Quasi federalism

• Federal theorist K.C. Wheare has argued that Indian Constitution is quasi-federal in nature.
• The SC in Sat Pal v State of Punjab and Ors (1969) held that the Constitution of India is more
Quasi-federal than federal or unitary.

What is Quasi-federalism?

• Quasi-federalism means an intermediate form of state between a unitary state and a

federation. It combines the features of a federal government and the features of a unitary
government.

Why India opted for Quasi Federalism/centralized federalism

• First was the partition of India and the immediate concerns.

• The second reason was the reconstitution of social relations in a highly hierarchical and
discriminatory society towards forging a national civic identity
• The third reason concerns the objective of building a welfare state and
• The final reason was to alleviate inter-regional economic inequality.

To achieve the above mentioned objectives, centralized federalism was essential

What are the Quasi federal features of Indian State?

• Article 3 – Destructible nature of states, unlike in other federations, the states in India have no
right to territorial integrity. The parliament can change the area, boundaries, or name of any
state.
• Single Constitution, it is applicable to both the Union as a whole and the Stares. In a true
federation, there are separate constitutions for the union and the States.
• In Rajya Sabha, the States do not have equal representation. The populous States have more
representatives in the Rajya Sabha than the less populous States.
• The emergency provisions are contained in Part XVIII of the Constitution of India, from Articles
352 to 360. In the emergency provisions, the central government becomes all-powerful and the
states go into total control of the Centre.
• All India Services violate the principle of federalism under the constitution.
• The governor is appointed by the president. He also acts as an agent of the Centre. Through
him, the Centre exercises control over the states.
• India has a unified or integrated judicial system. The High Court’s which work in the States are
under the Supreme Court of India.
• Union veto over State Bills: The governor has the authority to hold certain sorts of laws passed
by the state legislature for presidential consideration.

Advantages of Quasi Federal System

• National Integration – With the various provisions like Article 356, separatist tendency can be
tackled
 • Cooperation and Coordination: A Quasi Federal structure allows Centre to coordinate National
level programmes. For instance, Canter and State collaborated in their against pandemic
• Resolving Inter State Conflicts: A quasi federal structure allows centre to act as an arbiter in case
of Inter State dispute. For example Border dispute and River Water dispute

Challenges

• Abuse of Power by Centre: The federal provisions of the Constitution can only be amended with
consent of the States. But Centre often violates this provision. For instance, the recent Farm
Laws.
• Misuse of Governor Office: imposition of constitutional Emergency in a state, reserving bills for
President assents etc.
• Other problems: delayed disbursal of resources and tax proceeds, bias towards electorally
unfavourable States, evasion of accountability, blurring spheres of authority, weakening
institutions etc.
• All these signal towards the diminishing of India’s plurality or regionalization of the nation — a
process that is highly antithetical to the forging of a supra-local and secular national identity that
preserves and promotes pluralism.