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 DECLASSIFIED
LIBRARY or congress
F.A.C. File No. 429

|AR 9 - 1956
AUTHORITYazºº. 44, s.
^2/<s.
º -

EVA 62. $4.27--> * -

TAIWAN (Formosa)
Karenko and Taito Provinces
OPNAV 13–24

WAYNE STATE U, LIBRARIES

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations

Navy Department
1 October 1944
 PUBLICATIONS OF OP13–2, MILITARY GOVERNMENT SECTION.
OPNAV 50E-1. Restricted, Military Government Handbook, Marshall Islands. 17 August 1943.
OPNAV 50E-1S. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Marshall Islands Statistical Supplement. 20 May
1944.

OPNAV 50E-2. Restricted, Military Government Handbook, Kurile Islands. 1 November 1943.
OPNAV 50E-3. (FM27–5). Unclassified, United States Army and Navy Manual of Military Government
and Civil Affairs. 22 December 1943.
OPNAV 50E-4. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Administrative Organization and Personnel of the
Japanese Mandated Islands. 1 January 1944.
OPNAV 50E–5. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, East Caroline Islands. 21 February 1944.
OPNAV 50E-7. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, West Caroline Islands. 1 April 1944.
OPNAV 50E-8. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Mandated Marianas Islands. 15 April 1944.
OPNAV 50E-9. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Izu and Bonin Islands. 10 July 1944.
OPNAV 50E-10. Restricted, Civil Affairs Studies, I, Illustrative Cases from Military Occupations. 10
June 1944.

OPNAV 50E-12. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa). 15 June 1944.
OPNAV 50E-13. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa)—Economic Supplement. 1
June 1944.

OPNAV 50E-14. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Japanese Administrative Organization in Taiwan
(Formosa). 10 August 1944.
OPNAV 50E-15. Unclassified, Civil Affairs Studies, II, The Languages of the Japanese Mandated Islands.
20 June 1944.

OPNAV 13–16. Unclassified, Civil Affairs Manual, Port Control. 15 October 1944.
OPNAV 13–17. Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, Agriculture in the Japanese Mandated Islands. 1 Sep
tember 1944.

OPNAV 13–18. Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, Far Eastern Nutritional Relief (Japanese Culture).
15 August 1944.
OPNAV 13–19. Unclassified, Civil Affairs Manual, Fishing Regulations. 15 September 1944.
OPNAV 50E-20. Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, The Fishing Industry of the Japanese Mandated Islands.
15 August 1944.
OPNAV 13–21. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), The Pescadores Islands. 1 Sep
tember 1944.
OPNAV 13–22. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Takao Province, 1 October 1944.
OPNAV 13–23. Restricted, Civil Affairs Manual, Military Courts of Military Government. To be
released in October 1944.

OPNAV 13–24. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Karenko and Taito Provinces.
1 October 1944.
OPNAV 13–25. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Shinchiku Province. 15
October 1944.

OPNAV 13–26. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Taichu Province. 15 October
1944.

OPNAV 13–27. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Taihoku Province. 15 October
1944.

OPNAV 13–28. Restricted, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa), Tainan Province. 1 October
1944.

OPNAV 13–29. Restricted, Civil Affairs Guide, The Fishing Industry of Taiwan (Formosa). 1 No
vember 1944.

Activities desiring copies of the above publications should make request directly to the Chief of Naval
Operations, Central Division, Military Government Section.
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

TAIWAN (Formosa)
Karenko and Taito Provinces
OPNAV 13–24

OFFICE OF THE CHEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS

NAVY DEPARTMENT
1 OCTOBER 1944
 NAVAL CIVIL AFFAIRS PUBLICATIONS
1. There will be issued from time to time several types of civil affairs publications for the guidance
and assistance of naval personnel in carrying out their responsibilities in occupied areas. These publica
tions will be principally Handbooks, Guides, and Manuals.
2. Civil Affairs Handbooks are factual studies of general information pertaining to civil affairs in specific
area.S.

3. Civil Affairs Guides are studies of anticipated civil affairs problems. In no sense is a Guide, as
such, to be taken as an order or a statement of official policy. Such orders and statements of policy will
be issued in the normal manner.

4. Civil Affairs Manuals establish basic principles, procedures, and methods of dealing with civil
affairs for naval personnel. The broadest of these is the Army-Navy Manual of Military Government
and Civil Affairs (FM 27–5, OPNAV 50E-3).
5. Civil Affairs Studies will include special studies on military government and civil affairs techniques
of other powers, and other material as found useful.

Reproduction of this material in any form is not authorized except by specific approval of the Secretary
of the Navy.

- - - prº-rººs
*** º Łºllºw--
 LETTER OF PROMULGATION
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF of NAVAL OPERATIONs,
NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington 25, D.C.,
1 October 1944.

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

TAIWAN (FORMOSA)
Karenko and Taito Provinces
OPNAV 13–24

1. OPNAV 13–24 is a nonregistered RESTRICTED publication. It is intended to provide useful informa

tion for civil affairs officers in the area indicated, but the material contained herein may be of value to other
officers and for other purposes.

2. This publication is to be used and stowed in accordance with the provisions of United States Navy
Regulations, Articles 75, 75%, and 76.

w - F. J. HORNE,
- Vice Admiral, U. S. Navy,
Vice Chief of Naval Operations.

iii
 -

-
-
-
 INTRODUCTION

This handbook is intended to be a catalog of facts about the provinces of Karenko and Taito that
will be useful to civil affairs officers. In addition to specific data, some general information is given to sup
plement that appearing in Restricted, OPNAV 50E-12, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa); and
> Restricted, OPNAV 50E-13, Civil Affairs Handbook, Taiwan (Formosa)—Economic, Supplement.
Most of the information has been derived from Japanese sources, but there are difficulties with these
Sources—particularly the difficulty of achieving consistency in figures—which lead to the caution that the
data in this volume are not necessarily complete or infallible. Further information may be available at a
later time since additional Japanese material is being brought to light continually. Some additional
information on Taiwan as a whole, which did not appear in the handbooks on the island, is also included.
Because most of the inhabited places in Taiwan have more than one name, an alphabetical list of
place names, including many variants, has been included. The reasons for the plurality of names are:
1. The Japanese and Chinese use the same written characters but pronounce them differently.
2. The Chinese pronunciation varies according to the Chinese dialect.
3. The Japanese have two or more pronunciations for many characters but no fixed rule governing
their use.
4. There is more than one way to render into English (Roman) letters the two Japanese versions
and the Chinese dialect versions.

In this handbook the place names have been transliterated in accordance with Japanese pronuncia
tion. The older and generally accepted Hepburn system of transliterating Japanese terms is most fre
quently found on maps and in books about Taiwan and has been employed in this document instead of
the newer and less convenient Nihonshiki style. It should be recognized, however, that in Taiwan the
Chinese pronunciations will be most widely used, since most of the inhabitants speak either the Amoy
or Hakka Chinese dialects.

East Coast

The “east coast” of Taiwan is commonly referred to as the area which is literally all of the east coast
from its most northern to its most southern points, extending between latitudes 25° N. and 21°54' N. At
other times the term is used to refer to the area covered by Karenko and Taito Provinces. A third con
notation includes only that part of Karenko and Taito Provinces lying between the southern extremity
of the Taito plain below the mouth of the Chihon River, and the northern extremity of the Karenko plain.
This handbook is a study of that part of the “east coast” covered by Taito and Karenko Provinces.
Organization
Although the two provinces are separate political units they form a single geographic unit. The
people there have developed a similar and to some extent interdependent means of livelihood, the popu
lation patterns are similar, and they have common health and sanitation problems. The political organ
izations of the two provinces are alike, and differ from the political organization of the five provinces on
the north and west coasts of the island. For these reasons this handbook is not divided into a section on
Karenko and a section on Taito. Part I is a topical treatment on the provincial level of the two provinces
as a whole with Karenko and Taito subdivisions where the material makes such a breakdown advisable.
Part II is a factual treatment of each gun and its subdivisions.
The available data for Part II are more complete for some areas than for others. The population
figures and the information on the location of doctors, schools, and post offices were taken from official
listings that purported to be complete. Other information was taken from a variety of sources, including
the Taiwan Tetsudo Annai (Railway Guide to Taiwan), and the Nihon Chimei Daijiten (Japanese Geographical
Place name Encyclopedia), and Japanese maps.
 i

ADMINISTRATIVE TERMINOLOGY

Political subdivisions of the non-aborigine territory of Karenko and Taito Provinces are the shi, gun,
gai, sho. The term sha is a suffix indicating an aborigine village. Banchi is a street number. As there are
no precise equivalents in English for some of these terms, the terms themselves are used frequently in this
handbook.
gun Administrative-geographical division of the province. May be translated roughly as
county, but it is preferable to use the Japanese term.
shi Incorporated city which includes subdivisions and suburban towns. They are not under
the gun administration nor is the shi population counted in computing the population
of the gun. The administrative offices of these gun, however, are located in the shi.
Prior to 1940 there were no shi in either Karenko or Taito Province, but the census
reports of 1940 indicate that Karenko-gai was given the status of a shi by an ordinance
of October 28, 1940. However, this handbook has continued to refer to Karenko-gai
because all of the information has been given as for Karenko-gai and not Karenko-shi
and because of a lack of information as to the significance of this change on the factual
data.
gai The term gai is used to designate an administrative area in which are located a town and
several villages.
sho The term sho is used to designate an administrative area in which are located several
villages. Although the term town is frequently used for gai and village for sho, this is
inaccurate. To avoid confusion, the Japanese words should be used consistently.
sha Aborigine village.
banchi Street number.

In American usage addresses are given by writing first the street number, then the street, city, and
state. The reverse order is followed in Japan and in Taiwan. For example: Karenko-cho, Tamazato-gun,
Tamazato-gai, Tamazato.
Personal names are written in accordance with the Japanese custom of placing the family name first, and
the family name has been capitalized to minimize the possibility of confusion.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VII. INDUSTRY, BUSINESS AND LABor—Con.

Letter of promulgation 1. Karenko-cho-Continued.
Introduction
h. Mining-------------------- - - - -

Administrative terminology
. Fishing------------------------
Part I. PROVINCIAL DATA . Finance------------------------
P(lJe . External trade------------------
Warehouse facilities__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

. Karenko-Taito Valley
Coastal rivers----------------------
. Offshore islands
. Taroko Gorge and Overland Trail-----
: . Industrial cooperatives__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
. Miscellaneous business activities__

. Business firms classified----------

2. Taito-cho--------------------------
a. General------------------------
b. Sugar and pulp-----------------
Land development companies - - - -
II. PopULATION Cotton ginning-----------------
1. General Electric power production--------
2. Karenko-cho tables Chemicals----------------------
3. Taito-cho tables-------------------- Mi n1.Ing
III. GoverNMENT AND PolicE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. General
. Hoko, Soteidan, associations_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
. Local “Self-Government” -- - - - - - - - - - -

: Ol. General
b. Karenko government finances-- - -
Miscellaneous business activities--
m. Business firms classified_-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
VIII. IMMIGRATION---------------------------
1. Karenko-cho-----------------------
6. Taito-cho
Ol. General
b. Taito government finances - - - - - - - WELFARE INSTITUTIONS --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
IV. LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. Karenko-cho-----------------------
1. Karenko-cho 2. Taito-cho--------------------------
2. Taito-cho . NEWSPAPERS----------------------------
W. IRRIGATION 1. Karenko-cho-----------------------
VI. TrANSPORTATION AND CoMMUNICATION---- 2. Taito-cho--------------------------
** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
YII. EDUCATION-----------------------------
1. Karenko-cho-----------------------
Trails 2. Taito-cho--------------------------

i Shipping lines----------------------
. Bus and taxi service---- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. Aviation
7. Postal, telegraph, telephone, and radio –
(VII. INDUSTRY, Busin Ess AND LABor----------
44

a.
Part II. LOCAL DATA

. KARENKO-CHO,--------------------------
1. Karen-gun-------------------------
Karenko-gai----------- - - - - - - - - -

1. Karenko-cho b. Kenkai-sho---------------------
General c. Kotobuki-sho-------- - - - - - - - - - - -
Electric power production____ _ _ _ _ d. Hirano-sho---------------------
Aluminum production - - - - - - - - - - - e. Yoshino-sho--------------------
Nickel------------------------- 2. Horin-gun -------------------------

. Chemicals----------------------

Sugar and pulp manufacture-- - - -

Sawmills

vii
a. Horin-sho----------------------
b. Mizuho-sho--------------------
c. Shinsha-sho--------------------
 Page No. Page
I. KARENko-cho-Continued.
3. Tamazato-gun. Appendix I. Tables, location of police stations,
a. Tamazato-gai post offices, doctors and schools 86
b. Taisho-sho 1. Karenko-cho 86
II. TAito-cho. i y Karen-gun 86
1. Taito-gun
:
75 Horin-gun 87
a. Taito-gai Tamazato-gun 87
b. Hinan-sho 2. Taito-cho 88
c. 1)aibu-sho Taito-gun - -
88
d. Tamari-sho Kanzan-gun 88
e. Rashoto-sho Shinko-gun 89
2. Kanzan-gun . . Appendix II. Administrative classifications, 1940
a. Ikegami-sho Taiwan Postal 1)irectory, Karenko-cho and Taito
b. Kanzan-sho cho 90
c. Shikano-sho Appendix III. Alphabetical list of place names,
3. Shinko-gun Rarenko-cho - 91
a. Nagahama-sho Appendix IV. Alphabetical list of place names,
b. Shinko-sho Taito-cho 94
c. Toran-sho Appendix V. Japanese weights and measures 97

LIST OF TABLES
Paſſe No. Paſſe
. Temperature and precipitation. 1 29. Area of rice fields and rice production, 1939,
Rarenko-Taito rivers which empty into the Karenko-cho - 31
sea, and distances between (5 30. Area of common agricultural products and pro
Population of Karenko-cho, 1935 and 1940 9 duction, 1939, Rarenko-cho – - - -
31

i Population of Karenko-cho by sex, 1940

Population of Horin-gun, Karenko-cho, by
subdivisions, 1935 -
9

1()
31. Area of special agricultural products and pro
duction, 1939, Karenko-cho
32. Horticultural products, Karenko-cho
31
32
Population of Karen-gun, Karenko-cho, by 33. Tea area and production, 1939, Rarenko-cho 32
subdivisions, 1935 1() 34. Coffee area and production, 1939, Karenko-cho 32
7 Population of Tamazato-gun, Karenko-cho, by 35. Area of sisal and derris production, 1939,
subdivisions, 1935 - 11 Karenko-cho - 32
Population of Taito-cho, 1935 and 1940 . 11 36. I.ivestock, 1939, Rarenko-cho 33
9. Population of Taito-cho, by sex, 1940 | 1 37. Poultry, 1939, Karenko-cho 33
. Population of Kanzan-gun, Taito-cho, by sub 38. Iland area, Taito-cho. - 33
divisions, 1935 - - - 39. Occupied land and its use, Taito-cho - . - - -
33
. Population of Shinko-gun, Taito-cho, by sub 40. Areas of cultivated lands, 1939, Taito-cho – 35
divisions, 1935 41. Agricultural population, 1939, Taito-cho - - - - - 35
12. Population of Taito-gun, Taito-cho, by sub 42. Cultivated land, ownership and management.
divisions, 1935 - 13 1939, Taito-cho - -
35
13. Membership of town and village assemblies 20 43. Total value of agricultural produce, Taito-cho - 35
14. Number of qualified voters, 1935 and 1939 20 44. Area of rice fields and rice production, 1939,
15. Public schools maintained by Karenko-cho 21 Taito-cho -

16. Taxed land, Karenko-cho, 1939 22 45. Area of common agricultural products and pro
17. Unt axed land, Rarenko-cho, 1939 22 duction, 1939, Taito-cho - - -

18. Budget estimates, Rarenko-cho, 1939 46. Area of special agricultural products and pro
19. Taxed land, Taito-cho, 1939 duction, 1939, Taito-cho
20. Unt axed land, Taito-cho, 1939 47. Horticultural products, Taito-cho__ - -

21. Budget estimates, Taito-cho, 1939 48. Coffee area and production, 1939, Taito-cho
22. Land area, Karenko-cho -
49. Area of sisal and derris and production, 1939,
23. ()ccupied land and its use, Karenko-cho Taito-cho -

24. Areas of cultivated lands, 1939, Rarenko-cho 50. Livestock, 1939, Taito-cho -

25. Agricultural population, 1939, Karenko-cho 51. Poultry, 1939, Taito-cho

26. ('ultivated land, ownership and management, 52. Volume of traffic, 1932 4()
1939, Karenko-cho -
53. I)istances between railway stations, Karenko
27. Total value of agricultural produce, Karenko Taito Railroad_ _ - - - 40
cho 54. Power companies and capacity of plants, Ka
28. Rice Delivery Points, Karenko-cho and Taito renko-cho 46
cho -

viii
 Page
55. Hatsune and Domon power plants_-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 64. Police stations, post offices, doctors and schools,
56. Business firms, Karenko-cho, classified - - - - - - - - Karen-gun------------------------------ 86
Business firms, Taito-cho, classified - - - - - - - - - 65. Police stations, post offices, doctors and schools,
58. Religious affiliations of villagers------------- Horin-gun------------------------------ 87
59. Crop production, 1939, Japanese settlements, 66. Police stations, post offices, doctors and schools,
Karenko-cho---------------------------- Tamazato-gun--------------------------- 87
60. Health agencies, Taiwan, Karenko-cho, Taito 67. Police stations, post offices, doctors and schools,
cho, 1939------------------------------- 56 Taito-gun------------------------------- 88
61. Deaths from diseases, 1932, Karenko-cho and 68. Police stations, post offices, doctors and schools,
Taito-cho------------------------------- 57 Kanzan-gun----------------------------- 88
62. Public schools, Karenko-cho----------------- 60 69. Police stations, post offices, doctors and schools,
63. Public schools, Taito-cho__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 61 Shinko-gun------------------------------ 89

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page No. Page
. Modern highway bridge, Taito Province------ IV 17. Karenko landing beach, with ships offshore---- 44

: . Tamari River, Taito Province-- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

. Batakan in Taroko gorge, viewed from spot
where cliff-face trail begins. Note bridge at
IV 18. Southeast coast road, south of Taito -- - - - - - - -
19. Air view of Karenko -- - - - - - - - --------------
20. Karenko provincial offices------------ - - - - - - -
45

64
lower left. There is also a suspension bridge 21. Japanese immigrant villages: upper right, Yo
at point where trail crosses the river, beyond shino Village, Karenko Province; lower left,
the village------------------------------ Asahi Village, Taito Province---___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 65
. Steep delta formed by Takkiri River, which 22. Karenko Railroad Station_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 66
here pours out of the Taroko gorge to the sea 23. Sugar factory at Tamazato-gai, Karenko
at the northern tip of the Karenko plain. Province-------------------------------- 71
Note aborigine settlement----------------- 24. Tamazato-gai, Karenko Province- - - - - - - - - - - - 72
. Bridge on Taroko gorge trail, looking down 25. Temporary bridge over the Pinan River, Taito
Province-------------------------------- 73
. Entrance to Taroko gorge. Highway to Suo 26. Crossing the Pinan River, Taito Province.
veers sharply to right across bridge_--_ _ _ _ _ _ Note Japanese officials in palanquins - - - - - - -
. Suo-Karenko highway, looking northward----- 27. The beach at Taito - - - ------ - -------------
. Taito provincial offices - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28. Lighthouse at Taito ------------------------
. Taito meteorological station--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29. Air view of Taito - - - - -- - - -- - - - -- - -- -- -----
10. Planting rice, Karenko Province- - - - - - - - - - - - - 30.
11. Planting sugar-cane, Taito Province_-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31. Harbor at Taito-gai - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
12. Water-buffalo grazing, Karenko Province - --- 32. Taito hospital.-----------------------------
13. Aborigine farmer plowing with yellow cow, 33. “Crab basket,” a mode of transportation used
Taito Province - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 on Taito Province trails -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
14. Suspension bridge over Daidakusui River, Suo 34. Amis, an aborigine people of Kotosho (Botel
Karenko motor road - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42 Tobago Island), using oxen to haul rice----- 81
15. Suo-Karenko Highway, Karenko Province- - - - 43 35. Japanese village of Hinode, Taito Province---- 82
16. Trail along escarpment of Taroko Gorge, 36. Japanese carried by aborigines on the east
Karenko Province------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 coast, where transportation is poorly devel
83

LIST OF FIGURES
No. Page No. Page
. Karenko-Taito Central Province Area, Trans 4. Karenko Province, Administrative Chart--- - - - 99
portation------------------------ - - - - - - -
X 5. Taito Province, Administrative Divisions, Im
. Karenko-Taito Valley Area- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 portant Place Names-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. Karenko Province, Administrative Divisions, 6. Taito Province, Administrative Chart - - - - - - - -
Important Place Names -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98

ix
606137–44——2
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 Part I. Provincial Data
I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
1. General TABLE 1.-Temperature and precipitation
Karenko Province extends along the east coast of Taiwan MEAN TEMPERATURE, *F.
for a distance of approximately 65 miles in a northeasterly
southwesterly direction between latitudes 24°20' N. and - £ # *- £ #
32°26' N. It has an inland length of 90 miles. The width Station à | #| #|= >, | <> # É # =|f| #
east and west at its widest point is 28 miles, and it has a
total area of about 1,800 square miles, or about 13 percent
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Of the total area of Taiwan.

- Taito Provinceextends along the Coast below Karenko **. sº 64| 63 66 70 76 78 81| 80 78 74| 69|| 65|| 72
in a continuing northeasterly-southwesterly direction be- Taito, yrs.
tween the latitudes of 23°26' N. and 22°15' N. for a dis- rec. 29------- 66|| 66 69| 74| 77| 80 81| 81| 79| 76|| 72 68 74

tance of approximately 90 miles. Its maximum width east

and west is 31 miles and its area is approximately 1,367 MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE, "F.
Square miles or about 10 percent of the total area of the
island.
Karenko, yrs. -

2. Temperature and rainfall rec. 8-------- 71 - 70, 73| 77| 83| 86| 89| 88 86 82| 77|, . 73| 80

The average annual temperature at sea level in Karenko Tº: º: 74 74| 77| 81| 85| 88| 89 89 87| 83| 79| 75|| 82

Province is 72° F. July and August are the warmest

months with a mean temperature of about 80° F. and
MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, *F.
February is the coolest month, with a mean temperature
of about 63° F. Temperatures over 75° F. are to be
expected in every month of the year with a maximum of Karenko, yrs.

not more than 95° F. throughout the year. The tempera- tº sº. 59| 58 61|| 65|| 70| 73| 74| 74| 72 68| 63| 60 66
ture does not fall below 48° F. at any time in the year rec. % ------- 60 60 63| 67| 71 74| 75|| 75|| 73| 70 66 62 68

and in summer the temperature does not get below 64° F.

There are no frosts at Sea level.
EXTREME HIGHEST TEMPERATURE, *F.
The average annual temperature at sea level in Taito
Province is 74° F. July and August are the warmest
Karenko, yrs.
months with a mean temperature of 81° F. and January
is the coolest with a mean temperature of 66° F. Tem. T. ... * * * * * * * * * * * * *
peratures over 75° F. are to be expected in every month rec. 29_------ 89| 93 97.| 101| 101| 100 102 98| 98| 94| 91| 87| 102

with a maximum 100° F. throughout the year. Tempera

tures do not fall below 45° F. on any day and in summer EXTREME LOWEST TEMPERATURE, *F.
the temperature does not get below 65° F. There are no
frosts at Sea level. -

-__ - - - Karenko, yrs

Annual precipitation for the two provinces averages rec. 8-------- 49| 48| 51 54| 60| 64| 69| 69|| 65|| 54 47| 44| 44
about 75 inches with an average September and October Tait 0, y rS.
maximum of between 10 and 13 inches and an average De- rec. 29_______| 45 46|| 50 56 61| 64| 69| 70| 65|| 59| 49 48 45

cember to February maximum of 2 to 3 inches. There is

a fairly constant regularity of 1 day of rain every 2 or 3 RAIN FALL–MEAN PRECIPITATION IN INCHES
days, rain falling on about 200 days a year in Karenko
and 150 days a year in Taito. The heaviest storms take Karenko, yrs.
place in the fall, when more than 18 inches have fallen in rec. 8------- 2.3 4.6 4.1||7.7|10.7 7.0|10.6l. 8.7|12.8 8.7|3.3| 2.2 82.6
a single day in Taito and nearly 12 inches in Karenko. Taito, yrs. -

Relative humidity is about 80 percent and is highest in rec. 29------- 1.7| 1.7| 2.3| 3.1| 7.0. 7.9|14. 7|11.8|10. 6| 7. 1 2.0| 1.5, 71.3

Summel".
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TABLE 1.-Temperature and precipitation—Continued. about 23 days a year, virtually all of them between April
and September.
RAIN FALL–GREATEST PRE ("IPITATION IN IN ("HES
The average cloud cover is about 76 percent, with a
winter maximum, and over 200 days a year are classified
---#
Station
>, | |s||
f
>.
-
:
E >. ă # £ = #
| -
-

#
-

- F | TF - -
*
+
-
- as cloudy. In winter virtually every day is cloudy, and
in summer the frequency is 1 day in 3. There are only
E
: c || 3
ºw -
3 # 3 #| = | # | 3 | 3:f | =
- I - -: - - ºw - -

- + .” -É
* → - ºf a C Z - -r
about 10 days a year totally clear of clouds, half of them
-- - - - -—

-
- being in July and August. There is no fog.
Karenko, yrs.
4. Coast
res, is s , , , i. s' 8.9 15 621.852.725.233. 133. 112.3.10.1110.7
Taito, yrs. | | | | The coast line of Karenko and Taito Provinces has few
rec. 18 | 5. tº 3. tº 6.0 10.5 15.332. º * *º º 43. 7. 5. 7, 104.2
indentations and no natural harbors. Artificial harbors
i -

have been developed at Karenko-gai and Taito-gai, the

RAIN FALL-LEAST PRE ("IPITATION IN IN CHES chief centers of Karenko and Taito Provinces respectively.
The most startling single feature of the coast line is
Karenko, yrs.
the famous east coast cliffs. These extend from the mouth
rec. 18 (). 5 1. 2 (). 6 (). s 2. º 1.2 0.2 (1) 0.5 0.8 0.9| 1.1 43. () of the Takkiri Hiver north about 15 miles along the
Taito, yrs. northern part of the Karenko coast and an additional 20
rec. 18 (1) ºººº |º 0. (). 6 º 0.2 º (1) 38.7
miles along the southern part of the Taihoku east coast.
The mountains rise straight from the sea, making a mas
| Loss than 0.05 inch.
sive wall of stone rising to heights of nearly 8,000 feet in
RAIN FALL-GREATEST PRECIPITATION IN 24 HOU RS IN some places. The lower slopes are quite sheer for the first
IN ("HES 500 or 600 feet (in one place, 750 feet) after which they
Tl gradually recede until at the highest point the gradient
Karenko, yrs. is only one in two.
rec. 8 1.8 2.3 1.9, 5.5 9. 1 3.7 6. f. 11. 8 11. 4, 10.0 2. () I. 6, 11. 8
There is a deep open bay about 8 miles across imme
Taito, yrs.
rec. 29 . . . . 2, 6' 2.2 2. 1 3, 4, 6, 6 10. *** * * º º 3.9 18.4
diately south of the mouth of the Takkiri IRiver. At places
| | | | | 1 mile from shore the water attains a depth of nearly
2,000 feet.
RAIN FALL–NUM BER () F DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION, 0.004
From the mouth of the Takkiri River south to just
IN ("H
below the mouth of the Karen River (a distance of about
16 miles) the Karenko plain stretches out along the coast
Karenko, yrs. | | | | | | | | and here is located the main industrial area of the two
rec. 8 20 20 19 20 22, 19, 12 14, 17 13: 15 15 204
Taito, yrs.
provinces. The plain is about 1 mile wide immediately
rec. 29 . 11| 10 13 15 19 13, 13, 14 15, 13 10, 10 156 south of the Takkiri River, and deepens gradually until
- - - ----- –– it reaches a maximum depth of 6 miles. The plain was
MEAN RELATIVE H U M II) ITY PERCENT
formed out of the mountain debris carried down by the
streams, and sand washed up by the waves. Along the
--- – ---→ -- Shore is a stretch of sand, and back of this is an upland suit
Karenko, yrs. | able for a diversity of agricultural pursuits. The land
rec. 8 78 81 80 82 84 84 81 82 80. 76 76 76, 80
Taito, yrs. | nearer the mountains is a rich, deep, black loam, mostly
rec. 29. 74 75, 77 79, 82 82 s1, s2, so 77 75, 74, 78 of decomposed vegetable matter washed down from the
- - ". . . . . . . . . .. " densely wooded mountains.
South of the mouth of the Karen River the coastal
3. Winds range of Inountains begins. The coastal range (sometimes
Winds are highly variable throughout the year. Winds referred to as the Taito range) is in fact an interlock
from the west and southwest are more frequent here than ing Series of Short Inountain ranges, and extends along the
elsewhere in Taiwan, and they make up a large percentage coast a distance of about 84 miles to within 2 miles of
of the air movements in every month ; nevertheless north the Pinan River. The mountains slope down to the
and northwest winds are the inost usual, and reach their ocean on the east and fall away into the Karenko-Taito
maximum frequency in winter and Spring. Average wind valley on the west. The width of the range at the widest
velocities are about 9.5 miles per hour, being greatest in point is about 10 miles and it averages approximately 6
the winter months (December 12.5 miles per hour) and miles. The highest peak is Shinko-san, 5,519 feet, located
maximum velocities of greater than 90 miles per hour are in Taito-cho, Shinko-gun, Shinko-sho, about 27 miles north
to be expected in September, the typhoon period. It is calm of the southern end of the range and about 3 miles from
only 1 percent of the time, chiefly from May to July. the sea. The highest peak in the northern half of the
There are about 70 days a year with gales, mostly in win range (north of the Shukoran River) is Byoko-fuji-zan,
ter, and 18 days with strong gales, also reaching a winter 3,025 feet, located to the southwest of the village of
maximum. Typhoons do not occur every year, and have Hakon in Karenko-cho, Horin-gun, Shinsha-sho. South of
been limited to September. There are thunderstorms on the Shukoran River the range makes an immediate and
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3. Batakan in Taroko Gorge, viewed from spot where cliff face trail begins. Note bridge at lower left. There is also
a suspension bridge at point where trail crosses the river beyond the village.

4. Steep delta formed by Takkiri River, which here pours out of the Taroko Gorge to the sea at the northern tip of the
Karenko plaim. Note aborigine settlement.

3
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very perceptible rise, with peaks of 3,774 feet, 4,226 feet,
and 4,367 feet, the range rising upward toward Shinko
san, following which there is a rapid fall to about 2,000
feet, and thence a gradual tapering to the Taito plain in
the South and southwest.
From the southern foothills of the coastal range the
Taito plain stretches southwest along the coast a dis
tance of about 12 miles, and is enclosed at its southern end
by the foothills of the inland mountain ranges which extend
to the sea immediately south of the Chihon River. The
Pinan River flows out of the inland valley and into the
Sea a short distance below the southern end of the coastal
range. A few miles to the south is the three-pronged
mouth of the Tainan River, and below it the Chihon
River, both having worked their way out of the inland
mountains. The Taito plain is the principal agricultural
region of the Taito-Karenko area and has been built up by
the deposits of the three streams.
The great central mountain ranges slope into the sea
from the southern edge of the Taito plain to the southern
boundary of Taito Province and on to the southern end of
the island.
5. Karenko-Taito Valley
Behind the coastal range is the Taito-Karenko valley.
The valley stretches from the northeast to the southwest
for a distance of about 85 miles and provides an overland
connecting route between the Karenko and Taito plains.
It is flanked on the west by the towering central range
of mountains and it is shut off from the sea by the coastal
range except at its northern and southern ends. The val
ley is the product of three drainage systems of the central
mountain ranges. The area northward from the northern
end of Mizuho-sho (Horin-gun, Karenko-cho), is traversed
by the Mataan, Maribashi, Chakan, and Mokka Rivers.
The Maribashi and Mataan Rivers flow into the valley
from the central range between Mataan and Maribashi
in Horin-sho. The Chakan River forms the boundary in
Aborigine territory between Karen-gun and Horin-gun
until it flows into the valley from the west and sprawls
out into the southern part of Kotobuki-sho (Karen-gun).
There it joins the waters of the Maribashi River to form
the Karen River. To the north the Mokka River empties
into the valley at the northern end of Kotobuki-sho and
flows directly east to join the waters of the Karen River
shortly before they flow into the sea.
That part of the valley which carries the Mataan, the
Maribashi, the Chokan, the Karen, and the Mokka Rivers
is its widest section and is sometimes referred to as a part
of the Karenko plain. As so delimited the Karenko plain
extends northward for approximately 32 miles from the
southern end of Horin-sho in Horin-gun to the mouth
of the Karen River, thence along the sea beyond Karenko
gai to the mouth of the Takkiri River.
The second drainage System is the Shukoran River and
its tributaries. The Shukoran River flows out of Taiha
Lake in the valley in northern Ikegami-sho (Kanzan-gun,
Taito-cho) and flows north through the narrowest part
of the Karenko-Taito valley (in Taisho-sho, Tamazato
gun) and thence through Tamazato-sho, Tamazato-gun, to
the northern boundary of Tamazato-gun, thence along the
boundary of Tamazato and Horin-guns for a short distance,
and then abruptly turns east and slices its way through
the coastal range to the sea. The Shukoran is joined by
the Rakuraku River which flows out of the central moun
tains into the valley in the southwest corner of Tamazato
sho, and by the Tabira River which flows into the valley
from the west in central Tamazato-sho between the villages
of Suehiro and Mikasa. As the Shukoran turns east into
the coastal range it is joined by the Barancho River from
the north which rises in the vicinity of Koto-san directly
west of the village of Basshi (Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun) and
flows into the valley near Basshi. That part of the valley
which is drained by the Shukoran system is sometimes
referred to as the Tamazato plain, extending from north
ern Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun, in the north, to southern Tama
Zato-sho, Tamazato-gun, in the south, a distance of about
25 miles. In fact, however, this area is merely a widened
stretch of the valley and its widest point is not over
6 miles.
The third drainage system is the Pinan River and its
tributaries. The system's northernmost tributary is the
Shinburo River which enters the valley from the west
in northwestern Ikegami-sho, Kanzan-gun, directly west
of the village of Ikegami, and flows south through the
valley until its junction with the Rokuryo River in east
central Shikano-sho. The IRokuryo IRiver arises in the
central mountain range and flows into the valley in west
central Shikano-sho near the village of Ohara. The Pinan
River is formed by the junction of these two rivers. The
Hashikao River flows into the valley directly west of the
town of Shikano at the southern end of Shikano-sho a few
miles south of the junction of the Shinburo and Rokuryo
Rivers. The Pinan River then flows due south into the
Taito plain, curves around the southern tip of the coastal
range, and empties into the sea. Although the physical
limits of the Taito plain appear quite distinct on a Inap,
being the flat delta land built up by the Pinan, Tainan, and
Chihon Rivers, all of the southern end of the Karenko-Taito
Valley drained by the Pinan River is sometimes referred
to as a part of the Taito plain. As so extended, the Taito
plain reaches from northern Ikegami-sho (Kanzan-gun,
Taito-sho) south through the Karenko-Taito valley to the
mouth of the Pinan River, thence along the seacoast beyond
Taito-gai and the mouth of the Tainan River to the vicinity
of the village of Chihon, Hinan-sho, a total distance of
approximately 33 miles.
6. Coastal rivers
The rivers on the Karenko-Taito coast are short, swift
streams which tumble out of the mountains and furnish
a potential source of power which the Japanese have been
attempting to harness.
None of the rivers is navigable for anything but small
native craft on the more placid Karen and Pinan Rivers
near their mouths, and native rafts near the mouth of the
Shukoran.
The Daidakusui River forms the boundary between
Karenko-cho and Taihoku-shu. Thirteen miles to the
south, the famous Takkiri River enters the sea. This river
flows from the imposing mountains of the central range
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·
!!!109.148 uºmop (ju!31001 1ņ0.ų 90.10 £) 03{0,1，0,1, ſuo 90p!./8H g
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and has slashed a deep and most spectacular gorge. It is Kotosho is about 8 miles long and 4 miles wide at its maxi
one of the greatest physical phenomena in the Japanese mum distances. Both islands are rugged. Kotosho is
Empire. The gorge affords a land passage to the interior inhabited only by aboriginal tribes (the Yami) and their
police posts by means of foot trails and high suspension Japanese police supervisors.
footbridges along the sides and over the gorge. Sansen-dai is a small island which lies just off the point
Fifteen miles to the south of the Takkiri Ikiver is the 2 miles north of the village of Shinko.
mouth of the Karen River, and 35 miles beyond the Karen Physical landmarks along the coast other than those
is the Shukoran River. The mouth of the Pinan is 49 already mentioned include a few points of imposing
Iniles south of the Shukoran. The Pinan, the Tainan 6 appearance. Nansankyoku Point rises from the sea about
miles to the south, and the ('hihon River (2 miles south 8% miles north-northeast of the Takkiri River and about
of the Tainan) have periodically overflowed and de 2 miles north-northeast of the mouth of the Kanagan
posited renewing soil. The Tainan River spreads into River. This is a rocky point 1,384 meters (about 4,600
three main branches as it comes out of the mountains into feet) high. It is a prominent single peak, easy to recog
the plain and these branches form a delta on the coast nize and it is about the highest in the vicinity. Beiron
about 2 miles in width. Point is about 1 mile north of the Beiron port facilities,
There are several minor rivers emptying into the set within Karenko-gai.
below the Taito plain, the chief ones being the Tamari There is a lighthouse on the east summit of Sansen-dai.
River, 7 miles below the ('hihon, and the Daichikko River, It is a white octagonal concrete structure 11 feet high and
11 Iniles farther south. the light is 195 feet above sea level.
8. The Taroko Gorge and overland trail
Table 2. —Karemko-Taito Rivers which empty into the sea,
and distances between them, from north to south The Takkiri IRiver rises in the central mountains and
Miles
cuts through to the sea north of Karenko. The immense
gorges and towering cliffs along its tortuous course form
I laidakusui to Kanagan - - - - - - - - - - - - —— . ..
Kanagan to Takkiri-- ------------------- 8
one of the most spectacular natural phenomena in the
Takkiri to Beiron - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - --- . 12 Japanese Empire. The river has formed a rough, boulder
Beiron to Karen—— - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 3
strewn delta at the northern extremity of the Karenko
Karen to Suirembi. . . . --- - - - --_______ -------- 11
plain. The entrance to the gorge itself is narrow. The

Suirembi to Banshoryoko- ---------------- 4

Suo-Karenko motor road crosses over a suspension bridge
225 feet long. A hotel staffed by civilized Ami tribesmen
Banshoryoko to Bakon--____ ---------------- 10
Bakon to Shukoran. ... -- - - - - - - -- -- - - - - 10
under Japanese management stands at the end of the
Shukoran to Mitomi -- - - - - - - - - --- ------ - 1% bridge, to accommodate sightseers. All parties entering
Mitomi to Suiboten -- - - - - -------...----------- - 3 the gorge must be accompanied by an armed Japanese
police escort.
Suiboten to Sekimon.... . ... ---- --------. --- - - - - - - 3
Sekimon to Kinabuka - L. -- . 1.----------------- 10 The walls of the mountain on either side immediately
Kinabuka to Bananiwan. -- -------- - -- - -- - - - - - 3.
rise tier on tier to an altitude of about 4,000 feet. For
Several miles inland, as the trail twists and turns and
Bananiwan to Babukutsu -- --_______________. 10%
Babukutsu to Pinan—— . . . . . . . . .-------- ------- 18
rises steadily, either side of the canyon is clothed with
Pinan to Tainan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 heavy vegetation. Narrow suspension bridges, too light
Tainan to ("hihon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - – 2 for any wheeled vehicle, carry the trail over side valleys
and canyons until a considerable height is reached on the
("hihon to Tamari - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
Tamari to Kanaron__ … ---------------- 6 south side of the river. Then a spidery suspension bridge,
Kanaron to Daichikko . . ... -------------_____ 5 about 350 feet long and nearly 300 feet above the stream,
carries the path across to the northern wall. From there
Daichikko to Daibu ... --— — — — — — — — — — — — — --- 7
I)aibu to Aroii ------------------ - ---- 3 on the ascent is remarkably steep, leveling off only at one
shoulder among the cliffs (about 6 miles inland) where the
The rivers have several common features. They are police station of Batagan has been established. A log
short, the river Inouths are broad and long, and ordi prison, the police offices, a small trading post for use of the
narily there is a sandy beach and several braided stream local Taiyal tribesmen, and a school form the post. Near
lets or dry river beds which, after a great rain, swell into the outskirts are a number of aborigine hovels. Farther
one large river. west the trail again rises steeply to the entrance to the
anarrowest part of the gorge. From here the path lies
7. Offshore islands along a narrow shelf hewn out of the rock wall for about
Two small islands off the southeast coast of Taiwan are a mile. A wire strung along unstable posts forms the
politically a part
of Taito Province. The island of Kash only protection at the edge. Above, the cliffs rise perpen
oto lies about 20 miles southeast of the mouth of the Pinan dicularly for more than 1,500 feet and then slope back
River, and Kotosho lies about 35 miles directly east of gradually to greater heights. Below, the precipice drops
the southern tip of Taiwan and about 38 miles due south unbroken for 2,000 feet to the swift Takkiri River. The
of Kashoto. Kashoto is about 4 miles at its greatest gorge is very narrow, and the sheer rock face on either
length and about 3 miles wide at its greatest width. side is bare of vegetation. The panorama of jagged,
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-
--- - -
º

7. Suo-Haremko highway, looking north ward.

A
(
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cloud-whipped peaks to the westward (inland) is western Ilain. For a considerable distance it remains
magnificent. at an altitude between 8,000 and 10.000 feet. Some of
The trail turns abruptly at the end of this section and the least civilized aborigines, dressed in skins and crude
winds into a cross valley and downward through heavy textiles, carrying bows, arrows, and Spears, and with
forest to the level of the river. There are other long wild dogs on leash, are met frequently along the way.
suspension bridges and a number of villages and police
Policemen in this country usually travel armed and in
outposts along the way. Despite the ruggedness of the
trail and its frequent steep ascents, this a a busy overland pairs. Monuments here and there record the loss of
route, which rises again to the crest of the central moun Japanese heads while the trail was being pushed through.
tain ridge and on to Musho, Hori (Taichu-Shu), and the All labor was levied from the tribes along the way.

S
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II. POPULATION
1. General. Tamazato-gun and to the Southern boundaries of Kanzan
The 1940 population figures for Karenko and Taito gun in Taito-cho. One source states that practically all
Provinces are— of the inhabitants of Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun, are abo
Total ---------------------------- 234, 595
rigines. Also, at nearly all points along the coast and
in Tamari-Sho, Daibu-sho and Kashoto-sho in Taito Prov
Formosan-Chinese ---_____________ 207,954
ince and in Kenkai-sho in Karenko Province, the pro
Japanese ––––––––––––––––––––––––– 23, 654
Koreans -------------------------- 185
portion of aborigines to Formosan-Chinese is high.
Foreign Chinese------------------ 2, 802 2. Karenko-cho tables
Karenko-cho was officially reported in 1940 as having
TABLE 3.-Population of Karenko Province (cho), 1935
a population of 147,743, an increase of 30,711 from 1935.
and 1940
The Formosan-Chinese and aborigine population was
127,915, and there were 17,606 Japanese, 155 Koreans, Formo
and 2,067 foreign Chinese. The 1935 census reported san- For
14,110 persons in the aborigine territory. The province
Total clºse º: Korean §
abori- Inese 1
had a population density of 82.77 per square mile and glnes
about 2.3 percent of the total population of Taiwan.
The 1940 population for Taito Province shows a total Karenko Province (cho):
of 86,852, an increase of 13,215 from 1935. Formosan 1935---------------...-- 117,032 98,329 15,855 76 2,772
Chinese and aborigines totaled 80,039, and there were 1940------------------ 147,743 127,915 17,606 155 2,067
Horin-gun:
6,048 Japanese, 30 Koreans, and 735 foreign Chinese. The 1935------------------ 36,910 33,612 2,512 0 786
1940 census reported 11,929 persons in the aborigine 1940------------------ 43, 113 | 40,049 2,640 0 424
territory. The province had a population density of Karen-gun:
1935------------------ 53,056 39,681 11,699 76 1,600
64.09 per Square mile and 1.4 percent of the total popu
1940------------------ 72, 119 57,065 | 13,505 140 1,409
lation of Taiwan. The population density of the two Tomazato-gun:
provinces considered as one was (1940) 74.71 per square 1935------------------ 27,066 25,036 1,644 0 386
mile. 1940------------------ 32, 511 30, 801 1, 461 15 234

Aborigines in varying stages of civilization are found Karenko-gai "------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------

in non-aborigine territory throughout the gun. However,

no Formosan-Chinese are allowed to live in aborigine 1 Includes a few foreigners other than Chinese.
territory except a very few by special permit. From 2 The census reports of 1940 indicate that Karenko was given the status
of shi (city) by an ordinance of 28 Oct. 1940. Separate population figures are
this latter fact it is possible to state that the population given for Karenko-shi for 1940, but are not here shown separately; they are
figures for the aborigine territory are the equivalent of included in the 1940 figures for Karen-gun.
the aborigine population of the territory less a handful of
Formosan-Chinese and Japanese police. But it is difficult TABLE 4.—Population of Karemko Province (cho) by sea,
to give even approximate separate figures for the number 1940
of aborigines in the non-aborigine territory. The Sources
of information are not definite nor do they fully agree. Formosan- Foreign
A fair estimate is that in Karenko-cho there are about Chinese and
aborigines
Japanese Koreans d.
28,000 aborigines, and in Taito-cho there are about 35,000. Total
In both provinces the great majority of the aborigines .3
º:
.3
º:
.3
º
.3
~
in non-aborigine territory are members of the Ami tribe. à || Prº5 || 3> || &5 || #| #| # à
> > || 3 || > || 3:
The 28,000 aborigines outside of the aborigine territory
plus the 14,000 who in 1935 were listed as in aborigine
territory make a total of nearly 42,000 aborigines in Kar Karenko Province 147,743 68,267, 59,648 9, 113| 8,493 45 110 1,454 613

enko-cho, or about 28 percent of the population. Similarly Horin-gun------- 43, 113| 20,671. 19, 378 1,373 1,267| 0 || 0 300 124
for Taito-cho, it is probable that the total number of abo Karen-gun------- 72, 119 31,486 25, 579| 6,977. 6, 528 42 98 1,008 401
rigines in the province is about 47,000 or about 54 percent Tamazato-gun---|32, 511| 16, 110 14,691 763. 698 3| 12 146 88
of the total population. First-hand reports indicate Karenko-gai "----|-------|-------|-------|------|------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

that the proportion of aborigines to Formosan-Chinese

increases as one progresses Southward in the Karenko
Taito valley from Karenko-gai and northward from Taito,
and that the largest proportion of aborigines is in the
area from Mizuho-Sho, Horin-gun, Southward through
1 Includes a few foreigners other than Chinese.
2 The census reports of 1940 indicate that Karenko was given the status
of shi (city) by an ordinance of 28 Oct. 1940. Separate population figures are
given for Karenko-shi for 1940, but are not here shown separately; they are
included in the 1940 figures for Karen-gun.
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TABLE 5.—Population of Horin-gun, Karemko-cho, by sub TABLE 6.-Population of Karen-gun, Karemko-cho, by sub
d ivisions, 1935 divisions, 1935
---------—
Formo Formo
sail- - -
i sail- - -

* ........ Foreign
Total Chinese Japanese Korean
º
Fº -
| Total
---
Chinese
and ab- Japanese Korean]...
Chinese
… 1."

origines origines
–––
--- i – ---- - - -- --

Horin-gun . 36,910 33,612 2,512 0 786 Karen-Gun . . . . . . . . -- . . - 53,056 39,681 11,690 76 1,600
- - -- *- - - - - – "Tº -- - - - ---

Horin-sho I 19,055 16,630 | 1,933 0 492 Hirano-sho I - 11, 825 11, 374 28, 4 162
----

Hafu
--|-- Bokuboku 3,702 || 3,458 129 4 111
Haributsu (runi 1,024 967 42 () 15
("himpei Hirano-Inura 323 305 11 () 7
("hugen - - Jurokko 2 838 829 () 2
("huya . . -
Kareien 993 987 4 : () 2
("hushimpo. . . . Kika 1, 218 1,207 11 () 0
Genrin Nanwan
Hayashida 3.4% 2,507 902 () 50 Nohei
Heirin Riro 1,291 1,270 15 () t;
Hokurin - - - - - - - | | | | | | | Toapun
Horin 2 -
4,370 3,814 408 0 148 Toran 2,436 2,351 66 () 19
. -
*
Kariton . . . . . . . . . . ----- - " - - -

Maribashi-mura 92.2 8.33 st () 8 Karenko-gai 1.

Mataan 5, 509 4,765 492 () 252
17, 30. 9.2% 6 sº tº 1,067

Nanko - . . . . Beiron . 1,837 1,288 539 3 7

Okakai ----|-- - - - - - - - - - - - - Karenko 2 15, 464 8,008 6, 336 t;() 1,060
Rokkaibi -- 705 700 2 () 3
Sharo - - - - - Kenkai-sho I 2,777 2, 326 411 () 40
Taiharo - . . . 4,000 4,011 48 0 31 Hokoho . . . 1,041 920 93 () 28
Shinjo z 1,736 1,405 3.18 () 12
Mizuho-sho ". . . . . . 11, 149 10,493 425 0 231 -
---
- - -
- - - - - -

Kotobuki-sho I 8,215 6,239 1,706 9 261

Basshi - - - 2,476 2,378 51 () 47
("hobaen. - - - - - - - - - - -
Chinan –––. ------ - -

("horakuma. - - ------ Churi .

Kaasan . . . . . . I)omonran
Karara -º Getsubi 1, 106 1,092 º () 5
Kimitsu 534 530 4 0 0. Gozenjo. -

| -

Koyo --- - - - - -
- - - - - - - Kada 1, 209 1,042 103 () 64
Maezuru . 958 923 23 0. 12 Keiko . " -
- -

Mizuho-Inura 2 2,982 2, 635 236 () 111 Kotobuki - 3,219 2,464 t;24 2 129
Sappa Rokei
Taraaran Sanka --
("garitsu . - -
853 852 () () 1 Shimpon
Uraribu Taihºi
U"ro Takaku - -

Yamato-Inura 3,346 3, 175 111 0 t;0 Toyoda-mura 2, 681 1, 641 970 7 t;3

Shinsha-sho I 4, 138 4,038 74 0 26 Yoshino-sho I 3,433 1.814 1,617 () | 2

Hakon 2. 1,029 1,001 24 () 4 ("huen

|
Banshoryoko - -
IDempo
: l
Enryoko Hatsune -

Hachiriwan -
Kiyomizu
Ikkenka Kyuzen
Karoran 238 238 0 () () Nampo
Koritsu 100 100 () 0. () Sobun
-
Mararoon Yoshino - 3,433 1,814 1,617 0 2
Nono 498 498 () () () º'- "- - -- - - - l - º - - -

Sekitei 42 42 0 0 () Aborigine territory. 9,505 s, 532 son 0 68

Shinsha 46, 454 4 () 3
Suirembi 1, 135 1,088 30 () 17
635 617 16 0. 2 See footnotes 1 and 2 at bottom of table 7.
Taikoko
Taisenseki
| t

Teishiro -

Aborigine territory . . . . . 2,568 2, 451 x() () 37

at bottom of table 7.

10
 RESTRICTED

TABLE 7.-Population of Tamazato-gun, Karemko-cho, by 3. Taito-cho tables

subdivisions, 1935
TABLE 8.—Population of Taito Province (cho), 1935 and
Formo 1940
Total chºse Japanese Korean F oreign
and ab- Chinese
Formo
Origines san- Foreign
Total º Japanese Korean §.

origines
Tamazato-gun---------------- 27,066 25, 036 1,644 0 386

Taisho-sho 1-------------- 9, 308 9,006 174 0 128

Taito Province (cho):
1935------------------ 73,637 66,835 5,672 28 1, 101
Bario-----------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- 1940------------------ 86,852 80,039 6,048 30 735
Goasaikei------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
Kanzan-gun:
Koho----------------- 4, 256 4, 126 57 0 73 1935------------------ 16, 546 15,083 1,365 0 98
Kooshi---------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- 1940------------------ 18, 738 17,344 1,301 0 93
Mannimpo-----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- Shinko-gun:
Nashikei-------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- 1935------------------ 18,434 17, 581 702 2 149
Riko--------------------------|---------|---------|--------|-------- 1940------------------ 22,089 21, 223 748 12 106
Ronshicho-----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- Taito-gun:
Ryukei---------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- 1935------------------ 38,657 34, 172 3,605 26 854
Sekihi----------------|---------|---------|---------|---------------- 1940------------------ 46,032 41,472 3,999 25 536
Taisho 2-------------- 1,879 1, 815 39 0 25
Tojimpo- - - ---------- 2, 347 2, 276 52 0. 19
Tokohol ------------- 826 789 26 0 11 1 Includes a few foreigners other than Chinese.

Tamazato-gai------------ 14,431 13,003 1, 171 0 257

TABLE 9.—Population of Taito Province (cho), by sea,
1940
Banuta.------------------------|---------|---------|--------|--------
Choryo-son----------- 485 441 35 0 9
Formosan - Foreign
Chujosho-------------|---------|---------|--|-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Dorin-------------------------|---------|---------|--------|--------
Chinese and Japanese Koreanslöß.
aborigines
Kannonzan- - - - - ----- 2, 612 2, 585 20 0 7
Total
Kiyomizu------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- = .S. 3. 3.
Koza-----------------|---------|------------------|--------|-------- - : - ~ -> ~ 3D -:

Kyakujinjo-----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- #> | 5 || 3
:
|| 3.5 || 3
*
|| 5 || 3 | #
> || 3 || > || 3.
Majosho-------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
Mikasa-mura--------- 893 824 64 0 5
Moshiran------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- Taito Province (cho)- 86,852 41, 608 38,431|| 3, 205 2,843. 10 220 466 269
Reishisai-------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
Sekkoko--------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- Kanzan-gun ----- 18, 738 9,094 8, 250 691 610| 0| 0 58 35
Shatokubu-----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- Shinko-gun------ 22,089 10,878 10,345. 428 320|| 3 9| 70 36
Shimorowan-- - - - - - - - 1,695 1,663 32 0 0 Taito-gun -------| 46,032. 21,636. 19,836 2,086 1,913| 7, 18 338 198
Shokura-------------- 1,923 1,911 7 0 1
Suehiro-mura- - - - - - - 1,015 974 40 0 1
Taikaryo-------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- 1 Includes a few foreigners other than Chinese.
Tamazato------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- 2 The discrepancy in this total is in the original source.

Aborigine territory------- 3,327 3,027 299 0 1 TABLE 10.-Population of Kanzan-gun, Taito-cho, by sub
divisions, 1935
1 Population data for 1940 were available for the province and gum only.
Formo
Figures for sho and gai are taken from H. Sawada, Nihon Chimei Daijiten, San- -

- - Foreign
1939, and are for 1935. Sawada lists the villages and towns within the sho Total Chinese
and ab- Japanese Korean ºf
Chinesel
and gai and gives population figures for them, the total of which equal the
origines
population figure for the respective sho and gai. However, many additional
villages have been located in the various sho and gai in addition to those
listed in the population tables available. It has been assumed that the Kanzan-gun ------------------ 16, 546 15,083 1,365 0 98
total population figures for the sho and gai are correct and that in compiling
the figures for the various villages in the sho and gai many small inhabited Ikegami-sho 3-- - - - - - - - - - - 3,955 3,858 56 0 41
villages were listed as one. Consequently the population figures given for
the various villages and towns should not be considered accurate for the par Banan--------------- 698 696 1 0 1
ticular village or town named but should be considered as the population Bancho--------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
for that town or village and neighboring dependent settlements. In these Daiha----------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
tables the names of villages for which no population figures are given are Ikegami-------------- 1, 153 1, 108 35 0 10
villages not listed by Sawada but which have been ascertained to exist in Rikuwan-------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
the sho or gai. Shinkaien 3----------- 2, 104 2,054 20 0 30
2 Administrative centers. Suitsui---------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
Taiho----------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------

Kanzan-sho 3------------- 3,803 3,386 367 0 50

-

— — —— . .

See footnotes at end of table.

11
 RESTRICTED

TABLE 10.-Population of Kanzan-gun, Taito-cho, by sub TABLE 11.-Population of Shimlco-gum, Taito-cho, by sub
divisions, 1935—Continued divisions, 1935–Continued

Formo- Formo
sail- - sail- - iºr
Total º: Japanese Korean §. Total º: Japanese Korean §.
origines origines

Kanzan-gun—Continued Shinko-gun—Continued
Kanzan-sho-Continued Kasowan-sho-Con.
Haitotowan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kasowanto.----------|--------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Kanzan *... . . . . . . .. 3,203 2,789 364 0 50 Sangenoku. ---. - - - - - - 812 804 3 0 5

Raikoka- - - - - - ... 600 597 3. 0. 0 Sekineiho. -- . . . . . . . . 551 542 9 0 0.
Suiseishi-----------|----------------------------------|-------- Sekko----------------|---------|--------|-------|--------|--------
Tokkohanryo - . . . . . . . . ----|---------|---------|--------|-------- Suibotei. -------------|-------|-------|--|--|--|--|--|-------
Taigurai------------|---------|---------|-- - - -------|--------
Shikano-sho -- - -- . . . . . . . 3. 866 3,393 466 0 7 Taihoho--------------|---------|---------|--------|--------|--------

Akoryo------- - - - - ------|--------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Shinko-sho ---------------| 7,858 7, 238 557 2 61

Daihobi...— . . . . . . ----------------------------------- --- - - - - -- -- - - - -- - - - -- - - -

Inaba. ------. -------------------------------------- Bisharoku------------|-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ohara.------- - 1,311 1,279 27 0 5 Boshizon.-----------. 606 606 () 0 0

Paiyapai. . . . . . . ------------------------------------ Hakushuren.-------|---------|--|-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ---
Raparapa------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- Hassoan-------------|---------|--|--|--|--| -- . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rokuryo. ------. | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kanarai------------- 925 919 t; 0 0
Shikano 3-- - - - - - - . . . 2, 100 1,672 426 () 2 Paogan--------------|---------|--|--|--|- . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - -

Shinro------. . . . . . . . !---------|-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Seikoo--------------- 854 827 26 0 1

Tsukino.… 455 442 12 0 0 Sekkansan. . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

– Shajowan. . . . . . . . . . . 849 849 () 0 0

Aborigine territory. . . . . . 4, 922 4,446 476 0 0 Shinko 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,231 2, 655 515 2 59
Shirokogai - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Shobabukutsu . . . . . . . 398 398 () ()

1 Includes a few foreigners other than Chinese. Toreki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 601 1, 590 1() 0 1
2 Population data for 1940 were available for the province and gun only. Usekibi ------------|---------|---------|----- - --------|--|--|--
Figures for sho and gai are taken from H. Sawada, Nihon Chimei Daijiten,
1939, and are for 1935. Sawada lists the villages and towns within the sho Toran-sho -- . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,732 4, 648 82 0. 2
and gai and gives population figures for them, the total of which equal the - -- -

population figure for the respective sho and gai. However, many additional Aririyan-------------|-------|-- ----|--|--|--|--------|--------
villages have been located in the various sho and gai in addition to those listed Bababi ... ------------|- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

in the population tables available. It has been assumed that the total IDaibabukutsu- ~... . . 756 710 4t, 0 0
population figures for the sho and gai are correct and that in compiling the Hachiribo 3. ...-------. 824 824 0 0 0
figures for the various villages in the sho and gai many small inhabited villages Kalimoko... -------- tºº tº () 0 0
were listed as one. Consequently, the population figures given for the various Karohawan. . . . . . . . . . 1,098 1,073 25 0 0
villages and towns should not be considered accurate for the particular village Owakku -- . . . .. . . . . --------|-- . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . . . --

or town named but should be considered as the population for that town or Tegaro--------------|--------|- - --- - - - ------|--------
village and neighboring dependent settlements. In these tables the names Terabinan . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

of villages for which no population figures are given are villages not listed by Toran - - -- - - - - - - - - - 1,421 1,408 11 0 2
Sawada but which have been ascertained to exist in the sho or gai.
3 Administrative centers. Aborigine territory +
| | |
TABLE 11.-Population of Shinko-gun, Taito-cho, by sub
divisions, 1935 1 Includes a few foreigners other than Chinese.
2 Population data for 1940 were available for the province and gun only.
Figures for sho and gai are taken from H. Sawada, Nihon Chimei Daijiten,
Formo
sail- -
1939, 9nd are for 1935. Sawada lists the villages and towns within the sho
- - Foreign -

and gai and gives population figures for them, the total of which equal the
Total Chinese
and ab- Japanese Korean Chinesel
º'
population figure for the respective sho and gai. However, many additional
origines
villages have been located in the various sho and gai in addition to those
listed in the population tables available. It has been assumed that the total
Shinko-gun --- . . . . . . . . . . . - 18,434 17, 581 702 2 149 population figures for the sho and gai are correct and that in compiling the
figures for the various villages in the sho and gai many small inhabited vil
Kasowan-sho -- . .... . . . 5, 844 5, 695 63 0 86 lages were listed as one. Cousequently the population figures given for the
various villages and towns should not be considered accurate for the par
Bakakai... . . . . . . . . 1, 272 1,255 7 0 10 ticular village or town named but should be considered as the population
Chikko ----|--|-- for that town or village and neighboring dependent settlements. In these
IDaisobetsu --- . . . . . . 723 722 () 0 I tables the names of villages for which no population figures are given are
Hashiho --------. . . ... ------|---------|--------|-------- -
villages not listed by Sawada but which have been ascertained to exist in
Karoku vill. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...!---------|---- ----|--------|- ... . . . . the sho or gºi.
Kashiritsu . . . . . . . - 594 57.1 7 0 16 * Administrative centers.
Kasowambi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -------------|---------|--------|-------- * Shinko-gun lies entirely outside of aborigine territory. Consequently,
Kasowan 3- 1, 286 1, 195 37 0 54 no figures are given for aborigines in Shinko-gun.
See footnotes at end of table.

12
 RESTRICTED

TABLE 12-—Population of Taito-gun, Taito-cho, by sub TABLE 12.-Population of Taito-gun, Taito-cho, by sub
divisions, 1935 divisions, 1935—Continued

Formo Formo
San- -
San- ; Foreign
Total
-

Chinese
and
Foreign
ab- Japanese Korean Chinesel
ºf Total º Japanese Korean §.

origines Origines

Taito-gun-------------------- 38,657 34, 172 3,605 26 854 Taito-gun—Continued

Taito-gai–Continued
Daibu-sho 2-------------- 1,985 1,779 197 1 8 Kowazan------------- 417 407 6 4 0
Rikirikichi----------- 336 335 1 0 0
Basshido------------- 194 194 || 0 0 0 Saruka------------------------|---------|---------|----------------
Daibu 8-------------- 734 558 167 -1 8 Taito *--------------- 8,886 5,743 2, 341 23 778
Daichikko------------ 221 203 18 0 Totoo----------------------------------|---------|--------|--------
Daicho------------------------------------------|----------------
Daichoman- - - ------- 276 264 12 0 0 Tamari-sho 3------------- 2,975 2,904 65 0 6
Goshiro-------------- 112 112 0 0 0.
Kannaheki----------- 207 207 0 0 0 Bunrikaku-----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
Shishishi------------- 241 241 0 0 0 Daitokkitsu---------- 188 185 3 0 0
Taikei-------------------------|---------------------------------- Dasekidaran--------- 304 304 0 0 0
Kanshiron----------- 255 233 22 0 0
Hinan-sho 2-------------- 8,094 7, 714 344 1 35 Koran-----------------------------------------------------------
Koshiran------------- 270 266 4 0 0
Aripai----------------|---------|------------------|--------|-------- Oshiran -------------- 82 82 0 0 0
Chihon-------------- 2,279 2, 222 47 0 10 Paragiraru-----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------
Ganwan-------------------------------|---------|---------------- Radaketsu----------- 251 251 0 0 0
Hashikao------------- 1,404 1,334 58 1 11 Sarambi-------------- 493 486 7 0 0
Hinan 8-------------- 1, 702 1, 550 152 0 0 Taibukutsu---------- 326 326 0 0 0
Hinashiki------------ 482 472 10 0 0 Tamari 8------------- 806 711 29 0 6
Kyushabakan--------|------ ---|---------|---------|--------|-------- Aborigine territory.----------- 7, 753 7, 483 270 0 0
Miwa-mura---------- 325 322 3 0 0
Rika----------------- 1, 902 1,814 74 0 14
Shinshabakan-----------------|---------|---------|--------|-------- 1 Includes a few foreigners other than Chinese.
Tabarako---------------------|---------------------------------- 2 Population data for 1940 were available for the province and gun only.
Figures for sho and gai are taken from H. Sawada, Nihon Chimei Daijitem,
Kashoto-sho 2------------ 2, 274 2,256 18 0 0 1939, and are for 1935. Sawada lists the villages and towns within the sho
and gai and gives population figures for them, the total of which equal the
Churyo 8------------- 889 883 6 0 0 population figure for the respective sho and gai. However, many additional
Kokan--------------- 442 442 0 0 0 villages have been located in the various sho and gai in addition to those listed
Nanryo-------------- 943 931 12 0 0 in the population tables available. It has been assumed that the total popu
lation figures for the sho and gai are correct and that in compiling the figures
Taito-gai 2---------------- 15, 576 | 12,035 2,711 24 805
for the various villages in the sho and gai many small inhabited villages were
listed as one. Consequently the population figures given for the various
Arapanna------------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- villages and towns should not be considered accurate for the particular vil
Asahi-mura---------- 2,027 1,840 184 3 lage or town named but should be considered as the population for that town
Baran---------------- 3, 583 3,390 172 1 20 or village and neighboring dependent settlements. In these tables the names
Fugen-mura----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|-------- of villages for which no population figures are given are villages not listed by
Karoran-------------- 327 320 7 0 Sawada but which have been ascertained to exist in the sho or gai.
3 Administrative centers.

13
RESTRICTED
III. GOVERNMENT AND POLICE
1. General
The government of Taiwan is an autocracy. The total
itarian control which the Japanese exercise over the island
is a part of their plan to Japanize its inhabitants and to
exploit them for the advancement of Japanese interests.
The people of Taiwan—the Japanese as well as the For
mosan-Chinese—have no direct representation in the Diet
in Tokyo. At the head of the government is the governor
general, who is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.
Though he is directly responsible to the imperial govern
ment in Tokyo, the governor-general wields extensive
power within Taiwan. There are some restrictions on his
authority, but for the most part he is a dictator in every
thing but name. Those who assist him most in the execu
tion of Japanese policy throughout the island are the
provincial governors. The Japanese dictatorship passes
from them in turn to the local gun administration and
eventually to the lowest official in the administrative
hierarchy.
It is common to speak of the eight major political sub
divisions of Taiwan as the five “provinces” and the three
“districts” or the five “prefectures” and the three “sub
prefectures.” “Province” has become a generally accepted
translation of “shu” and is the term applied to the five
major political subdivisions on the north and west coasts
of the island, namely, Taihoku, Shinchiku, Taichu, Tainan,
and Takao. The Japanese term designating the remain
ing three major political subdivisions is “cho” and refers
to Karenko, Taito, and Boko (the Pescadores). The cho
differs from the shu in details of administration. The gov
ernor of a cho has somewhat less power than the governor
of the shu. He is more restricted in his power over his
subordinate officials and he is subject to greater control
by the chief of police affairs department of the governor
general. Throughout this handbook, the two major politi
cal subdivisions on the east coast will be referred to as
Karenko-cho or province and Taito-cho or province.
The provincial governments of the cho are each presided
over by a governor of sonin rank. Each is nominated by
the governor-general, but appointed by the Tokyo Govern
ment, with the approval of the Emperor. Each is under
the direct supervision of the governor-general. Within the
sphere of his own province, his authority is quite extensive.
He may, in accordance with his official position, issue
ordinances and append thereto penal regulations involv
ing imprisonment or fines not less than 10 sen nor more
than Y20. He can also cancel or stop the orders of the
ſ/un and gai heads and the police stations which are issued
at variance with cho regulations or damage the public
welfare or which interfere with established authority. In
the event military force is needed for the maintenance of
public peace within his jurisdiction, he must send a written
14
request to the governor-general. However, in case of an
emergency, he may immediately request troops from army
and navy commanders within his cho.
When the governor of a cho is incapacitated, a local di
rector or a resident local police superintendent will, in the
order of official rank, act in his behalf. In the event there
is no one to take over his duties, the governor-general will
direct a senior official to assume the duties of the governor.
The latter, however, can appoint one of the officials of his
department to exercise part of his authority during the
temporary period of his absence. All appointments, of
course, must meet with the approval of the governor
general.
Each cho, like the other provinces, has a provincial
assembly. Though the Japanese refer to the assembly as
the “legislative organ” of the province, it is hardly in
accord with the democratic conception of a legislature.
The assemblymen are not elected by the province, but are
appointed by the governor general. He selects them from
those persons with education and good reputation who
live within the province. It is taken for granted that no
one is appointed who is not politically reliable and con
vincingly sympathetic towards Japan. The cho assembly
makes up the yearly budget, and excepting for matters
fixed by statute, decides upon the expenditures of the prov
ince, the provincial tax, labor and property assessments,
loans, endowments, and the like. The chairman of the
assembly is the governor.
Unlike the five regular shu, a cho (loes not have a pro
vincial council.
Each cho is subdivided into three gun. Each gun head
(gumshu) is appointed by the governor-general. The ac
tivities of each gunshu can be expanded or contracted ac
cording to the needs of time and place. On the whole it is
his responsibility to carry out the administrative policy
of the provincial governinent within the area of his juris
diction. Each gun head, under the supervision of the gov
ernor, enforces laws, apportions the administrative affairs
of his department, and superintends government employ
ees. He also directs police affairs. Local police superin
tendents, police inspectors, assistant police inspectors, and
policemen stationed within the gun are under his supervi
sion. So are the leaders in the hoko system. Each ſ/um
head must make a full report to the governor regarding
the promotion and demotion of junior officials under his
direction. The gunshu may also cancel or suspend actions
taken by the head of either a gai or a sho if it is deemed
that these dispositions are contrary to regulations, harm
ful to public interest, or infringe on established authority.
If the gunshu is incapacitated, the governor appoints an
other official to represent the affairs of his office. The head
of a gun may appoint an official to take charge of a part of

his duties for a temporary period. The provincial gover
nor supervises the affairs of each gun within his province.
The gun office has the responsibility of seeing to it that
the administrative policies of the government-general and
the provincial governor are diffused and executed with
thoroughness. As the gum offices were constituted in 1941,
they existed merely to carry out the national and pro
vincial policies at the local level.
From what evidence there is available, it appears that
One of the crying needs of the gun administration is more
adequate financial support. It seems that there are insuffi
cient grants from the larger budgets. All of the gun offi
cials are of low rank and their salaries are as little as Y40
per month. The gunshu may receive a salary of as much
as Y100 per month “more or less,” but he is an exception.
Such salaries are not commensurate with the weight of the
duties expected to be performed and as a consequence
those Japanese who accept appointment are not of the
highest quality as administrators. In some few instances
Formosan-Chinese are given “honorary appointments,”
bearing no income. All of the gun officials have been
burdened with changing laws due to economic changes,
and numerous notices and instructions from the higher
governmental officers.
Even though the burden of duties has been steadily on
the increase, little has been done (as late as 1941 at least)
to improve the lot of the official in the gun level of gov
ernment and below. Mutual-aid measures, allowances for
families, and emergency allowances have been established
for officials in the higher brackets, but the men below the
sixth grade or rank are yet to receive the real Support
and encouragement needed from the higher echelons of
government.
Insofar as the governor-general is concerned, it appears
that the gun officers are looked upon merely as instru
ments to carry out the will of the higher authorities and
policy makers. Little initiative is expected of them, and
little is done to give them effective support through funds
for public expenditure or reward for individual service.
In more extreme cases, the chief of the gun sometimes
abuses the police power which he possesses, in order to
achieve the things he has been ordered to do and which he
believes must be done.
A local council, Selected from among the prominent mem
bers of the community, assists the head of the gun. The
functions of the gun administration are divided between
general affairs (such as public works administration) and
police affairs, or law and order.
Though the sources of information on gai and sho gov
ernment in the cho are exceedingly meager, it can be as
sumed that administrative organization conforms to the
same pattern found in other five provinces. If this assump
tion is true, gai and sho government is organized as fol
lows. Each gai is responsible to the provincial government
through the gun administration. Gai and sho heads are
appointed by the governor-general. The gai chief (gaicho)
presides over the gai assembly (gaikyogikai) of 8 to 20
members. Half of this membership is appointed by the
governor of the province and half is elected by the local
people eligible to vote. The term of membership is 4 years.
15
RESTRICTED
The function of the gai assembly is the Submission of Opin
ions on various problems when asked to do so by higher
authority.
Each sho is likewise responsible to the provincial gov
ernment through the gun administration. Willage heads
are appointed by the governor-general. Membership, or
ganization, and duties in the village assembly (shokyogi
kai) parallel that of the town assembly. These assemblies
are in no sense of the word legislative bodies. They exist
only to give advice, when requested, on local matters.
There is no obligation on the part of the town or village
head to ask advice of the assembly or to follow such advice
when given. Furthermore, the governor-general may dis
solve the town Or Village assemblies at Will.
2. Hoiko, soteidan, and associations
At the bottom of the administrative pyramid in the
shu and cho is the holco System. It is based upon an Old
Chinese community organization (paochia) of household
groups. Exactly when the system was first established
in Taiwan is unknown, but before the Japanese took over
Taiwan, this traditional Chinese association of households
was the principal community organization on the island.
It was initiated as a form of local defense. The eldest in
every household (or a deputy appointed by him or selected
by the family) met with the eldest representatives of
neighboring houses, usually in groups of about 10. Prob
lems of mutual interest were discussed and cooperative
action taken on many aspect of community life, including
the selection of spokesmen responsible to the local Chinese
Government representatives, communal work in irrigation,
road maintenance, tax collection, and many other func
tions not undertaken directly by the provincial government.
During the invasion and military campaign of occupation,
these same groups often supported guerilla activities, and
made possible the prolonged resistance of the untrained,
ill-equipped and disorganized Formosan army.
During the long period of serious unrest, which followed
the cession of Taiwan to Japan, the most urgent need
for the island was the assurance of peace and order. It
was this vital requirement which induced the Japanese to
give the pao-chia system legal status in 1898. The name
given to it thereafter, however, was hoko. Since the
primary purpose of the Japanese in adopting this system
was to secure peace and order, the hoko became in essence
an auxiliary agency to the police, cooperating closely with
the police force in combating crimes, preventing infectious
diseases and helping the people in natural calamities.
The Japanese claim, of course, that one of the most im
portant reasons for their adoption of the pao-chia system
was to show the newly acquired people of Taiwan proper
respect for their established organizations, customs, and
traditions. In 1909 the scope of the holco system was
widened to include assistance to the local civil adminis
tration.
A ho consists of about 100 households. The unique
feature of the holco system in Taiwan is that it does not
strictly prescribe a number of households as a basis of
its hoko organization. The use of the word “about” is
the unique feature. Thus the organization is quite elastic
and varies according to locality. At the head of each ho
=
RESTRICTED
is a leader (hosei) who is elected by the householders
within the ho. The election of the hosei is subject to the
approval of the gun head, the respective heads of the gun
and local police stations, and the provincial governor. The
hosei must be 20 years of age or above; he must be the
head of a household within the holco district, and he must
not have a criminal record. The duties of the hosei are
in general as follows: to supervise the ko leader in his
work, to prevent the inhabitants within the ho from violat
ing the law, to aid the police officials in the search for
and capture of criminals, to deal with violators of the hoko
regulations, to take part in the granting of prizes and
subsidies as prescribed by regulations, to help with the
collection and disposal of fines, and to aid in other matters
pertaining to the income and expenses of the organization.
The term of office of the hosei is 2 years and he may be
reelected.
The ko is a subdivision of the ho. It is made up of
about 10 households. At the head of the ko is a leader
(kocho) who is elected by the householders within the ko.
The election of the kocho is subject to the approval of
the gun head, and the respective heads of the gun and
local police stations. The qualifications of the kocho are
the same as that of the hosei. In general duties of the
former are as follows: to aid the ho leader in his work,
to investigate the households within the ko, and to keep
a check on persons coming to and from the ko area, to aid
the police officials and the ho leaders in the capture of
criminals, to prevent the inhabitants of the ko from vio
lating the law, to enforce obedience to the hoko regula
tions, and to report all changes within the ko. Like the
hosei, the kocho's term of office is 2 years. If he fulfills
his duties satisfactorily, he can qualify for reelection.
The lowest unit in the holco System is the individual
household. At its head is the koshu. He is generally the
father of the family, but he may be the eldest son in case
the father dies or retires. Should the eldest son die the
next son in line would become the koshu. In the event
that there were no more male heirs, the mother would act
as the koshu. If she should remarry and bring her husband
to live within her household, he would adopt her family's
name and henceforth assume the duties of the koshu. It
is rare for a Formosan-Chinese woman to unarry a second
time, but if she does and in case she goes to live with her
second husband, she loses her rights within her original
household. On the other hand, if the mother does not
remarry, but her daughter takes a husband and brings
him to her household to live with her, he would adopt
her family's name and would henceforth act as the koshu
in place of his mother-in-law.
The koshu represents the family in the hoko system.
He pays the assessments and fees of the household, and
makes periodic reports to the ko leader. In particular,
the koshu is called upon to keep the members of his house
hold from committing any misdeeds which would embar
rass the community. Besides, he is required to furnish in
formation regarding criminals, suspicious characters, or
persons suspected of having infectious diseases. He re
ports births, deaths, and other changes in his household.
The koshu gives notice concerning people in transit or in
sojourn. He also collects fines and expenses for the hoko.
16
Before a hoko can be organized, permission must be
secured by presenting a petition to the appropriate provin
cial governor. The petition should contain the joint sig
natures of the heads of the households in the proposed ko
together with a set of hoko regulations. It must also
include the following: the name of the hoko, the boundary
of the hoko, the gai-sho within the boundary, the number
of households, and a map of the hoko district. (Gai means
town and sho means village. The two used together fre
quently refer to “small communities” and their administra
tion.) It must be organized after the established custom
of the territory and within the area under the jurisdic
tion of the gun head. The ko are organized so as to con
sist of houses adjacent to each other which are counted
from a certain direction in the ho. Ordinarily both the
ho and the ko are within the boundaries of a single ſyai
or sho. A number of gai or sho can form a single ho,
but one gai or sho cannot belong to more than one hoko.
When a number of ho wish to cooperate on matters that
cut across their boundaries, they may, with the permis
sion of the provincial governor, organize a league of ho
to confer on the subjects. The ho in a gun do not appear
to be organized into a single unit, and neither are the
ho in a province. Since all the actions of the holco are
subject to approval by the Japanese authorities, it seems
as if the Japanese have kept the hoko broken into separate
units in order to facilitate their control. This control
includes fining all the members of a ko for a crime com
mitted by one.
Each ho has its own office with a secretary in charge
in the local police station. It is here that the accounts,
rosters, and other significant documents of the holco are
housed for safekeeping. The expenditures and fines are
kept by the ho leader in postal savings or by some other
appropriate method. All matters concerning the holco are
under strict police supervision. The policeman-in-charge,
police Sergeant, or supervisor of the surveillance district,
constantly inspects all accounts to make certain there are
no mistakes. The supervisor of the surveillance district
inspects the holco office one or more times every 3 months,
and the policeman-in-charge one or more times each month.
Both must inspect the expenditures, fines, documents, and
rosters of the holco.
Generally, hoko expenditures amount to about 60 sen
per month for each household, funds for which are collected
as an obligatory fee. Hoko officers work without pay.
However, in special cases, if it is deemed necessary to
compensate them, permission is obtained from the provin
cial governor. By not giving regular pay to the officers of
the hoko, the Japanese Government in Taiwan thus frees
itself of a large administrative expense. The system also
facilitates contributions and levies for special purposes.
Such requisitions often take the form of requests, but no
Formosan-Chinese dares resist a system which in fact
represents the police.
A significant aspect of the hoko system is the hoko con
ference. At least once every year the head of the gun and
the proper police authorities must muster the heads of the
ho within their jurisdiction. Though the sources of in
formation on some of these points are meager, it is more
than likely that the heads of the ko are also called to the

-pb b.I]xo Jo SoAIosuloul oxople.I esoubduſ' oun “ult:3 tº oiloh
varies from place to place. In some cases it would un
doubtedly only include a small number of ho and ko, while
in others it might easily include all the ho and ko in a given
gai Or sho.
The conference is the only deliberative organ in the hoko
system. During the conference, the heads of the ho report
on the work and progress of the organization, while the
gun head and the police officials make known to the holco
leaders any new laws and give them instructions in all
matters which coordinate the Work of the hoko. The Con
ference is designed not only to issue government orders,
but also to receive solicitations and appeals from the hoko
leaders. In short, it is the machinery whereby the will
and ideas of those who govern may be made known to those
who are governed for the guidance of the latter, and the
will and ideas of those who are governed are communi
cated to those who govern. This does not mean that the
leaders of the holco have any voice in deciding which of
their recommendations or suggestions will be accepted or
denied. Final authority in all these matters rests with
Japanese officialdom. Even so, one of the outstanding
features of the hoko system lies in the fact that it func
tions as the intermediary between the local governmental
administrative agencies and the people living within the
area COncerned.
The most important single function of the hoko System
today is to serve as an auxiliary organ of the police. Offi
cers of the hoko are instructed and Supervised by the
gunshu, and police station heads. Their immediate super
visor is the policeman in charge of the ho. It is his duty
to supervise the enactment of the hoko rules, the duties of
the holco, and the general work of the hoko. When a ho
or ko leader fails in his duty, he is punished by the police.
Punishment generally includes one of three forms—a fine
of ¥100 or less, dismissal or reprimand. Close police
supervision of the hoko system means that the thought and
activities of every household can be easily controlled. In
recent years meetings in towns and villages for anti-foreign
exhortation have been quickly and efficiently called by
means of the hoko system. As a subsidiary agency of the
police and the local administration, it is an effective
weapon for strengthening the home front.
In practice, the hoko system has been utilized as a means
to Japanize the Formosan population. In the past the
chief of the ho was by tradition the patriach of the vil
lage, and these offices were held almost without exception
by old men. At present, knowledge of the Japanese lan
guage is made a requisite for the position of chief. This
has resulted in a complete change in personnel, with lead
ership almost invariably resting in the hands of young
men whose education has been under Japanese teachers.
The question of membership in the hoko system cannot
be answered completely. It seems, however, that it is
open only to native Formosan-Chinese, and that Japanese
from Japan, aborigines, and foreigners are not eligible to
membership. It is probable that foreign Chinese are con
sidered in the category of foreigners.
An organization within the hoko system which plays
a role of no little importance in local affairs is the young
17
RESTRICTED
men's association (soteidam). The soteidam is made up of
men between the ages of 17 and 40 who are “morally irre
proachable, brave, reliable, and of strong physique,” to
quote the Japanese. Fundamentally, the youth corps is
an organization which assists in the execution of police
affairs under the direction of police officers. In this ca
pacity, its members are supposed to guard against bandits,
help suppress insurgents, and assist in time of natural
disaster Such as flood, fire, and typhoon. They may also
engage in anti-Spy work. Since the soteidan is an organ
ization ready to act in all sort of emergencies, its mem
bers must undergo strict training and discipline. They
are mustered from time to time by the police and given the
supervision and instruction which is deemed necessary for
the execution of their tasks. When a member of the
80teidam is on duty, he is supposed to wear a specially de
signed uniform. He is unarmed and serves without pay,
but he is sometimes given board money when on special
duty.
The sources of information on the soteidan not only are
meager, but also the facts which they offer are not always
consistent. One Japanese source maintains that before
a soteidan can be established, the ho and Ico leaders must
Secure the approval of the provincial governor through the
appropriate gun office. Another, however, states that the
ho and ko leaders must have the permission of the civil
administrator of the government-general. Whether this
permission is procured through the provincial governor
and his gun representatives is not clear. It is fair to
assume that it probably is.
In describing the formation of the soteidam, the Jap
anese are not always specific enough to warrant authori
tative comment. It seems, however, that the soteidan is
established within the individual ko, and that these in
turn group together to form the youth corps of the ho.
In Some cases, when local circumstances warrant it, sev
eral ho units unite to form a soteidan. When a youth
corps is organized from a union of two or more ho, sep
arate rules and regulations must be drawn up for the
assessment, collection, and disbursement of funds. In re
Questing permission to establish a soteidan the ho leaders
must supply the Japanese authorities with the following
information: the name of the gun and the gai-sho in
which the soteidan is to be organized ; the number of its
leaders, officers, and members; and the methods to be used
in performing duties, in addition to the methods for han
dling income and disbursement.
In each soteidan a leader and a number of assistant
leaders are elected by the members of the organization.
Their election, however, must receive the sanction of the
Japanese authorities. The leaders of each youth corps
are supervised and instructed by the gum head and the
local police officials. The soteidan leader directs those
under him and in turn is aided by the assistant leaders
in the execution of his tasks.
As in the hoko system, the expenditures of the soteidam
are paid by the people living within the particular ho in
which it is organized. In addition, all accounts of what
ever nature are subject to inspection by Japanese officials.
Here again, the Japanese relieve themselves of extra ad
RESTRICTED
ministrative expenses by forcing the people of any given
ho to finance their own youth organization. They also free
themselves of many minor administrative chores by plac
ing the responsibility for thein on the members of the
soteidan.
Though the soteida n is organized on a national basis in
Taiwan, the Japanese have not permitted it to develop
into a strongly centralized organization with independent
powers and responsibilities. To indicate the rigid control
which the Japanese exercise over the soteidan, it should be
pointed out that all regulations concerning the organiza
tion, i. e., instruction, training, discipline, expenditures,
supervision, election of the leaders, and what little author
ity is delegated to them are all decided by government
general order. If the civil administrator of the govern
ment-general decides that the xoteidan as a national or
ganization or any particular group thereof is detrimental to
the public welfare, he can order its immediate dissolution.
At the end of the year 1938, there were 1,035 soteidan
in Taiwan, with 1,035 leaders, and 5,070 assistant leaders.
The total membership was 42,601.
The soteidan is not to be confused with the scimendan,
another youth organization found throughout the empire.
While the former is a purely Formosan institution, the
latter originated in Japan and has as its purpose the incul
cation of a national Japanese spirit. Both Japanese and
Formosans belong to the seinendum. As of March 1938,
the total membership in Taiwan was 114,465. The organi
zation is especially active on occasions of festivals and
air-raid drills. The young men's training associations
(seinenkurendan) meet for the purpose of military drill.
It was reported in 1939 that they were preparing the way
for eventual military service for Formosans.
Administration on the local community level is also
effected in some degree by numerous associations—live
stock associations, credit associations, marketing associ
ations, irrigation associations, etc., and village associa
tions. These associations spring in part from the life of
the people and in part are superimposed by the Japanese
authorities. In general they have been established with
gun officials taking leadership, but they are unofficial in
fact. Although they are used as unofficial agencies of the
government with the government expecting many things
of them, they have no explicit basis in law. The work
carried out by these associations is not the function of
government officials as such, but leadership is effected by
men in the dual capacity of private individual and gun
official.
The Buraku-kai or village associations are patterned
after Japanese homeland rural assemblies. In Taiwan
they have been promoted by the Japanese and in fact
transact public business, though they are legally private
or monofficial organizations, without official funds. No
financial allotments accompany the official orders which
emanate from higher authority with mandatory effect.
It is at this point in Japanese administrative organization
that the cost of government in such a large measure is
shifted directly to the people and does not appear in offi
cial budgets or accounting. To its own advantage, Jap
anese officialdom maintains that these organizations are
18
merely “voluntary" meetings of the residents of a locality,
and that they have no public character, and that therefore
there is no obligation on the part of the central govern
ment to arrange for or to provide their finance. If there
are any expenses to be met—and there usually are—it is
up to the residents to meet them. Specific instances in
clude such activities as the maintenance of roads, the
building of shrines, the repair of bridges, and the clearing
of airfields. Sometimes partial subsidies or grants-in-aid
are made where the undertaking is of such magnitude as
to make local efforts wholly insufficient.
The Seura-Aſaku or “go-between” is one of the most im
portant figures in local administration in Taiwan. When
the Japanese first invaded the island, they were faced
with an acute language problem, having few officials who
could speak both Japanese and Formosan-Chinese dialects.
To meet this difficulty (as well as the difficulty of dealing
with many unfamiliar customs and standards), there
developed the practice of one or more prominent or re
sponsible men in the community to act as “go-betweens”
in receiving Japanese orders and conveying them, with
explanations, to the general public. At present this official
“go-between” or agent is often at the same time the head
of the local ho or ko organization, a Formosan-Chinese
prominent among his own people.
Relations between Japanese officialdom on the lowest
levels and the local population is neither uniformly good
nor bad anywhere in the island. Some communities are
fortunate in having Japanese administrators who are
earnest in their effort to improve and develop local social
and economic conditions and who are honest in their
belief that the Formosan-Chinese can be assimilated to
the Japanese Empire in spirit as well as in political and
economic regulation. The character and community spirit
of the local Formosan-Chinese leaders can also affect offi
cial relations with the public. In some districts the Jap
anese rely upon police power or the threat of it, and
Formosan-Chinese of real integrity do not offer their serv
ices. In such a situation the heads of the ho and the ko
and of other officially sponsored organizations are either
local Deople performing their duties under coercion (under
threat of economic or corporal reprisals) or persons whose
willingness to collaborate with the Japanese makes them
objectionable to their own people.
It should be emphasized that, whereas the official gun
offices, the associations, and the village associations
(buraku-kai) are sponsored or staffed by the Japanese, the
hoko organization is an indigenous cooperative Chinese
community arrangement.
The hoko organizations and the buraku (village) or
ganizations exist in the same communities, but the areas
which they cover are not necessarily coincident. That is
to say, by virtue of their geographic distribution, members
of a given hoko organization may be at the same time
members of different village associations or vice versa.
In an attempt to accelerate the assimilation of the
local Formosan-Chinese to the Japanese way of thinking
and doing things, there has been an increased effort to use
the hoko organization. They are now called “Imperial
people's hoko association” (kom in-hoko-kai). The Japa

nese authorities have increased their efforts to bind the
people to the Japanese war machine and in doing so have
created for themselves a much more complicated local
organization.
There is evidence that the Japanese have failed to make
a careful distinction between the rules and regulations
(as well as the motivating purposes) of the shigaisho
(local Japanese officialdom) representing the government
general, and the hoko system, representing the basic or
ganization of the Formosan-Chinese community. The re
cent “patriotic movement” within the hoko groups has
been stimulated and directed by the police, but insofar as
finance and immediate purpose are concerned, it remains
quite unconnected with the local and central government.
It should be borne in mind that the hoko groups and the
local and central governments are in reality entirely Sep
arate organizations as far as sentiment is concerned.
The elaboration of local officialdom in recent years has
probably hastened the detailed organization of the hoko
for Japanese nationalist purposes. However, it is neces
sary to keep the functions of these two bodies, i. e., the
local government and the holco, distinctly separate.
The low wage and the hard work in the civil administra
tion have apparently resulted in a very high turnover of
local Japanese officialdom in the recent past, or at least
in many applications for reassignments, for there has been
comment upon the lessening of these requests as the bene
fits of emergency allowances, pensions, etc., began to be
felt in the lower brackets of administration.
In the more advanced communities—communities adja
cent to cities or for the longest time under complete dom
inance of Japanese authorities—the role of the setta-yaku
or “go-between” is accepted as a routine matter of course
and the position is taken in succession by prominent mem
bers of the community. In the more remote and less
tightly organized rural areas, however, the authorities ap
pear to have greater difficulty in securing the services of
local Formosan-Chinese leaders.
There is indirect evidence that resistance has been met
in the effort to shift as much administrative Work as pos
sible to the members and officers of the village associa
tion, other occupational associations, and the leaders of
the ho and ko. A demand has arisen that clerks (shoki)
paid by the government be appointed to each village admin
istration to assist in the details. It is not known Whether
this has been accomplished by this time.
In addition to the hoko system, it is reliably reported
that there is a municipal chokai system in Taiwan. The
chokai system, which is similar to that in the municipali
ties of Japan, provides a convenient network of unofficial
control extending from the mayor's office to the individual
homes of city inhabitants. A city is divided into a num
ber of sections, and a head of each section is appointed by
the mayor. This office is honorary and carries no com
pensation. However, a certain sum of money is appropri
ated by the municipality for expenses of maintaining an
office. Subcommittee members are appointed in each secº
tion by the section head, and carry out his instructions.
Each section consists of a number of streets or blocks
(cho) in which are found the chokai Or neighborhood
19
RESTRICTED
councils. These are voluntary organizations, whose chair
men are elected by the inhabitants of the neighborhood.
The purposes of the chokai are to increase the Welfare and
prosperity of the local inhabitants, to promote friendship
among them, and to assist the municipal administration.
One rather surprising activity of the chokai, at least in
Taihoku, is its responsibility for street lighting within its
district, a function not undertaken by the city. Expenses
of the chokai are met through contributions from the in
habitants. These range from ¥2.40 to ¥60 per year per
family, according to financial ability.
Very often the head of a section and the chairman of a
chokai are one and the same person. In such instances,
- combined offices are maintained. The councillors of the
chokai (hyogiin) are appointed by the chairman and assist
him in administering neighborhood activities.
This system provides a quick and convenient method for
dissemination of instructions, information, and public
notices. Each committee member under a Section head
represents approximately 20 houses. When he receives a
notice from his chief, it is his duty to circularize it among
the houses in his jurisdiction.
The notice is usually taken from house to house and the
seal of the head of the family obtained as acknowledgment
of his having read the instructions. This method is used to
draft attendance at public celebrations, patriotic meetings,
farewells and welcomes for Soldiers, to collect Special Sub
scriptions, announce air-raid drills, and request labor
Contributions.
While the neighborhood organizations are unofficial,
there is still an element of indirect compulsion which is
effective. The contribution to the support of the chokai is
not called a tax. Still, an amount appropriate to its sta
tion in life is expected of each household and refusals are
probably very infrequent if they occur at all. The police
undoubtedly exert an important though indirect influence
over the chokai.
3. Local self-government
Election periods.-Another feature of government on the
local level is the elections which have been introduced in
Taiwan. The present system of local self-government was
established 1 April 1935, and elections for village, town,
and city assemblies were held that year. The terms of
local elected officials are 4 years. The second election in
the history of Taiwan was held 22 November 1939. Of
the third election, presumably held in late 1943, nothing is
known.
The franchise.—The franchise in Taiwan is granted to
Japanese male subjects 25 years of age or over, with inde
pendent means, resident in the city, town, or village for
a specified period, who have paid a city, town, or village tax
of at least Y;. Incompetents, bankrupts, and persons with
prison records are ineligible to vote. (The term “Japanese
male subject” does not, of course, exclude Formosan-Chi
nese; it means all subjects of the Emperor of Japan).
Since the city, town, or village tax is less than Yö per year
for most Formosan-Chinese landholders, the number of
eligible voters is greatly limited.
 RESTRICTED
The election of 22 November 1939.-The second election
since the founding of Japanese administration in Taiwan
was held 22 November 1939.
the city, town, and village assemblies were announced 10
November, and from that date until the election, vigorous
campaigns were carried on by the candidates for people's
representatives. Meetings were held in all parts of the
island and much publicity matter was distributed. It is
estimated that a campaign for membership in a city as
sembly, such as that of Taihoku, cost each candidate ap
proximately Y3,000.
TABLE 13.-Membership of town and village assemblies
[Election of 22 Nov. 1939]
Towns. . . . . . --------------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Villages. . . . . . . . . . . . . ------------------------.
Elected:
Towns-------. . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Villages----------------------------------.
Total membership:
Towns---------------------------------.
Villages. ----------------------------------
The electorate.—The large increase in qualified voters
over the previous election of 1935 is shown by the following
figures:
TABLE 14.—Number of qualified voters, 1935 and 1939
J apanese. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total ---------------------------------------
Voters were urged to exercise their right of suffrage and
the percentage of those qualified who actually voted was
96.73. The best record was attained by Shinchiku prov
ince, 99 percent of whose qualified voters turned out at
the election. It may be a significant coincidence that the
Hakka people form a high percentage of the population
here. The lowest local percentage was in Keelung city
(89 percent).
The number of spoiled ballots showed an increase over
the record of 4 years previous, because voters were required
to write personally the name of the candidate for whom
they cast their vote. Special instruction in writing kana
(Japanese syllabary) was offered in many towns and vil
lages previous to the election. The fact that the instruc
tors thereby had foreknowledge of a voter's choice was not
discussed publicly.
It is natural that, because of the distribution of
population, the number of Formosan-Chinese representa
tives-elect should be greater in towns and villages than in
cities. It is also interesting to note the comparatively
small number of Formosan-Chinese among the government
appointees of city assemblies. Appointees to the nine
assemblies showed an increase from 88 to 99 Japanese and
a decrease from 42 to 34 Formosans in office.
Government appointees to The fact that 96.73 percent of all qualified voters took
advantage of the franchise contradicts the claim made by
many Japanese (and foreign) writers, that the Formosan
Chinese is politically indifferent or lethargic.
Dissatisfaction with the system.—The election of 1939
was the occasion for some discussion in the press of the
merits and demerits of the local government system in
effect in Taiwan, especially the provision of the law that
one-half the members of city, town, and village assemblies
must be appointed by the government. This system was
criticized on the grounds that it restricts the rights of
the people to participate in government, and that since so
large a percentage of government appointees is usually
Japanese " gº Japanese, it causes friction between Japanese and For
mosan-Chinese. The Taiwan Nichi Nichi Shimpo de
fended the system editorially, pointing out defects in the
- 249 173
415 984
working of local government in Japan, where all mem
bers of local assemblies were elected. It was maintained
- - - - - - - - - - 69 353 that Taiwan's progress and experience in local self-gov
62 1,339 ernment were yet insufficient to remove the control which
3.18 526 the government now exercises through power of appoint
477 2,323 Inent.
Though the elections in Taiwan are far removed from
strict democratic procedure, with most of the candidates
hand-picked by the Japanese, they are nevertheless im
portant. Inadequate as they are, these elections have at
least given the people of Taiwan rudimentary experience
in the technique of politics. This experience may well
prove of value in the political development of the island in
1935 1939 the future.
4. Police
40,297
187, 155 44, 676
286,740 The cho police affairs department is the supervisory
organ for police affairs in the province and has its head
227,452 331,416 quarters in the cho seat. The chief of the department
is responsible to, and takes orders from, the governor;
attends to the administrative affairs of police and sanita
tion; and supervises the heads of the various ſ/uns, the
Superintendents, the police inspectors, the assistant in
Spectors, and the general police personnel of the province.
(The gendarmerie is not under the control of the provincial
police affairs department, but is directed from Tokyo,
through its own higher echelon on the island.) The de
partment is divided into five sections; namely, the secret
service police, ordinary police affairs, maintenance of
peace section, criminal affairs section, and aborigine
affairs section. The head of a section is either a Super
intendent or a police inspector or a specialist.
The head of each gun in the cho directs and Supervises
the police activities and personnel assigned to his (Juhl,
under the direction of the governor. The ſ/um police
headquarters are located at the administrative centers
of the respective guns and handle all police affairs within
the gun. "The chief of each gun headquarters is a police
inspector. Most of the gun police personnel, consisting of
additional inspectors, assistant inspectors, technical aids,
school inspectors, and other attached I)ersonnel, exercise
direct control of police affairs in the various who and the
city sho dispatch posts.
20
 RESTRICTED

The sho police headquarters are located at the admin
istrative centers of the respective sho. Some of the sho
in addition have dispatch posts which are in the nature
of branch police centers to which are attached the local
police personnel and at which local records are kept and
the various police functions are centered.
Police “annexes” are separate Supervisory police of
fices apparently charged with the duty of checking the
activities of the police personnel in the area. Although
no direct information is available as to the presence of
police “annexes” in the cho, nevertheless it is probable that
at Some of the police headquarters on the gun or sho
level, there are annexes.
Much of the work of the police affairs department on the
provincial and gun level is devoted to the aborigine ter
ritory. Police outposts are maintained throughout the
territory and the functions are even more numerous than
those of police officials in non-aborigine territory. Police
personnel in aborigine territory are more heavily armed
than other police personnel and are given special training
adapted to the conditions in the territory.
5. Karenko-cho
a. General.-Karenko-cho is subdivided into three gum :
Karen, Horin, and Tamazato. The guns in turn are di
vided into sho and gai as follows:
Karen-gun : Horin-gun :
River superintendents_____________________________ 3
Industrial production secretaries___________________ 3
Industrial production technical aides_______________ 29
Public works secretary____________________________ 1
Public works technical aides_______________________ 2
Sanitation secretary_-_____________________________ 1
Sanitation technical aides_________________________ 3
Social affairs secretary____________________________ 1
Social education secretary_________________________ 1
Construction technical aides_______________________ 3
Total personnel----------------------------- 140
In 1939 the Karenko provincial assembly had a total
membership of 15, of whom 11 were Japanese and 4 were
Formosan-Chinese.
The Karenko provincial government operates an agri
Cultural experimental station at Miyanoshita in Karenko
gai which employs three technical aides and three indus
trial-production technical aides in addition to the head
of the station. A livestock breeding farm (Shuchiku-jo)
is also operated by the provincial government in Karenko
gai. The employees include a manager (who is also re
gional commissioner), a technical aide, a quarantine vet
erinarian, and three industrial-production technical aides.
The Karenko provincial government maintains the
Schools listed below:

Kenkai-sho Horin-Sho
TABLE 15.—Public schools maintained by Karemko-cho
Hirano-sho Mizuho-sho
Kotobuki-sho Shinsho-sho Assist
Total - In- -

Prin-
Yoshino-sho Tamazato-gun :
-

Name of School and location shiel cipals sº ant

jºu.in- Teach
|*." Clerks
tors
Karenko-gai Taisho-sho
Tamazato-gai
Karenko Middle School,
There is no uniformity in the physical dimensions of Karenko-gai, Beiron-------- 18 1 15 0 0 2
the gun, sho, and gai. Shinsha-sho is 35 miles long, where Karenko Girls Higher Pri
as Yoshino-sho is only 4.5 miles long. Many of the sho mary School, Karenko-gai-- 15 1 13 0 0 1
Karenko Agricultural Public
are long and narrow, running north and south or northeast
School, Karen-gun, Yosh
and southwest.
inosho, Mampo ------------ 5 1 2 2 0 0
The personnel of the Karenko governor's office, as of
1939, was as follows: Total------------------- 38 3 30 2 0 3

Governor -----------------------------------------
Regional commissioners:
Head of general affairs section_________________
Head of taxation section______________________
Head of industry section_______________________
Regional police supervisor (also head of police affairs
section) ----------------------------------------
School inspecting official___________________________
Police physician–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Industrial production technician___________________
School inspectors––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Assistants to school inspectors--------------------
Police inspectors––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Technical aides to police inspectors________________
Interpreter ---------------------------------------
Quarantine veterinarian---------------------------
Assistant police inspectors–––––––––––––––––––––––––
Taxation officers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Forestry directors–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
1
The total personnel employed by the Karenko pro
1 vincial government in 1939 was 191.
1 Separate from the provincial government are the fol
1 lowing departments of the Taiwan government-general
to be found in Karenko-cho :
1 There is a Karenko branch of the local court of law
1. of Taihoku (district court of Taihoku). The branch
1 court has two judges, one of whom is a collegiate court
1 judge (and may at times concurrently act as magistrate
2 in a single judge court), and one is a magistrate in a
32 single judge court (and may at times Concurrently act as
9 a collegiate court judge). The branch court employs
24 seven secretaries and two interpreters. There are sub
1 branches of the Karenko branch at Tamazato (employing
1 a Secretary).
6 A branch of the Taihoku prison is located in Karenko
5 gai. This branch has a warden, a chief warden, and an
5 interpreter. In July 1938, there were 196 prisoners in the
RESTRICTED

Karenko prison. The jail is made of wood, but is quite
modern in point of equipment.
The Keelung customs office has a “custodian station”
(Kamshi-sho) at Karenko-gai.
Karenko-cho has one monopoly branch bureau (located
in Karenko-gai) and a subbranch at Tamazato-sho. The
branch bureau in Karenko-gai employs one head, six
assistants, and eight technical aides. The Tamazato sub
branch employs one subbranch head, one assistant and
two technical aides.
the cho, subsidies from the national treasury, and (iona
tions, rent, and other miscellaneous sources. The most
important local tax is the land tax, levied on paddy fields,
dry fields, building sites, mountain forests, and a small
number of miscellaneous sites. There were 81,053 units
of land taxed in 1939 in Karenko-cho, totaling 24 (560 ko,
which yielded Y175,914 in public revenue.
TABLE 16.-Tu.red land. A ſtrenko Province, 10.30
|

The government-general maintains a tax office in Yen per

- ------
("haracter of land use
* -a- Area
(in ko) Number
of units Taxes
(yen)
ko
(aver
Karenko-gai which handles all tax collections in the cho :
age)
a police affairs department, located in Karenko-gai : a -- -- -- -- - ––––
hospital ( Karenko Hospital), in Karenko-gai, employing 1 -

director (a doctor), 2 associates, 1 chief pharmacist, 4 Total 24,669 81,053 175,914 7. 13

assistant doctors, 1 pharmacist, and 2 clerks: a meteorol

Paddy field 11,070 55, 504 || 101, 477 9. 17
ogical observatory in Karenko-gai, employing 1 station I)ry field - 12, 187 15, 757 6(), 917 5. ()()
head and 1 technical aide : 1 light house in Karenko-gai Huilding sites 947 9,210 13, 185 13.02
Mountain forests 40.3 15t; 25 . ()6
employing 1 master; a branch of the railway office of
Miscellaneous sites 52 396 31() 5. ()()
the traffic bureau, at Karenko-gai, employing 1 office heal, |

18 associates and 13 technical aides: 1 subdivision of the

Taihoku deposit bureau division, in Karenko, employing 3 A considerable amount of occupied land is not subject
court secretaries; a branch office of the forestry manage to the government-general's land tax. In 1939, 1,564) lºo
ment office of the industrial production bureau, employ were free from this tax in Karenko-cho.
ing 1 branch head and 2 technical aides; and a dispatch
station at Karenko of the Taihoku fertilizers inspection TABLE 17.-Unta.red land in Karenko Province by char
station. acter of land use, area, number of tarable units, and
The Taiwan government-general maintains postal serv ournership, 10.30
ice throughout Karenko-cho. There is a second-class
post office in Karenko-gai which serves Karenko-gai. Government owned Privately owned
land land
Kenkai-sho, Yoshino-sho, Hirano-sho, all in Karen-gun. Land use --- - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - -- -

and Horin-sho and Shinsha-sho in Horin-gun. A third

-
Area in
ko
sumºr
of units
Area in
ko
Number
of units
class post office at Mataan serves Mizuho-sho in Horin -- -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - -

gun : a third-class post office at Kotobuki serves Kotobuki

sho in Karen-gun ; a third-class post office at Tamazato Total. . . . . . º lºw |
4, • 2,989
t
5, ().55

serves Tamazato-sho and Taisho-sho in Tamazato-gun ;

Paddy fields - - - - - - 8 30 3 5
and a third-class post office at Shinjo serves the northern I)ry fields - - - - - 11 15 73 25
part of Kenkai-sho in Karen-gun. I’ostal service includes Building sites.
Fish-culture lands
-

I
*| |
*. 57
-
295
delivery and collection throughout the province.
Mountain forest - 61 | 1() 5 3
In addition to the various branches of the government Miscellaneous land - - 16 104 1 15
general departments set forth above, the government-gen Salt fields -
eral from time to time offers financial assistance to the cho Mineral springs
Ponds and Inarshes . " . 10 11 24 46
or to a gai for specific purposes. The 1938 budget of the -

Plain . . X60 1. 839 1, 704 1.564

government-general contained an item of Y246,202 for new Pasture - - - - - - 801 91
joint office buildings at the new Karenko wharf, to house Shrine sites - 9 | 7 1() 40

numerous government offices, provincial as well as branches Conſucian shrine sites : 3 4 4()

of the government-general, under one roof. Also, the Cemetery sites 2 3. 115 50
Railroad sites . 117 139 1 28
government-general built and maintains the Suo-Karenko Park sites . - : 7 | I
‘East Cliffs" road, contrary to the usual practice of hav Military training sites 261 15
Shooting ranges - I - -

ing the provinces responsible for the expense of building Battery sites - t

and maintaining its roads.

Lighthouse sites - - - - - - 1 l
In 1938 Karenko-cho had 90 ho with 90 chiefs of ho Roads. . .. - 45 911 78 1, 857
(hosei) and 866 ko with 866 chiefs of ko ( kocho). There Railroad tracks - - 57 466 1 14)

are also 28 units of the young men's organization (Notei I)itches - . . . 1 16 l 14

Gutters . . 17 141 104 949
dam) with 28 leaders, 61 assistant leaders, and 645 mem Einbankments | - 4
bers.

No information is available as yet as to the number

of police officials regularly assigned to Karenko-cho. The main source of revenue for the gai and who is the
b. Karenko gorernment finances.—The cho government ſai and sho tax, details concerning which are not avail
receives revenue from various forms of taxation within able. In addition there are subsidies from the national

22

treasury Supplemented by additional subsidies from the
cho treasury. There also is income from the gai and sho
property rent and from services performed for which the
inhabitants are required to pay.
The chief item of expense for the provincial govern
ment of Karenko is education, followed by expenditures
for encouragement of industry, for public works, and for
Salaries, etc., of the cho officials.
The chief expenditures of the gai and sho are for gen
eral office expenses, public works, and education.
The following tables are the 1939 budget estimates of
revenue and expenditures for Karenko-cho.
TABLE 18.-Budget Estimates, Karemko-cho, 1939
19:39 BU’I)(;ET ESTIMATES
R (tremko-cho
Local tax----------------------------- ------- Y411, 888
Subsidy from national treasury________________ 732, 784
Carried over--------------------------------- 68,474
Other income-------------------------------- 130,470
Total--------------------------------- 1, 343, 616
1930 ESTIMATES, LOCAL TAX
Income tax----------------------------------- Y15,934
Land tax------------------------------------- 153,687
Business Surtax------------------------------- 58, 712
Mining Surtax--------------------------------- 526
House Surtax--------------------------------- 32, 550
Special business Surtax________________________ 19, 419
Miscellaneous tax----------------------------- 131,060
Household tax-------------------------------- –––––––
Total----------------------------------- 411, 888
19:30 ESTIMATES, ()THER INC(OME
Gai, sho allotment----------------------------- –––––––
Estate income--------------------------------- Y25, 211
Donation------------------------------------- 15, 250
Rent and commissions--------------------- ____ 45,906
Loan------------------------------------------------
Carried over fund–––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––
Miscellaneous income-------------------------- 44, 105
Total----------------------------------- 130, 470
1939 ESTIMATES, NATIONAL TREASURY SU’I:SIDY
General expenditures------------------------- Y508, 727
Education ----------------------------------- 11, 400
Sanitation----------------------------------- 22, 501
Industrial encouragement--------------------- 103,701
Social affairs–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––
Public works––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 77, 800
Air defense---------------------------------- 8, 655
Earthquake and fire-------------------------- ––––––––
Navigation-------------------------------------------
Total---------------------------------- 732, 784
23
606137–44—3
RESTRICTED
1930 ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITU'I:ES
Karenko-cho
Government expense-------------------------- Y134,499
Public works expenditure_____________*- - - - - -- - 226, 248
Education ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 433, 629
Sanitation ----------------------------------- 95, 314
Encouragement of industry___________________ 245, 774
Social affairs–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 9, 324
Building and repair----------------------- -- 37, 315
Assembly------------------------------------ 1, 590
Public loans------------------------------------------
other--------------------------------------- 141, 923
Reserve ------------------------------------- 18,000
Total---------------------------------- 1, 343, 616
1930 ESTIM.ATES, REVENUE FOR GAI AND SII ()
Income from property-------------------------- Y20, 213
Hire and commissions––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1:53, 706
Grant ---------------------------------------- 17, 505
Subsidy from national treasury__________ 136, 919- - - - - - -
Cho subsidy fund–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 83, 816
Donation ------------------------------------- 56, 493
Transfer fund––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– : )()1
Sales of property-------------------------------------
Carried over fund––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 37, 204
Miscellaneous income-------------------------- 44, 867
Gai and who tax------------------------------- 319, 199
Gai and sho loan------------------------------ 122,000
19:30 ESTIMATES, EXPENDITURE FOR GAI AND SHO,
() IRI) INAIRY EXI’ENSES
Shrine ---------------------------------------- Y:57:5
Assembly------------------ 1, 745
- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -
General office---------------------------------- 135,966
I’ublic works ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 13, 339
Education------------------------------------- 120,926
Public hall------------------------------------ 2,000
Sanitation------------------------------------- 78, 443
Soiled objects disposal—--_______________------ 19, 915
'arks --------------------------------------- 3,496.
Encouragement of industry------------------- – 59, 404
Social affairs–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 4, 263
Local improvements_-------------------------- 8, 953
Handling public funds–––––––––––––––––––––––––– 15, 102
Managing foundation property------------------ 1, 783
Election expense------------------------------- 2, 151
Property expense------------------------------ 7,644
Various taxes and shares-–––––––––––––––––––––– 7, 714
Preservation of historical. Sites––––––––––––––––– –––––––
Guarding expenses––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 26,331
Gathering of Sand and pebbles––––––––––––––––– –––––––
Sinking fund---------------------------------- 833
Miscellaneous expense------------------------- 2, 578
Others---------------------------------------- 3, 131
Reserve fund–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 10, 805
Total----------------------------------- 526, 597
RESTRICTED

1930 ESTIMATES, EXPENI) ITURE FOR GAI ANI) SHO Industrial production technician
SI’E("I...VI, EXI’ENSES School inspectors-----------------------------------
Karenko-cho Attached personnel
Public works, building, and repair ----------- Y114,042
Sanitation -----
Encouragement of industry___________________
Social affairs---------------------------------
City planning----- - - - - - -
20,982
r------------------------------

- - - - - - - ---------------

Gai and sho loan-----------------------------

5, 120
2,000
--------

31, 278
Police inspectors----------------------------------
Technical

Taxation
aides-----------------------------------
Quarantine veterinarian_______.
Assistant police inspectors
officers-----------------------
Forestry directors_________________________________
-
.
1

Subsidy and donation-------------------------- 9, 942 Police physician.--------------------------------- 1

Drawing fund–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––– River superintendents____________________ ------- *
Guarding expense---------------------------- 11, S20 Industrial production secretaries___ _______________ ($
Sinking fund--------------------------------- 10, 653 Industrial production technical aides ------------ __ 25
Managing foundation fund-------------------- -------- Public works Secretary_________ - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 1
Property purchase fund--------------________ ________ I’ublic works technical aides_______ _____________ 3
Others--------------------------------------- 5, 051 Sanitation secretary__________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Educational expense-------------------------- 1, 034 Sanitation technical aides_______________ 3

Continuing expense, outgoing amount___________ 255,904 Social affairs secretary______ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - 1

Social education secretary------------------------. 1
Total 465, S26 Construction technical aides_--______ - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 3

It should be noted that the expense of building and

Total personnel------------------------ ___ 115
maintaining roads other than main highways is borne
locally, principally through a levy of labor “contributions” In 1939 the Taito provincial assembly had a total mem
organized by local village associations—the hoko, young bership of 12, of whom S were Japanese and 4 were Formo
men's associations, various occupational associations, and San-Chinese.
the like. Fees are exacted for required membership in The Taito provincial government operates a livestock
many organizations which actually bear the cost of public breeding farm at Rike in Hinan-sho. The employees in
enterprises. Such charges do not appear in the official clude a manager (who is also industrial production tech
budgets or accounts of local government. nician), two technical aides, one quarantine veterinarian,
6. Taito-cho and one industrial production technician.
a. General.-Taito-cho is subdivided into three gun and The Taito provincial government maintains no schools.
the ſum into sho and ſyai as follows: The total personnel employed by the Taito provincial
Kanzan-gun : government in 1939 was 120.
Kanzan-sho Separate from the provincial government are the fol
Ikegami-Sho lowing departments of the Taiwan government-general to
Shikano-sho be found in Taito-cho :
Shinko-gun : A subbranch of the Karenko branch of the local court
Kasovan-Sho of law of Taihoku (district court of Taihoku) located in
Shinko-Sho Taito-gai, employing two secretaries.
Toran-sho A police affairs department, located in Taito-gai.
Taito-gun : A dispatch station of the Taihoku fertilizers inspection
Hinan-Sho station.
Kashoto-sho. A subdivision of the Taihoku deposit bureau division,
I):libu-sho employing one secretary.
Tamari-Sho The Taito hospital, located in Taito-gai and employing
Taito-gai a director (a doctor), two associates, one chief pharmacist,
There is no uniformity in the physical dimensions of the two assistant doctors, one pharmacist, and two clerks.
gun, sho, and gui, in Taito-cho. Shinko-Sho is 22 miles long A meteorological observatory in Taito-gai, employing one
and Kashoto-sho (island lying east of Taito-gai ) is only station head and two technical aiſles.
3 miles long. The Taito tropical agricultural experimental branch
The personnel of the Taito governor's office, as of 1939, station, at Taito-gai, employing one head of Station, one
was as follows: assistant, and two technical aides.
Governor ("hocho: not the same connotation as gover A custodian station (Kamshi-sho) of the Takao Customs
nor (Chiji) for the shu--------------------------- 1 office.

Regional commissioners: A subbranch bureau of the monopoly branch bureau at

Head of general affairs section Taito-gai, employing a subbranch head, two assistants,
Head of industry section---------------------- 1 and 1 technical aide.
IRegional police supervisor (also head of police affairs A tax office in Taito-gai which handles all tax collections
section) in the cho.

24
 RESTRICTED

8. Taito provincia l offices.

ſae
ſae

9 . Tai to meteorologil601 l station.

25
RESTRICTED

A castor-bean production station (Ruoma Shushi Ikusoi TABLE 20.-lºnta.red land in Taito-cho by character
sho) located in Hinan-sho and employing one station head, of land use, area, number of tarable units, and ourner
one colºu ( attached personnel) and two technical aides. ship, 19.34)
A light house is at Shinko in Shinko-gun.
The Taiwan government-general maintains postal Serv - Taito city tax office
ice throughout Taito-cho. There is a second-class post
office, with a postmaster, six clerks, and six communi Government owned Privately owned
land
Land use land
cations managers, in Taito-gai which Sºl"Ves Tait ()
gai, Kashoto-sho, Himan-sho and Tamari-sho, all in Taito Area in Number Area in Number
ko of units ko of units
gun, and Toran-sho in Shinko-gun. A post office at Kanzan
serves Kanzan-sho, Ikegami-Sho, and Shikano-sho in
Kanzan-gun, and a post office at Shinko serves Nhgahama Total . 541 1,743 2, 513 7,404

sho and Shinko-sho. A post office at I)aibu serves Daibu 11

Paddy fields - - x 31 2
Sho and a part of Tamari-Sho.
Dry fields. . . . . . . - 28 05 || 59
In addition to the various branches of the government Building sites . 33 112 51 157
general departments mentioned above, the government Fish culture lands -

Mountain forest 34 23 2 2
general from time to time offers financial assistance to the
Miscellaneous land . - - 4 141 7 24
cho or to a ga i or sho for specific purposes. The 1938 bud Salt fields ..... . . . .
get of the government-general contained an item of Y:371, Mineral springs - -

Ponds and marshes. 2 t;

439 for highway construction between IDaibu and the west - -

Plain . . . . . . . . . 31() t;51 528 862

coast and another item of Y14,000 as a subsidy to the
Pasture . . . . . .. . - 1,652 35
Taito provincial government in connection with police Shrine sites. . . . . . - - I x 4 29
expenses. Confucian shrine sites 3. 31
In 1938 Taito-cho had S2 ho with S2 chiefs of ho (hosei ) Cemetery sites 5 4 11 17
There were also 45 units Railroad sites 15 x3
and 6.58 chiefs of ko (lºocho).
Park sites - -

of the young men's organization (Noteidun ) with 45 lead

Military training sites 52 5
ers, 105 assistant leaders, and 2,427 in embers. Shooting ranges . . . . . 5
No information is available yet as to the number of Battery sites ... -

Lighthouse sites . - 1 --

police officials regularly assigned to Taito-cho. Roads . . . . . . . . 7 171 107 3,906

Railroad tracks . . 26 285 l 21
b. Tuito (forernment finances 5 1()
Ditches . . . . . - - -

Gutters 15 9t, 131 2, 230

The Taito-cho government received the greater share of - -

Embankments 5 27 l 4
its revenue from subsidies from the national treasury. In
addition there is a consider;' ble revenue from local taxa
tion of various forms and a very small amount is derived The main source of revenue for the ſyai and sho is the
from miscellaneous sources such as donations, rent of cho ſ/a i and sho tax, details of which are not available. In
owned property, etc. The most important local tax is the addition there are large subsidies from the cho treasury
land tax levied on paddy fields, dry fields, building sites, Supplemented by additional subsidies from the national
mountain forests, and a small number of miscellaneous treasury. There is also income from the rent of sho and

sites. There were 73,124 units of land taxed in 1939 in ſ/tti property and from services performed for which the
inhabitants are required to pay.
Taito-cho, totaling 16,980 ko, which yielded Y:51,730 in
The chief item of expense for the provincial government
public revenue.
of Taito is education, followed by expenditures for public
works, encouragement of industry, and salaries, etc., of
T.A. iii.f. 19.-Tu.red land. Tuito-cho, 19.34)
the cho officials.
-
-

|-- ---- The chief expenses of the ſyai and cho are general of.
A. N her "I Yen
("haracter of land use
- ---- - Area
(in ko) Number
of units Taxes
(yen) per ko
(aver fice expense, education, public works, and sanitation.
- age)
The following tables are the 1939 budget estimates of
-- -- -
revenue and expenditures for Taito-cho :
Total. - - - - 15,980 . 12.. ––
. 73, ºl.” 2.05
-
– - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
TABLE 21.-Taito-cho, 19.34)
Paddy field 7,386 52,387 25, 117 3. 40 1:03:) I: ['I) (; i.T. ESTIM.ATICS
Huilding sites 493 4,934 4, 501 9. 13
1. 380 263 176 . 13
Taito-cho
Mountain forests
Miscellaneous sites - 7 25 S. 43 Local tax ----, -----. . . . . . . . . . . ... ... -- 171,922
w Subsidy from national treasury - (522. 5: 5
("arried over 59, 12.)
A considerable amount of occupied land is not subject to Other income 31, 694
the land tax. In 1930, 1,569 1.0 were free from this tax
in Taito-cho. Total__ - SS5, 300

26
 RESTRICTED

1939 ESTIMATES, LOCAL TAX 1930 ESTIMATES, REVENUE FOR GAI AND SHO-Continued

Taito-cho Taito-cho

Income tax----------------------------------- 12, 450 Transfer fund--------------------------------- 1,000

Land tax------------------------------------- 70, 470 Sales Of property - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------

Business Surtax------------------------------- 19, 760 Carried over fund––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 44, 198

Mining surtax-------------------------------- 14
Miscellaneous income__________________________ 29, 593
House Surtax––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 13, 500 Gai and sho tax------------------------------ 165, 225
Gai and sho loan–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––
Special business Surtax________________________ 7, 760
Miscellaneous tax_____________________________ 47, 878
Household tax--------------------------------- –––––– Total----------------------------------- 429, 286
10:30 ESTIMATES, EXPENI) ITURE FOR GAI ANI) NIIO
OIRI) INAIRY EXI’ENSES
Total-------------- ---------------------- 171,922
1939 ESTIMATES, OTHER INCOME Shrine -------------------------------------- – 2, 389
Gai, sho allotment----------------------------- –––––– Assembly------------------------------------- 1, 695
General office-------------------------------- – 113,469
Estate income--------------------------------- 5, 980
Donation------------------------------------- 4, 950 Public works---------------------------------- 5, 853
Rent and commissions_________________________ 8,894 Education------------------------------------ 86, 775
Loan---------------------------------------- ------ Public hall------------------------------------ 300

Carried over fund––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––

Sanitation------------------------------------ 36, 740
Miscellaneous income__________________________ 11, 870 Soiled objects disposal_________________________ 8, 840
Parks-----------------------------------------------

Total ---------------------------------- 31,694 Encouragement of industry____________________ 16, 889

Social affairs–––––––––––––––––––––––––––– __ 3, 825
1939 ESTIMATES, NATIONAL TRE.ASUIRY SUIRSII)Y
Local improvements--------------------------- 5, 676
General expenditures-------------------------- 473, 232 Handling public funds_________________________ 2, 161
Education------------------------------------ 5, 200 Managing foundation property_______________ ___ 3,790
Sanitation------------------------------------ 17, 199 Election expense------------------------------ 678
Industrial encouragement_-____________________ 55, 512 Property expense----------------------------- 1, 714
Social affairs–––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––– –––––– Various taxes and shares________________... ----- 6,901
Public Works–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 40, 500 Preservation of historical Sites_________________ _______
Air defenses––––––––––––––---------------------- 10, 912 Guarding expense---------------- ------------ 19, 959
Earthquake and fire-------------------------- –––––– Gathering of sand and pebbles__________________ _______
Navigation--------------. ---------------------- 20,000 Sinking fund–––––––––––––––… –––––––––––. --- 1, 140
Miscellaneous expense-------------____________ S, 601
Total----------------------------------- 622, 555 Others ––––––––––––––––––. -- - - - - - -- - 1,495
1939 ESTIMATES OF EXI’ENDITU RIES Reserve fund----------------------------. - - 6, 585

Government expense---------------------------- 115, 619 Total----------------------------------- 335,484

Public Works expense --- ---------- 141, 381
-----------

19:30 ESTIMATES, EXPENI) ITURE FOR GAI ANI) NH ()

Education------------------------------------ 251, 57S
SIPE("I.AL EXI’ENSES
Sanitation------------------------------------ 71, 404)
Encouragement of industry-------- ------------- 137,951 Public works, building and repair -------______ 46,085
Social affairs–––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––– 15,761 Sanitation ------------------------------------ 25, 019

Buildink and repair--------------------------- 19, 270 Encouragement of industry____________________ –––––––

Assembly-------------------------------------
Public loans---------------------- -- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Other----------------------------------------- 116, S57
Reserve–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Total----------------------------------- 885, 300
19:30 ESTIMATES, REVENUE FOR GAL AND SHO
Income from property__________-----------------
Hire and CommissionS__________----------------
Grant-----------------------------------------
Subsidy from national treasury________________ 6, 434
Cho subsidy fund–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 103,778
Donation ------------------------------------- 5,436
Social affairs––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––
1, 974
- -----
City planning––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 12,600
Gai and sho loan––––––––––––––––––––––––- -–––– 4, 664
13, 500 Subsidy and donation___-----------------, ---- 4, 583
Drawing fund–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 751
Guarding eXpense----------------------------- –––––––
Sinking fund––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––
Managing foundation fund––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––
(5,089 Property purchase fund–––––––––––––.---------- –––––––
59, 359 Others-------------------------------- ------ 100
8, 174 Xiucational eXpense--------------------------- –––––––
“Continuing expense, outgoing amount”---------------
Total----------------------------------- 93, 802

27
RESTRICTED

IV. LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE

1. Karenko-cho TABLE 24.—A reas of cultivated lands, 19.39 (in ko).
A ſtrenko-cho
Only 6 percent of the total area of Karenko Province is
- - -- - - -- -

under cultivation. Aborigine territory, which is prac |

––

tically 100 percent mountainous, constitutes 71 percent of Rice fields Single crop |
-------- i--------- (fields
the total area of Karenko-cho. In addition, nearly 50 per º other
--- - First Second than rice
cent of the non-aborigine territory is covered by the coastal Total 2-crop crop crop fields)

range with very little arable land. Practically all of the

cultivated land is limited to the Karenko plain and the Taiwan • 225.40|546, 550. 64.333,201.8 11, 857.31|201,491. 53339, 674.76
Karenko portion of the Taito-Karenko valley. Karenko. º 11, 114.85 10, 161.89 952.96 - 17, 518.03

TABLE 2.2.-Land area, Karenko-cho

TABLE 25.-Agricultural population, 1939, Karemko-cho

Heichi Banchi
Total (plains (aborigine a. NUM BER () F FARM H () USFH () I., I)S
region) area)

Taiwan:
!.
proprl- - #. | Ten
Prºpri:
small "!" | Tenant Small etor ant
Square miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 870 7,639 6, 231 Total
holders
and
part
''' |".
farmers hold- and
part f º -

Square kilometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,961 19,805 16, 156

tenant tenant -

Ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,707,657 2,041,924 1,665, 733 farmers farmers

Karenko-cho:
Square miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,785 515 1, 270
Square kilometers. . . . . . . - 4,629 1,336 3,293 Pct. Pct. Pct.
Ko. . . . . . . . . . . . 477,213 137, 748 339, 465 Taiwan 428,492. 140, 129, 134,013 154, 350 33 31 36
Karenko 9,839, 4, 590 1, 466 3,783 47 15 38

TABLE 23.-Occupied land and its use, Karenko-cho b. AGRICULTU IRAL POPU LATION

Use Aºn | U’sº A. (in Taiwan . . . . . . 2,924, 781| 926, 510 943, 661 1,054, 610 32 32 36
Karenko. ---- 57,893 29,369 9, 826 18, 698 51 17 32

Paddy fields . . . . 11,081 || Gutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

IDry fields 12, 271 Military training sites . . 261
Plain . . . . . . . . . . 2,564 || Mountain forests... . . . . 469 TABLE 26,-Cultirated land: Ournership and management,
Building sites-- 1,097 || Ponds and marshes. . . . . 34 19.39, Karenko-cho
Pasture -- 801 Confucian sites. -- . . . . . 4
a. SM ALI, HOLI) ING ANI). TENANT FA RM A H EAS
Shrine sites. . . . 19 || Park sites -- . . . . . . .. 7
Cemetery sites- 117 | Lighthouse sites ----. . 1 |
Railroad sites - 118 || Miscellaneous land . . . 79 Small Tenant Small Tenant
| Total holdings holdings hold hold
Roads. . . . . . . . . . - 123 || - ---

(in ko) (in ko) ings ings

Railroad tracks.------. . . . . 5x Total area . . . . . . . . 29, 227 |

Ditches - - - - - 2
Total cultivated
lands: Percent Percent
Taiwan 853, 561. 43 372, 762. 28 480,799. 15 43. 67 56.33
In 1939, the agricultural population of Karenko-cho
Karenko. . . . . . . . 21,987. 42 12, 940. 70 9,046. 72 58. 86 41. 14
totaled 57,893 persons constituting 9,839 farm households. Rice fields:
Of these 4,590 households (with 29,369 individuals) owned 536, 382.62 207, 612. 64 328,769.98 38. 71 61. 29
the land they cultivated 1,466 households (with 9,826 indi 10,729.71 5,431. 36 5,298.35 50.62 49.38

viduals) owned part of the land they cultivated and rented II at a (cultivated
fields other than
Dart, and 3,783 households of 18,698 persons rented the rice fields):
land they cultivated. The following tables indicate the Taiwan. -------. 317, 178. 81 165, 149.64 152,029.17 52. 07 47.93
comparative importance of the agricultural activities of Karenko. -- - - - - -
11, 257.71 7, 509. 34 3,748. 37 (56.7() 33. 30

Karenko-cho in the total agricultural economy of Taiwan.

28
 RESTRICTED
... NUMBER OF CULTIVATED LAND OWNERS ACCORDING TABLE 28.-Rice delivery points, Karenko-cho and Taito
TO SIZE OF OWNERSHIP cho
a. KARENKO-CHO

Total | * .5less,
ko to 1 less
ko to 2 ko to
less 3 less
ko to Count y Municipalit
pallty Inspecti int
pection poin

persons 0.5%, º º º º Karenko-shi------- Taiwan Government-General Rice

Bureau, Taura Station Rice
Taiwan-----------------
Percent-------------
431, 366 186,423
100 || 43.22
90,024 || 74, 151
20.87 || 17. 19 ||
32, 114
7. 44
24, 238
5. 62
º Rice
tion Warehouse
Control
O
ASSocia
OCla

Karenko----------------
Percent-------------
10,068
100
3,969
39.42
2,283
22.68 ||
1,948
19. 35 |
729
7. 24
705
7.00
HOrin
OT1L1---------
Horin-gai
OT1D-gal----------
tº "ºnment demºn --- - - -
Ri
ce

Bureau, Horin Rice Station Ware

house.
5 #. to 7 * to 1% to * to * to * to 100 ko Zuino-sho--------- Taiwan Government-General Rice Bu
eSS
than eSS
than eSS
than eSS
than eSS
than eSS
than and - reau, Zuiho
-

Rice Station
- -

Warehouse.
7 k0 10 ko 20 ko 30 ko || 50 ko 100 ko 9W" Tomazato -- - - - Tamazato-gai----- Taiwan Government-General Rice Bu
reau, Tamazato Rice Station Ware
Taiwan--------
| Percent----
9,801 || 6, 210 |
2. 27 1.44
5,416
1.26
1,489
0.35
845
0.19
383
0.09
272
0.06
-

Tomizato-Sho-----
house.Government-General Rice Bu
Taiwan
-

Karenko------- 209 101 67 30 10 9 8 reau, Tomizato Rice Station Ware

Percent_ _ _ _ 2.08 || 1.00 || 0.66 || 0.30 || 0.10 || 0.09 0.08 house.

b. TAITO-CHO
C. NUMBER OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO THE
- Taito ---------- Taito-gai---------- Taiwan Government-General Rice
SIZE OF FARM LAND Bureau, Taito Rice Station Ware
house.
Less .5 ko to 1 ko to 2 ko to Taito-cho “A.”
Total º, les ºan le; an le; ºn Sekisan - - - - - - - Ikegami-sho------- Taiwan Government-General Rice Bu
reau, Ikegami Station Rice Ware
- house.
Taiwan.--------------- 436,593 111,805 90,007 || 113, 117 57, 521 Sekisan-sho------- Taiwan Government-General Rice
Percent----------- 100 25.61 20.62 25.91 13. 17 - - - r

Karenko 9, 704 2. 610 2, 228 2. 581 1,071 Bureau, Sekisan Station Rice Ware
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - * * > * • house.
Percent_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 26.90 22.96 26.60 11.04 Shinko-------- Shinko-sho.------- Taiwan Government-General Rice

Bureau, Shinko Station Rice Ware

3 ko to 5 ko to 7 k0 to 10 ko to 20 ko and house.
le: ºn le; ºn leºn leºn OVer Nagahama-sho----| Taiwan Government-General Rice
Bureau, Nagahama Svation Rice
- Warehouse.
Taiwan ---------------| 41,749 13, 129 5,938 2,796 531 Taito-cho “A.”
Percent----------- 9.56 3.01 1. 36 0.64 . 012
Karenko-------------- 764 235 112 71 32 Note: “A”: Rice control association inspection points are warehouses.
Percent----------- 7.87 2.42 1.15 0.73 0.33 Source: Taiwan notice, Showſ 16, No. 520, July 5, 1941.
Sugarcane is next in importance both as to area of land
97 --- * f *-
in cultivation and yen value of the harvest. Tobacco fol -
TABLE 27.-Total value of agricultural produce, Karemko
- - -

lows in third place. In 1939, peanuts Were fourth in yen

Cho value and fifth in area devoted to their cultivation, and
sweetpotatoes were fourth in area and fifth in value in
* º §. sº
Horti- |Ser º
*i- || Livestock -

yen.
The annual yen return per ko for tobacco is much greater
than for any other product. However, the amount Of
Yen Yem Yem Yem | Yem | Yem land devoted to tobacco is subject to government regula
Taiwan ------ 551, 326,343|279, 841, 146|155, 556, 110|43, 808, 842||77,256|72, 542,989 tion, and all farmers (other than aborigines in mountail)
Karenko----- 12, 909,618,
>
4,816,472 5,502,112 972, 588|------ 1,618,446
r P * v-->
areas) monopoly
eral's must obtain a license
bureau, from
through its the
localgovernment-gen
branch, office,
Percent | Percent | Percent º Percent before they can plant tobacco. Karenko is one Of three
Taiwan------|----------- 50.71 28. 19 7. 94' 0.01 13. 15 provinces which produce tobacco in any quantity (Tainan
Karenko-----|----------. 37. 31 42.62 7.53|_ _ _ _ _ _ 12.54 and Taichu are the chief producing provinces). Three
varieties, American yellow leaf, Chinese, and cigar to
ised, all of inferior quality.
-

Rice is the most

- -

important single agricultural item- - - -

1I] "ºn - I'

lº *Rarenko is not im
Karenko-cho. More land is put into the cultivation of portant in proportion to the total agricultural production
rice (39 percent of the total land under cultivation in 1939) of the island, its proportion of cultivated land (3 percent)
than of any other commodity. Ninety-one percent of the is greater than its proportion of population (2 percent);
rice area under cultivation raises two crops per year. Rice The following tables give a fair picture of agricultural
also leads in the total yen value. activities in Karenko-cho.
The Government-General has designated certain towns and cities in each province as rice delivery points, where rice, producers
must bring rice for inspection and delivery to government authorities. Each rice warehouse in Karenko-cho to which delivery must
be made is operated by the Government-General Rice Bureau, except in the one instance noted below in Karenko-gai. The following
piacº have been
Karenko-gai; so designated
Horin in warehouse,
Rice Station Karenko-cho.Horin-sho,
Taura Rice station ;warehouse.
Horin-gun Mizuho RiceKarenko-gai ; Karenkºho,
Station warehouse, Rice. Cººl
Mizuho-sho, Assº."
Horin-gun; Tama
zato Rice Station warehouse, Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun ; Tomizato Rice Station warehouse, Tomizato (Taisho)-sho, Tamazato-gun.
turalItassociation
has been recently reported that the
a new
solefood controlofordinance
all crops has been promulgated... (25that
Dec.expºrt
1943) ofsetting
which wiiſ undertake collection in Taiwan and providing staple up an agricul;
foodstuffs will
come under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Government-General. It is reported that the Qrdinance establishes a Foodstuffs Control
Corporation capitalized at ¥8,000,000 of which the government's investment is one-half. The entire island is to be one jurisdictional
area with branches in each province. All present distribution associations (for cereals, grains, starch, etc.) and development com
panies are absorbed and merged with the control corporation.

29
RESTRICTED

10. Planting rice, Karenko Province.

11. Planting sugarcane, Taito Province.

30
 RESTRICTED

TABLE 29.-Area of rice fields and rice production, 1939, TABLE 30.-Area of common agricultural products and
Karenko-cho production, 1939, Karemko-cho
[Area for all Taiwan is included for comparison] [Area of each product for all Taiwan is included for comparison]
- *
~ :-

Area of standing #s #5 ~ ā Area of standing Aver

crop (in ko)
——————
33 Es
L =5. :-
B
>, º
35
P,
Crop in ko Aver- age
Amount age pro- price
- - -- <i> C G.E
º:
3- G
3
:- C
E-
Fºº |&#-|
#= s 5-
|| sº
3 S Taiwan §. harvested duction Value
| }}} In yen
!.
ºr
~ 3 + 2: £5 is E # is
=2 : 9 E £ |###| = §: 3 or kin - -

<! $4 -: * |<! - <! kim in

yen

All varieties:
First crop---------- 275,488.79 9,067.08 93,471 10.31 2,216,250. 23.71 Sweetpotato ------ - || 130,320.7| 1,766. 10|129,704,420 t 16,819.343,200) 1.16
º
Second crop- - - - - - - - 059.99 8,953. 49, 86, 137 9. º, 2, 209, 428 25.65 Barley - - - - - - -------- 1, 109.9|---------|----------|--------|-------|------
Wheat--------------- 4,950. 8 0. 50 22, 24.00 75|| 37.50
Total.----------- º, 548.78] 18, 020. 57 179, cos - - - - - - 4,425,678|------ German millet (awa). 1,697.7 9. 70 * 61| 26.29 754. 12. 36
-----' ----|--
=====
-

Millet (kibi) --------. 215.4 1.00 2 5 25.00 55 11.00

All wet-field rice: Indian millet (moro
First crop---------- 268, 520. 9 8,907. 49 92, 147 10.35i 2, 188, 100; 23.75 koshi) -------------| 3,461.4 10.40 2 52 25.00 864. 16. 62
Second crop- - - ----- 352, 339.4 8,583. 62 84.452 9. 2, 170,561. 25.70 s Corn (maize) -------. 1,600.7 24. 20 2 121 2 5.00. 2, 183| 18.04
Total ----------- 620, 860. 3 t 17,491. 11, 176. 500
4, 358, 661|------- - - - - -
Buckwheat.---- - - - - -
Soybean. ------------
9.3'---------|-----------|--------|-------
5,308.4 271.50 2 942 23.47 19,468. 20.67
-----

Other kinds of beans | 10,021.9 85. 10 2 308|... ------ 5,996 ------

Wet-field rice, Horai Sugarcane for raw
variety: consumption - - - - - - 1,563.0 15.80 1 1, 203, w 176, 175 18, 199|315. 12
First crop- - -------- 156,081.5 2,667.75 28, 771. 10. 730,074; 25.38 º |

Second crop-------- 10.

959. 8 6, 135. 34 62,634 10. 21 1,652, 757 26. 39
1 Kim.
———
2 Koku.
Total ----------- 317,041.3 8,803.09 91,405'------ 2,382,831...... & Per 1,000 kin.
Wet-field rice, com
mon nonglutin TABLE 31.—Area of special agricultural products and pro
ous variety: duction, 1939, Karemko-cho
First crop---------- 103,961.7 5,856. 27. 59, 541; 10. 17, 1,352, 526, 22.72
[Area of each product for all Taiwan is included for comparison]
Second crop-------- 139, 680.0 1,890. 10. 16, osi 8.98, 380,221, 22.39
| —
Total ----------- 213,641.7 1,746.37, 70. 52 - - - - - - 1,732,747 ------ Area of standing
crop in ko Aver-
Aver
age
--- - Amount age pro- price
Wet-field rice, round
grained, glutin - Karen-
harvested duction Value in
1n. º Or ºº *" or!.
per
ous variety:
First crop---------- 6,922.9 313. 22 2,982; 9.52 82,653, 27.72
Taiwan | .h, or kin tiºn
yen.
Second crop-------- 40, 852. 3 558. s 4, 837 8.67 137, 583 28.44

Total ----------- 47, 775.2 871. 40 7, 819 - - - - - - 220, 236|------

Sugarcane - - - - - - - - 167,332.2 7,093.71|1669,405,480, 194, 3663, 586,005 25.36
Tobacco---------- 2, 234.9 494.64. 1 1, 289,699 12,607. 991, 354. 76.87
Wet-field rice, long Peanuts- - - - - - - - - - 30, 244.5 1,740.40 340, 617 3 23.34 565, 013 13.91
grained, glutin Sesame----------- 3,523.6 15.40 350, 3 3.25 1, 355 27.10
ous variety:
Rape seed-------- 257.6---------|------------|--------|---------------
First crop - - -------- 1, 554.8 70. 25. 853' 12. 14 22, 847. 26.78 Arrow root------- 24.9|---------|-----------|--------|---------|------
Second crop-------- 10,847. 3 ||---------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Cassava---------- 5, 808. 3 743.00 1 19, 556, 102. 1 26, 320, 211, 763 1.08.
Ramie.----------- 1,883. 2 413. 50 1 157,800 1 382 63, 120 40.00
Total ----------- 12.402 || 70.25 853 – 2,847 Jute (all kinds) ---| 23, 838. 3 400.00 1 139, 515 1 349 17, 613| 12.62
Rough jute------- 913. 4 2.50 11, 100 1 440 88, 8.00
Dry-field rice, all Young jute------- 2,998.6 29.00 1 11, 100 1 383 1, 332 12.00
varieties:
Finely cleaned
First crop---------- 6,967. 9 159. * 1, 324. 8. 30 28, 150 21. 26
jute.------------ 19,926.4 368. 50 182,912 1 225 16, 193| 19.53
Second crop-------- 17, 720.6 369. s 1, 685 4. 56 38. 867. 23. 07 Cotton----------- 3, 270. 1 117.30 16,410 1 55 1,479 23.07
Taiko rush. ------ 37.5---------|------------|--------|---------|------
Total ----------- 24,688.5 529.46 3,009.------ 67,017|------
Shichito rush----- 242. 5'---------|------------|--------|---------|------
Dry-field rice nonglu Pineapple fiber--- 432.7l---------|------------|--------|---------|------
tinous:
6,895.0
1St Crop-- - - - - - - - - - 159.59 1, 324 8.30 28, 150 21. 26
2nd crop---------- 17,630.8 358. 87 1,634 4. 55 37, 465 22.93 1 Kim.
2 Per 1,000 kin.
Total----------- 24, 525.8 518.46 2,958 |------ 65, 615 |------ 3 Koku.

Dry-field rice, gluti

nous.

1St Crop----------- 72.9 |----------|--------|------|----------|------

2nd crop---------. 89. 8 11.00 51 || 4.64 1,402 27.49

Total ----------- 162.7 11.00 51 |------ 1,402 |- - - - - -

606137–44—4 31
RESTRICTED

TABLE 32.-Horticultural products, Karemko-cho VEGETABLES, 1939

BANANAS: AREA ANI). PROI) UCTION, 1939 Aver- Aver
v
*''''''''. Amount lagº pro- Value age
- - -
standing | 1. - price
crop in harvested duction in yen per 100
***
of trees
under
Arealtiv Amount
harvested
Ayº
production Total
º A.
price per
ko. 1 in kin perko
in kin
kin in
ven
culti- cultiva- harveste per tree value 100 kin -

- tion in ko in kin … 1.-- in yen in van -------------- ------------ ------------

vated in kin in yen

-- ---- ---
1,439.48 |23,072, 319 | --
All varieties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780, 514 | . . . . . .
114,431 121. 20 1,888,221 16.50 47,682 2.53 IDaikkon (radish). 281.74 4, 518, 304 || 16,037 || 121, 132 2.68 - - -

Miscellaneous legumes - - - 37. 14 || 427,380 . 15, 356 - - - - - - -

- Ginger. ------------------- 25.73 307,242 11, 941 15,021 4.89
124,201,083 trees cultivated in Taiwan. Taro ---------------------- 31.28 378,296 || 12,094 13, 340 3.53

Potato (Irish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . tº. 72 72,631 || 10.808 5, 668 7.80

PIN EAPPLES: A REA AND PRODUCTION, 1939 Green onion -------------- 106.20 1,335,620 | 12, 576 60, 106 4. 50
– Leek ----------- - - - - - - - - - - 25.92 379,770 14,652 13, 882 3.06
i. -- -- -- - - -

Number Area under Number of Average Total Average Garlie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 72. 90 835, 470 11,460 || 35,431 4.24
of fººts ºn tºpºlº ºf valu. | Pººr Keisai (vegetables whose
culti- in ko ºf pººl in". "º stems are edible). . . . . . . . . 38.40 457,031 || -- . . . 17, 207 || - - -
vated per plant In yen Cabbage. ----------------- 123.58 3,055, 855 24,728 110,564 3.62

Okarashina (large-sized
243,275 22.66 117,675 0.48 11. 678 9. 92 rape) --------- - - - - - - - - - 146.34 3,717. 160 25, 401 || 100, 329 2. 70
Tsukena (variety of rape) - 74.50 1, 221, 860 | 16, 401 33,483 2.74
Yosai (variety of rape) -- 26. x5 363, 150 || 13, 525 8,551 2.35

1255,379,244 plants cultivated in Taiwan. Kinsai (variety of rape). . . . 33.35 635, 950 | 19,069 21, 269 3.34
Muskmelon. . . . . . . . - 50. 60 672, 748 || 13, 295 23, 469 3.49
CITRUS F RUITS, 1939 Cucumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41. 60 576, 734 13, 864 32, 877 5. 70
-
- - -- Watermelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50. 73 825, 970 16, 282 33, 514 4.06
- White gourd melon . . . . . . . 30.58 557, 532 18, 232 12, 909 2. 32
* Area
Aver-
age
Pumpkin ----------------
-
46.47 ||
- --
659, 985 14, 202 || 19, 825 ||
--- -
3.00
- -
-

Num- pro- || Value -

-
- Egg plant. ---------------- 42.65 511, 528 11,994 27,006 5. 28
ºr 'º'; ...!!!! is lººk "..." Kidney beans. ------------. 39.55 || 317, 200 8, 020 | 12,491 || 3.95
ºf ºtion ºn in tº u.in
Wºn toºi
kin Garden peas.--------------- 24.59 || 104, 413 || 4, 246 || 9,746 9.33
plants in ko 1 per
in ro tree º Other vegetables whose
in kin y seeds or fruits are edible. 25.06 || 330, 950 17, 221

Miscellaneous vegetables
All varieties ------ 49,916 88.74 1,084,446 ------- 77,411 ose leaves a
whose lible --
are edible 57.00
2. 19, 540
809, 54 20, 117 | . . . . . .

Ponkan (tangerine) 16, 312 25.99 || 338, 506 20.75 30, 296 8. 95 1 40,441 ko in all Taiwan.
Tankan orange . . . . . . . . . . 14,656 22.47 || 350, 180 || 23.89 27, 560 7.87 - - - -

Sekkan orange - 2,068 4.27 61, 735 29.85 2,893 4. tº TABLE 33.--Tea area and production, 10.39, Karenko-cho
Buntan (a variety of [Area for all Taiwan is included for comparison]
shaddok, a type of ---

-grapefruit) - 249 0.58 - 9, 160 || 36.79 818 8.93 Area of ºne Area from Amount Average Total Average
Zabon (a variety of crop in ko which of rough . value of tº º:
shaddok) ------------. 3, 908 || 12.16 || 178, 410 45.65 7, 225 4.05 ------- tº is lºº. ...'. ſºlº |''...}.
Hakuyu (white citron). . . 421 | 1.33 21, 155 50.25 | 1,032 4.88 Taiwan Karººk" tº quº;"|º, º in yen
Onshu orange --------|-- - - - - - - - ----|--|--|--|--|--|--|------- Province

Valentia orange . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ---- --------------------- ------

Lemon
Grapefruit ----------|- - - - - - - -
---------------------
- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - --
46, 187.6 4. 13 2.53 680 269 544 80.00

Miscellaneous citrus -

fruits. --- - - - - - - - - - - || 12, 302 || 21.94 | 125, 300 7, 587 ------- TABLE 34.—Coffee area and production, 1939

14,921.2 ko in all Taiwan. Nunn- Area of Aver- || Total Average

Number ber of stand- Area of Aºunt age pro-value of price
of trees trees ing harvest vested duction produc-per 1,000
OTHER FRUITS, 1939 planted produc- trees in ko in kin | Pº" ko tion in kin in
- -
ing fruit in ko in kin | yen yen
--------------- --------------------

Longan-----------. - 1, 531 6.87 48,438 || 31.64 6, 595 13. 62

- - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Mango . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 1. 16 5,939 20.06 389 6. 55 320,000 || 70,000 || 320.00 || 70.00 52,500 750 42,000 80.00
Betel-nut . ... ... ..... 55, 517 | 38.21 317, 868 5. 73 16, 846 5.30 - -- - -

Guava 7,292 12.00 58, 892 8.08 2, 940 4.99 . 793,407 trees in Taiwan.
Plums - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 274 14.90 164,280 14.57 7.469 4. 55 - - -

Peach . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . 1,950 3.33 16,020 8.22 | 1.229 7.67 TABLE 35.-Area of sisal and derris production, 19.39
Persimmon 3,915 9, 16 96, 552 24.66 5,731 5.94 -
--

Papaya. .............. 11, 974 13.03 208,366 17.40 5,531 2.65 * * A ºt .." Val Average
prociuc- in alue price per
Rembu.. .. ... . .. 1, º - -
2. º
-
40,690 37. -
º 2, 640 -
tº. 49 culti-
vated ar-
vested ar-
vested tion per yen 100 kin
Grapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 0.64 2,844 || 12.26 547 19.23 in ko in ko ni kin ko in kin in yen
Loquat-- -- 3, 157 || 7.04 72, 375 22.93 5,386 7. 44 ----------------------------

-
Sisal ----------- (1) -------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

IDerris---------- 2 61.50 4. 20 11, 500 2,738 14,450 125. 65

1 Sisal is produced in Takao Province only.
* Area in all of Taiwan, 290.8 ko.
 RESTRICTED

Rice production is subject each year to substantial losses Farmers' associations are government sponsored and
inflicted by heavy rains and floods. In 1939, during the regulated and operate under a specific agricultural asso
month of July torrential rains damaged 2,883 ko of wet Ciation law. The Karenko-cho livestock association im
field rice (16 percent of the total area planted during the poses dues and levies of ¥1.40 per head of cattle, Y1
two-crop season) resulting in an estimated loss of 7,957 per head of horses and hogs, and 40 sen per head of
koku (about 5 percent of total koku harvested) valued at sheep. The Karenko-cho agricultural association imposes
Y190,968. dues and levies of 20 percent of the total land tax and
Livestock and poultry are produced in some quantity in 0.5 percent of the total agricultural and forestry
Karenko-cho. Hogs and chickens are of primary impor production.
tance as sources of food, and water buffalo are raised as There are also associations for tenant improvement,
beasts of burden. In 1939 hogs brought an average of Vegetable growers, cattle raising, hog raising, and fowl
#42 per head when butchered, or 35 sen per kin by weight. raising.
Industrial cooperatives are likewise active in agricul
tural activities, but there is no information available at
TABLE 36–Livestock, 1939, Karenko-cho
present on the number of industrial cooperatives in Ka
|Total for Taiwan is included for comparison] renko-cho which are involved in agricultural affairs.
Number of head 2. Taito-cho
Less than 8 percent of the total area of Taito Province
Total º at is under cultivation. Aborigine territory, which is prac
ivºr enko || Male | Female | Neuter tically 100 percent mountainous, constitutes 64 percent of
Taiwan Pro
the total area of the cho. More than 50 percent of the
non-aborigine territory is covered by the coastal range,
324, 780 17, 293 6,004 || 7,498 3,791 with very little arable land. Practically all of the culti
Buffalo------------------- 266, 136 16,948 5, 871 7,391 3,686 wated land is limited to the Taito plain and the Taito
Yello cow (ogyu)--------- 46,633 269 91 87 91 portion of the Karenko-Taito valley.
Indian cow------------- 684 7 1 4 2
Western cow (yogyu)----- 556 42 32 10 ! -------- TABLE 38.-Land area, Taito-cho
Miscellaneous breeds----- 10,771 27 9 6 12
Hogs (all breeds)------------- 1,653,210 29, 238 || 7, 580 || 3,457 18, 201 Heichi Banchi
Taiwan breed------------ 72, 839 3,963 2, 146 389 1,428 Total (plains (aborigine
Western bleed----------- 27, 760 258 58 157 43 region) area)
Miscellaneous breeds----- 1, 552, 611 25,017 | 5,376 2,911 16,730
Goats------------------------ 63, 543 171 77 43 51 Taiwan:
Sheep------------------------ 180 ----------------|--------|-------- Square miles---------------------- 13,870 7,639 6, 231
Square kilometers---------------- 35,961 19, 805 16, 156
Ko------------------------------- 3,707,657 2,041,924 1,665, 733
Taito-cho:
SLAUGHTER, 1939
Square miles---------------------- 1, 355 491 865
|Number head slaughtered for Taiwan included for comparison] Square kilometers---------------- 3, 515 1,273 2, 242
Ro------------------------------- 362,428 131,216 231, 212

Taiwan |ɺ º' | }.

TABLE 39.-Occupied land and its use, Taito-cho
l
Cattle (all breeds) ------------- 29, 282 720 172,075 35,859
Total Total
Buffalo-------------------- 17, 102 552 136,660 28,070 Use area Use area
Yello cow------------------ 11,720 168 35,415 7,789 (inko) (inko)
Miscellaneous breeds------- 460 -------------------------------
Hogs (all breeds)--------------- 1, 116, 376 24, 178 2,901, 360 | 1,015,476
Goats-------------------------- 20,059 38 1,366 386 Paddy fields. ------------ 7,394 || Railroad sites--------- - - 15
Dry fields--------------- 7, 742 || Military training sites--- 52
Building sites.----------. 526 || Roads------------------- 7
NotE.—In Taiwan there are 750 slaughtering places; in Karenko-cho 28. Mountain forestS- - - - - - - - 1,414 || Railroad tracks---------- 26
Miscellaneous land - - - - - - 11 || Gutters------------------ 15
TABLE 37.-Poultry, 1939, Karemko-cho Plains-----------------. . 310 || Embankments.----------- 3
Shrine sites------------- 1 || ||————
[Number of fowl in Taiwan included for comparison] Cemetery sites------- - - 5 Total ------------- 17, 521

Number of birds A.
verage
-

Taito-cho had a total farm population at the end of 1938

-

Taiwan
...]";"|iºr
arenko
| Pº.
lr
of 50,732, or 62 percent of the total population of the cho.
Of this, 28,394 were farm-owners, 9,900 were owner-tenants,
and 12,438 were tenants. There were 6,982 farm house
All fowl------------------------ 9,043,336 | 169,257 || 317, 162 |----------
holds, of which 3,718 were farm-owners, 1,162 were owner
Chicken----------------------- 6,680,402 | 122,802 || 242,785 1.98
Duck-------------------------- 1,931, 365 39, 977 55, 567 1. 39 tenants, and 2,102 were farm-tenant households. The fol
Geese-------------------------- 389,838 5,016 11, 160 2.22 lowing tables indicate the comparative importance of the
Turkey------------------ ------ 41,731 1, 462 7,650 5.23 agricultural activities of Taito-cho in the total picture of
the agricultural economy of Taiwan.
RESTRICTED

12. Water buſſalo grating, Karenko Province.

13. A borigine farmer plouring with yellow cow, Taito Province.

34
 RESTRICTED

TABLE 40.—Areas of cultivated lands, 1939 (in ko), TABLE 42.-Cultirated land: Ournership and management,
Taito-cho 19.39—Continued.
- - b. NUMBER OF CULTIV.ATED L.ANI) OWNERS ACCORDING
Rice fields Single crop IIata T() SIZE ()F ()WNERSHII’—Continued
Total º otner
area - 5 ko to 7 ko to 10 ko to 20 ko to 30 ko to 50 ko to
Total 2-crop º
F
sº º s) less less less less less less ºi -

0
than than than than than than Over
7 ko 10 ko 20 ko || 30 ko 50 ko 100 ko | *
Taiwan------ 886, 225.401546, 550. 64.333, 201.8 11, 857. alsº 491. 53339,674. 76
Taito-------- 17,406. 47 7,515.54| 6,670.29 651. 72, 193. 53, 9,890. 93 Taiwan -------- 9,801 || 6,210 5,416 || 1,489 845 383 272
Percent. . . 2. 27 1.44 1. 26 || 0.35 | 0.19 (). 09 0.06
TABLE 41.-Agricultural population, 1939, Taito-cho Karenko. --_ _ _ _ 209 101 67 30 10 9 d
Percent___ 2.08 1.00 || 0.66 || 0.30 || 0.10 || 0.09 0.08
a. NUMBER OF FARM HOUSEHOLIDS Taito - - - - - - - - - - 196 117 57 12 10 3 8

| Part Percent - - - || 3. 52 2. 10 1.02 || 0.22 0.18 0.06 0.14

pro
Part i pri- r I :

Total and Tenant small

proprie-
Small |tor ... eto,
and Teº-
ant c. NUMBER OF FARM HQUSEHOLDS
FARM LAN ID
AccordLNG to size of
holders part farmers ... part farm
tenant ten- erS Less 5 ko to 1 ko to 2 ko to
farmers *. Total than less than less than less than
.5 ko 1 ko 2 ko 3 ko
ers

Pct. Pct. Pcf. Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - - - 436,593 111,805 90, 007 || 113, 117 57, 521
Taiwan--...------- 428,492. 140, 129, 134,013, 154, 350 33 31 36 Percent .. . .... 100 25.61 20.62 25. 9] 13. 17
Karenko --------- 9,839 4, 500 1, 466 3,783 47 15 2 Karenko - - - - - - - - - - - 9,704 2, 61() 2, 228 2, 581 1,071
Taito ----------- 7,455, 4,057. 1, 187 2, 211 54 16 3() Percent - - - - - - - - - - - 100 26.90 22.96 26. 60 11.04
Taito------------------ 5, 992 1, 273 1,037 1,448 880
Pun * - º
b. AGRICULTURAL POPULATION Percent. - - - - - - - - - - 1()() 21. 24 -
17.31 24. 17 -
14.6%

Taiwan__________. 2,924, 781| 926, 510| 943, 661 1,054, 610 32 32 36 º kºto, , 5 kºto , 7 kºto 10 kg to 20 ko
Karenko ... . . . . . . . 57,893 29, 369|| 9, 826 18, 698 51 17| 32 less5 kohan less7 ko
than less10 than
ko less
20 than
ko anºer
-

Taito. -----...--...-- 50, 591 27,972 8, 643 13,976 * 17 28 -

- - Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,749 13, 129 5,938 2,796 531

TABLE 42.-Cultivated land:
() 'I', 1Ournership
; #, , ,, and management, Percent - - - - - - - - - -
wº
sy. -
3.01
-
1. 36-
* ... un-i :
(). 12
-

19.39, Taito-cho Karenko - - - - - - - - - - - - 764 235 112 71 32

a. SMALL HOLDING AN ID TENANT FAR M A REAS -- Percent - ----- -- 7. 87 2. 42 1. 15 (). 73 0.33
Small T Small T Taito. -- . . . . . . ------- 808 297 152 71 26
Total Ina
holdings enant
| holdings mall
| hold- Tenant
hold- Parrºw,
Percent - - - -- ---- 3.48
13. 48 Q6
4.96 2.54 1 is 0.43 -

(in ko) (in ko) ings ings ;

TABLE 43.−Total ralue of agricultural produce (in yen),

Total cultivated Taito-cho
lands: Percent| Percent
Taiwan ---------- 853, 561.43 372, 762. 28 480,799. 15 43.67 56.33 * noi Horti- Seri- || Livestock
Karenko
eIlko - - - - - -- - 21.987. 42 |
• *-* * * 12, 940.70 ||
* * * * * *- 9,046.72; v = v. 58.86 ||
- 41. 14
- - ... . ."
|) . . produce
.i.al ºil
ture and is
produce
Taito. ---------- 15, 103.49 7,856.52 7, 246.97 52.02 || 47.98 --- ----- --

Rice fields:
- - Yen. Yen. Yen Yen Yen Yen
º Wall.----------
*, 382.62
: 71
207,612.64
5, 431. 36
328,769.98 ||
5 * 35 |
38.71
50 * 61.29
49.38
-

Taiwan.------ 551,826, 343.279, 841, 146||155, 556, 11043, 808,842,77, 25672, 542,989
-

Taito -- 7. 33sº i. gº.gi 3. ºn 3, 63.2% 3.7 Karenko----- 12, 909, 618, 4,816,472 5,502, 112 972, 588 - - - - - 1,618,446
... ----- > --~~~~ > * > *-. * ***, *z. - - Taito-------- 6, 129,807 3, 576,382. 1,399, 443| 491,866 -- . . . . 662, 116
II a t a (cultivated P
º: than Percent Percent Percent er
cent | Percent
Taiwan --------- 317, 178.81 | 165, 149.64 152,029. 17 52.07 || 47.93 Taiwan------|----------- 50. 71 28. 19 tº 0.01 13. 15
-* : - Karenko - - - - ----------- 37. 31 42.62 7. 531------ 12.54
Karenko--- ----- 11, 257.71 7, 509. 34 3, 748.37 66.70 || 33.30 Tait 58.35 22.83 8.02 10.80
Taito. ----------- 7, 764. 52 3,213.91 4, 550.61 6.67 93.33 10--------|----------- - - - -- - - - - - - -

b. NUMBER OF CULTIVATED LAND OWNERS ACCORDING - Rice is the most important single agricultural commodity
TO SIZE OF OW NERSHIP in Taito-cho. More land is put into the cultivation of rice
k k k 3 k (43 percent of the total land under cultivation in 1939)
Total ſº * lº *** º!” than of any other commodity. More than 88 percent of the
persons 5 ko º º º º rice area under cultivation raises two crops per year. Rice
also leads in the total yen Value.
º- - - -

Sugarcane s next in importance both as to area of land

- º- - - -
----
Taiwan ----------------. 431, 366 186,423 90,024 || 74, 151 32, 114 24, 238
Percent------------- 100 || 43.22 || 20.87 || 17. 19 7. 44 5. 62 put to its cultivation and the yen value of the harvest.
Karenko---------------- 10,068 3,969 2,283 1,948 729 705 Peanuts were in third place in 1939 and vegetables fol
Percent-...---------- 100 39.42 22.68 || 19. 35 7.24 7.00 lowed
Taito------------------- 5,567 1,644 1, 133 1, 163 644 580 - - * -- i - - , i , , #11 - -

Percent------------- 100 29.53 20.35 | 20.89 11.57 | 10.42 The following tables give a fair picture of agricultural
activities in Taito-cho :

35
RESTRICTED

TABLE 44.—Area of rice fields and rice production, 1939, TABLE 45.-Area of common agricultural products and
Taito-cho production, 1939, Taito-cho
[Area for all Taiwan is included for comparison] [Area of each product for all Taiwan is included for comparison]

Area of standing
crop, in ko
Aver-
age A. º
--i
Ar º standing
ºn: A. - Aver
age
__________|Amount pro- #. price
har-ºl ſuc- value in l' yer -------- Amount pro
vested | tion yen tº. harvested duc- || Value per
koku
All Taito- in koku per in in koku or tion in yen
Taiwan cho ko in or per
koku y
ten
Taiwan Taito-cho. " º, 100
kin in
or kin
yen
––––
All varieties:
First crop 275, 488.8 6,768.41 65,455, 9.67, 1,560,449, 23.84 Sweetpotato. . . . . . . . . 130,320.7| 1,441.70 | 19,424,200 13,473.207,266 1.07
Second crop 370,060.0 6,024. 22 66,270, 11.00, 1,659,232 25.04 Barley … . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 109.9 . .
Wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 950.8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - -

645, 548.8 12,792.63 131,725 ------ 3,219, 681|------ German millet (awa). 1,697.7. 956.80 25, 501 a 5.75 77,626 14.
Millet (kibi) . . . . . . . . 215.4 2.50 2 X 2 3, 20 113 14.
All wet-field rice: Indian millet (moro
First crop 268,520.9 6, 169.03 60,342 9.78 1,446,880. 23.98 koshi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,461.4 9. 63 2 4° 24.98 683 14.

Second crop 352, 339.4 5,829.32, 65,216, 11.19, 1,635, 989 25.09 Corn (maize). ------- 1,600. 7 16. 57 * 154 - 9. 29, 2,300 14.
Buckwheat. . . . . . . . . 0.3 5.80 2 50 - 8.02 700 14.
Total.--------- 620, 860. 3. 11,998.35 125, 558 ------| 3,082,869 ------ Soybean. . . . . . . . . . . . 5,308.4 43. 40 2 173 - 3. 99 4, 844 28.
Other kinds of beans. 10,021.9 153. 55 29.45 - - - -
18,096 . . . .
Wet-field rice, Horai Sugarcane for raw
variety: consumption. . . . . . 1,563.0 40.55 4, 270, 6501 105,318; 45,073 3 10.55,
156,081. 5. 1,909. 18, 19, 822, 10.38 507, 305 25.59
160,959.8 4,297.80 49,863. 11.60, 1,274,736. 25.56
1 Kin.
2 Koku.
Total ----------. 317,041.3 6, 206.98 69,685 ------ 1, 782, 041 ------
* Per 1,000 kin.
Wet-field rice, com
mon nonglutinous TABLE 46.-Area of special agricultural products and pro
variety: duction, 19.39, Taito-cho
First crop- - - - - - - - - 103, 961.7 3,628.45. 34,373 9.47 782, 122 22.75
[Area of each product for all Taiwan is included for comparison]
Second crop 139,680.0 1,085.38, 10, 898, 10.04] 237, 850 21.83

Area of standing Aver

243,641.7 4,713.83 45,271 . . . . . . 1,019,972 - - - - - -
crop, in ko Aver age
age price
Wet-field rice, round A mount * per
koku
grained, glutinous harvested yer
Value
variety. in koku º in in yen
6,922.9 212.5 1, 962 9.23 54,745. 27.90 Taiwan Tºº or kin
koku
,

or
40, 852.3 383.73 3,924 10.23 111,049, 28.30
kin

Total.---------. 47, 775.2 596. 23 5, 886 - - 165,794 - - - - - -

Wet-field rice, long Sugarcane - . . . . . 167,332.2 2,710.06 1237,636,243 87, 6871, 084,096
grained, glutinous Tobacco . . . . . . . 2, 234.9 . . . . . . .
variety: Peanuts. . . . . . 30, 244, 5, 897.41 3 13,023 & 14.51 180, 192
First crop - - - - - - - - 1, 554.8 418.90 4, 185 9.99 102,708. 24.54 Sesame -- . . .. . 3,523.6 17.30 3 61 33.53 726
Second crop 10,847.3 62. 41 531 S. 51 12, 354, 23.27 Rape seed . . . . . 257.6 5.00 320|| 3 4. ()() 400
Arrow root . . . 24.9 . 50 13,000 6,000 6()
Total.----------- 12,402.1 481. 31 4,716 - - - - - - 115,062 - - - - - - Cassava -- . . 5, 808. 3 178. ()() 12, 793, 500 1 15,694 26, 948
Ramie. . . . . . . . . . 1,883.2 63. 55 1 15, 317 241 5, 886
IDry-field rice, all Jute (all kinds). . . . 23, 838. 3 128. 18 167,500 1527 8, 236
varieties: Rough jute . . . . . . 913. 4 13.00 i 17, 943 1,380 1,795
First crop - - - - - - 6,967. 9 599.38 5, 113 8.53 113,569. 22.21 Young jute -- . . . . 2,998.6 58. 1() 1 24, 716 1 425 2,966
Second crop - - - - 17, 720.6 194.90 1,054 5.41 23, 243. 22.05 Finely cleaned
jute -------- 19,926.4 57. US 1 18, 771 1 329 3,475
Total.------- - 24,688.5 794. 28 6, 167 ------ 136,812 ------ Cotton. . . . ... . . 3, 270. 1 95.50 10, 123 106 2, 106
Taiko rush - - - - - 37.5l. - - ---
I)ry-field rice, non Shichito rush . . . 242.5 - -- ----
glutinous: Pineapple fiber - 432.7 . . ..
First crop - - - - - - -- -- - 6, 895. () 548.38, 4,701 8.57 103,674 22.05
Second crop 17, 630.8 184.06 993 5.40 21,771. 21.92
1 Kin.

Total.---------- 24, 525.8 732.44 5, 694 - - - - - 125, 445|------ * Per 1,000 kun.
* Koku.

Dry-field rice, glu

tinous:
First crop -- - - - - - 72.9 51.00 412. 8.08 9, 895 24.02
Second crop - - - - -
89. 8 10.84 61 5. 63 1,472. 24. 13

162. : 61. S4 473 - - - - - - 11, 367 ------

 RESTRICTED

TABLE 47.-Horticultural products, Taito-cho TABLE 47.-Horticultural products, Taito-cho-Continued

BANANAS: AREA AND PRODUCTION, 1939 VEGETABLES, 1939

Aver- Aver A f AVer- Aver

Area age age
rea. O a
Number of trees
cultivated 1
.# ||...
culti
produc. ... price
a vºte tion per value per
sºlº * pºlic. Value º
vation in kim tree in yen 100 kin crop in kin tion In yen per.
in ko in kim in yen in ko per ko 100 kin
in kim in yen

398,623 414.08 1,785,015 4.48 || 47, 283 2.65 All varieties 1--------------- 665.04 || 7,623,763 |-------- 371, 740 || -------
Daikkon (radish)----------- 89.12 | 1, 189, 650 | 13,349 || 59,039 4.96
Miscellaneous legumes. ---- 22.91 243,968 || -------- 13,767 || -------
1 24,201,083 trees cultivated in Taiwan. Ginger--------------------- 18.91 230, 279 12, 178 | 13,493 5.86
Taro----------------------- 52.46 527,838 10,062 28, 530 5. 41
PINEAPPLES: AREA AND PRODUCTION, 1939 Potato (Irish) -------------- . 58 5,860 10, 103 543 9.72
Green onion---------------- 59.21 650, 600 10,988 || 32,235 4.95
r Average Leek----------------------- 19.73 235,789 11,951 || 10,626 4.51
§. Area under Nº. º:º Total ºf Garlic---------------------- 18.46 200,655 10,870 13, 285 6. 62
culti-
Vated 1
cultivation
in ko
apples
harvested
pineapples |
produced
value
In yen
per 100
kim in Keisai (vegetables whose
per plant yen stems are edible).--------- 14. 20 157,820 |-------- 8,373 ||-------
Cabbage------------------- 24.08 501,710 || 20,835 | 29, 547 5. 89
Okarashina (large-sized
72, 711 12. 37 63, 583 0.87 5,649 8. 88 rape).--------------------- 55. 55 765, 534 13,781 21, 103 2.76
TSukena (variety of rape).-- 30.62 383,760 | 12,535 | 20, 237 5.27
Yosai (variety of rape).----- 17. 61 100,606 || 5, 713 3,003 2.98
1255,379,244 plants cultivated in Taiwan. Kinsai (variety of rape).---- 16.09 246,360 | 15, 311 11,829 4.80
Muskmelon---------------- 9.61 120,455 | 12, 534 6, 272 5.20
CITRUS FRUITS, 1939 Cucumber----------------- 18. 14 200, 509 ||11,053 12,466 6. 22
Watermelon---------------- 4. 26 37,420 8,784 1, 523 4. 07
Aver- Aver White-gourd melon--------- 9.40 166, 100 17,670 6,098 3.67
Pumpkin------------------ 28. 12 456, 790 16, 244 || 14, 234 3. 12
Num-
ber ºf |*||
under Amount
har-
#.
duc-
Value
Of
age
price Eggplant------------------- 23. 52 252, 102 || 10,719 || 13,967 5. 54
trees Or * vested tion º }. Kidney beans-------------. 49.43 353, 542 7, 152 17, 184 4.86
plants || ". in kin per i Garden peas---------------- 20. 25 94,096 || 4,647 10,969 11.66
in ko 1 i. in yen kin in - -

in kim yen Other vegetables whose

Seeds or fruits are edible-- 29.76 239, 670 |-------- 9, 211 ||-------
Miscellaneous vegetables
All varieties------- 14,483 || 45.26 219,075 |------- 8, 329 |------- whose leaves are edible--- 33.02 262,650 |-------- 14, 206 || -------

Ponkan (tangerine).------ 1,326 6. 07 11,695 8.82 1,346 11.51

Tankan (orange).-------- 1,491 4. 16 17, 765 11.92 1,754 9.87
1 40,441 k0 in all Taiwan.
Sekkan (orange).--------- 2,221 6. 15 17, 135 | 7.71 1, 199 7.00
Buntan (a variety of
shaddok, a type of TABLE 48.—Coffee area and production, 1939, Taito-cho
grapefruit)------------- 679 3.73 2,480 3.65 224 9.03
Zabon (a variety of [Area for all Taiwan is included for comparison]
shaddok) -------------- 724 3. 22 25, 240 34.86 998 3.95
Hakuyu (white citron) -- 148 || 2.23 5, 700 || 38.51 456 8.00 Num- |Area of Amount|Average Total | Average
Onshu orange------------|--------|-------|----------|-------|--------|------- Number | ber of stand- || Area of har- produc-value of price per
of trees trees lingtrees|harvest vested |tion per produc-| 100 kim
Valentia orange----------|--------|-------|----------|-------|--------|------- planted 1 |produc- in ko in ko in kin |ko in kin|tion in in yen
Lemon-------------------------------------------|-------|--------|------- ing fruit yen
Grapefruit---------------|--------|-------|----------|-------|--------|-------
Miscellaneous citrus
fruits------------------ 7,894 | 19.70 || 139,060 ------- 2,352 |- -
260, 559 60,199 || 136.23 30, 52 15, 517 | 508 || 7,657 49.35

1793,407 trees in Taiwan.

OTHER FRUITS, 1939

Longan------------------ 2,077 7.26 108,380 52.18 9,909 9. 14 TABLE 49.—Area of sisal and derris production, 1939,
Taito-cho
Mango.------------------ 1, 268 5.05 55, 594 || 43.84 5,489 9.87
Betel-nut---------------- 101,321 39.41 347, 871 3.43 25, 768 7.41
Guava------------------- 18, 590 13.28 57, 565 3. 10 | 1,633 2.84 Area cul-|Areahar-|Amount Average Average
Plums------------------- 3. 880 4. 40 57, 173 || 14. 74 3,051 5. 34 tivated vested har- produc- || Value | price per
Peach------------------- 2, 623 4.36 33, 809 || 12.89 1,972 5.83
in ko in ko vested tion per in yen 100 kim
in kim k0 in kim in yen
Persimmon-------------- 2,944 5.99 37, 995 | 12.91 2, 558 6.73
Papaya------------------ 15,776 13.80 291,497 | 18.48 || 7, 185 2.46
Rembu------------------ 268 1. 32 4,720 17.61 358 7.58 Sisal------------ (') ---------|---------|----------|--------|----------
Grapes------------------ 140 .46 667 || 4.76 135 | 20.24 Derris---------- 284.00 15.00 18,000 1, 200 18,000 100.00
Loquat------------------ 475 . 88 9, 738 20.50 807 8. 29

1 Sisal is produced in Takao Province only.

1 4,921.2 ko in all Taiwan. ? Area is all of Taiwan, 290.8 ko.
RESTRICTED

Itice production is subject to the ravages of nature and as sources of food, and buffalo ( 00 yu) are raised as beasts
each year substantial losses are inflicted by heavy rains of burden. In 1939, butchered hogs brought an average
and resulting floods. In 1939 during the months of May, of Y42.75 per head, or 38 sen per kin.
June, and July, torrential rains damaged 5,919 ko of wet Farmers' associations are government-sponsored and
field rice (50 percent of the total area planted during the regulated, and operate under a specific agricultural associ
two-crop season ), resulting in an estimated loss of 12,367 ation law. The Taito-cho livestock association imposes
koku (about 10 percent of the total koku harvested) val (lues and levies of 130 sen per head of cattle, 100 sen per
used at Y:303.01().
head of horses, 120 sen per head of hogs, and 30 sen per
In October of 1939, a heavy rainstorm damaged 2,958 head of sheep. The Taito agricultural association imposes
ko of sugarcane fields, resulting in a loss of 23,604,00 kin (lues and levies of 50 sen per member, 20 percent of the
of sugarcane value at Y71,376. total land tax and 0.5 percent of the total agricultural
Livestock and poultry are produced in some quantity in and forestry production.
Taito-cho. Hogs and chickens are of primary importance
There is one additional agricultural association of hog
'aisers in Taito-cho.
TABLE 50.-Li restock, 19.39, Taito-cho
LIVEST () ("K, 1939 Industrial cooperatives are likewise active in agricul
[Total for Taiwan is included for comparison] tural activities. Two purely credit cooperatives were re
ported in Taito-cho in 1939.
Number of head
('inchona trees are cultivated in Taito-cho. ('inchona
afforestation was begun in Taiwan in 1922 by the Hoshi
" | Total
º º Male Female Neuter I )rug Manufacturing ( 'o. (Hoshi Soiyaku K.K.), a subsid
ince | iary of the Taiwan Takushoku K.K. A bark-tree nursery
was established at ("hihon in Hina in-sho, Tait 0-gun, using
('attle (all breeds) - 324, 780 15, 235 6, 254 3,859 5, 122 aborigine labor. The Taiwan government-general also
Buffalo . . 266, 13; 11,351 5,071 3,075 3,205 established a state ('inchona cultivation experimental sta
Yellow cow (ogyu) - 46, 633 l 1,664 536 379 749 tion at Mariburu-sha, I 'aibu-sho, Taito-gun.
Indian cow - tº-1 53 30 18 5
Western cow (yogun) 556 –. . . . . . ----- Taito-cho is reported to in:lintain a stud farm for the
Miscellaneous breeds 10,771 2, 167 617 387 1, 163 improvement of the livestock of the province. In addition,
Hogs (all breeds) 1. 653,210 18, 739 7, 843 - 1, 524 9, 372 a castor-bean seed cultivation station is in operation in the
Taiwan breed - 72.839 8.703 5, 645 439 2,619
Western breed 27, 760 767 34; 154 267
cho and increasingly superior seeds are said to be produced.
Miscellaneous breeds . 1, 552, till 9, 269 1, 852 931 6,486 An attempt has been made to grow cotton in the cho,
Goats. - - - - - 63, 543 251 11() 5t, 85 and in 1938, 163 acres were planted. Whether the cotton
Sheep - - - - -- , 180 - - - - - - - - -

plant has done better in Taito than in the island as a whole

is not known.
SLAU (; HTER, 1939 It is reported that in 1939 there were 750 deer in Taiwan,
[Number head slaughtered for Taiwan included for comparison] half of which were in Taito-cho, and that about 20,) (leer
... - are raised annually in the island.
Taito A mount Value in
Nurnber Province in kin yen
The Government-General has designated certain towns
and cities in each province as rice delivery points, to
('attle (all breeds) 20.282 1,0so 370 22, 73 los which the rice producers must bring their rice for inspec
Huffalo - 17, 102 966 202.221 30,682
Yellow (ow 11,720 1,014 177,006 42, 426
tion and delivery to government authorities. Each rice
Miscellaneous breeds 46() - - - -
warehouse in Taito-cho to which delivery must be made
Hºus (all breeds) 1, 116, 376 9, 891 1, 112, ():38 422, 878 is operated by the Government-General Rice Iłureau ex
(it::..tv 20.059 4t; 1, 37t, 412
cept in the two instances noted below. The following
places have been so designated in Taito-cho :
Not E. In Taiwan there are 750 slaughtering places; in Taito Province 26.
Taito IRice Station warehouse, Taito-gai
TABLE 51.-Poultry, 10.3.0, Taito-cho Taito-cho IRice ('ontrol Association \varehouse, Tait (0–
[Number of birds in Taiwan included for comparison] gai
Ikegami Itice Station warehouse, Ikegami-Sho, Kan
Number of birds
- - - - - - - - -* , in Average Zall-gull

Taiwan
:--> ºn "º" ºr
Taito
Province
- bird
IKanzan IRice Station warehouse, Kanzan-sho, Kanzan
gllll
---- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - -

--- Shinko IRice Station warehou e, Shinko-Sho, Shinko

All fowl -- - --- - - -- - -- 0.043.3% sº, so 73 so . -
gull
("hiſ ken . . . . . . . . . --- º: 70, 883 61, 597 (). 87
Nagahama Itice Station warehouse, Nagahama-sho,
Duck. - - --- - -- - - - ---- 1,931.365 10,681 8, 5.45 . 80
(heese. -- . . . . . 389. 838 1,848 3,049 1. tº
Shinko-gun
Turkey - ---- - - - - - - º 41, 731 177 649 3.67 Taito-cho IRice ('ontrol Association warehouse, Naga
hama-Sho. Shinko-gun

38

There is a great abundance of water for the crops in
Taiwan but it is necessary to regulate the flow of sur
face water over the crop lands in order to obtain the high
est possible yield, especially of rice and sugarcane. Also
there is a considerable amount of land which cannot be
cultivated without proper drainage, and there is also a
great necessity to control the floodwaters which follow
heavy rains. For these reasons, the farmers in Taiwan
have from early times employed complex irrigation and
drainage canals and have organized associations for the
purpose of constructing and managing them. Some irri
gation canals are reported to be more than 200 years
Old.
The Japanese encouraged the construction of canals and
ditches and in many instances have built new ones with
public funds.
There are now three kinds of associations or kumiai
which operate and manage irrigation facilities.
are the communual or public associations which operate
canals and ditches important enough to make it of public
interest for the government to regulate their opera
tion in considerable detail. Included within such organi
zations are those that operate the canals and ditches the
government built out of public funds and turned over to
the provinces which turned them over to kumiai to
operate, and certain other canals and ditches which indi
vidual water-users have operated in the past as local com
munity projects.
A Second kind of association is the “water
tion” association, which is set up under the express au
thority of law. In the event that a group of farmers or
land-owners wish to build either irrigation, drainage, or
flood-control channels, they may organize a kumiai for
the purpose. Such associations must be organized in ac
cordance with the authorization laws and regulations.
The member-founders can set their own terms for Com
mon action but all must be approved by the government
before the association can come into existence.
kumia i covers an area in two or more gun or shi the
provincial governor has direct supervision over it, and
if the lºumiai covers an area in two or more shu or cho
the governor-general of Taiwan has direct control over it.
Presumably the canals and ditches operated by Such as
sociations are not of such importance as to make it
mandatory that their management and control be regu
lated as closely by the government as those operated by
the communal or public associations.
After a “water utilization” kumiai has been estab
lished, permission of the government must be obtained
to make alterations in the terms of the kumiai contract
or charter, to borrow money, to enlarge the number of
canals or ditches or to engage in new flood-control or
RESTRICTED
V. IRRIGATION
drainage or irrigation projects, or to combine with other
Rumiai or dissolve the organization.
Some canals and ditches which the government has not
recognized as of sufficient importance to be under the
degree of public control to which the communal and “water
utilization” associations are subject are operated by pri
rate associations or private individuals. In recent years
the number of such privately operated irrigation projects
and the area of land serviced by them has greatly de
creased.
Communal or public associations and “water utiliza
tion” associations are recognized in law as juridical
persons.
The cost of operating and maintaining the irrigation,
drainage, and flood-control systems is borne directly by
the people who benefit by them. Fees and charges in
money and services are levied upon the members by the
There associations, and delinquencies in payment are handled
by the government in the same manner as it handles de
linquencies in the payment of taxes.
Although the public interest in the operation of irriga
tion works is great and justifies a considerable amount of
governmental supervision and control over their operation,
the Japanese have seized upon this as another opportunity
to tighten their control over the life of the people through
the control of the water supply upon which their crops,
which constitute their livelihood, depend.
In 1939 a total of 540,340 ko (1,295,195 acres), were
Serviced by irrigation and drainage canals in Taiwan.
utiliza
Water utilization kumiai served 321,694 ko (771,100 acres),
communal and public kumiai served 139,849 ko (335.218
acres), and privately owned and operated systems served
78,797 ko (188,876 acres). In 1940 there was a decrease
of more than 70 percent from 1939 in the area served by
private systems.
In 1939 the irrigation and drainage areas of IKarenko
cho served a total of 13,868 ko (33,241 acres), of which
If a
area 8,253 ko (19,782 acres), were served by “water utili
zation” associations and 5,615 ko (134,159 acres), served
by private systems. In the same year in Taito-cho, 7,762
ko (18,606 acres) were served in all, “water utilization”
associations serving 4,727 ko (11.331 acres), and private
systems serving 3,035 ko (7,275 acres). The relative in
fluence of private systems in Karenko-cho and Taito-cho
is much greater than in other parts of the island.
Irrigation and drainage develo: ments in Karenko-cho
and Taito-cho are centered primarily in the areas around
Karenko-gai and Taito-gai. It is necessary to control the
waters of the Pinan, Tainan, and Chihon Rivers in the
Taito area and the Karen, Mokka, and Chakan IRivers in
the Karenko area to prevent flood damage and to keep low
land in production, as well as to furnish a regulated supply
of water for the growing crops.
39
RESTRICTED

VI. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

1. Railroads TABLE 53.−1)istances in miles between rail ural/ stations,

(ind to IV arenko (ind Taito, Karen lºo-Taito Railroad
The provinces of Karenko and Taito have no rail con
nections with the rest of the island, but their common rail To To
From- To– Karenko | Taito
road is the most important link unifying the economic and station station
social life of the two political divisions.
The Karenko-Taito IRailroad is a 2-foot 6-inch gage Karenko Toran 1.4 () 107. 1
government line running between Karenko-gai and Taito Toran . . . . . Yoshino - - 1.5 1.4 105.7
Yoshino. Hatsune. 1. tº 2.9 104.2
gai through the Karenko-Taito valley. It is 108 miles in - - -

Hatsune Kada-mura 3.2 3.5 102.6

length and has no branches. Itail-weight is 25–40 pounds
Kada-mura Kotobuki. 2.9 7.7 99.4
and rail length is 24–30 feet. Holling stock is antiquated. Kotobuki Toyoda. . 1.7 10.6 96.5
Steam engines are reported to have been replaced re Toyoda - Keiko - 2. tº 12.3 94.8
Keiko Hirabayashi 2.3 14.9 92.2
cently by high-speed gasoline cars running either singly
Hirabayashi Hayashida. 1. tº 17.2 89.9
or in pairs. Normal passenger service consists of 1 day Hayashida Horin - - - - 2. tº 18.8 88.3
and 1 night express each way between Karenko-gai and Horin Maribashi. 3. 1 21.4 85.7
Taito-gai, taking 5 hours by day and 8 hours by night. Maribashi Mataan 4. 1 24.5 82.6
Mataan . Yarnato - 4.9 28.6 78.5
Accommodations do not include sleeping or dining cars.
Yamato Basshi . - 1. 8 33.5 73.6
All necessary major railway repairs are made at Hasshi Mizuho. -- 5.8 35.3 71.8
Karenko, where about 100 workers are employed in the Mizuho Mikasa -. t;. 1 41. 1 t;6. ()
shops. Small repairs can be carried out at the engine-shed Mikasa - Suehiro 3. tº 47.2 59.9
Suehiro Tamazato. 3. tº 50. 8 56.3
shops at Tamazato-gai and Taito-gai.
Tamazato Antsu . - t;. () 54.4 52.7
A traffic division office at Karenko is in charge of the Antsu . . . Taisho. . 3. () 57.4 49.7
line. Japanese hold all responsible positions. Taisho. - - Tojinpo 3.7 t;(). 4 46.7
The line has one tunnel 3,640 feet in length, just south Tojimpo. - - Koho . 3.9 64. 1 43. ()
Koho - - - - Tokoho (). X 68. () 39. 1
of Mizuho station at the southern end of Horin-gun.
Tokoho Ikegami 3.5 tºx. 8 38. 3
Bridges are numerous with major ones across the ('hakan Ikegami . Shimburo 3. 8 72. 3 34.8
River above Hayashida station at the boundary between Shimburo Kanzan - 4. () 76. 1 31. ()
Karen- and Horin-guns, across the Shinburo IRiver west Kanzan Tsukino. 2. () 8(). 1 27. ()
Tsukino Taiho 2.2 83. () 24. 1
of Ikegami at the boundary between Kanzan- and
Taiho Ohara 1.9 85.2 21.9
Ikegami-sho in IXanzan-gun, and across the Hokuryo River Ohara Shikano . 3.5 7. 1 20. ()
north of Shikano station, Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun. Shikano. Inaba 3.3 90.6 16.5
Inaba. Hashikao 3. X 93.9 13.2

TAbilh, º.--Wolume of Traffic, 1942 Hashikao Hinashiki 4. () 97.7 9. 4

Hinashiki Baran 3. 8 101.7 5.4
Haran . . - Taito . . 1.6 105.5 1. tº
2 tº t Number of Freight Receipts
Station I) assengers tonnage (in yen) Taito. - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - 107.1 ! ----------

Karenko - ** 62,223 109,345

Tarnazato 192,628 1(), 51() 47, 456
- -

There are a few short private railway lines operated by

Taito - -, 77, 570 4, 249
I’assenger fares on the Taiwan (;overnment railways
are : First class, 6.5 Sen per mile ; second class, 4.5 Sen per
mile ; third class, 2.) Sen per mile ; express trains charge
extra fare at the following rates: First class, up to 50
miles, 60 sen; up to 100 miles, 90 sen; up to 200 miles, Y1.50;
over 200 miles, Y2.10. Second class, up to 50 miles, 40
sen: up to 100 miles, (5) sen: up to 200 miles, Y1; over 200
miles, Y1.40. Third class, up to 50 miles, 20 sen; up to 100
miles, 30 sen: up to 200 miles, 50 sen: over 200 miles, 70
sen. I’ullman fares are : First class, Y7 per night; second
class, upper, Y3, lower, Y4.50. Iteduced rates are given to
school teachers, service men, preachers, police officers, etc.
33, 188
the sugar companies. One runs north from Karenko-gai
to the mouth of the Takkiri River. Another line extends
from Kotobuki into the flat valley between Kotobuki and
Kada in Kotobuki-sho. There is a short sugar refinery
line in the area between Horin and Hayashida, and another
begins east of Hasshi in Mizuho-sho and extends north
through the center of the valley east of the government
railroadl, past Yaluato, and meets a branch which starts
a little to the west (and north of Yalmato) and runs into
Horin-sho and on to the Ensuiko Sugar Refinery west of
Taiharo and near Mataan. This line extends on north
ward on the east side of the valley to a point about half
way between Mataan and Horin. Another line extends
from Koho station in Mizuho-sho southwest of the govern

40

ment railroad down into the narrowest part of the valley
nearly to the Karenko-Taito-cho boundary. In Taito-cho,
a major Sugar refinery line extends from Miwa in the
Southeast corner of Hinan-sho north to Chihon, thence
northeast across the Taito plain to Baran station where
the sugar refinery is located. This line is 8 miles in length
and has a 2-foot gage. Feeder spurs run into the line in
the vicinity of Asahi south of Taito. An additional line
begins in the foothills of the coastal range and extends
South past Hinan and directly into Baran.
A logging railway runs up the Chakan River valley along
the south side of the river and into the mountains, begin
ning where the government railway turns north to cross
the Chakan River in the northwest corner of Horin-Sho.
There are few pushcar lines in Karenko and Taito Prov
inces. There is a short line across the valley from Mizuho
on the east to the Mizuho railway station and on west to
the foot of the mountains and the Mizuho hot springs. An
Other runs from the mouth of the Takkiri River toward
Karenko-gai.
2. Roads
There are no natural overland routes linking Karenko
Cho and Taito-cho with the rest of the island. The two
cho are completely hemmed in on three sides by forbidding
mountain ranges. Only the sea invites intercourse be
tween the peoples of the two provinces and the other in
habitants of Taiwan. However, road connections have
been forced through the mountains in both the north and
the south. At the north the east coast Keelung-Suo
Karenko road was completed in 1928. A more direct con
nection with Taihoku-shi is possible by the recent comple
tion in Taihoku-shu of a road from Shinten, south of
Taihoku, through mountainous territory for 40 miles to
Shokei, near Giran on the Keelung-Suo road. Taito and
Karenko are joined by a road paralleling the Taito
Karenko railroad, and in the South Taito now has a
connection with the Southwest coast by means of a poor
road South to Daibu and then west over the mountains
to Fuko. There are no roads for vehicular traffic acroSS
the central mountain barrier. It is doubtful if it is yet
possible to motor uninterruptedly around the island be
cause of inadequate bridges and stretches of poor roads
and frequent landslides and washouts in Taito and
Karenko Provinces.
Spectacular road construction made possible the be
ginning of vehicular traffic between Karenko-gai and Suo
sho in Suo-gun, Taihoku-shu. The total distance between
the two places is 75 miles, 35 miles of which is traversed
over the famous “cliff road.” This spectacular engineer
ing feat was first attempted by the Chinese, who blazed
a trail southward from Suo. Failure to keep it in repair
made it unusable most of the time. The Taiwan govern
ment-general made the road adequate for motor traffic in
1928, and it has had a far-reaching effect on the economic
development of Karenko-cho. Although the general pol
icy in Taiwan is that the provinces defray the expenses of
road construction and maintenance, the government-gen
eral has assumed responsibility for this east cliff road.
41
RESTRICTED
Numerous landslides and washouts make repairs neces
Sary very often and at times the road is in such poor con
dition that motor traffic becomes very hazardous. In
1936–37 the government-general appropriated ¥44,408 for
Ordinary maintenance of this road and an additional
*25,000 for extraordinary repairs necessitated by typhoons
and floods. Because of the narrowness of the road, all
traffic between Karenko-gai and Suo is organized on a
rigid schedule. Two motor convoys leave Suo each day
and two leave Karenko. Ten to twenty vehicles (buses,
official cars, taxis, and trucks) make up the convoy caval
cade. They meet at designated places in order to pass.
Stops are made en route, and at the province borders all
travelers must register with the police.
The inland valley road is 18 feet wide between Karenko
and TamaZato and in the Taito area is 16 feet wide. It
probably is narrower than 16 feet South of Tamazato and
through the northern part of the Taito plain, and there
may be breaks in the continuity, making it necessary to
leave the vehicle and walk over footpaths to a waiting car
at the Other end. The Karenko-Tamazato section of the
road is paved in part with local stone and is in part a
dirt road. Two cement tracks 4 feet apart and each 3
feet wide run to Tamazato for use of motor traffic. The
road south from Tamazato is sand, stone, and dirt. Infor
mation as to the extent and type of grade is lacking.
A coast road connecting Karenko and Taito has been in
various stages of development for the past 10 years.
Progress has been made north from Taito along the coast
to Shinko and further north to Bakon and Karoran.
There is Some information, although not conclusive, that
the road has been completed to a point a short distance
north of Shinsha, in Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun. The link
from Shinsha north to Karenko was surveyed in 1940 and
construction was expected over the next 5 years. Infor
mation on the progress made is not available. There is a
trail connecting Karenko with the northern end of this
road. The surface of the road is dirt and is not generally
kept in good repair. Motor traffic is normally very diffi
cult and slow and at times impossible, although it is
reported that there is bus service between Taito-gai and
Shinko.
A connecting road across the coastal range between
Bakon in Shinsha-sho and Mataan in Horin-sho has been
contemplated. Although there are some trails over the
coastal range joining the coast and the valley, it is doubt
ful if any roads adequate for vehicular traffic have been
put through.
There is a triangle of dirt roads joining Taito, Roka,
and Chihon in the Taito plain, and apparently a dirt road
connects Roka with Hashikao a few miles to the northeast
on the inland valley route.
Taito is connected by road with Takao Province and the
west coast via Chihon, Daibu, and thence west across the
mountains to Fuko. The road South of Chihon has always
been in poor condition although since the completion of the
road to the west coast it may be kept in better repair to
carry the additional traffic.
RESTRICTED

14. Suspension bridge over Daidakusui River, Suo-Karenko motor road.

42
 -----

RESTRICTED

There are numerous trails across the coastal range con

necting the east coast villages with those in the Karenko
Taito valley. Following is a list of the important ones
reading north to south and east to west:
Suirembi, Shinsha-sho to the Chakan river delta.
Banshoryoko, Shinsha-Sho to Maribashi River delta
and Rokkaibi.
Karoran, Shinsha-sho to Taiharo and Mataan,
Horin-Sho.
3akon, Shinisha-Sho to Mataan.
Bakon, Shinsha-sho to Basshi, Mizuho-sho.
Taikoko and Nono at Shukoran IRiver mouth to Shin
Sha-sho to Mizuhom Mizuho-sho.
Boshizon, Nagahama-sho to Taisho, Taisho-sho.
Sekinciho, Nagahama-sho to Mannimpo, Taisho-sho.
Daibabukutsu, Toran-sho to Banan and Shinkaien,
Ikegami-Sho.
Karimoko, Toran-sho to central Shikano-Sho south of
Ohara.

15. Suo-Karemko High wray, Karemko Province.

3. Trails
There are numerous trails which make it possible to
visit many otherwise inaccessible places in the two prov
inces, and to cross the central mountain ranges to the
western provinces by foot. Musha and Hori in eastern
Taichu Province are connected with Karenko-gai, and a
trail up the Takkiri IRiver connects with the Musha
Karenko trail. It is also possible to reach Hori from
Tamazato-gai, and Keito in southeastern Taichu Province
can also be reached from Tamazato. Trails from Kosen
and Rokki in northeastern Takao Province connect with
Ikegami-Sho in Kanzan-gun, and with Hashikao in north
ern Hinan-sho. I'rom Daibu On the east coast in the

south, a trail leads to I3ozan on the west coast in Takao

Province.

Traffic over these trails is largely confined to bearers

of supplies and messengers for interior police Stations.
No one from outside is allowed to cross through the 16. Trail along escarpment of Tarolco Gorge,
aborigine territory without permission and a police escort. IV arenko Province.

43
RESTRICTED

From north of Karoran, Taito-gai to Hashikao, in stormy weather and for long waits and extra stops
Hinan-sho. when hiring by the mile.

4. Shipping lines 6. Aviation

In 1939 there were two vessels of 2,500 tons each plying
between Keelung and Karenko, making more than 300
voyages per year. There were also 2 vessels of 700 tons
each which operated on a regular schedule along the
east coast, making about 70 voyages a year, and in addition
there was a regular Suo-Karenko daily schedule whereby
one could make the round trip in 1 day and 1 night. One
vessel of 50 tons made regular runs from Shinko to
Kashoto and Kotosho off the southeast coast, making
about 60 voyages a year.
Ships of the Osaka Shosen KK, the Kohoku Maru and
the Roman Maru–each 2,600 tons—which ply between
Keelung and Takao, stop at Taito, Shinko, and Kashoto
and Kotosho islands for cargo and passengers. Six round
trips a month are made between Keelung and Takao via
the east coast.
5. Bus and taxi service
There is reported to be bus service from Taito-gai to
Bakon up the coast, and regular bus service is in opera
tion between Karenko-gai and Suo-sho, Taihoku-Shu.
Scheduled automobile trips are made four times daily
between Karenko and Yoshino. Automobiles may be hired
by the hour or by mileage for trips in Karenko-gai and
vicinity and in Taito-gai and vicinity. Rental rates are
from 30 to 50 sen per mile, or ¥4 for first hour and Y2
for each additional hour up to 6 hours, and ¥1.50 per
additional hour up to 12 hours. There are extra charges
A round-Taiwan airline was inaugurated in July 1938,
bringing the isolated Karenko and Taito areas into closer
communication with the rest of the island. The airports
are 3 miles northeast of the town of Karenko, and 2 miles
north of the town of Taito, respectively. Stops are made
at Taito and Karenko on the regular flights around the
island, made twice daily, once in each direction.
7. Postal, telegraph, telephone, and radio
There are adequate postal facilities in Karenko and
Taito-cho (see section on government), and telegraph sta
tions are located at the major postal centers. It was
reported that there were 837 radio receiving sets in Kar
enko-cho in 1938, 670 of which were Japanese-owned and
167 owned by Formosans, and that there were 328 sets in
Taito-cho, of which 272 were owned by Japanese. In
March 1939, there were 745 listener subscribers in Karenko
Province, 628 of whom were Japanese and 117 were Tai
wanese. There were 3.5 sets for each 100 families, of
which number there were 22 per 100 Japanese families
and 0.6 per 1,000 Taiwanese subscribers. In Taito Prov
ince, there were as of the same date 340 listener sub
scribers, 296 of whom were Japanese. There were 2.6 sets
per 100 families, which included 28.4 sets per 100 Japa
nese families and 0.4 sets per 100 Taiwanese families.
Listener subscribers were predominantly of the official
and business class. The Taiwan broadcasting association
is in charge of all matters concerning the examination and

- . º, - -
-
----- º . . . .. .
º lºi, ſº º, º sº. "
º
*- º - . -
-

* :* º ºlºº sº a -
-
º -

º -
º
* -
-º
-
- - - º,
- ſº
º - -
-
-
- - -

-
* . .
r"
-

- º
º
º
-
º
º

17. Karenko landing beach, with ships offshore.

44

18. Southeast coast road, south of Taito.
repair of radio receivers in Karenko and Taito Provinces.
A radio consultation office has been established in the town
Of Karenko.
Karenko and Taito each have a radio Station. The
Karenko station is identified by the call letters JFF and
is located in the Karenko post office, Karenko-gai. Its
station-to-station service operates at 0.2 kilowatts on a
frequency of 190 kilocycles and has a wave length of 1579
meters. Its station-to-ship service operates on a fre
Quency of 391 and 500 kilocycles, on a wave length of 767
and 600 meters, and at 0.2 kilowatts. Business hours for
station-to-ship service are 10 a. m. to 2 p. m., 6 p. m. to
8 p.m., and 10 p.m. to midnight. Outside of these hours,
it does not normally listen for messages from ships.
45
RESTRICTED
The Taito station is identified by the call letters JFE
and is located in the post office in Taito-gai. Its station
to-station service operates on a frequenty of 180 kilo
cycles, and at 0.2 kilowatts, and has a wave length of 1667
meters. Its station-to-ship service operates on a fre
quency of 435 and 500 kilocycles, has wave lengths of 690
and 600 meters, and at 0.2 kilowatts. Business hours for
station-to-ship service are 8 a. m. to 10 a. m., 2 p. m. to 6
p. m., and 8 p. m. to 10 p. m. Outside of these hours it
Will not receive messages from ships.
An unconfirmed report states that the Japanese Navy
has built powerful radio units on the islands of Kashoto
and Kotosho off the southeast coast. No details are avail
able.
 RESTRICTED

VII. INDUSTRY, BUSINESS AND LABOR

1. Karenko-cho precise location of the other two plants is not clear.
(t. General.-Although harbor facilities are poor, a ready They are called “Kiyomizu No. 1" and Kiyomizu No. 2” and
source of electric power is the primary reason for di the Sources Speak of them as being on the IKiyomizu IRiver,
recting a considerable portion of the industrial expansion which would place them at least a mile above I \omon in
of the island into the vicinity of Karenko-gai, since 1938, aborigine territory. Other sources speak of their source
making it fourth in industrial importance among all the of power as the “Mokka River and the Kiyomizu Itiver”
gai and shi of Taiwan. The value of production in and give an approximate latitude and longitude (latitude
Karenko I'rovince in 1938 was Y23,000,000, but it was 23°58' N., longitude 121°33' E.) which places them in the
hoped that simultaneous development of electric-power immediate vicinity of Kiyomizu village in Yoshino-sho,
projects, harbor construction, and industrial enterprises directly west of IKarenko-gai and on one of the northern
would increase production tenfold by 1945. As a part branches of the Mokka River. Probably this latter loca
of the expansion program, the Taiwan government-general tion is the correct one. Power from these four plants is
has appropriated funds for the region. brought into Karenko-gai and is absorbed by the Japan
The important new industries are aluminum produc Aluminum ("o.'s processing plants.
tion, smelting of nickel and other ores, and manufacture There are two small hydroelectric plants in Yoshino-sho
of phosphate fertilizers, urea gypsum, and pulp. directly west of Karenko-gai and north of the Mokk:
b. Electric-pourer production.—In 1938 an official in River. The stream from which they get their power
vestigation estimated the potential power capacity of is not idlentified.
Karenko-cho and Taito-cho at Sjø,000 kilowatts. In May
In Horin-gun there are two very small hydroelectric
1934), the East Taiwan Electric Power ("o. was estab
plants, located somewhere in Horin-sho, and there is
lished by the government-general as a “national interest”
a gas engine power plant in Tamazato-gai, Tamazat 0-gun.
monopoly concern to exploit these power resources. Its
Although precise information is not available, prob
status in the Taito and I\arenko areas was to be similar
ably the two small plants in Yoshino-sho provide elec
to that of the Taiwan Electric Power ("o. in the other
tricity for lighting purposes in the town of Karenko.
five provinces of the island. It maintains its head office The plants in Horin-sho and Tamazato-sho probably pro
and Taihoku branch in the Osaka Shosen building. ( )mote
vide electricity for the nearby administrative centers
cho 2-('home, Taihoku, and other branch offices within the
and sugar factories.
I)aiichi Sogo Kan building, Kyobashi 3-chome, Kyobashi
ku, Tokyo, and also at Karenko-gai, Rarenko-cho. A
TABLE 54.— Potrer companies and capacity of plants,
leading businessman of Tokyo is the chairman of the board
A ſtrºn/co-cho
of directors. The Japan Aluminum ("o. Subscribed for
half of the 400,000 shares authorized, and it received
Capacity
prior license for supplies of electric power. Other firms commonly Location
in use
to receive power were the Toho Kinzoku Seiren Kaisha
(Oriental Metal IRefining ( 'o.), the Shinko Nitrogen ("0.
East Taiwan Electric Power ("o.: Ai/au aft's
(a subsidiary of the ( 'hosen ("hemical Industry ('o.), the
IDomon 23, 200 Mokka River.
Ensuiko Sugar ( 'o., and the Taroko Electrical ("hemical Hatsune--- . . . - 1,600 Mokka River.
Industry ("0. (‘apital in which these five companies were Kiyomizu No. 1 - 7,000 || Kiyomizu River.
to participate was to be Y30,000,000, to be increased later Kiyomizu No. 2 - - 5,000 Kiyorilizu Hiver.
to Y100,000,000. Karenko Electric Co., Ltd.: -

Karenko No. 1 . . . . 200 Yoshino-sho, Karen

The water power So far harnessed is largely in the
gun.
mountains and plain to the rear of Karenko-gai. The Karenko No. 2. º 400 Yoshino-sho, Karen
Kiyomizu and Mokka rivers rise in the central mountain gun.

range and flow toward the coast, finally uniting about Horin No. 1 - 30 Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
Horin No. 2 . 25, Horin-sho. Horin-gun.
4 miles above the aborigine boundary. The Mokka then Tamazato - - - 30 | Tarnazato-gai, Tanna
l
continues on eastward and into the Karenko plain. Four Zato-gun.
l

hydroelectric plants are believed to be located on the Karenko. Thermal Unknown Karenko-gai.
East Taiwan Flectric Power ("0.:
waters of these rivers. One plant is on the Mokka River
Takkiri Hiver Plants 80,000 : Takkiri River.
at IDomon in aborigine territory, a short distance below
Other plants. . . - - {}(), ()()() ("nknown.
the junction of the Mokka with the Kiyomizu, and a
second plant is located on the Mokka IRiver near Hat
There is some question whether these 2 plants are located in aborigine
sune, a short distance east of the aborigine boundary. The
territory in Kiyomizu River or in Karenko plain at Kiyomizu village.

In addition to the power plants already mentioned as
in Operation, plans were complete for a greatly expanded
power development program. The Takkiri River is a
great potential source of power and it has been planned
to have a series of large plants there, to be in operation by
1945. There were no signs of construction along the river
in early 1940. However, it is believed that the magnitude
of the operation there would make it impossible to have
completed construction within that time limit. Plans
have also been made for harnessing several other rivers
in the area, details of which are unknown.
The Karenko Electric Co., Ltd., serves the Karenko val
ley from Karenko to Tamazato and operates the plants
mentioned in Yoshino-sho, Horin-sho, and Tamazato-sho.
The following additional detailed information is avail
able on the Hatsune and Domon plants of the East Taiwan
Electric Power Co., as of December 1938:
TABLE 55.-Hatsume and Domon pourer plants. 19.38
Hatsune Plant:
Turbines: 1 at (estimated) 2,000 kilowatts, Kap
lan type, Mitsubishi make.
Generators: 1 at 2,500 kilovolt-amperes, 3-phase,
Mitsubishi make.
Domon plant:
Effective head 555.6.
Turbines: 3 at 9.300 kilowatts, Francis type, ver
tical shaft, Hitachi make.
Generators: 3 at 10,000 kilovolt-amperes, 3-phase,
600 revolutions per minute, 60 cycles, Hitachi
make.
c. Aluminum production.—The Japan Aluminum Co.
built an aluminum plant in Karenko city in 1938–39, and
production was begun in 1940. The plant covers an area
of 130,000 tsubo (4,621,500 square feet), and was planned
for an annual capacity of from 6,000 to 10,000 metric tons
of finished aluminum. Alumina is imported from Japan
proper, the company having no facilities for producing
alumina on the east coast. The plant absorbs practically
all of the power of the four plants of the East Taiwan
Electric Power Co. It is reported to have made plans
for a yearly production of 1,000 metric tons of magnesium
by means of the “Jiyante” carbon-reduction process.
d. Nickel.—The Oriental Metal Refining Co. (Toho Kin
zoku Seiren Kabushiki Kaisha) completed a nickel and
cobalt refinery at Karenko in 1940. Initial productive
capacity was set at 2,100 tons of nickel and 20 tons of
cobalt, and plans were made eventually to increase this
to 20,000 tons of nickel, and 50 tons of cobalt. The plant
is reported to include facilities for crushing, ore-mixing,
and cobalt crushing; and an electric concentrating plant
for cobalt, a repair shop, transformer, furnace, laboratory,
and a dust chamber. It is estimated that this plant pro
duces about 10 percent of Japan's nickel requirements.
It is thought that the plant also processes chromium ore.
e. Chemicals.-The Oriental Electro-Chemical Indus
tries Co. (Toyo Kenko Kogyo Kaisha) started construc
tion of a factory at Karenko in June 1940 for the produc
tion of “Amo-Phos” (estimated 20,000 metric tons), arti
47
RESTRICTED
ficial rock-crystal (estimated 1,500 metric tons), sulphuric
Soda (estimated 1,500 metric tons), and absolute ammonia
(estimated 1,500 metric tons.)
The Denka Kogyo Kaisha established an ammonia fac
tory at Karenko with an estimated production for 1942
of 40,000 tons, and for 1945 of 80,000 tons.
It was reported in 1939 that the Chosen Chemical In
(lustries ('o. (Chosen Kagaku Kogyo Kaisha) was to erect
a factory at Karenko to produce urea gypsum for use as
fertilizer, using Karenko limestone. It was planned to
produce 70,000 tons in 1941, 70,000 in 1942, 300,000 tons
in 1945.
The Taiwan IDelika KK (Taiwan Electro-Chemical Co.)
has a nitrogen fixation plant at Karenko.
f. Sugar and pulp manufacture.—In 1938 sugar was the
major item of export from Karenko harbor. It is prob
able that with the emphasis on industrialization since 1938,
the relative position of sugar among the exports has
(leclined.
The Ensuiko Sugar Manufacturing Co. (Ensuiko Seito
IKK) has two sugar mills in Karenko-cho, known as the
“Karenko Mills.” “Karenko No. 1" is the Kotobuki mill,
located in IKotobuki-sho, and “Karenko No. 2” is the Ya
mato mill located at Mataan in Horin-sho. The Yamato
mill has a daily cane-crushing capacity of 616 short tons
and the Kotobuki mill a capacity of 560 short tons. Each
of these mills produces molasses and alcohol as well as
sugar. In 1938–39 the Kotobuki mill produced 6,560,000
kin of molasses and the Yamato mill produced 8,030,000 kin.
It is reported that a small sugar company, the Hozan
Seito KK., operates in Horin-sho, but no details are
available.
The increased demand for pulp and pulp products stimu
lated the production of bagasse pulp from sugar-cane
Stalks. The Ensuiko Sugar Co. in 1939 inaugurated a 5
year plan for its IKotobuki mill, expecting to produce
annually 10,000 tons of bagasse and 20,000 tons of wood
pulp.
ſy. Sturmills.-About 90 percent of the area of the prov
ince is forest land, and there are Several saw mills in the
province. The Morishiro Mokuzai Kabushiki Kaisha is
Japanese managed (it is not clear whether it is also
Japanese-owned) and is located in Karenko-gai at 1/250
Inesemi-cho, Karenko. The Karenko Mokuzai Kabushiki
Kaisha mill is managed by Formosan-Chinese (again
ownership is not clear) and is located in Karenko-Karenko
gai, at 21 Kurogane-cho.
h. Mining.—Mining is not important in Karenko-cho in
comparison with the total mining industry of the island.
Gold mining is reported to be in progress near Taikoko
in Shinsha-Sho and Kilnitzu in Mizuho-Sho. There are
alluvial gold deposits in the valley of the Takkiri River in
Karen-gun which are operated by the Taiwan Sankin KK
(Taiwan Gold Co.). Alluvial gold deposits are also re
ported to be in the vicinity of Kareien, Hirano-sho, and in
the Mokka River bed. It is reported that there is a rich
Copper mine in Tamazato-gun, and the Japanese press in
1941 reported discovery of a rich tungsten mine in the
Takkiri mountain range in northwest Karen-gun. Such
reports are received with skepticism. Manganese ore de
RESTRICTED
posits are located near Karenko-gai. Hrown coal is mined
at Mikasa in Tamazato-sho.
Mining conditions generally are difficult and if there are
tungsten deposits in the Takkiri mountain range, the trans
portation problem involved is almost unsurmountable.
i. Fishing.—Fishing off the coast of Karenko-cho has
been on a small scale. Bonito, tunny, and flying fish are
the important catches. The Tobu Aquatic Products Co.
(Tobu Suisan KK) operates from Karenko-gai. The gov
ernment-general has planned to develop fishing activities
in this area.
j. Finance.—Karenko-cho has three banks, one invest
ment company, and two loan companies. All have their
offices in Karenko-gai. They are—
Banks (there are no Japanese-chartered banks in
Karenko) :
Bank of Taiwan, branch. Assets, December 31,
1941, YSS5,375.
Taiwan Commercial & Industrial Bank, branch.
Taiwan Savings Bank, branch.
Investment company:
Toho Kinzuho Seiren KK, capitalization Y10,000,
000, founded 1938.
Loan companies:
Karenko Takushoku K.K, capitalization Y400,000,
founded 1924.
Higashi Taiwan Mujin KK, capitalization Y.150,
000, founded 1920.
k. Eartermal trade.—Karenko's chief exports in 1938 were
Sugar (36,330 tons), alcohol, wood and lumber, and rice.
It is fair to assume that because of the considerable indus
trial expansion which has taken place since then, more
recent statistics would show fertilizers, aluminum, nickel,
and chemicals among the leading exports.
The 1938 figures on imports at Karenko harbor list coal
as the major item (17,675 tons) followed by cement and
fertilizers. Again, it is reasonable to assume that more
recent figures would show alumina, nickel, and the raw
products which go into the manufacture of chemicals
among the leading imports.
Freight passing through Karenko harbor in 1938 ap
proximated 150,000 tons. It was hoped in 1938–39 that
industrial expansion would create an annual tonnage of
2,000,000 by 1945.
Plans for the industrial expansion of Karenko made
necessary considerable improvement in the harbor facili
ties of the port. There is no good natural harbor any
where in Karenko-cho. Even good anchorages are lack
ing. This has made freight rates high and the cost of
handling freight at Karenko 3 yen per ton. The Taiwan
government-general included an item of Y246,202 in its
1938–39 budget for harbor buildings and wharf at Karenko,
and the 1939–40 budget carried items totaling Y105,000 for
harbor services and facilities at Karenko. I’lans call for
facilities to handle up to 4,000-ton ships at the wharf and
to reduce the handling costs to ¥1.50 per ton. For de
tails concerning the plans and progress of harbor con
struction in Karenko-gai, see p. 64 ff. on Karenko-gai.
48
Taiwan is divided into two customs districts, each under
Karenko-cho is
the jurisdiction of one custom house.
under the jurisdiction of the Keelung custom house.
There is no branch in Karenko, but there is a “Custodian
Station” (Kanshi Sho) at Karenko-gai.
1. Warehouse facilities.—Karenko-gai has considerable
warehousing facilities. There are 10 warehouses, each
with floor space of 6,500 square feet. Three companies op
erate these facilities. Karenko Miyaku Soko KK has a
capitalization of ¥400,000 and was founded in 1938. Kar
enko Kinkai Unyu KK has a capitalization of Y180,000
and was founded in 1939. Asahi Gumi KK has a capital
ization of ¥250,000 and was founded in 1922.
The Eastern Marine Industry ("o., Ltd., was established
in Karenko in 1939 to operate cold-storage enterprises
there and in other towns up and down the east coast.
The company has a capital of ¥1,000,000. There is no spe
cific information as to whether it operates cold-storage
facilities in other towns of Karenko-cho. The Karenko
Electric Co., Ltd., also operates cold-storage facilities and
manufactures ice in Karenko.
m. Industrial cooperatives.—In 1939 of a total of 51
purely credit cooperatives in Taiwan, two were in
Karenko-cho.
m. Miscellaneous business activities.—The following list
of small business occupations in Karenko-cho and the num
ber of people engaged therein has been taken from the list
of health agencies in the 1939 edition of the Tailram Jijo
(Conditions in Taiwan).
Ice manufacturers.----------------------------- 3
Ice Sellers ------------------------------------ 287
Ice peddlers--------------------------------- 54
Soft drink manufacturers---------------------- :
Soft drink sellers------------------------------ 406
Soft drink peddlers---------------------------- 3()
I airies --------------------------------------- 3
Milk Sellers------------------- ---------------
Dairy product manufacturers ----------------- -
Dairy product sellers------------------ --------- 255
Slaughterhouses------------------------------ 27
Meat sellers------------------------------- ____ 16
Meat peddlers--------------------------------- 54)
Food peddlers----------------- -------------
--- 92
Dealers in leather and animal bones------------- 14
Places processing animal hides and bones-------- --
Crematoria--------- - - -
---------------------- 5
Undertakers --------------------------------- :
Cloth dealers–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1
Barbers------------------------------------- SS
Hair dressers ---------------------------------- 1()
Foodstuff and dye material dealers-------------- 24)
Markets ->
o, Labor.—Industrial expansion in Karenko-cho has re
quired the importation of labor from the west coast. The
aborigines have proved unsuited for factory work or rou
tine work under confining conditions. Of the large num
ber of Ami tribesmen in the Karenko industrial area, only
1,000 are considered by the Japanese to be employable as
factory workers. They are said (by the Japanese) to be

only 60 percent as efficient as the Formosan-Chinese.
Nevertheless, they are being employed to advantage on the
hydroelectric projects in the mountains. To alleviate the
labor shortage, a bureau has been set up which attempts to
engage workers on the west coast, send them around to
the east, and there settle them in advantageous places. In
January 1939 an employment bureau organized in Karenko
brought 500 labor immigrants from the west coast of the
island and put them to work in the Japan Aluminum
Co.'s factory. Each household was given one-half an
acre of land and was required to raise hogs to ease the
pork shortage in the province.
p. Business firms, classified.
TABLE 56.-Business firms in Karemko-cho classified
according to type of business
Agricultural products:
Last Taiwan Fruit Co. (Higashi Seika Goshi Kaisha),
Karenko-gai, Karenko, 35 Kurogane-dori. Busi
ness: Purchase and sale of fresh fruits and other
agricultural products.
Todai Promotion (of Industry) Co. (Todai Shingyo
Goshi Kaisha), Tamazato-sho, Choryo son (also
listed under Wood Products).
Last Taiwan Derris Co., Ltd. (Higashi Taiwan Derisu
KK), Karenko-gai, Karenko, Kurogane-dori 53.
Taiwan Agricultural Industries, Ltd. (Taiwan Nosan
Kogyo KK), Karenko-gai, Karenko, Kyushinko-gai
64. Business: Starch.
Karenko Products Co., Ltd. (Karenko Bussan KK),
Karenko-gai.
Mizuho Industrial Co., Ltd. (Mizuho Sangyo KK),
Mizuho-sho, Mizuho.
Karenko Central Market Co., Ltd. (Karenko Chuo
IKK), Karenko-gai. Business: Vegetables, fruits,
Salt, dry fish, etc.
Tamazato Industrial Co., Ltd. (Tamazato Sangyo
KK), Tamazato-gai, Tamazato. Business: Hice.
Aluminum and nickel :
Japan Aluminum KK, Karenko, Karenko gai.
Oriental Metal IRefining Co. (Toho Kinzoku Seiren
Kaisha), Karenko-gai Beiron 77.
Banks and investments:
Bank of Taiwan, branch, Karenko-gai.
Taiwan Commercial & Industrial Bank, branch,
Karenko-gai.
Taiwan Savings Bank, branch, Karenko-gai.
Toho Kinzoku Seiren KK, Karenko-gai (also listed
under aluminum and nickel).
Camphor :
Camphor Manufacturing Co. (Seino Kaisha), Koto
buki-Sho, Kotobuki.
Chemicals:
Sugihara Industry Co., Ltd., Subbranch, Karenko-gai.
Oriental Electro-Chemical Industries Co. (Toyo Kenko
Kogyo Kaisha), Karenko-gai.
Toyo Electrical Engineering Co., Ltd. (Toyo Denka
Kogyo KK), Karenko-gai, Karenko, Kurogane-dori
15.
Denka Kogyo Kaisha, Karenko-gai.
49
RESTRICTED
TABLE 56.—Business firms in Karemko-cho classified
according to type of business—Continued
Chemicals—Continued.
Chosen Chemical Industries Co. (Chosen Kagaku
Kogyo Kaisha), Karenko-gai.
Taiwan Denka KK (Taiwan Electro-Chemical Co.)
Karenko-gai. ,
Shinko Nitrogen Industries Co., Ltd. (Shinko Chisso),
Kogyo KK, Karenko-gai, Karenko, Kurogane-dori 1.
Electric power:
East Taiwan Electric Power Co., Karenko-gai.
Karenko Electric Co. (Karenko Denko KK) Karenko
gai.
Engineering:
Yoshimura Co., Ltd. (Yoshimuro Gumi KK), Karenko
gai, Karenko, Irihune-dori 72.
Exporters, importers, commission agents and trading
Companies:
Rising Sun Co., Ltd. (Asahi Gumi, Ltd.), Karenko-gai.
East Taiwan Industries, Ltd. (Higashi Taiwan
Sangyo KK), Horin-sho, Horin (also listed under
Labor Supply and Land Cultivation).
Karenko Industrial Co., Ltd. (Karenko Sangyo KK),
Karenko-gai, Karenko (also listed under Labor
Supply and Land Cultivation).
Kaho Trading Co., Ltd. (Kaho Shoji KK), Karenko
gai (Rice, fertilizers, flour).
Tamhoki Trading Co., Ltd. (Tamaoki Shoji KK),
Karenko-gai, Karenko, Kurogane-dori (Metals,
Wood, cement, petroleum).
Fishing and marine products:
Eastern Marine Products Co., Ltd. (Tobu Suisan KK),
Karenko-gai, Beiron.
Kairiku Industrial Co., Ltd. (Kairiku Sangyo KK),
IXarenko-gai.
Ice and cold storage :
Eastern Marine Industry Co., Ltd.
Karenko Electric Co., Ltd. (also listed under Electric
Power). :
Labor supply and land cultivation :
East Taiwan Industries, Ltd. (Higashi Taiwan Sangyo
KK) Horin-sho, Horin (also listed under Exporters,
Importers, etc.)
Karenko IDevelopment Co., Ltd. (Karenko Takushoku
KK), Karenko-gai, Karenko, Kurogane-dori.
Business: Transportation of labor, cultivation of
forests (listed also under Loan Companies).
Karenko Industries Co., Ltd. (Karenko Sangyo KK),
Karenko-gai, Karenko (listed also under Exporters,
Importers, etc.).
Karenko Stevedore and Warehouse Co., Ltd. (Ka
renko Niyaku Coko KK), Karenko-gai (listed also
under Warehousing Facilities).
Loan companies:
Karenko Development Co., Ltd. (Karenko Takushoku
KK) Karenko-gai, Karenko Kurogane-dori (also
listed under Labor Supply and Land Cultivation).
East Taiwan Finance Association, Ltd. (Higashi
Taiwan Muyin KK) Karenko-gai. Business: Mu
tual finance association.
 (IGILOI2/JS731

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c. Land development companies.—At least six companies
are engaged in agricultural activities and land promotion
in addition to the Taito Sugar Co. The East Taiwan Coffee
Industrial Co., Ltd. (Higashi Taiwan Kohi Sangyu KK),
was founded in 1937 with headquarters in Taito-gai and
promotes coffee and cocoa cultivation. The Taito Starch
Co., Ltd. (Taito Dempun KK), was founded in 1936 at
Hashikao, Hinan-sho, and promotes land cultivation and
agricultural products. The South Taiwan Derris Co., Ltd.
(Minami-Taiwan Derisu KK), was organized in 1933 With .
headquarters in Chihon, Hinan-sho, and specializes in
vegetables used in medicines. The Taito Industrial Co.,
Ltd. (Taito Shokusan KK), headquarters in Taito, Taito
gai, was founded in 1937 and deals in forest and agri
cultural products and cultivation. The Taito Promotion
Co., Ltd. (Taito Shinko KK), is located in Riryn, Kanzan
sho and also deals in agricultural and forest products.
The Taito Development Co., Ltd. (Taito Kohatsu KK),
located in Taito, Taito-gai, is engaged in general develop
ment work, furnishing coolie labor, and is the parent Com
pany of several concerns organized to develop the area.
d. Colton ginning.—It has been reported that there is
a cotton gin in Taito-cho with a daily output of 160 piculs.
Its specific location is not now known. It is suggested
in some quarters that this plant (with other cotton gins
in the island) is used for ginning of cotton grown abroad,
particularly in the South Seas and the adjacent countries.
e. Electric-power production.—Preliminary estimates by
the bureau of communications and transport of potential
power of the chief rivers and streams of the cho indicated
that the Chihon River might produce 4,000 kilowatts, the
Babukutsu River 33,000 kilowatts, the Tainan River 4,000
kilowatts, and the Pinan River 101,000 kilowatts. The
power of none of these rivers has been harnessed. The
Taiwan Denryoku KK operates two diesel plants in the
cho: the Taito No. 1 plant, in Hinan-sho (exact location
not known at present) has a capacity of 50 kilowatts, and
the Taito No. 2, plant, in Taito-gai, has a capacity of 110
kilowatts.
f. Chemicals.-There are reports that the Shinko Nitro
gen Company has a factory at Shinko on the coast which
produces urea gypsum. The existence of such a factory
there, however, is by no means certain.
The Sugihara Industry Co., Ltd., has a subbranch at
Taito. The company manufactures and deals in fats and
oils, chemicals, rice, starch, cement, machinery, etc.
g. Mining.—It is reported that there are deposits of coal
in Taito-cho, the exact location not being known at this
time. Such deposits are not thick and may measure only
a few inches. Nickel and Fuller's Earth are reported in
Kanzan-sho, Kanzan-gun, along with copper and iron.
The East Taiwan Mining Co., Ltd. (Higashi Taiwan
Tanko KK), with headquarters in the town of Ríryu, Kan
zan-sho, was founded in 1939 and mines and refines the
nickel, copper, and iron found in the vicinity. Vague ref
erences to oil deposits in Taito-cho are to be found in a
few sources. Nothing definite can be reported.
h. Lumbering.—Although there are large timber re
sources in cho, the lumber industry apparently is not
greatly developed. To date only one sawmill is known to
RESTRICTED
be in the province, the Oh Ren Mokuzai Shoten Seizai. It
is Formosan-Chinese managed and is located in the town
of Taito, Taito-gai.
i. Fishing.—Considerable fishing is done in the off-shore
waters all along the coast in the cho. The center of the
small amount of commercial fishing in the cho appears to
be in the Nagahama and Shinko areas north of Taito-gai.
There is no specific information as to the kind of fish to
be found other than the general information that bonito,
tunny, and flying fish are the important fish on the east
Coast Of the island.
j. Finance.—The Bank of Taiwan has a branch in Taito
gai. The only other financial institutions in the cho are
the government-sponsored pawnshops which are run as re
lief agencies. (See section on welfare institutions.)
lc. Labor.—The Japanese have not found the local in
habitants of the cho sufficient in number or capacity for
the small amount of industry located there. It was re
ported in 1939 that only one-half the labor supply desired
in the province was available there. This had led to some
importation of labor from the West coast.
l. Miscellaneous business activities.—The following list
of Small business occupations in Taito-cho and the number
Of people engaged therein has been taken from the list of
health agencies in the 1939 edition of the Taiwan Jijo
(Conditions in Taiwan) :
Ice manufacturers––. –––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2
Ice sellers------------------------------------ 74
Ice peddlers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– -
Soft drink manufacturers______________________ 2
Soft drink sellers–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 123
Soft drink peddlers–––––––––––––––––––––––––––– -
Dairies --------------------------------------- -
Milk Sellers----------------------------------- 1
IDairy product manufacturers___________________ -
Dairy product Sellers–––––––––––––––––––––––––– 113
Slaughterhouses––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 26
Meat sellers–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 66
Meat peddlers –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 20
Food peddlers –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 48
Dealers in leather and animal bones____________ 32
Places processing animal hides and bones________ -
Crematoria ----------------------------------- 1
Undertakers–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1
Cloth dealers–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– -
Barbers -------------------------------------- 41
Hair dressers––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 3
Foodstuff and dye material dealers______________ -
Markets -------------------------------------- 3
m. Business firms, classified.
TABLE 57.-Business firms in Taito-cho, classified according
to type of business
Agricultural products and land promotion :
East Taiwan Coffee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Higashi Tai
wan Kohi Sangyo KK). Taito-gun, Taito-gai,
Takara-cho 170. Coffee, cocoa.
South Taiwan Derris Co., Ltd. (Minami-Taiwan
Derisu KK). Taito-gun, Hinan-sho, Chihon. Derris
and vegetables used in medicines.
RESTRICTED

TABLE 57.-Business firms in Taito-cho, classified TABLE 57.-Business firms in Taito-cho, classified
according to type of business—Continued according to type of business—Continued
Agricultural products and land promotion—Continued. Electric power:
Taito Development Co., Ltd. (Taito Kohatsu KK). Taiwan Denryoku K.K. Taito-gun, Taito-gai. Diesel
Taito-gun, Taito-gai, Taito 307. Land development, power plants.
labor supply. Lumbering:
Taito Industrial ('o., Ltd. (Taito Shokusan KK). Oh Ren Makugai Shoten Seizai. Taito-gun, Taito-gai.
Taito-gun, Taito-gai, Taito, Sakae-machi 1. Forest Sawmill.

and agricultural products. Mining and metal refining:

East Taiwan Mining ('o., Ltd. (Higashi Taiwan Tanko
Taito Promotion ("o., Ltd. (Taito Shinko KK). Kan
KK). Kanzan-gun, Kanzan-sho, Kanzan. Nickel,
zan-gun, Kanzan-sho, Kanzan 298. Forest and agri
copper, iron (mining and refining).
cultural products.
Transportation :
Taito Starch ('o., Ltd. (Taito Dempun KK). Taito Sakura Co. (Sakura Gumi). Taito-gun, Taito-gai,
gun, Hinan-sho, Haishikao. Starch Manufacturing, Taito. Land and sea transportation ; sale of autos.
others.
Taito Auto Transportation ("o., Ltd. (Taito Jidosha
Taito Sugar ("o., Ltd. (Taito Seito KK). Taito-gun, Unyu KK). Taito-gun, Taito-gai, Taito. Auto
Taito-gai, Baran 948. Sugar (also listed under transportation.
Sugar Refining). Sugar refining and pulp manufacturing:
Hanking: Taito Sugar ('o., Ltd. (Taito Seito KK). Taito-gun,
Bank of Taiwan, Branch, Taito-gun, Taito-gai. Taito-gai, Baran 948. (Also listed under agricul
tural products and land promotion.)
Drugs and medicines:
Taiwan Pulp Co., Ltd. (Taiwan Parupu Kogyo KK).
Hoshi Quinine Industrial Co., Ltd. (Hoshi Kina (Location in the cho not known.) Bagasse manu
Sangyo KK). Taito-gun, Taito-gai, Taito, Hoku facture.
machi 14. Medicines. Firms not otherwise listed :
Sugihara Industry ('o., Ltd. Subbranch, Taito-gun, Taiwan Takushoku K.K. Taito-gun, Taito-gai, Taito,
Taito-gai, Taito. Drugs. Kitacho, 4 banchi.

VIII. IMMIGRATION
1. Karenko-cho
Prior to Japanese possession of Taiwan, a few hundred
Chinese settled in the Karenko plain. After the Japanese
took over the island Chinese migration to Karenko Prov
ince increased considerably.
The Taiwan government-general has encouraged Japa
nese migration to the area. In 1909 the government-general
appropriated ¥50,000 to begin colonization. In 1912 the
appropriation was increased by Y400,000. Three Japanese
villages were organized, Yoshino in Yoshino-sho, Toyoda in
Kotobuki-sho, and Hayashida in Horin-sho. No Chinese
were permitted to settle in these villages. In 1917 the
government-general ceased its operation of the enterprise
and turned it over to the provincial government.
The villagers have attempted to Carry On in tropical
agriculture; they have made some improvements in Sani
tation and hygiene; and have made progress towards col
lective cultivation and economic development. They are
organized into Kyojum in-kai (Villagers Association) and
industrial associations.
At the close of 1939 there were, in the 3 villages of
Yoshino, Toyoda, and Hayashida, 597 households and a
population of 2,868. Yoshino-mura was populated mostly
by immigrants from Tokushima Prefecture while Toyoda
mura and Hayashida-mura were colonized chiefly by the
natives of Fukuoka Prefecture. In the 3 villages colonists
from Kumamoto, Yamaguchi, Kagawa, Hiroshima, and
Saga prefectures number in the order listed. The number
of households and the size of population of the 3 villages
are as follows:
Village Households | Population
Total-------------------------------------- 597
Yoshino-mura----------------------------------- 245
Toyoda-mura----------------------------------- 179
Hayashida-mura-------------------------------- 173
In 1917 when the government's colonization program
came to its close the so-called koi (public doctors) were
placed in each village and a malaria-control office was es
tablished in order to provide an adequate safeguard for
the health of the colonists. In 1930, hospitals were estab
lished by each of the industrial associations of the three
villages. The number of patients for the year 1939 was
as follows:
º
Total number
- Number of
Villages of treatmentS
g patients
-
given
Total------------------------- 4, 548 40,410
Yoshino-mura---------------------- 2,056 21, 286
Toyoda-mura----------------------- 1, 594 11,297
Hayashida-mura-------------------- 898 7,827
RESTRICTED
In each village there is a Jinjo koto shogakko (an ele
mentary school with a higher elementary division). At
the beginning colonists were permitted to send their chil
dren to school free of tuition charges for the first 3 years
of their residence. This was to encourage school attend
ance. With the growing economic well-being of the col
Onists, however, no such inducement became necessary.
Children were sent to school voluntarily. The graduates
Of the village schools have organized alumni associations
and in cooperation with the youth organizations “they are
endeavoring to encourage further moral and intellectual
development” of their members. Some graduates have
continued their education in higher institutions; 19 are
in the hoshu gakko (supplementary school), 41 in the
middle schools, and 2 in higher technical schools. The
rest are engaged in farming.
School attendance at the close of 1939 was as follows:
Number of Number | Percentage
Villages children of attending of
School age School attendance
Total.--------------------------- 874 874 100
Yoshino-mura------------------------ 575 575 100
Toyoda-mura------------------------- 143 143 100
Hayashida-mura---------------------- 156 156 100
In 1927 the Villager's Association of Yoshino-mura
established the youth-training center of Yoshino-mura.
Teachers of the village school were engaged as trainers
and the head of the center was selected from among them.
Youth training has been in progress ever since. In Octo
ber 1930, Hayashida-mura also established its youth
training center, followed, in September 1931, by the estab
2,868
lishment of a similar organization in Toyoda-mura. The
youth Organizations encourage book reading by their mem
1, 270
866 bers. During the slack season in farming they conduct
732 night schools under the leadership of the village school
teachers and offer courses in Japanese, ethics, mathe
matics, agriculture, etc. In addition to these intellectual
pursuits, bayonet exercises and the like are encouraged on
Sundays and holidays to train the members for “moral and
physical prowess.” In order to raise maintenance funds
these organizations have leased farm lands which are
worked collectively by the youth members. The govern
ment-general extended monetary grants to Toyoda-mura
in 1923, to Yoshino-mura in 1924 and again in 1926, and
to Hayashida-mura in 1924.
Besides the youth organizations there are in each vil
Number of
deaths lage girls' youth organizations, Buddhist women's associa
tions, etc., which endeavor to instill “female virtue” into
the minds of their members.
15
Every village has its guardian shrine and a mission
5 hall. Every year the guardian shrines hold the festival
5 of the autumnal equinox which is reminiscent of the
5 ujigami (patron deity of the clan) festival in Japan with
its gala performances of the sacred dance and music and
53
RESTRICTED

wrestling matches dedicated to the shrine deities. ( 'rowds
from nearby villages fill the shrine compounds. In the
mission halls equinoctial services and Bon festivals for
the repose of the dead are held besides preachings and
other services on holidays and special occasions, this ad
ministering to the spiritual needs of the colonists. Over
90 percent of the villagers are 13uddhists, of whom the
majority belong to the Shinshu sect.
TABLE 5S.–Ireligioux affiliations of villagers
-
Sºcºts
'ane in which the choice of proper variety for the proper
soil and improved method of cultivation and application
of fertilizer, together with the careful selection of seed
lings, have resulted in a considerable increase in produc
tion. In Toyoda-mura today the production of sugarcane
stands second only to rice production. Tobacco ("ultivation
has also made headway under the encouragement of the
monopoly bureau and is bringing in a fair return. Haya
shida-mura has out ranked the other two in the production
of this commodity. Lying within a little over a ri (2.44
miles) from the city of Karenko, Yoshino-mura is taking
Hava advantage of its proximity by supplying the former with
Toshino- Tov
Total º º -

º …"

its green vegetables. Itaising vegetables has become the

chief side-line enterprise of the Yoshino-mura farmers and
Total 507 245 179 17.3 it is becoming yearly more profitable. Sweet potato not
-

. - - --

only ranks next to rice as the staple food but it is indis

Shinto - - - - - - - - - - - - is 6 : x 4
pensable as livestock feed and its cultivation is under
Temikyo . . . 5 … 2 -

Shingonshu | 55 32 19 4
taken everywhere.
Tenºlaishu 1 1 -

Zenshu 22 11 11
TABLE 5!).-Crop production, 10.39, Japanese settlements
Nichirenshu - 25 x () 8 º

Jodoshu 24) 1() 12 7 - - --- *-a

Shinshu
("hristian - -
441
l
1st 11x
-
139
- - -
tº ºr "º it
in lira
---
-- - - - - - --- -- - -- - - - - -

Area of growing crop (in ko) 4, 301 1, 979 1, 307 1,015

- - - - - - - - --

At the time of the founding of these colonies the plot of

Wet-rice field 2,742 1,476 612 654
land allocated to each family was set at 3 ko, in addition Sweet potato 169 37 62 7()
to a housing site of 0.15 ko. Subsequently some of the Sugarcane . 749 213 445 91
Beans 10t, 33 33 4()
land allocated proved to be either unsuitable for cultiva -

Vegetables ()() 47 25 18
tion or damaged by flood. A supplementary allocation Tobacco 37t) 151 77 142
was then made bringing up the per household allocation Fruit 15 15
to approximately 4 ko of cultivable land. ("assava (?)
The area of cultivated land at the end of 1934) was as Kyassaba (?) 18 18
()thers 42 22 20
follows: - *

[In ko) Amount of production (in yen) 1,974, 357 842, 201 532, 378 500,778
Wet-field rice ſkoku 60,434 30, 218 14, 52() 15, 696
---
Total
y hi rity-
tosill
int1 ra
tmura
oyoola-
l º
iſ ayshl(1a
mura lven 852,384 439,524 193, 116 219. 744
Sweet potato kin 3,473,900 ºss. ºo 1, 105,000 1,680,000
lven 32,637 6,997 8, 840 16, 800

Total allocation 2,904 1,270 Nºx 76t, Sugarcane ſkin 71,019,000 20 sº. 000 30. 250,000 1, 902, 000
lven 318, 514 || 104,524 164, 850 49, 140
kin — 97.329 -

("ultivated land 2,891 1, 257 868 7tit;

Beans koku 50t; 24()
!/en 22, 102 8, 8:30 6,072 7, 200
Rice field 1,570 1.007 312 251
() ther fields 1, 210 205 521 484 -

Vegetables. - ſkin
lyen 48.544 684,
28, 637
794 215,000
10, 750 9,000
Housing site 111 45 35 31
---
Tobacco
|kilograme
-
571,416
-
229,737
-- - ----
114,759
--- ---
226, 920
-

lven tº 4 (541 231, 368 135,379 207,894

Uncultivated land 13 13 -

- - ſkin 5, 400 5, 400 - - - -

("ultivable land 4 4 Fruits -

Uncultivable land 9 9 lven 4, 320 4, 320 - - - -

- Others. !/en 26,714 22, 164 4. 550 - -

º
Not E. The Credit-Buying-Selling and Utilization Co-Operative of
Yoshino-Inura is operating a livestock farm of 359 ko, working toward the On the whole the economic standard of the three villages
improvement and propagation of livestock. has been raised with the passing of time. The economic
upheavals of the 1930's and the falling price of rice and
The chief products of the three villages are wet-field Sugar with the consequent sharp decrease in income,
rice, sugarcane, sweet potato, vegetables, and tobacco. coupled with old debts incurred at the beginning of the
With the growing experience of the immigrants in tropical colonization to combat damages wrought by natural calam
agriculture and with improved methods of farming, pro ities, epidemics, and a wide prevalence of endemic diseases,
duction has been constantly on the increase. left a deep mark indeed. However, the villagers have
In a two-crop season a total of 60,434 lºoku of rice was worked to improve conditions by establishing better irri
produced from an area of 2,742 ko of wet-field. The most gation and drainage systems or otherwise adopting im
notable progress has been made in the cultivation of Sugar proved methods of cultivation.

54

There was also some immigration from Okinawa in the
Ryukyu Islands. In 1927, 87 islanders arrived. The
people engage in fishing, and farm from November to Feb
ruary during the seasonal storms.
2. Taito-cho
Japanese colonization in this area had its inception in the
attempt of the Taito Seito Kabuishiki Kaisha (Taito Sugar
Co.) to invite colonists from Japan and open up govern
ment lands for the production of sugarcane. Asahi
(Hinan-sho), Shikano (Shikano-sho), Rokuryo (Shikano
sho) and Ikegami (Ikegami-sho) were then founded. No
lasting result was achieved by this initial effort because
of the subsequent failure of the company. Toward the
end of 1921 the sugar company established a sub
sidiary concern, the Taito Kaitoku Kabushiki Kaisha
(Taito Development Co.) and turned over the business of
606137–44—5
RESTRICTED
colonization to the new concern. At the same time a policy
of encouraging settlement by native Formosans (Chinese
Formosans) was inaugurated. A system of irrigation was
also established and for a time there were definite signs
of a major activity. On account of insufficient capital,
however, the new company barely succeeded in persuading
some 200 native families to become settlers. It constructed
irrigation canals including the Biwasen Canal, but the
company found it difficult to carry on. For a time the
settlers suffered extreme hardship. Since then conditions
have been ameliorated somewhat by government aid and
by the efforts of the settlers themselves.
The government colonization program in the eastern part
of the island, which had been discontinued since 1917, was
revived in 1937 and in the area irrigated by the Hinan
Taishu irrigation system Shikishima was founded with
Some 59 families brought over from Japan.
55
RESTRICTED

IX. HEALTH
The Japanese have exerted considerable effort to in
prove health conditions in Taiwan and as a result small
pox, wholera, scarlet fever, and plague have been practi
cally eliminated.
The public health service in Taiwan is administered
through the police department of the government-general
and the police serve as inspecting and enforcing agents
for a wide variety of health and sanitation regulations.
“I’ublic doctors” are appointed by the provinces. These
midwives which helps relieve the shortage of doctors.
and engage in general medical practice while at the same
time serving as public-health officials.
The Japanese have developed a System of training
midwives which helps relieve the shortage of doctors.
Training centers have been established at the government
hospitals in Taihoku, Taichu, and Tainan and offer a
2-year course and a 1-year short course. A system of
examining applicants for midwives' licenses was put into
effect in 1923 and by the spring of 1939, S90 had passed
the examination and received licenses.
I), aths in Taiwan from tuberculosis have been well over
8,000 each year; known patients have numbered S0,000 or
90,000. The only institutions for tuberculosis patients are
at Taihoku, the government-general's Matsuyama Sani
tarium, the tuberculosis patient ward of the Taiwan branch
hospital of the Japan Red ("ross, etc., and the isolation
wards of various hospitals.
The majority of the cases of tsutsugamushi fever on
the island come from the plains and foothills of Karenko
and Taito.
Malaria is widespread in Taiwan. In 1938 the govern
ment designated 190 malaria-infested districts for special
treatment. The inhabitants are subjected to blood tests,
and medicine is administered to those bearing malaria
germs. A mosquito-control program was inaugurated en
couraging the use of mosquito nets, drainage of swamps,
and the weeding out of wild grasses, bamboo, and trees
Port quarantine regulations are administered by the
harbor departments (Kombu ) in the government-general.
The importation of rags, old clothing, old hemp sacks, and
articles of similar nature from Shanghai and all ("linese
ports to the south has been prohibited since 1921. In
November 1924) Mekong, IRangoon, Java, ( 'alcutta, and
I}angkok were designated as plague infected areas and
all ships from these ports have been required on their
arrival to undertake rat extermination measures. Ships
from the Philippines, India, the Netherlands Indies, and
other places were required, in normal times, to undergo
a process of rat extermination once every 3 months. At
Keelung, Tamsui, and Takao rat prevention walls have
been erected, and all junks arriving from the adjacent
Shores of ('hina are required to load and unload within the
walled areas, where watchmen are posted at all times.
Ships at (lock are required to have all roles, chains, and
lines fitted with devices to prevent the rats crossing from
ship to shore. I’resumably, with the (levelopment of the
harbor in Karenko-gai and the increased shipping, port
quarantine officials have been stationed there, although
no direct information to that effect is available at present.
Furthermore, it is not clear whether ships call at Karenko,
Taito, and Shinko from ports outside of Taiwan and
Japan. If not, port quarantine regulations probably
would not apply to these ports.
The 1934) edition of the T'ai uran Jijo ( ('onditions in Tai
wan) lists a wide variety of health agencies as shown in
the following table :
TABLE 60.-Health agencies, Tailram, A arenko-cho,
Taito-cho, 19.39
Taiwan Kºkº "..."
Number of hospitals:
Government-- . 14 1 1
- - - - - -

Public (municipal). - - - - 18 2
from breeding places, with emphasis on general sanita Private . . . . - 238 16
tion. Of the 3,273,543 persons in 190 districts tested, Number of physicians:
107,246 or 3.26 percent were found to be germ bearers. In government office .. - - 99 1 -

In government hospitals . . 241 X …)

Of 1,210 geisha girls reported in Taiwan in 1938, 55 - -

In public (municipal) hospitals. . 5 2 - -

were in Karenko Province and 26 were in Taito ; of 991

Private practitioners (excluding public
licensed prostitutes 55 were in Karenko and none in doctors). -- . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 1, 321 28 7
Taito ; of 2,841 bar maids 91 were in Karenko and 101 Public doctors. . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 272 24 18

were in Taito. The percentage of individuals infected with Isei (native medical practitioners). -- . 103 - - - - - - - - - - - -

I) entists:
venereal diseases was reported as being equally high In government offices -- . . . .. . 3 - - - - - -

among the geisha girls, licensed prostitutes, and bar maids. In government hospitals.. . . . . . . . . 1() - - - -

Cxaminations of prostitutes in Taiwan in 193S numbered In public (municipal) hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - -

46,624. Of this group, 150 had syphilis, 664 had soft Private practitioners (excluding public
doctors) - - - - . . . . . . . 394
- - - - - - - 9 :
chancre, and 1,459 had gonorrhea, a total of 2,273 infected Midwives - - - - - - - - - - - 1,796- - - - 38 19
prostitutes. Nurses. -- . . . . . . - 170 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

56
 RESTRICTED

TABLE 60.-Health agencies, Taiwan, Karemko-cho, health centers. Those in Mizuho-sho and Tamazato-gai,
Taito-cho, 1939–Continued in Karenko-cho, and in Hinan-Sho (at Hashikao and Chi
hon) in Taito-cho are reported to be most popular. In
Taiwan |*| "..." addition six hot Springs are reported in aborigine terri
tory, namely, at the villages of Shinsui, Futago, Raga, Tai
polno, and Tamsui in Karen-gun, at the village of Koza in
Tooth fitter and tooth drawer_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 --------------------
Acupuncturist------------------------------ 212 5 1
Tamazato-gun, at Shimburo, Roro, Torin, Raikoka, and
Moxacauterist------------------------------ 197 5 1 Hokushikyu in Kanzan-gun, at Biraro, Kinko, Omari,
Japanese style masseur---------------------- 494 10 9 Uyurei, and Rikiriki in Taito-gun. A hot spring is also
Occidental style masseur-------------------- 123 2 1
found on the island of Kashoto. The qualities of the water
Judo art practitioner----------------------- 41 2 1
Bone Setters-------------------------------- 16 1 1 in these springs are not known.
Pharmacists:
In government office-------------------- 28 1 1
TABLE 61.-Deaths from diseases, 19.32, Karenko-cho,
In government hospitals---------------- 44 2 2
Taito-cho
In public (municipal) hospitals--------- 10 2 ----------
Private practitioners------------------- 131 5 3
Dealers in Occidental drugs.----------------- 324 12 8
Dealers in Chinese drugs.------------------- 1,917 39 11
Kºko. Taito-cho

Drug manufacturers.------------------------ 24 ! ----------

Patent medicine manufacturers.------------- 876 10 6
Influenza-----------------------------------------|----------- 4
Patent medicine sellers--------------------- 6, 564 209 116
l)iarrhoea and enteritis_--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------- 192 190
Patent medicine peddlers------------------- 6,672 132 20
Bronchitis---------------------, ------------------ 60 37
Pneumonia-------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 259 179

It will be noted that the above table lists a total of 63 Pleurisy---------------------------------------- 14 4

Whooping cough.---------------------------------- 8 || -----------
doctors in Karenko and 30 in Taito. Another source gives Measles------------------------, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 16
the doctors by sho and gai for the provinces and Only 50 Smallpox------------------------------------------ 4 ------------

are mentioned (half of whom are Formosan-Chinese) for Diphtheria--------------------------------------- 4 ------------

Scarlet ſever---------. ----------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ! ------------
Karenko, and 9 (6 Formosan-Chinese and 3 Japanese) in
Typhoid fever---. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 3
Taito. Both sources were compiled the same year, 1939, Dysentery. ------------------------------------. - 1 3
and the discrepancies cannot be reconciled at this time. Tuberculosis------------------------------------- 201 151

There are several hot springs in the two provinces and Meningitis-------------------------------------|------------ 12

the government has been developing some of them as

57
RESTRICTED
X. WELFARE INSTITUTIONS
1. Karenko-cho
Welfare agencies in Karenko-cho include one investiga
tor and coordinator of welfare activities, one social-wel
fare :19:ency, one agency for the care and handling of
charity patients and deaths, one agency for the relief of
disaster victims, three public shelters, two public baths,
and two public markets, where the poor people can sell
their produce.
A settlement-work investigation group was established
in Karenko-gai in 1937, under the supervision of the ſai.
The organization had 13 committees and S settlements,
and in 1938 spent Y1,771.31. There is a cheap lodging
house in Karenko-gai and a free lodging house in Tama
zato-gai. Each is operated by the ſyſti.
The Karenko-cho branch of the Assistance League
Society ( II on in Taiwan. Namxei Kyokai) for helping
released prisoners has subbranches in Karenko-gai and
Tamazato-gai.
2. Taito-cho
Welfare agencies and personnel in Taito-cho include one
investigator and coordinator of welfare activities, one
social-welfare agency, one agency for handling poor relief,
one agency for the care and handling of charity patients
and deaths, one agency for the relief of disaster victims,
5
one housing bureau, one public bath, one public market
where the poor people can sell their produce, one public
pawn shop, one agency offering general medical aid, one
agency handling child care, and one village-improvement
organization.
A settlement-work investigation group was established
in Taito-cho in 1937 under the supervision of the ſai. The
organization had seven active committees and three ad
visory committees and seven settlements.
The Taito-gai public pawn shop, established in 1930,
charges interest at the rate of 2 percent per month. In
1938 it had an income of Y3,760.10 and expenditures of
Y2,341.24. In that same year it operated with cash on
hand, to be used as principal on its loans, of Y15,000,
it made 3,625 loans totaling Y27,754. () (an average of
Y7.66 per loan ) and received Dayments on 3,654 loans
totaling Y29,942.80. In 175 instances pledged goods of the
value of Y2,096.4() were not reclaimed. Loans outstanding
at the end of the year were 942, totaling Y7,788.30. The
pawn shop made loans averaging YS3.34 per day, and
operated on 333 business (lays in the year.
The Taito-cho branch of the Assistance League Society
(Honin Taiwan Sansei Kyokai ) for helping released pris
oners has a subbranch in Taito-gai and Hinan-Sho.
 RESTRICTED

XI. NEWSPAPERS

1. Karenko-cho Taiwan Shimbun: Asahi-dori, telephone 609.

Komam Shimbun: Go Shun Rin.
There is one daily newspaper published in the province,
the Higashi Taiwan Shimbun (East Taiwan Newspaper). Taiwan Nippo.: (Has “clerks in residence” rather than
It is published at Karenko in Japanese and is a four-page a full branch Office.)
morning paper. The paper was founded in 1916, was made There are no weekly or other papers published in
a Kabushiki Kaisha in 1922, and is capitalized at Karenko-cho.
#60,000. The subscription price has been ¥1.10 per
2. Taito-cho
month. It uses 7-point type and has one 16-page plate.
Its address is Takasago-dori, telephone 42, 43, and 720. No newspapers or publications of any kind are published
Following is a list of the personnel of the paper: in Taito-cho. The Higashi Taiwan Shimbun, published
daily at Karenko, circulates in Taito-cho. However, sev
President: YOSHIMURA Sahei.
eral newspapers have offices in Taito-gai.
Director: FUNIGA Chaichi.
They are—
Director : TAMACHI Yashidro.
Director: OGAWA Kinjuro. Taiwan Nichimichi Shimpo. Shin-machi, telephone
Manager and editor: SAITO Hitashi. 133, 104.
Editorial Section : OSEKI Masakatsu. Taiwan Shimbun. 50 Nanami-cho, telephone 7.
Konam Shimbum. Yo-Bin-Chi.
In charge of Tokyo and Osaka branch offices:
YOKOI Kuhachiro. Taiwan Nippo. (Has “clerks in residence” rather
than a full branch office.)
The following Taiwan newspapers have offices in Kar
enko-gai :
Taiwan Nichimichi Shimpo: Irifune-dori, 1 banchi,
telephone 427.

59
RESTRICTED

XII. EDUCATION

1. Karenko-cho TABLE 62.-Public schools, A arenko-cho-Continued

There are 37 schools in Karenko-cho, 27 of which are
primary schools for Formosan-Chinese. Thirteen schools
are primary and higher primary schools for Japanese, for Name of school and its location º
which Formosan-Chinese are eligible if they can speak
Japanese adequately. A middle School, a higher primary
--;
i
school for girls, and an agricultural public school con --- -; -:

stitute the balance of the schools in the province. For Maintained by locality–Continued.
mosan-('hinese are admitted to the middle schools and Kami Yamato Primary and Higher Pri
mary School:
higher primary schools along with the Japanese. All
Horin-gun, Horin-sho. . . . .. ...
primary schools, whether Japanese or Formosan-Chinese, Mizuho Primary and Higher Primary
and all higher primary schools except the Karenko Girls School:
Higher School, are maintained by the local ſitti or sho in Horin-gun, Mizuho-sho . . . . . . . . . .
which they are located. The Karenko Middle School, lo Tamazato Primary and Higher Primary
School:
cated at Beiron in Karenko-gai, the Karenko Girls Higher Tamazato-gun, Tamazato-gai - - - - - - -
School at Karenko, and the Karenko Agricultural Public Chokun Primary and Higher Primary
School at Nampo in Yoshino-sho, are maintained by the School:
Province. Tamazato-gun, Banchi, Taſun-sha. . .
Primary Schools for Formosan-Chinese:
TABLE 62.-Public schools, A arenko-cho Meiji:
Karenko-gai...— . . . . . -

Showa:
Karenko-gai - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Dempo:
Name of school and its location

| ; ii
-
º
183-i
Karen-gun, Yoshino-sho
Shinjo:
Karen-gun, Kenkai-sho.
Kotobuki:
Total all schools in province . .. .. .255 37 30 2 Karen-gun, Kotobuki-sho
Maintained by province (cho): Hokuho:
Karenko Middle School:
Karen-gun, Kenkai-sho
Karenko-gai, Beirun --. 18 1 15 o
Getsubi:
Karenko Girls Higher Primary School: Karen-gun, Kotobuki-sho. --
Karenko-gai, Karenko. - - - - - - 15 1 13 1 Suiren:
Karenko Agricultural Public School:
Karen-gun, Kotobuki-sho . . . . ..
Karen-gun, Yoshino-sho, Nampo . . 5 1 2 2 Horin:
Maintained by locality:
Horin-gun, Horin-sho...
Karenko Primary and Higher Primary Kanni Yarnato:
School:
Horin-gun, Horin-sho 7
Karenko-gai. . . . - 25 . . . 24
Toyoda:
Yoshino Primary and Higher Primary Horin-gun, Horin-sho ..
School:
Shirakawa:
Karen-gun, Yoshino-sho - 6 | 1 5
Horin-gun, Mizuho-sho - - - -

Kotobuki Primary and Higher Primary Mizuho:

School:
Horin-gun, Mizuho-sho - - - - - -

- Karen-gun, Kotobuki-sho. 7
Toyohama:
Toyoda Primary and Higher Primary
Horin-gun, Shinsha-sho
School:
Taikoko:
Karen-gun, Kotobuki-sho 5 1 4 Horin-gun, Shinsha-sho Taikoko .
Shinjo Primary and Higher Primary School: Kibi:
Karen-gun, Kenkai-sho - - - 3 || 1 - 2
Nadeshiko Primary and Higher Primary Horin-gun, Mizuho-sho
Tamazato First:
School:
Tamazato-gun, Tamazato-gai - - - -

Karen-gun, Banchi, Tahito-sha . . . . . . . 2 1 - 1 Tamazato Second:

Domon Primary and Higher Primary
School.
Tamazato-gun, Tamazato-gai
Kannonzan:
Karen-gun, Banchi, Mukiibo-sha . . . 2 || 1 .. 1
Tamazato-gun, Tamazato-gai .
Horin Primary and Higher Primary School: Osato:
Horin-gun, Horin-sho - - - - - 6 1 - 5
Tamazato-gun, Tomizato-gai - -
Hayashida Primary and Higher Primary Tomizato:
School:
Tamazato-gun, Tomizato-gai
Horin-gun, Horin-sho ... . . . . . - 3 || 1
 RESTRICTED

2. Taito-cho TABLE 63.−Public schools, Taito-cho-Continued

There are 34 schools in Taito-cho, 24 of which are - -

- - - F.
Schools for Formosan-Chinese; 6 are primary and higher %
# = 7:
# #ES2.
primary
- -

schools
- -

for Japanese (Formosan-Chinese being

- - wº- - - - -- -

Name of School and its location ##| 3 É ÉÉ ##: -

4
eligible if they can speak Japanese adequately), 2 are
-
# 5 || 3c |## #
:-
5
-
kindergarten schools, 1 is a primary School for Japanese,
- -

5- º | T |< | H | C,

and 1 is an agricultural and forestry school. All of the -

schools are maintained by the local gai or sho in which Primary Schools for Formosan-Chinese—Con.
they are located. The cho does not maintain any schools. chihon: -

Taito-gun, Hinan-sho------------------- 3 || 1 || ----|--|--| 2 |--|--

- - Rika:
TABLE 63.−Public schools, Taito-cho Taito-gun, Hinan-sho------------------- 2 || 1 |--|--|--|--| 1 || ----
- i Hatsushika:
ź £ 5% Taito-gun, Hinan-sho----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 || 1 || ----|--|--| 1 ||--|--
É-| 3 || 3 |=3| 4 Kashoto:
Name of School and its location º: # # |##| # 3 Taito-gun, Kashoto-sho----------------- 2 || 1 ||--|--|--|--| 1 |----
3 || 5 || 3% |##|
c tº ºn
*-
335 || <
# Shikano: -

H ºn- | E |<! H | C Kanzan-gun, Shikano-sho--------------- 3 || 1 ||--|--|--|--| 2 |--|--

--- - Ohara:
- - Kanzan-gun, Shikano-sho--------------- 2 | 1 || ----|--|--| 1 |----
Total: All Schools in province - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125 34 1 89 |_ _ _ _ Kanzan:

- - - - -------- -- Sekizan-gun, Kanzan-sho. ------------- 5 || 1 |--|--|--|--| 4 |--|--

Maintained by locality: Ikegami:
Taito Agricultural and Forestry Public
School: - Toran:
Kanzan-gunIkegami-Sho---
x **-ve-wa--a <^*** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 || 1 || ----|--
- - - - - - -
2 --
-

Taito-gun, Taito-gai-----------...---- - - 3 1 l 1 |--|--|--|-- Shinko-gun, Toran-sho----------------- 3 1 |--|--|--|--| 2 ||--|--

Taito Primary and Higher Primary School: Taima: -

Taito-gun, Taito-gai-------------------. 13 1 -...--|--|--| 12 || --- Shinko-gun, Toran-sho----------------- 3 1 |--|--|--|--| 2 ||--|--

Asahi Primary School: Takahara: >

Taito-gun, Taito-gai ... - - - - - - - - :------ 1 || 1 ||--|--|--|--|--|--|--|-- Shinko-gun, Toran-sho----------------- 1 || 1 ||--|--|----|----|--|--

Shikishima Primary and Higher Primary Toreki:

school: - - - Shinko-gun, Shinko-Sho----------. ----. 2 || 1 | ... --|- - - - || 1 |- - - .

Taito-gun, Taito-gai ...------------------ 3 || 1 ||--|--|--|--| 2 |-...- Shinko:
Shikano Primary and Higher Primary Shinko-gun, Shinko-Sho 7 | 1 - - - - - -
6 - - - -
* * * * * * * **** ***** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
School: - Kominato:
Kanzan-gun, Shikano-sho- - - - - - - ------ 4 || 1 |_ _ _ _ ] . . . . 3 || ---- Shinko-gun, Shinko-Sho-----, - - - - - - - - - - 4 || 1 || ----|--|--| 3 |- - - -
Sekisan Primary and Higher Primary Neiho: > -

School: Shinko-gun, Nagahama-Sho----...------- 3 || 1 |--|--|--|--| 2 |---

Kanzan-gun, Kanzan-sho--------------.
- - - -
5 | 1 ||--|--|--|--| 4 ||---- Nagahama:
s: -

Shinko Primary and Higher Prinary Shinko-gun, Nagahama-Sho------- - - - - - - 5 || 1 ||--|--| ---| 4 |. . . .

School: Shogen: - -

Shinko-gun, Shinkosho-º-º-º: - - - - - - 4 1 |--|--|--|--| 3 |--|-- Shinko-gun, Nagahama-Sho-------------| 2 | 1 || ---|--- 1 -...

Daibu Primary and Higher Primary Otake:
school: - Taito-gun, Daibu-sho------------- - - - - - 2 || 1 | . . . -I - - 1 |----
Taito-gun, Daibu-sho------------------. 4 || 1 ||--|--|--|--| 3 |- - - - Otori:
Primary Schools for Formosan-Chinese:
:+ . . .
Taito-gun, Daibu-sho
a. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ~ **** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -
2 | 1
- - - - - - - - -
1
- - - -

Taito: - - -- Daibu: -

Taito-gun, Taito-gai-------------------- 18 1 |--|--|--|--| 17 |--|-- Taito-gun, Daibu-sho--... -- - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - - 1 |----

Baran: - - Taito Kindergarten:
Taito-gun, Taito-gai-------------------- 4 || 1 || ----|--|--| 3 || ---- Taito-gun, Taito-gai---------. . . . . ----. . 1 || 1 || - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Karoran: - - Taito Second Kindergarten:

Taito-gun, Taito-gai-------------------- 3 || 1 ||--|--|--|--| 2 || ---- Taito-gun, Taito-gai--------------- - - - - 1 | 1 ||----|--|--|----|--|--
Hinan: -

Taito gun, Hinan-sho------------------- 3 l l l ----|---- 2 ----

61
 RESTRICTED

KARENKO —TAITO VALLEY º:

~
- 2. -

AREA-
Z £|
V2 o ż. ||
El “.P
- RIVERS - - COASTAV- MIL-AGES - *
#:z E o
→ 93.
H.

- DRALNAGE PATTERNS - ; : º: ul O
- GENERAL1zeb AREA CROSS SECTION - DALDAYºuSul. RYvºn ----- -- - - - -- - - - - - - - * ol q.Zºº
or
#5
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º X | ºn
z Z || H -

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TAKKIRL RIVER_ …” tº
s - O. O.

Belron RIvER_ s ºw-in-O_ 15.5 L **.*.

CENTRAL Y.ARENKO - COPAST ~

*
*
10.5
*
MOUNTAIN TAITO COASTAL LINE - attrow. - I -o
MASSIF VALLEY RANGE rºokwa RINEW - - *. s
Z Y Sc...” wartinwo o 11 on

O. Hul KAREN River --- -

u º - -

t > Y 14

a n -

it lu
u & CHAkan River swiverºl w .
9 : Sulneratal 14 || 86.

§YA

e.v cross secr1on of ware Nko-TAITO AREA

- #:
ºf
q.
2 rºartwashi R
# g|riºr ren. "
oansvaow-wowo R

| 12–
«
xU that AANJ; s

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… • I warowat. zº. 6 174-5
s Y: BAwo N. R. 2 a.

Baº Ancho Rivf.R . — — — —— s rºy Bakon 28 || 72

2 #| X # … • Koritsu —?— 3o 17o

㺠= \ = ºve-tº,
# *::::: º 5Exit E1
4.
6 || 44
º: ..]
K- ºn TAe-RA
ex-RA Rºwe.W. - TXI. SSI
** Talkoko— 2.5 a ses. 1613.
à ºf 5/ . Nowo H 37.5 wo.5
2. § rºl ITotal R 3
; o: - iſ sy 57 Wºostºl RATSu_ zº 42.5 |575.
QI Zr s # , º, on 1 SANwans-iltsu H.- +3* Isº
Z ºr Rakuraku River s / ºf
* I j'
s
a ºawawal -º sulbore - R -
* Hº-Hº:
º: p. & 9 ^ 3. o wasowar- 2. *o Lºo

tº 2 -
& ;
s Seyºu
wn ºr –
-
H.T.se. Its
-

a 2 seisur River °, ſcº - o Botº-Alzon 1 - |55.5 tº:

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(52

Part II. LOCAL DATA
I. KARENKO-CHO
1. Karen-gun
Karen-gun is bounded on the north by the Daidakusui
River, the northern boundary of Karenko Province, and
the Chakon River forms the western half of the Southern
boundary. About four-fifths of the gun is in aborigine
territory, and only the southeast corner in the Karenko
plain area is non-aborigine. The aborigine territory is all
mountainous and some of the most rugged terrain on the
island is found there. The gun is 42 miles in maximum
length (north-south), and 24 miles in maximum width
(east-west). The non-aborigine territory is 27 miles long
(north-South) and only 7 miles wide (east-west), and the
aborigine territory is 36 miles long (north-south) and 24
miles wide (east-west) at its maximum distances.
Prior to 1937 the area now covered by Karen-gun was
divided into Karen-gun and Kenkai-gun. The dividing line
followed the Sabato River through the mountains, and
in the Karenko plain the dividing line was the present
Southern boundary of Kenkai-Sho. Kenkai-gun (or shicho
as the units were called prior to 1937) had only one sho,
namely, Kenkai-sho (or ku as the sho were called prior
to 1937), whose area was the same as the area of the
19. Air view of Karenko.
63
606137–44—6
RESTRICTED
present Kenkai-Sho. The 1935 population figures gave the
then Karen-gun (sh icho) a total of 42,251 people, includ
ing 29,831 Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 10,784 Japa
nese, 76 Koreans, and 1,560 foreign Chinese. The figures
for the same year gave Kenkai-gun (sh icho) a total of
10,805, including 9,850 Formosan-Chinese and aborigines,
915 Japanese, and 40 foreign Chinese. The 1940 population
figures for the new enlarged Karen-gun gave a total of
72,119 people, including 57,065 Formosan-Chinese, 13,505
Japanese, 140 Koreans, and 1,409 foreign Chinese. This in
crease of nearly 36 percent in the population of the com
bined area now called Karen-gun, during the 5-year period,
may be accounted for by the rapid industrial development
which began in 1938. No doubt this program has been
stepped up even more since 1940 and a correspondingly
greater increase in population since 1940 may be assumed.
The 1935 figures list 9,505 people in the aborigine territory
of Karen-gun and Kenkai-gun, of whom 8,632 were abo
rigines, living in 101 villages, and 805 were Japanese.
The gun government offices are located in the town of
Karenko, Karenko-gai. The gun government includes a
chief commissioner (gunshu), a school inspector and five
..º. --
".
RESTRICTED
20. A arenko provincial offices.
assistants, and six police inspectors with one technical aide
and five assistant police inspectors. In addition there are
four who chiefs (one for each sho) and one ſyai chief. Pre
sumably the sho and gui chiefs have their offices in their
respective sho and gui administrative centers.
The dominant economic feature of the gun is the indus
trialization program which has been carried on in the
Karenko plain. In addition there are three so-called model
Japanese immigrant villages in the ſlum.
There are two schools in the aborigine territory beyond
the border of any of the who or gai. These schools are the
Nadeshiko Primary and Higher Primary School located at
Taihito-sha, and the IOomon Primary and Higher School
located at Mukiibo-Sha.
Three doctors are located in the aborigine territory.
Japanese doctor is at Tabito-sha and another is at
Mukumuge-sha. A Formosan-Chinese doctor is reported
in the village of Mokkue-sha.
a. Karenko-ſya i...—Karenko-gai had a population in 1935
of 17,301, of which 9,296 were Formosan-Chinese and
aborigines, 6,875 were Japanese, 63 were Koreans, and
106 were foreign Chinese.
The ſyſti is 5 miles long at its greatest length and 2 miles
wide. The Beiron River flows through the gai from the
northwest into the Sea and Beiron hill stands out as a
natural landmark, it being about 350 feet high and rising
from the plain north of the mouth of the Heiron River.
Within the gai are the towns of Karenko with a popula
tion (1935) of 15,464, and Beiron with a population (1935)
of 1,837. The population has increased considerably since
1935 because of the expanding industrialization program
of recent years. A large proportion of the increased num
bers no doubt are technically skilled Japanese and their
families.
The most important single feature of the gui is the
harbor. The lack of a good port retarded industrial
progress and the development of natural resources in the
Karenko area. In 1931, however, harbor construction
was commenced at Beiron Beach about 2 miles north of
the old Karenko anchorage. Work was nearing com
pletion by 1940 at an expenditure of Y7,000,000. The
port, if completed according to plan, has a capacity of
loading and unloading 200,000 tons of cargo a year by
means of a pier which allows three 4,000-ton ships to moor
alongside at one time. It is reported that vessels have
A some difficulty in approaching the pier on account of a
heavy surf which sweeps across the narrow artificial
harbor entrance. A joint office building at the new wharf
houses numerous government offices under one roof and
was built at a cost of Y246,202.
Until the new port was completed, all vessels anchored
off Karenko, and freight and passengers were loaded and
unloaded by flat-bottomed boats. The anchorage was not
good because there was no protection from the winds
and heavy seas and much of the time it was not possible
to discharge or take on cargo and passengers. In addi
tion, when the Karen IRiver floods, it forms Sand bars and
makes great changes in the depth of the water in the har
bor. The actual anchorage is at a place with a sandy
bottom in 16 to 18 meters of water, bearing 120° and 6.5
chains from Karenko Beacon Light. Regular ships ap
proach shore directly in front of the south flag staff and
64

anchor in pairs to discharge cargoes. The Karenko
Beacon Light is situated on the south side of Kako-san.
It is a white iron staff 11 meters high and the light is 29
meters above sea level. There are Warehouses on the
South shore, the north shore and on Kokkin Dori. Al
together there are 6 buildings of about 4,399 square yards
of floor space. As one approaches the old anchorage the
masts of the radio station in the northwest part of the
town, the smoke stack on the premises of the Monopoly
Bureau Office, the iron bridge over the mouth of the
Beiron River, and the white house on the north side of
Kako-san are all conspicuous marks. A spur of the Ka
renko-Taito Railroad extends 0.7 of a mile south of the
town of Karenko to Kirigan Station on the beach.
Most of the governmental functions of Karenko-cho are
centered in Karenko-gai, along with various branch agen
cies of the Taiwan government-general, and the adminis
trative Offices of Karen-gun and of Karenko-gai. Karenko
gai is the northern terminus of the Karenko-Taito Rail
road. It has a telephone exchange, and the one govern
ment hospital in the province, Karemko Iim. There is also
a garrison hospital in the gai, to be found in Karenko town,
and there are other hospitals, municipal and private, in
the area, but information as to their names and location
is not available. The provincial government maintains a
livestock breeding farm in the gai.
Information is lacking as to the exact location, in
Karenko or Beiron, of many of the branch offices and agen
cies of the government-general. The following branch
21. Japanese immigrant villages: Upper right, Yoshimo Village, Karenko Province; lower left, Asahi Village, Taito
Province.
RESTRICTED
offices and agencies are located in Karenko-gai, and Where
known their location, either in Karenko or Beiron, is indi
cated by a (K) or (B).
Monopoly Branch Bureau (K).
Custodian Station, Keelung Customs Office (K).
Police Affairs Department (K).
Karenko Hospital (K).
Post Office, second class (K).
Karengo Branch Railway Office (K).
Garrison Hospital (K).
Garrison Barracks (K) (located on the south side of
Beiron Hill and on the north shore of Beiron River).
Karenko Branch, Local Court of Taihoku.
Karenko Brach, Taihoku Prison.
Tax Office.
Meteorological Observatory (K).
Lighthouse (known to be outside of Karenko town).
Subdivision, Taihoku Deposit Bureau.
Eastern Branch, Forestry Management Office.
Dispatch Station, Taihoku Fertilizer Inspection Sta
tion.
Taura Rice Station warehouse, Government-General
Rice Bureau (K).
Following is a list of the business firms which are located
in Karenko-gai and where known, their location in
Karenko or Beiron is indicated by an appropriate (K) or
(B):
Taiwan Takushoku K.K, Kurogane-dori, 1 banchi (K).
Taiwan Shoko Ginko KK.
 RESTRICTED

- - -

-------
-
-

- -
-

- - -
-

- º ------------ º
º
---
-

-
- --
-

22. Karen/co Railroad Station.

Japan Aluminum K.K. Higashi Taiwan Miyin KK (K).

Oriental Metal Refining Co. (Toho Kinzoku Seiren Higashi Taiwan Shimpo Sha (K).
Kaisha). Taiwan Industrial Development Co., Ltd., (Taiwan
Bank of Taiwan, branch (K). Takushoku Kogyo KK), Irihune-dori, 17 (K).
Taiwan Commercial and Industrial Bank, branch (K). A network of roads runs through the gui and out into
Taiwan Savings Hank, branch. the adjacent sho of Hirano, Yoshino, and Kenkai. Taxi
Sugihare Industry Co., Ltd. subbranch (K). service is available to get around the gai and into the
Oriental Electro-Chemical Industries Co. (Toyo Kenko adjacent countryside.
Kogyo Kaisha) (K). Karenko-gai is served by a landing field located about
Denka Kogyo Kaisha (K). 2.5 miles northwest of Karenko in Hirano-sho. Details of
|-- ("hosen Chemical Industries Co. (Chosen Kogaku the field are given below in the discussion of Hirano-sho.
Mºº Kogyo Kaisha) (K). In 1939 there were 14 doctors in Karenko-gai, 7 of whom
- Taiwan Electro-("hemical Co. (Taiwan I)enka KK) were Japanese and 7 Formosan-Chinese.
(K). Beiron-Zan and Hanaoka-yama both rise to the north
East Taiwan Electric Power Co. (Higashi Taiwan of the town of Karenko. The Karenko Shrine, dedicated
I) enryoku Hogyo KK) (B). to the same deity as that of the Taiwan Shrine, is on
Karenko Electric ('o., No. 1 Kurogane-dori (K). Beiron-Zan overlooking the Karenko plain. Other shrines
Asahi (;umi, Ltd., Kurogane-dori (K). on Beiron-zan are: Kensha, Saijin, Daikoku, Kommei,
Tobu Aquatic Products Co. (Tobu Suisan KK). Daiko Kimci, and Shogen Meimei. The temple treasures
Eastern Marine Industry Co., Ltd. bestowed by the Meiji Jingu office included a sacred
Taiwan (;old ("0. (Taiwan Sankin KK). quiver, a shield, a bow, a long sword, and a sacred mirror.
Tamaoki Shoji KK. Hanaoka-yama is the site of a public park, having a
Ensuiko Sugar Manufacturing Co. (Ensuiko Seito monument to a group of heroic police officers, a public
KK). assembly hall, a private restaurant and amusement hall
Tokai Jidosho Unyu KK, Kurogane-dori, 21 banchi (Shoura Kaikam), a children's public swimming pool, a
(K). baseball field, and tennis court. There is a golf course
Morishige Mokuzai KK, 1/250 Ineserin-cho (K). at the foot of Iłeiron-zan which covers an area of about
Mokuzai K.K., 21 Kurogane-cho (K). 122 acres.
Karenko Niyaku Soko KK. (1) Karenko.—The town of Karenko is the capital of
Karenko Kinkai Unyu KK. Karenko-cho and is also the administrative center of
Karenko Commercial and Industrial Association, 34 Karen-gun and of Karenko-gai. It is a well-spaced and
Kasuga-dori (K). attractive town, very tropical in appearance with its palm
Eastern Credit Association, 34 Kasuga-dori (K). avenues, wide Streets, and broad verandas. It has a main
Karenko Takushoka KK. street called Kurogane with more than 10 streets running

66

across it. The town stretches out along the shore south
of Beiron-zan. In 1935 it had a population of 15,464,
of whom 8,008 were Formosan-Chinese, 6,336 were Japa
nese, 60 were Koreans, and 1,060 were foreign Chinese.
Karenko established its own water system in 1922, tak
ing Water from the upper stream of the Sabato River,
Which flows out of the mountains northwest of the town
and empties into the Beiron Hiver. The water intake is lo
cated in the Hekitan gulch of the river at Basekku-sha.
It is a concrete well 15 feet in diameter and 22 feet deep.
The water is carried to Karenko by natural flow from the
intake well to the distributing well by 10-inch pipe, and
thence to the filter plant by 12-inch pipe. The settling
pond is 100 feet long, 60 feet wide and 11 feet deep, and
has walls of polished stone and a concrete bed. It holds
45,000 cubic shaku of water (a little less than 45,000 cubic
feet), and has one settling-well with an inside diameter
of 12 feet and a depth of 10 feet. Time allowed for settling
is 1 day. The Karenko filter-pond is 53 feet long, 44 feet
wide, and 11% feet deep, has a wall and bed of reinforced
concrete with dirt and grass on top, a filtered-water well
12 feet in diameter and 10 feet deep, and 10-inch insert
pipes. The distributing system consists of cast-iron pipe
having a maximum diameter of 12 inches and a minimum
diameter of 4 inches and employs water cocks. There is
only one distributing system. It was built to supply a
population of 10,000 with a daily volume of 45,000 cubic
shaku. At the time the system was built, the capacity
was greater than the population needed, but today the
town population is 50 percent greater than the population
it was designed to supply. It is probable that the capacity
of the system has been enlarged as a necessary corollary
to the expanding industrial program. However, there is
no information yet available to confirm such a supposi
tion.
The water system was built with funds from the Taiwan
government-general at a cost of about ¥800,000 and is Sup
ported by local taxation insofar as the sale of water does
not produce enough revenue to pay the cost of operation.
The Karenko Girls Higher Primary School is located in
Karenko. In addition, there are other Schools in Karenko
gai, some of which presumably are in Karenko although
the information is not clear as to whether they are in
Karenko or Beiron. They are: Meiji Primary School for
Formosan-Chinese; Showa Primary School for Formosan
Chinese; Karenko Primary and Higher Primary School
(for Japanese, and for Formosan-Chinese who have suffi
cient knowledge of the Japanese language).
There are two theaters in the town, the Chikushi-kan
and the Karen-za, three first-class hotels, and six second
class hotels. Hotel rates are from ¥1.50 to ¥4.
(2) Beiron.—Beiron is a small village of 1,837 people
(1935) located about 2 miles to the north of Karenko. It
had 1,288 Formosan-Chinese, 539 Japanese, 3 Koreans, and
7 foreign Chinese in 1935. The new Karenko harbor is
located at Beiron.
The Karenko Middle School is located in Beiron, and
the East Taiwan Electric Power Co. (Higashi Taiwan
Denryoku Hogyo KK) has offices there at 700 Banchi.
67
RESTRICTED
b. Kenkai-sho.—Kenkai-sho lies to the north of Karenko
gai and stretches along the coast to the mouth of the
Takkiri River. It is limited to the plain which becomes
narrower as the Takkiri River is approached. The sho is
7 miles long and 1% miles wide at its greatest width. It
had a total population in 1935 of 2,777, of which 2,326 were
Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 411 were Japanese, and
40 were foreign Chinese.
The main feature of the sho is the Suo-Karenko highway
which traverses its length. A private rail line is oper
ated by the Ensuiko Sugar Co. and runs parallel with
the road to the Takkiri River delta.
The aborigines who live in the area are known as the
Taruko tribe and were at one time one of the most powerful
and troublesome of the aborigine peoples. They are re
ported today to be one of the most progressive and most
enlightened tribes.
Within the sho are the villages of Hokuho at the south
ern end and Shinjo in the north. Shinjo is the admin
iStrative center of the sho and lies at the northern end
near the mouth of the Takkiri River 11 miles north of the
town of Karenko. A third-class post office in Shinjo serves
the northern part of Kenkai-sho, the balance of the sho
being served by the Karenko post office. Although it is
On the coast, it has no harbor facilities, except for small
fishing boats which keep the small fishmarket supplied.
Porgies are reported to be abundant in the nearby ocean
waters. Shinjo is a strategic point in the control of the
aborigines of the hinterland. The fertile plain around
Shinjo is reserved for the Ensuiko Sugar Co. Alluvial
gold deposits are found near the mouth of the Takkiri
River. On the plains there are numerous pheasants and
Wild ducks.
There is a rainfall station at Hokuho and nearby to the
east there is reported to be an agriculture station.
There are three Schools in the sho: The Shinjo Primary
and Higher Primary School, the Shinjo Primary School
for Formosan-Chinese, and the Hokuho Primary School
for Formosan Chinese.
Police dispatch stations are located at Hokuho and west
of Shinjo near the entrance to the Taroko Gorge.
A Japanese doctor was practicing in Shinjo in 1939, and
at Hokuho there was one Formosan-Chinese doctor.
C. Kotobuki-sho.—Kotobuki-sho lies at the Southern end
of Karen-gun and its area is as great as the combined
areas of Karenko-gai, Kenkai-Sho, Yoshino-sho, and
Hirano-sho. Its greatest north-south length is 13 miles
and it is 7 miles at its greatest width. Its total popula
tion in 1935 was 8,215, of whom 6,239 were Formosan
Chinese and aborigines, 1,706 were Japanese, 261 were
foreign Chinese, and 9 were Korean.
The following villages are located in Kotobuki-sho:
Chinan. Kada. Shimpon.
Churi. Keiko. Taihei.
Domonran. Kotobuki. Tokaku.
GOtsubi. Rokei. Toyoda-mura
Gozenjo. Sanka.
The village of Kotobuki is the largest village (in 1935
about 3,000) and is the administrative center. It has a
RESTRICTED
third-class post office and a rainfall station and is
on the Karenko-Teito railroad.
One important feature of the sho is the presence of a
large colony of Japanese immigrants at the village of
Toyoda, the second village in size. (See the section on
Japanese immigration into Karenko for a detailed (lis
cussion.)
The Karenko-Taito Railroad runs through the sho and
the motor road south from Karenko winds through the
center of the valley.
There are five schools in the sho: Kotobuki I’rimary and
Higher I'rimary School, Toyoda Primary and Higher Pri
mary School, Kotobuki Primary School for Formosan
Chinese, Getsubi Primary School for Formosan-Chinese,
and Suiron Primary School for Formosan-Chinese.
Products of the sho are sugarcane and molasses, alcohol,
vegetables, sweetpotatoes, camphor and camphor oil, and
charcoal.
The Kotobuki Sugar Mill of the Ensuiko Sugar ('o. is
located in the who on the east side of the Kotobuki railway
station. In summer it manufactures and supplies ice.
There are a large number of camphor trees in the west
ern part of the who and in the mountains adjacent to the
sho. The Seino Kaisha (Camphor Manufacturing Co.)
has an office in Kotobuki.
Police dispatch posts are located at Domonran, Chinan,
Kada, and Koiko. The sho is served by a third-class post
office in the village of Kotobuki. Five Japanese doctors
were located in the sho in 1939, two being at Kotobuki and
one each at Suiren, Toyoda, and Getsubi.
d. Hirano-sho.
(The 1940 Taiwan Postal Directory fails to list Hirano
sho. It is possible that the sho was partitioned in the
1937 reorganization, but there is no information as to how
the sho was apportioned among the neighboring sho and
gai.)
Hirano-sho encircles Karenko-gai on three siles, reach
ing the sea both to the south and to the north of the gai.
Immediately on the west the sho forms a narrow corridor
between Karenko-gai and Yoshino-sho. Its greatest north
south length is 10 miles and its greatest width is 3 miles.
It had in 1935 a total population of 11,825, of which
11,374 were Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 285 were
Japanese, 162 were foreign ('hinese, and 4 were Koreans.
Located within the sho are the following villages:
Hokuboku. Kareien. Riro.
Suni. Rika. Toa pun.
Hirano-mura. Nanwan. Toran.
Jurokko. Nohei.
Jurokko is the administrative center of the sho, but
otherwise appears to have little importance. About 800
people live in the village and its immediate countryside.
Bokuboku had a population (in 1935) of about 3,600, in
cluding 129 Japanese, and Toran was second in size with
about 2,500, including 66 Japanese.
The most important single feature of the sho is the air
field which serves Karenko-gai and the whole province.
The airfield lies near the village of Kareien about 2% miles
68
north of the town of Karenko, near the northern base
of Beiron-zan, and at latitude 24° 01' N., and longitude
121°36' E. It is a military landing field, but is also used
by the Japan Air Transport Co. The field has an area of
120 acres with an excellent surface, and the latest avail
able information says it has two hangars, each of which
can store six aircraft. It is probable that its facilities
have been greatly increased. Fuel tanks and three bar
racks are located close to the hangars.
The Karenko-Taito railroad runs through the sho and
has a station at Toran where there is also a rainfall sta
tion. The Karenko water supply conduits are laid through
the sho and run north of Toran into Karenko-gai.
The villages of the sho are served by the post office in
Karenko.
The Registry of Government Officials lists no schools in
Hirano-sho, although the Railural/ Guide states that there
is a school for aborigines in the village of Bokuboku with
300 pupils studying agriculture.
The remnants of the early aborigine tribes in the area
have grouped themselves in the four villages of Toran,
Bokuboku, Riro, and Kika, comprising a total of about
4,700 people. They are principally engaged in agriculture,
and the able-bodied adults take turns at the hard labor
required in the vicinity. They have of late mingled with
the Japanese and Formosan-Chinese.
There are police dispatch posts at Iłokuboku and Ka
reien. The Karenko post office serves the sho.
No doctors are listed in this sho.
c. Yoshino-sho.—Yoshino-sho lies directly west of Ka
renko-gai with only the narrow corridor of Hirano-sho
dividing it from the ſai. It lies between the Tabata River
on the north and the Mokka River on the south. Its great
est north-south length is 4% miles and its greatest width is
4 miles.
In 1935 it had a total population of 3,433 of which
1,617 were Japanese, 1,814 were Formosan-Chinese and
aborigines, and 2 were foreign ('hinese.
Villages within the sho are:
Chuen. Kiyomizu. Sobun.
I empo: Kyuzen Yoshino.
Hatsune. Nampo.
The largest village and the administrative seat of the
sho is Yoshino. In 1935 it had a total population of about
2,500. It is on the Taito-Karenko railroad. A branch
- office of the provincial government is located at Yoshino,
and there is an industrial guild office, a young men's ath
letic field, a shrine, a Buddhist temple and a Kobo temple
at Yoshino. One Japanese doctor lives in Yoshino.
Other villages of importance are Hatsune and Kiyomizu,
in which power plants are located. The Hatsune railroad
station of the Karenko-Taito line is a short distance to
the east of the village of Hatsune.
There are roads in the sho running out from Karenko
gai adequate for passenger car travel.
The principal items of agricultural production in the
sho are rice, tobacco, and sugarcane. Producers' kumiai,
tobacco growers' kumiai, and farmers' kumiai are organ
ized in the sho.

The water pipes carrying Karenko's water supply are
laid across the northern part of the sho.
The Tamonan Copper Mine was discovered near Hat
sune in 1916. After the slump in copper value, the mine
closed. This mine lies about 5 miles north of the Hatsune
Station either in the northwestern corner of the sho or in
the adjacent aborigine territory. It is possible that, with
the increased demand for copper in the Japanese economy,
this mine has been reopened.
The following schools are located in the sho: Karenko
Agricultural Public School, Yoshino Primary and Higher
Primary School; Dempo Primary School for Formosan
Chinese.
There are no police dispatch posts in Yoshino-sho, all
police activity of the sho being centered in Yoshino village
as the administrative seat.
The Karenko post office serves the sho.
2. HORIN-GUN
Horin-gun lies directly south of Karen-gun and is 35
miles long (north and South) and 21 miles wide at its
maximum distances. Nearly one-half of the gum lies in
aborigine territory. The non-aborigine area is 35 miles
long (north and south) and 11 miles wide at the maximum
distances. The aborigine territory lies in the heart of
the central mountain range, and is 21 miles long (north
south) and 18 miles wide. The 1940 population figures
for the gun give a total of 43,113, including 40,049 For
mosan-Chinese and aborigines, 2,640 Japanese, and 424
foreign Chinese. The ſum showed a net increase in total
population over 1935 of 6,203, the Formosan-Chinese and
aborigines having increased 6,437 and the Japanese 128,
and the foreign Chinese having dropped from 786 to 424.
In 1935 there were 2,568 people in aborigine territory of
the gun of whom 2,451 were aborigines living in three
villages and 80 were Japanese.
The gum government offices are located in the village of
Horin in Horin-sho. The gun government officials include
a chief commissioner (gumshu), one school inspector and
three assistant inspectors, three police inspectors with
one technical aide, and three assistants. There is a
sho chief for each of the three sho who presumably have
their offices in the administrative centers of their respec
tive sho.
The most important economic feature of the gum is the
presence of the Yamato sugar mill of the Ensuiko Sugar
Co. and the extensive sugarcane plantations which are
controlled by the company.
Farming and animal husbandry are the principal activ
ities of the gun. The chief crops are sugarcane, Sweetpo
tatoes, tobacco, cattle, and hogs.
a. Horin-sho.—Horin-sho lies directly south of Kotobuki
sho of Karen-gun, and lies entirely within the valley. Its
eastern boundary at one point runs within 2 miles of the
coast. It is 13 miles long (north-south) and 8 miles
wide at its maximum distances. In 1935 its total popu
lation was 19,055, of which 16,630 were Formosan-Chinese
and aborigines, 1,933 were Japanese, and 492 were foreign
Chinese.
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The following villages are located in the sho:
Bafu. Hayahida. Mataan.
Baributsu. Heirin. Nanko.
Chimpei. Hokurin. Okakei.
Chugen. Horin. Rokkaibi.
Chuya. Kariton. Sharo.
Chushimpo. Maribashi-mur. Taiharo.
Genrin.
Horin is the administrative center of the sho and also
of Horin-gun. A branch office of the provincial govern
ment is located there. It had a population in 1935 of
about 4,000, including 408 Japanese. Horin is on the
Karenko-Taito railroad, and a rainfall station is located
there.
The village of Mataan is the largest in the sho, having
in 1935 a population of over 5,000, of which 492 were
Japanese. Mataan is also the most important village
economically on account of the presence of the Ensuiko
Sugar Co.'s Yamato mill. The aborigines in the Mataan
village area belong to the Ami tribe and engage in agri
Culture.
An important feature of the sho is the presence of a
large colony of Japanese immigrants at the village of Hay
ashida, about 3 miles west of Hayashida station. (See
the section on Japanese immigration to Karenko for a
detailed discussion.)
Two of the small power plants of the Karenko Electric
Co. are located in Horin. (See discussion of electric power
in section on industry and business.)
A Yamato agriculture station is located near the south
ern end of the sho.
At the village of Taiharo there is preserved under Spe
cial government protection a building believed generally
to be the oldest on the island. Local legend says that 48
generations have lived in it, descended from the founder
of the local aborigine settlement. It is full of important
and interesting artifacts.
There are six schools in Horin-Sho. They are—
Horin Primary and Higher I’rimary School.
Hayashida Primary and Higher Primary School.
Kami-Yamato Primary and Higher Primary School.
Horin Primary School for Formosan-Chinese.
Kami-Yamato Primary School for Formosan-Chinese.
Toyoda Primary School for Formosan-Chinese.
There is a theater in Horin, called the Horin-Za, and one
hotel.
The Horin station serves the Hayashida immigrant colo
ny rather than the Hayashida station because of the inade
quate transportation facilities from Hayashida station.
The government-general maintains a bureau for in
creased production at Hayashida Station.
A dense camphor forest lies between the Chakon and
Maribashi Rivers and the village of Horin lies on the
eastern fringe and near the center of it. On Hayashida
zan about 12 miles to the west of Hirabayashi station, in
aborigine territory, there is reported to be an almost in
exhaustible supply of cypress trees in which the Karenko
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Mokuzai Kaisha has started to work. The lumber is ex
ported solely to Japan.
The chief products of the who are lumber, charcoal,
sugarcane, camphor and camphor oil, granite (near Mari
bashi), rice, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and vegetables. There
is no industry of consequence in the sho.
Police officers' dispatch posts are located in the villages
of Horin, Hirabayashi, Maribashi, Mataan, Heirin, Chuya,
and the Yamato agriculture Station.
All of the Horin-sho except the southern part is served
by the Karenko post office. A post office at Mataan serves
the southern part of the sho.
In 1934) there were five doctors in the sho. Three–two
Japanese and one Formosan-Chinese—were in Horin, and
one Formosan-Chinese was reported at each of the villages
of Tomita and Murata inuria.
A nice station warehouse of the Government-General
IRice Hureau is in the sho, presumably at Horin.
b. Misuho-sho.—Mizuho-sho lies directly south of Horin
sho in the Karenko-Taito valley. It is 13 miles long and
9 miles wide at its maximum distances. It had a popu
lation, in 1935, of 11,149, of whom 10,493 were ForilloSail
("hinese and aborigines, 42.5 were Japanese, and 231 were
foreign Chinese. It is reported that the aborigines of the
Ami tribe make up a great proportion of the inhabitants.
The following villages are found in the sho:
Basshi. Kiimitsu. Taraaran.
( "hobaen. Koyo. 'garitsu.
( 'horakuma. Maezuru. U"raribu.
Kaasan. Mizuho-Inura. Ur().
Karara. Sappa. Yamato-Inura.
Mizuho is the administrative center of the sho and
had a population in 1935 of over 2,500, including 236 Japa
nese. A third-class post office is located in Mizuho village.
The village of Yamato is the largest community, having
in 1935 about 3,000 people including 111 Japanese. It is
also the most important center economically. The En
suiko Sugar ("o. founded the village in 1918 and the com
pany's model sugar plantation is now located there. An
irrigation system supplies the plantation with a controlled
water supply.
The Ensuiko Sugar ( 'o. also has plantations on most of
the good land in the southern part of the sho as well as in
the north. The sho is a broad plain and well adapted to
the cultivation of Sugarcane.
The village of IBasshi which lies near the center of
the slo and is on the railroad, is the only other populated
center of any size. In 1935 it had more than 2,000 people,
including 51 Japanese, and was an excellent rice-producing
center. It lies near the water-shed between the Maribashi
and Barancho IRivers.
Police officers' dispatch posts are located at Yamato,
Basshi, Mizuho, and Mizuho Hot Springs.
The Karenko-Taito railroad passes through the sho
and (lirectly to the South of Mizuho is the only tunnel on
the line.
7()
There is a rainfall station at Mizullo.
A push-car line (duisha) runs east and west across
the valley from Mizuho to the Mizuho Hot Springs in the
western foothills. It is about 2 miles from Mizuho village
to the hot springs. The baths and lodging quarters are
maintained by the Karenko provincial government.
The chief products of Mizuho-sho are charcoal, lumber.
sugarcane, rice, peanuts, and waterinelons.
There are four schools. They are –
Mizuho I’rimary and IIigher I’rimary School.
Shirakawa I’rimary School for Formosan-Chinese.
Mizuho I’rimary School for Formosan-Chinese.
Kibi I'rimary School for Formosan-Chinese.
A post office at Mataan, in Horin-sho, serves Mizuho-sho.
In 1939 there were seven doctors in the sho. Three—
two Formosan-Chinese, and one Japanese—were at Ya
imato, one Japanese was at Mizuho, and one was in each
of the villages of Kibi (Japanese), Shirakawa (Japa
nese), and Tsuruoko (Formosan-Chinese).
A rice station warehouse of the (; overnment-(i.eneral
is in the sho, presumably at Mizuho.
('. Shinshºt-sho.—Shinsha-sho lies along the coast for a
distance of 35 miles. It is narrow, being only (5 miles at
its widest point. The northern tip of the sho is just south
of the mouth of the IXaren IRiver. The northern half of the
coastal range of mountains lies within the sho. There is
very little agricultural land as the mountains leave very
little room along the coast for agricultural activities.
The following villages are located in the sho:
Hakon. Raroran. Shinsha.
Banshoryoko. IV oritsu. Suirembi.
Enryoko. Mararoon. Taikoko.
Hachiriwan. Nono. Taisenseki.
Ikkenka. Sekitei. Teishiro.
The administrative center is Iłakon, having a population
(1935) of about 1,000 including 24 Japanese. It is located
across the coastal range from Yamato village in northern
Mizuho-sho, and it is connected with Yamato and Mataan
by trails.
The next village of importance is Suirembi, the first
village along the coast south from Karenko. In 1935 there
were nearly 1,000 inhabitants of this village including 30
Japanese.
The village of Taikoko lies at the southern end of the
sho at the mouth of the Shukoran River. The village had
a population in 1935 of about 600 people, including 16
Japanese.
The Shukoran IRiver cuts to the sea from the Karenko
Taito valley through the southern part of Shinsha-sho.
The river valley affords passage by foot and by small
craft into the valley from the coast.
I’ostal Service is provided the who from the Karenko
lost office.
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There are two schools in Shinsha-sho. They are— chief commissioner (gumshu), one school inspector and
Toyohama Primary School for Formosan-Chinese. four assistants, three police inspectors with one technical
Taikoko Primary School for Formosan-Chinese. aide, and five assistant police inspectors. In addition
there is one gai chief and one sho chief, who presumably
There are no road connections between Shinsha-sho and have their offices in the administrative centers of their
any other part of Karenko Province, but there is a road respective gai and sho.
leading South along the coast into Taito Province and to The chief economic activity of the gum is the growing of
Taito-gai. (See Section on transportation and communi rice and Sugarcane.
cation.)
There is one school in aborigine territory beyond the
A police officers' dispatch post is located at Taikoko. border of either Mizuho-sho or Tamazato-gai. The
Principal products of the sho are sweetpotatoes, sugar School is at Tafun-Sha and is called the Chokun Primary
cane, and fish. Alluvial gold deposits are reported on the and Higher Primary School. There was also in 1939 one
western edge of the sho, on the edge of Karenko-Taito
Japanese doctor in Tafunsha and one Japanese doctor in
Valley near Mataan, Horin-sho, and Yamato, Mizuho-sho.
Isogansha.
In 1939, one Formosan-Chinese doctor was located in the
sho, at Taikoko. a. Tamacato-gai.-Tamazato-gai is the second most im
portant area in the province. It had a population in 1935
3. Tamazato-gun
of 14,431, of which 13,003 were Formosan-Chinese and
Tamazato-gun lies directly to the south of Horin-gun and aborigines, 1,171 were Japanese, and 257 were foreign
is the only landlocked gun of the province. It is 33 miles Chinese. It is 14 miles long and 8 miles wide at its maxi
long (north-South) and 27 miles wide (east-west) at its
mum distances. The gai is about midway between Kar
maximum distances, and exclusive of aborigine territory,
enko-gai and Taito-gai in Taito-cho and is in the heart of
it is 28 miles long (north-south) and 8 miles wide (east
the Karenko-Taito valley. Like the neighboring sho in
west). About 70 percent of the gun is aborigine territory
which has a north-south maximum length of 31 miles the valley, it is cut off from the sea by the coastal range
and an east-West maximum width of 19 miles. As in and from the western part of the island by a 10,000-foot
Karen-gun and Horin-gun, the aborigine territory lies in wall of rugged peaks inhabited by the least civilized of the
the heart of the central mountain range. aborigines. It is for this reason that the Japanese estab
The 1940 population figures give Tamazato-gun a total lished the most important prisoner-of-war camp in the
population of 32,511, of which 30,801 were Formosan empire in this remote spot.
Chinese and aborigines, 1,461 were Japanese, 15 were There are 19 villages in the gai. They are—
Koreans, and 234 were foreign Chinese. The 1935 figures
Banuta. Kyakujinjo. Shimorowan.
gave a total of 27,066, of which 25,036 were Formosan
Choryo-son. Majosho. Shokura.
Chinese, 1,644 were Japanese, 386 were foreign Chinese
Chujosho. Mikasa-mura. Suehiro-mura.
and no Koreans. In 1935 there were 3,327 inhabitants of
Dorin. Moshiran. Taikaryo.
the aborigine territory in the gum, of whom 3,027 were
Kannonzan. IReishisai. Tamazato.
aborigines living in 23 villages and 299 were Japanese.
The gun government offices are located in the town of Kiyomizu. Sekkoko.

Tamazato in Tamazato-gai. The gun officials include a Koza. Shatokubu.

23. Sugar factory at Tamacato-gai, Karenko Province.

71
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* Yº sº-ºr
24. Tamazato-gai, Karenko Province.
Tamazato is the administrative center of the ſai and
is also the seat of the Tamazato-gun offices. In 1935 it
had a population of about 5,500, including 973 Japanese.
It is the half-way point on the Karenko-Taito railway and
there are facilities there for making minor repairs to rail
equipment. A third-class post office in Tamazato serves
Tamazato-gai and Taisho-Sho. A government rainfall sta
tion is located in the town. An electric power plant is
located there, powered by a gas engine, with a capacity of
30 kilowatts. A subbranch of the monopoly bureau is
located in the ſnai, presumably in the town of Tamazato.
Three hotels and a theater, called the Shunrai-za, are in
the town. Hotel rates are from Y2 to Y-4.
The level countryside around the town is high and dry
and commands a fine view of the valley as well as the
nearby mountains.
The town of Tamazato has a water system which serves
the local defense garrison and a part of the town. The
Source of the water appears to be a small river in the
foothills of the mountains across which has been built
a small hill-dam of polished stone construction. The sys
tem was built to provide water for a maximum of 5,000
people. The total length of the system is 2,203.7 ken or
approximately 2% miles.
Other villages of importance in the gai are Kannon
zan, which had a population in 1935 of about 2,500, with 20
Japanese ; Shokura, with a 1935 population of more than
1,500, including 7 Japanese ; and Shimorowan with a 1935
population of about 1,500, including 32 Japanese.
There are six schools in the gai. They are: Tamazato
Primary and Higher Primary School ; Tamazato First
-
2
º
Primary School for Formosan-Chinese: Tamazato Second
Primary School for Formosan-Chinese: Kannon-zan Pri
mary School for Formosan-Chinese: ()sato Primary School
for Formosan-Chinese ; and Tamizato Primary School for
Formosan-Chinese.
In the town of Tamazato there is stationed a unit of
defense guards and police officer dispatch posts are located
at Shokura, Mikasa, Kannon-zan, and 13anuta.
A Tamazato thermal electric generating plant is re
ported to be located in the gai operated by the Karenko
I}onki KK. Its capacity and date of construction are un
known, but it is reported to have been in operation in
early 1940.
Brown coal and a very rich copper mine are reported
to be in the ſyai, the coal mine being near Mikasa. In
formation as to the exact location of the copper mine is
not available.
The chief products of the ſai are rice, sugarcane,
vegetables, watermelons, camphor and camphor oil, lum
ber, and charcoal. Recently planted coffee plantations
are reported in the area.
The Tamazato hot Springs and public baths are about
2 miles east of the Antsu station at the foot of the coastal
"ange. The mineral Spring is reported to be colorless
and clear and contains large quantities of sodium sulphate
and potassium sulphate with a high temperature of 60° C.
In 1939 there were six doctors in the gai, all For
mosan-Chinese. Three were in Tamazato, one was at
Kannon-Zan, one at Mikasa, and one at Kasuga.
A rice station warehouse of the Government-General
Rice Bureau is in the gai, presumably at Tamazato.
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25. Temporary bridge over the Pinam River, Taito Province.

26. Crossing the Pinan River, Taito Province. Note Japanese officials in palanquins.
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b. Taisho-sho which were Japanese. The village of Tojimpo is also

(There is some evidence that in 1937 the name of this an important center, being larger than Taisho in popula
sho was changed to Tomizato.) tion. In 1935 Tojimpo had over 2,000 people, including 52
Taisho-sho is the southernmost sho of Karenko-cho. Japanese.
It lies directly south of Tamazato-gai, and it has a The soil in the valley throughout Taisho-sho is fertile
maximum length of 14 miles (north-south) and a maxi and well-watered, and the sho is known as the leading
mum width of 6 miles. The valley in this sho is rice-producing area of Karenko I’rovince. Other agricul
extremely narrow, being only about 2 miles wide. The tural products are sugarcane, sweet potatoes, peanuts, se
Shukoran River flows north through the center of the Same, water buffalo, yellow cows and hogs.
valley. There are police officer dispatch posts at Taisho, To
The population of the sho in 1935 was 9,308, of which jimpo, and Koho.
9,006 were Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 174 were There are no schools in Taisho-sho according to the
Japanese, and 128 were foreign Chinese. Registry of Government Officials of Taiwan, but the Rail
The following villages are in the sho: ura y Guide says there is a primary school for Formosan
Bario. Nashikei. Taisho. ('hinese at Tojimpo and one at Taisho.
Goasaikei. IRiko. Tojimpo. Taisho-sho is served by the post office at Tamazato.
Koho. Ronshicho. Tokoho. In 1939 there were four doctors in the sho, one Japanese
Kooshi. Ryukei. and one Formosan-Chinese at Taisho, and Formosan
Mannimpo. Sekihi. ("hinese at OSato and Take (la.
One of the scenic sights of the sho is the waterfall of
The village of Taisho is the administrative center of the Rashi River located about 2% miles northeast of Koho
the sho and in 1935 had a population of about 1,900 people, station on the western slopes of the coastal range. The
including 39 Japanese. It is located near the northern waterfall is about 350 feet high and the volume of the fall
end of the sho. is abundant at all times.
The village of Koho is the largest community in the A rice station warehouse of the Government-General
sho, having a population of about 4,000 (in 1935), 57 of is in the sho, presumably at Taisho.

74

II. TAITO-CHO
1. Taito-gun
Taito-gun spreads over the southern half of the cho
and includes the island of Kashoto. The Hashikao River
flows easterly across the non-aborigine portion of the gun
at its northern end near the boundary with Kanzan-gun.
About three-fourths of the gun lies in the central
mountain range and is aborigine territory. Its maximum
length (north-south) is 47 miles and its maximum width
is 18 miles. Exclusive of aborigine territory, the gum has
a maximum length of 42 miles and a width of 11 miles.
The aborigine territory is 40 miles long and 15 miles wide
at its maximum distances.
Prior to 1937 the area now covered by Taito-gun was
divided into Taito-gun and Daibu-gun. The dividing line
began at the coast about 2 miles south of the mouth of the
Chihon River and ran in a northwesterly direction back
to the mountains and then in a westerly direction. Daibu
gun (or shicho as the units were called prior to 1937) was
made up of Daibu-sho and Tamari-sho (or lcu as the sho
were called prior to 1937). The 1935 population figures
gave the then Taito-gun (shicho) a total of 28,309, in
cluding 24,299 Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 3,144
Japanese, 25 Koreans, and 840 foreign Chinese. The
figures for the same year gave Daibu-gun (sh icho) a
27. The beach at Taito.
75
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total of 10,348, including 9,872 Formosan-Chinese and
aborigines, 461 Japanese, 1 Korean, and 14 foreign Chinese.
The 1940 population figures for the new enlarged Taito
gun give a total of 46,032, including 41,472 Formosan
Chinese and aborigines, 3,999 Japanese, 25 Koreans, and
536 foreign Chinese. These figures indicate an increase
in population for the combined area of nearly 20 percent
over the 5-year period. The 1935 figures list 7,753 people
in the aborigine territory of Taito-gun and Daibu-gun, of
whom 7,483 were aborigines living in 44 villages, and 270
were Japanese. -
The gun government offices are located in the town of
Taito, Taito-gai. The gun government includes a chief
commissioner (gumshu), a school inspector and six assist
ants, and four police inspectors with two technical aides
and six assistant police inspectors. In addition there are
four sho chiefs (one for each sho) and one gai chief. Pre
sumably the sho and gai chiefs have their offices in their
respective sho and gai administrative centers.
The dominant economic feature of the gun is the activ
ities of the Taito Sugar Co. which owns large Sugar plan
tations, Operates nearly 12 miles of private railroads, and
refines sugar in two mills.
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28. Lighthouse at Taito.

There is no information as to schools in the aborigine
territory of Taito-gun and apparently there are none. Nor
is there any information concerning doctors in the aborig
ine territory of the gum.
a. Taito-ſya i...—Taito-gai had a population in 1935 of
15,576, of which 12,035 were Formosan-Chinese and abo
rigines, 2,711 were Japanese, 24 were Koreans, and 805 were
foreign Chinese.
The ſyai is 11 iniles long ( north-south) and 5 miles wide
at its maximum distances and stretches along the coast
from the southern boundary of Shinko-gun on the north
to the mouth of the Tainan River. The I’inan River flows
along the western boundary of the gai from the point it
enters Taito-gun at the north to about 2 miles north of
the village of Iłaran, where it turns east and flows into
the sea about 1% miles northeast of the town of Taito.
On the south the ſai is bounded by the most northern
branch of the Tainan River.
Within the ſyai are the towns of
Arapanna. Karoran. Shikishima.
Asahi. Kowazan. Taito.
Baran. Rikinkichi. Totoo.
Fujen. Saruka.
The lack of a good harbor has retarded industrial prog
ress and (levelopment of the natural resources of the Taito
area. There is no natural shelter for ships and there are
no docks. A small pier Serves the lighters and small
local craft. Ships must anchor in the unprotected waters
offshore and loading and unloading is done by lighter. It
is reported that merchant ships anchor near the shore and
the sterns of the vessels are moored to a mooring mast on
land during the day. In the winter season, although a
northeast wind blows without fail early every morning, a
northwest wind arises and kills the seas raised by the
northeast wind.
Landmarks to the northeast of the town of Taito are
two hills, Kowasan and Karoran-san, on the headland
adjacent to the northern limits of the beach which
stretches along the edge of the Taito plain. Although
these hills are sometimes obscured by clouds, they can
usually be recognized. Karoran-san is 409 feet high.
Landmarks for Taito are a hill (Rigyo-san) 246 feet high
at the southwestern edge of the town and the Taito light
house, a white octagonal concrete tower 27 feet high on the
east side of the town near the beach. Itigyo-san ('an
usually be seen from 15 miles at Sea and on a clear dark
night the lights from it can be recognized 20 miles out.
It is said to look like an island when first sighted. The
weather signal mast is on the premises of the Taito meteor
ological station (at latitude 22°45' N., longitude 121°09'
E.) and the typhoon warning signal mast is near the
northeast side of the Taito Lighthouse. An electric light
which is about one chain northeast of Taito Lighthouse
and the lights of the water reservoir on the top of Rigyo
san make good marks for navigating at night. The light
on the Taito Lighthouse is (50 feet above sea level.
A new Japanese village, Shikishima, was founded in the
gai in 1937. The precise location of the village is not as
yet known.

76
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29. Air view of Taito.

30. Taito.

77
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Taito-gai is the southern terminal of the Karenko-Taito
railroad. The station is in the southwestern part of the
town of Taito, but the line continues on eastward to the
beach. There are no facilities in Taito to make major
repairs to railroad equipment, but minor repairs can be
made there.
Most of the governmental functions of Taito-cho are
centered in Taito-gai, along with various branch agencies
of the Taiwan government-general, and the administrative
offices of Taito-gun and of Taito-gai. The one goverin
ment hospital in the province, Taito Iin, is in the gai,
presumably in the town of Taito. There are other hos
pitals, municipal and private, in the area, but no in
formation as to their names and locations is now avail
able. The following branch offices and agencies of the
Taiwan government-general are located in Taito-gai :
Subbranch bureau, monopoly bureau.
Police affairs department.
Taito hospital.
I’ost office, second class.
Garrison barracks and hospital.
Taito subbranch of Karenko branch, local court of
Taihoku.
Tax office.
Meteorological observatory.
Dispatch station of the Taihoku fertilizers inspection
station.
Subdivision, Taihoku deposit bureau division.
Taito
aito tropical agricultural experiinental
experimental branchh Stat
station.
('ustodian station, Takao customs office.
31. Harbor at Tuito-gai.
78
Tropical horticultural inspection office.
Office of Bukomsho (institution to civilize the
aborigines).
Taito rice station warehouse, Government-General
Rice Iłureau.
Taito-gai is served by a landing field located 2 miles
northwest of the town of Taito near the village of Baran,
at a latitude of 22°45' N., longitude 121°0'5' E. Appar
ently this is a military landing field which is also used
for civilian purposes. It has been reported as well
('amouflaged and situated alongside a sugar refinery.
In 1939 there were six doctors in Taito-gai, including
five Formosan-Chinese and one Japanese.
Auto roads run out through the gai from the town
of Taito, and into adjacent Hinan-sho. Taxi service is
available to get around the gai and into the adjacent
countryside.
IReference is made in some of the sources to the water
reservoir on Rigyo-san Southwest of the town of Taito.
However, no details are available as to the water system
or Systems in the gai.
Information is scarce regarding in which towns in Taito
gai some of the business firms are located. Following
is a list of business firins which are located in Taito-gai,
with their precise location by town indicated where pos
sible.
East Taiwan ("offee Industrial ('o., Ltd. (Higashi Tai
wan Kohi Sangyo KK).
Taito Industrial ("o., Ltd. (Taito Shokusan KIK),
Taito.

Taito Development Co., Ltd. (Taito Kohatsu KK),
Taito. -
Hoshi Quinine Industries Co., Ltd. (Hoshi Kina San
gyo KK), Taito.
Sugihara Industry Co., Ltd., Taito.
Taiwan Takushoku KK, Taito.
Taiwan Denryoku KK.
Bank of Taiwan, Taito.
Oh Ren Mokuzai Shotein-Seizai.
Taito Auto Transportation Co., Ltd. (Taito Jidosha
Unyu KK), Taito.
Sakura Co., (Sakura Gumi), Taito.
There are several schools in the gai and presumably
they are located in the town given in the name of the
school. A list of the schools follows:
Taito Agricultural and Forestry Public School.
Taito Primary and Higher Primary School.
Shikishima Primary and Higher I’rimary School.
Asahi Primary School.
Taito Primary School for Formosan-Chinese.
Baran Primary School for Formosan-Chinese.
Karoran Primary School for Formosan-Chinese.
Taito Kindergarten.
Taito Second Kindergarten.
The chief products of the gai are rice, sugarcane and
vegetables.
(1) Taito.—The town of Taito is the leading business
and social center not only of the gai and gum, but of the
province as well. It is at approximately the center of a
32. Taito Hospital.
RESTRICTED
15-mile stretch of irregular beach at the delta of the
Pinan River. In 1935 it had a population of 8,886, of
which 5,743 were Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 2,341
were Japanese, 23 were Koreans, and 778 were foreign
Chinese. It is the seat of Taito-cho and Taito-gun and
the administrative center of Taito-gai. It is an orderly
town, with Streets laid out in regular Squares and lined
with trees. The harbor is at the southeastern end of the
town. Reference is made in some of the source material
to a water reservoir on Hinanzan Southwest of the town
of Taito. However, no details are available as to the
water system for the town.
All six doctors mentioned above as being in Taito-gai
live in the town of Taito.
There is regular bus service in the town as well as bus
service from the town south to Chihon, north along the
Coast to Shinko, and West to Baran and beyond.
There are five hotels in the town and one theater. Hotel
rates are from ¥1.50 to ¥3.
(2) Baram.—Baran is the second town of Taito-gai,
having a population in 1935 of about 3,500, of which 172
were Japanese. It is 11% miles northwest of Taito on the
Karenko-Taito railroad. The Taito Sugar Co. has its
main office in the town and one of its sugar mills is
located there.
There is a police dispatch station in Baran.
There are no doctors in Baran.
b. Himan-sho.—Hinan-sho lies to the west and southwest
of Taito-gai. It includes the mouths of the Tainan and
Chihon Rivers and extends westward to the aborigine
 RESTRICTED
.3.3. “('rab basket,” a mode of transportation used on Taito Province trails.
boundary and northward along the boundary of the aborig
ine territory to the boundary between Taito-gun and Kan
zan-gun. The southern boundary of Taito-gai follows the
northern branch of the Tainan River back nearly to ab
origine territory and then cuts back directly east to the
| vicinity of the towns of Taito, forming a wedge which
nearly severs Hinan-sho in two.
The sho is 16 miles long (north-south) and 7 miles wide
at its maximum (listances. It had a total population in
1935 of 8,094, of which 7,714 were Formosan-('hinese, 344
were Japanese, 1 was Korean, and 35 were foreign Chinese.
The Karenko-Taito railroad runs through the northern
half of the sho. The chief products are rice and sugar
Callt".
Within the sho are the villages of
Aripai. Hinan. Itika.
Binrojukaku. Hashikao. Shinshabakan.
("hihon. Kyushabakan. Tabarako.
Ganwan. Miwa.
The administrative center is Hinan which lies about 4
miles northwest of Baran, Taito-gai. In 1935 it had a
population of about 1,500, including 152 Japanese.
There are four schools in the sho, the Hinan Primary
School for Formosan-Chinese, the Chihon Primary School
for Formosan-Chinese, the IRika I’rimary School for For
mosan-Chinese, and the Hatsushika Primary School for
Formosan-Chinese. -
Police dispatch stations are located at Hinan, Rika,
Hashikao, and Chihon. No doctors are reported in the
sho. There are no post offices in the sho. The sho is
SU)
serviced by the post office at Taito in Taito-gai.
c. 1)ſt il, u-sho.—I)aibu-sho lies at the southern end of
Taito-cho and comprises a narrow strip along the coast,
north and south of the mouth of the I)aibu IRiver. The
boundary of the aborigine territory nearly touches the
sea at several points between the mouths of the Kanaron
and Daibu Rivers, and near the south end of the sho the
boundary of the aborigine territory reaches the sea in
Several places, isolating Small segments of the sho.
I 'aibu-Sho is 25 miles long and 3 miles wide at its maxi
mum distances. It had a total population in 1935 of 1,
985, of which 1,779 were Formosan-Chinese and aborig
ines, 197 were Japanese, 1 was Korean and 8 were foreign
("hinese.
The most important feature of the who is the new Taito
Takao road, the final link of which is reported to have
been completed over the mountains from the village of
Daibu to the west coast. This no doubt has brought con
siderable changes to the sho after its many years of
isolation.
Along the river banks and the seashore are a few al
luvial plains where various tropical crops are cultivated.
Within the sho are the villages of
Hassbido. I)aicho. Kannaheki.
I)aibu. I laicholman. Shishishi.
I)aichikko. Goshiro. Taikei.
The administrative center of the sho is the village of
I’a ibu which in 1935 had a population of about 700, of
whom 167 were Japanese. A post office in the village of
I'aibu serves the sho and the aborigine territory nearby.
 RESTRICTED

A branch office of the Taito-cho government is reported The administrative center is the village of Tamari which
to be located in this village. in 1935 had a population of about 800, of which 28 were
Police dispatch stations are located at Daichoman and Japanese.
Taikei. The post offices at Taito and Daibu serve the sho.
Four schools are reported; namely, the IDaibu Primary There are no doctors and no Schools in the sho. Police
and Higher Primary School, the Otake Primary School dispatch Stations are located at Koran and Kanaron.
for Formosan-Chinese, The Otori Primary School for e. Kashoto-sho.—Kashoto-sho comprises the island of
Formosan-Chinese, and the Daibu Primary School for Kashoto which lies 20 miles southeast of Taito-gai. The
Formosan-Chinese. island is about 4 miles long and 3 miles wide at its maxi
There are no doctors in the sho according to best avail mum distances and has a circumference of about 13 miles
able information.
and an area of about 11 square miles. In 1935 it had a
d. Tamari-sho.—Tamari-sho lies directly south of population of 2,274, of which 2,256 were Formosan-Chinese
Hinan-sho. It extends along the coast below the Kanaron and aborigines and 18 Japanese. There is some conflict in
River delta to the northern boundary of Daibu-sho. The the sources of information concerning the relative numbers
Tamari River flows out of the mountains into the sea in
of aborigines and Formosan-Chinese on the island. It is
the center of the sho.
clear, however, that there is a large Chinese colony which
The sho is 14 miles long and 3 miles wide at its maximum had been on the island for a considerable time before
distances. It had a total population in 1935 of 2,975, of the Japanese assumed control of Taiwan. One report says
whom 2,904 were Formosan-Chinese and aborigines (most that the Chinese forced most of the aborigines to move to
of whom are aborigines), 65 were Japanese, and 6 were Kotosho to the south, although other reports indicate that
foreign Chinese. a considerable number of aborigines still remain.
The most important feature of the sho is the presence The island is volcanic and has Several mountains about
of the Takao-Daibu-Taito road which passes through the 750 feet high. Short rivers form Small gorges. On the
sho along the coast. There is only a narrow belt of level southeast coast there are cliffs as high as 300 feet. On the
land between the foot of the mountains and the Sea.
northwest the land slopes gradually and forms the prin
Sweetpotatoes, rice, and vegetables are the chief crops. cipal farming area. There are very few trees on the
Within the sho are the villages of island. Rainfall is light and year-round winds are strong,
Bunrikaku. Koran. Radaketsu. especially the seasonal wind from October to March. The
Daitokkitsu. Koshiran. Sarambi. inhabitants are reported (by Japanese sources) to be
DaSokidaran. Oshiran. Taibukutsu. hospitable, conservative, and religious. They raise Sweet
Kanshiron. Paragiraru. Tamari. potatoes, rice, and peanuts; and pigs, chickens, and water

34. Amis, an aborigine people of Kotosho (Botel Tobago Island) using orem to haul rice.
81
RESTRICTED
WAYNE STATE U. LIBRARIES
buffalo. It is also reported that they raise and export to There is a primary school for Formosan-Chinese on the
China the hama shika (a kind of deer, perhaps similar to island.
the spotted deer). There are no doctors.
There is a bay on the west side of the island (Nanryo
2. Kanzan-gun
Wan) which is said to offer a fair anchorage and some
Kanzan-gun comprises the north and northwest part
refuge from the strong northeast winds of winter, al
of Taito-cho. It is 31 miles long (north-south) and 24
though rocks on the bottom limit the area in which anchor
miles wide at its maximum distances. About four-fifths
age may be had. A stone jetty about 125 feet long and
of the ſum is aborigine territory in the central mountain
5 feet wide was built for the use of small fishing boats.
range. The non-aborigine territory has a maximum
There is a hot spring on the southeast coast of the
island.
length and width of 20 miles and 7 miles.
The 1940 population for the gun was 18,738, of which
Ships of the Government-General East ('oast Line touch
17,344 were Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 1,301 were
here once a month, but if the weather is bad, they cannot
Japanese, and 93 were foreign ('hinese. The gun showed
put into port.
a net increase in total population over 1935 of 2,192,
A radio station on the island is operated by the Kashoto
Formosan-Chinese and aborigines having increased 2,261,
Fish Industries Union. Its call letters are reported to
be J.F.W. Naval radio installations have also been re
Japanese having decreased 64, and foreign ('hinese having
decreased by 5. In 1935 there were 4,922 people in the
ported installed on the island.
aborigine territory of the ſum, of whom 4,446 were
Official Japanese reports indicate that the Taito post
aborigines living in 36 villages, and 476 were Japanese,
office serves the inhabitants of Kashoto, but other reports
and there were about 3,500 aborigines living in non
speak of a post office on the island, which no doubt is a
aborigine territory.
collection and distribution center for the Taito office.
The ſyun government offices are located in the village
There are three major villages on the island. They
a re
of Kanzan in Kanzan-Sho. The ſlum government oſlicials
include a chief commissioner (ſ/unshu), a school inspec
Churyo. Kokan. Nanryo.
tor and three assistants, and three police inspectors with
Apparently Nanryo is the administrative center, located one technical aide and six assistant police inspectors.
on the western bay. In 1935 it had a population of about There is a sho chief for each of the three sho who pre
900, including 12 Japanese. There are the usual sho gov sumably have their offices in the administrative centers of
ernment offices and officials and police officials in the their respective sho.
village. The most important economic feature of the ſum is the

-
-
- __

- º -
-- -
-
º º
- --- º
- *º- - -

-
-
*
* - º -

.35. Japanese rillage of Hinode, Taito Prorince.


36. Japanese carried by a borigines on the east coast, where transportation is poorly developed.
activity of the Taito Sugar Co. which has large amounts
of land in the valley on which it has settled Formosan
Chinese in Small villages for the cultivation of Sugarcane.
Rice is also produced in the gum. Other products are
vegetables, sweetpotatoes, ramie, and fruits.
a. Ikegami-sho.—Ikegami-Sho lies in the Karenko-Taito
valley west of Toran-sho and Shinko-sho of Shinko-gun.
. It is the northernmost sho of Kanzan-gun. It is bounded
on the north by Taisho-sho of Tamazato-gun, Karen-cho.
Lake Taiho is in the north-central part of the sho and is
the source of the Shukoran River. The Shinburo River
enters the valley from the northwest and runs along the
boundary between Ikegami-sho and Kanzan-sho. The sho
is 9 miles long and 6 miles wide at its maximum dis
tances. The eastern third of the sho lies in the Western
fringes of the coastal range. It had a total population
in 1935 of 3,955, of whom 3,858 were Formosan-Chinese and
aborigines, 56 were Japanese, and 41 were foreign Chinese.
The Karenko-Taito Railroad passes through the sho in
its northwest corner. The Taito Sugar Co., maintains
a Formosan-Chinese village in the vicinity of the Ikegami
station on the railroad.
The villages in the sho are:
Banan. Ikegami. Suitsui.
Bancho. Riku Wan. Taiho.
IDaiha. Shinkaien.
The village of Shinkaien is the administrative center.
In 1935 it had a population of about 2,000, of which 20
were Japanese.
There is no post office in the sho and the official reports
83
, - * - RESTRICTED
do not make it clear which post office serves Ikegami-sho.
However, it is probable that either the post office at Shi
kano, in Shikano-sho to the south, or the post office at
Kanzan in Kanzan-sho provides postal service for Ikegami
sho.
There are no police dispatch stations reported in the
sho.
There are no doctors in the sho.
There is a primary school for Formosan-Chinese in the
village of Ikegami.
A rice station warehouse of the Government-General
Rice Bureau is in the sho, presumably at Ikegami.
b. Kamzan-sho.—Kanzan-sho has an unusual geographic
position relative to its neighboring sho. The northern
third of Kanzan-sho lies on the west side of the valley and
is bounded on the east and north by Ikegami-Sho and On
the south by Shikano-sho. The remaining two-thirds of
the sho is on the east side of the valley and to the south,
being bounded on the north by Ikegami-Sho and on the
west by Shikano-sho. These two parts of Kanzan-sho are
united by a narrow strip between the northeast corner of
Shikano-sho and the southwest corner of Ikegami-Sho.
About one-half of the eastern portion of Kanzan-Sho lies
on the western fringes of the coastal range.
The sho is 17 miles long and 5 miles wide at its maximum
distances. In 1935 it had a total population of 3,803, of
which 3,386 were Formosan-Chinese, 367 were Japanese,
and 50 were foreign Chinese.
The Karenko-Taito railroad runs through the north
western one-third of the sho.
=
RESTRICTED
The villages in the sho are—
Haitotowan. Kanzan. Suiseishi.
Hinoſle. IRaikoka. Tokkohanyo.
The village of Kanzan is the administrative center of
the sho. It is on the Karenko-Taito railroad and had a
population in 1935 of about 3,000, including 364 Japanese.
It is also the seat of the gun government. There are two
hotels in the village. Hotel rates are from Y1.50 to Y2.50.
Various enterprises have been undertaken there in recent
years and it has shown a tendency toward expansion.
There is a post office at Kanzan.
There apparently are no police dispatch stations in the
sho. -
There are no doctors in the sho, according to official
reports.
There are two schools in the sho, namely, the Kanzan
Primary and Higher Primary School and the Ranzan
Primary School for Formosan-Chinese.
1)eposits of nickel and fuller's earth are reported
the sho.
A rice station warehouse of the Government-General
Rice Bureau is in the sho, presumably at Kanzan.
c. Shikano-sho.—Shikano-sho lies on the west side of
the Karenko-Taito valley directly north of Hinan-sho in
Taito-gun. The IRokuryo River flows through the sho
to the southeast and joins the Shinburo River to form the
Pinan River.
The who is 10 miles long and 6 miles wide at its maximum
distances. Its 1935 population was 3,866, of which 3,393
were Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 466 were Japanese,
and 7 were foreign Chinese.
The Karenko-Taito Railroad passes through the sho.
The Taito Sugar ('o. is active in the sho and maintains
the Formosan-Chinese village of Tsukino. Sugarcane
and rice are the chief products of the sho.
Villages in the sho are—
Akoryo. 'aiyapai. Shinro.
I)aihobi. Itaparapa. Tsukino.
Inaba. Rokuryo.
Shikano.
Ohara.
The village of Shikano is the administrative center. In
1935 it had a population of about 2,000, including 426
Japanese.
There is a post office at Shikano village.
There are no police dispatch stations in the sho.
There are no doctors in the sho.
Three schools are located in the sho. They are: Shikano
Primary and Higher I’rimary School, Shikano Primary
School for Formosan-Chinese, Ohara Primary School for
Formosan-('hinese.
3. Shinko-gun
Shinko-gun is long and narrow and stretches along the
coast northward from the southern end of the coastal
range nearly to the mouth of the Shukoran River, a dis
tance of 32 miles. It is 8 miles wide at its widest point.
The gum is entirely outside of aborigine territory. The
western boundary of the gun generally follows the eastern
edge of the Karenko-Taito valley. The gun is almost
entirely mountainous.
The 1940 population was 22,089, of which 21,223 were
Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 74S were Japanese,
12 were Koreans, and 10(5 were foreign Chinese. The ſum
showed a net increase in total population over 1935 of
3,655. Formosan-Chinese and aborigines gained 3,642,
Japanese 46, and Koreans 10, and the foreign Chinese
decreased 4:3.
The gun government offices are located in the village of
Shinko in Shinko-sho. The ſun government officials in
clude one chief commissioner (gunshu), one school inspec
tor with four assistants, and two police inspectors with one
technical aide and two assistants. There is a sho chief for
each of the three who who presumably have their offices
in the administrative centers of their respective sho.
The most important economic feature of the ſun is the
activity at the anchorage and harbor at Shinko. It is a
port of call for the Government-General East Coast Line,
in
and is a center of a considerable amount of fishing ac
tivity.
(t. Maſſahama-sho.—Nagahama-sho comprises the north
ern one-fourth of Shinko-gun and is almost entirely
mountainous. There is rolling and level land between
the shore and the mountains on which Small farming
plots are to be found.
The sho is 12 miles long and 4% miles wide at its
maximum distances. In 1:35 it had a population of 5,844,
of which 5,695 were Formosan-( 'hinese and aborigines,
(53 were Japanese, and S6 were foreign ('hinese.
The most important feature of the sho is the road which
runs from Taito through Shinko and through the sho along
the coast to Bakon in Shinsha-sho and beyond.
Within the sho are following villages:
Iłakakai. Krusowallibi. Sekko.
("hikko. IXasowa into. Shogen.
Daisobetsu. Koshiritsu. Suibotei.
IHaShiko. Nagahama. Taiqurai.
Karoku. Sangenoku. Taihoho.
The village of Nagahama is the administrative center
of the sho. It had a population of about 1,200, including
37 Japanese.
The post office at the village of Shinko in Shinko-sho
Serves Nagahama-Sho.
A rice station warehouse of the Government-General
Itice Iłureau and a Taito-cho Itice ('ontrol Association
\varehouse are in the sho.
I’olice dispatch stations are located at Koshiritsu and
Sangcnoku.
A Japanese doctor is reported to be living in the who
in the village of Shogen.
There are three schools in the sho, the Neiho I'rimary
School for Formosan-Chinese, the Nagahama Primary
School for Formosan-Chinese and the Shogen Primary
School for Formosan-Chinese.
b. Shinko-sho.—Shinko-sho lies in the center of Shinko
gun between Nagahama-sho on the north and Toran-sho
on the south. Its terrain is mountainous, and located in
the center of the sho is Shinko-san, 5,519 feet, the highest
peak in the coastal range. There is rolling and level land
84

between the Shore and the mountains on which Small
farming plots are to be found. - doctors and no police dispatch stations in Shinko-Sho.
The sho is 22 miles long and 6 miles wide at its maxi
mum distances. In 1935 it had a population of 7,858 of
which 7,238 were Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 5.57
were Japanese, 2 were Koreans, and 61 were foreign
Chinese. One report says that nearly 73 percent of the
total population is aborigines of the Pantsua clan.
The most important feature of the sho is the harbor
near the mouth of the Bananiwan River. This harbor has
become the center of a fairly large fishing industry. Har
bor facilities have been built to handle the fishing boats
and the fishing industry. The harbor is also an anchor
age for larger vessels of the inter-coastal trade, it being
a port of call for the Government-General East Coast Line.
The following villages are in the sho:
Bisha roku. Kominato. Shinko.
HOShizon. I’aogan. Shirokagai.
Hakushuren. Seikoo. Shobabukutsu.
HaSSOan. Sekkansan. TOreki.
Kanarai. Shajowan. USekibi.
The village of Shinko is the administrative center of
the sho. In 1935 it had a population of about 3,000 in
cluding 515 Japanese. It is located at the site of the
harbor and anchorage. The population of Shinko village
and the vicinity has been increased in recent years and
it has become the center of a small amount of commerce
and industry. The Shinko Nitrogen Co., a subsidiary of
the Chosen Chemical Industry Co. (Chosen Kagaku Kogyo
Kaisha) is reported to have a factory in Shinko for the
production of urea gypsum. The Eastern Marine Indus.
try Co., Ltd. (Tobu Suisan KK) operates a cold-storage
plant in Shinko. In addition to the ships of the GOV
ernment-General East Coast Line which call at Shinko,
a small vessel of 50 tons makes a minimum of 60 Voyages
a year between Shinko and Kashoto.
Many of the Formosan-Chinese in the sho are part-time
farmers and part-time fishermen.
There is a post office in the village of Shinko.
Schools in the sho are: Shinko Primary and Higher
Primary School, and Toroki Primary School, Shinko Pri
mary School, and Kominato Primary School, all three for
Formosan-Chinese.
85
RESTRICTED
The official Japanese reports indicate that there are no
However, it is probable that there are doctors in the sho
because of the rather large number of Japanese there. It
is also probable that there are some outlying police dis
patch stations because of the distances in the sho and the
numerous villages.
There is a lighthouse at Shinko.
A rice station warehouse of the Government-General
Ičice Bureau is in the sho, presumably at Shinko.
c. Toran-sho.—Toran-sho lies to the south and west of
Shinko-sho. The northern half of the sho is shut off from
the coast by Shinko-Sho. The terrain is mountainous ex
cept for the narrow rolling and level farm land along the
coast.
Toran-sho is 20 miles long and 6 miles wide at its maxi
mum distances. In 1935 it had a total population of 4,732,
of which 4,648 were Formosan-Chinese and aborigines, 82
were Japanese, and 2 were foreign Chinese.
The most important feature of the sho is the Taito
Shinko road which runs through the sho along the coast
and over which there is regular bus service.
The chief products of the sho are rice, sugarcane, and
sweetpotatoes.
The villages in the sho are—
Aririyan. Karimoko. Tegaro.
Bababi. Karoha Wan. Terabinan.
I)aibabukutsu. OWakku. TOran.
Hachiribo.
The village of Hachiribo is the administrative center of
the sho. It is not the largest village of the sho, having in
1935 a population of only about 800. The village of Toran
had a population in the same year of more than 1,200.
The post offices at Shinko and Taito serve Toran-Sho.
Police dispatch stations are located at Daibabukutsu and
Toran.
The official Japanese reports indicate that there are no
doctors in the sho.
There are three schools in the sho; namely, Toran Pri
mary School, Daima Primary School, and Takahara (Ko
gen) Primary School, all for Formosan-Chinese.
RESTRICTED

Appendix I.-TABLES, Location OF POLICE STATIONS, POST OFFICES, DOCTORS, AND

SCHOOLS
1. Karenko-cho.
TABLE 64.—Location of police stations, post offices, doctors and schools, Karen-ſun

[The places listed include all sho and gai, but only those towns and villages which have 1 or more of the listed facilities

Schools 1935, population

Police Post t
Primary
I

stations offices For and Primary

For ()ther Japanese Total
i |Japanes" mosan higher indsall i
I
l
primary
i

Karen-gun, total - - 13 3 1t; 9 2 11,699 | 53,056

Karenko-gºi - - - - - - - - - 1 l 7 7 2 1 6,875 17, 3.1

Karenko 1 1 (?) - (?)

Heiron - - - - - - - - - - (?) (?) 1
Not located 2

Kenkai-sho - - - - - - 3 1 l 1 2 411 2,777

Hokuho - - - - - - , 1 - l

Shinjo - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 l - l
(Near Shinjo) - - - - , l

I 1,706 8, 215
Kotobuki-sho - . - - - - 5 1 5 2

Kotobuki - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2
(jetsubi . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | 1 --
Suiren . . . . .. . .. .. ... : - 1
Toyoda. . . - - - - ------> -- 1
I)ornonran . - - - - - - - - - - 1 .....
("hinan . . - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Kada. . . . ! - - -- --
Keiho l

Yoshino-sho - - - 1 . - 1 1, 617 3, 433

Yoshino - 1 1
I)empo -

Hirano-sho I - - 3 1 285 11, 825

-

Jurokko - - - - 1 -

Bokuboku - - - - 1 I

Kareien . . . . - - - i 1

Aborigine territory - - - - - - (?) - 2 1 805 0. 505

Tahito-sha - - - - - - t 1

Mukunge-sha - - - - - - - - -- --- ... 1

Mokkue-sha . .. . - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Mukiibo-sha -- - - - . .

1 Recent sources do not list Hirano-sho and it is probable that the sho has been broken up among the neighboring sho and gat. However, no information is
available as to which parts of the sho were attached to each of the surrounding sho and Karenko-gai.

SG
 RESTRICTED

TABLE 65.—Location of police stations, post offices, doctors, and schools, Horin-gun
[The places listed include all sho and gai, but only those towns and villages which have 1 or more of the listed facilities]

1939, doctors Schools 1935, population

Police Post -

stations | offices For- Prlºy Primary

- Japanese InOSail high For- Other Japanese Total
Igner InoSan
primary

Horin-gun------------------------------------------------ 13 1 6 7 4 8 |---------- 2,512 36,910

Horin-sho--------------------------------------------- 7 1 2 3 3 3 ---------- 1,933 10,055
Horin -------------------------------------------- 1 ---------- 2 1 1 1 ----------
Hayashida----------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- 1 ----------|----------
Kami-Yamato------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- 1 1 ----------
Toyoda-------------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|---------- 1 ----------
Hirabayashi-------------------------------------- ! ----------|----------|----------|------------------------------
Maribashi---------------------------------------- ! ----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Mataan------------------------------------------- 1 ! ----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Heirin-------------------------------------------- ! --------------------|----------------------------------------
Chuya-------------------------------------------- ! ----------|--------------------------------------------------
Yamato agriculture station----------------------- ! ----------|--------------------------------------------------
Muratamura--------------------------------------|----------|----------|---------- ! ------------------------------
Tamita------------------------------------------------------------------------- ! ----------|--------------------

Mizuho-sho.------------------------------------------ 4 ---------- 4 3 1 3 ---------- 425 11, 149

Mizuho------------------------------------------- 1 ---------- ! ---------- 1 1 ----------
Yamato------------------------------------------- 1 ---------- 1 2 ----------|----------|----------
Basshi-------------------------------------------- 1 --------------------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Mizuho Hot Springs.------------------------------ 1 ----------|----------|----------|----------|--------------------
Shirakawa----------------------------------------|----------|---------- ! -------------------- 1 ----------
Kibi--------------------------------------------------------|---------- ! ----------|---------- 1 ----------
Tsuruoko-----------------------------------------|----------|-------------------- 1 ----------|--------------------

Shinsha-Sho------------------------------------------- 2 ----------|---------- ! ---------- 2 ---------- 74 4, 138

Bakon-------------------------------------------- ! ----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Toyohama--------------------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- ! ----------
Taikoko------------------------------------------ 1 ----------|---------. ! ---------- ! ----------

Aborigine territory------------------------------------ (?) ----------|---------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 2,568

TABLE 66.—Location of police stations, post offices, doctors, and schools, Tamasato-gun
[The places listed include all sho and gai, but only those towns and villages which have one or more of the listed facilities.]

1939, doctors Schools 1935, population

Police Post - t

Stations | offices For- Priºry Primary

Japanese InOSail higher For- Other Japanese Total
primary mosan
Tamazato-gun-------------------------------------------- 8 1 3 9 2 7 1--------. 1,644 27,066

Tamazato-gai----------------------------------------- 5 1 |-------- 6 1 5 ---- ---- 1, 171 14,431

Tamazato----------------------------------------- 1 ! --------- 3 1 2 ---------

Shokura------------------------------------------ 1 ----------|----------|---------|--------------------|----------
Mikasa.------------------------------------------- ! ----------|---------- 1 ! ----------|----------
Kannonzan--------------------------------------- 1 ----------|---------- 1 ---------- 1 ----------
Banuta.------------------------------------------- 1 ----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Kasuga-------------------------------------------|---------|----------|---------- ! ------------------------------
OSato 1---------- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ! ---------
Tomizato '--------------------------------------|---------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ! ----------

Taisho-sho "... ---------------------------------------. 3 |- - - - - - - - 1 3 |---------- 2 |---------. 174 9, 308

Taisho-------------------------------------------- 1 ---------- 1 1 ---------- 1 ----------

OSatu---------------------------------------------|----------|-------------------- 1 ----------|----------|----------
Takeda-------------------------------------------|----------|----------|---------- 1 ----------|----------|----------
Tojimpo------------------------------------------ 1 ----------|---------- 1 ---------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Koho--------------------------------------------- 1 ---------|----------|--------------------|---------|---------.

Aborigine territory----------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - (?) ---------. 2 ---------- 1 -- -- - -- - 299 3,327

Tafun-sha----------------------------------------|----------|---------- 1 ---------- ! ----------|----------

Isagan-sha----------------------------------------|----------|---------- 1 ----------|----------|----------|---------

1 These 2 villages may be in Taisho-sho.

2 There is some evidence that in 1937 the name of this sho was changed to Tamizato and the names of Some of the major villages were also changed. How
ever, there is not sufficient information to make it possible to present the sho except on the basis of pre-1937 naines.

87
-
606137–44
RESTRICTED

2. Taito-cho. TABLE 67.-Location of police stations, post offices, doctors, and schools, Taito-ſum
[The places listed include all sho and gai, but only those towns and villages which have 1 or more of the listed facilities]

1939, doctors Schools 1935, population

–––––––––––––––––--------------
Police | Post
stations offices For- I Primary º
---> -

Japanese - - For- ()ther Japanese Total

illosaul higher intosan
primary -

-
-- - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----

-----|---------------

Taito-gun . 13 (?)2 1 5 3 12 3 3,605 38,657

1–––––––. -------------- - - - -- - - - – --- - --- - --

Taito-gai - 2 1 1 5 2 4 3 2,711 15,576

Taito . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ---------- 1 1 1 5 1 1 3
Baran - - - - - - - - - - 1 --------|--|-- 1
Asahi - - -----------------, ---------------. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Karoran .. . . . . . . . . . ------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------- - 1 l

Shikishima . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ---------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | ---- | |. - -

Hinan-sho . . . .... . . ..... . . . . . . ... . -------- 4 ~ - - - | - - - - - ... I

- - - - - 4 -

-
344 8,094

Himan - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |. - | 1
("hihon . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | - - - - - 1

Hashikao. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - |. - - - - -

Hatsushika- - - - ---- -- - - - -- . .. . .... . . .'----------|---------- --------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

I)aihu-sho. - - - - 3 107 1,985

I)aibu ... --- - - - - - | 1 1 - |

I)aichoman . . .. ... . .. .. . . .. .. . - - - - |
Taikei . . . . . . . --- -

Otake . . . . . . ... ... . . . .. . . - - -- -- - 1

Otori. . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - ---- º 1

Tarrari-sho_ _ _ _ ! | - - - - - | - 65 2,975

Tamari . - |
Koran. . . . . . . . . . . .

Kanaron - - ---- - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Kashoto-sho - - - 1 18
Numryo. . . . - - - - - | 1 |
Aborigine territory (?) (?) 27()
|

TABLE 68.-Location of police staitons, post offices, doctors, and schools, Kansan-gun
|The places listed include all sho and gai, but only those towns and villages which have 1 or more of the listed facilities]

1939, doctors Schools 1935, population

Police
stations
Post
oſlices For- I º - r
Primary
Japanese illosail
-

higher -

intosan
For- ()ther Japanese Total
primary -

Kanzan-gun. . . . . - - - 3 2 2 4 1, 365 16, 546

Ikegami-sho. -- . 1 1 5t, 3,955

Ikegami...— . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Shinkaien - . 1 -

Kanzan-sho .. 1 1 --------- - 1 1 367 3, 803

Kanzan. . - 1 1 - - - 1 1

Shikano-sho. . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 | . . .. . . - 1 2 466 3, 866

Shikano---- 1 1 || -- . . . . - - 1 1
Ohara.------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Aborigine territory.. . . . - (?) . ..... .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 476 4,922
 RESTRICTED

TABLE 69.-Location of police stations, post offices, doctors, and schools, Shimko-gun
[The places listed include all sho and gai, but only those towns and villages which have 1 or more of the listed facilities]

1939, doctors Schools 1935, population i

Police Post -

Stations | Offices For- Priºry Primary -

Japanese InoSan high For- Other Japanese Total

igner InoSail
primary

Shinko gun----------------------------------------------- 7 1 1(?) (?) 1 9 |---------- 748 18, 434

Shinko-sho-------------------------------------------- 1 1 (?) (?) 1 3 |---------. 557 7,858

Shinko-------------------------------------------- 1 1 (?) (?) 1 ! ----------

Toreki--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------- ! ----------
Kominato----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------- ! ---------.

Nagahama-sho---------------------------------------- 3 ---------- 1 ----------|---------- 3 |---------- 63 5,844

Nagahama---------------------------------------- ! ---------------------------------------- 1 ----------

Koshiritsu ---------------------------------------- ! ----------|-------------------|--------------------|---------.
Sankanshitsu ------------------------------------- ! --------------------------------------------------|----------
Neiho---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ! ----------
Shogen-------------------------------------------|----------|---------- ! ----------|---------- 1 ---------

Toran-sho-------------------------------------------- 3 ------------------------------|---------- 3 |---------- 82 4,732

IIachiribo----------------------------------------- ! ----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------
Toran-------------------------------------------- ! ---------------------------------------- ! ----------
Daibabukutsu-----------------------------------. ! ----------|----------|------------------------------|----------
Daima-------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ! ----------
Takahara (Kogen).--------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|---------- ! ----------

89
RESTRICTED

APPENDIX II. ADMINISTRATIVE CLASSIFICATIONS, 1940 TAIWAN POSTAL DIRECTORY

KARENKO-CHO AND TAITO-CHO
The following are the administrative classifications and Kanzan-gun (previously Tait 0-gun :
place names for Karenko-cho and Taito-cho according to Riryu-shicho) : IDaibu-sho (previously
the 1940 Taiwan Postal Directory. The changes were put Ikegami-sho (previous IDaibu-ku in Daibu
into effect in 1937 and subsequently. Many place names ly Shinkaien-ku) : shicho ; I)aibu-shicho
listed below are not found in the alphabetical list (Appen Ikegami. now made a part of
dix III) nor in the population tables (see section on Popu Manan ; Banan. Taito-gun) :
lation). Except in a few instances, it is not known Shinkaien. I Jaibu.
whether the new place names in the Taiwan. Postal I) irec Kanzan-sho (previous Kanabi.
tory are actually newly created towns or merely changes K: Shinrin.
ly Riryu-sho) :
in the names of previously existing towns. Where it has IIinode. ().tori; Ta i (“h ()
been possible to determine the nature of these differences, Kanzan (previous. (previously Dai
this information is given parenthetically. ly Riryu ). cho).
Horin-gun : Mizuho. Tsukino. Otake (previously
Horin-sho : Shirakawa. Shikano-Sho : I)aichikko).
()hara. Saisen.
Hayashida. Tsuruoka.
Raikoka. Shot on.
Horin. Yamato.
Shikano. Hinan-sho :
Kami-Yamato. Shinsha-sho :
Maribashi. Shinko-gun : IBiwa Miwa.
Isozaki.
Chihon.
Tomita. Shinsha. Nagahama-sho (pre
Hatsushika.
Yamazaki. Seiho ; Shizuura. viously Kasowan
Hinan.
Mizuho-sho : Sokitei : ku) :
Taikoko. ('hul;0. Hinashiki (previ.
IKibi (previously
I\imitsu). Toshiki. Jozan. ously IBinrojuka
ku).
Maozuru. Toyohama. Nagahama (previ
0 u sly ( Ka s () - IRoka . Itika.
Karen-gun (Hirano-sho, previously in this gun, has bee: IX: Shoto-sho :
wan).
broken up and assimilated by its neighboring sho): Neiho. ( "huryo.
Karenko-gai : Yoshino-sho : Kokan.
Sangenoku.
Heiron. I)empo. Shimpei; Mazuka. Nanryo.
Karenko. Nampo. Shogen. T; it 0-gai :
Miya-no-shita. Shushin. Asahi.
Shinko-Sho :
Sakura. Yoshino. Paran : Marail.
·mpo.
Toyogawa. Tamazato-gun : Koba : Koma.
Jogen.
Kenkai-sho : Karoran.
Tamazato-gai : Kominato.
Shinjo. Sekizan.
('huryo : Nagara. Ohama.
Hokuho. Tait ().
Kasuga , ()('hiai. Shinko.
Hirano. Tamari-sho :
Kannonzan. Toreki.
Karei (previously Kinron.
Kohi. Toran-sho :
Kareien). Kita-Tamari
Mikasa. I):liba : I ):lima.
Kotobuki-sho : Koran.
Suehiro. Hachiri (previous
Getsubi. Minami-Tamari.
Kada. Tainazato. ly Hachiribo). Nishi-Tamari.
Kotobuki. Tomizato-Sho. Kari (previously Sengawa.
Mizuho. ()Sato. Karimoko'; ). Tataro.
Suiren. Takeda ; ("hikuden. Kogen. Tamari.
Toyoda. Tomizato. Toran. Tatsu.

90
 RESTRICTED

Appendix III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PLACE NAMES, KARENKO-CHO

NOTE.-See Introduction for discussion of place names used in Taiwan. The following table lists towns and villages alphabetically according to the preferred
Hepburn Japanese Romanization, together with alternative Japanese readings, Formosan-Chinese equivalents, and location. Preferred readings are given first,
alternative readings following. This list does not include aborigine villages.

Japanese Formosan-Chinese Location

B- 1. Baſu, Maſu------------------------------------- Má"-put---------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.

2. Bakon--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See Byoko.
3. Bakyuto---------------------------------------- Mán-kid-täp ------------------------------------ Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
4. Banrikyo----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Maribashi.
5. Banshoryoko; Hanshoryoko--------------------- Han-chū-liáu-khe"------------------------------- Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
6. Banuta.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
7. Baributsu--------------------------------------- Má"-li-hut-------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
8. Bario-------------------------------------------- Béh-li-Öng--------------------------------------- Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
9. Basshi; Batsushi-------------------------------- Poat-à------------------------------------------ Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
10. Batairin----------------------------------------- Man-thäi-nā"------------------------------------ See Matairin.
11. Batsushi----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------- See Basshi.
12. Bi-lung----------------------------------------- Karenko-gai, Karen-gun.
Beiron------------------------------------------
13. Bokuboku; Hakuhaku -------------------------- Pöh-pôh---------------------------------------- Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
14. Byoko; Bakon----------------------------------- Niāū-kong-------------------------------------- Shinsho-sho, Horin-gun.
C- 1. Chinan.----------------------------------------- Ti-lam------------------------------------------ Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
2. Chimpei; Chinhei------------------------------- Chin-pêng-------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
3. Chobaen---------------------------------------- Tân-béh-ian ------------------------------------- Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
4. Chochoho--------------------------------------- Tiong-tiong-po---------------------------------- Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
5. Chorakuma------------------------------------- Phāh-lók-mân----------------------------------- Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
6. Choryo son; Nagara-mura----------------------- Tiong-liong-chhoan------------------------------ Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
7. Chuen------------------------------------------- Tiong-hăg"-------------------------------------- Yoshino-sho, Karen-gun.
8. Chugen----------------------------------------- Tiong-goan------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
9. Chujosho---------------------------------------- Tiong-siàn-chng" -------------------------------- Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
10. Churi------------------------------------------- Tiong-li----------------------------------------- Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
11. Chushimpo------------------------------------- Tiong-sim-po-----. ------------------------------ Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
12. Chuya; Nakano--------------------------------- Tiong-iá----------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
D-1. Dempo; Denpo---------------------------------- Tian-po----------------------------------------- Yoshino-sho, Karen-gun.
2. Domonran-------------------------------------- Tafig-bān-lân----------------------------------- Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
3. Dorin------------------------------------------- Tafig-na"--------------------------------------- Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
E-1. Enryoko--------------------------------------- Iām-liáu-kang----------------------------------- Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
G-1. Gannonsan--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Kannonzan.
1.5 Gadan-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See Kada
2. Genrin; Motorin -------------------------------- Goân-na"--------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
3. Getsubi----------------------------------------- Góe-bāi----------------------------------------- Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
4. Goasaikei---------------------------------------- Gó-a-chai-khe----------------------------------- Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
5. Gozenjo----------------------------------------- Go-choàn-Siâ"----------------------------------- Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
6. Guni-------------------------------------------- Kun-ni------------------------------------------ Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
H-1. Hachiriwan------------------------------------. Påt-li-oan--------------------------------------- Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
2. Hakuhaku---------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Bokuboku.
3. Hanshoryoko------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------- See Banshoryoko.
4. Hatsune----------------------------------------- Chho-im---------------------------------------- Yoshino-sho, Karen-gun.
5. Hayashida-mura--------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
6. Heirin; Hirabayashi----------------------------- Pe"-na"----------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
7. Hirabayashi-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Heirin.
8. Hirano-mura ----------------------------------- Peng-iá-chhoan--------------------------------- Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
9. Hokuho; Hoppo-------------------------------- Pāk-po------------------------------------------ Kenkai-sho, Karen-gun.
10. Hokurin----------------------------------------- Pāk-nā "---------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
11. Hoppo------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Hokuho.
12. Horin------------------------------------------- Hong-ha "--------------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
I– 1. Ikkenka----------------------------------------- Chit-keng-ke------------------------------------ Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
2. Inazumi----------------------------------------- Tiu-hô------------------------------------------ Karenko-gai, Karen-gun,
J– 1. Jurokko----------------------------------------- Châp-lāk-ko------------------------------------ Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
K- 1. Kaasan------------------------------------------ Káu-á-sºa "------------------------------------- Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
2. Kada; Gadan------------------------------------ Hôtian----------------------------------------- Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
3. Kannonsan; Gannonsan------------------------- Koan-im-soa "----------------------------------- Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
4. Karara.------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
5. Kareien----------------------------------------- Ka-lé-oãň--------------------------------------- Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
6. Karenko---------------------------------------- Hoa-lián-kañg----------------------------------- Karenko-gai, Karen-gun.
RESTRICTED

Japanese Formosan-Chinese Location

K-7. Kariton Horin-sho, Horin-gun.

8. Karoran -. Ka-ló-lan Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
9. Keiko - - - - - - - Khé-khâu . . .. . . .. Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
10. Kenkai . . ... (iiin-hai . Kenkai-sho, Karen-gun.
11. Kibi !- - - - - - - - - - Horin-sho, Horin-gun?
12. Kika. . . ... . Kui-hoa - - - - Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
13. Kimitsu . - - Ki-hit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
14. Kiyomizu; Shimizu Chheng-chui. Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
15. Kiyomizu; Shimizu Chheng-chui. . ...... - - - - Yoshino-sho, Karen-gun.
16. Koho; Kompo . . . . . - - - - - - - - Kong-po- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
17. Kornpo -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - See Koho.
18. Kookushi ---- . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... .. . . ..... See Kooshi.
19. Kooshi; Kookushi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aü-6-à -- . . . . . . . . .. . . . Taishū-shū, Tamazato-gun
20. Koritsu . . . . ... - - - Ko-lut -- . . . . . . . . . Shinsha-shū, Hörin-gun.
21. Kotobuki-mura .. - - - - - - Siú-chhoan Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
22. Koyo. . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
23. Koza. - ... -- . . . - - - - - - Ang-chö Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
24. Kyakujinjo Khak-lang-sia". Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
25. Kyuzen – - . . .. . Kiong-chian Yoshino-sho, Karen-gun.
M - 1. Maſu - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - See Haſu.
2. Maezuru - - - - - - - Bú-hök. . . . . Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
3. Majosho.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - Moān-li-chngn. Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
4. Mannimpo; Manninpo; Manninho .. .... Bān-lang-po - - - - - - - Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
5. Manninho ... -------- -- ----. . . . . . .. .. ..... . . . . . . . ----------. . . . See Mannimpo.
6. Manninpo. . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... - - - - - See Manninpo.
7. Manrihashi See Maribashi.
8. Manrikyo. . . . . . . . . . . ..... ....... ... .. . - See Maribashi.
9. Maran . . . . . ..... . . . . . ... ......... See Baran.
10. Mararoon. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
11. Maribashi; Banrikyo Bān-li-kiö. . . . . . .. . . - Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
12. Marihashi . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. .. . ... . . .. .... .... - See Maribashi.
13. Mataan; Mataian - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mán-théi-an. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------- . . . . . . . . . . . Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
13.5 Mataian. . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - See Mataan.
14. Matairin; Batairin Mán-thai-nán -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
15. Mikanshitsu .... . . . . .. .. . . ... . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .... . . .. ... ... .. See Sankanshitsu.
16. Mikasa. . . . . Tamazato-gai, Tarnazato-gun.
Sam-1A-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

17. Mizuho-mura. -- . . .. . . . .. . . - Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.

Süi-sui-chhoan---------------------------------.
18. Moshiran . . . . . . . - - --------| Beñg-à-län..... ------------------------------- Tamazato-gai, Tarnazato-gun.
18.5 Motorin. . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - See Genoin. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

N 1. Nagara-mura . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------ See Choryo-son.

2. Nakano . . . .. . . . . . -- - - --|------------------------------------------. . . See Chuya.
3. Nanko. . . - - Lam-kong ------------------------------ Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
4. Nampo . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - Lam-po - - - - - Yoshino-sho, Karen-gun. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5. Nanwan - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nam-oan ----------------------------------- Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.

- - - - - - - - -

6. Nashikei. . . . . .. . -- - - - - ---------| L*-ā-khe---------------------------------------- Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.

7. Natsunatsu . .. . . . . . . ... . . ... . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - See Nono.
8. Nohei . . . . . . . ........ Loñg-peng------------------------------------- Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
9. Nono; Natsunatsu Láp-láp-------------------------- ---------. Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun. .
O 1. Okakai . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
R 1. Reishisai Leag-à-ché, - - - Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
2. Riko Li-heng -- . .. . . ... . .. .. Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
3. Riro Li-lau Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
4. Rokei . Lau-khe. --- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
5. Rokkaibi. Lak-kai-phin. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
6. Rokukaibi .. . . .. . . .... . ... ..... ... . . . .... ... . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . See Rokkaibi.
7. Ronshicho Lun-á-tieng ---------------------------- Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
8. Ryukei. . . Leng-khe ----------------------- Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
S 1. Sanka - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Soan-e -----. . . . . . . . . . --------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
2. Sappa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... Saú-pät. -----------------------.
Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun. . . . . . . ----.
3. Seisui. . . . . . . . . . . * * * * - - - - - - - - - - - - - See Kiyomizu. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4. Sekihi - - - - - - - - Chióh-pi-...----------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.

- - - - - - -

5. Sekitei - . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chióh-the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6. Sekkoko. . Chióh-kong-khen.------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.

7. Sharo Soa-lau ---------------------------. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
8. Shatokubu Chiá-têk-bū . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
9. Shimizu. . . - - See Kiyomizu.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10. Shimorowan. . . . Ha-lau-oan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -------. . . . . . . . . . . . Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.

11. Shimpon; Shinhon Sim-pum Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

12. Shinjo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ...... Sin-sia". . . . . . . ........ .... .. .. . . .. ....... Kenkai-sho, Karen-gun.
13. Shinsha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sin-sia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- - - - - Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
14. Shokura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chit-ló ----------------------------------------. Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
15. Sohun Chhau-hun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yoshino sho, Karen-gun.
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Japanese Formosan-Chinese Location

S 16. Suehiro------------------------------------------Boat-khong------------------------------------- Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.

17. Suirembi; Suirenbi------------------------------ Chui-lián-bóe----------------------------------- Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
18. Suirenbi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See Suirembi.
T-1. Taiharo----------------------------------------- Thài-pâ-bang----------------------------------- Horin-sho, Horin-gun.
2. Taihei------------------------------------------- Thài-pefig--------------------------------------- Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
3. Taikaryo---------------------------------------- Toà-khó-liãu------------------------------------ Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
4. Taikoko----------------------------------------- Toà-kañg-khäu---------------------------------- Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
5. Taisenseki--------------------------------------- Toà-sian-chióh---------------------------------- Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
6. Taisho------------------------------------------ Toà-chng"--------------------------------------- Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
7. Tamazato--------------------------------------- Giok-li----------------------------------------- Tamazato-gai, Tamazato-gun.
8. Taraaran----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
9. Teishiro----------------------------------------- Teng-à-lati-------------------------------------- Shinsha-sho, Horin-gun.
10. Toapun-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
11. Tojinho-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------- See Tojimpo.
12. Tojimpo: Tojinho------------------------------- Thäu-lang-po----------------------------------- Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
13. Tokaku----------------------------------------- Thäu-kak--------------------------------------- Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
14. Tokoho----------------------------------------- Tö-kang-po------------------------------------ Taisho-sho, Tamazato-gun.
14.5 Tomita------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Toyoda
15. Toran------------------------------------------- Taü-lân----------------------------------------- Hirano-sho, Karen-gun.
16. Toyoda; Tomita--------------------------------- Hong-tiân--------------------------------------- Kotobuki-sho, Karen-gun.
- 1. Ugaritsu----------------------------------------- O-gān-lip---------------------------------------- Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
2. Uraribu-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
3. Uro--------------------------------------------- O-lati------------------------------------------- Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
Y-1. Yamato----------------------------------------- Töa-hô------------------------------------------ Mizuho-sho, Horin-gun.
2. Yoshino----------------------------------------- Kiàt-yá----------------------------------------- Yoshino-sho, Karen-gun.

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WAYNE STATE U. LIBRARIES

Appendix IV. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PLACE NAMES, TAITO-CHO
NotE. See Introduction for discussion of place names used in Taiwan. The following table lists towns and villages alphabetically according to the pre
ferred Hepburn Japanese Romanization together with alternative Japanese readings, Formosan-Chinese equivalents, and location. Preferred readings are
given first, alternative readings following. This list does not include aborigine villages.

Japanese Formosan-Chinese I,ocation

. Akoryo Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.

A-kau-liau -
2. Arapanna. - || A-lau-pan-na--- Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
3. Aripai A-li-pai - - - - - - - - - - Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
4. Aririyan. Toran-sho, Shinko-gun.
5. Asahi-mura Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
. Bababi . Héh-béh-bóe . . . . - - Toran-sho, Shinko-gun.
2. Bakakai Mán-ka-hăi Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
3. Banan - - - - Bān-an . . . . - - - Ikegami-sho, Kanzan-gun.
4. Bancho ------- Bān-tiâu ------- Ikegami-sho, Kanzan-gun.
5. Baran; Maran Mán-lan. Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
6. Basshido . . Poat-à-tong -
Daibu-sho, Taito-gun.
7. Binrokukaku See Hinashiki.
8. Bisharoju . . . . . - - - - - Bºson-lok - - Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
9. Biwa-mura See Miwa-mura.
10. Boshison . Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
11. Hoshizon .. . . . . Phen-à-chun. . . . . . . Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
12. Bunrikaku . . - - - -
- - . . . Bün-li-chun------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
. Chihon; Chimoto Ti-pung . . . . . Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
2. Chikko; Chikuko .. Tūk-0. Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
3. ("hikuko . . . . . . See ("hikko.
4. ("himoto . . . . . . See ("hihon.
5. ("huryo - - Tiong-liáu-. . . . Kashoto-sho, Taito-gun.
I)aibabukutsu; IDaimabukutsu Túa-măn-bti-khut . . Toran-sho, Shinko-gun.
2. I)aibu - -
Töa-bū-----. . . . I)aibu-sho, Taito-gun.
3. IDaibukutsu . . . . . . . - See Taibukutsu.
4. I)aicho Toà-chiàu - Daibu-sho, Taito-gun.
5. I)aichoman . . . Toà-chiáu-ban--- I)aibu-sho, Taito-gun.
6. I)aichikko; IDaichikuko Túa-tºk-ko . . I)aibu-sho, Taito-gun.
7. I)aichikuko . . . . - See IDaichikko.
8. I)aigen-mura . ... See Ohara-Inura.
9. 1)aiha; Daihi -- . . . . . Ikegami-sho, Kanzan-gun.
10. I)aihi See IDaiha.
11. I)aihobi Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
12. I)aimabukutsu - See Daibabukutsu.
13. I)aisobetsu -
Toà-său-piat Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
14. IDaitokkitsu; Daitokukitsu Túa-têk-kiat . . . Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
15. I)aitokukitsu See Daitokkitsu.
16. I)asekidaran Tamari-sno, Taito-gun.
Fugen-Inura. Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
Ganwan
Pú-goan-chhong
Gam-oan Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
2. Goshiro; Kashirin Kap-à-leng . I)aibu-sho, Taito gun.
1. Hachiribo; Paripon Pāt-li-bang Toran-sho, Shinko-gun.
2. Haitotowan Kanzan-sho, Kanzan-gun.
3. Hakushuren . Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
4. Hashibo; Hishiho Sian-á-pô - . . . . Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
5. Hashikao; Hokushiki Pāk-Si-ku. -- . Hinan-sho, Taito-gun
6. Hassoan Përi-chhng n-as - - Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
7. Hinan; Pinan . . . - -
Pi-lam -------------. - Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
8. Hinashiki; Binrojukaku Piñ-long chhu-kéh Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
9. Hishiho. . . . . . See Hashiho.
10. Hokushiki See Hashikao.
I-1. Ikegami-mura Ti-siong-chhoan. . . . . . . . . . . Ikegami-sho, Kanzan-gun.
2. Inaba Tiun-hióh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
J-1. Jakaran . . . . . . . . . See Oshiran.
K-1. Kanapi. . . . . . . . . . - - - - See Kannaheki.
2. Kanarai; Kashirai. . . Kachiai Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
3. Kannaheki; Kanapi . . Kann-nam-piāh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daibu-sho, Taito-gun.
4. Kanshiron; Kenshiron. Ü-à-luń Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
 RESTRICTED

Japanese Formosan-Chinese Location

K-5. Karimoko-----...----------.----------- Ka-li-befig-āh----------------------------------- Toran-sho, Shinko-gun.

6. Karohawan---------- - - - - - - ------- Hà-laſſ-pa-oãn-------------- -------------------- Toran-sho, Shinko-ſun.
7. Karoku 1 - - - - - - ---------------------------------- Ka-liok ----------------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
8. Karoran---------------------------------------- Ka-ló-lufi--------------------------------------- Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
9. Kashirai-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Kanarai.
10. Kashirin----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Goshiro.
11: Kasowan---------------------------------------- Ka-chaſi-oafi----------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
12. Kasowambi------------------------------------- Ka-chail-oafi-boč------------------------------. Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
13. Kasowanto-------------------------------------- Ka-chail-oafi-thail------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
14. Kenshiron---------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Kanshiron.
15. Kokan ------------------------------------------ Kong-koàn-...------------------------------------ Kashoto-sho, Taito-gun.
16. Koran------------------------------------------- Hiong-lafi--------------------------------------- Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
17. Koshiran--------------------------------------- Kaū-à-lafi--------------------------------------- Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
18. Koshiritsu--------------------------------------- Ko-à-lūt----------------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
19. Koshizan; Kowazan----------------------------- Kau-a-Soa "------------------------------------- Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
20. Kowazan------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ See Koshizan.
21. Kyushabakan ----------------------------------- Kū-sian-bêh-kan-------------------------------- Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
M-1. Miwa-mura; Biwa-mura------------------------- Bí-hô-chhoan----------------------------------- Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
N-1. Nanryo ----------------------------------------- Lam-liati --------------------------------------- Kashoto-sho, Taito-gun.
O-1. Ohara-mura; Daigen-mura ---------------------- Toà-goãn---------------------------------------- Shikano-sho, Kanza-gun.
2. Oshiran; Jakaran --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A-à-lan------------------------------------------ Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
3. Owakku-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- Toran-sho, Shinko-gun.
P-1. Paiyapai---------------------------------- - - - - - - Pai-a-pai---------------------------------------- Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
2. Pakaratsu----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
3. Paogan------------------------------------------ Pāt-ang-ang------------------------------------- Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
4. Paragiraru--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
5. Paripon-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Hachiribo.
6. Pinan. -------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - See Hinan.
R-1. Radaketsu; Robaka----------------------------- Ló-tá "-kiat------------------------------------- Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
2. Raikoka----------------------------------------- Lui-kong-hue----------------------------------- Kanzan-sho, Kanzan-gun.
3. Raparapa---------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
4. Rika; Roka------------------------------------- Lū-ke------------------------------------------- Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
5. Rikirikichi; Rikirikitsu---------------- !--------- Li-ki-li-kiät------------------------------------- Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
6. Rikirikitsu--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Rikirikichi.
7. Ikegami-sho, Kanzan-gun.
Rikuwan----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------
8. Riran--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See Riryu.
9. Riro----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See Riryu
10. Riryo-------------------------------------------|-------------------- See Riryu. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

11. Riryu; Riran; Riro; Riryo----------------------- Li-leng------------------------------------------ Kanzan-sho, Kanzan-gun.

12. Robaka------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See Radaketsu.
13. Roka---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See Rika.
14. Rokuryo---------------------------------------- Lok-liáu--------------------------------------- Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
S-1. Saiasai-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See Shishishi.
2. Sangenoku Sankanshitsu------------------------ Saº-keng-chhū----------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
3. See Sangenoku.
Sankanshitsu------------------------------------|----------------- + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4. Sarambi; Sasekimitsu --------------------------- Chhāt-àm-bit----------------------------------- Tamari-sho, Taito-gun. .
5. Saruka-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
6. Sasekimitsu-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Sarambi.
7. Seikoo------------------------------------------- Seng-khofig-0----------------------------------- Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
8. Sekikansan--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Sekkansan.
9. Sekiko-------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Sekko.
10. Sekineiho-------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Chióh-leng-po----------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
11. Sekkansan; Sekikansan-------------------------- Chióh-hô-söan----------------------------------- Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
12. Sekko-Sekiko------------------------------------ Chióh-khem------------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
13. Shajowan--------------------------------------- soa-li-oão--------------------------------------- Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
14. Shinkaien--------------------------------------- Sin-khui-hng"----------------------------------- Ikegami-sho, Kanzan-gun.
15. Shikano-mura----------------------------------- Lók-iá------------------------------------------ Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
16. Shinko------------------------------------------ Sin-kañg---------------------------------------- Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
17. Shinro------------------------------------------- Sin-long----------------------------------------- Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
18. Shinshabakan----------------------------------- Sin-sifi-béh-kau ---------------------------------- Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
19. Shishishi; Saiasai-------------------------------- Sai-á-Sai----------------------------------------- IDaibu-sho, Taito-gun.
20. Shirokogai----------------------. ------------- Chi-lô-kó-khék---------------------------------- Shinko-sho, Shinka-gun.
21. Shobabukutsu; Shomabukutsu------------------ Siáu-mân-bu-khut------------------------------- Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
22. Shomabukutsu----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------- See Shobabukutsu.
23. Suibotei----------------------------------------- Chūi-bó-teng------------------------------------ Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
24. Suiseishi----------------------------------------- Chū-chén-á------...- Kanzan-sho, Kanzan-gun.
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

25. Suitsui------------------------------------------ Chūi-tui---------------------------------------- Kanzan-sho, Kanzan-gun.

T-1. Tabarako---------------------------------------- Thài-pa-lak-kaſi--------------------------------- Hinan-sho, Taito-gun.
2. Taibukutsu; Daibukutsu------------------------ Toà-bū-khút------------------------------------ Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
3. Taigurai----------------------------------------- Töä-kú laiu ------------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.
4. Taiho------------------------------------------- Töä-po------------------------------------------ Ikegami-sho, Kanzan-gun.
5. Taihoho---------------------------------------- Töä-hong-hong---------------------------------- Kasowan-sho, Shinko-gun.

1. Aborigine village.
RESTRICTED

Japanese Formosan-Chinese Location

Taikei | Töä-khe I)aibu-sho, Taito-gun.

Taimari See Tamari.
Taito tai-tang
-----
-
- -

-
- - - - Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
Tamari; Taimari Töä-moa"-li - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tamari-sho, Taito-gun.
Tarataran. See I)asekidaran.
Tegaro . . Toran-sho, Shinko-gun.
Terabinan . Toran-sho-Shinko-gun.
Tokkohanryo - Kanzan, sho, Kanzan-gun.
Toran. Tö-loan. --------------------- Toran-sho, Shinko-gun.
Toreki - Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.
16. Totoo. . Taito-gai, Taito-gun.
Tsukino-Inura Goat-iá ------------ Shikano-sho, Kanzan-gun.
I'-1. Usekibi Shinko-sho, Shinko-gun.

96
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Appendix V. JAPANESE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Weights
Mommé =0.13228 Ourice =3.75000 grams.
Kim = 160 mommé = 1.32277 pounds =0.60000 kilograms.
Kam = 1,000 mommé =8.26733 pounds =3.75000 kilograms.
Koku (fish) = 40 kan
Metric system:
Kilogram = 2.20459 pounds = 0.26667 kam.
Gram - = 15.43210 grains = 0.26667 mommé.
Metric ton = 1,000 kilograms =2,204.6 pounds
Long (gross) ton = 1,016.064 kilograms =2,240 pounds.

Medsures of Length
Ri=36 cho = 2,160 ken = 2.44030 miles = 3.92727 kilometers.
Ken =6 shaku = 5.965.16 feet = 1.81818 meters.
Shaku = 10 sun = 0.994.19 feet, = 0.30303 meters.

Shaku (cloth measure) = 1.25 shaku.

Tan (a roll of cloth) =about 35 shaku.
Metric System:
Kilometer =0.62137 miles = 3,280.8 feet = 9. 16667 cho.

Medsures of Surface

Square ri– 1,296 cho = 5.95505 square miles = 15.42347 square kilometers.
Cho (chobu) = 10 tan=3,000 tsubo = 2.45064 acres = 99.17355 ares.
Tsubo (bu) = 3.95369 square yards = 3.30579 centiares.
Ko (Taiwan) = 2,934 tsubo = 2.397 acres
Metric system:
Hectare = 10,000 square meters ==2.471 acres = 1.00833 cho.
Are= 100 square meters = 119.6 square yards = 30.25000 bu.
Square kilometers =0.386 square miles =247.10 acres=0.06484 square ri.

Measures of Capcicity
Koku = 10 to = 100 sho- 1,000 go = 5.11902 bushels =47.95389 gallons.
- = 1.80391 hectoliters.
Koku (capacity of vessels) = 10th of a ton.
Koku (timber) =about 10 cubic feet.
Shakujime (timber) =about 12 cubic feet.
Taba (faggots, etc.) =about 3 x 6 x 6 feet.
Metric system:
Hectoliter = 2.7511 bushels =26.418 gallons.
Source: The Japan Yearbook, 1939–40.

97
RESTRICTED

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101

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3 9343 0120967; 7
sep 3 '57

LIBRARY OF MICHIGAN

DEC 1 & 2009

U.S. DOCUMENT
RECEIVED DEPOSITORY

WAYNE STATE U, LIBRARIES