Rochester Institute of Technology

RIT Scholar Works

Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections

1973

Insulation Coordination on a 115 kV System

Addition to the Rochester Gas and Electric
Corporation System
Clifton Olson

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses

Recommended Citation
Olson, Clifton, "Insulation Coordination on a 115 kV System Addition to the Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation System" (1973).
Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from

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 INSULATION COORDINATION ON A

115 kV SYSTEM ADDITION TO THE

ROCHESTER GAS AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION SYSTEM

by

Clifton B. Olson

A Thesis Submitted

in

Partial Fulfillment

of the

Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

in

Electrical Engineering

Approved by:

Prof. Kenneth W. Kimpton

(Thesis Advisor)

Prof. George W. Reed

Prof. Name Illegible

Prof. Name Illegible

(Department Head)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
June, 1973
if
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ABSTRACT:

The Transient Network Analyzer is used to determine the maximum

magnitude and duration of transient and sustained overvoltages which can

occur on a system during any change of state. Where a change of state

may be the energization or deenergization of a line by operating a circuit

breaker, the occurrence of a fault condition or a sudden loss of load.

These overvoltages are then used to establish equipment needs and duties,

design alternatives which meet these requirements and establish acceptable

operating procedures. With these established, the transient voltage

magnitudes are then used to establish the transmission line Basic

Insulation Level and the minimum lightning arrester requirements, which

in turn establish the station Basic Insulation Level (B. I. L. ).

INTRODUCTION:

The Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation operates a franchise

territory which includes 2, 300 square miles and serves over 250, 000

customers. The net system generating capability is 457 MW steam,

420 MW nuclear, 53. 1 MW hydro and 42. 5 MW gas turbine for a total

generation capability of 972. 6 MW with a net peak load to date of 855 MW.

Associated with this generating capability is a transmission system

consisting of 163. 1 miles of 115 kV overhead line and 18. 6 miles of 115 kV

underground cable and several 115 kV switching stations.

 -2-

This study was performed to determine the specifications as

presented in the abstract for the proposed Station 23 located at State

and Commercial Streets in Downtown Rochester, New York. This

system addition is shown in Figure 1. Station 23 is a 115/11. 5 kV,

74 MVA transformer with its associated 11. 5 kV distribution equipment

and the 115 kV pipe cable termination apparatus. The station is supplied

from a 115 kV switching station (Station 42), located at Blossom and

Yarmouth Roads through 4. 2 miles of 115 kV pipe cable.

THEORY:

The occurrence, magnitude and duration of system overvoltages

have a direct bearing on the electrical design and protection of a transmission

system. The effective protection of substations against voltage surges is

a vital aspect of system design. Surge protection entails two main objectives,

one to limit lightning voltages and the other to limit switching surges to

levels which will not damage the apparatus insulation, and will assure

continuity of service. However, with the continuous refinement in the

protection against lightning, the increases in voltage levels and operating

power levels, the improved protection and lowered insulation strength, the

switching surge has become of paramount importance.

Overvoltages are classified according to their respective time

durations. These classifications being transient, dynamic or sustained,

and steady state. The steady state overvoltages are caused

by the
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 -3-

"ferranti-effect" in the
of the capacitive charging gradient power cable.

The sustained overvoltages (overvoltages which prevail for many cycles or

until some subsequent switching operation removes the cause) are produced

by faults on the system. Transient overvoltages are caused by some

switching operation and are characterized by high magnitudes for a few

cycles, then subsiding to near normal values. The major production of

these switching surges are from the energizing or deenergizing of

transmission lines.

A transmission line is made up of a series of lumped resistances,

capacitances and inductances. These values are distributed along the

circuit with each elemental length having its own specific values. A

typical method of representing the transmission line would be with the

diagram shown below.

R L,
r&CL- /
T/W

EP Sin u>*t :c Cm-i :Cm

i
M>A

Each of these sections of line actually is an RLC circuit and behaves

in a manner similar to the basic RLC circuit. If a voltage is applied to

the transmission line, the first capacitor is to the instantaneous

C^_ charged

applied voltage. The capacitor

C^ will then discharge through the

inductance Lj_, charging C2- This

resistance
R^ and capacitor process
 -4-

taking a finite time. The process then continues until the capacitance

C]\j-1 has been Capacitor CN-1 then discharges through

charged.
RN
and into C,,. If the terminal is open capacitor
C^
LN capacitor circuited,

has no place to discharge and since the source Is still connected, the

continuous charging and processes has continued, there is now a voltage

buildup at the terminal. This produces a voltage wave traveling back up

the line towards the source, which is similar to a reflection coefficient of

plus one for an open circuited line. At the source, capacitor

C^ will

discharge through the source with the source holding the supply terminal

starting the This

voltage constant, charging C]_ and process again. will

continue until the oscillation is damped out by the resistive components or

until the circuit configurations have changed.

The magnitude of the overvoltage produced is dependent upon the

circuit termination, with the open circuit and the unloaded transformer

terminations being the most severe. The open circuit energization cases

studied on the TNA would follow an analysis similar to the one above

except that it would be three phase. Ih the single phase case, neglecting

the resistances which are very small in a cable system, the maximum

possible transient was 2 Ep. Lithe three phase case, this magnitude

of 2 Ep would be further increased due to the sequential closing of the

three breaker contacts and the coupling between phases. Ih general, to

yield the maximum overvoltage, the first phase contact is energized near

its'
maximum. This will produce the maximum transient in the phase
 -5-

energized and also, by coupling, in the other two phases. The second and

180
third phases are then closed (within a limitation from the initial

energization) at or near their respectively coupled peaks. The randomness

of the breaker closing and the associated coupling greatly effects the magnitude

of the switching surge. If the line is terminated in a transformer, another

degree of complexity is added in that the transformer may go from a state

of unsaturation to one of saturation. This condition may produce a resonance

condition building up the transient voltages even higher.

This randomness of energization of a three phase system and the

saturation of connected transformers along with the fact that on a digital

computer the positive, negative and zero sequency networks would have to

be modeled, have made the use of digital computers extremely difficult.

In deenergizing the line, the charging current of the line or the

magnetizing current of the transformer are interrupted. A trapped charge

is left on the line capacitance. This charge maintains a potential on the line

contact of the breaker while the source contact will have alternating plus

or minus potential associated with the 60 cycle wave. This fixed potential

on one contact and alternating potential on the other contact may produce

a voltage differential across the contacts of the breaker more rapidly

than the increasing in the insulation strength of the breaker gap (increasing
contact separation). If this happens, the breaker will restrike, closing

in on a charged line and producing extremely high voltage surges.

 -6-

The second type of overvoltage examined in this study is the

sustained or fundamental frequency overvoltage produced during a

system fault. Overvoltages produced under fault conditions are a

function of the type of fault and the system grounding. The most severe

fault from a standpoint of overvoltage is the single line to ground fault

(SLGF). In the past, this sustained overvoltage was the magnitude used

in sizing surge arresters,1 since using symmetrical components, it is

possible to calculate the voltage magnitudes. A calculation using symmetrical

components duplicating the most severe fault case IA is shown in Appendix B.

The surge arrester is a self restoring insulating device, which is

placed as near the equipment which it is to protect as possible. The

arrester must conduct the high currents of a lightning stroke to ground

without building up a high voltage potential (IR drop across the arrester).

This requires that the arrester have a low resistance to ground. During
a transient condition, the arrester must also discharge when the voltage

approaches the designed protective level of the arrester. This requires

the arrester to conduct a current to ground for a much longer period of

time, requiring a high resistance to ground in order to limit current and

prevent damage to the arrester. The ability to do this is accomplished by

making the arrester from two basic building blocks. 3The two elements are

a gap, capable of withstanding power voltages and a valve element capable

of suppressing the current following the discharge of the surge. This

valve element is the variable resistance element

usually made from thyrite
or a similar compound.

The arrester protective level is the level which the voltage across

the arrester should never exceed before or after the arrester sparkover.

Upon discharge, when the current through the arrester drops to a sufficiently

low value, the gaps reseal, stopping the discharge current flow. Since the

arrester is applied line-to-ground, the required reseal rating of the

arrester is fixed by the maximum sustained overvoltage on ths system.

When this reseal rating is established, the protective level (manufacturer

specified from standards specifications) can be determined.

A group of representatives of the manufacturers and utilities have

established a set of standards governing insulation levels for transformers

Levels"
and related equipment. These standards are known as "Basic Insulation

(B.I.L. ) and are recognized throughout the industry. In order to insure a

reliable system, a 15% margin between the surge arrester sparkover and 83%

of transformer B.I.L. has been accepted as an industry standard.

In coordinating the insulation of the transformers and the surge arresters,

it is desirable to use the minimum rated arrester thereby limiting the surge

voltage to the greatest degree. This will provide for reductions in apparatus

insulation levels and their associated costs.

The following table shows the typical values associated with

coordinating a 115 kV transformer ans surge arrester.

 -8-

SUMMARY OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER RATINGS AND

'

PROTECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS ( 115 KV SYSTEM)

LAA-:i.rnzm LwzLtcninr-', .,
4urr:e S-oarE-pver fciyd,
L.A. Rating (3) ]Jro;;ect,ivo Minimum BIL Protected
Level (1^)
i
TNA Step
kv (k-b) ln KV P.U. Volts KV P.U. Volts KV Margin Down

90 127 1.36 50.3 165 2.26 64.1 350 36.8 2

96 136 1.45 53.8 176 2.4l 69.3 350 28.3 2

108 153 1.63 60.7 199 2.72 78.0 350 13.7 2

120 170 1.81 65.8 221 3.02 86.6 450 32.4 .1

, ,

NOTES :

1. All volts and kV are crest values unless otherwise specified.

/2~

2. All per un:.t on nominal line -to-ground b.'ise (l p.u. X =

93.9 kV)
=315 .

rr
3. Reseal: Except as described on the following pages, the reseal value of
the lightning arrester shall be equal- to the crest value of its rating.

4. Based on Type 1 lightning arrester.

5. BIL; $ Margin. When a suitable margin between the protective level of a

the'

lightning arrester and the insulation, level of terminal apparatus and

equipment is chosen, the insulation level of such equipment can be
readily
determined. A minimum of 15$ margin between switching surge protective
level and 83$ of transformer BIL has been generally accepted
by industry.
 -9-

TBANSIENT NETWORK ANALYZER

The TNA is a three phase analog system, with each element of the

actual system represented by a model component. The TNA uses plug

boards which may be pre-patched. The power for the model system is

supplied from a three phase low impedance sine wave generator with

constant voltage and the ability to add impedance to represent system

equivalents. Transmission lines are represented by tnree phase,

L-section equivalents composed of series resistances and inductances

and shunt capacitances.

With a number of sections being connected in series to represent

the actual line impedance. Power transformers are modeled by actual

multiple winding transformers whose saturation characteristics are

identical to the power transformers with switchable reactances to

represent saturation.

Power circuit breakers are represented by electronic, synchronously

driven rotating drum switches. The surge arrester is modeled by an

electronically controlled voltage-

sensitive circuit in series with a non-

liniar resistance, the characteristics of which are adjusted to duplicate

the actual surge arrester.

The system configuration to be studied is modeled and patched on

the TNA plug boards and the switching operations to be investigated are

predetermined. For each system configuration and each

switching operation,
 -10-

the breaker contact closing time is manually adjusted with respect to the

source sine wave and with respect to the other contacts in order to produce

the most severe transient voltages. When the resultant transient voltage

is of sufficient magnitude to operate the surge arrester, then the model

arrester would be sparked over, modifying the transient voltage. The

arrester discharge current and the modified transient waves are observed.

When examining the sustained overvoltage condition present during

system fault condition, an actual short to ground is placed on one of the

phases of the system model to represent a single line to ground fault.

RESULTS-

The tests performed are summarized in Table I. With the results

tabulated for each case in Appendix A.

In cases IA, IB, 2A and 2B, single line to ground faults were applied

to the 115 kV bus at Station 23. The 115 kV breaker at Station 42 being
faster than the lower voltage breakers was considered to open first. The

fault was then to be interrupted by the slower breakers I and J for the

respected cases. The type of

grounding was varied on the step down

transformers in order to size the required surge arrester reseal ratings.

The results showed that if the transformers were connected with the high

side ungrounded that there wasn't an available arrester to handle the

required duty at Station 23.

 11-

In cases 3A through 9B the system was tested for all possible cases

of energization. The resultant maximum voltages were recorded and are

shown in Appendix A along with the observed wave shapes taken from an

oscilloscope. It is observed that the transients were not severe and a

96 kV surge arrester would be adequate at Station 23. The natural frequency

oscillations of the line can be observed during the first half cycle after

energization.

In cases 10A through 13B the system was deenergized for all possible

conditions. Cases 11 and 13 showed the transient results obtained when the

single line to ground faults were cleared. These cases pointed out the

need for a 115 kV breaker at Station 23 if the transformer was connected

with a high side delta. Again, the transients encountered during deenergization

were not severe and a 96 kV surge arrester could be used at Station 23 if the

transformer was high side grounded. The natural frequency oscillations

of the line can be observed to damp out after the breaker has opened.

The maximum switching surges obtained on the system were as

follows:

Location Case No. Voltage Magnitude (p. u. )

Station 23 -
115 kV 4A, 5A, 6A 1.77

Station 23 -
34. 5 kV 6B 1. 39

Station 23 -
11. 5 kV 5B 1. 65
 -12-

OBSERVATIONS

The transient the energizing or de-

maximum produced during

energizing of transmission system is dependent upon the point on the

source sine wave at which the switching operation takes place and upon

the relative sequence of operation of the individual poles of the operation

circuit breaker.

The sustained overvoltage on a transmission system during fault

condition is a function of the system grounding. The more effective the

grounding (lower zero sequence impedance to positive sequence impedance)

the lower the sustained overvoltage. However, the lower the effective solid

grounding, the higher the fault current. Therefore, there must be a

"trade-off"
between reducing the overvoltages (less insulation costs) and

reducings the fault current (lower equipment duty, lower costs).

CONCLUSIONS

The Station 23 transformer was initially included in the study as

a 115 kV delta to 11. 5 kV grounded wye unit. However, with this configuration,

if a single line to ground fault should occur on the 115 kV line and the

Station 42 breakers open before the Station 23 breakers, the voltages on

the unfaulted phases could be as high as 2. 4 per unit. This condition would

require a surge arrester with a rating in excess of 120 kV, the maximum

arrester rating for a 115 kV system.

 -13-

The above condition was eliminated by reversing the transformer

connection to 115 kV grounded wye/11. 5 kV delta. This configuration

removed the need for 115 kV breakers and reduced the surge arrester

requirements at Station 23 to 96 kV, but will require the addition of

grounding transformers on the 11. 5 kV bus to provide a ground current

source for single line to ground fault protection.

Therefore, it is recommended that the Station 23 transformer be

115 kV grounded wye to 11. 5 kV delta and that grounding transformers be

installed on the 11. 5 kV bus sections at Station 23. The 115/34 kV option

was eliminated during the conduction of the study due to matters not

pertaining to the study.

The surge arresters presently in use throughout the system studied

appeared adequate. It is recommended that a 96 kV surge arrester be

applied on the three phases at Station 23 to protect the transformer and

its'
associated equipment. This would allow the use of a 350 kV B. I. L.

transformer at Station 23.

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APPENDIX B
 In order to duplicate the most severe cast (IA) which results from

the application of a single line to ground fault on the 115 kV delta connected

side of the transformer while the transformer is energized from the 34.5 kV

equivalent source, the equivalent circuit (Figure 6.3, Peterson) will be used.

By using symmetrical components the equivalent circuit can be reduced from

that shown in (a) to (b). Then, do to the fact that the positive and the

negative sequence impedances are equal, the circuit can further be reduced

to that shown in Figure (c).

System Impedance (34.5 kV)

Is =
jo. 0800

Transformer Impedance

Xt =
jo. 0774 on 30 MVA base

Xt =
jo. 2580 on 100 MVA base

Cable Susceptance

b =
276.4 uf/mile =
1160.88 uf

Xc =
1 =
1 =
1
WC 2TTf C 2TT(60MH60.88)

Xc =
2.2852 ohms

Xc =
0.0173 on 100 MVA base

from Figure (c), formula 6.3, page 130 -

Peterson

Xco
V =
emax (1+2 (xc 1/2 + Xco)

0.0173
V =
1.05 (1+2 (0.0087 + 0.0173) )

V =
1.05 (1+2 (0.6654) ) =
2.45 pu
 Xs X-t C tt

r~*. X> X* (c-c,.)== f

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-IE

<WV

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(b)
^(Xs+X-t)
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^P)

FROrV. FIGURE >,-i ,

PETERSOtO PAE 133
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Peterson, H. A., "Transients in Power Systems " John Wiley

and Sons, 1951.

2. Reportby AIEE Working Group on Switching Surges -

Parts I, II, III
AIEE Conference Paper.

3. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971 Surge Protection of Power

Systems. East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Chapter 2.

4. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1950. Electrical Transmission

and Distribution Reference Book. East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
Chapter 16.

Systems"
5. Bewley, L. V. , "Traveling Waves on Transmission
Dover Publications, Inc. 1951.
,

6. Diesendorf, W- , "Overvoltages on High Voltage Systems",

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1971.