Behaviorism and

Neo Behaviorism
 ❖Term behaviorism is coined in 1913.
Behaviorism ❖Behaviorism suggests that all behavior
Intro.... can be explained by environmental causes
rather than by internal forces .
Behaviorism is focused on observable
behavior.
❖Behaviorism argues that there is no mind,
no thoughts , no feelings and
only important thing to consider behavior.
Behaviorist
s ❖J. B Watson
❖William McDougall
❖Thorndike
 ❖American psychologist.
J.B Watson ❖Born in 1878 and Died in 1958
❖Known as father of behaviorism.
❖Played an important role in developing
behaviorism.
❖Watson is also known for little Albert
experiment.
Little Albert experiment;

Watson and Rayner (1920) first presented to the boy a white rat and
observed that the boy was not afraid. Next they presented him with a white
rat and then clanged an iron rod. Little Albert responded by crying. This
second presentation was repeated several times. Finally, Watson and Rayner
presented the white rat by itself and the boy showed fear. Later, in an attempt
to see if the fear transferred to other objects, Watson presented Little Albert
with a rabbit, a dog, and a fur coat. He cried at the sight of all of them. This
study demonstrated how emotions could become conditioned responses.
❖ When presented with other animals, he also responded with varying degree of
fear despite not even hearing the loud noise when presented with those
animals.
❖ This experiment is an example of classical conditioning.
William ❖American Psychologist.
McDougall ❖McDougall was born on June 22, died in 1938.
❖Forceful opponent of Watson.
❖Known for his instinct theory.
Instincts

❖According to McDougall, all organisms are born with a

number of instinct that provide the motivation to act in
certain ways.
❖Perception , behavior and emotions are three components of
each instincts.
❖ Mcdougall did not deny the importance of mental events.
❖ He studied purposive behavior which is different
from reflexive behavior.
❖ He saw behavior as goal directed and stimulated by some
instinctual motive rather than by environment events.
Thorndike
❖ Full name Edward Lee Thorndike.
❖ Born in 1874, Died in 1949.
❖ American psychologist and one of the important
researchers in the development of animal psychology.
❖ He proposed a theory that focused on overt behavior.
 Laws of Learning

❖Law of Effect: A behavior that produces a response will be

reinforced.
❖Law of Exercise: When actions are repeated frequently, it leads to
better performance that the actions that are performed rarely.
❖Law of Readiness: The learning capacity is improved by how
quickly you can react to stimuli.
 ❖ Watsons behaviorism was the first stage in the evolution of
behavioral school of thought.
Neo-Behaviori ❖ The second stage ,neo-behaviorism can be dated
from 1930 to 1960.
sm
❖ It include
❖ Tolman
❖ Clark hull
❖ B.F Skinner
❖ These neo behaviorist agreed on some points which are as follows
❖ The core of psychology is the study of learning.
❖ Most behavior can be accounted for by the law of conditioning .
❖ Psychology must ado[pt the principle of operationism.
 ❖ Full name Edward Chace Tolman.
❖ Like Watson he reject introspection.
❖ Tolman approach to behaviorism is presented in his
book purposive behavior, in Animal and Man .
❖ He listed five independent variables as causes behavior.
Tolman ❖ Environmental stimuli
❖ Physiological drives
❖ Heredity
❖ Previous training
❖ Age
❖Causes of behavior must be capable of objective
observation and operational definition.
❖Repeated performance of a task strengthens the
learned relationship between environmental cues and
organism expectation.
❖Cognition play an important role in learning
❖Latent learning
❖Cognition map
 ❖ American psychologist.
❖ Method should be objective and Quantative,
observation ,systemic controlled observation ,and the
Clark Leonard experimental testing of hypothesis and
Hull proposed hypothesis deductive method.
❖ Drive need reduction theory.
Drive reduction theory

❖ Drive reduction theory suggests that behavior is motivated by the need

to reduce physiological imbalances or 'drives.
❖ It is based on the idea of homeostasis, or the need to maintain a
steady state. When people experience drives such as thirst or hunger,
they are motivated to take actions that will restore the balance and
return them to a state of equilibrium.
 ❖ Born in 1904, died in 1990.
❖ He was most influential psychologist for decades.
❖ Advocated an empirical system with no theoretical
framework within which to conduct research.
B.F Skinner ❖ He differentiated between respondent and
operant behavior.
❖ He introduced law of acquisition.
❖ Behavior modification.