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‫تسى اهلل وتعذ‪ :‬تى انرفع تحًذ اهلل يٍ طرف‬

‫تٍ عيسى قريسني يتخرج يٍ جايعة انًذية‬


‫تخصص‪ :‬إعالو آني‬
‫انتخصص انثاَي‪ :‬حفظ انتراث تُفس انجايعة‬
‫‪ 3821/82/82‬تانًذية – انجسائر‪-‬‬

‫انجُسية انجسائر ونيس ني وطٍ فأَا يسهى‬


‫نهتىاصم وطلب المذكرات يجاَا وتذوٌ يقاتم‬
‫هاتف ‪+831)8(7730820780.8 :‬‬

‫بريدي إلكتروني‪benaissa.inf@gmail.com :‬‬

‫‪benaissa.inf@hotmail.com :MSN‬‬

‫فيس تىك‪http://www.facebook.com/benaissa.inf :‬‬

‫سكاية‪benaissa20082:‬‬

‫دعىة صانحة تظهر انغية فرتًا يصهل يهفي وأَا في انتراب ‪....‬‬
‫أٌ يعفى عُا وأٌ يذخهُا جُته وأٌ يرزقُا اإلخالص في انقىل وانعًم‪..‬‬
‫مالحظة‪ :‬أي طالب أو باحث يضع نسخ لصق لكامل المذكرة ثم يزعم أن المذكرة له‬
‫فحسبنا اهلل وسوف يسأل يوم القيامة وما هدفنا إال النفع حيث كان ال أن نتبنى أعمال‬
‫الغير واهلل الموفق وهو نعم المولى ونعم الوكيل‪....‬‬

‫ال تنسوا الصالة على النبي صلى اهلل عليه وسلم‬

‫صل على النبي – سبحان اهلل وبحمدك سبحان اهلل العظيم‪-‬‬

‫بن عيسى قرمزلي ‪8838‬‬

‫‪www.manaraa.com‬‬
Attitudes of the Viewers towards the Programs and the
News Service in Jordan Television

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The Attitudes of the viewers towards the programs and the news
service in the Jordanian television

Prepared by:
Qablan Abdo Qablan Harb

Supervised by:
Dr. Mahmoud Shalabieh

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the attitudes of the viewers towards the
programs and the news service in the Jordanian Television in the period
between 10/11/2007 until 31/3/2008, which includes the programs schedule
in 2007 and the first programs schedule in 2008, within the framework of
the Uses and Gratification theory and Dependency theory.

In order to achieve these objectives, the survey method was used on a


sample from Jordanian society consisting of (600) subjects, over age (15)
years , were selected . The sample by using a (straw polling technique)
from all Jordanian governorates and divided into three regions, fit with
population proportionate in each governorates.

The study revealed that (91.2%) of the study samples watch the Jordanian
TV while (8.8%) of them don’t, and (30.9%) of them watch the Jordanian
TV less than an hour a day. The study also revealed that the most watched
program on the Jordanian TV is news and news service programs in a
percentage of (52.2%) while the serials'
come next in a percentage of (45.6%).

The most watched program on the Jordanian TV is "yese'd spahk" program


in a percentage of (47.5%) while the 8 o'clock evening news comes next in
a percentage of (46.9%).
The degree of the viewers' satisfaction on the Jordanian TV programs is
low. arithmetic mean (1.49) out of (3).

The negative trends of the television viewers around the Jordanian TV


programs is more than the positive trends which arithmetic mean is (1.48)
out of (3) while the arithmetic mean of the negative trends is (2.23) out of
(3). The negative trends of the television viewers around the news service
is also more than the positive trends which arithmetic mean is (1.58) out of
(3), while the arithmetic mean of the negative trends is (2.68) out of (3).

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|

* The most important recommendations:

1- Reconsideration of the youth programs offered by the Jordanian TV and


pay greater attention to young people because of their important role in the
society; the study showed that the number of individuals who don’t watch
the Jordanian TV is (56) individuals, (48) of them are individuals who are
between age (15-29).

2- Put a program strategy with clear objectives and specific vision to meet
the viewers needs and desires that (74%) of the sample responds that
satellite channels have a significant impact upon the volume of Jordanian
TV viewers.

3- Develop a section of researches an studies within the organizational


structure of the Jordanian TV to identify the needs and desires of the
viewers that (58.4) of the sample respond that the Jordanian TV is not
research for viewers to get acquainted with their needs and desires.

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R ?<

! 1

. 72008/6/19 7# < ! &7 !'" 2 " <

: <
Book: Douglas A. Boyed, (1982), Broadcasting in the Arab World a
st
Survey of Radio and Television in the Middle East,1 Edition,
a series edited by Sydney W. Heed, Temple University Press
Philadelphia.

Articles:
1. Institute of Marketing and Polls IMAS, (2004), "Usage, Attitude
and Satisfaction of Radio and TV Viewers",
arhiva.cna.ro/english/imas_study.pdf .
2. Barrie Gunter, (2005), "Trust in the News on Television", Emerald
Journal, pp(397-384), . www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister.
3. Ipsos Stat, (2007), "National Media Analysis NMA Jordan 2007
TV Section", Amman.

Websites:
1. www.hmc.org.jo/HMC public/strles list.aspx , 2008

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(2) -" /
2006 7 . = 6 ( 1 % %(
Table () Estimated Population of the Kingdom by Sex and Age Group, at End-Year 2006

V2W*' %q\s —[!W!*' Total Female –3s' Male ([tu 0!X*' %}w
Sex Ratio Age Group
% {)e % {)e % {)e
105.5 12.75 714190 12.81 347590 12.70 366600 4-0
105.3 12.61 705770 12.67 343790 12.54 361980 9-5
105.9 11.96 670270 12.00 325610 11.94 344660 14-10
106.1 10.98 614570 10.99 298200 10.96 316370 19-15
107.6 10.59 593140 10.53 285720 10.65 307420 24-20
111.1 8.95 501260 8.75 237420 9.14 263840 29-25
108.3 7.83 438600 7.76 210560 7.90 228040 34-30
108.2 6.34 355410 6.29 170670 6.40 184740 39-35
105.9 4.73 264870 4.74 128620 4.72 136250 44-40
104.8 3.34 187280 3.37 91440 3.32 95840 49-45
101.8 2.51 140740 2.57 69730 2.46 71010 54-50
96.4 2.23 124700 2.34 63500 2.12 61200 59-55
111.4 1.94 108430 1.89 51280 1.98 57150 64-60
102.5 3.24 180770 3.29 89270 3.17 91500 65+
106.4 100.00 5600000 100.00 2713400 100.00 2886600 —[!W!*'
Total

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