.-L.) M.Y.. trnfe, trejie,
trice. Prob. of imitative origin cf. Span. ;
rarely trifle. — O. F. trufle, mockery, rail-
tris tras, a noise trisca, a cracking, ;
lery, a little jest, dimin. of truffe, a gibe,
crashing triscar, * to make such a noise
; jest (Cot.). Properly a truffle, a thing of
as of treading on glass, nut-shells, or the small worth the O. F. triiffe also means
;
like ;
'
Pineda. a truffle (Cot.) cf. Prov. trufo, a truffle,
;
Trice (2), Trise, to haul up, hoist. mockery. See truffe in Scheler. See
(Scand.) M.
E. triscn, to hoist sail (orig. Truffle.
with a pulley).— Swed. trissa, a pulley, Trifoliate, three-leaved. (L.) From
triss, spritsail-brace Norw. triss, also ;
L. tri-, three; foli-n>n, leaf.
trissel, a pulley Dan. tridse, a pulley,; triforium, a gallery above the arches
tridse, vb.. to trice. Cf. also Low G. of the nave and choir of a church. (L.)
trisel, anything that revolves, a dizziness, From L. tri-, for tj-es, three fori-s, a ;
a top. The Brem. Wort, also cites Ham- door, opening. usually with but^ Now
burg drysen, to trice dryse-blok, a pulley. ; two arches (within a third) ; some early
«[ Orig. initial = J). examples had three such.
Tricentenary. (L.) Coined from triform, having a triple form. ^L.)
L. tri- and Centenary, q. v. 'L.trifor?nis. '•!-,. tri-, three form-a,{orm. ;
Trick (i), a stratagem. (Du. F. L.) — — Trigger. (Du.) Formerly //zV/^6'r.—

XVI - AL Du. treke, a trick Du.
cent. ; Du. trekker, a trigger lit. that which ;
'
treek. Prob. distinct from Du. trek, a draws or pulls.' — Du. trekken, to pull.
pull, draught and borrowed from O. F.
; See Track.
triquer, Norman form of O. F. tricher^ to Triglyph, a three-grooved tablet. (L.
trick. In fact, E. trickery is from O. F. — Gk.; L. triglyphus.^Gk. rpiy\v(p09, a
triqiierie, dial, form of tricherie, whence triglyph ; lit. '
thrice-cloven.' — Gk. rpi-,
E. trecuhery see Treachery ;and trick ;
thrice ; -yXixpeiv, to carve, groove.
may have been borrowed directly from trigonometry. (Gk.) Measure- '
Norm. dial, triqiie, a trick. But doubt- ^ triangles.' —

ment of Gk. rpiyajvo-v, a tri-
less influenced by Du. trek^ a pull, stroke, angle -fXiTpia, measurement, from fxirpov,
;
touch from trekken, to pull see below.

; ; a measure. Gk. rpiyouvov is from rpi-,
Trick (2), to deck out. (Du.) From three ycov-ia, angle, allied to yow, knee.
;
the vb. trick below the sb. also meant a ; trilateral, trilingual, trilite-
neat contrivance, a toy, trifle, &c. ral. I L.) From L. tri-, three ; and
trick (3), to delineate a coat of arms. lateral. &c.
TDu.) Du. trekken, to draw, also (in M. Trill (i), to shake, quaver. (Ital.) In
Du.) to delineate, trick, or sketch out.-4- music. — \\.2\.trillare, to trill, shake trillo, ;
0. H. G. trehhan, str. vb., to push. sb., a shake. An imitative word, like

Trickle, vb. (E.) M. E. i'r/^/<?«, short Span, trinar, to trill.
for striklen, strikeleti, to trickle, fre- Trill (2', to turn round and round.
quentative of M. E. striken, to flow (Spec. (Scand.) Perhaps obsolete. M.Y.trillen,
of English, ed. Morris and Skeat, p. 48, Chaucer, C. T. 10630. —Swed. trilla, Dan,
1. 21 \ — A. S. strican, to flow, a par- trille, to roll, turn round; the same as
ticular use oistruan, to strike; see Strike. Du. drillen; see Drill (i).
Cf. streak, and G. streichen. ^ The loss trill (3), to trickle, roll. (Scand.)
of s arose in the phr. teres stf-iklen — tears Merely a particular use of the word above.
trickle see Ch. C. T., B. 1864, &c.
; Perhaps confused with trickle.
Tricolor. (F. - L.) F. tricolo^-e, for Trillion. (F. — L.) coined word; A
drapeau tricolore, three-coloured flag cf. ; to express tri-?nilIion see Billion. ;
F. tricolor, the three-coloured amaranth. Trilobite, a kind of fossil. (Gk.)

— L. tri-, three; color-, stem of color^ It has three lobes. — Gk. rpi-, for Tpus,
colour. three \o0-6s, a lobe ; -tr-T^s, suffix.
;
572
;
TRIM TRIVIAL
Trim, vb. (E.) 'Sl.K. trimen, trumen. of tripa s.'îjV. rpiirovs (stem rpivoB-), a
A. S. tryt/iman, to set firm, to strengthen, tripod, three - footed brass kettle, three-
set in order, prepare, array. Formed legged table. — Gk. rpi-, three; iroi/s, foot;
(by usual change of u to y) from A. S. see Foot.
trtwi, adj., firm, strong. Der. trim, sb. ; tripos, an honour examination at Cam-
be -trim. bridge. T-. — Gk.)
Belter spelt tripus, as
Trinity. (F. -L.) M. E. trinitee.- in An Eng. Gamer, vii. 267 (167O;. It was
O. F. trinite. — l^. ace. trinitdtem, a triad. orig. applied to a certain M.A. chosen at
— L. trinuSj pi. trim, by threes ; for *tris- a commencement to make an ingenious
71US, allied to tres. three. Brugm. ii. satirical speech hence the later tripos-
;
§ 66. '
verses, i. e. facetious Latin verses on the

Trinket small ornament.
(i), a (F.) ]
reverse side of which the tripos-lists were
M. E. ti enket, a shoemaker's knife also ; printed. Thus the orig. reference was
I
spelt trynket Palsgrave). Tusser speaks I

(not to the three classes, but) to the three-
of trinkets and tooles.'
'
Hence it seems 1
legged stool used by the Tripus, who was
to have meant a toy-knife, such as ladies '
also called a Pravaricator, or (at O.\ford)

wore on chains and, generally, a small
;
a Terra Jilius and the lists were named
;
ornament. Prob. from O. North F. treti- from the verses which took the place of
quer, to cut, by- form of trencher, to cut the speech delivered by the ^LA. who sat
cf. Span, trinchar, Ital. trinciare, to cut, on the tripus. From L. tripus (above).
carve; Span, trinchete, a cook's mincing- trireme, galley with three banks of
knife, a shoemaker's knife (Minsheu), See oars. (L.) L. triremis. having three banks
Trench. of oars. — L. tri-, three remits, oar. ;
Trinket Trinqnet,2}, the highest I

trisect. (L.) Coined from L. tri-, in
sailofaship. (F. — Span. — L. ; 'Sl.Y.trin- three parts and sect-um, supine oi secdre^
;
quet, the highest sail Cot. — ; Span, trin- to cut.

qiiete, a trinket. Cf. Ital. trinchetto, a Trist ; see Tryst. j
trinket Port, traquete, a foresail.

; Prob. Trite. (L.) L. tritus, worn, pp. of !
from L. triqiietriis, triangular (from the terere, to rub, wear away.+Russ. terete^
shape). — L. tri-, allied to tres, three; see Lith. triti, to rub; Gk. nipdiv (^<*t€/>- \
Tri- -qiietrus, of doubtful origin. The êti/;, to rub.

;
(^TER.)
n may be due to Span, tj-itica, a rope. Triton, a sea- god. (L. - Gk.) l^.triton. :
Trio. Ttal. — L.) Ital. trio, music in — Gk. Tplrojv^ a Triton. Cf. Irish triath^ j
three parts. — L. tri-, three see Tri-. the sea; Skt. trita-, the name of a deity.
; j
Trip, vb. (E.^ M. E. trippen, to step Triturate. '.L.) From pp. of L. tri- !
lightly. lighter form of the base \tfirdre, to rub down, thrash, grind. — L.
A
TRAP, to tread see Trap i) and Tramp. tritiira. a rubbing. — L. trltiis, pp. of
;
j
+ Du. trippen, to skip, whence trippelen, terere, to rub. See Trite. I
O.Y. triumphe,
to trip, dance ; Swed. trippa, Dan. trippe, Triumph. ;F. -L.:
to trip, tread lightly.
I
I later t>iomphe. —
L. triumphum, ace. of
Tripang, an edible sea-slug. (Malay.' I
triuniphus, a public rejoicing for a victory.
Malay tripang. + Gk. Opiafipos, a hymn to Bacchus.
Tripe. (F.) ^LY.. tripe. -Y. tripe; I
Triumvir. (L.) One of three men
cf. Span, and Port, tripa, Ital. trippa, tripe. associated in an office. L. pi. triumuiri,
Also Irish triopas, sb. pi., entrails, tripes;
'
three men, evolved from the gen. pi. triuni

W. tripa, intestines Bret, stripen, tripe,
; j
uiroriim, belonging to three men. — L.
pi. j/rzî7«, intestines. Of unknown origin. triutn, gen. pi. of tres, three uirorum^ ;
Perhaps from Low G. stripe, a stripe, also gen. pi. of uir. a man see Virile. ;
a strip. Tnvet, Trevet, a three-footed sup-

three-fold. (F.-L.) Y. triple. port. L.) Spelt trevid (1493)- A. S.
Triple, :
— L. triplutn, ace. oitriphis, threefold.— \trefet, Cart. Sa.x. iii. 367- -L. tripedem,
L. tri-, three -plus, ; Gk. -ttAoos, -fold. I
ace. of tripes, having three feet. - L tri-,
three pes. a foot. Cf. tripod.

See Tri- and Double. ;
triplicate, threefold. (L.) From trivial, common. F.— L.) Y . trivial.
pp. of L. triplicdre, to treble. — L. tri-,

— L. belonging to three cross-
triuidlis,
three plicdre, to weave, fold see Ply. ;
roads that which may be picked up any-
;
where, common. — L. triuia, a place where

;
tripod. ;L.-Gk.) L. /r^>^-, stem

73
;
TROCHEE TROUSSEAU
three roads meet. — L. tj-i-, three ; ziia, a the point where the sun appears to turn
way ; see Viaduct, from N. to S., or from S. to N. in the
Trochee. (L. — Gk.) L. trochceus. — zodiac. — Gk. rpoTTOj, a turn; see Trope.
Gk. running
Tpox^J-ôs, also the tripping; And see Trepan (i), Trover.
foot which consists of a long syllable Trot, vb. (F.-L.) F. trotter-, O. F,
followed by a short one. — Gk. Tpe'xet'', to troter. We
also find O. F. trotter, Low
run. Allied to Thrall. L. trotdn'us, a trotter, messenger, supposed
Troglodyte, a dweller in a cave. (F. to be from L. tolTddriiis, going at a trot.
— L. — Gk.) F. troglodyte. — L, troglodyta, — L. toliitim, adv., at a trot lit. * Jiftingly/
;
''G'k. Tpoi'yKohvTr}';, one who creeps into i.e. lifting the feet. — L. tollere, to lift ; see
holes, a cave-dweller. — Gk. rpojyô-, for Tolerate. (So Diez, Scheler, and Littre.)
TpwyXT], a hole, cave dvav^ to enter, p.
;
But cf. M. H. G. t rotten, to run, perhaps
TpojyXt) is from rpwyciv, to gnaw, bite, allied to treten., to tread ; M. Du. tratten,
gnaw a hole. Cf. Trout. '
to goe, to pace, or to trot.'
Troll, to roll, sing a catch, fish for pike. Troth. (E.) Merely a variant of truth.
(F. - Teut.) M. E. trol/en, to roll ; to M. E. tro-upfie, Ormulum ; see Trow.
troll a catch is to sing it irregularly (see Troubadour. (Prov. L. - Gk.) - A
below) to troll a howl is to circulate it
;
F. modification of Prov. trobador, also
to troll is also to draw hither and thither. trobaire, a troubadour, inventor of songs
— M. F. troller, which Cotgrave explains or verses. Here trobador answers to a
by ' hounds to trowle, raunge, or hunt out Late L. ace. '^tropdtorem (= Ital. tj'ova-
of order ; O. F. tratiler, to run or draw
'
tore, Span, trovador) whilst F. trouvere
;
hither and thither; mod. F. troler. — G. answers to a Late L. nom. *tropdtor. Both
trollen, to roll, troll. -{-M. Du. drollen, 'to from the verb *tropdre (as seen in Ital.
troole,' Hexham Low G. drtilen, to
; trovare, Span, trovar, Prov. trobar, F.
roll, troll. Prob. allied to E. Fries, drallen, trouver) to find.
,
See Trover.
to turn, roll; and to Drill (i). % Dis- Trouble, vb. (F.-L.) F. troubler,
tinct from ii'ail. O. F. trubler. It answers to a Late L.
Trombone. (Ital.-G. — Slav.) Ital. *turbtcldre, a verb made from L. turbula,
trombone, a trombone, augmentative form a disorderly group, dimin. of L. turba, a
of ItaL tromba, a trumpet see Trump (i). crowd. ;In fact, we find O. F. torbleur,
TrOXl, a weighing-machine. (F. — L.) tourbleur, one who troubles. Cf. Gk.
O. F. trone, a weighing-machine Low L. Tvp^t], disorder, throng; Skt. tvar, ttir,
;
troua (Ducange). — L. trutina, a pair of to hasten. See Turbid.

scales. Cf. Gk. TpvrdvTjj tongue of a ba- Trough. (E.) M.l^.trogh. K.S,. troh,
lance, pair of scales. Der. tron-age. trog, ahollow vessel, trough. Du. Icel. +
Troop, a crew. (F.) F. troupe M. F. ;
G. Dan. trug, Swed. trag. Teut.
ti-og,
trope. Also Span, tropa, M. Ital. troppa. type ^trugoz, Idg. type '^di'U-kos', from
Origin unknown. Cf. M. Du. trop. Late ^dru', as in Skt. dru, a tree, with adj.
L. troppus, a troop. Perhaps from Norw. suffix. Thus the sense is '
wood-en '
; see
torp, a flock, crowd, Icel. J>orp; cf. Icel. Tree.
Pyrpast, to throng. Trounce, to beat. (F.-L.) To beat
Trope, a figure of speech. (L. — Gk.) with a truncheon. — O. F. Irons, a trun-
L. tj-opus.'^Gk. rpoTTos, a turn, a trope.— cheon, m. tronce, f., variant of tronche,
;
Gk. rpeiretv^ to turn, -f" O. Lat. trepere, to a great piece of timber, allied to tronc, a
turn. trunk see Truncheon. ;
trophy. (F.-L.-Gk.)
F. trop/iê, Trousers, Trowsers. (F.) The
*
a trophee Cot. — L. tropceum, a sign of latter r is modern
;
' from the old word ;
victory. — Gk. rpo-naiov, a trophy, monu- trowses, or trouses, breeches older forms ;
ment of an enemy's defeat. Neut. of rpo- trowze, trooze also trews esp. used of ; ;
vaTos, belonging to a defeat. — Gk. Tpon-q, the Irish trews or breeches (whence Irish ;
a return, putting to flight of an enemy. — trius, triubhas, trousers M. Irish tribiis ; ;
Gk. Tpirreiv, to turn (above). Gael, triubhas). "¥. trousses, trunk-hose,

tropic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.troptk. breeches (^Littre), pi, of trousse, O. F.
— F. tropique^ a tropick ' Cot. — L. tro- tonrse, a bundle, package, case from O. F.
' ; ;
piciim, ace. of tropicus, tropical. — Gk. pack see Truss.

tourser, trotisser, to ;
rpomnds, belonging to a turn the tropic is ; trousseau, a package; bride's outfit.

574
;
TROUT TRUDGE
(F.) F. frousseati, a. little hnndle; dimin. Truce. (E. It should rather be trezvs,
of trottsse, a bundle, a pack from O. F. ; i.e.pledges; it is the pi. of trew, a pledge
irousser, to pack. Of doubtful origin. of truth. (This is proved by the M. E.
See Truss. forms.) — A. S. treow, a compact, promise,
Trout. (L. - Gk.) A. S. trrl/it. - L. pledge, faith cf. A. S. treozvc, true
; see ;
— Gk. rpcuKTijs,
tructa. a nibbler, also a True.
fish with sharp teeth. — Gk. Tpwyav, to Truck (1), to barter, exchange. (F.)
bite, gnaw. Lit. nibbler.' Cf. Troglo-
'
M. E. iriikken. iioqiur, — F.
to truck, '
dyte. baiter Cot.

;
'
So also Span, trocar, to
Trover, an action at law arising out barter; whence some have thought that the
of the finding of goods. (F. — L. — Gk.) F. form was borrowed. Cf. Ital. truccare,
O. F. trover (F. troiiver), to find; orig. to 'to truck, barter, to skud away Florio ;
'
devise, invent, make up poetry. The ( 1 598V Origin disputed the sense skud ;
'
same as Prov. trobar, Port. Span, trovar, away' is clearly due to Gk. Tp6\vs^ a
Ital. trovare, to versify. p. Since Ital. course, from rpixnv^ to run ; see Truck
V and Prov. b arise from L. /, the cor- (2). p. But the Vocab. du haut Maine has
responding Late L. form is ^tropdre, to trie pour tree, a simple exchange and we ;
versify. — L. tropus, a trope Late L. tro ; find Norm. fai) e la troque, to barter,
di\:x\..
pus, a song, manner of singing. — Gk. from \V. Flemish trok. used with respect
rpuTTos, a trope, also a mode in music. to the (good or bad) * sale of goods cf. '
;
See Troubadour, Trope. in trok zijn, to be in vogue and W. Flem. ;
Trow, to believe, suppose. (E.) M. E. trok ^ Du. trek. The form trok is from
troiven. O. Fries, trouwa, E. Fries, troen, Du. trok; weak grade o{ trekken, to pull,
to believe. A. S. tj-ilwian. to trow, trust, for which W. Flemish employs trokken.
from Teut. base *trii- also treowian, to
; Truck (2), a small wheel, low-wheeled
believe, which is allied to the sb. treoru, vehicle. ,L.— Gk.) Modified from L. /rt?-
faith, trust, and to the adj. treowe, true, chiis. a wheel. — Gk. Tpox<jy. a runner,
from Teut. base *tre7v{w)-. Cf. Icel.trua, wheel, disc. — Gk. Tpkxnv, to run. Der.
to trow, trilr, true Dan. troe, to trow, tro,
; truckle-bed, a bed on little wheels, where
true; Swed. tro, to trow; Low G. trouen, to truckle ^\.. trochlea, a pulley Baret has ; :
trow, trou, true Du. trouwen, to marry,

;
'
Pullie, trochlea a truckle, or puUie.'
;
tromv, true G. trauen, O. H. G. trtiwen,

;
Cf. Span, trocla, a pulley.
to trust, Goth, tratian, to believe. See truckle, to submit servilely to another.
True. (L. — Gk.) from the phrase to truckle
Trowel. (F.-L.) M. E. /r«^/. - F. under, due to the old custom of putting
truelle,O. F. trttele-. Late L. truella, a a truckle-bed under a larger one the ;
trowel. Dimin. of L. trua, a stirring- truckle-bed being occupied by a servant,

spoon, skimmer, ladle (hence a trowel, pupil, or inferior. It prob. originated in
from the shape) cf. L. trulla.

;
University slang, from L. trochlea (as
Trowsers ; see Trousers. above).

Troy-weight. (F. and E.) Orig. a Truculent, barbarous. (F. — L. F. *
weight used at the fair of Troyes, a town truculent. '^'L. ace. truculentum, cruel —
in France, S. E. of Paris. See Arnold's L. true-, stem oitrux, fierce, wild.
Chronicle, ed. i8iT,pp. io8, 191; Haydn, Trudge, to march heavily. (F. —
Diet, of Dates, &c. Teut. ?) Perhaps to slouch along, or go
Truant, an idler. (F.-C.) Y.truand, about as an idle beggar. - F. truchcr, to
a beggar; truand, adj., beggarly; Cot. beg idly ; obsol. (Littre"). Of Teut. origin
[The same as Span, truhan. Port, truhdo, cf. Low G. trvggelen, to beg fawningly, to
a buffoon, jester.] — W. trtian, wretched, wheedle Du. troggelen, to beg, wheedle;
;
a wretch Bret, triiek, a beggar

;
Gael, ; M. Du. truggelen, to trugge up and '
and Irish truaghan, a wretch, miserable downe a Begging,' Flexham W. Flem. ;
creature. Cf. W. trie, wretched, Corn. troggelen, to walk with difficulty; Dan.
tree, wretched, Gael, trttagk, Irish trogha, trj'gle, to importune E. Fries, truggeln, ;
miserable, O. Irish trfiag Celt, type ;

to press, push backward, also to be im-
The portunate. Allied to C;. driicken, to press,
*trougos, wretched (Stokes, 138).
A. pryccan, to press, afflict, prov. E.
Late L. triltdnus, a wandering beggar, is S.
from the same source. thrutch, to press.
675
' ;;
TRUE TRY
True, firm, certain. (E.) M. E. trewe. trundle-bed, a bed running on wheels;
;
A. .S. treo7ve, trywe, true. Orig, believed ' trundle-tail, a curly tail of a dog; A. S.
allied to O. Prussian druwtt, to believe tryndy/ed,\o\\r\d.eA; Voc. 152. 5. — M.F.
(Fick) Lith, driitas, firm.
; Du. trouw, + (Picard) trondeler, Uo trundle;' Cot.;
Icel. tjyggr, Swed. trogen, G. treu, Goth. Walloon tro7ideler, to roll (Sigart). Of
triggxvs, true. Cf. also Icel. trnr^ true, Low G. origin cf. Low G. trondeln,
;
Goth. /ra«a;z, to believe,trust, be persuaded. Pomeran. trundeln, to trundle a hoop

See Trcw. O. Fries, trund, round N. Fries, trind^ ;
Truffle. (F. L.) -M. F. trtifle, F. round. From Teut. *trund-, weak grade
triiffe, a round edible fungus, found under- of a lost verb *trendan-, to roll (pt. t.
ground. Span, tj'iifa, a truffle. It is *trand) whence also A. S. sin-tryndel,
;
thought that the F. tniffe, Span, trufa^ a large round shield. The i appears in
answer to L. pi. tilbera, truffles, whence Dan. Swed. trind, round the a, modified ;
was formed a F. fern. sb. *tufre, easily to e, appears in M. E. trenden, to turn, roll,
altered to U-iiffe. We
also find Ital. tai'- secondary verb from 'îrand, 2nd grade of
tiifo^ a truffle <
L. terrce tuber, i. e. truffle *t7-endan-. See Trend.
of the earth ; whence G. km-toffeJ, earlier Trunk (i), stem of a tree, &c. (F.-L.)
form tarhiffel, a potato. See Trifle. F. ti'onc, trunk. — L. truncw7i, ace. of
Trull, woman. (G) G.
a worthless truncus, trunk, stem, bit cut off. — L.
trulle, (whence Picard troulle), a
trolle t7'tmcus, adj., cut off, maimed. Brugm. i.
trull. Cognate with M. Du. drol, a jester, § 144. Der. trunk-hose, i.e. trunk' d-hose,
Icel. troll, a merry elf; see Droll and knee-breeches, breeches cut short.
Troll. Trunk (2), of an elephant. (F. — G.
Trump (i), a trumpet. (F. — G. — Slav.) — Slav.) Formerly trump, signifying (i)
M. E. trump c^ troinpe. trumpet, (2} tube. — F. trompe, a trump, or
— F. trompe, '
a '
;
trump Cot. Cf. Span, trompa, Ital. trumpet, the snowt of an elephant;' Cot.
'
tromba, a trump. — O. H. G. trumpa, Cf. O. F. tromper, to blow a trumpet ; see

trumba, a trumpet. —O.Slav. type *tromba, Trump (0-
as in O. Slav, and Pol. traba (with former a Trunnion, one of the projecting
nasal), Slovenian tromba, troba, a trumpet, stumps on each side of a cannon, on which
Russ. truba, a pipe, tube, trumpet. it rests in the carriage. (F. — L.) Y tro- .
Trump (2\ one of a leading suit of gnon, a stump from tronc, a trunk cf. ; ;
cards. (F. — L.) Well known to be a cor- M. F. t}'on, a stump see Trunk (i). ;
ruption of trituiiph see Latimer's Ser- Truss, to pack, fasten up. (F.) O. F.
;
mons, and Nares. — F. tj-iompJie, the ' trousser, tourser, to pack up ; whence
card-game called ruffe, or trump also the ; the sb. trousse, tourse, a bundle ; and the
;
ruffe or trump at it Cot. triompher, to ' :

'
dimin. troussel, toursel, later trousseau ;
triumph, to trump at cards;' Cot. — L. see Trousseau. Cf. Port, trouxa, a pack,
trhnnphus, triumph see Triumph. ; Span, troja, a soldier's knapsack. Origin
Trumpery, nonsense. (F. — G. —Slav.) doubtful perhaps from O. F. tros, trous,
;
F. troniperie, a wile, fraud

'
Cot. F. ;
' — a small piece from Late L. tursus, L.
;
troniper, to deceive orig. to sound a horn

; ;
thyrsus, a stalk. -Gk. evpaos see Thyr- ;
whence the phrase se troi?iper de quelqiiûn, sus. So Korting.

to play with any one, amuse oneself at Trust. (Scand.) M. E. trust. - Icel.
their expense. See Trump (i). traust, trust, protection, firmness Dan. ;
trumpet. (F. — G. — Slav. ) F. tro7n- Swed. trost, consolation. G. trost, con- +

pette, dimin. o^ tro?npe, a horn see Trump ;
solation, Goth, trausti, a covenant. Re-
co- lated to Trow, True.
Truncate, to cut off short. (L.) From truth. (E.) M. E. trewthe, trouthe ;
pp. of L. truncdre, to cut off. — L. truncus, A. S. treowQ, truth. - A.

S. treowe, true
a stump. See Trunk (i). seeTrue. + Icel. tryggd, truth. And see
truncheon. (F. - L.) M. E. tron- Troth.
choun.'—O. North F. tronchon (Norm, to select, test, examine, &c. (F,—
Try,
dial,") O. F. tronson, a thick stick formed
; ; L.) trien, to select, pick out, choose.
M. E.
from tronc, a trunk see Trunk. Mod. F. ;
— F. trier, 'to cull out;' Cot. The
tronson. same as Prov. triar, to separate corn
Trundle, to roll. (F.-Low G.) Cf. from the straw, also to choose. — Late L.
76
' -
TRYST TUMEFY
t}-itdre, to pound small ; cf. Ital. tritare, Tuesday. (E.) A. S. Thves dceg, the
to pound, grind, mince, also to })onder, day 7Tw, the god of war.
ot Iccl. Tys- +
consider, scan. — L. /;-/7z/j-, pp. oitet-ere, to dagr, the day of Tyr; Dan. Tirsdag,
rub. It meant to thresh, pulverise, separate, Swed, Tisdag; O. II. G. 7a cs tac, the day
purify, cull, pick. (Disputed.) Der. of Ziu. god of war. p. The A. S. Tiiv,
tri-al. Icel. Tyr, O. H. (.. Ziu are the same as
Tryst, Trist, an appointment to meet. Skt. deva-s, god, and allied to L. dens,
(F. — Teut. ?)See Jamieson orig. a set ; god, and even to L. lu- in lu-piter, Gk.
station, place of meeting. M. E. triste, Zeuj, Skt. Dyaiis. %A translation of L.
tristre, a station (in hunting), place to dies Martis.
watch. — O. F. triste^ tn'st7'e, station to Tufa, a soft stone. Ttal.-L.) For
watch (in hunting',, ambush ; Low L. tufo. - Ital. tujo. - L. tofus, tophus. Cf.
trista. Of doubtful origin ; but perhaps Gk. Origin unknown.
Tu(f>os.
related to Frankish L. trustis, one in a Tuft (i\ a crest, knot. (F. - Tent.)
place of trust (see Ducange). Allied to M.Pl tu/t, but the final / is excrescent;
O. H.G. trost, help, M. H. G. vb. troesten, prov. E. tttj^, a tuft.— F. touffe, a tuft or
to assist see Trust.; lock of hair. — Swed. dial, tuppa, a tuft,
Tub, a small cask. (O. Low G.) M. E. fringe; Icel. toppr, a lop, tuft, or lock
tiibhe. — M. Du. tobbe, a tub ; Low G. and of hair; M. Du. top, a tuft; G. zopf.
\.. Fries, tubbe, a tub. % W. t7vff is borrowed from E., and
Tube. F. tube. -I., ttdmm,
(F.-L.) preserves the correct form.
ace. of tubus, a tube, pipe akin to tuba, ; Tuft (2\ a plantation, a green knoll.
a trumpet. Der. tub-zd-ar, from L. tu- (Scand.) See Toft.
bulus, dimin. oi tubus. Tug, vb. (Scand.) M. E. toggen. From
Tuber, a rounded root. (L.) L. ttlber, Icel. tog, M. Swed. tog, a rope to pull by ;
a bump, tumour, also a truffle. Lit. allied to E. Fries, tokken, to pull Low ;
'
swelling ; ' allied to Tumid. Brugm. i. G. tukken, to pull up, draw up cf. Low ;
§ 413 (8). Der.

tubercle, a little swelling. G. togg, a pull (Danneil). From the weak
Tuck gather in a dress. (O. Low
(i), to grade" (Z/^/^-) of Teut. *teuh-an-, to pull;
G.) M. E. tukken. — Low G. tukken, to see Tow (i), Tuck (i).
—
pull up, draw up, tuck up, also to entice Tuition. (F. L.) F. tuition. — 'L.dicc.
( = M. Du. tocken, to entice). +G. zjickejt, tuitionem, protection. —L. tuit-us, pp. of
to twitch up O. H. G.zucchen. Teut. base
;
tueri, to guard, protect.
*tukk intensive form from the weak grade
; Tulip, a flower. F. -Ital. -Turk.
{*tuh) of Teut. -^teuhnn-, to pull ; see Pers.) M. F. tulippe, also tulipan, a tulip ;
Tow vi), Tug, Touch. so called from its likeness to a turban.—
Tuck (2), a (F. - Ital. - G.) rapier. Ital. ttdipa, tidipano, a tulip. —Turk, tul-
Short for F. etoc^ occasional form of bend, a turban also dulbeud. — ?&r%. dul-
;
estoc, the stock of a tree, a rapier, a tuck

' ; band, a turban see Turban. ;
Cot. — Ital. stocco, a truncheon, rapier, Tulle, a kind of silk open-work or lace.
tuck; Y\ox\o. — Q. stock, a stock, stump, (F.) Named from Tulle, the chief town
&c. ; see Stock, Stoccado. in the department of Correze (France),
Tuck (3), beat of drum. (F. — Teut.) where it was first made (Littrei.
From Picard or Walloon toquer, toker, Tumble, vb. (E.) M. E. tuviblen ;
to touch, strike variant of F. toucher, to ;

frequent, oi tofnbeji. tuvibe7i, to tumble.—
touch see Toucli, Tocsin.
;
A. S. tumbian, to turn heels over head,
tucker, a fuller, (F.-Teut.) M. E. dance. +
Du. tuivielen cf. G. tummeln, ;
toziker^YVi. beater;' though the cloth was

' from O. H. G, tumon. to turn over and
worked up with the feet.' - O. North F. over (whence F. tomber Dan. tumle. ;
touker, toquer, to beat variant of F. ;

Der. tund^ler, sb., (i) an acrobat, (2) a
toucher, to touch. See Tocsin. i^lass without a foot, which could only be
set down when empty tumbr-el, a cart
tucket, a flourish on a trumpet. (F. ;
- Teut.) North F. touquet, for O. F. that falls over, O. F. tomberel, from F.

'ouchet, a stroke equivalent to Ital. toc- ;
tomber, to tumble, fall over, a word of
cata, a prelude, tolling of a bell, a tucket, Teut. origin.
a striking from toccare, to strike, touch
; ;
Tumefy, to cause to swell. (F. — L.)
see Toucli. ^ Or from Italian. ^L F. tumejier Cot. - Late L. *tumeficart,
;
5 77
-
;
TUMID TURN
for L. tiimefacere, to to swell. make
L. — place for digging it. (F.-O.H. G.) O.F.
tume-re, to swell; facere, to make. torberie Low L. turbdria, the same. —
;
tniuid. (L.) L. tiimidus, swollen.— O. H. G. *ticrba, older form of zurba, turf.

L. ttimere, to swell. Cf. Gk, rvX-q, a -^K.^.turf. See Tuvf.
swelling; Skt. tii, to increase. Briigra. i. Turbid. (L.) L. turbidtis, disturbed.
§ 413 (8). (VTEU.) Der. tum-our, F. — L. titrbdre, to disturb. — L. turba, a
tumeur, from L. ace. ttimoT-em, a swelling. crowd, confused mass of people. See
Tump, a hillock. (C.) W. twmp, a Trouble.
tump, is perhaps from E. But the word Turbot. (F.-L.) F. turbot, a fish.
seems to be Celtic from W. torn, Gael, ; Late L. turbo, a turbot L. turbo, a spinel ', ;
and Irish tovi, a hillock cf. Gk. rvftfios, ; reel from its rhomboidal shape. So aldo
;
L. tumulus, a mound. See Tomb. L. rhombus, a spindle, rhombus, turbot.

Tumult. (F.-L.)
Y. tiimuUe.''\.. Turbulent. (F.-L.) F. turbulent.-^
ace. tumiiltuiii. an uproar. — L. iiunere, to L. turbtilentus, full of commotion. — L,
swell, surge up. tzirbare, to disturb see Turbid.
;
tum.ulus. (L.) L. tumulus, a mound. Tureen, the same as Terreen, q. v.

— L. tumere, to swell. And see Tomb. Turf. (E.) M. E. ttirf, pi. turues
Tun ; see Ton. {turves'). A. S. /«^.+Du. ttirf, Icel. torf^
Tune, tone, melody. (F.— L. — Gk.) sod, peat ; Dan. tbrv, Swed. torf, O. H. G.
M. E. tune. — Y ton, a tune,
A. F. tun, .
' zurba. Cf. Skt. darbha-, a matted grass,
or sound Cot. — L. ace. tomun. — Gk.
;
'
from drbh, to bind.
Toiôs, a tone. See Tone. Turgid. (L.) L. turgidus, swollen.—
Tungsten, a heavy metal. (Swed.) L. turgere, to swell out.
Swed. tungsten, lit. 'heavy stone.' — Swed. Turkey. (F. -
Tatar.) Called a Turkey
tung, heavy stejt, stone.
; Swed. tung = cock, or a cock of India, from the notion
\z€i. ptingr, heavy; sten is cognate with that it came from Turkey or from India
E. stone. so also G. Calecutischer hahn, a turkey-
Tunic. (F.-L.) O.Y. tunique.-^l-,. cock, is lit. a cock of Calicut. (It really
tunica, an under-garment whence A. S. ; came from the New World.) From F.
tunica. Der. tutiic-le, tunic-at-ed. Ttirquie, Turkey. — F. Turc, a Turk. —
Tunnel. (F.-L.) O. F. tonnel (later Tatar Turk, a Turk; orig. an adj. meaning
tonneau), a tun, great vessel hence a ;
'
brave.' ^
The usual Turkish word for
tunnel (or trap) for partridges, which was '
Turk '
is '
Osf?tdnli.
an arched tunnel of wire, strengthened by Turmeric. (Arabic?) ^^wl^.turmerica
hoops at intervals (whence the name it ; (Minsheu), F. terre-merite, turmeric
Cf.
was also called tonnelle in F. ). It came (Littre ;Cttrctima)
s. as if L. terra
v. ;
to mean any kind of tunnel or shaft, merita, apparently excellent earth but ' '
;
e. g. th)e shaft or pipe of a chimney, &c. cf. terrcE meritum, the produce of the '
Dimin. from Late L. tunna, a ton ; see earth,' in Ducange. But terra merita, %
Ton. like turmeric, is prob. a corruption of an
Tunny, a fish. (F.-L.- Gk.) Y.thon; Eastern word. Span. Port, curcuma, tur-
— L. thunnum, ace. of thiinnus —
Cot. meric, are from Arab, kurkum, saffron;
Gk. Qvvvo'i, 9vvos, a tunny. Lit. '
the whence also L. crocus.
darter.' — Gk. dvveiv, allied to dvuv, to Turmoil, sb. (F.?-L.?) Formerly
rush along. (VDHEU.) turmdyl; probably a corrupt form, the
Tup, a ram. (Scand. ) Prob. a trans- latter part of the word being assimilated
ferred name; Swed. and Norw. tupp,
cf. to znoil, and the former part to
q. v. ;
a cock, allied to Dan. top, a cock's crest, turn. Prob. from M. F. tremouille, the *
and to Icel. toppr, a top, a crest. See Top. hopper of a mill,' also called tramcul
Turban. (F. - Ital. - Turk. - Pers.) (Cotgrave); O. F. trameure. |3. So named
Formerly turbant, turribant, turband ;
from being in continual motion. — L. tre-
also tolipant, tulipant, tulibant, — M. F. mere, to tremble, shake. Cf. O. F. tram-
turbant, turban, a turban Cot. — Ital. tur- ; oier, to tremble.
bante, a turbant
'
Florio. — Turk, tzil-
;
' Turn, vb. (L. — Gk.) M. E. ttcmen,
bend, vulgar form oi dulbend, a turban.— tournen A. S. tyrnan, tumian. [Cf.
;
Pers. dulband, a turban. Cf. Tulip. O. H. G. ttcmen, to turn.] — L. torndre,

Turbary, a right of digging turf, or a to turn in a lathe. — L. tornus, a lathe.—
578
;
TURNIP TWEEZERS
Gk. Topvos, a tool to draw circles with ;
Fries, tusk ; Icel. toskr. Perhaps related
allied to ropos, piercing, L. terere, to rub, to Tooth, Brugm. i. § 795.
bore. (VTER.) Der. turn, sb. Tussle, (E.) The same as
to scuffle.
Turnip, Turnep, a plant. (F.-L. tousle, to disorder frequent, of touse, to
;
and \..) The latter part of the word is pull about. See Touse. Cf. Westphal.
M. E. nepe, a turnip, A. S. n&p^ bonowed tusseln, to pull about, and E. toss.
from L. nap7is, a kind of turnip of. Irish ; Tut, an exclamation of impatience. (E.)
and Gael, neip, a turnip, p. The origin Cf. M. F. trît (the same) and cf. tush. ;
of the former part is unknown the sug- ; Tutelage, guardianship. (L. with F. ;
gestion terrce ndpus does not agree with sujfix.) From L. tutel-a, protection with ;
the spelling, which rather resembles the F. suffix -age L. -dticuvi). — L. tut-us,
(<
F. tour in the sense of wheel,' as signify-
' short lor ttiitus, pp. of tueri, to guard,
ing its round shape it looks as if it had
;
protect see Tuition.
;
been turned. A turner's wheel was for- tutelar. (L.) L. tfiteldris, protecting.
merly called a turn in English, and tour — L. tut-us. short for tuittis (above).
in French, Cf. Irish turnapa^ a turnep, tutor. (L.) L. tutor, a guardian, tutor.
iiirnoir, a turner (from E.). — L. tfit-tis (above).
Turnpike. Formerly a name given Tutty, a collyrium. (F.-Pers.) F.
to the old-fashioned turn-stile, which re- tutie ;M. F. tuthie, tutie,' Cot. — Pers. '
volved on the top of a post, and resembled tutiyd, green vitriol. Cf. Skt. tuttha-, blue
a frame with pikes, used for defence. vitriol.
From Turn and Pike. Twaddle, to tattle. (E.) Formerly
Turpentine, exudation from the tere- twattle, a collateral form of tattle.
binth. (F.-L.-Gk.) W.Y. turbentine\ Twain ; see Two.
Cot. Norman dial. ttirbentine. — \^. tere-
; Twang, to sound with a sharp noise.
binthus. — Gk. rtpiîvOos, the terebinth- (E.) A collateral form of tang\ see
tree. See Terebinth. Tang (2 J, Cf. Tingle,
Turpitude. (F.-L.) Y , turpitzide.-- Tweak, to twitch, pinch. (E.) M, E.
L. turpitiido, baseness. — L. turpis, base. twikken ; A. S. twiccian, pt. t. twicc-ode,
Turquoise, Turkis, a gem. (F.- (spelt twiccede. Shrine, .^ i) cf. A.S, twicce, ;
Ital. — Tatar.) ¥. turquoise orig. fem. of ; as in A. S, angel -twicce, a hook-twitcher,

7>^r^«^z'i-, Turkish. —M. Ital. Turchesa, 2^. the name of a worm used as a bait. Low +
turquoise, or Turkish stone. — Tatar Turk, G. twikken. E. Fries, twikken, G. zwicken,
a Turk. to pinch. See Twitch.
Turret. (F.-L.) yi.Y tourette <Zoi. . \ Tweezers, nippers. (F. Teut. with — ;
Dimin. of O. F. tur, F. tour, a tower.— E. suffix.^ A

surgeon's box of instruments
L. ace. turre??i. See Tcwer. was iormerly called a tweese, whence small
Turtle (i). a turtle-dove. (L.) A. S. surgical instruments were called tweezes, a
turtle formed, by change of r to /, from
;
form afterwards turned into tweezers, and
L. turtur, a turtle (whence also G. tzirtel, used of small nippers in particular, p.
Ital, toj'tora, tortold). An imitative word ;
Again, the word tweese was really at first
due to a repetition of tur, used to express twees, the plural of twee or etwee, a sur-
the coo of a pigeon. gical case; etwee being merely an Englished
Turtle (2), the sea-tortoise. (L.) Eng- form of M. F. estuy, F. ituL^W. F. esttiy,
lish sailors, ill understanding the Port. '
a sheath, case, a case of little instru-
'
tartaruga, Span, tortuga, a tortoise or sea- ments, now commonly termed an ettwee ;
turtle, turned these words into tu7-tle see ; Cot. Y- The M. F. estuy is cognate with
above. The Span, and Port, words are Span, estuche, Port, estojo, M. Ital. stuccio,
allied to Tortoise. stucchio, a little pocket-cace with cisors,
'
Tush., an exclamation of impatience. pen-knives, and such trifles in them {sic '
;
(E.) Formerly twish, an expression of Florio. - MH

G. stftche (prov. G. stauche)
. .
,
disgust. Cf, pish and tzit and

; cf. Low a short and narrow muff (hence a case).
G. tuss^ silence ! Also Dan. tysse, to + Icel. stiika, a sleeve. %
Etymology
silence. quite clear ; estuy became etwee, twee, then
Tusk. (E.) South E. tush (as in Shak.). twees, then tweeses, and lastly tweezers,
A. S. tusc, usually spelt t7tx ; prob. origin- which might be explained as '
instruments
ally *-tilsc. Cf. O. Fries, ttisch, tusk E. ;
beloneintr to a tzueese or twee^
579
+
TWELVE TWIRL I
Twelve. (E.) M. E. But twillen is here a Low G. spelVIng
twelf^ whence
twelf-e, a pi. form, also written twelue of M. H. G. zwilhen, to double from ;
{ = twelve). A. S. twelf, lwelfe.-\-0. Fries. M. H. G. zwilch, O. H. G. zwilih^ adj.,

twilif, Du. iwaalf, Icel. iolf, Dan. tolv, two-threaded, a word suggested by L. bi-
Swed. tolf, G. zwiilf, O. H.G. zwelif, Goth. lix, two-threaded (from L. bi-, double,
twalif. p. The Goth, twa-lif is composed liciuin, thread). Cf. G. zwillich, ticking.
of twa, two; and -lif, the equivalent of twin. (E.) A. S. ge-twinnas, twins.
the Lithuan. -lika, occurring in dwy-lika, Icel. tvinnr, in pairs Lithuan. dwyni, ;
twelve. Again, the sufhx -lika is allied to twins cf. L. bint, two at a time. From ;
Lithuan. lekas, remaining, left over, from the A. S. twi-, double; the -n gives a col-
lik-ti, to remain. Hence twa-lif = two two at a time.
lective force, as in L. bi-n-i,
over ten, i.e. twelve. Brugm. 175. ii. § Cf. Goth, tweihnai, two apiece; Bavar.
Der. tivelf-th, for twelft=-K.S. twelfta, zwin-ling, G. zwil-ling, a twin.
twelfth ; twelvemonth= M. E. twelfmonthe. twine, vb. (E.) M. E. twinen, to
twenty. A.^. twentlg. — A. S.
(E.) twist together. From A. S. twin, sb., a
twen^twen, short for twegen, twain and ; twisted or doubled thread. Du./w^;>z, sb., +
-tig, suffix allied to Goth, -tigjus and E. ten. a twist, twine, Icel. tvinni, twine Swed. ;
+Goth. twaitigjus, Du. twintig, Icel. tut- tvinntrad, twine-thread also Du. tweern,
;
ttcgu, G. zzvarizig; all similarly formed. G. zwirn. p. All from Teut. type *twis-
twibill, twybill, a two-edged bill. no-'>*twiz-no-, double; the iz becomes I
(E.) M. E. twibil. A. S. twidill. - A. S. in A. S. the zn becomes
twin, Du. twijn ;
twi-, double dill, a bill ;

; see twice nn in Icel. and Swed. and the z becomes
;
(below). r in Du. and G. The base twis- occurs

twice. (E.) M.E. Goth, twis-, prefix; cf. L.
/w/<f> (dissyllabic). in E. twis-t,
A. S. twiges, a late form, for the older Gk. Sty, Skt. dvis, twice.
bis (for *dwis),
twiwa, twice. — A. S. twi-, double like Brugm. i. § 903 (c, note 2). ;
L. bi-^ Gk. St-, Skt. dvi- allied to twd, \Twinge, to nip. (E.) M. E. twengen,
two. See Two. weak vb. {g=J ]• Causal of tzvingen,
twig (i ). a shoot of a tree. (E.) A. S. str. vb., O. Fries, twinga, thwinga (pt. t.
twig (pi. twigu), a twig; Northumb. twang), to constrain, O. Sax. bi-thwingan,
tuigge (pi. tuiggo), Jo. xv. 5, 6 orig. the Icel. J>vinga, Du. dwingen, G. zwingen,
;
fork of a branch, and named from being O. H.G. dwingan Teut. type "^thwetigan-y ;
double, the small shoot branching off from pt. t. thwang. Cf. also Lith. twenkti,
the larger one. — A. S. twi-, double see to be hot, to smart twankas, sultry.
; ;
above. -j-Du./ze'zy^, Low O.twig (Danneil), (VTWENK.) Der. thong.

Westphal. twich, twick, G. zweig. Cog- Twinkle. (E.) A. S. twindian, to
nate with Skt. dvi-ka-, consisting of two,' twinkle
'
a frequentative form of twink, ;
Gk. Ziaaos, double, twofold. Brugm. ii. appearing in M. E. twinken, to blink, wink.
§ 166. Again, this is a nasalised form of M. E.
Twig (2), to comprehend. (C.) Irish twikken, to twitch (hence to quiver) see ;
tuig-im, O. Irish tucc-im, I understand Tweak, -f- Bavarian zwinkern, frequent,

;
Gael, tuig, to understand. of zwinkeyi, to blink.

Twilight. (E.) M. E. twilight. The twinkling. (E.) M.E. twinkeling,
prefix twi- {A.S. twi-) is lit. 'double' (see the twitching of an eye. — M.E. twinkeleti,
twice above) but is here used rather in
; to wink the same word as E. twinkle.
;
the sense of doubtful or between cf. L. ; Twinter, a beast two years old. (E.)
dubiits, doubtful, from duo, two. G. + A. S. t7vi-wintre, adj., of two years. — A.S.
zwielicht, M. Du. tweelicht; similarly com- twi-, double (see twice), and tvinter,
pounded. a winter, a year.
twill, to weave, shewing ribs. (Low Twire, to peep out. (E.) In Shak,
G.) The word has reference to a peculiar Son. 28. Only recorded in the cognate Bava-
method of doubling the warp-threads, or rian zwiren, zwieren, to peep (Schmeller),
taking two of them together this gives ; M. H. G. zwieren, to peep out (Schade).
an appearance of diagonal lines, in textile ^ Nares is wrong in citing tivire — twitter
fabrics. From Low G. twillen. [One from Chaucer; the true reading is /w//ri?M.
Low G. twillen, to bifurcate, is allied to Twirl, to turn rapidly round. (E.) It
O. H. G. zwinel, twin, and to E. Twin.] stands for thwirl (like twinge for thwinge).
580
-;
TWIST UDDER
Frequentative of A. S. '^weran^ to turn, Ty"balt, the prince of cats.' (Low G.)
'
whence Jtwiril, the handle of a churn. In Shak. A. F. Tebald, Tebatid. - O. Sax.

Cognate with G. querlen, quirlen, to twirl, Thiod-bald, Theobald. Cf Tybert, the
querl, a twirling-stick from O. H. G. ; cat; in '
Reynard the Fox.'
tweran, dweran, to whirl round, p. The Tympanum,
the hollow part of the
frequent, form appears also in Dn.dwar/en, ear, &c. (L. — Gk.) L. tynipatzuni, a
to twirl, dwarlwind, a whirlwind cf. —
drum, tympanum. Gk. Ti5/i7rni'oi', a drum,
;
Low G. dweerwind, a whirlwind. We also roller; the âme Sisrv-navov, a drum. — Gk.
find Icel. J>vara, a stirring-stick from TUTT-, base of Tunrfji', to strike. Der. tym-
;
ihivar, 2nd grade of Teut. *Mw;^ra«-,asseen pany, Gk. Tvunavias, a dropsy in which the
in A. S. -])weran. Also E. Fries, dwtrehi, belly is tightly stretched, as a drum.
dwirlen, to twirl, dwarrel, a whirl, from type. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. type (Sher-
dweren, to turn cf. Gk. Topwij, a stirrer.
;
wood). — L. typum, ace. of typus. — Gk.
(VTWER.) TVTTos, a blow, mark of a blow, stamp,
Twist, vb. (E.) M. E. twisten, vb. impress, maik, mould, type, &c. — Gk.
formed from A. S. twist, sb., a rope or TUTT-, base of Ti-njuv, to strike. Cf. Skt.
twisted cord. — A. S. *tw2s-, double (see tup, tuf)ip, to hurt allied to Gk. ;
Twine) with suffix -/ (Idg. suffix -to-). <jTV(pc\i((iu, to strike. VSTEU.) Der.
; :
The Du. twist, Dan. Swed. tvist, G. zwist, typ-ic, Gk. TVTTiKos whence typic-al, &c ;
mean discord,' which is another sense Typhoon, a violent whirlwind. (Arab.

'
of the same word so also M. E. twist, — Gk.)

; [Sometimes claimed as a Chinese
a twig or fork of a branch Icel. tvistr, word meaning 'a great wind.' — Chinese
;
the deuce, in card-playing. ta, great fang (in Canton fung), wind, ;
Twit, remind of a fault.

to (E.) whence ta fung, a typhoon
a gale,
Shortened from M.E. atwiten, to reproach. (Williams).] seems to be a late
But this
— A. S. (Btwitan, to twit, reproach. — A. S. mystification. In old authors the forms
(Bt, at, upon witan, to blame, orig. to
; are iuffon, tuffoon, tiphon, &c. — Arab.
observe, hence to observe what is amiss. ti/fdn, a hurricane, storm. — Gk. TV(puVy
p. This A. S. witan answers to Goth. better tv<{>ujs, a whirlwind. The close
-weitan in comp. fra-weitan, to avenge ;
accidental coincidence of these words in
cf. weitjan, to observe allied to Goth. ; sense and form is very remarkable, as
witan, to know; see "Wit (i). Cf. Du. Whitney notes. See below.
wijten, to reproach, G. ver-weisen, from Typhus, a kind of fever. (L. — Gk.)
Teut. base ""weit. (^WEID.) L. tfp/ius. — Gk. TV(pos, smoke, mist; also
Twitch, to pluck. (E.) VL.'^.twicchen, stupor, esp. if arising fiom fever; typhus
palatalised form of M. E. twikken, A. S. fever = stupor-fever. — Gk. rv<p(iv, to bmoke.
twiccian, to tweak. See Tweak. For (VDHEU.) Der. typbo-id, i.e. typhus-
the form, cf. A. S. angel-tivicce, prov. E. like, from (Idos, resemblance.
angletwitch, an earthworm (N.E. D.). Tyrant. (F.-L.-Gk.) The finaW is
Twitter, vb. (E/^ Frequentative from added. O. F. tiran, also tyrant. — L.

a base twit cf. titter, tattle, and twaddle
; ;
ty7-annum, ace. of tyrannus, a tyrant.—
all of imitative origin. +G. zwitschern, to Gk. Tvpayvos, a lord, sovereign, master;
twitter, Bavar. zwitzern Du. kwettere7i, ; orig. in a good sense (see Prellwilz).
Dan. qviddre, Swed. qvittra. Der. iyrann-y, F. tyrannie, Late L.
Two, Twain. (E.) The A. S. forms tyrafinia, Gk. rvpavvia, sovereignty.
shew that the difference between two and Tyro, misspelling of Tiro, q.v.
twain was orig. one of gender only. A. S.
twegen, masc, two (M. E. tweien, tivein,
E. twain) twd, fem., two
;
neut. t%vd or ;
Ubiquity, omnipresence. (F.-L.~^ F.

/?/, two. +
Du. twee, Icel. tveir, Dan. to,
ubiquittf, " Cot.
an ubiquity As if from
;
Swed. tva, tu, Goth, twai, G. zzvei (also

'
zween, masc.^ Irish da, Gael, da, do, W.

;
L. ace. *ubiquitdte/n. a being ever>'v,'here
dau, Russ dva, lith. dwi, L. dtio (whence a coined word.-L. ubique, everywhere.
F. deux, E. deuce u Gk. Uo, Skt. dvau, dvd. L. ubl. where with suffix -que, allied to
;
L. qtiis, who. Der. ubiquitous.

Cf. also L. bi-, bis, twice ; and the pre-
fixes di-, dia-, dis-. Der. a-two, i. e. on Udder. (E.) A.S. uder, an_ udder.
two ^ m two. -I-
M. Du. uder, Du. uijer, ]ce\.jugr (for
581
-
UGLY UN-
*pldr), ^wed. Jufver, yver; G. jw\ Dan. Umbel, an umbrella-like inflorescence.
enter, O. H. G. titer; also L. fiber, Gk. (L.) L. timbella, a parasol dimin. of ;
ovOap, Skt. udhar, iidhan, an udder. Bnigm. umbra, a shade see Umbrage.
;
i. § 113- umber. (F,- Ital. -Lat.) Y. ombre,

Ugly, frightful. (Scand.) M. E. ugly, short for tei-re d'omhi'e, lit. 'earth of
uglike.^lcei. uggUgr^ fearful, dreadful.— shadow,' a brown earth used for shadowing
Icel. tigg-r, fear; -/!gr=A.S. -lie, like. in paintings. — Ital. terra d'ombra, lit. earth
Allied to Icel. tigga, to fear. Der. ugli- of shadow (Torriano). — L. terra, earth;
ness. de, of ; timbra, shadow.
Uhlan, Ulan, a lancer. (G. -Polish. Umbilical, pertaining to the navel. (F.
Turkish.) G. tihlan, a lancer. — Pol. tilaii. — L.) M. F. umbilical, adj., from umbilic,
a lancer. Borrowed from Turk, oglaii, also navel (Cot.). — L. umbilicum, ace. of «/;/-
olan, a youth, lad. Of Tatar origin. bilicus, navel, middle, centre.+Gk. 6î(pa-
Ukase, an edict. (F. — Russ.) F. ukase. Aoj, navel cf. Skt. ndbhi-, navel
; see ;
— Russ. 7ikaz\ an edict cf. Jikazate, to ; Nave (1). Brugm. i. § 467.

indicate, shew, order, prescribe. — Russ. u-, Umbrage, shade of trees offence. (F. ;
allied to Skt. ava, away, off kazate,

]irefix, ; — L.) Properly * shadow hence, shadow '
;
to shew, Ch. Slav, kazati. Brugm. i. §§ or suspicion of injury. - M. F. ombrage, um-

16.5 note), 616. brage, shade, also suspicion. — F. oinbre,
Ulcer, a dangerous sore. TF. L.) F. — shadow (with suffix -age <, L. -dticufji).—
ulcere. —
L. ulcer-, for *ulces-, stem of L. tunbra, shadow.
ulcus, a sore.+Gk. 'ikKos, a wound, sore; umbrella. (Ital. — L.) \t2\.. umbrella,
Skt. ar(âs, hemorrhoids. ojubrella, a parasol dimin. of Ital. onibra,
;
Ullage, the unfilled part of a cask. a shade. — L. twibra, a shade.

(Prov. — L.) 'Ullage of a cask, that which Umpire. (F. — L.) For ?/?^w/zVr, the
it wants of being full;' Phillips. — Mod. old form of the word M. E. nompere,
;
Prov. ulhage O. F. ouillage, eullage,

;
noumpere, also 7iounpere, Jtoiinpier, P.
a filling up. — Mod. Prov. ulha O. F. ; Plowman, B. v. 337. — O. F. noi7iper, later
out'llier, etdlier, to fill a cask up to the nompair, peerless, odd (Cot.) earliest ;
bung. Cotgrave spells it oeiller, and the form nonper (Roquefort). — L. non, not;
sb. as oeillage. The Late L. type of the parem, ace. of par, equal. Used, like L.
vb. is *oculd!-e, i. e. to fill up to the oculus, impar, in the sense of arbitrator the ;
eye, orifice. We also find O. F. aouillier, lit. sense is unequal, odd, hence a third
as if for *adoctildre. man called in to arbitrate, a non-peer.' '
Ulterior, further. (L.) L. tilterior, See Non- and Peer.

further comp. of O. L. ulter, adj.
; Un- (i), neg. prefix. (E.) Prefixed to
ultimate, furthest. (L.) L. ultimdtus, sbs., adjs., and advs. (Distinct from un-
pp. of tiltimdre, to be at the last. — L. idti- (2) below."^ A. S. un-, neg. prefix.+Dn.
mus, last ul-ti-mus being a double superl.
;
on-, Icel. 0-, U-, Dan. u-, Swed. 0-, Goth.
form from the base til- see ultra-. ; tin-, G. tin-, W. an-, L. in-, Gk. av-, d-,
ultra-, beyond. (L.) L. w//m, beyond, Zend, an-, Skt. an-, a-.
a-, Readily pre-
adv. and prep. Allied to O. Lat. ul-s, fixed to a large number of words a few ;
beyond, ollus, that one. of these, such as tin-couth, of which the

ultramarine, beyond sea; as sb., simple form is not used, will be found
sky-blue. (Span. — L.) ^^2iX\.. ultratnarino, below.
beyond sea also a blue colour. — L. ultra,
; Un- (2), verbal prefix, expressing the
beyond mar-e, sea and suffix -inus ; see
; ; reversal of an action. (E.) Quite distinct
Marine. from un- (i) above ; only used with verbs.
ultramontane, beyond the Alps. (F. Thus to un-lock — to reverse locking, to
— Ital.L.) — F. ultramoniain . — Ital. open that which was closed by locking.
oltrainontano. — L. tdtrd, beyond ; mont- A. S. z/;z-.+Du. ont-, G. ejit-, O. H. G. ant-,
em, ace, a mountain ; with suffix -anus ;
Goth. a7id- (as in and-bindan, to unbind).
see Tramontane and Mountain. Precisely the same as E. an- in answer,
ultramundane, beyond the world. A. S. and-, Gk. avn- see Anti-. ^ In
;
(L.) L. tiltrd, beyond munddmis, ; the case of past participles, the prefix is
worldly, from ffiundus, world see Mun- ; ambiguous thus tin-bound may either
;
dane. mean not bound,' with prefix un- (i), or

'
582
UN- UNIT
may mean undone ' ' or released, with prefix Undertake, to take upon oneself,
nn- (2). attempt. E. and Scand.; M. E. under-
Un- (3\ prefix. (E.) Only in un-to, taken, compounded of under and M, E.
iDi-til^ which see. taken, to lake. Der. undertak-er, lit.
TJnaueled, without having received one who takes a business in hand 0th. ; iv.
extreme unction. (E. a;/d/L. — Gk.) In ; I. 224.
Hamlet, i. 5. 77. Lit. 'un-on-oiled.' — A.S. Undulate, to wave. (L.) From pp.
un-, not M. E. an-ekd, from an (for
; of L. unduldrc, to fluctuate. — L. *undula,
A.S. on) and eled, pp. of M. E. eiien, to dimin. of unda, a wave. Allied to "Water;
oil, vb., from e/e, sb., oil. The A.S. ele, cf. Skt. jidan, water, tind, to wet, Lith.
oil, is borrowed from L. oleum, Gk. e\aiov, wandu. water, Russ. "voda, water. Brugm.
oil ; see Oil. i. H
102, 594.
Unaniinoiis, of one mind. (L.) L. Uneath, scarcely, with difficulty. (E.)
iinanifu-us, of one mind ; with suffix -ous. Obsolete. \\.Y..une]>c. A.S.uneade, ac\\.,
— L. iln-us, one (see One) ; animus, mind. from adj. difficult. — A.S. ««-, not;
uneade,
Uncial, large, applied to letters. (L.) eade, ead, easy the orig. sense being waste,
;
L. nncidlis, adj. from uncia, inch ; see empty, lence easy to occupy. Cf. O.Sax.
Inch. (From the large size of the letters.) odt, easy; G. ode, waste, deserted, Icel.
Uncle. (F. — L.) M. E. 7/;;<-/^. — A. F. audr, empty. Goth, ai/t/is, authis, desert,
uncle F. oncle. — L. auunculiwi, ace. of
;
waste. ^
But some dissociate A. S. eaê,
auunculus, a mother's brother, lit. little '
O. Sax. odi, from the rest.
grandfather;' dimin. of auus, a grand- Ungainly, awkward. (Scand. ; voith
father. E. prefix and suffix.) Formed by adding
Uncouth. (E.) A. S. uncud, orig. un- - ly io M.E. ungein, inconvenient. — A. S.
known hence, strange, odd. — A.S. un-,
;
un-, not Icel. gegn, ready, serviceable,
;
not ; and cud, known, pp. of cunnan, to convenient, allied to gepia, to meet, suit,
know. See Can. gegn, against, and to E. Again. Cf. Icel.
Unction. F. L.) F. onction.'^'L. — d-geg7i. ungainly.

unctionem, ace. of unctio, an anointing. — Unguent, ointment. (L.) L. un-
L. unct-us, pp. of ungere, to anoint. Der. guentum, ointment. — L. unguent-, stem
uncttt-ous^ Late L. unctu-ostis. Brugm. i. of pres. pt. of tingere, to anoint. Skt. +
§ .^98. See Unguent. aiij, to smear. Brugm. i. § 398.
Under, beneath. (E.) A.S. iinder.-^- Unicorn. (F. — L.) M. F. unicome. a
Du. onder,Icel. undir, Dan. Swed. under, fabulous one-horned animal. — L. linicor-
Goth, undar, G. tinier, under. Common nem. ace. of ujiicornis, one-horned. — L.
as a prefix. Brugm. i. § 446, ii. § 75. iini-. for fimis, one (see One) corn- ft, ;
Undern, a certain period of the day. a horn. See Horn.

(E.) The time denoted differed at different uniform, adj. (F.-L.) Y.uniforme.
periods. The A. S. undern meant the — L. vniforfnem, ace. of iiniformis, hav-
third hour, about 9 a. m. later, it meant ing one form. - L. iini-, for Unus, one ;
:
about noon and, still later, the after- form-a. form see Form.
;
;
noon, in which sense it survives in prov. E. union ( i ) concord (F. - L.) F. union. , .
aunder, aandorn, orndorns, doundrins, — L. ace. iinionem, oneness. — L. iini-, for

&c. +
Icel. undorn, O.W.G. untorn, Goth. utiHS, one.
alarge pearl. (F.-L.) The
undaurni-; the lit. sense being 'intervening union (2),
or middle period.' Perhaps from A. S. same word as the above the L. imio ;
under, with the sense 'among' or 'be- means oneness, also a single pearl of a
tween,' like G. unter. Cf. L. internus, large size, also a kind of onion.
inward from L. ititey. ;
Kluge explains % unique. (F.-L.) F. «;//p^, single.
it as equivalent to A. S. un-dyrne, not ' — L. finicum. ace. of iinicus, single. — L.
dark,' hence dawn.' (But dyrne usually
' fini-, for finus, one.
means 'not manifest.') See Eng. Stud. unison, concord. (F.--L.) Y.unisson.
-L. ilnisonum, ace. of Unisonus, having
XX. 334.
Understand. (E.) K.S. understanaan, a like sound. — L. uni-, for unus, one;
to stand under or among, hence, to com-

lit. sontis. sound see Sound (3).
;
prehend (like L. iniel-ligere)." A. S. under, unit. 'F.-L.) Formed by dropping

the final -y of unity. '
Unit, Unite, or
under; standan, to stand.
83
;; ;
UNITE URINE
Unity, in arithmetic, the first significant braid, to weave ; so that -braid up-bi-aid m
figure, or number i,' &c., Phillips; see is the usual verb braid, used in a special
Unity. sense. So also Dan. ie-breide (lit. be-braid),

unite. (L-) L. unitiis, pp. of unire, to upbraid.
to unite. —L ilnus, one. Upholsterer. (E.) Lengthened from
unity, oneness. (F. —
L.) M.E. amfee. upholster, for tiphold-ster , another form of
— M. F. unite (z^;zzV/). — L. nnitdtem, ace. upholder, which was formerly used of a
of unitas, unity. — L. uni-, for ilnus, one, dealer in furniture ; lit. one who holds up
cognate with One. for sale.
universal. (F.-L.) F. universe! Upon. (E.) A. S. ?///<?«, upon. — A. S.
(Latinised). —
L. tiniuersalis, belonging tipp, up, up ; on. on. + Icel. tipp a, upon
to the whole. — L. uniuerstis, turned into Swed./a:, Dan./â (reduced
forms).
one, combined into a whole. — L. foii-^ Uproar, tumult. (Du.) The spelling
for iinus, one iiersiis, jDp. of tieyiere, to
;
shews confusion with E. 7'oar. — Du. oproer,
uprore, tumult ' Hexham. — Du. op, up
;
turn see Verse.

; Der. tinivers-ity F. ,
'
;
univeisiti, from L. ace. finiuersitatem. 7-oeren, to excite, stir, move ; so that op7'oer
univocal, having but one meaning, = a stirring up, commotio;!. G. upp- +Low
(L.) From L. uniiioc-us, univocal with ;
7'dr (Danneil) Swed. upp7'or, Dan. upror,
;
suffix -dlis. — L. one

nni-, for unns, G. aufj-tihr. p. The verb is Du, roeren,
seeVoice.
UOC-, allied \.onox, voice, sense ; Swed. r'o7-a, Dan. rt'V'^, G. 7'uh7-e7t, A. S,
Unkempt, i- e. uncombed for un- ;
hrera7i, to stir ; see Reremouse. The
ket?ib\i. From A. S. cemban, to comb A.S. hi-era7i is from h7'dr, adj., active, busy.
formed (by vowel- change of a to e) from Upsidedown. (E.) From up, side,
camb, a comb. See Comb. and do2V7i. But the M. E. form was tip-
Unless, not, except. (E.) Formerly

if so-dotin, i. e. '
up as it were down.'
071 les, on lesse, in the phrase on /esse that, Upstart, (E.) From upstart, vb.,
sb.
i.e. in less than, on a less supposition than. to start up;
Spenser, F. Q. i. i. 16;
Thus nn- here stands for on. See On Chaucer, C. T,, A. 1080. See Start,
and Less. Upwards ; see Up and -ward, suffix.
Unruly, disregarding restraint. (E. Urbane, courteous. (L,) L. U7'bd7uis,

ajiit F. — L.) From tm-, prefix, and 7-ule; belonging to a city. — L, urb-s, a city.
a coined word.
wiLli suffix -y, See Bule. Der. wban, doul)let q^ U7'ba7ie\ tirba7i-
F'abyan has unruled. i-ty, Y.urba7iitd, from L. ace, U7-bdnitdtein,
Until. (E.) The same word as below, courteousness.

with the substitution of North E. (and Urcllin, a hedgehog, goblin, imp, small
Scand.) til, to, for E. to. See Till. child. (F. — L.) Orig. hedgehog; hence,
unto, even to. (E.) M. E. z/«/^ (not goblin, imp, small child (Tempest, i. 2.
in A. S.). For und-to; where to is the 326) it being supposed that some imps took
;
usual E. prep., and tind is the O. Fries. a hedgehog's shape. — Walloon urecho7i,
und, ont, Goth, iijtd, O. Sax. tmd, unto, ircho7i (^.Sigart) ; Norm.
dial, hh'ichon;
whence O. Sax. un-to, unto. A related O. North. F, O.F. i7'e(on, eri^07i,
he7-icho7i ;
form oQ (<* anth) is common in A. S. cf. ; herisso7i, a hedgehog formed with suffix ;
also A. S. and-, prefix, for which see -071 ( = L. -07te77i) from L, h'icius, a hedge-
Un- (2). hog, lengthened form of er (gen, eri-s^,

Up. (E.) M.Y.. vp, up: h..'^, up,upp, a hedgehog. +Gk. x^9, hedgehog cf. xap- ;
adv. + Du. op, Icel. tipp, Dan. op, Swed. acatîv, to scratch,
upp, Goth, itip, G. auf, O. H. G. uf. Ure, practise, use. (F. — L.) Obsolete,
Allied to Over cf. ab-ove. : except in i7i-ure, 77ia}i-tire. (Distinct from
Upas, the poison-tree of Java, (Malay.) use^ — O. F. eure, uevir, ovre, work, action.
Malay Upas, a poisonous juice piiimn ;
— L. ope7'a, work see Operate. ;
iipas. poison-tree {piihun = \.rte). Urge. (L.) L. ti7-ge7-e, to urge, drive.

Upbraid, to reproach. (E.) M. E. vp- Allied to Wreak. (VWERG.) Der.
b7-eiden, toreproach.- A. S. up, up, upon, tirg-ent, from stem of pres. part.
on b7-egdan, to braid, weave, also to lay
; Urim. (Heb.) Heb. iirwi. lights pi. ;
hold of, seize. The orig. sense seems to of tir, light. See Thummim.
have been to lay hold of, hence to attack, Urine. (F. — L.) F, uri7ie.^'L. iirma.
accuse, &c. The A. S. <5r<?câ«, also = E. + Gk. ovpov, urine ; Skt, vari, vdr, water;
584
URN VACCINATE
Icel. nr, drizzlinj^ rain ; Icel. ver, A. S. tilis, from the stem of pres. pt. of iitl, to
'cvrer, sea. Orig. '
water.' use. Cf. Use (i).
Urn. (F. — L.) '^l.K.time.^Y.urtie. Uterine, bom of the same mother by a
— L. Jtrna, urn. For *tirc-na cf. tirc-etts, ; different father. — L.' M. F. utcrin. of (F. '
a pitcher. Brugm. womb, borne Cot. — L.

;
§ 756.
i. the of one mother '
Us. (E.) A. S. ils, dat. pi. oi 7ve, we ;

ntcrlnus, born of one mother. — L. uterus,
its, nsic, ace. pi. of w^.+Du. ^«j-, \ce\..oss, womb. Cf. Gk. vartpa, womb, i'ruj^m. i.
Swed. Dan. os, G. uns Goth, uns,
OSS, ; § 7°^^-
and ace. pi. Tcut. base *ti>is-.
iinsis, dat. Utilise. 'F.-L.) F. «///m';-. a modern
Cf. L. nos, Skt. ;zî- also Gk. 77^0?, Skt.
; word coined from util-e. useful, with suftlx
;
asmdii, us. Brugm. i. § 437 (2) ii. § 436. ; -iser (Gk. -I (dv). — L. iitilis, useful. — L. uti,
Use (i\ sb. M.E. use, vs. -
(F.-L.) to use. Cf. Use {\ ).
O.F.z/j'jUse, usage. — L. ilstun, aec. oiusus, _ utility. (F.-L. F. utility. -\.. ace.
use. — L. usus, pp. of ilti, to use. Der. dtiiitdtem, from nom. iitilitds, usefulness.
tise, vb., F. user, I.ate L. iisdre, frequent. — L. iitili'S, useful. — L. uti, to use.
of L. iitt, to use tis-age, F. tisage
; jisu-al, Utis, festival merriment see Utas.
; ;
L. iistidlis, adj., from wj'm-, stem of wj-z/j, Utmost. (E.) Vi.Y^.outemest. A. S.

use &c. ; 2ite-7n-est. double superl. form, from ut,
Use (2), profit, benefit. (F. — L.) When out. Doublet of outmost. See Out.
use is employed, legally, in the sense of Utopian. (Gk. An adj. due to Sir T.
'
benefit,' it is a modernised spelling of the More's description of Utopia, an imaginary
Anglo-F. form of the Lat. opus, employ- island, situate nozvhere. — Gk. ov, not;
ment, need. We
find the Anglo-F. spell- r6-no<i, a place see Topic. ;
ings oes, oeps, uoes O. F. oes, eus, ties.

; Utter, outer. fE.) \\.\\. utter. A. S.
Usher, a door-keeper. (F.— L.) M. E. uttera, which occurs as well as iitera both ;
tischere, tissher. — A. F. usser O. ¥. ussier, are comparative forms of fit. out see Out.
; ;
uissier, later htdssier. an usher, or door- Der. utter, vb.

'
cf. G. dussern, vb., from ;
keeper;' Qot. — "L. ostidj'ium si.cc. o( osti- dusser, outer , also A. S. fit-ian, to put ;
drius, a door-keeper. — L. ostium, a door. out, from iit, out.

Extended from J., os, mouth see Oral. utterance (0. an uttering. (E. with
; ;
Usquebaugh. (Irish. ^ Irish uisge F. suffix.') From the verb to utter, M. E.

beatha, usquebaugh, whisky. — Irish nisge, outren formed from M. E. outer, utter, ;
water (see Whisky) beatha, life, O. Ir. com par. of A. S. iit, out.
;
See Out.
bethu. allied to Gk. /Sjoj, life. Brugm. i. Utterance (2\ extremity. In Shak.
§§ 85, 368. (F.-L.) F. outrance, extremity. — F.
Usurp, to seize to one's own use. (F. — outre, beyond. — L. ultrd, beyond see ;
L.) F. usurper. — L. uszirpdre, to employ, Ultra-.

acquire also, to usurp.
; p. Clearly de- Uvula. (L.) Late L. iivula. dimin. of
rived from iis-us, use, but the rest of the L. iiua, a grape, a cluster, also the uvula.
word is obscure Brugmann (ii. § 4) +Lith. 7\â, a berry. Brugm. i. § 223(2).
;
suggests Hsu- and rapere, to seize to one's Uxorious, excessively fond of a wife.
own use. (L.) L. uxori-us, fond of a wife with ;
usury. (F. — L.) yi.Y..ustiryeîisure. suffix -ous. — L. uxor-, stem of uxor, a wife.
— P\ usure, usury, the occupation of a
thing. — L. ilsUra, use, enjoyment, interest,
usury. — L. us-us, pp. oi utt, to use. V.
Ut, the first note of the musical scale. V. In Middle -English, v is commonly
(L.) L. ui. See Gamut. written as u in the MSS. conversely, v is ;
Utas, the octave of a feast. (F. — L.) put for u in a few words, chiefly zp, vnder,
Utas is for utaves. an A. F. M-ord corre- Vfito, vs, vse, and the prefix vn-.
sponding to O. F. oitauves, pi. oi oitauve, Vacation. (F. — L.") F. vacation. — lu.
octave, eighth day. — L. octdua ^dies^^ ace uacdtionem, leisure. — L. uacdius, pp.
eighth day; fem. of ^^r/J/a/y, eighth. —L. of uacdre, to be empty or at leisure. Cf.
Otto, eight. See Octave. L uacuus,\\^ gwag, &ra\)t\. .
Utensil. (F.-L.) M. F. utensile, sb. Vaccinate. (L.) Coined as if from

— L. fitensilis, adj., fit use; whence
for pp. of *vaccTndre, to inoculate. — L. uac-
utensllia, neut. pi., utensils. For *utent- cinus, belonging to cows.- L. uacca, a
585
; '
VACILLATION VALLEY
cow. + Skt. vai^d, a cow. % First used strong ; see Valid. %
Johnson derives it
about 798. from Valentia in Spain, which is also
Vacillation. F. •vacillation, (F. - L.) famous for silks.
Cot. — L. uacilld- -
;
'
a reeling, staggering ' Vale, a valley. (F. -L.) M. E. val
tionem, ace. of uacilldtio, a reeling, waver- F. 6'^?/. — L. tiallem, ace. of ?â//z>, valley.
ing. —L. uacilldtus, pp. of iiacilldre, to Valediction, a farewell. (L.) Form'ed
reel. Cf. Skt. vank, to go tortuously, from L. naledictiis, pp. of ualedicere, to
•vakra- , bent. say farewell. —
L. uale, farewell dicere, to ;
Vacuum. L. tiacuuvi, an empty(L.) say. p. L. uale, lit. be strong,' '

is the
space neut. oiziacuus, empty. — L. uacdre,
; 2 p. s. imp. of ualere, to be strong.
to be empty see Vacation. ; Valentine. (F. — L.) Named from 6'/.
Vade, to fade. (Du.-F.-L.) M. Du. Valentines day, Feb, 14. — F. Valentin.—
vadden, to fade.' Hexham. O. F. fader,
'
— L. Valentmus. — L. ualent-, stem of pres.
to fade see Fade. ; pt. of zialere, to be strong,
Vagabond. (F. L.) F. vagabond, ' a — valerian. (F. — L.) M..Y.valeriane,
vagabond;' Cot. — L, tiagdbundiis, adj., valerian a flower. — Late L. ualeridna,
;
strolling about. — L. tiagd-i'i, to wander; valerian. Fern, of Valeridnus, prob. a

with suffix -bundus. personal name from L. ualere, to be
;
vagary. (L.) Also e/^âr^ (trisyllabic strong.

Stanyhurst) orig. used as a verb
; [cf. F. ; Valet. (F. — C.) F. valet, a groom ' ;
vaguer, ' to wander, vagary Cot.] — L. ;

' Cot. The same word as Varlet, q. v.
ziagdri, to wander : see Vague. Valetudinary. (F.-L.) M.F.valettt-
Vagrant. K.Y.ivakerant, (F. — G.) dinaire, sickly. — L. ualetudindrius, sickly.
a vagrant O. F. walcrant, wandering,
; — L. tialetiidin-, stem of ualetildo, health
pres. pt. of walcrer, to wander. — M. G. (good or bad). — L. uale-re, to be strong.
welkern, M. H. G. walgern, to walk about ValhaUa, the hall of the slain. (Scand.)
allied to E. Walk. Confused with L. ^ Icel. valholl (gen. valhallar), lit. the hall
uagdri, to wander, but not derived from of the slain, — Icel. vair, the slain,
it. See Phil. Soc Trans., 1885, 1888, 1889. slaughter koll, kail, a hall see Hall.
; ;
Vague, unsettled. (F. — L.) Y. vague, Valiant, brave. (F.-L.) Y.vaillant,

wandering ; vaguer, to wander. — L. uagus, valiant O. F. vailant, pres. pt. of F.
;
wandering ; whence ttagdri, to wander. valoir, to profit, — L, ualere, to be strong.

Vail (i), the same as Veil. valid, liaving force. (F, — L.) F, valide.
Vail (2), to lower. (F. -L.) From — L. ualidus, strong. — L. ualere, to be
O. F. avaler, to let fall down. — F. aval, strong.
downward. — L. ad uallem, to the valley. Valise, a travelling-bag. (F. Ital.) —
Vail a gift to a servant.
v3), (F. — L.) F. valise, 'a. male [mail], wallet;' Cot.
A headless form oi avail, sb., in the sense — Ital. valigia corrupted in German
;
of profit, help (Palsgrave). FromAvail,vb. to felleisen. |3. Etym. unknown Diez ;
Vain. (F. — L.) F. vain.^L. iidmim, supposes it to be founded on L. uidulus,

ace. of udnus, empty, vain. Brugm. i. a leathern travelling-trunk. Devic suggests
§ 414 (3)- Pers. walichah, a large sack, or Arab.
Vair, a kind of fur. (F. — L.) F. vair, walihat, a corn-sack.
*
a rich fur Cot. — L. narius, variegated.
;
' Valkyrie, Valkyria, one of the
Der. vair-y (in heraldry), from M. F. vaird, handmaidens of Odin. (Scand.) Icel.
'
diversified with argent and azure Cot. ;
' Valkyrja, a goddess lit. chooser of the ;
'
Hence meni-ver (= F. menu vair), 'little slain.' —

Icel. val, ace. of vair, the slain
vair.' (A. S. wcel); -kyrja, f, a chooser, from
Valance, a fringe of drapery, now kur- {<i*kus-), weak grade of kjosa, to
applied to a part of the bed-hangings. choose, cognate with E. choose.
(F. — L.) Chaucer has 'a litel kerchief — Valley. (F. L.) 'M..F.vale,valeie.~'
of valence'; Assembly of Foules, 272, O. F. valee (F. valide), a valley; parallel
Prob. named from Valence in France, near to Ital. vallata, a valley, which appears
Lyons (still famous for silks). — L, Valentia, to mean, literally, ' formed like a valley.'
a name given to several towns, evidently Formed with suffix -ee (< L. -dta\ from
from the name Valens, lit. 'strong.' — L. F. val, a vale, representing L. uallevi,
ualent-, stem of pres. pt. of ualere, to be ace. of uallis, a vale.
586
;
VALOUR VARLET
Valour. (F.-L.^ O. F. valor, valur, Vane, a weather-cock. (E.) A Southern
valetir, value, worthiness. — L. ualorem, form formerly also /a7ie. A. S. /ana, a ;
ace. of tiaior, worth. — L. ualere^ to be small flag.-fDu, vaan, led. /ani, Dan.
strong, to be worth. fane, Sued. Goth, /ana, (j./a/ine. Tcut.
value. (F.-L.) M. F. value, fern, type */anon-, m. Orig. a bit of cloth ;
'value;' Cot. Ytva. oi valH,\i]). oivaloir, alli( d to L. pannus, a cloth ; see Fane.
to be worth. — L. ualere, to be worth. Vanguard; see Van (i).
Valve. (F. — L.) F. z/^/re?, 'a foulding, Vanilla, a plant. (Span.-L.) Span.
or two-leafed door, or window;' Cot.— vainilla, a small pod, <tr capsule (which
L. Jialua, sing, of ttahicT, the leaves of a is the orig. sense). Dimin. of Span, vaina,
folding-door. Allied to L. iwhiere, to a scabbard, a pod. — I,, uaglua, scabbard,
revolve see Voluble, ; sheath, pod.
Vambrace, Vantbrace, armour for Vanish. (F.-L.) M. E. vanissen,
(F. — L.) The word simply
the fore-arm. vanisshen also evanisshen.
; Derived
means '
fore-arm.' It is short for avant- from an O. F. vb. *vanir, with pres. pt.
drace. — M.F. avant-bras, 'a vambrace, *vanissant. The verb is only recorded
armour for an arm ali.o, the part of the ; as A. F. evanir, O. F. esvanir, esvanuir ;
arm which extends from the elbow to the but we find O. F". esvanuir and vanuir.
Cf. Ital. svanire, to vanish ('where s = L.
;
wrist Cotgrave. (The latter is the orig.
'
sense.) — F. avant, before bras, the arm. ; ex) Late L. type *exvanire, for L.
;
— L. ab ante, from before, in front; bi'd- eudnescere. — L. <?,out, away udnescere, ;
chitim, arm (the pi. of which gave O. F. to vanish, lit. to become empty, from L.
brace, arm; see Scheler). See Van (i) udnns, empty. See Vain.
and Vamp. ^ Similarly, armour for the vanity. (F. - L.) F. vanitL - L.
upper part of the arm was called a rere- ttdnitdtejn, ace. of ndnitds, emptiness.—
brace, rear-brace.
i. e. L. jidnus, vain, empty.
Vamp, the fore-part of a shoe. (F. — L.) Vanquish. (F.-L.) î.'E.vettkisen,
Short for M. E. vampay, also vaumpe, a — A. F. venquis-, O. F. vein-
venqiiishen.
vamp. — M. F. avant-pied, the part of the '
quiss-, stem of pres. pt. of A. F. venquir,
foot that's next to the toes.' — F. avatzt, veinqiiir, occurring as a collateral form
before pied <^K. F. pee), foot, from L.
;
of veincre, to conquer (F. vaincre). — L.
pede?n, ace. oi pes, foot. uincere, to conquer. Bnigm, i. § 367.
Vampire. (F. — G. — Servian.) F. vam- Vantage. (F.-L., Short for M. E.
pire. — G. vampyr. — Servian vampir, a avantage ; see Advantage.
blood-sucker, a supposed ghost that sucked Vapid, L. uapidus, stale,
insipid. (L.
men's blood. Prob. of Turkish origin flat, said of wine cf. L. uappa, vapid or ;
cf. N. Turk. 7iher, a witch (Miklosich). palled wine wine that has emitted its va-
;
Vamplate, an iron plate protecting a pour or strength. Allied to wa/<?r (below).

lance. (F. — L.) From F. avajit, in front, vapour, mist. (F. — L.) F. vapeur.^
fore ; and plate. See Vambrace. L. tiaporem, ace. of uapor. vapour. Gk. +
Van (i)> t^"^^ front of an army. (F. — L.) /ca-nvos, smoke, Brugm. i. § 193.
Short for van-gtiard, which stands for Varicose, permanently dilated, as a
M. E. vantwarde. — O. F. avant-warde, vein. h. i/ar/cdsus.^h. uaric-, stem
(L.)
later avant-garde, ' the vanguard of an of uarix, a dilated vein of uncertain ;
army;' Cot. — F. avant, before; O. F. origin cf L. uariis, a blotch, pimple.

:
warde, a guard ; see Advance and Guard Variegate. L.) From pp. of L. uarie- (
or ^Ward. gdre, to make of various colours. — L.

Van (2), a fan. (F. — L.) F. van, a fan. jiario-, ior narius, of divers colours; -igdre,
— L. uannum, ace. of uannus, a fan. due to agej-e, to drive, to make.
Doublet, yizw. various. (L.) L. uari-us, variegated,
Van a covered waggon for goods.
(3), diverse, manifold ; with suffix -ous. Der.
(F. — Pers.)Short for caravan, like bus varie-ty, M, F. variety, from L. ace. tiarie-
for omnibtis. See Caravan. tdtetn, variety.
Vandal, a barbarian. (L. — Teut.) One Varlet. C.^ (F. -

M. F. varkt, a '
of the tribe of Vandali (Pliny) answering ; groom, youth;' Cot. An older

stripling,
to A.S. Wendlas, pi. (from Wendil-). Cf. spelling was vaslet, dimin. of O. F. vasal,
Icel. Vendill {also Fandt'll), a. proipern&me. vassal, a vassal see Vassal. The sue-
;
587
;' '
VARNISH VEHICLE
cessive spellings were vaslet, varlet, vallct, for uolutus, pp. of uoluere, to roll, turn
valet. round. Thus a vault meant a bowed '
'
Varnish.. F. z^^rwzV, varnish

(F.) ' ;
roof, hence a chamber with bowed roof,
Cot. Cognate with Ital. vernice, Port. a cellar which has an arched roof.
verniz, Span, berniz, varnish Late L. ; vault (2), to bound, leap. (F. — Ital. —
M. Cot. - M. F.
;
vertticium, vernix, bernix. Origin un- L.) F. volter, to vault ' '
known. Perhaps from M. Gk, êpuiKTj ;

volte, a round, turn, tumbler's gambol.—
see Schade, p. 1439. Ital. volta, a sudden turn the same word ;
Vary. (F. — L.) F.varzer. — 'L.naridre, as volta, a vault (above). See Volute.
— L. uarius, various.
to vary. Vaunt. (F. — L.) F. se vanter, to
Vascular. (L.) From 'L.ztascuhim, a. boast. — Late L. vdnitdre, to speak vanity,
small vessel double dimin. oitids (b?lo\v).
; flatter; (F. se vanter = to flatter oneself).
vase. (F. — L.) F. 2/<2J^, a vessel. — L. A frequentative form from nanus, vain ;
udsum, allied to uas, a vessel. Allied to see Vain.

Skt. vdsajta-, a receptacle, cover. Vavasour, a vassal of the second rank.
Vassal, a dependant. (F.—C.) M. E. (F.—C.) A. F. vavasour. — 'L.Q^^ L. vassus
vassal. — F. vassal, a vassall, subject, ten-
'
vassoruni, vassal of vassals; see Vassal,
ant ;' Cot. The Celtic sense is servant '
' Vaward, another spelling of vanivard
Low L. uassallus; extended from Low L. or vanguard see Van (i).
;
tmssus, tiaszis, a servant. — O. Bret, titcas, Veal. (F.-L.) O. F. veel, a calf.-L.

Bvet.gwaz, a servant, vassal; W., Corn, uitelluin, ace. oiuitelhis, dimin.ofmtulus,
^waj-, youth, servant ; O.lrish/oss. Celtic a caif. +
Gk. traAos, a calf cf. Skt. vatsa-, a
;
type *wassos. calf, properly a yearling,' from Skt. vatsa-,

'
Vast. (F. -L.) F. vasle.'^'L. uastus, Gk. tros, a year. Allied to Wether and
vast, great, of large extent. Veteran.
Vat, a large vessel for liquors. (E.) Veda, knowledge one of the ancient ;
M. E. vat (Southern) also/a/ (Northern). ; sacred Skt. books, (Skt.) Skt. veda-, lit.
A. S.fcEt, a vessel, cask. Du. vat, Icel. + knowledge. — Skt. vid, to know ; allied to
fat, T>an.fad, Swed./at, G./ass. Teut. Wit.
type */atom, n. Lit. * that which con- Vedette, Vidette, a cavalry sentinel.
tains ;cf, E. Fries. 7^/<?«, O. Fries. y^//a,
' (F.— Ital. — L.) M. F vedette, a sentinel. —
.
i3u. vatten, to catch, contain, G.fassen, Ital. vedetta, a horse-sentry ; formerly a

to seize, contain. watch-tower. — Ital. — L. ui-
vedere, to see.
Vaticinate, to foretell. (L.) From dere, to see see Vision.
;
L. udticitidttcs, pp. of udticinari, to pro- —

Veer. (F. L. ?) F. virer, to turn, veer.
phesy. —L. uaticin-us, prophetic. — L. tid- Said to be derived from L. gyrdre, to turn
ti-, for udtes, a prophet, allied to round (see Gyrate), but influenced by L,
Wood (2) cin-, from can-ere, to sing,
; tciriola,d\vava.. oitiiria (only in pi. uirice),
])roclaim '
Breal). an armlet, large ring. Allied to Environ.
;
Vaudeville. (F.) F. vaudeville, orig. Cf. also M. F. virolet, ' a boy's wind-mill
a country ballad so tearmed of Vaude-
;
'
Cot. (Doubtful.)
vire, a Norman town, wherein Olivier Vegetable. (F.-L.) U.F . vegetable,
Bassel [or Basselin], the first inventer of vegetable, fit or able to live;' Cot.
adj., '
them, lived;' Cot. Basselin was a Nor- This is the old sense. — L. uegetdbilis, full of
man poet (died ab. 1418), whose songs life, animating. — L. uegetdre, to quicken,
were named after his native valley, the enliven. — L. uegetus, lively. — L. uegere, to
Val de Vire ; Vire is in Normandy, S. of quicken, arouse. Allied to Vigour. Der.
Bayeux. vegetat-iofi, M. F. vegetation (Cot.).
Vault (i), an arched roof, cellar. (F.— passionate. (F. — L.) M. F.Vehement,
L.) For vaut the / was pedantically in- vehement (Cot.). — L, tiehement-, stem of
;
serted. M. E. voute, vowte, vawte, vaute. — uehemens, passionate lit. ' out of one's ;
M. F. voute (also voulte, with inserted /), mind.' j3. Uehe- has been explained as
;
'
a vault, arch, a vaulted roof Cot. O.F. equivalent to ue-, ' apart from,' as in ue-
'
volte, a vault (whence the later form voute, cors, senseless cf. Skt. vahis, apart. For ;
mod. F. votlte^ this is the fem. of O. F. mens, mind, see Mental.

;
volt^ vaulted, lit. bent, bowed, the same as Vehicle. (L.) L. uehiculum, a car-
Ital. volta. — Late L. *voltus, substituted riage. — L. uehere, to carry, convey. +Skt.
588
y
VEIL VENTAIL
"Weigh and Cot. - O. F. vener, to
;
vah, to carry. Allied to venericy '
hunting '
Wain. (VWEGH.) Brugm. § 128. i. nunt.— L. uendrT, to hunt; see Venison.

Veil, sb. (F - L.) O. F. veile, later Venesection, blood-letting. (L.) L.
voile. — L. uelum, a sail also a cloth. ; iil-me, ot a vein, gen. of uena \ and section.
For *uexlum = *uecslujn ; cf. uexilluni, a See Vein and Section.
standard. Lit. 'propeller' of a ship; Venew, Venue, Veney, (i .1 turn 1
from uehere, to carry along. Brugm. i. or bout or thrust in fencing (2) a locality. ;
§ S83. (F. — L.) M. F. venue, a coming, a vcnny '
Vein. (F.-L.) Y.veme.~l..uena,^ in fencing, turn, trick ;' Cot. Lit. a commg,
vein. For *uecsna. Lit. 'conveyer' of home- thrust ; fern, oivenu, pp. ofvenir, to
the blood. — L. uehere, to carry. Brugm. ii. come. — L. uenTre, to come see Venture. ;
2. As a law-term, venue is the same

Vellum. (F. - L.) M. E. velim. - O. F. word, and signifies a
place of arrival,
velin \¥. v^lifi) cf. Late L. vitullnium,
; locality. ^ Apparently confused by
ox pellis vitultna, vellum, calf's skin. — L. Blackstone with O.F. visni, vicinity (â
uitullnus, adj., from iiitulus^ a calf. See derivative of L. uicinus, near).
Veal. Vengeance. (F.-L.) Y. vengeance
Velocity. (F--L.) M.F.z;^/<7t7V/, swift- 'vengtance Cot. — F. venger, to avenge.
;
'
ness. —L. ace. ueWcitdtetn. <- L. tieloci-, — L. uindicdre see Vindicate. ;
decl. stem of uelox, swift. Allied to Vola- Venial. (F.-L.) O.Y. venial. ~\..
tile. Der. veloci-pede, lit. '
swift-foot,' tcenidlis, pardonable. — L. uenia, pardon;
coined from L. tieloci- (above), and L. also grace, favour. Allied to venereal.
ped-, stem oi pes, a foot. Venison. (F. — L.) M. E. veneison. —
Velvet. (F.-L.) M. E. velouette, A. F. veneisun, M. F. venaison, venison, '
veloiiet; Spenser has zellet. A. F. velwet, flesh of beasts of chase Cot. — L. iiend- ;
'
veluet Low L. velliiehim

; answering to ; tidnem, ace. of uendtio, the chase, also
a Romanic type '^villutetturn. Cf. M. Ital. game. — L. uendtus, pp. of uendrt, to hunt.
veluto (Ital. velhito), velvet answering to ; Cf. Gain, vb. And see Venery.
a Late L. *uilltitus, shaggy, by-form of Venom. (F. L.) M.E. venim.'^K. F. —
L. uillosus, shaggy. All from L. uillus, venim (Y venin). — !.. uenemim, poison.
.
shaggy hair ; allied to tielhis, fleece, and Venous, belonging to a vein. (L.)
to E. Wool. For L. uenosus, adj. ; from ziena, a vein.
Venal. (F. — L.) M. F. venal, saleable. See Vein.
— L. uendlis, saleable. — L. tiemis, uenuni, Vent (i), an air-hole, flue. (F.-L.)
sale. Allied to Gk. cDvoj, a price, i^vr], a '
A vent, meatus, porus To vent, aperire, ;
buying ; 329. Der. venal-ity,

Brugm. i. § euacuare Levins.
; Doubtless influenced
'
vend, to sell. (F. — L.) F. vendre." by a popular etymology from F. vent,

L. tiendere^ to sell short for tiemindare,; wind, as if air-hole but the true sense
* '
;
lit. to give or offer for sale, also written was fissure.' Y oxmc\\\ fent
' Fent of a .
'
ueniim dare. —
L. nenuvi, sale dare, to ; gowue.fefite Palsgrave. — M. Y.fente, a

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A Concise

throw on the origins and relation-

By the same author

/<^6( ^0 ^ 3 3333 06025 0277

^ THIS BOCri IS FC?v PvEFEREHOK

THE TOV7 YOr.K PUI^LIO LUilti^JlY

ELRINGTON AND BOSWOKTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

NEW AND CORRECTED IMPRESSION

'Ware man to live co-eval with the sun,

Young, Nighi Thoughts, vil Z6

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

Key to the General Plan of the Dictionary . . . xi

List of Abbreviations xii

CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE

I. List of Prefixes 624

II. Suffixes 630

III. Select List of Latin Words 632

Select List of Greek Words 644

IV. Homonyms 647

V. List of Doublets 648

VI. Distribution of Words according to the Languages

* A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language '

Cambridge, Dec.^ 19 10.

contributed to a much clearer and more exact view of the science of

help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the

in Latin words, as this often throws much light upon Romance

ago, my friend the Rev. A. L. Ma} hew was so good as to go patiently

care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be

As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course

ANGLO-SAXON. The most usual vowel-change is that produced

(i) a, u {0), ea, eo, a, 5, u, ea, eo.

(2) e, y, ie{y), ie[y), ^, e, y, le{y, O. Merc, e), le{y).

Example :—;/5^//«//, to fill, for ^fulljan; kom/ull, full.

Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from

Wessex and Old Mercian employs a (mutated to e) where the A. S.

has ea, and sometimes e for A. S. eo.

ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowel-

Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it

I subjoin a key to the plan of the work, and a list of abbreviations.

KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF

§ 2. The Words selected. The word-list contains nearly all

§ 3. Definitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common

§ 4. Language. The language to which each word belongs is

distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of

The order of derivation is always upward or backward, from late

The symbol + is employed to distinguish forms which are merely

cognate,and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming

§ 5. Symbols of Languages. The symbols, such as F.=French,

given in the list below.

§ 6. Roots. In some cases, a word is traced back to its original

read as 'root.' Thus hear, to carry, is from \/BHER. Some of

§ 7. Derivatives. The symbol Der., i. e. Derivatives, is used to

note such derivatives as act-ion, act-ive, &c., which cause no difficulty.

without accents ; the F. accents Mex. —

being mostly modern. Such words Simeon, Paris, 18:^5.

Roquefort. Ordbog, 1873.

Gael. — Gaelic; as Macleod and in —

Lexicon. Gon9ales, Lima, 1608.

or Wilson's Glossary of Indian 1876.

languages which includes Sanskrit, 1S66.

Irish. — Irish as ; in O'Reilly, 1864. Seaone, 1862; Pineda, 1740; or

L. — Latin ; as in Lewis and Short, 1880. Widegren, or in Oman.

1884-7. (Low L. = Late L. words Teut. Teutonic a general term for — ;