Vershkova Yuliia

PSACEA, Dnipro
Scientific supervisor: T.Yarova docent
Language consultant: O. Liapicheva, Cand. Sc. (Phil), Assoc. Prof.

IMAGING PROPERTIES OF ORTHOGONAL PROJECTIONS OF

HEXAEDRA AND OCTAEDRA

Formulation of the problem. Among the large number of multifaceted surfaces of the surface
of the two Platonic bodies - the hexahedron and the octahedron - attract much attention. During
their study, their internal form, their positional and metric properties were studied. It remains
unknown which surfaces can be created on their basis, how their orthogonal projections are most
rationally constructed and what pictorial properties they possess. In practice, textbooks on
descriptive geometry contain information about Platonic bodies mainly in the form of visual
images, which contain metric information, but there are no orthogonal drawings as the main
subject of research in this science. Hence the goal: on the basis of knowledge of the known
structural properties of surfaces to investigate the pictorial properties of their orthogonal
projections, constructed without operations of measuring and depositing segments. Therefore, we
consistently and systematically consider the constructive properties of these surfaces and the
pictorial properties of their orthogonal projections.
The surface of the hexahedron (cube) is a system of 6 congruent, competitive and mutually
perpendicular squares. . If the faces of the cube are parallel to the planes of projections, then the
outlines of its orthogonal projections are congruent squares (Fig. 1). The outline of the
orthogonal projection of a cube on a plane perpendicular to its diagonal is a regular hexagon, the
diagonals of which coincide with the projections of its six edges. Metric characteristics of the
hexahedron: the number of sides of the faces - 4; number of faces - 6; the number of edges is 12,
the number of vertices is 8.
The cube surface has one center of symmetry as the point of intersection of its diagonals, 3
axes of symmetry passing through the points of intersection of the diagonals of opposite faces,
and 9 planes of symmetry, of which six are diagonal and three are defined in pairs by axes of
symmetry.
The surface of an octahedron is a system of 8 congruent, competitive and equilateral
equilateral triangles. If the edges of an octahedron occupy the position of level lines in space,
then the outlines of its orthogonal projections are squares (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1. Graphic model of the Fig. 2. Graphic model of an Fig. 3. Graphic model of the
hexahedron (cube) octahedron, the edges of which octahedron, the faces of which
are level lines occupy -projectional positions
 If the faces of the octahedron occupy frontal and profile-projection positions in space, the
outline of its horizontal projection is a square with sides equal to the sides of its triangular faces,
and the outlines of its frontal and profile projections are congruent rhombuses whose sides are
equal to the heights H of its triangular faces. 3).
Metric characteristics of the octahedron: the number of sides of the faces - 3; number of
faces - 8; number of ribs - 12; number of vertices - 6.
An octahedron has one center of symmetry - the point of intersection of its diagonals, 9
axes of symmetry, 3 of which coincide with its diagonals, and 6 - with small diagonals of its
rhombic sections, which are determined in pairs by the heights of its opposite parallel equilateral
faces and 9 planes of symmetry. are determined by these axes.
Between the vertices and faces of both surfaces there is a one-to-one correspondence: the
number of octahedron faces is equal to the number of cube vertices and vice versa, the number of
octahedron vertices is equal to the number of cube faces with the same number of edges. This
circumstance provides an opportunity for constructive mutual transformation of these surfaces
into each other.
To transform a cube into an octahedron, it is enough to draw the diagonals of all faces and
their points of intersection as the vertices of the desired octahedron, connect them with 12 edges
(Fig. 4).
To transform an octahedron into a cube, it is necessary to draw heights and points of their
intersection as vertices of the desired cube in each of its faces, to connect them with 12 edges
(Fig. 5).

Рис. 4. Перетворення куба Ф в октаедр  Рис. 4. Перетворення октаедра Ф в куб 

The property of reciprocity of the surfaces of Plato's bodies is the basis for the construction
of regular polyhedra, all the faces of which are the same rhombuses with equal dihedral angles at
the same edges. The diagonals of rhombus faces are the edges of pairs of corresponding mutual
Platonic bodies. Such polyhedra are called isozonohedra of these Platonic solids [3].
Conclusion. The concept of systematic understanding of the nature of the object and its
orthogonal image is a very effective means of obtaining new creative results in the study of
constructive properties of objects and pictorial properties of their orthogonal projections, which
promotes professional constructive thinking of creative students.
Abstract. The work is devoted to the system geometric-graphic description of the pictorial
properties of orthogonal projections of the hexahedron (cube) and octahedron on the basis of
graphic modeling of their known structural properties.
 LITERATURE
1. Русскевич Н. Л. Начертательная геометрия : учебное пособие / Русскевич Н. Л.. – 1-3-е
изд. перераб. – Киев : Вища шк., 1978. – 312 с.
2. Короев Ю.И. Начертательная геометрия / Короев Ю. И. – М.: Стройиздат, 1987.
3. Ткач Д. И.Системная начертательная геометрия /Ткач Д. И.-Днепропетровск:
изд-во «ПГАСА», 2011.-356с