Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546

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Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

Research Paper

Study on CO2 – water printed circuit heat exchanger performance

operating under various CO₂ phases for S-CO₂ power cycle application
Seungjoon Baik, Seong Gu Kim, Jekyoung Lee, Jeong Ik Lee ⇑
Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea

h i g h l i g h t s

Development and validation of PCHE design methodology for S-CO2 power cycle application.

Performance evaluation of designed PCHE under various CO2 phases.

Development of friction factor and heat transfer correlations with CFD obtained experimentally validated results.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) power cycle is receiving worldwide attention as one of the promising
Received 21 June 2016 advanced future electricity generation technologies. Since the S-CO2 power cycle can achieve high effi-
Revised 17 November 2016 ciency with simple system configuration, the role of compact heat exchanger becomes more important
Accepted 19 November 2016
to achieve smaller system footprint. As an example of successful compact heat exchanger, the printed cir-
Available online 22 November 2016
cuit heat exchanger (PCHE) was recently suggested for the S-CO2 power cycle application due to the capa-
bility of enduring high pressure difference while providing large heat transfer area within a small volume.
Keywords:
However, the S-CO2 precooler operates very close to the critical point of CO2 where the conventional
S-CO2 power cycle
Supercritical fluid
design methodology may not be suitable due to substantial variation of the thermo-physical properties
Printed circuit heat exchanger near the critical point. Thus, in this paper the design and operation issues of PCHE as the precooler are
Experiment addressed. In this study, the verification of developed PCHE core design code and experimental test
CFD-analysis results are presented. The test conditions were 26–43 °C and 7.3–8.6 MPa in temperature and pressure,
respectively. In terms of non-dimensional numbers, the Reynolds number range is 15,000–100,000 and
the Prandtl number range is 2–33. Friction factor and heat transfer correlations were developed with
the experimental data and computational analysis for the future PCHE design as a precooler in the S-
CO2 power cycle.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction cycle can achieve high efficiency by reducing compression work

Recently, the efficiency of the power conversion system became
more important due to the increasing energy demand and global
warming issues. At this point, the supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) power
cycle is receiving more attention as a key technology for resolving
energy problem. The main advantages of S-CO2 power cycle are
having a large potential to be highly efficient and can be con-
structed in compact system configuration. Due to the remarkable
fluid characteristics of supercritical state CO2, e.g. liquid like high
density, low compressibility factor and gas like low viscosity, the
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: bsj227@kaist.ac.kr (S. Baik), skim07@kaist.ac.kr (S.G. Kim),
leejaeky85@kaist.ac.kr (J. Lee), jeongiklee@kaist.ac.kr (J.I. Lee).
[1,2].
Another advantage is the S-CO2 power cycle can achieve high
thermal efficiency at moderate turbine inlet temperature (450–
650 °C) compare to the conventional power cycle, so the S-CO2
power cycle technology can be utilized with various heat source
applications such as the next generation nuclear reactor, waste
heat recovery system, fuel cell bottoming system [3,4]. For these
reasons, the S-CO2 power cycle has been studied as the next gener-
ation power conversion cycle which can exceed conventional
steam Rankine or gas Brayton cycles [22,23].
The promising S-CO2 system configuration for the next genera-
tion nuclear reactor and concentrated solar power applications was
introduced by Dostal [1] as shown in Fig. 1. The temperature-
entropy diagram and the recompression S-CO2 Brayton cycle lay-
out show that the compressor inlet condition (5) is near the CO2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.132
1359-4311/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546 1537

Nomenclature

Q heat transfer rate [kW] Cp specific heat [kJ/kg K]

U overall heat transfer coefficient [kW/m2 K] v fluid velocity in channel [m/s]
A heat transfer area [m2] y+ dimensionless wall distance
DT temperature difference [°C]
R thermal resistance [K/kW] Subscript
k heat transfer coefficient [kW/m K] conv convective
h convective heat transfer coefficient [kW/m2 K] cond conductive
DP pressure drop [kPa] EXP experiment
D hydraulic diameter [mm] HXD heat exchanger design code
l channel length [mm] h hot side
t thickness [mm] c cold side
fFanning fanning friction factor plate heat transfer plate
Re Reynolds number wall wall of the channel
Nu Nusselt number
q density [kg/m3]

Fig. 1. Recompression Brayton cycle layout and temperature-entropy diagram [1].

critical point and the turbine outlet condition (2) is still high tem-
perature. Due to the high temperature of the turbine outlet tem-
perature, the system requires large amount of recuperation
processes to maximize the use of available heat in the system.
One of the challenging engineering issues for developing S-CO2
technology is designing a component which operates near the CO2
critical point (30.98 °C, 7.38 MPa) [5,8], such as a compressor or a
precooler. Because of the dramatic change of the thermo-
dynamic properties in vicinity of the critical point, conventional
logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) design methods
based on constant property assumptions are not applicable. Fur-
thermore computer aided design or computational analysis near
the critical point is challenging due to the dramatic change in prop-
erty with respect to pressure and temperature.
However, experimental and computational studies on the pre-
cooler cases near the critical point are not abundant and no study
assures that the conventional heat exchanger design methodology
can be applied in this area [19–21]. Thus, the KAIST research team
focused the applicability of the PCHE application as a precooler for
the S-CO2 power system. Furthermore, the off-design performance
of the PCHE was also experimentally investigated to contribute to
the future S-CO2 cycle control related research.
In summary, the objectives of this study are the following:
(1) Development of PCHE design methodology which accurately
reflects the real gas effects near the critical point.
(2) Performance test under various CO2 conditions including
gas, liquid and supercritical phases.
(3) Validation of the developed methodology with the obtained
experimental data.
(4) Development of friction factor and heat transfer correlations
with the assistance from computational fluid analysis.
1538 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546
2. PCHE design and experiment
A compact heat exchanger, printed circuit heat exchanger
(PCHE), was recently developed to reduce the heat exchanger vol-
ume while having large heat transfer area and can sustain large
pressure load. A large heat transfer area is generally needed for
the gas heat transfer due to relatively poor heat transfer character-
istics of the gas. The PCHE can achieve high effectiveness due to
providing large heat transfer area within small volume and showed
the best performance in high pressure operating conditions. For
this reason, the PCHE was suggested as the main option for the
S-CO2 power system. In previous studies [5,8,18], most of the per-
formance evaluation of a PCHE for S-CO2 system application was
conducted for the recuperator condition. Compared to the pre-
cooler condition, CO2 under the recuperator condition behaves
similar to the ideal gas. Therefore, the KAIST research team con-
structed a supercritical CO2 pressurizing experiment (SCO2PE)
facility to address the S-CO2 precooler design and operation issues.
As shown in Fig. 2, the SCO2PE is an S-CO2 simple Brayton cycle
demonstration facility. The facility consists of a compressor, a hea-
ter, an expansion valve and a precooler. The expansion valve plays
a turbine role as well as the main flow controller.
2.1. Developing PCHE core design code
The MATLAB based PCHE design code was developed to design a
PCHE for the S-CO2 power system applications [9–11]. The devel-
oped code is one-dimensional, steady state, PCHE core design code
and the authors named as KAIST_HXD. By utilizing this code,
micro-channels of a PCHE core can be designed which meet the
target performance while minimizing the physical size. The code
can estimate the steady state PCHE performance not only under
design condition but also for off-design conditions.
As shown in Fig. 3, constant property based log mean tempera-
ture difference (LMTD) method is not applicable for the heat
exchanger design of the S-CO2 power system precooler due to
the dramatic CO2 property change near the critical point. For this
reason, a design method based on the stream wise nodalization
is adopted from the previous study [1], and the code utilizes the
NIST real gas properties, REFPROP version 8.0 [15]. Fig. 4 shows a
set of nodalized representative hot and cold channels to calculate
the heat transfer and pressure drop with following Eqs. (1)–(4).
For the fluid temperature in each node, the fluid bulk temperature,
defined in Eq. (3), is used.
1
Q ¼ UADT ¼ ADT
Rconv :Hot þ Rcond þ Rconv :Cold
1 turbulent flow). The velocity of CO2 in a micro channel was 2–7 m/
¼ ADT
1
hHot
þ k
t
þ h1
cond Cold
Fig. 2. View of S-CO2PE facility.
DT ¼ T bulk:Hot  T bulk:Cold ð2Þ
R
qv cP TdA
T bulk ¼ R ð3Þ
qv cP dA
l qv 2
DP ¼ 4f Fanning ð4Þ
D 2
2.2. Design and performance test of designed PCHE
By using the correlations for the PCHE from the previous studies
[5,6], the S-CO2PE facility precooler (23 kW) was designed. Table 1
summarizes the utilized heat transfer and pressure drop correla-
tions with the available Reynolds number range.
As shown in Fig. 5, the physical size of the designed PCHE core is
200 mm  99.2 mm  84 mm. The internal semi-circular zigzag
flow channel dimensions are shown in Fig. 6. A 1.5 mm thick
SS316L heat transfer plate was used and each plate has 32 chemi-
cally etched channel. The minimum wall thickness of internal pres-
sure boundary was 0.75 mm to endure 20 MPa, which corresponds
to the ASME pressure vessel standard [12]. Total 56 rows were
stacked for each side, so the number of total channel on each side
is 896 [9], respectively. It is noted that the same zigzag flow chan-
nel are used for both hot and cold channels, and two channels
match with each other one-to-one basis in order to minimize the
geometrical uncertainty.
The shape of zigzag channel was described by Ishizuka [7], but it
was impossible to manufacture sharp corners with chemical etching
process. Thus, the corner was intentionally smoothed with 1 mm
radius of curvature to reduce the flow resistance as well. The compar-
ison of sharp and round corner by CFD analysis is covered in the fol-
lowing section. The designed PCHE was manufactured by Alfa Laval-
Corhex in Korea and the PCHE was tested in the SCO2PE facility.
The Fig. 7 shows the test matrix with temperature and pressure
conditions. Arrows in the figure indicate the measured inlet to out-
let point of the hot CO2 side and it can be observed that the density
increases from inlet to outlet. It is obvious that the density
increases through the heat exchanger, because CO2 is being cooled.
Every performance test was conducted by varying the mass flow
rate of CO2 side while cooling water inlet temperature was main-
tained at 15 °C. The S-CO2 Brayton cycle may experience various
operating conditions due to the environment change. So the per-
formance test was conducted under various regions in order to
understand the heat transfer characteristics in the supercritical,
liquid and gas states. The Reynolds number of the water side was
40–210 (laminar flow), and the CO2 side was 15,000–100,000 (fully
ð1Þ
s, but the flow was turbulent flow due to relatively low viscosity
and high density.
From the experimental conditions of hot and cold sides,
KAIST_HXD code can predict performance. However, defining a
hydraulic diameter of the semi-circular micro channel requires
special attention. According to Kays [13], the hydraulic diameter
was generally used for turbulent internal flow in a noncircular
duct. On contrast some early researchers already discussed about
the non-applicability of hydraulic diameter for the passages with
sharp corners [13]. Thus, the authors defined a modified hydraulic
diameter for this study, which is based on the flow area conserva-
tion so that mass flux can be unchanged. Fig. 8 shows the conven-
tional definition of hydraulic diameter and modified hydraulic
diameter. It is noted that the defined modified hydraulic diameter
value was used for the KASIT_HXD code analysis and for the fur-
ther CFD base correlation development.
Figs. 9 and 10 show the heat transfer performance comparison
between the experimental data and the KAIST HXD results. The
 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546 1539

Fig. 3. Specific heat change near the CO2 critical point.

Fig. 4. Illustration of channel nodalization in KAIST_HXD.

mass flow rate and Reynolds number of each case is tabulated in

Table 1 Table 2. The heat load and effectiveness calculation of the
Thermal hydraulic correlations in KAIST_HXD.
KAIST_HXD showed a reasonable agreement with the data. Com-
Hot side (CO2 side) paring the experimental data and the analysis result, heat transfer
Reynolds number 2000 < Re < 58,000 performance estimation difference was less than 7%. The actual
Nusselt number Nu = 0.0292 Re0.8138
heat load and effectiveness calculations are based on the water
Friction factor f = 0.2515 Re0.2031
side measurement to avoid large uncertainty on the CO2 side near
Cold side (water side)
the pseudo critical line due to property deviation. In addition, the
Reynolds number 30 < Re < 400
Heat transfer coeff. [W/m2K] h = 11.04 Re + 570.36 PCHE can achieve over 90% effectiveness in various operating
Friction factor f = 1.3856 Re0.482 regions and off-design operating conditions as it can be observed
from the experimental data.
Fig. 11 shows the pressure drop measurement and code estima-
tion of both sides. Compared to the experimental data, the code
estimation for CO2 side and water side outlet pressure showed con-
sistent differences. The KAIST_HXD code showed 50–60% under
estimation on the water side and 40% over estimation on the CO2
side. The water side underestimation is understandable since the
form losses in the header section are not included in the
KAIST_HXD code. However, the CO2 side pressure drop over esti-
mation was unexpected and closer investigations are necessary
to understand the reason. The following section will discuss the
physical reason for this difference.

3. CFD analysis

3.1. Channel corner shape effect

Unfortunately, flow local information of a PCHE micro channel

Fig. 5. Designed and manufactured S-CO2 to water heat exchanger by KAIST_HXD. was not able to be measured during the experiment. However,
1540 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546

Fig. 6. Detailed channel geometry of designed PCHE.

Fig. 7. CO2 side test conditions (inlet – outlet).

since the detailed channel geometry is known exactly, a CFD anal-
ysis was conducted to reproduce the channel internal flow infor-
mation from the measured inlet and outlet data. At first, the
hydraulic performance analysis was conducted without heat trans-
fer. In order to consider the hydraulic characteristic, two different
cases were chosen. Case 7 and case 15 in Fig. 7 were selected due to
the large density difference between two cases (2.5 times). Fur-
thermore, two cases were chosen for the experiment to CFD com-
parison, since two cases are the furthest from the pseudo-critical
line within the supercritical state regime. This means that the
supercritical CO₂ properties behave similar to the normal gases
for these two cases and therefore, the properties effect is first sep-
arated. By varying the mass flow rate, the two CO2 cases were ana-
lyzed. The number followed by the case number and hyphen,
which ranges from 1 to 5, means large to small mass flowrate for
each case. In other words, the inlet boundary conditions are the
same as cases 7 and 15, but different mass flow rate was tested
experimentally and numerically.
The CFD analysis was performed with a commercial CFD code
ANSYS CFX v14.5. For the computation, realistic sharp corner and
round corner domains were constructed to investigate the effect
of the channel corner shape. The computation domains are shown
with mesh conformation in Fig. 12. Due to the uncertainty issue
near the critical point, the NIST database based real gas property
(RGP) table was generated and used. To setup the boundary condi-
tions, experimental temperature and mass flowrate boundary con-
ditions were used as the inlet condition and the pressure outlet
boundary condition was used for the outlet condition.
The mesh sensitivity study was conducted until the relative cal-
culated results converge within 2%. To estimate the water side
pressure drop, total 509,376 nodes and 492,881 meshes were used
in the water domain. At the near wall, 10 sheets of inflated layers
 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546 1541

Fig. 8. Modified hydraulic diameter.

Fig. 9. Comparison of KAIST_HXD heat load estimations.

with 1.2 growth ratio were utilized. For CO2 side standard k-e tur-
bulence model was used for the turbulent flow simulation. For the
CO2 domain, total 2,303,322 nodes and 2,241,846 meshes were
used to satisfy the y+ values close to 15 at the first node from the
wall [16].
The pressure drop calculation results are shown in Figs. 13 and
14. From the water side calculation results, round corner shape
showed reasonable pressure drop compared with the experimental
data than the sharp corner case. As mentioned above, the CO2 side
was turbulent flow while the water side was laminar flow. For the
CO2 side, two different corner shape channels with standard k-e
turbulence model were studied to obtain reliable CFD results.
As shown in Fig. 14, the standard k-e turbulence model with
round corner showed closer result with the experimental data
compared to the sharp corner case. As a result, the sharp corner
channel showed 40–65% larger pressure drop compared to the
realistic round corner channel. The difference of the pressure drop
can be explained with occurrence of the reversed flow region at
each corner. By exploring the flow field, larger flow reversal region
appeared in the sharp corner region. This is shown in Fig. 15.
3.2. Correlation development
A conjugate heat transfer problem was solved next with the
round corner computation domain and mesh, shown in Fig. 16.
The inlet and outlet boundary faces were modified slightly for
the flow alignment with a straight extension to improve the con-
vergence during the iterations. For the solid part, 14.6 W/m K ther-
mal conductivity was used to simulate the SS316L heat transfer
plate, and k-e turbulence model was used to simulate the CO2 tur-
bulent flow. As the boundary conditions, cases 7 & 15 experimental
boundary conditions are used.
After obtaining the local information for every case, fluid
domains were divided into pitches to develop the friction factor
and heat transfer coefficient correlations. For the hydraulic parts,
pressure drop in each pitch was transformed to normalized friction
1542 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546

Fig. 10. Comparison of KAIST_HXD effectiveness estimations.

Table 2
Mass flow rate and Reynolds number of test cases.

Test case CO2 mass flow rate [kg/s] Reynolds number Water mass flow rate [kg/s] Reynolds number
1 4.04 65,529 0.28 170
2 4.00 65,290 0.31 188
3 4.09 71,144 0.32 192
4 3.96 74,110 0.19 116
5 3.94 73,094 0.21 129
6 3.83 78,350 0.22 133
7 3.88 80,004 0.17 104
8 3.37 95,034 0.15 90
9 2.57 102,784 0.14 87
10 3.16 102,717 0.11 64
11 2.14 86,085 0.07 42
12 2.04 91,913 0.06 36
13 1.94 90,023 0.07 42
14 1.93 89,897 0.09 54
15 1.67 82,128 0.05 32
16 1.44 73,682 0.06 34

factor by using Eq. (5). In this equation, the bulk mean velocity of constant value for single fluid single phase heat transfer. However,
each pitch was used. since the CO2 properties vary significantly near the critical point,
Prandtl number is not a constant value. In this experimental study,
1 D 2
f Fanning ¼ DP ð5Þ the Prandtl number range was from 2 to 33. Therefore, the devel-
4 l qv 2
oped CO2 side turbulent flow Nusselt number correlation includes
The heat transfer rate and averaged temperatures were Prandtl number effect. In Fig. 20, the power of Prandtl number in
obtained as well. The temperature of the wall was defined as the the Nusselt number correlation is determined by changing from
average temperature in one pitch, and the Eq. (3) was used again 0.5 to 2 until the best fitting curve is obtained [17].
to define the fluid bulk temperature. By following Eqs. (6) and In Figs. 17–20, the developed correlations were compared with
(7), Nusselt numbers can be obtained. the Ref. correlations [5,6]. The developed correlation in this study
showed reasonable agreement with the water side and CO2 side
Q
h¼ ð6Þ data. It is interesting to observe that while the value of friction fac-
AðT  T wall Þ tor from the newly developed correlation decreased compared to
the reference correlation but the Nusselt number is the opposite
hD to the friction factor case. From the turbulent flow theory generally
Nu ¼ ð7Þ
k friction pressure drop increase and heat transfer enhancement
According to the convective heat transfer theory [13], in turbu- occur at the same time, but in this case the trend is different.
lent flow, the normalized convective heat transfer coefficient Nus- The differences in this case can be explained with the flow separa-
selt number is a function of Reynolds number and Prandtl number. tion. As more regions are affected by the flow reversal in the sharp
In most engineering flow, Prandtl number can be regarded as a corner, the flow resistance is increased as well as the pressure
 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546
Fig. 11. Comparison of KAIST_HXD pressure drop estimations.
drop. For the heat transfer, the flow reversal region will cause an
increase in the thermal resistance by shadowing the heat transfer
area with low flow. Therefore, the reference correlation for sharp
corner can have higher friction while lower heat transfer than
the newly developed correlation in this study.
The developed correlations are tabulated in Table 3. It is noted
that the developed realistic round corner correlations are pitch-
averaged value, which the zigzag channel form loss and skin fric-
tion loss effects are smeared in one equation form.
4. PCHE design code validation and discussion
4.1. KAIST_HXD code evaluation
In order to verify the developed PCHE design code with the
developed correlations, the KAIST_HXD code was modified with
the newly developed correlations. The identical internal geometry
was implemented into the code to predict the heat exchanger per-
formance for off-design conditions and the results were compared
with the data.
However, the measurement in experiment includes additional
form losses at the inlet and the outlet due to the header part.
The authors modeled four additional form losses, so the measured
total pressure drop can be estimated with Eq. (8).
DPtotal ¼ DPInletHeader þ DPEntrance þ DPInternalflow þ DPExit
þ DPOutletHeader
Fig. 12. Modeling and meshing of two different channels.
1543
To estimate the header pressure losses, following form loss
equation with each coefficient were added to the code. The form
loss factors were obtained according to the hydraulic resistance
handbook [14] and tabulated in Table 4.
qv 2
DP ¼ K form ð9Þ
2
As a result, the KAIST_HXD code prediction results showed sat-
isfying agreement with the experimental data. The heat transfer
performance prediction difference was under 7% and hot side
and cold side pressure drop prediction differences were within
12% and 14%, respectively. Fig. 21 shows the improved pressure
drop estimation results of hot and cold sides. From the validation
results with modified correlation and additional form losses, it
was concluded that the design results from the KAIST_HXD are
now reliable.
5. Conclusions and further works
The printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) received significant
attention for the S-CO2 power cycle application due to high com-
pactness and high effectiveness. In order to evaluate a PCHE perfor-
mance, KAIST research team designed and manufactured a lab-
scale PCHE. In this study, experiment and CFD analysis were used
for developing a PCHE design methodology that can be applied to
the S-CO2 system. Due to the lack of experimental and computa-
tional studies on the precooler, which operates near the critical
point, this study focused on the PCHE for the precooler of the S-
CO2 power system. From the experimental study, the designed
PCHE showed satisfying heat transfer performance for both on-
design and off-design conditions. The PCHE showed over 90% effec-
tiveness within 200 mm small core.
In order to understand the local effect and obtain the local infor-
mation, two cases of CFD studies were conducted based on the
experimental data. From the first CFD study result for sharp and
round corner cases, the authors concluded that the realistic round
corner channel can reduce the pressure drop up to 40–65% rather
than using a sharp corner channel. The reduction of the flow resis-
tance difference was explained by the decreased flow reversal
region in the smooth corner. During the CFD analysis, it was found
that the standard k-e turbulence model was reliable to simulate
flow along with the realistic micro zigzag channel geometry using
the supercritical CO2.
From the CFD results, two sets of friction factor and heat trans-
fer correlations were developed for the water side laminar flow
regime and the CO2 side turbulent flow regime respectively. With
the modification of correlations in the heat exchanger design code,
better agreement for the pressure drop and heat transfer predic-
ð8Þ tion with the data was observed. The authors concluded that the
1544 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546

Fig. 16. Calculation domain and boundary conditions.

Fig. 13. Water side pressure drop comparison depending on corner shape.

Fig. 17. Developed friction factor correlation for water side.

Fig. 14. CO2 side pressure drop comparison depending on corner shape and
turbulence model.
main logic and the design result of the developed KAIST_HXD code
are reliable and also the correlation can be utilized for a PCHE
design operating near the critical point in the future. The devel-
oped correlations can be applied to design a larger PCHE for the
S-CO₂ precooler which the operating conditions are different from

Fig. 15. Velocity field differences from sharp and round corner.
 S. Baik et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (2017) 1536–1546 1545

Table 3
Derived correlations.

Water (50 < Re < 2 0 0) CO2 (15,000 < Re < 85,000)

0.766
Friction factor f = 6.9982 Re f = 0.0748 Re0.19
Nusselt number Nu = 0.2829 Re0.6686 Nu = 0.8405 Re0.5704 Pr1.08

Table 4
Form loss pressure drop coefficients.

Form factor
Inlet Header Entrance expansion 0.72
Sudden contraction 0.42
Outlet Header Sudden expansion 1
Exit contraction 0.05

Fig. 18. Developed Nusselt number correlation for water side.

Fig. 21. Comparison of KAIST_HXD pressure drop estimations.

the experimental conditions by following the methods suggested

in Ref. [5].
For the further improvement of developing the S-CO2 heat
Fig. 19. Developed friction factor correlation for CO2 side.
exchanger technology, a study for optimizing the distribution
header design will be followed. In order to reduce the uncertainty
in the header part, the flow distribution and cross flow effect on
the heat exchanger performance will be investigated as well. Also
the etched surface roughness effect will be evaluated in detail for
pressure drop and heat transfer performance prediction as well
as the effect of having different hot channel and cold channel
geometries on the PCHE performances will be studied.

Acknowledgement

Authors gratefully acknowledge that this research is funded by

Saudi Aramco - KAIST CO2 Management Center.

References

Fig. 20. Developed Nusselt number correlation for CO2 side.
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