Orogenic Gold Deposits

…and Several Cases in Indonesia

Arifudin Idrus, Dr.rer nat., Ir., IPU.

Department of Geological Engineering - UGM
E-mail address: arifidrus@ugm.ac.id
Gold Production by Deposit Types

Witwatersrand Gold Fields

Orogenic Gold Production by Countries

Muruntau
 Orogenic Gold Deposits

Also known as:

 Greenstone-hosted Quartz-Carbonate Vein Deposits
 Shear Zone-related Quartz-Carbonate Vein Deposits
 Mesothermal Gold Deposits
 Archaen Lode Gold Deposits
 Gold-only Deposits
 Orogenic Gold Deposits
 Orogenic Au Deposits

● Orogenic/mesothermal gold deposit is one of

hydrothermal deposits that formed in metamorphic
environment.
● This deposit is characterized by:
– The presence of quartz veins around metamorphic
rocks.
– Gold extracted from host rock trough crystal water
(H2O) and CO2 by the metamorphic devolatilization
in greenschist to amphibolite facies
Tectonic Setting of Orogenic Gold Deposits
 Orogenic Gold Deposits

Hagemann and Cassidy (2000).

Orogenic Gold Deposits: Continuum Model
Fluid Flow Environments
Common Definition of Orogenic Gold Deposits

 They form in metamorphic terranes

resulting from orogenic processes.
 The associated geologic structures
indicate compressional to
transpressional tectonic settings.
 The host geological environments
include metamorphosed volcano-
plutonic as well as sedimentary
terranes.
 They occur in the vicinity of regional,
crustal-scale brittle to ductile
deformation zones.
 Orogenic Gold Deposits

What are the definite characteristics?

 Structural Control

 Vein Geometry and Inventory

 Host Rocks and Wall Rock Alteration

 Source of Fluids and Metals

 Fluid Plumbing System and Fluid Composition

 Ages of Gold Deposits Investigated
Age of Mineralization (Ma)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

New Consort 3027

Cuiaba 2672

Ajjanahalli 2608

Renco 2553

Hutti/Hirabudini 2560

Pilgrim's Rest 2064

Lega Dembi 545

Navachab 525

Mindyak 300

Kochkar 270

Awak Mas 8
 Definitive Characteristics: Structural Setting
 Distributed along major compressional to trans-tensional
crustal-scale fault zones in deformed terranes.

Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa

 Definitive Characteristics: Reef/Vein Geometry
Laminated
Qtz Vein

Po Asp
Au

Py
Barberton Greenstone Belt, RSA
 Hutti - Maski Greenstone Belt, India

Reef Arrangement: 9 Gold Lodes

Village
Mid
dle

Reef
Re
ef

St
rik
e
Re
MALLAPPA

ef
MAIN SHAFT

(F
SHAFT

.W
.)
Ma
CENTRAL

in R
SHAFT

N ew E
eef

Strik
PROSPECT

as t R e
SHAFT

e Re
ef (H

ef
LEGEND
H u tti-M a ski

.W.)
Goa15°16° Pillowed Metabasalt

Pr

Oa
50'
20' Acid Volcanic Rock

os

Zon
kle
pe
Gold Lodes

y 's

e I. R
ct
Kolar Granites / Gneisses

Re

Re
Bangalore Dolerite Dyke

eef
ef

ef
0 300 m
 Hutti Reef Textures

 Shear bands
Lithons

 Mylonitic textures

Laminated veins
1st stage of mineralization

20cm
Hutti Reef Anatomy

Alteration Zones
HT- Gold Deposit Renco, Zimbabwe

Renco Enderbite
 HT- Gold Deposit Renco, Zimbabwe

Shallow reef

Reef
´Qtz.-Mylonite Pegmatite
Reef Architecture

Reef Textures
Sabie - Pilgrim’s Rest Gold Field, South Africa
Sabie - Pilgrim’s Rest Gold Field, South Africa
Hydraulic breccia

Flat Reef Anatomy

Sabie - Pilgrim’s Rest Gold Field, South Africa
Wall Rock Alteration
Sericite,
Quartz,
Dolomite

Carbonate
Veinlets

Hydrothermal
alteration

Dolerite Sill Chlorite, Quartz,

Amphibole

Hydrothermal Alteration
 Definitive Characteristics:
Source of Fluids and Metals
Magmatic or Metamorphic?

No unequivocal answer from stable isotopes

P-T Conditions of Mineralization
 Renco Fluid Production
Devolatilization due to thrusting of „hot“ granulite terrane onto
“cool” granite-greenstone terrane.

devolatilization
 Timing of Mineralization
relative to Peak Metamorphism

Kochkar P-T Path Renco P-T Path

Definitive Characteristics: Timing of Mineralization
relative to Peak Metamorphism

Elmer et at. 2016

Au deposition during uplift and exhumation on retrograde path.

Granitoids are not the source of fluids and/or gold?
 Timing of Mineralization
relative to Peak Metamorphism

(EZ, CZ, WZ =
Eastern Zone,
Central Zone,
Western Zone
Ore Bodies

New Consort P-T Path:

Two mineralization episodes at ca. 3080 and 3040 Ma.
 Timing of Mineralization
relative to Peak Metamorphism

2547±10 Ma

2532±3 Ma

Hutti P-T Path: Two stages of Mineralization!

Two Stages of Mineralization at Hutti Goldmine, India

Hypozonal metamorphic Fluid

2547±10 Ma Magmatic Fluid
2532±3 Ma
The 2nd stage of Au mineralization occurred c. 10 Ma after
1st stage, but made the economic grade!
Timing of Gold Mineralization during Urals Orogeny

Kochkar trails Au formation at Mindyak by 30 Ma

Summary: Fluid and Metal Source

Elmer et al. 2016

Fluid production mainly during prograde

metamorphism.
Generally, little evidence for magmatic
fluids.
 Summary: Orogenic Gold Plumbing System

hydrothermal
alteration

Au-Quartz-
Lode

Fluid flux from a deep seated source (metamorphic devolatilization)

into shallow crustal levels along high permeability faults and fractures
and precipitation of gold as a result of fluid-rock reaction.
 Summary: Host Rock Association
Orogenic Gold Deposits occur in a wide variety of host rocks and may be
hosted by all lithologies present in the local environment:
• Mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks
• Fe-rich tholeiitic gabbroic sills
• Felsic volcaniclastics and sediments
• Banded Iron Formation

Gold is in quartz sulfide veins

and sulfide lenses that cross-cut
all lithological units.

Example: Navachab Gold Deposit, Namibia No preferred host-rock control!

 Summary: Structural Control
Structural control is more important than lithological control!

Example: Kochkar Gold Deposit, Urals

Indentor-Tectonics
 Schematic Sketch of Endmembers of Tectonic Settings
of Orogenic Gold Mineralization

Typical mesozonal orogenic gold deposits formed in accretionary orogens

mainly between accretionary wedge and arc or in steep shear zones in the
foreland. The latter is the situation where many hypozonal deposits formed

Kolb et al. 2015

 Schematic Sketch of Endmembers of Tectonic Settings
of Orogenic Gold Mineralization

Collisional orogens host very few orogenic gold deposits but the possible
setting for the hypozonal Navachab and Renco are shown here. Brusson in
the southern Alps represents a mesozonal deposit that formed during
uplift and late-orogenic extension
Kolb et al. 2015
Orogenic Au Deposits:
What makes this Type of Gold mineralization attractive?
 They are reasonably well understood geologically
 They are an important source of global gold production
 They can be large and of good grade
 They tend to occur in clusters at various scales
 They can have significant vertical and horizontal dimensions
 They tend to increase reserves with time as mine exploration and
development advances
 They can be developed with relatively low upfront capital investment and
short construction lead times.
 Model Distribution of Orogenic Gold Deposits

 The areal concentration of Orogenic Gold Deposits along Phanerozoic

metamorphic belts is about 10 times that in Proterozoic terranes and
about 3 times higher than in Archean belts.
 This suggests that exploration for the next generation of Orogenic Gold
Deposits should be focused on Phanerozoic terranes.
Wilkinson, B.H. & Kesler, S.K. (2010). Tectonic-diffusion estimate of Orogenic Gold Resources. Economic Geology,
v. 105, pp. 1321–1334
Orogenic Gold Deposits in Indonesia:
Awak Mas & Bombana (Sulawesi Island)
Gunung Botak (Buru Island)

Arifudin Idrus, Dr.rer nat., Ir., ST., MT., IPU.

E-mail address: arifidrus@gmail.com
 Awak Mas
(Sulawesi Island, Indonesia)
 GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA & STUDY AREAS

Poboya
Luwu Seram
Awak Mas Darewo
Buru Island
Bombana

Study area
Mutis

Study areas Metamorphic-hosted gold prospects

REGIONAL GEOLOGY

(Bergman et al, 1996)

TORAJA FORM.
(Tertiary)
Study Area

LATIMOJONG FORM.
(Pre-Tertiary)

LAMASI COMPLEX
OPHIOLITE
(Pre-Tertiary)

(Djuri et al, 1998)

Latimojong Formation :
(Maulana, 2014) Weakly to moderately metamorphosed, consists of shale, phyllite,
chert, marble, quartzite, and silicified breccia.
Intruded by intermediate to basic igneous rocks
GEOLOGY OF AWAK MAS GOLD DEPOSIT
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF AWAK MAS PROSPECT
Cover Sequence

Purple and Green Mudstone

22000 mN
Dark Mudstone

Lithic Sandstone
N
Western Grit Sequence

Eastern Mafic Sequence

Top Decollement Sequence

21000 mN
Basement Sequence

Shear Zone North Boundary Fault

Dashed where approximated

 Predominant lithology is thick sedimentary Mineralization

package of cover sequence subjected to Zone Tanjung Fault
20000 mN
low-grade, greenschist facies
metamorphism.
 Protoliths ranging from mudstones to
Terminator Fault
siltstones to fine-grained sandstones

 Transected by NNE-SSW trending, parallel

to sub-parallel and sub-vertical fault zones. 20000 mE Pasir Fault

21000 mE
19000 mN

(modified from Querubin & Walters, 2012)

HOST ROCKS LITHOLOGIES OBSERVED IN DRILL CORES

A B A) Red hematitic foliated mudstone.

B) Green (chloritic) mudstone; with

interlayered albite (lighter beds),
chlorite-muscovite (green beds) and
finer grained quartz (dark).

C) Dark foliated mudstone; graphitic,

C D chloritic to calcareous.

D) Mica-schist Mica; strongly foliated,

composed of quartz, muscovite,
chlorite, plagioclase and opaque
minerals with schistose/lepidoblastic
structure and crenulation texture.

 Compositionally, the lithology of cover sequence can be

described as shale, Fe-shale and wacke.
GOLD MINERALIZATION

ORE RESERVE
 At the cut-off grade of 0.5 g/t Au, Awak Mas was estimated to contain :
- Measured and indicated resources of 45.1 Mt at 1.30 g/t Au,
- Inferred resources of 6.5 Mt at 1.13g/t Au for a total resource of 2.13 Mi Oz gold
- Proven and probable reserve of 20,2 Mt at 1.58 g/t Au equals 1.03 Moz
TYPES OF MINERALIZED VEINS
Qz-ank-ab veins sub-parallel to the foliation

 The main styles of mineralization include:

- Steepy dipping qz-ank-ab veins,
- Qz-ank-ab veins sub-parallel to foliation, Qz-ank-alb veins cut across the foliation
and
- Quartz-ankerite-albite breccia, represent
diffuse areas of shearing and fluid flow
during mineralisation.

 Gold mineralization is associated with fine

grained pyrite in the albite alteration
assemblage.
Qz-ank-alb breccia
ORE MINERALS

Ank

Qz

Py
Ank Qz
Py

Ab
Py
Ank Ab-ank-qz alt

 Pyrites are mainly present disseminated in

the albite-ankerite-quartz altered meta-
sedimentary rock.
 The dominant ore minerals are pyrite (FeS2)
intergrowth with minor chalcopyrite
(CuFeS2), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS) and
native gold.
  Backscatered electron image showing a
micron-size gold grain occurs with
chalcopyrite and galena within pyrite
crystal.
Py
100
Py 90 N=8

80
70
Gold
60
Gn 50

%
Cpy 40
30
20
10
0
As Ag Bi Co Au Sb Te Cu Hg
Element

 90 µm long sized fracture filling gold grain

has the mineralogical composition of
Gold 92,35% Au and 7% Ag.

 Gold fineness = 929,56

 Au : Ag ratio 13,21 : 1
 ORE FLUID CHARACTERISTICS

FLUID INCLUSION MICROTHERMOMETRY

L (H2O)  Fluid inclusions types :
L (CO2) - Liquid H2O mono-phase fluid inclusions; occur as
intergranular planar trails or isolated inclusions with
circular to polygonal shape.
- Liquid CO2 mono-phase fluid inclusions; occur as
L-V intergranular planar trails or isolated inclusions with
circular to polygonal shape.
- Liquid-vapour (L-V) fluid inclusions; liquid rich, occur in
inter to intra-granular fracture healings, as clustered
fluid inclusions or as isolated inclusions.

8 25 12
Salinity (wt. %NaCl eq.)

20 10
6

Frequency
Frequency

8
15
4 6
10
4
2
5 2
0 0 0
150 200 250 300 350 400 11 2 2 3 3 4 45 56 150 200 250 300 350 400
Th (oC) Salinity Th (oC)

 Final ice melting temperatures vary between -0.7 to -3.7oC

 Homogenization temperatures (Th) into liquid phase between 200 to 325 oC.

 Low salinities between 2 to 5 wt. % NaCl equivalent.

 800
Cu Porphyry

Skarn
Homogenization temp. (OC)

600

Sn-W
400
Lode Au
Epithermal

200

Kuroko Irish Type

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Salinity (wt. % NaCl eq.)

Summary homogenization temperature–salinity diagram tends to a mesothermal gold

deposit. (After Wilkinson, 2000)
STABLE ISOTOPES

Clastic sediments (Chambers 1982)

S-type source skarns (Ohomoto & Goldhaber 1997)  The δ34S values show a relatively large range from
0.6 to 12.86 ‰ CDT.
I-type source skarns

Magmatic hydrothermal (Field & Gustafson, 1976)  The δ34S values can not be allocated to a single
Orogenic gold deposits (McCuaig & Kerrich 1998) sulphur source. Typically found in orogenic gold
deposit, granitoid intrusions and associated skarn
deposits and sedimentary rocks
Phyllite
-5 0 5 10 15  O-isotopic fluid composition calculated for T of
Schist
δ34S Pyrite 250 oC (Zheng, 1993).
Sulphur isotopic compositions (after Wulff,2008)  Narrow range of δ18 O values for:
d18O 0/00 = 5.7 ± 0.3 - Shallow dipping quartz vein : 9-9.3 ‰ SMOW
- Steeper dipping quartz veins : 9-9.9 ‰ SMOW
Meteoric water - Breccia : 9-11.2 ‰ SMOW.
Oceanic water
Sedimentary rocks  The δ18O composition of ore fluid is not
Metamorphic rocks indicative of a definite fluid source.
Granitic rocks
Basaltic rocks  H-isotope analysis needed to get the δ18 D
values to determine the fluid source
Schist

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 Phyllite

δ18O fluid isotope
Oxygen isotope values of important geological reservoirs
(after Hoefs, 1997)
FLUID HALOGEN COMPOSITION
(After Wilkinson, 2001)
 Bulk sample analysed from quartz veins and
quartz breccias.

 Br/CI ratio and I/Cl ratios are closer to bulk earth

than to seawater and distinct from magmatic
fluids.

 The high I/Cl and Br/Cl ratios relative to seawater

indicate a dominant crustal fluid source.

 The high I/Cl ratios indicate a fluid sourced from

sediments, possibly rich in organic material.

(After Goodwin,2010)  It is realistic that a fluid derived from

metamorphism of marine sediments.

 Halogen ratios for marine pore fluids sit in the

centre of the distribution of halogen ratios
suggesting further that the mineralising fluid
could have derived originally from the marine
sediments.

 Halogen ratios appear to confirm the presence of

a metamorphic fluid in all samples derived from
original marine sediments
Bombana (SE Sulawesi) & Gunung Botak (Buru Island)
 BOMBANA
Sulawesi Island, Indonesia
(Hamilton, 1979; Carlile et al., 1990)
Three major tectonic units:
1. Western magmatic arc
2. Central metamorphic belt
3. Eastern ophiolite complex

Bombana
 Placer gold vs Primary gold
Placer gold Primary deposit
Langkowala vs Rumbia
PT.PLM office

Gold>> Isolated valley

Colluvial deposit
PLACER/PALEOPLACER GOLD IN LANGKOWALA

Angular to sub-angular gold

Gold & cinnabar

 Langkowala placer gold: Some facts…
• Gold grain is present in stream sediment of the
present-day active rivers and in Mio-Pliocene
sediments of Langkowala Formation.
• Gold grains seems to be not so far transported from
its primary source. This is consistent with
subrounded-angular form of gold grains panned.
• Abundance of gold grain decreases as its distance
from the metamorphic mountain range increases.
• Gold is also found in the colluvial materials along
Wumbubangka mountain slope and isolated valley
of the mountain range.
 MICA PRIMARY GOLD
SCHIST
1. Host rock petrology
• Mica Schist
• Phyllite, meta sediment
(meta sandstone)

Brecciated, crystalline
quartz vein (~2 m) in mica
schist

Silicified
metasediments
 2. Quartz Vein Characteristics

At least three generations of gold-bearing

quartz veins:
1. Parallel to the foliation
(first generation)
2. Crosscut to the foliation
(second generation)
3. Deformed laminated quartz+calcite veins
(third/late generation)
 1. First generation quartz vein: parallel to the
foliation of mica schist (N 300ºE/60º)

Segmented/sigmoidal
structures of quartz veins
hosted by mica schist

Massive, crystalline quartz

vein (up to 2 m width),
parallel to the mica schist
foliation
Deformed/sigmoidal
quartz vein (parallel
to the foliation)

Clay±silica
alteration
2. Second generation quartz vein:
Crosscut the foliation

3. Third generation quartz vein:

Laminated quartz+calcite veins

Highly oxidized/mineralized
deformed quartz vein
3. Hydrothermal Alteration

• Silicification
• Clay±silica (argillic) alteration
• Chlorite-Carbonate (propylitic)
alteration
• Carbonization
1. Silicification

2. Clay±silica
(argillic)
alteration

Quartz+(clay) vein
3. Chlorite-carbonate (propylitic) alteration

Carbonate

4. Carbonization

Chlorite Carbonate

Carbon
(graphite?)
 4. Ore Mineralization

• Native gold
• Cinnabar (HgS)
• Stibnite (Sb3S5) & tripuhyite
(FeSbO4)
• Pyrite (FeS2)
• Arsenopyrite (FeAsS2)?
Native gold (Au)

Gold

Qtz
Gold
Gold
Cinnabar (HgS)

Cinnabar in
metasediment
layers

Stibnite-cinnabar-
mineralized rock
Stibnite commonly as vein & disseminated

Stibnite Stibnite

Qtz vein

Tripuhyite (EDS)
Stibnite microscopy
Stream sediment & ore chemistry (AAS)
(Prihatmoko et al., 2010)

Variable: 0.005 - 84 g/t Au

 Ore chemistry (FA-AAS)
Sample Elements (ppm)
Codes Au Cu Pb Zn Ag Hg As Sb
WB-01-B 0.02 13 34 27 <1 1.59 85 198
WB-02- 2.52 23 8 10 <1 0.11 212 76
C1
WB-02- 1.06 11 16 11 <1 2.79 177 2030
C2
WB-03 0.94 10 <4 30 <1 0.11 428 212
WB-04 1.31 33 11 47 <1 0.30 727 231
WB-06-A 0.10 9 5 3 <1 0.05 23 7
WB-11-A 0.04 12 5 101 <1 1.58 241 417
WB-11-B <0.005 <2 6 18 <1 0.10 <1 <1
BVAL-01 134 na na na na na na na

Variable: bdl to 2.52 g/t Au; single analysis: 134 g/t Au

BURU ISLAND
 Geology of Buru Island
Lithologies from the oldest to the youngest
formation are successively composed of:

 Wahlua Complex (Pzw) moderate grade

metamorphic rock (green schist to lower
amphibolites) Upper Carbonaferrous -
Lower Permian

 Rana Complex (Pzr) phyllite, slate &

metasediment low grade metamorphism
Geology of Buru Island
Artisanal Gold Mine:
Vertical and lateral tunneling
 Artisanal Gold Mine
Gunung Butak Prospect
 Ore deposit geology
 Primary gold mineralization in Buru Island is
hosted by mica schist of Carboniferrous to
Permian Wahlua Metamorphic Complex (Pzw).

 Mica schist in Buru Island is composed of

muscovite, chlorite and sericite suggesting of a
green schist facies (Yardley, 1989).

 First quartz veins are segmented, sigmoidal,

discontinuous and parallel to the foliation of the
metamorphic rocks. The second veins are
crosscut the foliation.
 Ore deposit geology
• Quartz veins occured within a ‘mineralized
zone’ of about 100 m width and ~1 km
length (Fig. 3b). Gold mineralization is
strongly overprinted with argillic alteration
zone (Fig. 3b).

• The mineralization-alteration zone is

probably parallel to the mica schist
foliation.
 Ore textures

Banded quartz vein

Deformed banded quartz vein

Ore textures
Ore textures:
Brecciated (c)
Limonitic bladed-like (d)

“Free gold” in oxidized quartz

vein parael to foliation
 Ore mineral
& gold
behavior

Cinnabar in quartz vein float

at Anahoni river
 Ore mineralogy & chemistry
• Ore mineralization: pyrite, native gold, cinnabar, stibnite (?)
and arsenopyrite. In general, sulfide minerals are rare (<3%).

• 17 ore samples from Waemese area indicates a significant gold

of up to 6 g/t Au; 2.6 g/t As and 5.7 g/t Hg (Franklin, 2000).
• PT. AGC Jakarta: 11 of 15 samples yielded more than 1 g/t Au,
in which 6 of them are in excess of 3 g/t Au. Interestingly,
most of the high-grade samples also contain high grade of As
(up to 991ppm), Sb (up to 885ppm), and Hg (up to 75ppm).

• It can be noted that all high-grade samples are originally or

containing limonitic/highly oxidized ores, that suggest the
role of supergene enrichment.
 Ore chemistry

A single ICP-MS analysis by Prof Okrugin (Kamchatka

University, Russia) of the sample (above) shows 14g/t Au with
elevated value of 10,040 ppm Sb and 870.4 ppm Hg,
whereas Cu, Pb, Zn and Ag are relatively low, i.e. 39.4,
20.2, 7.5, and 11.9 ppm, respectively.
 BOMBANA & BURU ISLAND:
Mineralizing Fluid Characteristics
 BOMBANA: Mineralizing fluid
characteristics
• Temperature of homogenization (Th) of the first
generation of quartz vein varies from 185 to 245 ºC,
with relatively higher salinity ranging from 5.3 to 9.1
wt.% NaCl eq.

• The second generation of quartz veins, is formed in

moderate temperatures of 132 to 283 ºC and salinity
of 3.6-5.9 wt.% NCl eq.

• The latest/third generation stage of veining was

originated at the lowest temperature of 114-176 ºC
and salinity of 0.4 to 4.0 wt.% NaCl eq.
 Mineralizing fluid evolution
300

Quartz vein paralel to foliation (N=36)

Temperature of homogenization (Th, ºC)

250
First vein Quartz vein crossing foliation (N=120)
2 Calcite+quartz vein (N=12)

200

150
1
Second vein
Th ( °C)

100

Third vein
50

0
0 5 10 15
Salinitas (wt.% NaCl eq.) Shepherd et al. (1985)
Salinity (wt % NaCl eq.)
Fluid characteristics
H2O-NaCl-CO2 fluid
First quartz veins: system

• The evidences of the

contribution of metamorphic CO2-vapour?
fluid, hydrothermal magmatic
fluids and meteoric water
forming quartz veins are
represented by H2O-NaCl-CO2
fluids.
• CO2-rich fluid, however, is
present in small portion
(< 4% CO2) (personal comm.
Richard J. Goldfarb, 2011).
 BURU ISLAND: Mineralizing fluid
characteristics
 First quartz vein (paralel to foliation): Th varies
from 234 to 354 ºC, salinity varying between 0.18
and 0.53 wt.% NaCl eq. (average 0.36 wt.% NaCl
eq.).
 Second quartz vein (crosscut foliation): Th = 321 to
400 ºC; salinities of 0.36 to 0.54 wt.% NaCl eq.,
averaging 0.48 wt.% NaCl eq.
 Petrographic study indicates that fluid inclusions in
both quartz vein types consist of 4 phases
including L-rich, V-rich, L-V-rich and
L1-L2±V (CO2)-rich phases (Fig. 7a).
Mineralizing fluid characteristics
 Raman
Spectrometric
Analysis
(PSDG, 2016)

Raman spectrometric
analysis of carbonic
fluid inclusions
containing dissolved
CO2 with certainty of
up to 92.73%.
 H2O-NaCl-CO2 fluid

Goldfarb, 2009

Bombana &
Buru Island
 0.10000
Crush-Leach Analysis b
(Bombana & Buru Island) Mesothermal gold
-2 0.01000
a Epithermal Au

Br/Cl
-2.5
AM_Unmin.
0.00100
Sea water AM_Min.
log (Br/Cl)

-3
Sea water Brusson lode gold QV_ WB
Porphyry Cu QV_KB
AM_Unmin.
QV_B
AM_Min.
-3.5
0.00010
QV_ WB
Capitan 0.000000 0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01
QV_KB
Magmatic I/Cl
QV_B
-4
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2
log (I/Cl)

• Crush-leach analysis of halogen content (I/Cl and Br/Cl ratios) in fluid

inclusion showing mineralizing fluids are not identical to magmatic
fluid (a), epithermal (meteoric water-dominated) and porphyry Cu
(b), but tends to be similar to fluids in mesothermal-type gold
deposits
Bombana & Buru Island conceptual model
 CONCLUSIONS &
SIGNIFICANCE FOR EXPLORATION
• By considering all key features discussed above, the
primary metamorphic-hosted gold mineralization
type at Bombana & Buru Island tends to meet the
characteristics of orogenic, mesothermal types of
gold deposit.
• The discovery of the metamorphic-hosted gold
deposits has opened up more targets and challenges
for gold exploration in the region, and other terrains
particularly in Eastern Indonesia that have identical
geological setting.
 METAMORPHIC ROCK-HOSTED GOLD DEPOSITS:
A New Exploration Target in Eastern Indonesia?

“Fertile” metamorphic rock

complex/formation:
Poboya Gogorea/
1. Pompangeo metamorphic Luwu Gn Botak Seram
complex Awak Mas
Buru Island Darewo
2. Latimojong formation
3. Wahlua and Rana metamorphic Bombana
complex
Study
4. Darewo area
metamorphic complex Mutis
5. Mutis metamorphic complex

Study areas Metamorphic-hosted gold prospects

… there may be a Pot of (Orogenic) Gold at the end of the Rainbow

Thank you…

Guelb Moghrein Gold Deposit, Mauritania